By E SCHUYLER MATHEWS FIELD BOOK OF WILD BIRDS AND THEIR MUSIC i6mo. With 38 Colored and 15 other Full-page Illustrations, and numerous Musical Diagrams. Cloth, net $2.00 Full flexible leather, net . . .2.50 (Postage, 15 cents) FIELD BOOK OF AMERICAN WILD FLOWERS i6mo, 525 pages. With 24 Colored Plates and 200 Full-page Illustrations in the text. Cloth, net $1.75 Full leather, net 2.25 (Postage, 15 cents) Q. P. PUTNAM'S SONS New York London Sabbatia. Sabbatic chloroides. FIELD BOOK OF AMERICAN WILD FLOWERS BEING A SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THEIR CHARACTER AND HABITS, A CONCISE DEFINITION OF THEIR COLORS, AND IN- CIDENTAL REFERENCES TO THE INSECTS WHICH ASSIST IN THEIR FERTILIZATION BY F. SCHUYLER MATHEWS MEMBER OF THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB AND AUTHOR OF FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN FAMILIAR TREES AND THEIR LEAVES, FAMILIAR FEATURES OF THE ROADSIDE, ETC. = WITH NUMEROUS REPRODUCTIONS OF WATER COLORS AND PEN-AND-INK STUDIES FROM NATURE BY THE AUTHOR *fj *f« «R «fi $ 3? jfi QK G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS 2 NEW YORK «^ LONDON 17 & 19 W. Twenty-third St. ^J? 14 Bedford Street, Stiand "Cbc ftnicfccrbocfcer Iprcss 1910 COPYRIGHT, 1902 BY F. SCHUYLER MATHEWS Published, April, 1902 Reprinted, August, 1902; January, 1903; May, 1903; January, 1904; June, 1904 ; October, 1904 ; July, 1905 ; January, 1906 ; June, 1906 ; February, 1907 ; September, 1907 ; April, 1908 ; December, 1908 ; July, 1909 ; March, 1910 • •Cbe ftnicfterbocfcer press, flew J9orfc To C. A. M. IN REMEMBRANCE OF MANY JOURNEYS AFIELD IN THE BKAUTTFUL VALLEY OF THE PEMIGEWASSET THIS BOOK IS AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED CONTENTS. PAGE LIST OF COLORED PLATES ix TECHNICAL TERMS " x COLORS AN INDEX TO ASSIST IN THE IDENTIFI- CATION OF A FLOWER OR ITS FRUIT BY MEANS OF THE COLOR XI INSECTS WHICH ASSIST IN THE FERTILIZATION OF FLOWERS ....... xiii INTRODUCTION ....... xv FAMILIES: Cat-tail (Typhacea) 2 Bur Reed (S parganiacece) .... 4 Water Plantain (Alismacecs) ... 6 Arum (Aracece) . . . . . .10 Yellow-eyed Grass (Xyridaceae) . . .18 Spiderwort (Commelinacece) . . .18 Pickerel Weed (Pontederiaceae) . . .22 Lily (LiliacecB) 24 Amaryllis (Amaryllidacece) .... 60 Iris (Iridaceae) ...... 62 Orchid (Orchidacea) . . . .68 Birthwort (Aristolochiacea) ... 98 Buckwheat (Polygonacece) . . . .102 Goosefoot (Chenopodiacece) . . .no Amaranth (Atnarantacece) . , . .112 Purslane (Portulacacece) . . . .114 Pink (Caryopliyllacece) . . . .116 Water-Lily (Nymph&acece) . . . .126 Crowfoot (Rannnculacece) . . . .128 Barberry (B erberidaceoi) . . . .152 Poppy (Papaveracece) . . . . .156 Mustard (Cruciferce) 166 Pitcher Plant (Sarraceniacece) . . .176 Sundew (Droseracece) 178 Orpine (Crassulacece) 180 CONTENTS. PAGE Saxifrage (Saxifragacece) . . , .182 Rose (Rosacea) 188 Pulse (Leguminosce) . . . . .208 Geranium (Geraniacece) . . . .230 Sorrel (Oxalidacece) . . . . .234 Flax (Linacece) . . . . . .238 Milkwort (Polygalaceae) . . . . 240 Spurge (Euphorbiacece) . . . .246 Cashew (A nacardiacece) . . . .250 Staff-tree (Cclastracece) , . . .254 Jewel-weed (Balsaminaceai) . . .256 Buckthorn (Rhamnacece) . . . -258 Vine (Vitacece) ...... 260 Mallow (Malvaceae) . . . . .262 St. John's-wort (Hypericacea) . . . 268 Rock-rose (Cistacece) . . . .274 Violet (Violacece) 276 Loosestrife (Lythracecz) . . . .286 Meadow-beauty (M elastomacece) . . .290 Evening Primrose (Onagracece) . . . 292 Ginseng (Araliacece) ..... 302 Parsley (U mbelliferce) 306 Dogwood (Cornaceaz) . . . . .318 Pyrola (Pyrolacece) . . . . .320 Heath (Ericaceaz) . . . . .328 Diapensia (Diapensiaceae) . . . .340 Primrose (Primulaceaz) .... 340 Plumbago or Leadwort (Plumbaginacea) . 350 Gentian (Gentianacece) . . . 352 Dogbane (A pocynacea) . . . .364 Milkweed (Asclepiadaceai) .... 366 Convolvulus (Convolvnlacece) : . .370 Phlox (PolemoniacecB) . . . .374 Borage (Boragvnaceai) . . . . . 376 Vervain (V erben'acea) 384 Mint (Labiates) 388 Nightshade (Solanacece) . . . .410 Figwort (Scrophulariacece) . . . .416 Broom-rape (Orobanchacece) . . . .436 vi CONTENTS. PAGE Plantain (Planlaginacea) .... 438 Madder (Rnbiacece) 440 Honeysuckle (CaprifoliacecB) . . . 446 Valerian ( V alerianacece) . . . .452 Gourd (Cucurbilacece) . . . . .454 Bellflowcr (CampanulacecE) . ' . . .456 Lobelia (Lobeliacete) . . . . .462 Comp>osite (Composite^) .... 466 INDEX . . . . . . . .537 COLORED ILLUSTRATIONS. FACING PAGH SABBATIA Frontispiece ARROWHEAD . . 6 LARGE FLOWERING TRILLIUM 43 DAY LILY 58 HOOKER'S ORCHIS 86 LARGE PURPLE FRINGED ORCHIS ....... 82 SHOWY ORCHIS 96 BOUNCING BET 116 KVKSING LYCHNIS 120 MARSH MARIGOLD . 144 WILD SWAMP ROSE 204 FRINGED POLYGALA 240 BIRD-FOOT VIOLET 276 SHINLEAF . . 824 FRINGED GENTIAN 356 OSWEGO TEA 398 MONKEY FLOWER 422 TWIN FLOWER 448 EARLY GOLDEN-ROD 480 NEW ENGLAND ASTER. 486 ROBIN'S PLANTAIN 500 ELECAMPANE 504 CONE-FLOWER 508 COMMON THISTLE . . 620 TECHNICAL TERMS. Corolla. The flower-cup composed of one or more di- visions called petals. Petal. One of the divisions of the corolla. Calyx. A flower-envelop, usually green, formed of several divisions called sepals, protecting the bud. Sepal. One of the divisions of the calyx. Stamen. Anther and filament combined. Anther. The pollen-bearing organ, usually yellow. Filament. The stalklike support of the anther. Pistil. Ovary, style, and stigma combined. Ovary. The seed-bearing organ. Style. The stalklike projection proceeding from the ovary and terminated by the stigma. Stigma. The generally sticky and sometimes branching termination of the pistil through which fertilization by the pollen is effected. Rostellum, See Orchid Family description, page 68. Regular Flower. Generally symmetrical and uniform in the number of its parts. Perfect Flower. A flower complete in all the common parts. Staminate. With stamens and without pistils. Pistillate. With pistils and without stamens. Polygamous. Pistillate, staminate, and perfect flowers on the same plant or on different plants. Spathe. A leaflike formation enclosing a floral growth. Spadix. A fleshy spike of flowers. Bracts. Small leaflike formations. Stipule. Small leaflike formations confined to the base of the leaf. Pubescent. Covered with soft short hairs. Cleistogamous Flower. A flower closed to all outward agencies and self-fertilized in the bud. COLORS. AN INDEX TO ASSIST IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF A FLOWER OR ITS FRUIT BY MEANS OF THE COLOR. Black, 24, 26, 36, 258, 260, 412, 450. Blue, 22, 26, 152; 360, 380, 424. Bn..>\vn, 3, 436, 530. Coral Red, 150, 446, 448. Cream Color, or Cream White, or Yellowish White, 26, 38, 73, 74, 76, 78, 90, 190, 194, 212, 220, 258, 284, 320, 368, 380, 382, 44J, 446, 504, 528. Cream Yellow, 46, 474 Crimson, 122, 180, 194, 210, 242, 266, 324, 366. Crimson-pink, So, 96, 106, 116, 118, 164, 190, 212, 262, 334. 336, 352, 356 366, 368, 386, 400, 448. Golden Yellow, 16, 54, 94, 126, 128, 142, 144, 156, 164, 194, 212, 214. 228, 256, 268, 270, 272, 280, 282, 308, 310, 312, 344, 348, 472, 474, 476, 478, 480, 482. 508, 510. SI2, 514. 518, 524, 528, 532. Green, 10, 12, 16, 24, 36, 44, 46, 68, 84, 86, 98, 100, 102. 104, 106, 108, ito, ii2, 136, 138, 186, 246, 248, 252, 258, 260, 274, 292, 318, 366, 368, 412, 430, 498, 502, s°6, 512, 518. Green-yellow, 24, 30, 72, 82, 106, 152, 180, 214; 248, 304, 316, 362, 412. 414, 430, 432, 498, 500, 516. Greenish White, 28, 48, 56, 76, 78, 84, 88, 90, 108. 128, 130, 150, 168, 180, 182, 184, 226, 244, 250, 254, 302, 304, 316, 322, 324, 362. 364. 37°. 434. 444. 454. 456. Lavender, 284, 350. 396, 414. 416. 422. 424. 426, 460, 488. Lilac, 148, 226, 276, 278, 294, 296, 334, 338, 358, 362, 368, 374, 400, 406, 408, 422, 440, 486, 488, 492, 494, 498, 500, 522, 528, S34- Lilac -white, 134, 486, 490, 492, 494, 496. Madder Purple, 70, 72, 98, 182, 448, 466. Magenta, 28, 40, 60, 80, 82, 120, 164, 178, 200, 216, 218, 230, 232, 234. 240, 242, 244, 264, 274, 286, 288, 290, 294, 324, 336, 342, 352. 366. 374. 376. 386, 39°. 4°8, 410, 418, 428. 432, 450. 486. 488, 496, 500, 506, 508, 520, 522, 530. Magenta-crimson, 78, 96, 366, 454. 468. Magenta-pink, So, 92, 116, 162, 166, 218, 220. 230, 344 264, 288, 342, 352, 388, 452. Maroon, 40, 224, 250. Orange, 10, 58, 64, 254, 338, 366, 418, 526 Orange-yellow, 52, 84, 88, 336, 382, 516 Pink, 6, 20, 28, 40, 42, 56, 60, 106, 108, 114, 118, 122, ia6, 136, 162, 188, 190, 204, 206, 210, 212, 264, 266, 320, 326, 330. 332, 334, 336, 340. 342. 348, 354. 356, 364. 370. 374. 400, 442, 448, 450, 453. 468. 500. li COLORS. Purple, 82, 92, 130, 214, 220, 222, 226, 266, 278, 280, 282, 284, 310, 338, 35°. 374. 382, 384, 386, 390. 392, 394, 398, 400, 402, 406, 410,412,418, 422, 430, 436, 456,458,470, 484,486. 488,492, 494, 496, 498, 534. Purple-black 44, 304, 446. Purple-brown, 10, 70, 194, 302. Purple-red, 14, 176, 190, "24. Red, 152, 176, 180, 270, 292, 326, 328, 330, 336, 400, 450, 462. Ruby Red, 30, 32, 192, 304, 412. Scarlet, 10,42,48, 52, 146, 196, 266, 318,350, 398,430,446,448, 452. Ultramarine Blue, 20, 148, 362, 384. Violet, 64, 122, 148, 208, 210, 222, 238, 276, 278, 282, 358, 374, 376, 378, 382, 384, 386, 388, 396, 398, 400, 402, 404, 406, 412, 416, 424, 454, 458, 460, 462, 464, 470, 486, 490, 494, 496, 500. Violet-blue, 18, 20, 22, 62, 64, 66, 148, 276, 356, 358, 360, 488, 524. White, 4, 6, 8, 12, 22, 26, 30. 32, 34, 40, 42, 46, 54, 56, 60, 64, 82, 84, 88, 90, 94, 96, 114, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 132, 134, 136, 146, 150, 152, 154, 156, 160, 162, 166, 168, 170, 174, 178, 180, 182, 184, 186, 192, 196, 200, 222, 232, 234, 242, 246, 248, 262, 264, 266, 376, 278, 280, 282, 284, 294, 296, 300, 302, 304, 306, 308, 310, 312, 314, 316, 322, 324, 326, 328, 330, 332, 334, 340, 344, 348, 350, 354. 370, 372, 374. 376, 378. 380, 384, 388, 390, 394, 396, 400, 402, 406, 408, 412, 414, 416, 420, 422, 426, 432, 438, 440, 442, 444, 446, 448, 450, 452, 454, 460, 462, 464, 466, 468, 470,484.486,490,492,494. 496. 498, 502,504, 514.516. 518. 52°. 53°. 534- Yellow, 18, 38, 50, 58, 60, 114, 138, 140, 142, 158, 170, 172, 174, 186, 194, 198, 200, 202, 208, 216, 228, 236, 238, 256, 266, 268, 274, 282, 292, 296, 298, 300, 304, 344, 346, 362, 390, 414, 416, 418, 426, 428, 430, 432, 434, 436, 442, 450, 452, 478, 496, 506, 510, 512, 514, 518, 520, 526, 528, 532, 534. Yellow, Deep, 140, 142, 144, 158, 268, 504. xii BUTTERFLIES CONCERNED IN THE CROSS-FERTILIZATION OF-FLOWER5. The Bumblebees. Various. The Syrphid Flies. The Honeybee. Eristalis flavipes. 0 i V Megachilelatimana. Bombus Virgifiicus (Leaf-cutterbee) Helophilus similis. Halictus confusus. Bombus tern cola. Mallota posticata. Andnena vicina. Halcctus &>Andrena M r-r-t are ground bees. V IPjJ Bombus Pennsylvanicus Syrpus diversipes. BUMBLEBEES, BEES, AND FLIES CONCERNED IN THE CftOSS-FERTlLlZATION OF FLOWERS. INTRODUCTION. PERHAPS it is not too much to say that the wild flower of late has become popular. If such is the case I am presumably justified in presenting it in a new light, or, to speak more to the point, in the position it occu- pies according to the light of one who loves to draw it. Quite recently, in a conversation about art with Mr. Fosdick, the artist, he remarked to me that those who followed our profession were legitimately and continu- ally seeking after expression regardless of limitation. I have since thought this was a very happy truth. Per- haps, therefore, it is sufficient to account for the exist- ence of a volume on our American flora, fully one half of which is pictures. This is a field-book of wild flowers ; it originated in the fields and it is intended to go back there, I trust, in the hand of its good reader. Of course, not all of it was written on sunny meadow and in shady wood, nor were all of its illustrations made at once from specimens gath- ered during various botanical rambles ; but, in the truest sense of the word, nearly all of the book is a direct result of field work, ranging from New Hampshire to Virginia. Not many years ago, my highly esteemed friend, the late William Hamilton Gibson, in the course of an ad- dress he was delivering before the Society of American Florists, said that some day he hoped to write a botany in plain English. It is unnecessary to add that if he had lived to do so, in all probability he would have con- tributed as much to our happiness as the father of American botany, Dr. Asa Gray. Undoubtedly he felt, as the rest of us have felt, the great need of simple, un- technical English in direct connection with botany. But there are difficulties to face in even a modest at- tempt to avoid bothersome technicalities. We must xv INTRODUCTION. necessarily retain the Latin names and surrender the advantage of those direct, crisp terms which express volumes to students who understand them and nothing at all to others who do not. On the other hand, we can re- sort to the drawing, which often expresses more at the glance of the eye than the best turned phrase, technical or otherwise ; so with plain English and the plainer drawing, one ought to be able to identify a plant with- out great difficulty. To be sure, one is continually running into " snags" ; it is not all plain sailing even for the botanist. Rules are all very well in their way, but unfortunately Nature abides by them only when it suits her conven- ience. There are hybrids and extreme forms galore ; there are puzzling groups, difficult families, and differ- ences of expert opinion ; in fact there are so many prob- lems for one to solve that the very interest in botany lies in their solution. The roses seem to be indifferently sep- arated. The genus Polygonum is simple only to one who is satisfied to know about three species. The Epildbiums are not all easily distinguished apart. Sisyrinchium, that beautiful little blue-eyed grass, shows signs of com- plications relative to species which prove that it is not as simple as it looks. Pentstemon occasionally puzzles one by taking a half-way form. Sagittaria, the genius of the sluggish river, tries to be everything it ought not to be in leaf and flower, so Mr. J. G. Smith settles the matter by calling the forms a, b, c, d, etc. Even the dandelion and the strawberry have lost their simplicity, and now each poses as one of two very distinct species. Then there is Lactuca — what a puzzler ! Anyone who knows Lactuca despairs about its leaves ; a third of the way up the plant-stem they represent one species, half- way up they represent another, and at the finish the flowers take up the disagreement where the leaves leave off, and declare for a third. I have known one plant, Lactuca Canadensis, to look like three things all at once ! When one reaches the mints, whatever trouble existed before seems child's play ; here is an order of plants which was apparently created for the express purpose of convincing the amateur that he can never master botany, xvi INTRODUCTION. What is particularly hard, too, is the fact that the bot- anists have apparently shaken the names up in a bag and sorted them out afresh. Regarding that bugbear of the botanical student, no- menclature, it may be well to make a plain statement of the facts of the case. Neither the older system of plant arrangement according to Dr. Gray nor some of his names can remain as they have been. At present the botanists prefer the system of Engler and Prantl. It certainly shows more distinctly the character of devel- opment in plant form by placing TYPHACE^E first and COMPOSITE last, not to speak of the satisfactory charac- ter of the arrangements in between. As for names, few, after all, of Dr. Gray's choosing are to be displaced. His successors are now engaged with such revision as is really necessary. Through the courtesy of Mr. Merritt L. Fernald I am able to adopt most of these names, and the extreme care with which the system they represent has been worked out inclines me to believe it will be ulti- mately and universally accepted. At the present time there is no international agreement regarding nomenclature by the scientists of the new and the old world. From what I know of the so-called Rochester Code, I should say it is a disturbing influence among already agitated conditions, and its lack of con- sistency does not entitle it to unreserved acceptance. Perhaps its instability is more clearly attested by the two articles from Mr. Fernald's pen which appeared in the Botanical Gazette, vol. 31, March, 1901, and vol. 32, Nov., 1901, and by the action long since of most of our eminent botanists, who have published a signed protest against it. In reference to the color names used in this book it would be advisable to concisely explain the principle upon which they are based. There is always one unfail- ing source where one may obtain color properly labeled ; that is at the color dealer's. Perhaps I must modify this statement and say most generally properly labeled. It is upon a purely scientific bas»'j that the flowers are given their proper color names ; this is the list in simple form: xvii INTRODUCTION. Pure yellow Pure pink Violet Deep yellow Crimson Blue-violet Golden yellow Crimson-pink Ultramarine Pure orange Magenta Pure blue Scarlet Magenta-pink Madder purple Pure red Pure purple Madder brown Beyond various modifications of these hues there are no color names of any value whatever in relation to the wild flower. We have in the color dealer's catalogue numerous conditions of these hues indicated by standard names : there is Naples yellow, a dilute form of golden yellow ; crimson lake, a subdued rendering of crimson ; and vermilion, which is a synonym for scarlet. These are standard colors which have never varied, and which will probably last with many others as long as painting does. In botanical and ornithological works we find such color names as fuscous, rufous, vinaceous, ferruginous, rose-purple, greenish purple, etc. ; they mean nothing* at all to one who is not a scientist, and I half suspect they mean but little to one who is. Purple (botanically speaking) is a dreadfully abused term which is made to stand for half the rainbow ; it means anything from crimson to violet. As an actual fact it is fairly repre- sented by Mimulus ringens, and one jot to the right or left of that hue is not purple. Pure yellow is perfectly represented by CEnothera biennis, and no tint to the right or left of that is a true yellow. Magenta is a crimson-purple ; the list of flowers which represent it is too long to give here. Blue in its pure form only exists (dilutely) in Myosotis. But I find that if I disturb all the botanists' color names I may complicate matters and add to the confusion which already exists in plant names, so I am content to let Ranunculus stand in plain yellow, although the color is not pure yellow, and it ranges through eight distinct deep or golden tones. In many other instances, also, I have refrained from mak- ing a change, although I am compelled to draw the line at rose-purple, and call it by its proper title, light magenta. xviii INTRODUCTION. I have found myself indebted to many authors of botanical lists for the information I give regarding the distribution of plants, and I have had frequently to congratulate myself upon the possession of that excel- lent work, Brainerd, Jones, and Eggleston's Flora of V< nnoitt. But it seems as though I am most indebted, for many things, to the late gifted Dr. E. Newlin Wil- liams, who, while this -book was going to press, lost his life in an excursion during a bitter cold wave in Febru- ary among the White Hills we both loved so well. He would have made his mark as a botanist if he had chosen that profession, and ho was more than well informed in many other departments of knowledge. Not long ago we trudged together on a botanical excursion over the slopes of Mt. Washington, and I found myself depend- ing upon him for the identification of many an alpine species ; he knew them all at a glance, and their whole history as well. Fr.om him I received the specimen of Belamcanda which is drawn here, together with much information regarding the flora of eastern Pennsylvania. I had looked forward to the time when I should place this book in his hands and say, " Here is one of the re- sults of our pleasant mountain rambles together." I am also indebted to others for help in the writing of this volume. I soon found my " wild garden " a field of work too narrow to enable me to record all that might be recorded regarding the visitations of insects ; hence I was glad to turn to those remarkable essays on the sub- ject by Prof. Charles Robertson which appeared in the Botanical Gazette. Then, too, by the courtesy of Dr. Robinson, Curator of the Gray Herbarium, practically the whole magnificent collection of valuable specimens and the splendid library have been open to me for reference. One must always ask for the indulgence of the reader and apologize if mistakes appear, but if they do it will be in spite of great vigilance. Again, much of the de- scriptive text may seem somewhat bald and brief through the effort to sustain the portable cHaracter of the book ; thus the brilliant and extensive Composite family suf- fers for want of elbow-room. But, on the whole, I con^ in INTRODUCTION. sidered that we all know that family best of all, and we would be glad to give it all the room it needed on our .highways, if not in our book, which must fit the narrow limits of our pocket at all hazards. F. SCHUYLER MATHEWS. BOSTON, MASS., March, 1903. FIELD BOOK OF AMERICAN WILD FLOWERS. CAT-TAIL FAMILY. Typbaceas. CAT-TAIL FAMILY. TypJiacece. Perennial marsh herbs with stemless, ribbonlike leaves, and with flowers of two kinds, staminate and pistillate on the same plant, lacking petals or flower-cup. Natu- rally not dependent upon insects for fertilization . Cat-tail The light olive green leaves usually exceed Typha latifolia the flower-stem in height. The upper half Yellow-brown of the cylindrical flower-spike consists of June-July tiie stamens, and the lower half of the pis- tils ; the abundant, yellow, powdery pollen of the staminate flowers scattering itself over the pistillate flowers below, fertilizes them. It is the compact down of the bractless pistillate flowers tipped with red-brown that forms the familiar cat-tail of August and September. At that time only a few lingering remnants of the staminate flowers remain on the withering tip of the stem above. The completely developed cat-tail measures fully 1 inch in diameter. In June it is important to note that the two kinds of flowers are not appreciably separated by a gap as in the next species described. The colo'r of the staminate flow ers is a variable olive yellow-brown, or brownish yellow, according to age. Typha is the Greek Tvcp?/, meaning fen or bog, and latifolia refers to the bi'oader leaf of this species. 'Fhe plant is 4-8 feet high, and is common in swamps every- where. The slenderer species known specifically as leaved Cat-tail o,ngustifolia, that is, narrow-leaved, is re- Typha angusti- markable for the distinct and considerable folia separation, on the stem, of the two groups Yellow-brown of flowers . thja is usual, but not without exception. The structure of the pistillate flowers is also different from that of the same flowers on Typha latifolia ; under a glass it will be seen that they possess a hairlike bractlet slightly swollen at the top. This cat-tail is narrow, rarely measuring over £ inch in diameter. The plant is 4-9 feet high, and grows, not invariably, near the coast from Me. , south ; it is some- times iL/und as far west as Mich, and Mo. ; it is common Narrow-leaved Cat-tail. Typha angustifolium. BUR REED FAMILY. Sparganlacese. in Nantucket, and along the N. J. coast, and is reported at Mt. Equinox, Vt., by Miss Mary A. Day. BUR REED FAMILY. Spargctniacece. Marsh herbs with flowers arranged like those of Typha but collected in separate spherical heads. Largely self- fertilizing, but assisted in the process by aquatic insects and flies. Great Bur Reed ^ne ^eeP green leaves are similar to those Sparganium °f tne foregoing species and are about -$ eurycarpum inch wide. The downy flowers are in Brown- white dense round heads scattered along the top May-August of ^ ^^ and Uke thoge Qf the cat_tails consist of the two kinds, staniinate and pistillate, abso- lutely separated. The green fruit is a burlike sphere composed of nutlets wedge-shaped below, and flattened above with an abrupt point in the centre, so that the general appearance of its surface is not unlike that of the pineapple. The name is from Gitdpyavov, a band, in allusion to the ribbonlike leaves. The plant is 3-7 feet high, and is common on the borders of ponds and rivers from Me., south to Va., and west. This is a much smaller species with nar- Smaller Bur . , g^j rower leaves, and a simple stem and row Sparganium of flower-heads. The green fruit is about simplex | inch in diameter, with a decidedly bur- Brown-white like appearance> the nutlets tapering to a point at either end, and the upper point being much longer than that of the fruit in the preced- ing species. The plant is 1-2 feet high, and is generally in the water, erect or sometimes afloat ; it is found from Me. to N. J., and west to Minn. This familiar variety, which is common Branching in all bogs, is larger than the foregoing Bur Reed in- many respects, and it is distinguished Sparganium for jts branching and somewhat angular Brown-^hite flower-stem ; the latter grows out at the June-August point where the leaf is joined with the plant-stem. The plant is 1-2 feet high, and is distributed from Me., south, and west to Minn. The sparganiums are all peculiarly decorative plants. Great Bur Reed. Spargamum simplex. Branching BurReed Spargdnium eurycarpum. Spapganium androcladum WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY. Alismacese. WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY. Alismocece. Marsh herbs with long-stemmed leaves, and flowers of three orders, thus : 1. With stamens and pistil, 2. Staminate and pistil- late growing on one plant, 3. Staminate and pistillate growing on different plants. The flowers have three conspicuous petals and generally six stamens ; they are visited by numerous insects which undoubtedly assist in the process of fertilization. The leaves, all from the root, are olive reen> strongly veined, and elliptical but tago very variable in shape, broader or longer, White or pale and sometimes heart-shaped at the base. P'nk The flower-stem is tall and symmetrically July-Septem- branched> displaying the three-petaled, very small wrhite or rarely delicate pink flowers to great advantage. The flowers are perfect, with six stamens and a pistil ; they are possibly self-fer tilized, but more probably cross-fertilized by the beelike drone-flies (Syrphidce), all pollen-eaters and honey- drinkers. The plant is 1-3 feet high, and is found in the shallow water of ponds and sluggish streams every- where. The name, which is of uncertain Greek origin, is supposed to refer to the occurrence of the species in salt marshes. This genus is remarkable for its mani- Kaqittnria vari- ^°^ variations ; hence it is called varia- abilis bilis. Sagittaria is derived from the Latin White sagitta, an arrow, referring to the shape July-Septem- of tne ieaves There are fourteen native species recorded by Britton and Brown, and over twenty by Jared G. Smith, while Gray recog- nizes but seven. However, until botanists arrive at a united opinion regarding this group, it will be a safe and therefore preferable course to accept the fewer species recognized by Gray. It is an unreliable method of procedure to rely upon leaf character for the founda- tion of a species, and unfortunately this has a great deal to do with the separation of Sagittaria into many spe- cies or groups. The particular species called variabilis 6 Arrowhead 5aaitta.pi & I at i folia. Water Plantain AlismaPlantaga WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY. Alismaceas shows, according to Gray, four variations as follows •. var. obtusa (S. latifolia, Form a, of J. G. Smith) has flowers mostly of the third order above described, and broad, blunt-pointed leaves : var. latifolia (S. latifolia proper of J. G. Smith) has the second, or imperfectly the third order of flowers above described, and varying broad or narrow, acute leaves : var. angustifolia (S. latifolia, Form d, of J. G. Smith) has flowei-s of the second order, and leaves with narrow, divergent lobes ; found in mountain districts : var. diversifolia (S. latifolia, Form e, of J. G. Smith) has flowers of the second order, and lance-shaped or broader leaves, variably arrow- pointed. These are mere forms, not varieties. Sagittaria vari- A well established type with very broad abilis var. pu- blunt leaves, is pubescent, or woolly - bescens coated, especially the flower-stem. This is the S. latifolia pubescens of J. G. Smith. It is found from Me., south, usually east of the Alleghanies. Sagittaria En- This is also a well established type, the gelmanniana flowers of which are scarcely 1 inch J. G. Smith across, and the leaves remarkably narrow and lineal-. The fruit is a narrow wedge-shaped nutlet tipped with a small erect beak. Somewhat rare. Mass. , N. Y., N. J., south. The leaves of the arrowhead are shiny dark green, and the three-petaled flowers are pure white relieved by the charming bit of golden yellow contributed by the large anthers. The flowers grow in clusters of three, the staminate ones above, and the pistillate below. The pollen is distributed by a variety of agents, not least of which are the insects which fre- quent wet places, among them the beautiful glassy- winged dragon-fly. The tendency of some of the types to develop only staminate flowers on one plant and pistil- late on another, suggests the probability that Sagittaria is beginning to rely entirely upon insects for fertiliza- tion. Remarkably decorative in every part of its struc- ture, the arrowhead like the cat- tail is a great favorite among artists. Common everywhere. The three forms angustifolia, latifolia (2nd order), and obtusa (3rd order), are reported in Neb. by H. J. Webber. Narrow-leaved (ff Arrowhead. 5agittapia. variabilis var.angustifolia. of Asa Gray. or Sa^ittapia latifolia form d. of J.G.Smith. ARUM FAMILY. Aracex, ARUM FAMILY. Aracece. Perennial herbs possessing a sharp, peppery juice, ana with sometimes perfect, but generally only two orders of flowers ; i. e., 1. Staminate and pistillate on the same plant, 2. Staminate. and pistillate on different plants. The flowers crowded on a club or spadix enclosed within a hood or spathe. Fertilization assisted by insects. Indian Turnip Generally with two long-stemmed, tri- or Jack-in-the- parted dull green leaves without a gloss, pulpit which overshadow the hooded flower be- pkyllum ' low at tne- Junction of the leaf-stems. Purple-brown The flowers, on the clublike spadix within and green the hood, are grouped at the base of the April-July spadix and are generally staminate and pistillate on separate plants, that is to say, the stamens are abortive on one plant and the pistils are abortive on another ; thus small insects (the gnat of the genus Mycetophila especially) are a means of fertilization, and frequently they may be found imprisoned in close quar- ters between the bases of spathe and spadix. It is pos- sibly developing a dependence upon insects for fertiliza- tion ; but often one plant develops both staminate and pistillate flowers. The novel and beautiful green and purple-brown striped spathe is variable in depth of color ; exposed to sunlight it is usually quite pale, while in the dark woods it is exceedingly purple ; as a rule the plant prefers the shaded, wet woods. The handsome cluster- ing berrylike fruit is at first green and finally, in late August, brilliant scarlet. The plant attains a height of 1-2^ feet. It is common in the woods in wet situations, everywhere. The exceedingly peppery bulb becomes edible after boiling. Green Dragon, This species generally has a single com- Dragon-root, pound leaf with seven or more obovate- or Dragon lance-shaped, pointed, dull green leaflets. The long spadix is usually composed of contium " D°tli staminate and pistillate flowers, and Dull white- it tapers to a slender point, reaching far green beyond the rolled-up, greenish, pointed May-June. spathe. The berries are red-orange. The Dragon Arum. Jack-in-the-pulpit. Arisaem&Dracontium. Ariscenrux triphyllum. ARUM FAMILY. Aracese. plant is 1-3 feet high, and grows in wet woods or low grounds from Me., south, and west to Minn. The rich green leaves are arrow-shaped Peltandra ' with one prominent vein or nerve. The undulata flowers are staminate and pistillate on the Green same plant, covering the long tapering May-June spadix ; the pointed green spathe, rolling and wavy on the margin, is 4-7 inches long. The clus- ter of berries is green, and is at first enclosed in a green sheath, the fleshy base of the spathe. The plant grows 1-1^ feet high, in shallow water, from Me. south, and west to Mich. It derives its name from iteXrr), a target or shield, and vrrfp, stamen, from the targetlike form of the latter. Water Arum ^ ^^e swamp flower resembling the Calla palustris so-called calla-lily ; the latter is, of course, White not a lily, and, curiously enough, not a June true calla, it is a Richardia. The deep green leaves of the water arum are long-heart-shaped with long stems. The open and rolling edged spathe is white above and greenish beneath. The yellow spadix is entirely covered with flowers, the lower ones perfect, i. e., with all the parts complete, and the upper ones often staminate. Fertilization is assisted by insects and pond-snails. " The berries, red and distinct, in a head like those of the Jack-in-the-pulpit, are ripe in August. The plant grows 5-10 inches high and is at home in cold bogs, from Me., south to Va., and west to Minn. The name Calla is ancient and obscure, palustris is the Latin name for swamp. Arrow Arum. Pelt&ndra, undulata. Water Arum. Call* ARUM FAMILY. Araceae. Skunk Cabba e A single sPecies, of the earliest appear- Symvlocarpiis ance m sPrmg» having a fetid odor, which fcetidus attracts numerous insects, and a closely Dark purple- coiled purple-red streaked and blotched, 8reen' leathery spathe which entraps them to their death. The stout spadix is compactly set with perfect lavender-flesh-colored flowers, i. e. , flowers with stamens and pistil. The conspicuous an- thers are a grayish straw-color. The fruit is the enlarged and fleshy spadix enclosing round bulletlike seeds imme- diately beneath its surface which ripen in September. The name is from (jvunkoKT), connection, and napnos, fruit, alluding to the connection of the ovaries forming compound fruit. The qolor of the shellike spathe is not without aesthetic interest ; the madder purple, green, and yellow-green are blended and streaked with a pecul- iar charm : inside, the red is darkest. The leaves will at first be found in a compactly coiled, pointed spike close beside the ruddy spathe. Later when the coarse 1- 2 feet long, cabbagelike leaves are unfolded the origin of the common name becomes evident. The odor of the flower is imitative of decaying flesh, but it is not wholly bad, it reminds one of the smell of a mustard plaster, and raw onions ; the cut stem decidedly suggests the latter. The plant is found in swamps, beside brooks, and in wet glades. Common from Me., south to Ga., and west to Iowa and Minn. Found at Clarendon Hills, Mass. SKunK Cabbie. " A11(C Symplocarpus foetidus. ARUM FAMILY. Aracex. Golden Club ^ single species, perennial and aquatic, Orontium whose prominent golden yellow spadix uquuticum (the club) scarcely larger around than its the completely developed flowers of gen- erally six sepals, as many golden stamens, and a pistil. The spathe is undeveloped and removed from the spadix, appearing like a mere leaflet on the flower-stem. Fruit green and bladderlike. The long-stemmed, oblong, dark green leaves float upon the water. It is a beautiful aquatic plant whose flowers deserve close examination under the glass, 1-2 feet high, common in the shallows of ponds, from Mass., south, and generally found near the coast. Name from the Syrian river Orontes. The stiff, swordlike, light green leaves Sweet Flag S^ve the plant a rigid character. It has AcQrus inconspicuous flowers compactly covering Calamus a tapering cylindrical spadix which grows Yellow-green angu}ariy f rom the side of a t%vo-edged stem resembling the flat ribbonlike leaves. The individual flower has a pistil, six stamens, and as many sepals of a dull yellow-green color. The fruit is a small berry, at first gelatinous and finally dry, but the plant is mostly propagated by its stocky roots. Name, "Anapa? of unknown meaning, from Pliny. The horizontal, pun- gent, and pleasantly aromatic rootstalk is a familiar com- modity of the apothecary. There is a striped-leaved variety. The plant grows 1-4 feet high, or more, and is found beside small streams and in wet grqund, from Me., south, and west to Minn., Iowa, and Kan. Golden Club. Orontium aqu&ticum. Sweet Fl&g. ACOPUS Calamus. YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY. Xyridaceee. YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY. Xyridaceee. Perennial herbs with narrow, grasslike leaves, and perfect, regular flowers, with three spreading lobes and a slender tube. Fertilized largely by insects. Yellow-eyed ^ little swamp plant with grasslike, or Grass rather slender rushlike, light green leaves Xyrisflexuosa which twist as they grow old, and flowers Iul"°Au ust about i inch acr088. of three yellow petal- like divisions, three stamens, and as many sepals, the flowers proceeding from a conelike head com- posed of light green leafy scales. The fruit is an oblong many-seeded capsule. The name is from £vpis an unknown Greek plant with two-edged leaves. The plant grows 6-16 inches high, in sandy bogs or morasses, from Me. to Minn., and south to Ga. and Tex. There is a mountain variety barely 1 foot high, with very lender leaves, which rarely twist, known as var. pusilla. [t is found in bogs from the White Mts., south to the ^ocono Mts. of Penn., and in N. J. It blooms in the same season. H v i ^ *a^ 8Pecies> with a slender flower- low-eyed Grass stem, and leaves reaching nearly an inch in Xyris Carolini- width. The conelike head also longer ana and measuring nearly f inch. It grows JuI'e°Au ust 1-2 feet high' and iS found in swamPs near the coast from Mass., south to Fla. and La. SPIDERWORT FAMILY. Commelinacece. Herbs with jointed and often leafy branching stems, the leaves sheathed at the base, and generally perfect flowers, i. e., flowers with stamens and pistil. Cross- fertilization assisted by insects. The grass green leaves are lance-shaped, Day Flower and brown.s]ieathed at their junction with Commehna hir- * tella the plant-stem; the sheath is hairy-edged. Light violet. The flowers are three-parted and irregular, W«e that is, unequal in size, form, and struc- tural parts ; for instance, two of the blue petals are larger than the third. The leaf 18 Yellow-eyed Grass. Xyris Carol ini ana. Xyris flexuosa. SPIDERWORT FAMILY. Commelinaceas. immediately below the flowers is heart-shaped, and clasping, forming a hollow from which the flower-stem proceeds. The flowers expand only in the morning. The plant is erect, stout-stemmed, and grows 2-3 feet high. It is named for the early Dutch botanist Kaspar Comme- lin. Fond of damp and shady, but warm places, it dis- tributes itself along river banks and streams from southern N. J., south, and west to Mo. Virginia Day This is a much commoner species in the Flower northeastern section of the country, and Commelina it differs from the foregoing species in the rirginica following particulars. The leaves and blue stem are slenderer, the stem taller, but June-Septem- branching and reclining, frequently tak- ber ing root at the joints, and the whole plant is frequently slightly rough to the touch. The third petal is also particularly inconspicuous and abortive. The plant grows 1^-3 feet high, and is found on river banks or wet shaded places, from southern N. Y., south, and west to Neb. and Tex. This species has mucilaginous, upright Tradescantia stems, with light green , narrow, and linear Virginica leaves. The flowers are regular with three Light violet- purplish ultramarine blue petals which k|ue richly relieve the golden anthers with- in ; the latter are widely removed from the prominent stigma. It is unquestionably cross-fertilized by the earlier queen bumblebees Bombus pennsylvani- cus and B. separatus, who are attracted by the plentiful pollen, and evidently come in contact with the exposed stigma before stumbling among the yellow anthers. It is also a familiar, old-fashioned garden flower, common beside the farm-houses of the north. It is named for John Tradescant, gardener to Charles I. of England. It grows 1-1| feet high, usually in rich or moist ground, from Me., south, and west to the Rocky Mts. There are variable forms of this species, as well as another slenderer southern species with smaller pink flowers, 6-12 inches high, named Tradescantia rosea. It is dis- tributed from Md., south, and west to Mo. There are garden varieties of Tradescantia also white and purple. Virginia Day Flower. /JM Spiderwort. Commelin&Virginica,. IfTradescantia Vipgirvica, PICKEREL WEED FAMILY. Pontederiacex. PICKEREL WEED FAMILY. Pontederiocece. Aquatic herbs with perfect (i. e. having stamens and pis- til), more or less irregular flowers issuing from a spathe or leaflike envelop, which are mostly fertilized by insects. A tall plant with one blunt arrowhead- r- shaPed> dark green, thick leaf, varying to data a very elongated triangle shape, and a Light violet- showy flower-spike about 4 inches long, crowded with ephemeral, violet-blue June Septeti I- flowerg whicn are marke(J with a distinct yellow-green spot. Immediately below the spike is the small spathe. Sometimes the flowers are white. The flower-cup is funnel-formed and six- divided, the upper three divisions united, and the three lower ones spread apart. The six stamens are three of them long and protruding, and three short which are often abortive ; the blue anthers are so placed that it is impossible for an insect to enter the flower-cup without brushing against them and detaching the pollen. The fruit is a bladderlike receptacle containing one seed. The plant is named for Giulio Pontedera, a professor of botany at Padua about 1730. Pickerel weed grows 1-3 feet high, and is commonly found in the shallows of ponds and sluggish streams, sometimes associated with the arrowhead. The deer in the Adirondack region fre- quent the lake shores to feed upon it. Mud Plantain ^ small water plant with deep green, Heteranthera floating, round-kidney-shaped leaves on reniformis long stems, and 2-5 white or pale blue per- Whlte^or bluish fect]y developed flowers, which, like those of the preceding species, are exceedingly short-lived. The tiny flowers proceed from a spathe or leafy enclosure projecting from the sheathed side of a leaf-stem. The flower-cup shows six nearly equal divisions spread above its slender tube. The plant is named for its unlike anthers, ers'pa different, andavQrjpd anther ; the specific reniformis means kidney -formed, in allusion to the shape of the leaf. It grows about 12 inches high, in mud or shallow water, from Conn, to N. J., and west to Kan., Neb., and La. Pickerel Weed. Jf Mud Plantain. Pontederia cordata. Heteranthera reni/brmis. LILY FAMILY. Liliacese. LILY FAMILY. Liliacece. Mostly perennial herbs with a flower-cup of generally six parts remarkable for its simplicity and beauty. Flowers with six stamens each of which stands before one of the divisions. In the case of Allium the flowers spring from a spathe or leafy inclosure, like the flowers of most of the species already described. Carrion Flower The light green veiny-corrugated leaves Smilax are mostly round-ovate and heart-shaped aranT'ellow at the baSe' P°mted at the ti?' and dev°id May July °W of Slos8» tneir stems greatly varying in length, measuring ^-3 inches ; with a ten- dril at either side. The long flower-stem, proceeding from between the tendrils, is topped by a hemispherical flower-cluster with spokelike stemlets. The greenish- yellow flowers are insignificant and putrid-odored ; they are staminate and pistillate on separate plants, thus show- ing their dependence upon insects for fertilization, par- ticularly upon those flies which are attracted by carrion. The cluster of berries is first green and finally blue-black with a bloom. It is, indeed, a beautiful and decorative vine, most unfortunate in the repellent odor of its flow- ers at the time of bloom. It is very variable, grows to a length of 4-15 feet, and frequents river banks and thickets. Common from the coast west to Dak. and Neb. Green Brier ^-^e slightly zigzag stem and branches, Smilax the latter more or less squarish, are cov- rotundifolia ered with scattered prickles, and the Light green broadly ovate, short-stemmed, light green May-June J leaves are 2-3 inches long and pointed. The leaf -stalk is bent upward at a right angle ; in the angle are the slender tendrils. The flower-stalk bears fewer flowers than that of the preceding species. The berries are blue-black. It is common in most thickets, and closely connects with a western form, var. quadran- gularis, the branches of which are quite perceptibly square. Common from the coast west to Minn, and Tex. It is a familiar vine on Long Island, N. Y., and at North Easton, Mass., but it is not found in the moun- tain region of N. H. Carrion Flower, herbacea. Green Brier*. Smilax rotund ifolia. LILY FAMILY. Lillaceas. Clintonia Clintonia borealis Cream-color, greenish June-early July A handsome woodland plant with from two to four (usually three) shiny, light green, large oval-oblong leaves ; a slender flower-stalk, ahout 7 inches high, bears from three to six cream-colored drooping flowers greenish on the outside. The flower is formed of six distinct sepals, and is perfect, having six stamens and a pistil ; its form is lily like and dainty. It was named for DeWitt Clinton, once governor of New York. It unfortunately lacks odor and color to make it perfectly attractive, but it is not without a subtle and delicate grace. The berries, which are ripe about the middle of August, turn a beau- tiful pure blue, a color devoid of any purplish tinge, and therefore one which is rare and remarkable in nature. Prussian blue mixed with a little white will exactly match the unique color of the Clintonia berry. The plant grows 6-16 inches high, and is common in the northern woods, especially where they are cold and moist. Me., south to N. C., and west to Minn. A far less common species, with a woolly Clintonia a , a , lr , . . umbellata flower-stem, and flowers half the size of White, spotted those of the foregoing species, borne in a May-June thick cluster. The flowers are also very different in color ; they are mostly white speckled with madder purple, and possess a sweet odor. The berries are globular and black. Height 8-22 inches. Rich woods of the AUeghanies from N. Y. to Ga. ; not in New Eng. Clintoni A boreal is. LILY FAMILY. LHiacex. Twisted Stalk The leaves, strongly clasping the zigzag Streptopus stem, are smooth and light green, with a amplexifolius whitish bloom beneath. The curly-se- white * paled, greenish flower is about ^ inch May- July wide, and hangs by a long, crooked, threadlike stem from beneath the leaves. The flower is perfect and regular, with six lance-shaped sepals, and is either solitary or (rarely) in pairs. The name is from the Greek, for twisted, and stalk or foot. The usually solitary berry is red, round, and nearly \ inch in diameter. 2-3 feet high. Cold moist woods. Me., west to the Rockies, and south to N. C., in the mountains. Streptopus Differs from the preceding in its dull roseus purple-pink flower, its leaves which are not Dull purple- whitened with a bloom beneath, but are Ma -earl altogether green and finely hairy at the July edge, and its earlier period of bloom. 1-2| feet high. In the same situations, but extending farther south to Ga. , and west to Ore. The genus Streptopus is dependent in part upon insect-*, for cross-fertilization. Some of the most frequent visit- ors are the bumblebees, the beelike flies Bombylius, and the bees of the genus Andrenidce, still, their effect upon the flower is mere probability. It takes much time and attention to make sure of the results of such insect visita- tions. Certainly the delicate green-white coloring of one species and the magenta of the other directly indi- cate the adaptation of the flowers to insect visitors. Twisted Stalk. Streptopus roseus. LILY FAMILY. Lllitcex. \sparagus This beautiful perennial, so well known Asparagiis as a vegetable, is not quite as familiar to offlcinalis us in its aesthetic dress. Its leaves (or prop- Qreen-yellow erly> its branchlets), are threadlike ; and it assumes a bushy, almost larchlike figure as it grows older, and becomes decorated with round, scarlet berries. The tiny green-yellow flowers are six- parted, and rather inconspicuous. The name is ancient. Adventive from the old country, and a frequent escape from kitchen gardens everywhere. It is a favorite among the farmers' wives who use it decoratively in their homes ; certainly it is not less decorative than the florist's famous Asparagus plumosus. A really beautiful woodland plant slightly nard resembling Solomon's Seal, but bearing Smilacina its Spiraealike cluster of fine white flowers racemosa at the tip of the stem. The light blue- Whlte green leaves are oblong and ovate-lance- shaped, taper-pointed, and with very short stems — hardly any, in fact. The tiny flower has six distinct white sepals, and is perfect, with six stamens and a pistil. The flower cluster is pyramidal, and the zigzag plant-stem gracefully inclines. The berries, smaller than peas, are at first greenish then yellowish white speckled with madder brown, and finally, in late September, a dull ruby-red of translucent character. They possess an aromatic taste. A familiar plant of the White Mt. region The name is a diminutive of Smilax, without appropriate application. Common in moist copses and beside woodland roads. 1-3 feet high. Me., south to S. C. and west to Minn, and Ark. false Spikenard. SmiUcin* racemose LILY FAMILY. Liliacese. A much smaller species than the fore- going, with a very small but pretty starry cluster of white flowers at the tip of the stem. The leaves, light blue-green and very firm, claap the zigzag stem. The flower is \ inch wide. The berries, which are few, are at first spotted and finally dull ruby-red. 8-16 inches high. Moist banks and meadows. Me. , south to N. J. , and west. Three-leaved A still smaller species, with generally False Solo- three leaves, but sometimes two or even four, tapering to a sheathing base ; flowers smaller than those of the preceding spe- cies, and the berries red like those of the next species. 2-6 inches high. In bogs or wet woods. Me., south to Penn., west to Mich. Although the resemblance of Smilacina trifolia to Maianthemum Canadense (the next species described) is close, the differences are easily detected by a close ob- server. The (usually) three leaves of Smilacina trifolia clasp the stem but are in no wray heart-shaped at the base. This species also has six sepals and as many stamens, and the whole plant is invariably smooth, not fine-hairy as is sometimes the case with the next species. The berries of Smilacina and Maianthemum are closely similar, but those of Smilacina stellata are in a measure harder, more opaque than any of the others, and cer- tainly not blackish, as described in Gray's Manual, 6th Edition, but dull red. False Solo- mon's Seal Smilacina stellata White May-early June mmi's Seal Smilacina trifolia White May-early June False Solomons Seal. 5milacin& stellate. Smilacina trifolia. LILY FAMILY. Liliaceas. A tiny woodland plant resembling Smila- Mayflower cina trifolia, with small white flowers Maianthemum which differ from those of the genus S»i>- Canadeni?e lacina in having only four sepals and as White many stamens. It has two to three light green, shiny leaves which are ovate-lance- shaped or broader, with a somewhat heart-shaped base. The berries are yellow- white, spotted with madder brown, until early fall when they turn a dull translucent ruby- red. A familiar plant in the woods of the White Mts. ; gen- erally in moist places. 3-6 inches high. The name is from Maius, May, and av^sfiov, flower. Me., west to Minn, and Iowa, south to N. Car. This is the only one true species, familiar Ya^g0 in cultivation. It has two oblong leaves, Convallaria shiny and smooth, and a slender stalk majalis bearing a one-sided row of tiny white White flowers, extremely sweet-scented and Jiuie ear'y dainty. Flower-cup bell-shaped, with six lobes recurved, and six stamens. It is ap- parently cross-fertilized by bees who collect the pollen, as there is little or no honey at the base of the bell ; in the absence of insects it is self-fertilized (Hildebrand). Berry red. The name is from the Latin convallis, valley, and the Greek for lily. Identical with the European flower of the gardens, it also grows on the higher Alleghanies, from Va. to S. Car. Canada Mayflower? Lily of the Valley. Maianthemum Canadense. Convallaria maj&lis. LILY FAMILY. Liliacex. The pendulous position of the flowers of this genus, is in a great measure protective ; the wind and weather can not injure or uselessly scatter the pollen. The flowers, moreover, have short styles and long anthers, and are unquestionably cross-fertilized by the larger bees ; the bumblebees Bombus vagans, and Bombus pennsylvanicus are common visitors, together with innumerable small Solomon's Seal The oblong-°vate» h'gnt green leaves Polygonatum srn°°tb. or finely hairy and paler beneath, biflorum arranged alternately either side of the Pale green slender, smooth stem ; the cylindrical and April-June tassellike perfect flowers (each having six stamens) depend in clusters of two, rarely three, below them. An extremely pretty and graceful plant when under cultivation. The fruit, at first a green berry with a whitish bloom, at last becomes blue-black and resembles a small Concord grape ; it imparts an additionally decora- tive appearance to the plant. 1-3- feet high. Common in thickets beside woodlands, and on hillsides. Me., south, and west to E. Kan., Neb., and Tex. The plant is taller and smooth, without Solomon's Seal tne fine nairiness- Leaves ovate, pointed, Polygonatum and partly clasping the plant-stem, 3-8 giganteum inches long, and many-ribbed. Flowers Pale Green m cuisters of from two to eight. Stem stout and round. 2-8 feet high. Meadows May-early and river banks. Me., south to Va., and west to the Rocky Mts. Solomon's Seal. Polygonatum biflorum. LILY FAMILY. Liliacese. Bellwort ^ Srace^u^ woodland plant, smooth Uvularia per- throughout, with a forking stem (one to foliata three leaves below the fork), the deep Pale corn green ovate-lance-shaped leaves appearing nlyTune M if Perforated by ifc- The delicately fra- grant flower-cup, granular-rough inside, is attenuated but lilylike, with six distinct pale corn yellow sepals. Flowers perfect, with six short stamens and a pistil. Sepals with a deep honey-bearing groove within ridged on either edge. Seed pod a three-parted capsule, appearing as if chopped off at the end, and in this respect entirely dif- ferent from that of the Oakesia following. Name from uvula, palate, referring to the way the flower hangs. It grows 6-18 inches high, in rich woods, from Me. to the Dakotas, and south. This is the commoner bellwort from Bellwort western New Eng., west and south. Uvularia gran- The deep green leaves are fine-white- diflora hairy beneath ; the large pale, corn yellow flower, inclining to green, at the summit, ApriUJune *s ^^Y H inches long, and smooth inside. Stem with a single leaf or none below the fork. A more limited distribution, south to Ga. and west to Minn., Iowa, and S. Dak. Similar in some respects to the foregoing Oakesia sessili- Senus» °ut with marked differences. Stem folia angled. The deep green leaves, fine-hairy Corn or cream beneath, conspicuously three - grooved, yellow . gharp-pointed, and stemless, or slightly clasping. The six divisions of the flower less pointed, no ridges within the flower-cup, the latter more huffish cream-colored, but still near corn yellow. The seed capsule three-sided, resembling a beech nut. The one or two flowers on slender stems, at first terminating the plant stem, but finally appearing opposite the leaves by reason of the growth of the branches. Named for William Oakes, an early botanist of New England. Stem 6-13 inches high. It is very common in the north woods. Me., south to Ga., and west to Minn, and I Large-flowered Bellwort Oakesia, Uvular-la grandiflora. sessilifolia LILY FAMILY. Liliaceae. Ark. Uvularia and Oakesia are both slender drooping- leaved plants, early in the season at the time of bloom , later they expand to a broader figure. The trilliums are handsome woodland Stem less Trilli , um or Wake- P';ints with stout stems, ruddy purple at robin the base ; their perfect flowers have three Trillium sessile green sepals which remain until the plant ^»" magenta- witherS) three petals much larger, and six April-May stamens. T. sessile has stemless, slightly fragrant flowers with narrow petals and sepals, the former rather erect and spreading, dull ma- genta-red, varying to a greenish tone. Leaves stemless, somewhat four-sided but ovate, and often blotched with lighter and darker green. Red berry spherical or nearly so, \ inch deep. The name is from triplum, triple, a characteristic of all parts of the plant. 5-10 inches high. Moist woods. Penn., south, and west to Minn, and Ark. Differs from the preceding in the fol- recurvatum lowing particulars. The leaves are nar- rowed at the base into a stem, and the flower has reflexed sepals, and pointed petals narrowed at the base. 6-16 inches high. Rich woods. Ohio and west. A very common eastern species, with Birthroot ' four-sided ovate leaves scarcely stemmed, Trillium erec- and abruptly pointed, and flowers, with a turn reclining stem, varying in color from white iroon, or to pink, brownish purple-red or maroon, April-June with flat, ovate, spreading petals nearly 1J inches long, the sepals a trifle shorter. Sometimes the flower is dull pink, of a brownish purple tone, and rarely it is greenish. It is ill-scented, and as a consequence attracts the carrion-loving green fly (Lucilia carnicind), commonly called the flesh-fly, who finds the raw-meat color of the flower as acceptable as the odor. According to Clarence M. Weed this fly is the most use- ful pollen disseminator of Trillium erectum. Berry darker red, round-ovate. 7-15 inches high. Rich woods. New Eng. to N. C., west to Minn, and Mo. Wake Robin. Trill i urn erectum Painted Trillium. Trillium undulatum. LILY FAMILY. Liliaceae. A handsome, large - flowered species ing Trillium flowering later, and cultivated by the Trillium grandi- florists. The waxy-white petals H-2 inches florum long, larger than the sepals, curve grace- fully backward, and, as they grow older, turn pink. 10-18 inches high. The red berry fully 1 inch long. Rich woods. Vt. to N. C., west to Minn, and Mo. .. Leaves almost stemless and broadly Trillium four-sided ovate. Flower with white or Trillium pinkish wavy petals f inch long, and with cernuum a short stem recurved so that the blossom is °ften hidden beneath the leaves. 8-14 inches high. Moist woods. New Eng. to Minn., south to Ga. and Mo. A very small species with ovate leaves, Trillium ^~® incnes l°ng> an°l flowers whose white Trillium nivale petals, less than 1 inch long, are scarcely White wavy. Berry red, about | inch in diame- March-May ^ flattened and spherical, with three rounded divisions. A dwarf plant 2-5 inches high. Rich woods. Pa. and Ky. to Minn, and Iowa. One of the most beautiful of the genus, TriHUim and verv common in tne ricu woodlands Trillium un- of the north. Leaves ovate and tapering dutatum to a sharp point. Green sepals quite nar- White* row, and the gracefully recurved, wavy- edged white petals strongly marked with a crimson V deep or pale, as the case may be ; it is never purple. The dark scarlet ovate berry f inch long, ripe in September, and falling at a touch. 8-16 inches high. Cold damp woods arid beside wood- land brooks. New F-oig. to Ga., west to Minn, and Mo. 42 Large Flowering Trillium Trillium grand iflorum. NoddingTrillium. Dwarf White Trillium. Trillium cernuum H Trillium nivaAe. LILY FAMILY. Liliaceae. The only species, the thin, circling, long- Cucumber ovate, light green leaves of which are Medeola Vir- arranged around the middle, and the three (jinicn ovate ones around the top of the thin Green and stem. The inconspicuous nodding, but terra cotta t A. a • ? • i • i May-June perfect tiovver is f inch wide, green, and accented by the reddish terra-cotta color of the six stamens, and the three long, recurved terra- cotta brown stigmas, i. e., the three divisions Of the tip of the pistil ; the three petals and three sepals are also recurved. In September about two or three purple- black berries replace the flowers at the apex of the plant. Named for the sorceress Medea on account of ite sup- posed medicinal virtue. The common name alludes to the succulent, horizontal, white tuberous root which tastes like cucumber, and was in all probability relished by the Indians. 1-3 feet high. Rich damp woods. Me., west to Minn., and south. Medeola Virginica is a characteristic woodland plant, common in the White Mountain woods. It is adapted to subdued sunlight, and is interesting in both flower and fruit. The blossoms, often beneath the three uppei leaves, are thus protected from the dripping of the trees in wet weather ; their colors are aesthetic. Crawling insects cannot easily mount the (at first) woolly stem and rob the flower of its pollen, flying insects readily find the blossom, and in September the three crowning leaf- lets beneath the berries are stained with dull crimson, the color attracting birds to the fruit. It is therefore evident that the plant depends in some measure upon visitors. 44 Indian Cucumber. f MedeolaVirginica,. LILY FAMILY. Liliaceas. Blazing Star, ^e st-em bearing light green, flat, lance- or Devil's Bit shaped (blunt) leaves at the base with sev- Chamozlirium eral shorter, narrower ones farther up, Oarolinianum and terminated by a feathery spike 4-10 June-July inches long of small, fragrant flowers, white with a tinting of the yellow stamens characterizing the staminate, and in conspicuous white the pistillate ones. It is quite dependent upon insects for cross-fertilization, the staminate flowers growing on one plant and pistillate on another ; the flower-cup has six narrow, spreading white sepals. The pistillate plant is more leafy. Fruit an oblong capsule. The name, which was first applied to a half-grown, low speci- men, is from £ Commonlv found in the August dry w°°ds and among the mountains. Va., south to Fla. and La. Tiger Lily ^ JaPanese species escaped from gar- Lilium dens, and commonly found beside old farm- tigrinum houses. Its leaves are lance-shaped and Orange-scarlet scattered along a stiff, straight, cottony, dark-colored stem, with black bulblets at the point where they join the plant-stem. The flower sepals are strongly spotted and reflexed. Me. to N. Y. Turk's Qp Lily. Lilium superbum. LILY FAMILY. Liliacete. A small, lilylike flower distinguished mviow Ad- for its brown-purple-tinged (outside) gold der's Tongue yellow color ; sometimes the purple tinge Erythronium is wanting in the flower, but the two leaves Americanum are aimost always strongly mottled with Dull gold yel- it _ ^^ ^ elliptical, pointed, nearly April-May stemless, and proceed from the root. The flower is perfect, with six stamens and a pistil, and it is especially adapted to long-tongued in- sects ; it is undoubtedly cross-fertilized by the early bees, chief among which are the queen bumblebees (Bombus pennsylvanicus) whom I have often observed enter the flower-bell and issue plentifully besprinkled with pollen. Other occasional visitors are the small butterflies Coliaa pliilodice — yellow, and Pieris rapce — •vhite. It is probable, too, that many species of flies are attracted to this plant on account of its mottled color ; but the majority of flies are poor pollen disseminators. The name, Greek, for red, in allusion to the European species which is purple-red. The little plant, 5-10 inches high, is common in moist woods and beside brooks in swampy places, from Me., south, and west to Minn. Found in Campton, N. H. A very similar species with narrower Ton ue leaves mottled less distinctly or not at all, Erythronium smooth, thick, and whitish green. The albidum flowers are white, or dull, pale violet- Whiteor violet- tinged outside, and yellow-tinged at the March-Ma heart, inside ; the six divisions of the flower-cup strongly recurved. As the white stigma in Erythronium matures in advance of the golden anthers, it is, generally speaking, cross-fertilized; its most frequent visitor is the bumblebee (Bombus vir- ginicus). 5-8 inches high. Common only in the west and south. N. J., south to Ga., and west to Minn. Found near Carlinville, southern 111. (Prof. Robertson). Yellow Adders Tongue. Erythronium Americajium. Erythi»onium albidum. LILY FAMILY. Lillacex. A slender ornamental plant of Europe, hem escaped from gardens. The dark green Ornithognlum leaves are narrow and linear, and the umbellatum flowers are borne in a branched cluster ; White they are white inside, green-lined outside, May-June , • , • T.T and they open only in the sunshine. Name from the Greek, meaning bird's milk, supposed to al- lude to the egg-white color of the flower. 4-12 inches high. Found most often in fields and meadows near farm-houses. Mass, to Pa. and Va. Wild L ^n 8PrmS the wild leek develops two or Allium tricoc- three light green, flat, oblong-lance-shaped cum leaves 8-10 inches long, and about 1 inch Greenish white wide or more, and by summertime when une- u y these are withered, the white or greenish white flowers begin to bloom, in a spokelike cluster from a spathe or leaflets at the top of a naked stem. The perfect flowers with stamens and pistil, are six-parted, with six green-white sepals. The flowers are rich honey- bearers and undoubtedly are mostly fertilized by bees. It is an onion-scented herb whose name is the Latin for garlic, and it is not remarkable for its beauty. It grows 4-15 inches high, in rich woodlands from west N. E., west to Minn, and Iowa, and south among the Alle- ghanies to N. Car. w . Q A more commonly distributed, ex- AUium Cana- tremely narrow-leaved species frequenting dense wet meadows, the flower-cluster of which Pale pink or js sparse in bloom or else is replaced by a thick cluster of bulblets — a frequent oc- currence with Allium. The flower's sepals are narrow and obtuse, and quite as long as the stamens. 8-24 inches high. Me. to Minn., and south to the Gulf. The Alliums are mostly assisted by flies, bees, moths, and butterflies in the process of fertilization. Wild Garlic Alii urn C&nadense. Wild Leek. Alii urn tricoccum. LILY FAMILY. Liliaceee. Day Lily ^ na*ive °^ Europe and Asia, escaped Hemerocallis from gardens. Leaves angled in section, fulva tapering to a sharp point, narrow and Tawny orange jig]lt green. The flower-stalk tall bearing usually eight or nine blossoms which open one or two at a time. The flower divisions six, three narrow, and three wide and blunt, very fragile, and rusty or tawny light orange, with a veined texture. The name is from the Greek, and means beautiful for only a day. 2-5 feet high. Found usually on meadows and upon the borders of streams. I gathered it not far from the Arondack Spring, Saratoga, where it was growing wild and plentiful. Mass, and N. Y., south to Va. and Tenn. Y II n ^ beautiful but far less common species, Ljly occasionally escaped from country gar- Hemerocallis dens, with narrow leaves, and pure bright yellow flowers more delicate and slender in form, having a delightfully fragrant odor. 2-3 feet high. The leaves of both these plants grow thickly, and are characterized by graceful, drooping curves. Hemerocallis fulva is rapidly becoming established as a wild flower in many parts of the country. Its tenacity of life under apparently adverse conditions is remarkable. It propagates rapidly by its spreading roots, and some- times takes complete possession of by-ways and spare corners where the environment is favorable. In various parts of New York State the plant is abundant. Less attractive in figure than the delicate yellow Hemerocallis flava, and odorless besides, it makes up for such dis- crepancies by a magnificent tawny orange matched by few if any members of the Lily Family. The flowers bloom for one day only. .Yellow June-July Day Lily. tlemerocallis fulva. Star-of-Bethlehem. Opnithogalum umbellatum. AMARYLLIS FAMILY. AmarylUdacex. AMARYLLIS FAMILY. Amaryllidacece. Perennial herbs, with generally showy, perfect flow- ers— with stamens and pistil — having six generally equal divisions of the flower-cup. Mostly fertilized hy bees, the beelike flies (Syrphidce), and small butterflies (Hes- peria). Leaves somewhat thick, blunt, and shining deep green, long and straight. Atamasco The flower perfect with six stamens and Pink or white a pistil, the former very much shorter April-July tnan tlie flower.cllp. The flower-cup is symmetrical and divided into six distinct lobes, crimson pink, white with a magenta tinge, or white ; it is rarely eight-lobed. Unquestionably the plant is cross-fertilized by insects, chiefly by bees, tho honeybee (Apis mellifiea) visiting the flower most frequently, and generally early in the morning. The low position of the anthers in the flower-tube makes it impossible for the bee to pass them without powdering herself with pollen. The name is from the Latin and Greek, Zephyrus, the west wind, and avQoS, a flower. The fruit is a depressed capsule. 6-15 inches high. In moist localities. Del. to Fla. and Ala. The leaves are deep green, linear, grass- Hypoxis l*ke, and covered with hairs. The perfect erecta flower is six-parted, with six stamens of Yellow unequal lengths ; it is deep yellow inside, April-July an(j hairy and greenish outside. There are perhaps three flowers at the top of the hairy stalk, which, by a plentiful supply of pollen, attract both smaller bees (Halictus) and smaller butterflies, notably the Meadow Fritillary (Brenthis bellona). Prof. Robert- son says the plant depends mostly upon the genus Halictus for fertilization, and that it is self- as well as cross-fertilized. Hypoxis is commonly found in the meadow grass, in dry situations. The name is of Greek origin, alluding to some unknown plant with sour leaves. 3-6 inches high. Me. , south, west to Minn. , E. Kan., and Tex. 60 Atamasco Li ly. Star Q pass. Zephyranthes Atamasco. Hypoxis erecta. IRIS FAMILY. Iridaceae, IRIS FAMILY. Iridacece. Perennial herbs found in damp or moist situations, having straight straplike leaves and showy, perfect flowers of three and six parts. Commonly cross-ferti- lized by honeybees, bumblebees, and the beelike flies (SyrphicUf), A handsome, and decorative plant, with Larger Blue light green, straight, flat leaves, and three- Flag or Fleur- parted perfect flowers blooming one by 'iri^versicolor one from a green bract or leaflet at Violet-blue *ne ^P °^ a somewhat irregular stalk. The May-July stamens are hidden and inserted at the base of the three larger and more showy divisions of the flower, which are beautifully veined with deep violet over a whitish ground tinted at the base with yellow. The stamens are under each of the three straplike divisions of the style (the middle portion of the pistil) which directly overlie the showy purple-veined petals or divisions. Thus the insect, generally a bee, in order to reach the honey, must alight upon the showy petal, crawl beneath the overhanging style-division, and brush past the anther hidden below it, dislodging the yellow pollen in its passage. At the tip of each style- division is the stigma, and upon this some of the pollen is deposited as the bee passes ; but it is really the pollen from some previously visited flower which possesses the greater fertilizing power, therefore the iris is a plant which has especially adapted itself to cross-fertilization. It is, however, robbed of its nectar by the little yellow butterfly (Coliasphilodice), who goes straight to the base of the flower between the divisions, and reaches the honey with its long tongue, and also, according to the testimony of C. M. Weed, by the tiny skipper butterfly (Hesperia). Fruit a long three-lobed capsule. The name is from TIpz?, the rainbow, in allusion to the prismatic colors of the species. 16-30 inches high. On the wet margins of ponds, and in swamps, from Me., south, and west to Minn., Ark., and Neb. Blue Flag. [ft Iris versicolop. IRIS FAMILY. Iridaceae. A slender-stemmed species with very Slender „ 3 Blue Flag narrow grasshke leaves, and a smaller iris flower with generally nai'rower propor- prismatica tions, and an extremely short tube, but a Violet-blue long slender stem proceeding from smaller bracts or leaflets. The fruit capsule nar- rowly three-lobed and angular. This species is mainly found near the coast in brackish swamps, or wet grounds. 1-3 feet high. Me. to Penn. and N. Car. A usually one-flowered, small, slender- Dwarf Iris Irisverna stemmed species with grasshke leaves Violet-blue scarcely over seven inches long, the flower and yellow with the three principal divisions nar- April-May rOwed toward the base, slightly woolly, and deep gold yellow at the narrowing part. Some- times the flowers are wThite. The fruit capsule is ob- tusely triangular and short. 4-8 inches high. On wooded hillsides, from south Penn. to Ga. and Ky. A lance-shaped leaf tapering at both Dwarf iris ends distinguishes this species from all Iris cristata others ; the leaf is bright green, 4-9 inches Light Violet long> and about i inch wide The flowers April-May ^^ ^^ light y;olet witu the broa(j outer divisions crested; i. e., they are marked with three raised parallel flutings along the centre, the middle one of which is orange yellow. The flower is exceedingly delicate in color and dainty in form. The fruit capsule is sharply triangular and ovate in outline, hardly twice as long as it is wide. 3-6 inches high. It is a very dwarf plant common on the hillside and along streams, from Md. south to Ga., and west to southern Ind. and Mo. Blackberr A Chinese Planfc escaped from cultiva- Ljiy tion, similar to the iris, but much more Belamcanda branched. The leaves flat and light green, Chinensis like those of the iris, the perfect flowers ma'dentarange' with six 6Ven divisions of a h'ght golden spotted orange color mottled with dull magenta August- spots. Three prominent stamens. Sev- September eral flowers in bloom at once. The fruit capsule is fig-shaped, 1 inch long, and when the scales or 64 Crested Dwarf [pis. Blackberry Lily. Iris crisUt*. BelamcandaChtoensi*. IRIS FAMILY. Irldacet divisions of the shell fall in August, the blackberrylike, fleshy-coated, black seeds are exposed to view. The name is East Indian. 2-4 feet high. The plant has escaped from gardens to roadsides and low hills, from south N. Y. and Pa., south to Ga., and west to Ind. and Mo. A stiff grasslike little plant with linear. pale blue'Sreen leaves less than the some- Sisyrinchium w^at twisted and flat flower-stem in angustifolium height. The flowers are perfect, with a Deep violet- prominent pistil, and three stamens; the blue six divisions are blunt and tipped with a thornlike point ; they are violet-blue, or sometimes white ; the centre of the flower is beautifully marked with a six-pointed white star accented with bright golden yellow, each one of the star-points pene- trating the deeper violet-blue of the petallike division. The flower is mostly cross-fertilized by bees, and the beelike flies (Syrphidce). Seed capsule globular. The name is Greek in origin, and is meaningless. 6-13 in- ches high. In fields and moist meadows, common from Me., south to Va., and west. A similar species which has usually two Stout Blue- unequal branches springing from a con- ^syrincTium spumous grasslike leaf ; the leaves a trifle anceps woolly and very light green ; less stiff than Deep violet- those of the preceding species, and some- blue what wider. The flower petals are also sparsely woolly on the outer surface. 8-16 inches high. In grassy places, and sometimes on the bor- ders of woods, from Mass., south, and southwest to La. A tall, bending species, similar to the Eastern lie- precetjmg5 but lighter green and somewhat Sisyrinchium woolly ; a slenderer and weaker stem, some- Atlanticum times nearly 2 feet long, and reclining, ter- Violet-blue minating in two or three almost equal May-June branches. Leaves very narrow, bracts somewhat purplish and dry papery ; the flower a trifle smaller, the outside somewhat woolly. The seeds but slightly pitted or nearly smooth. In wet meadows or brackish marshes or sandy soil, from Me. to Fla., near the coast. (Bicknell, Torrey Bot. Club Bull. 23 : 134. 1896.) 66 Blue-eyed Grass. NeithtrsptciwnorS.Atlanticum are as yet absolutely determined) Sisynnchiumangustifolium.. Sisyrinchium ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidaceae. ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidacece. Perennial herbs having perfect flowers, the various parts of which are irregular in structure but symmetri- cal in arrangement. There are three similar sepals colored like petals, two lateral petals, and below these a third unique petal called the lip, conspicuously colored, often spurred, and containing nectar for the attraction of insects. The latter in the effort to reach the nectar invariably dislodge the peculiarly adhesive pollen-clus- ters and eventually carry them to the next blossom. The ingenious mechanical device of the flower to insure cross-fertilization is simple but effective. The orchids, except the Cypripedium, have but one stamen which is united with the style into one common column placed at the axil of the flower facing the lip. The stigma, the usual termination of the style, is a gummy surface located directly below the so-called rostellum, the re- ceptacle of the anther, and the actual termination of the style. In the two anther-cells above the rostellum there are two pollinia, or stemmed pear-shaped pollen- clusters, each composed of several packets of pollen tied together by elastic threads ; these threads running together form the stem terminated by a sticky disc. It is these discs which attach to the tongues or heads of insects and insure the transportation of the pollen- masses to the gummy stigma of another flower. The orchids as a general rule are incapable of self-fertiliza- tion, and are wholly dependent upon long-tongued insects for the transportation of their pollen. In Cypri- pedium, the stigma is not a gummy surface but is in a cavity between the anther-cells. Add ' "^ sma^ species with tiny white-green Mouth flowers in a small cluster about the size of MicrostyUs mignonette. A single oval, pointed leaf ophioglossoides clasps the slender stem about half-way up. Whitish green The sepals are oblong, and the lip three- pointed. Fruit capsule oval. The name from the Greek, meaning small and column or style. 4-9 inches high. In cold woods or bogs, from Me., south, and west to Minn, and Mo. Found at Jackson, Green Adderfc Mouth Microstylis ophioglossoides. ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidacese. Bethlehem and Campton, N. H., in the region of the White Mountains. A small but showy species with rather blade large shiny leaves. 2-4 inches long, light Liparislilii- green. The flowers showy, brownish or folia madder purple, with reflexed sepals and Madder purple petais tiie latter exceedingly narrow, the June-July lip £ inch long and broad. 1* lowers nu- merous, the cluster sometimes 5 inches tall. The Greek name in allusion to the shining leaves. 4-9 inches high. Me., south to Ga., west to Mo. A small species commonly found in ever- Early Coral ... ^oot green woods, with a ruddy, irregular root Corallorhiza resembling coral, and a straight yellowish innata brown leafless but scaly stem bearing small, Dull madder uninteresting madder purple flowers, with MaT-June ^n^ sePals an(l petals and a whitish lip ; the seed capsule nearly | inch long. The name, Greek, meaning coral and root. Common in swamps and damp woods, from Me., south to N. J. in the mountains to Ga. , and west to Neb. Found in Shel- burne and Dublin, N. H. A slender but generally taller species d with very sma11' dul1 purple-brown flowers, Corallorhiza drooping on a stiff stem ; the lip whitish, odontnrhiza spotted, and the sepals and petals marked Dull madder with purple lines. The flower-stem pur- juTP-e plish brown- 6~la inches hiSh> leafless, September but with one or *wo sheathing scales. In evergreen woods, especially under arbor- vitae. Common from Mass, to Mich. , south to Fla. , and southwest to Mo. A taller, large-flowered species, the stem £o^e of which has several close scales. Many Corallorhiza slightly fragrant flowers, with the white multiflora '. lip spotted and lined with purple-brown. Madder purple Common in spruce woods. 10-18 inches September high- Me-> south to Fla., and west to Neb. and Cal. Found at Mt. Agassiz, Bethlehem, and Sandwich, N. H., and the White Mt. Notch. 70 Large Twayblade. Li pans lilii folia Early Coral Root. Corallorhiza innata,. ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidaceae. Heart-leaved A delicate plant with a very slender Twayblade stem bearing two opposite light green, Listera cordata stemless leaves shaped somewhat like the Madder purple ace oy spades, and a loose cluster about 2 inches long of tiny dull purple flowers. The flower is without a spur but possesses a very long two-cleft lip, bearing nectar in a furrow ; the slightest disturbance of a visiting insect causes the delicate ros- tellum above the lip to explode and forcibly eject a sticky fluid which is sure to hit the pointed tops of the pollen-masses lying just over the crest of the rostellum. Thus, the insect coming in contact with the sticky fluid withdraws fluid and pollen-masses. Smaller members of the family Hymenoptera, the bees, etc., most fre- quently visit the flower, also those of the order Diptera, flies, notably the tiny beelike ones. 3-10 inches high. Named for Martin Lister an early English botanist. Moist woods, Me. to N. J., and west to Ore. Found in the woods about Mt. Washington. Broad-lipped A similar species with leaves less heart- Tway blade shaped and flowers with a wedge-oblong Listera conval- jjpj much longer than the narrow sepals Greenish an(^ P6^8- Sepals purplish. In damp yellow woods. Me., south to N. Car., in the June-July mountains, and west to Minn. Ladies' Tresses A marsh orchid, with a peculiarly twisted Spiranthes or spiral flower-spike and very light green linear leaves not nearly as tall as the white*'8 flower-stem. The flowers translucent yel- August- lowish white, or variably cream white, September odorless or fragrant, the whiter ones gen- erally most fragrant, the lower sepals not upturned or joining with the upper, the latter arching and joined to the petals; all these parts with the curly -edged broader lip forming the bugle-horn-shaped tiny flower. It is fertilized by some of the smaller bees, moths, and but- terflies. In Spiranthes the rostellum holds in its centre a narrow boat-shaped disc containing a sticky fluid ; it is covered by a membrane easily ruptured by an insect. After the rupture the exposed sticky fluid glues itself to the tongue of the insect and the boatlike disc is with- 72 Heart-leaved Twayblade Listera cordata. ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidaceas. drawn together with the pollinia which are already attached to it at the back. When the flower first opens the tube or passage between the rostellum and the lip is exceedingly narrow, hence, the former is easily ruptured by visitors. Later the space widens as the column topped by the rostellum moves upward in the matui'er development of the flower. As a consequence, only those flowers which are mature are sufficiently open for the insect to reach the stigma and thereon leave the pollen of a younger flower. The name is from the Greek, for coil and flower, alluding to the spiral growth of the flowers. 6-24 inches high ; not more than 9 inches in northern N. H. In wet meadows and grassy swamps. Me. , south, and west to Minn, and Neb. A slender and tall species with grasslike Ladtes^Tre* ses ^S^ £reen leaves, and a leafy stem bear- Spiranthes ing a much twisted flower-spike of yellow prcecox white spreading blossoms. The lateral Yellowish sepals free, the upper one closely con- Jul *-Au ust necte<* with the two petals, the lip often dark-striped. 10-80 inches high. In moist grassy places. Mass, and southern N. Y., south and southwest to La. An exceedingly slender and tall species, Tresses smooth or rarely woolly above, bearing Spircmthes small withering bracts or leaflets along the grocilis flower-stem which is terminated by a very- Cream white mucn twisted cluster of very many slender October flowers, translucent cream white, and very fragrant. The odor of Spiranthcs is pe- culiarly aromatic, reminiscent of the horse-chestnut, but remarkably sweet. The sepals of the flower are a little longer than the lip, which is greenish above with white margins. The ovate leaves at the root, wither before the flowers bloom. Visited by the bumblebee (Bombus Americanorum) and the small bee, Calliopsis andreni- formis (Prof. Robertson). 10-22 inches high. Common in dry situations, in pastures, fields, and half- wooded hillsides. Me., south, and west to Minn, and Kan. It is rare in central N. H., where S. cernua is plentiful. 74 Ladies' Tresses. Spiranthes cernua Spin ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidaceee. Spiranthes Spiranthes Romanzoffiana replaces it in Romanzoffiana northern regions. This shorter species has White, creamy a thick and short flower-spike, with very or greenish fragrant greenish cream white flowers July-August somewnat hooded by the combined sepals and petals. Leaves linear. 6-12 inches high. Me., N. Y., and Pa., west to Minn, and Cal. A remarkably odd and attractive little Rattlesnake orchid, with the very dark blue-olive green Goody*™ re- leaYes marked with darker cross- veins. It pensv&r.ophioi- has' a scaly, slender, slightly woolly flower- des (Fernald) stem, set on one side only with translucent White, creamy greenjsn or creamy white small flowers; July-Tarty11 the saclike UP of the flower has a recurved August wavy margin. The pollen-masses, called pollinia, are made up of numerous packets connected by threads which run together and form a single flattened brown ribbon the end of which is fas- tened to the rostellum. The rostellum when rubbed is removed and carries with it a bit of membrane to which the pollinia are attached ; this clings to the tongue of the bee, and all is properly withdrawn, and carried to another probably more mature flower, whose stigma is easily accessible, as in the case of Spiranthes. Named for John Goodyear an early English botanist. 5-8 inches high, rarely higher. Under hemlocks and spruces, in the northern woods. Me., N. H. (frequent in the White Mts.), south to the Great Smoky Mts. of N. Car., west to Mich. The original species G. repens is definitely known only in the extreme north and in the Rocky Mts. Goodyera tesse- The commonest species in northern New lata England, with a stouter stem than that of White, creamy the preceding species, and a little taller. or greenish Leaves 5-9 ribbed, the veins bordered by pale green pencilings, the whole leaf irregu- larly mottled with light and dark green, rarely with- out the markings. The lip of the flower is less sac-shaped, with a less recurved margin. In hillside woods. Me., northern N. Y., south to the Catskills and Hartford Conn. (M. L. Fernald, Rhodora, vol. i., No. 1, p. 6.) Rattlesnake Plantain. Goodyera repens van. crphioides. Goodyera tessellata. ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidaceae. Goodyera Stem stout, leaves stiff, plain green or Menzieii indistinctly marked, often with broad White, creamy white ribs, or rarely mottled as in the fore- or greenish going species. The flower-spike thick and one-sided ; the lip of the flower is large at the base and tapers to the point with the edges curved inward. 8-20 inches high. In dry woods, generally among evergreens. Aroostook Co., Me., Que., N. B., and along the Great Lakes from Lake Huron westward. (M. L. Fernald, Rhodora, vol. i, No. 1., p. 7). This is the largest of all the species, Goodyera ' This is the commoner rattlesnake plan- pubescens tain of southern New England ; its flower- White, creamy spike is thick, blooms upward, and is not or greenish one-sided. The flower-stem is stout, densely woolly, and bears several lance- shaped scales. The flower has a pronounced sac- shaped blunt lip the margin of which is not recurved. Leaves dark blue-olive green, white-veined, the middle vein broad. 6-18 inches high. In dry evergreen woods, southern Me., and central N. H. , south and west to Minn. Arethusa A large single-flowered and delicate Arethusa bul- scented orchid, the light magenta-crimson Ma"enta= ' petals and sepals of which point upward son like the fingers of a half -open hand viewed Ma> June in profile. The lip of the flower is recurved and spreading, with the broad apex often fringed, magenta blotched, and crested in three white hairy ridges ; this forms a conspicuously colored landing plat- form for the visiting insect, usually a bumblebee, who, after pressing beneath the column and sipping the nec- tar, backs out brushing against the edge or lid of the an- ther, opening it and emptying the enclosed pollen upon his head, as is also the case with Pogonia ophioglossoides. The column is topped by the lid-like anther instead of the usual rostellum, and the pollen-masses are not pear- like and stemmed. The solitary leaf is linear, and hidden in the sheathed scape; it appears after the flowering season. Rarely a plant produces two flowers ; these vary from 1-2 inches in length. Fruit capsule elliptical, 78 Plantain. Goodyera W pubescens. Arethusa bulbosa. ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidaceae. about 1 incli long. 5-10 inches high. Common in bogs, from Me., south to N. Car., west to Minn, and Ind. Named for the fountain nymph Arethusa. Grass P|nk ^ smaller-flowered, but very beautiful ('rcAiS cies, is our only true orchis. There are Ma^nta* tw° light shi"y leaVeS Proceeding from and white *ne ^ase °^ *ne stem ; the latter is thick May-June and angular in section, bearing at its sum- mit a few showy flowers with magenta sepals and petals united in a hood, and beneath them the conspicuous, al- most white lip ; behind the lip is the rather long spur, in which is secreted an abundant supply of nectar for the thirsty, visiting insect ; the latter, generally a queen bumblebee (Bombus Americanorum is a common visi- tor), thrusts its head into the spur, brushing carelessly past the rostellum at the top of the column, and, ruptur- ing its thin membrane, exposes the two sticky round discs attached to the pear-shaped pollen-clusters. These discs immediately fasten upon the bee's face or forehead, and when the creature retires it carries with it discs and pollen-clusters. Finally when the next flower is visited the pollen is scraped off upon its sticky stigma. Orchis spectabilis is 5-10 inches high, and frequents rich moist woods, especially hemlock groves, from Me., south to Ga. , and west to Minn, and Neb. It is found in the val- ley of the Connecticut west of the White Mts. The name is Latin, meaning a plant with oblong roots. (Pliny.) Orchis rotundifolia is a less common rotundifolia species with but one leaf, oval or nearly Magenta round, and smaller flowers about the same and white color but deeper than those of O. spec- June-July tabilis. From northern Me. and Vt., westward. lowy Orchis. Orchis spectabilis. ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidacex. A slender species with a single obtuse Orch"sW°°d lanceolate leaf less than i of the \vay up Habenaria tne stem, and two or three tiny scalelike Mdentata ones above it. The insignificant very Greenish small greenish 5-12 white flowers with tiny sepals and petals, a wedge-shaped lip, and a characteristic long slender spur curved upward, and around to one side. The pollen- ' clusters of the Habenarias are short-stemmed and ter- minated with a sticky gland which is so arranged that it easily fastens upon the heads or faces of visiting in- sects. The plant is 6-18 inches high. Name from the Latin, habena a bridle or rein, alluding to the narrow lip of some species. Me., west to Minn., and south in the mountains to N. Car. Found in Campton and Jaff- rey, N. H., and in the White Mts. Habenaria in- This southern species has several leaves tegra upon its slender stem, and a dense flower- Orange-yellow cluster, orange-yellow. 10-20 inches high. Ju|y Wet pine-barrens. N. J., south. Habenaria ^s another southern species, with several nivea very narrow leaves low on the stem, and White a loose many-flowered spike of small, July-August fragrant) slightly greenish white flowers, each with an exceedingly slender curving spur. Wet pine-barrens. Del. , south to Ala. and Fla. Habenaria ^ very common yellow-green-flowered virescens species, with a stout stem, several lance- Yellow-green shaped leaves, and small flowers with June-July yellow-green sepals and petals, the blunt lip toothed on either side and slightly protuberant in the centre at the base, the slender spur twice its length. 10-24 inches high. Common in all wet places, from Me., south, and west to Minn. Habenaria Characterized by the numerous bracts bracteata or leaflets from the bases of which the tiny Light green flowers spring. The lower leaves broadly June-August OVate, the upper ones mere long bracts scarcely three times the length of the pale green flowers. The lip of the flower toothed at the tip and oblong, twice as long as the white spur. 6-20 inches high. Damp 84 Green Wood Orchis. Habenaria tridentata. Habenaria virescens. ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidacetc. woods and meadows, from Me., south in the mountains of N. Car., west to Minn. , and reported in Neb. (Webber). . A tall and leafy northern species, with hyperborea green, or yellow-green flowers, erect lance- Qreen, yellow- shaped leaves, and a dense narrow flower- green spike sometimes 12 inches long, or longer. une- uly Flower-spur short and incurved, petals, sepals, and lip much shorter than the ovary. 8-30 inches high. Cold, wet woods. Me., to N. J. and Iowa. Habenaria ^ very similar species with much nar- dilatata rower leaves and greenish white flowers Greenish white with small obtuse sepals. Flower-lip June-July lance-shaped from a lozenge-shaped base. Cold, wet bogs. Conn., to Mich, and Minn. , The two large, shining, nearly round, or Orchis broadly oval light green leaves usually lie Habenaria upon the ground, but are sometimes raised Hookeriana above it. The somewhat twisted and bare Whitish gtem bears 10_30 Upright flowers, with June-Tugutt Sreen lateral sePals curving backward, narrow yellow-green petals, and the throat accented by two lateral spots of yellow-ochre. The lip is lance-shaped, incurved, and pointed ; the slender white- green spur nearly 1 inch deep is especially adapted to the long tongues of the moths. 8-15 inches high. Woods and borders of wooded swamps from Me. , south to N. J., west to Minn, and Iowa. A larger species, the two nearly round Leaved Orchis leaves of which are sometimes 7 inches Habenaria across, and lie flat upon the ground ; they orbiculata are light green and shining above, and Whitish silvery white beneath. The stem is not July- August" bare' but bracted ! the whitish yellow- green flowers in a loose cluster, with the upper sepal nearly round, the lateral ones ovate, and the narrow lip obtuse and drooping, almost three times the length of the small lance-shaped petals ; the slender, curved, whitish spur nearly 2 inches long thickened toward the blunt point is peculiarly adapted to the long tongue of ope of the lesser sphinx-moths. " A larger in- 86 Hooker's Orchis. HabenaHa Hookeriana. ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidacex. dividual might sip the nectar it is true, but its longer tongue would reach the base of the tube without effect- ing the slightest contact with the pollen " (Wm. Hamilton Gibson). The pollen is usually withdrawn fastened upon the moth's eyes. 1-2 feet high. Rich evergreen woods. Me., south to N. Car., in the moun- tains, west to Minn. This is a southern species among a group of fri^ed Orchises, with narrow lance- Habenaria shaped leaves below diminishing to the cristata size of bracts above, and orange-yellow Orange-yellow flowers with narrow fringed petals, and a u y -ear y very deeply fringed lip. Spur about \ inch long. The anther cells widely separated at the base. 8-20 inches high. In bogs, from N. J., south. Rather rare in N. J. Yellow Fringed An exceedmg13r handsome slender spe- Orchis ' c*es> with lance-shaped leaves, and a large Habenaria many-flowered spike of showy golden or dliaris orange-yellow flowers with ovate sepals, range-yellow narrow f ringed petals, and a deeply fringed August hp. The spur long and slender, and the anther cells as in the preceding species. 12-24 inches high. In meadows and wet sandy barrens, from Mass., south, and west to Mich. . A similar species. The white fringed Orchis flowers a trifle smaller, with a less deeply Habenaria fringed lip ; the latter i the length of the blephariglottis spur. 12-21 inches high. In swamps and Minn. Blooms a few days earlier than H. dliaris where the two grow together. (Britton.) Habenaria A western species with fragrant large leucophcea greenish white or white flowers, the fan- White, shaped lip three-parted, broad, and fringed. greenish gpur ^ inches long, so it is especially adapted to the long-tongued sphinx-moths (Sphingidce). 18-30 inches high. Western N. Y., south to Ky., west to Minn, and Ark. 83 Yellow Fringed Orchis Ha.bena.pi a cifiaris. ORCHID FAMILY. Orch/dacex. A common species remarkable for its Frfnged lacerated three-parted flower-lip, and un- Orchis substantial translucent white which is Habenaria sometimes greenish and sometimes yel- lacern lowish. Leaves lance-shaped, smaller greenish above. The long flower-spike crowded June-July with the inconspicuous deep-spurred flow- ers. The pollen-cells are not widely sepa- rated. Win. Hamilton Gibson describes the structure of the flower thus, after remarking that no botanist has men- tioned its distinct peculiarity. " The nectary instead of being freely open is abruptly closed at the central portion by a firm protuberance or palate which projects down- ward from the base of the stigma, and closely meets the lip below." The opening is thus divided into two lateral ones, each lying directly beneath a sticky elongated pollen-disc. Thus the insect, generally a butterfly, in- serts its tongue exactly where the latter will touch the disc which is sure to clasp it and be withdrawn together with the pollen. H. lacera is 10-22 inches high, and is found in bogs and wet woods from Me. , south to Ga. , and west to Minn, and Mo. In appearance this white orchis is distinctly different from all others. Although its similarity to the next species is marked, it is structural and therefore not so evident to a casual observer. The flower is well named ; its lacerated flower-lip is literally torn to divisions of threadlike fineness, and the general effect is accordingly unique. No other orchis is like it; the flower of H. psyeodes has a compact settled figure ; that of H. tridau- tata is distinct and has a swirling appearance due to the curving spur, while that of H. blephariglottis is a char- acteristically fringed affair of orderly appearance. But this orchis is a thing of " shreds and tatters." Ragged Frinaedl Habenapia! leucophaea. Fiabenaria ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidaceae. A similar species but of more imposing S|e p'rhi Id*"" Pr°P°rtions> with elliptical and lance- Orchis11 ' shaped leaves, and fragrant magenta-pink Hubenaria or lilac-pink flowers variably pale or deep, psycodes with the fringed lip three-parted, and a Magenta-pink r a inch { j_3 feefc hi j, Com_ July-early , , , . August monly round in swamps and wet woods from Me., south to N. Car. ; west to Minn. A similar but much larger species with FHngedoTchls fl°wers twice the size of those of H. Habenaria psycodes, fragrant, and variable in ma- fimbriatn geiita-pink from a deep tone even to Magenta-pink white The upper gepal and petalg cloge together, the lateral sepals small, ovate and acute. The three divisions of the broad lip more deeply fringed. Flower-spike sometimes 12 inches long and 2^ inches across. Anther cells sepa- rated at the base. In both flowers, H. psycodes and H. fimbriata, fertilization is generally effected by moths and butterflies whose heads and eyes are often decorated by the pear-shaped pollen-masses. The crowded flower- spike allows the butterfly to land indiscriminately here or. there among the spreading fringed lips, and inserting its tongue obliquely in the nectary it brushes the pollen- disc on the side approached and the pollen-mass is with- drawn (Wm. Hamilton Gibson). The difference between H. psycodes and H. fimbriata is distinct and absolute ; there is no need for confusion in the identification of the two species, although it must be evident to a close observer that intergrading types are not infrequent. H. psycodes has more conventional, compact flowers with an even (not ragged) very short fringe, and they are about half the size of those of H. fimbriata. They are also distinctly muscat-scented. This is a truly purple flowered species, Habenaria found in the south and southwest. The peramcena fan-shaped lip is toothed but not fringed; Purple and the leaves are somewhat narrower. July-August The long gpur curved 13_30 inches high. Wet meadows, N. J., south to Va., west to 111. and Ky. 92 Large Purple-Fringed Orchis. Habenaria fimbriata.. Smaller Purple Fringed Orchis Habenaria psycodes. ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidacese. , A handsome but rather small-flowered Slipper * * orchis, with 3-4 light green narrow ellipti- Cypripedium cal leaves ; the flower with two wavy and candidum twisted narrow green petals, three broader, Whlte green, purple-blotched sepals, and a pouch .ar y ay ^ j.^ Qpen ftj. ^e fop by a fissure, white outside, purple-streaked inside, containing nectar at its base. Two of the sepals are joined together under the lip. The column of Cypripedium is flanked on either side by a fertile stamen bearing a two-celled anther, opening lidlike, the pollen loose and sticky- powdery within — in this respect the genus is distinctly different from those already described. The stigma is hidden be- neath the thii-d sterile stamen crowning the column, exactly between the anthers ; it is moist and roughish. In the process of fertilization by the insect, generally a bee, the latter enters the pouch by the fissure, sucks the nectar from its base, and escapes by crowding through the small opening immediately beneath one of the an- thers, receiving upon its back the sticky pollen in the exit. In the next flower the insect brushes first against the stigma, leaving some of the pollen, as it takes its departure in the manner described. The rather rare C. candidum is 6-10 inches high, and is found in bogs and wet meadows from N. Y. and N. J., west to Minn, and Mo. The name is from KvnpiS, Venus, and itoStor, buskin, — Venus's buskin. This is a taller species, with a slender Lady^s Slipper leaf^ stem, and showy fragrant yellow Cypripedium flowers the petals and sepals of which are pubescens madder purple streaked ; the narrow pet- Yellow ais are usuaiiy twisted, and the bright golden yellow lip as well as the summit of the column is more or less blotched and striped with madder purple. 12-24 inches high. Woods and wood- land bogs, Me., south among the mountains to Ala., and west. C. parvifiorum is a mere form of this species, characterized by its smaller size and stronger color. (See Gray's Manual, pg. 511, 6th edition.) Yel low L&dys Slipper Cypripedium pubescent ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidacete. This is perhaps the most beautiful plant Slipper y * of tne wnole genus. The stem is stout Cypripedium and leafy to the top, the flower fragrant ; spectabite its pouch is white more or less blotched or White, crim= stained with velvety light crimson-ma- June-Juiy11 * Senta, the sepals and petals white, broad and not longer than the rotund pouch. The sterile stamen long-heart-shaped, stained yellow at the tip and spotted crimson, crow.ns the column (see C. acaule). 1-2 feet high. Swamps and wet woods Me. , south to Ga. , west to Minn. The commoner and more familiar lady's slipper, with two large leaves from the Stemless root, without a plant-stem, the slightly Lady's Slipper fragrant flower terminating a long slender Cypripedium stem with a green leaflet or bract at the acaule point of junction ; the pouch crimson-pink Crimson-pink . , , . . ••,-,,•, • , May-early July (rarelv vvmte) veined with a deeper pink, sepals and petals greenish and brown, more or less curved and wavy. The third, or sterile stamen of Cypripedium crowning the column and over- hanging the stigma is variable according to the species ; in C. acaule it is angularly six-sided, in C. candidum lance-shaped, in C. pubescens long-triangular, and in (?. spectabile heart-shaped ; beneath these is the hidden stigma which receives pollen from the backs of visiting bumblebees or honeybees, or most frequently from the smaller bees, members of the tribes Andrena and Hal- ictus (C. M. Weed). In My Studio Neighbors Wrn. Hamilton Gibson describes at length the fertilization of C. acaule by the bumblebee. 8-12 inches high. Me. to N. Car. and" Ky., west to Minn. 96 Showy Lady's Slipper. CypHpedium spectabile. Moccasin Flower Cypripediumacaule. BIRTHWORT FAMILY. Aristolocbiaceae. BIRTHWORT FAMILY. AristolocMacece. A small family of twining or low herbs, having per- fect flowers— with six or more stamens and a pistil. The leaves stemmed, and either alternate or proceeding from the root. The flower-cup or calyx, without petals, united with the ovary or fruit receptacle, and lobed or irregular. Assisted in the process of fertilization by various smaller insects. The two long-stemmed deep green veiny leaves soft woolly» and heart-Shaped, their Canadense stems hairy ; the flower with three dis- Brown-purple tinct pointed brownish or madder purple April-May divisions to the calyx which is closely united to the solid seed receptacle or ovary, green out- side ; the cup white below marked by a hexagon in pur- ple-brown. A curious woodland plant whose odd flower is half concealed by its low position and its sober color which not infrequently resembles the leaf-mould just beneath it. Its proximity to the ground and the fre- quent visits of the fungus gnats and the early flesh-flies suggest that these have most to do with the fertilization of the plant. 6-12 inches high. Common in rich woods from Me., south to N. Car., west to Mo. and Kan. Asarum "^ southern species with evergreen leaves arifolium arrow-heart-shaped, and urn-shaped flow- tireen-purple ers dull green outside, dull purple-brown April-June inside, with three short blunt lobes. One leaf only put forth each year. In woods from Va. , south to Tenn., Ala., and Fla. Wild Ginger. C^n&dense. BIRTHWORT FAMILY. Aristolocblaceae. Virginia Snakeroot Aristolochia Serpentaria Dull green June-July A woolly stemmed and familiar medici- nal herb, the long heart-shaped leaves thin and green on both sides, and the dull greenish flowers with curving crooked long stems, near the root, as in Asarum, the calyx curved like the letter S. Some- times the flowers are fertilized in the bud without open- ing (Britton), but often they trap many of the smaller insects— notably gnats who possibly assist fertilization. Fruit an ovoid ribbed capsule. 8-20 inches high. Conn, and N. Y., south to Fla., west to Mich, and Mo. A familiar tall vine in cultivation from New York south, trailing most frequently over arbors, porches, and piazzas. Smooth heart-shaped light green leaves, and hook- shaped flowers, the yellow-green veiny tube with a flat, three-lobed purple-brown throat, resembling a Dutch pipe ; it en- traps early small insects — gnats and flies. 10-25 feet high. In rich woods southern Pa., south to Ga., west to Minn. The Dutchman's pipe is one of those vigorous, stolid, and satisfactory vines, big leaved and curiously flowered, which commends itself to the horticulturist. It re- sponds readily to cultivation. Aristolochia -^ sim^ar vine, but characterized by an extreme woolliness ; leaves round-heart- shaped, veiny, and smaller than those of A. sipho. The flowers a yellower green, with calyx exceedingly woolly, the deep purple-brown throat nearly closed and oblique. N. Car., south, and west to Mo. Dutchman's Pipe Aristolochia Sipho Dull green, purple-brow May-June tomentosa Dull green, purple-brown May-June VirgiimSn&Keroot. Aristolochia serpentariaL BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. Polygonacex. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. Polygonacece. Herbs with alternate toothless leaves and swollen- jointed stems, usually a stipule or leaflet above each joint, and small, generally perfect flowers (or sometimes dioscious, monoecious, or polygamous ones) without petals, the calyx 2-6 parted. Patience Dock The d°cks am mostlv uninteresting Rumex ' northern weeds that cumber fertile ground, Pntientia and decorate waste places ; many of them Green like the patience dock come from the old May-June country. This species has smooth broad lance-shaped leaves, broadest just above the base, and the flowers are green, tiny, inconspicuous and drooping, replaced by seed-wings or heart-shaped discs, resembling miniature palm-leaf fans. 2-5 feet high. Vt., N. Y., and Pa., west to Wis. and Kan. Dark green smooth leaves, the lowest Dock veiT lon&' a branching, stout stem, and Rumex densely flowering, circling clusters ; the Britannica tiny flowers nodding, replaced by seed- Green wings similar to those of the preceding July-August gpecies 3_6 feet high. In wet situations, Me., Pa., west to Minn., Iowa, and Neb. A smooth deep green species, similar to Itonux l the above> with a grooved stem, and long- verticillatus stemmed lance-shaped leaves. Flowers in Green dense circles, the outline of the seed-wing May July top-shaped. 2-5 feet high. Swamps. Common from Me., south, and west to Iowa. Curled Dock Tnis is tne very common curled leaf Rumex crispus dock throughout the U. S. , a troublesome Green weed from the old country. Leaves wavy June-August on the margin) flowers replaced by heart- shaped pointed seed-wings 1-4 feet high. Curled Dock. Winged seed Rumex cn'spus. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. Polygonacex. Bitter Dock Another weed from the old country, Rumexobtusi- common in fields and waste places* A folius loose and thinly flowered spike ; the stern Green rough and stout and the somewhat wavy leaves oblong and wider than those of the other species. The seed- wings with a few spines on either side. 2-4 feet high. Me., south, and west to Ore. Golden Dock ^ sea-shore species, an annual ; with Rumexpersi- light green, narrow, lance-shaped leaves, carioides the plant more or less woolly, and greatly Green branched, the circles of the flowers crowded together into a compact spike, the seed-wings narrow and pointed, golden yellow in autumn, bearing 2-3 long spines on either side. In the sand along the shores. Me. , south to Va. , and from Kan. and Minn., west and north. It has been confused with R. maritinms of the old country. A most troublesome small weed from Sor'rer SheCP th6 °id WOrW' With long-arrowhead- RumexAceto- snaPed leaves, acid to the taste, and in- sella conspicuous flowers in branching spikes, Green, Brown- green, or later brown-red; the whole plant sometimes turning ruddy in dry, sterile September fields. It will generally flourish in one. place for two or three years and then die out. The flowers are dioecious, that is, the staminate and pistillate ones are found upon separate plants, and are therefore fertilized by insects ; bumblebees, honey- bees, and the smaller butterflies are the commonest visitors. 6-12 inches high. Growing everywhere. The genus Polygonum, the name from 7roAt>?, many, and -yovVy knee, alluding to the many joints of the plants, comprises about twenty-five distinct species, all of which may be characterized by the term weed ! They are sesthetically uninteresting and many are extremely troublesome in the farmer's vegetable garden. They mostly bear pink perfect flowers grouped in a slender grasslike spike. 104 Sheep Sorrel Rumex Acetosella. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. Polygonaces. Knot rass A slender 8Pecies with a weak stem, i'oii/!/<>nnni bluish green, small lance-shaped leaves, nricuinre scaly joints, and greenish pink-tipped Greenish flowers. Common everywhere in culti- yellow vated and waste ground. The blue-green September leaves, alternate, or are in appearance clustered, and issue from tiny brown sheaths. Erect Knot- A stouter and a yellowish green stem, weed leafy ; the leaves nearly oval, and the "oli/y and leafy flower-spikes, the tiny metorumv&r. flowers green-white or pink, the calyx scandens five-parted. Climbing over rocks and pYnkn"White' bushes 6~12 feet hi&h- In moist Places> Ju, common every where. A rather decorative September vine but often troublesome in the vege- table garden. The familiar buckwheat in cultivation escaped to waysides. From the old world ; esculenium with arrowhead-shaped leaves, and green- Greenish ish white flowers sometimes pinkish, the white calyx five-divided, and with eight honey - SeTember glands alternating with the stamens ; the flowers fertilized mostly by honeybees ; the honey of a peculiarly fragrant character but dark in color. Seed beechnut-shaped. Common everywhere. The name fromfagus, beech, and TTU/KJS, wheat. 108 Leaf of Polyganum arifolium. Arrow-leaved Tearthumb. PojygonumsagitUtufflL OOOSEFOOT FAMILY. Chenopodiaceae. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. Chenopodiacece. Uninteresting lierbs — weeds, many of which are from the old country ; with minute, green, perfect flowers with a persisting calyx. The spinach and beet are mem- bers of this family. Lamb's-quar- The family is divided into nine tribes, ters, or Pig- chief among which is Clienopodium. Some of these are quite western, others are of ailiuHi the old woiM and have been introduced in (jreen the east. Lamb's-quarters is common east June-Septem- and west. Leaves mealy- white beneath, varying from rhombic-oval to lance-shaped or narrower, the lower onea coarse-toothed. The green (lower-clusters dense, and dull green. Var. viriilc. commoner eastward, is less mealy, and has a less dense flower-spike (Gray's Manual). 1-4 feet high. Waste places. The name from the Greek meaning goose and foot, in allusion to the shape of the leaves of some species. Jerusalem Oak, An annual species, from the old country, or Feather not mealy, but with an aromatic odor. Geranium Leaves smaller, slender stemmed, and ( iii'impodiuni , , . ., , ml _ g0frys deeply subdivided. The flowers green in Green dense heads, the spike leafless, the calyx July-Septem- three-parted. 1-2 feet high. In autumn ber the leaves fall off and leave the stem and seed-spike naked. C. ambrosioides, or Mexican Tea, is a similar introduced species, with a densely flowered leafy spike ; the leaves lanceolate. Both are common in waste places. C. Botrys found in empty lots, Norfolk Ave., Roxbury, Mass. 1 10 Jerusalem Oak. Chenopodium Botrys. AMARANTH FAMILY. Amarantacex. AMARANTH FAMILY. Amarantocece. Weeds ; some of those of a ruddy color, mostly foreign, are widely cultivated. The perfect flowers with lapping scales or leaflets (generally three) which retain their color when dry ; hence the name 'A/udparroS, meaning un- fading. An annoying weed, common in culti- Amarantus re- vated ground and in gardens, with light troflexus green roughish leaves and stem ; leaves Green long-stemmed and angularly ovate. The August-Octo- dull green flowers in a stiff bristly spike. 1-8 feet high. Common east and west, in- troduced from the old world. Amarantus ^ smi^ar species, but smoother and a chlorostachys darker green, with slenderer linear-cylin- Orecn drical, bending spikes, branching. The August-Octo- flowers also similar, but with more acute sepals. 2-6 feet high. Apparently indi- genous in the southwest, but introduced eastward (Gray's Manual). Troublesome in gardens. Tumble Weed A low, smooth, greenish white-stemmed Amarantusal- species with light green, small obovate leaves, obtuse at the point, and with many July-Septem- branches. The flowers green, and crowded her in close small clusters, at the stem of each leaf. 6-20 inches high. In the west, late in autumn, the withered plant is uprooted and tumbles about in the wind, hence the popular name. Common in waste places. Pigweed. TumbleWeed.Amarantusaibus.GRAY Amarantus retroflexus. or Amarantus graecizans. PURSLANE FAMILY. Portulacacex PURSLANE FAMILY. Portulacacece. A small group of low herbs with thick juicy leaves, and perfect but unbalanced flowers — that is, with two sepals and five petals and as many stamens as petals, or more sepals, or an indefinite number of stamens, or sometimes the petals altogether lacking. Cross-ferti- lization is largely effected by bees and butterflies. Fruit a capsule filled with several or many shell-shaped or kidney-shaped seeds. An annual ; a fleshy-leaved prostrate Pulfey"6 ' weed naturalized from the old world, and Portulaca commonly found in gardens and door- oleracea yards. Stems thick and often a terra- Yellow cotta pink, leaves dark green, thick, and ^""tember round-end wedge-shaped. The tiny, soli- tary yellow flowers with five petals open only in the morning sunshine, 7-12 stamens. The branches hug the ground and spread or radiate in an ornamental circle ; they are $-10 inches long. In early days the plant was used as a pot herb. It is indigenous in the southwest, but is firmly established in the north where it flourishes under any and all conditions, and has become a very troublesome weed. A charmingly delicate flower (rarely distinguished ginica f°r its flush of pale crimson-pink, and its Pale pink or veins of deeper pink starting from a yel- whlte low base. The deep green leaves are linear March-May or broa(ier) tne two upper ones located at about the middle of the plant-stem. The flower has five petals and but two sepals. Its golden stamens de- velop before the stigma is mature, making cross-ferti- lization a certainty. Its visitors in search of pollen and nectar are mostly the bumblebees Bombus vagans and B. pennsylvanicus, the beelike flies called Bombylida>, and the bees of the genus Halictus and Andrenidcp ; also among the butterflies are Colias philodice, yellow, and Papilio ajax, buff and black. Stem 6-12 inches high. In open moist woods, from Me., south to Ga., and southwest to Tex. 114 Purslane PortuUca oleracea. Spring Beauty. ClaytoniaVirgmicd. PINK FAMILY. Caryophyllacex. A species similar fri all respects except Claytonia ., , Carotiniana leaves are broader, lance-shaped, and the basal ones are quite obtuse ; the flowers are also fewer and smaller. Me., south to N. Car., among the mountains, and west to Minn, and Mo. Named for John Clayton, an early American botanist. PINK FAMILY. Caryophyllacece. Annual or perennial herbs generally characterized by smooth stems and swollen joints, opposite-growing leaves without teeth, and regular, perfect flowers, with five (rarely four) sepals, the same number of petals, and twice as many stamens. Fertilized by bees and moths. D ford Pink An annual escaPed from gardens, nat- ' uralized from Europe, with light green Armeria narrow, erect leaves, hairy and small ; Crimson-pink and clustered crimson-pink, white-dotted flowers whose five petals are toothed or jagged-edged, resembling Sweet-William. 6-18 inches high. Fields and waysides Me. to Md., west to Mich. Common eastward ; found in Lexington, Mass. A perennial (growing from a matlike Dianthus base) smooth or somewhat hoary, escaped deltoides from gardens, naturalized from Europe. Crimson=pink Leaves small and narrow lance-shaped, June-August erect The little crimson-pink or white- pink flowers bloom singly, and have broader petals which are pinked at the edge. 6-12 inches high. The face of the flower more nearly resembling Sweet- William. In fields and waste places. N. H. , Mass. , and northern N. Y. to Mich. Found in Campton, N. H. A very common perennial species, natu- Bouncing Bet raiized from Europe, the flowers of which SaS 4_io inches high. In dry or rocky April-July situations. Me., south to Ga., and west to Mo.,Neb.,andCal. Chickweed. Stellaria. media. Long-leaved Stitchwort. Mountain Sandwort. Stellaria ArenajfcGranlandic* lonjjifolia. WATER-LILY FAMILY. Nympheeceae. . _ A common little low plant in sandy band bpurry Buda rubra D. waste places sometimes near the coast Tissa rubra L. but not on the shore. Leaves linear and Pink flat, in clusters about the frail stem. Tiny June-August flowers> crimson-pink, sepals glandular- hairy. The plants grow in dense company. 2-6 inches high. Roadsides and waste places, Me. to Va. , west to western N. Y. WATER-LILY FAMILY. Nymphceacecp.. Aquatic perennial herbs, with floating leaves, and soli- tary flowers with 3-5 sepals, numerous petals, and dis- tinct stigmas or these united in a radiate disc. Fertilized by bees, beetles, and aquatic insects. The common and beautiful white pond- Nymphcea* lily f°und in still waters everywhere. odorata Leaves dark green, pinkish beneath, ovate- White round, cleft at the base up to the long June- stem. The 'white flowers, often 5 inches in diameter when fully developed, open in the morning and close at noon or later ; they are fre- quently pink-tinged ; the golden stamens and anthers are concentric, and are luminous in quality of color. They mature after the stigma does, and cross-fertiliza- tion occurs by the agency of bees and beetles in general. The flower yields pollen only. The var. rosea, in south- eastern Mass., and Nantucket, is deeply pink-tinged. The var. minor is small, with flowers less than three inches broad. A common odorless yellow pond-lily V A! Inns Dnnsf Lily w f°Und °f ten in the Same Water With the Spatter-dock preceding species. With ovate leaves or Nuphar advena broader, and small, green and yellow cup- Golden yellow shaped flowers, with 6 green sepals, some- _ a^~ . times purple-tinged, yellowish inside ; the petals yield nectar ; they are small, nar- row, thick, and" yellow— stamenlike. The stigma is a pale ruddy or deep golden yellow-rayed disc, beneath which the undeveloped anthers ere crowded. On the first opening of the flower there is a triangular orifice over 126 Water-Lily. Nymphaea odorata. Yellow Pond-Lily Nuphap ad vena. CROWFOOT FAMILY. Ranunculaceae. the stigma so small that an entering insect must touch the stigma. On the following day the flower expands fully and the anthers beneath the stigma unfold, spread outward, and expose their pollen. Cross-fertilization is thus insured, and is generally effected by means of the bees of the genus Halictus, and (so says Prof. Robertson) the beetle named Donacia piscatrix. A very common and familiar plant in stagnant water, with stouter stem and coarser leaves than those of the preceding species. Var. minus is a slenderer form the smaller flower of which has a crimson stigma. Northern Vt. to Mich. and Penn. This is a very slender species, with flow- Small Yellow era scarcely j inch wide. Sepals only l^uhar y three. The stigma disc, dark red. In Kalmianum ponds and sluggish streams, Me. to south- Golden yellow ern N. Y., Penn., and west to Minn. June September CROWFOOT FAMILY. Rammculacece. A large family of perennial or annual herbs, with gen- erally regular but sometimes irregular flowers ; with stamens and pistil, or with staminate and pistillate flow- ers on different plants ; 3-15 petals, or none at all ; in the last case the sepals petallike and colored. Generally fer- tilized by the smaller bees, butterflies, and the beelike flies. A most beautiful trailing vine commonly found draped over the bushes in copses CtoHo'to and ^ moist roadsides- The leaves dark Virginiana green, veiny, with three coarsely toothed Greenish leaflets ; the flat clusters of small flowers Wnite with four greenish white sepals and no July-August ' , . ... petals, polygamously staminate and pistil- late on different plants ; cross-fertilized by bees, the bee- like flies (Bombylius), and the beautiful and brilliantl}' colored flies of the tribe Syrphidce. In October the flowers are succeeded by the gray plumy clusters of the withered styles (still adherent to the seed-vessels), which 128 Virgin's Bower \PurpleVirgirisBowep. Clematis Virginian*. Clematis verticillans CROWFOOT FAMILY. Ranunculaceae. appear under the glass like many tiny twisted tails. The plants presenting this hoary appearance gave rise to the popular name, Old Man's Beard. The vine supports itself by a twist in the leaf -stem, the latter revolving a number of times in the course of growth. Stem about 12 feet long. Waysides and river- banks. Me. , south to Ga., and west to Kan., Neb., and S. Dak. A southern species with solitary, thick, leathery, bell-shaped, dull purple flowers Viorna without petals, the purple sepals about 1 Dull purple inch long. The three or more leaflets with May-July unbroken edges or lobed. In early autumn the hoary plume is brownish. Southern Pa., south to Ga. and Tenn., and west to Ohio. A rather rare species found in rocky Bower places among the northern hills, with Clematis leaves similar to those of C. Virginiana, verticillaris and showy light purple flowers, downy in- Light purple gide and outsidej sometimes over 3 inches broad ; the four purple, finely veined se- pals expanding only to a cup-shape. The plumes brown- gray. Me. and Vt., south to Va., and west to Minn. A slender tall species the leaves and Anemon"' stem of which are silky haired, leaves dark Anemone green and veiny, ornamentally cut (or lobed) cylindrica into 3-5 parts. The solitary flowers without Greenish white petais> but with 5-6 greenish white sepals, are set on a tall stem. The fruit a nar- row, cylindrical, burrlike head 1 inch or more in length. 2-6 flowers are borne on each plant. 18-24 inches high. Common in dry woods and by wooded roadsides, from the lower Androscoggin Valley, Me., Vt., N. Y., and northern N. J., west to Kan., Neb., and S. Dak. The name, Greek, meaning a flower shaken by the wind. This is the common tall anemone of or Tall " wooded roadsides and banks. The leaves Anemone and stem are more or less hairy and deep Anemone olive green, the leaves conspicuously Virginiana veined. The flowers generally have five in- Qreenish white July-August conspicuous sepals white or greenish white inside and greener outside ; the flower- 130 Thimble-weed. Large White-flowered Anemone. Anemone Virginiana. Anemone riparia. CROWFOOT FAMILY. Ranunculacese. bead usually 1 inch or less across, is succeeded by the enlarged fruit-head similar in shape to, and about as large as, a good-sized thimble. Fertilized by the bum- blebees, the smaller bees (among them the honeybee), and the brilliant little flies of the genus Syrphidce. 2-3 feet high. Me. , south to S. Car. , west to Kan. , Neb. , and S. Dak. Found in Campton, N. H. A slender, tall, and handsome plant in- Large White- ^ flowered termediate between the two preceding Anemone species, with large white flowers maturing Anemone earlier than those of the foregoing, and ripana with smoother stem and leaves ; the latter Whiteld> thin' and une(lually clef fc into coarsely and June-July sharply toothed segments. The five thin sepals generally obtuse and a strong white. The short cylindrical fruit-head slenderer than that of A. Virginiana. 12-85 inches high. Banks of rivers and streams, and on rocky banks, from the St. John River, Fort Kent, Me., Willoughby Lake and western Vt, Uxbridge, Mass., to western N. Y. and Sullivan Co., N. Y. (M. L. Fernald, Rhodora, vol. i., p. 51). Found on the borders of the pond near the Arondack Spring, .Saratoga, N. Y. A northern, rather coarse stemmed spe- Anemone c*es> verv much branched, with broad, Anemone sharply toothed, three-cleft leaves ; their Canadensls under surfaces rather hairy. The five White white sepals quite blunt-, and the flower 1- H inches broad. The fruit-head globular. 1-2 feet high. Low moist grounds, from western N. Eng., south to Pa., and west to Kan. and S. Dak. Common in western Vt., along the slopes of Lake Champlain. 132 Canadian Anemone. Anemone CROWFOOT FAMILY. Ranunculacex. A beautiful, delicate, and low little plant common in the early spring in woodlands, with deep green leaves of five divisions, and frail white, or magenta-tinged blos- soms of from 4-9 petallike sepals ; the solitary flower frequently 1 inch across. Cross-fertilized by the early bees and bee- like flies (Bombylius). Common on the borders of the woods. 4-8 inches high. Me., south to Ga., and west to the Rocky Mts. The earliest flower of spring, appearing before its leaves, and generally found half hidden among the decaying leaves of au- tumn that cover the woodland floor. The blossom about f inch broad, with 6-12 lustrous sepals varying in color from lilac white to pale purple and light violet, be- neath which are three leaflets closely resembling a calyx, or the outer floral envelop. The three-lobed olive green leaves last throughout the winter, the newer ones to- gether with stems and flower-stems are extremely hairy. About 3 inches high. Common from the seaboard west to Minn, and Mo. This is a species close to the preceding ocutiloba one an(^ °ften passing into it. The leaves are three- or sometimes five-lobed, with acute tips, and the three little leaflets beneath the flower are also pointed. Range the same as H. triloba, in fact, both species are often found together in the same woods. Wood Anemone or Wind Flower Anemone quinquefolia White April-June Liverwort or Hepatica Hepatica triloba Lilac white, pale purple March-May '34 Wood Anemone. Anemone quinquefolia. Rue Anemone. Anemonella thalictroides. Liverwort. Hepatica triloba. CROWFOOT FAMILY. Ranunculacese. A frail and delicate spring flower, Anemoneila usually white but rarely magenta-pink- thalictroides tinged, which often blooms in company White, or with Anemone quinquifolia, but readily March-Ma^ Distinguished from it by the 2-3 flowers ay in a cluster, the other bearing a solitary blossom. The deep olive green leaves in groups of three closely resemble those of the meadow rue ; they are long-stemmed. The flower with usually six delicate white petallike sepals, but there are variations of from 5-10. The flowers are perfect (with orange-yellow anthers), and are probably cross-fertilized largely by the early bees and beelike flies. 5-9 inches high. Common everywhere in thin woodlands. Early Meadow A beautiful but not showy, slender RUC meadow rue with the staminate and pistil- dioicum™ late flowers on separate plants. The Green, terra- bluish olive green leaves lustreless, com- cotta pound, and thinly spreading ; the droop- April May ing staminate flowers with generally four small green sepals, and long stamens tipped with terra- cotta, and finally madder purple. The pistillate flowers inconspicuously pale green. An airy and graceful species, common in thin woodlands. 1-2 feet high. Me., south to Ala., and west to Mo., S. Dak., and Kan. The commonest species, remarkable for £ue its starry plumy clusters of white flowers, Thalictrum lacking petals, but with many conspicuous polygamum threadlike stamens. The flowers are Whlte polygamous, that is, with staminate, July-Septem- * . f.f. ber pistillate, and perfect ones on the same or different plants. The leaves are com- pound, with lustreless blue-olive green leaflets ; the stout stem light green or magenta-tinged at the branches. The decorative, misty white flower-clusters are often a foot long ; the delicate-scented staminate flowers are a decided tone of green- white. This species is an especial favorite of many bees, moths, and smaller butterflies, by which it is cross-fertilized. 3-10 feet high. Common in wet meadows from Me., west to Ohio, and south. 136 Meadow Rue. Thalictrum CROWFOOT FAMILY. Ranunculaceae. The stem of this species is generally ow Rue stained with madder purple, but some- Thalictrum times it is green with only a slight ma- purpurascen.t genta tinge in parts. The leaves are thick, Green=purple deep blue-olive green and similar in shape June-August , „ , ,. . _,, to those ot the preceding species. The flowers are green, with a brown-purple tinge, and are also polygamous. 3-6 feet high. On the borders of wooded hills, and copses, ia dry situations. Middle N. Eng., south, and west to S. Dak., Neb., and Ariz. Water Plantain An insionificant marsh species closely Spearwort allied to the buttercup, with yellow flowers Ranunculus f inch broad, the 5-7 petals rather narrow. ambigens The lance-shaped leaves almost if not quite Yellow toothless, and clasping the jointed stem, June -August , . , „, , which often sends out roots from the joints ; the lower leaves contracted into a broad stem clasping the plant stem. l-2£ feet high. Common in wet places, from Me., south to Ga., and west to Minn, and Mo. Name from the classic Rana, a frog, referring to the marshy home of the genus. Rather an attractive biennial species, Small-flowered , Crowfoot commonly found beside the woodland Ranunculus brook, the lower leaves of which are some- abortivus what kidney-shaped, and the upper ones Yellow slashed like those of the buttercup, but April-June , £ . very moderately so ; the leaves bright green and smooth. The small flowers with globular heads, and reflexed or drooping yellow petals ; the head about £ inch broad. 6-24 inches high. In shady and moist ground, everywhere. The var. eucyclus (Fernald) is a common form in Me., N. H., and Mass., with slender and zigzagged stem, and thin leaves, the lower, rounded ones with narrowed cleft ; the flowers are smaller. Found at Ammonoosuc Lake, Crawford Notch, by J. M. Greenman, and at Orono, Waterville, and Dover, Me., by M. L. Fernald. (See Rhodora, vol. i., p. 52.) 138 Water Plantain. Small-flowered Crowfoot. Ranunculus ambigens. Ranunculus aboptivusvdr.eucyclus. CROWFOOT FAMILY. Ranunculaceae. Hooked A woodland crowfoot distinguished by Crowfoot **s remarkably hooked seed-vessels which Ranunculus are gathered in a cluster about ^ inch recurvatus broad. The light yellow flowers with the Light yellow cajyx (flower-envelop) curved backward, April-June and with usually rive s:i:all petals, are rather inconspicuous. The stem and olive green leaves are hairy, the latter generally three-lobed, veiny, and toothed, but the root leaves are seldom divided. 10-20 inches high. Common in woods everywhere. Another woodland or hillside species, Early Butter- , c with deep yellow flowers almost an inch Ranunculus broad. The plant rather low, with fine fascicularis silky hairs on stem and leaf, the latter Deep yellow dark green> and deeply iobed> with 3.5 divisions. The flower with often more than five petals which are rather narrow ; the fruit-head about ^ inch in diameter, with a slender curved spine to each seed-vessel. 6-12 inches high. Common on the borders of wooded hills, in the spring, from Me., south to S. Car., and west. The first buttercup of the year ; ail are fertilized mostly by early bees, flies, and the smaller butterflies, notably Colias pliilodice, but the commoner visitors are the small bees of the genus Halictus. This is the next buttercup of the spring, Buttercup an(^ one confined to swamps and low wet Ranunculus grounds. The flowers are deep yellow and septentrionalis fully 1 inch broad. The hollow stem is Deep yellow generally smooth, but sometimes fine- Late pn u y hail.v . the deep green ieaves are divided into three leaflets, each distinctly stemmed, and three- lobed, or only the terminal one stemmed ; the uppermost leaves are long, narrow, and toothless. This buttercup is very variable in both size and foliage, its branches are upright or reclining, and its leaves coarsely cleft and divided. 1-2 feet high, or more. Common in moist rich ground everywhere. Like most of the other but- tercups, this one depends mainly upon the beelike flies (Bombylius) and the little bees of the family Andrenidce for fertilization. 140 Leaf\ of \Ranunculus fascieularis. Swamp Buttercup. Ranunculus septentrionalis. CROWFOOT FAMILY. Raaunculaceee. illow Cree in But A species of a similar character, the leaves tercup frequently white-spotted or blotched ; the Ranunculus deep yellow flowers nearly 1 inch broad, repeus blooming a little later. The seed-vessel Deep yellow tipped with a short stout spine, thus differ- May-July . , , , _, ., ing from the rather deciduous long straight spine of R. septentrionalis. This buttercup creeps or spreads over the ground by runners. Roadsides and waste places or low grounds, generally near the coast, and mainly introduced from Europe, but also indigenous. Often, and improperly, called a butter- foo't y *" CUP> tne flower nas a thimble-shaped, Ranunculus green head formed of the pistils, and in- Pennsylvanicus significant, round yellow petals surround jj. It is small, scarcely ^ inch across, and does not in the remotest degree suggest the cup-shape of the buttercup. The stem is remarkably stiff-hairy, and irritating to the touch ; it is hollow, coarse, light green, and leafy to the top. Leaves light green, three-divided, with each division three-lobed, cut and slashed like R. acris, and hairy above and beneath. 1-2 feet high. Common in wet situations, from Me. , south to Ga. , and west. A small erect plant proceeding from a bulbous base or root, with hairy stem and Ranunculus leaf, and large bright, 1 inch wide, deep bulbosus or golden yellow flowers, the green sepals Golden or deep of wnich are strongly reflexed. The leaves jvfa °Jul are deep green> decoratively cut and slashed, three-divided, each division three- lobed, with only the terminal one stemmed, the lateral ones nearly if not absolutely stemless. 8-16 inches high. Roadsides and fields ; abundant in N. Eng., and natural- ized from Europe. Miiller records the fact that over 60 different species of insects visit these old world-butter- cups, i. e., R. repens, R. bulbosus, and R. acris. 142 Leaf and flower show ing reflexed sepals of Ranunculus bulbosusl Bristly Crowfoot. Ranunculus Pennsylvanicus. CROWFOOT FAMILY. Ranunculacete. This is the common buttercup of fields Tall Buttercup Ranunculus ant* meadows, which has become natural- ttcrix ized from the old country. The stem is Golden or deep hairy, branched and less hairy above, and Ivf '"A t deep green. The leaves deep green with 3-7 stemless divisions, and these are again correspondingly divided into linear segments ; they are cut and slashed in a most decorative and complicated fashion, only the upper ones showing the simple three- parted figure. The flowers, nearly 1 inch broad, are lustrous light golden yellow within, and light yellow without, the 5 broad petals overlapping; The flowers are set on long slender stems, and sometimes continue to bloom until frost. 2-3 feet high. Common every- where, especially upon moist meadows. The variety named R. acris, var. Steveni (Lange), is similar except in the shape of its leaf, which has very broad instead of linear segments, which impart to the plant a thicker and heavier appearance in the field. This variety is the common form in northern N. Eng. Found at Alstead Centre, and Jefferson, N. H. (M. L. Fernald in Rhodora, vol. i, p. 227). Marsh Mari= -^ thick and hollow-stemmed stocky gold plant common in marshes in spring, with Caltha palustris round or kidney-shaped deep green leaves obscurely blunt-toothed, and brilliant golden yellow flowers resembling butter- cups. Often wrongly called cowslips. The flowers are perfect with 5-9 petallike sepals, and numerous stamens ; they are honey-bearing, and although the anthers and stigmas mature simultaneously, cross-fertilization is favored by the anthers opening outwardly, and the outermost ones farthest from the stigmas opening first (Miiller). The flowers are chiefly fertilized by the beautiful yellow flies belonging to the family Syrphidce,, The classical name Caltha means cup, and palus a marsh— marsh-cup. 8-24 inches high. Common in wet meadows, from Me., south to S. Car., and west. Marsh Marigold. Kanun|culus acrisl var>. Steven i. Tall Buttercup. Ranunculus acpi CROWFOOT FAMILY. Ranunculaceee. A tiny woodland plant whose bitter Goldthread golden yellow threadlike roots contribute White "J 'to the medicinal stock of the old-fashioned May-July country housewife. The evergreen leaves are lustrous dark green, three-lobed, scal- loped, finely toothed, and long-stemmed. The solitary flower terminating a long slender stem has 5-7 white sepals, and has many obscure little club-shaped petals, 15-25 white stamens with golden anthers, and 3-7 pistils on slender stalks. The strange petals terminating the minute cuplike discs are really nectaries intended to minister to thirsty insects. According to C. M. Weed the flower is cross-fertilized mostly by a fungus gnat — a little two-winged fly, and occasionally by a small elongated beetle called Anaspis flavipennis. 3-6 inches high. In bogs of woodlands or shady pastures, from Me., south to Md., and west to Minn. The name from the Greek to cut, in reference to the cut-leaf. Columbine ^ most delicate but hardy plant com- Aquilegia mon on rocky hillsides and the borders of Canadensis wooded glens. The long-stemmed corn- Scarlet, yellow pOun with g oblong flat petals> and half as many early-falling sepals, is a trifle like the bloodroot blossom, but lacks the latter's delicacy and purity of color. The long-stemmed leaf is parted almost com- pletely into two angularly ovate lobes, whitish beneath. Finally (when fruiting) 15-18 inches high. Woods, west- ern N. Y., south to Tenn., and west to Wis. 152 The fleshycovered cadet blue seeds showing groups in pairs after burstingof the Blue Cohosh. C&ulophyllum thaUctroides. BARBERRY FAMILY. Berber/daces:. May Apple or A common, handsome woodland plant Mandrake ' remarkable for its large leaves which fre- Podophyllum quently measure a foot in diameter ; the peltatum flowerless stem of the plant bears a leaf Late*! rll Ma with 7"9 lobes' Peltate in character ; i. e., supported by the stem in the centre, as an umbrella. The May Apple has also been called Umbrella Leaf, and, in allusion to its peculiar lemonlike fruit, Wild Lemon. The flowering stalks bear two less symmetrical leaves, from between the stems of which droops the ill-smelling but handsome white flower nearly 2 inches broad ; it usually has 6 petals and twice as many stamens ; it is without nectar, but is nevertheless cross-fertilized by the early bees and the bumblebees ; these collect the pollen. Prof. Robertson believes that the plant may be occa- sionally self-fertilized ; although the anthers do not reach out as far as the stigmas, they sometimes do touch the tip edge of the stigma. Fruit a large, fleshy, edible,' lemon-shaped berry. Leaves and root poisonous, and medicinal. The plant is 12-18 inches high, and is com- mon in damp rich woods, from N. Y., west to Minn, and Neb., and south. Not in northern New England. A plant of the woodlands so common in spring about the neighborhood of Greater New York, seems con- spicuously and strangely absent in the vicinity of Bos- ton, where the Skunk Cabbage apparently takes its place. Mrs. Dana remarks that Podophyllum "attracts one's attention by the railways," which is perfectly true of southern New York and New Jersey, but it does not apply to New England. The plant is found at Concord, Mass., but it was transplanted there ; in Vermont it is known only at a few stations, in New Hampshire it is rare if not absent, and in Maine, so far as my knowledge goes, it is quite unknown. 154 May Apple. Podophyllum pelt&tum. POPPY FAMILY. Papaveraceee. White April May POPPY FAMILY. Papaveracece. Herbs with a milky or yellow sap, and regular or ir- regular perfect flowers with 4-12 petals, generally two early-falling sepals, and many stamens. The irregular flowers spurred at the base of the petals. Fertilized mostly by bees. Fruit a dry capsule usually one-celled. Not honey-bearing flowers. Bloodroot A most beautiful but fragile flower of Snnguinaria early spring, 1^ inches broad, with gen- Canadensis erally 8 (rarely 12) brilliant white petals four of which alternating with the others are a trifle narrow, and impart a four- sided aspect to the full-blown blossom. The petals ex- pand flatly in the morning, and become erect toward late afternoon, and close by evening. The two sepals fall when the flower opens. The golden orange anthers mature after the two-lobed stigma, which is shrivelled when the pollen is ripe ; the outer stamens are somewhat shorter than the inner ones in the advanced flower, and the stigma is prominent in the new flower, so cross-fer- tilization is practically assured. The blossom attracts insects which gather pollen but find no honey, and its chief visitors are honeybees, bumblebees, the smaller bees of the genus Halictus, and the beelike flies (Bombylius). As the plant breaks through the ground in early April, the leaf is curled into a cylinder which encloses the budding flower ; afterward the blossom pushes upward beyond the leaf. Eventually the light blue-olive green leaf, generally with seven irregular shal- low lobes, is 6-10 inches broad. The dull orange-colored sap is acrid, astringent, and medicinal in quality. Fruit- capsule elliptical-oblong with many light yellow-brown seeds. Plant finally about 10 inches high. Common everywhere on the borders of rich woods shaded road- sides, and copses. Celandine A western woodland species with yellow poppy juice, deeply lobed light green leaves slen- Stylophontm * *L ' . , ... di hyllum der-stemmed and smooth, and with small Golden yellow four-petaled poppylike golden yellow April-May flowers one inch broad, solitary, or 2-3 in 156 it* x Bloodroot. Celandine Poppy. Sangumaria Canadensis. Stylophorum diphyllum. POPPY FAMILY. Papaveraceas. a terminal cluster. Fertilized mainly by the smaller bees. The ovoid seed-pod hairy. The two sepals falling early. 12-16 inches high. In low* damp woods, from western Pa., west to Tenn., Mo., and Wis. Found near St. Libory, St. Clair Co., 111. Celandine ^ common weed naturalized from Chelidonium Europe, and found usually in or about the majus eastern towns. The leaves are somewhat Deep yellow similar to those of the preceding species, light lustreless green, smooth, and orna- mentally small-lobed. The small deep yellow flower (with four petals), f inch broad or less, has a prominent green style, and many yellow stamens. The plant has a strong yellow sap. 1-2 feet high. Common in waste places eastward. Found in Cambridge, Mass., and Ply- mouth, N. H. Prickly Poppy A yeU°W P°PPy with pricMy thistlelike Ar emone leaves, very light green and smooth with Mexicana a slight whitish bloom, commonly culti- Yellow vated, and escaped to roadsides and waste June Septem- piaces ; a native of Mexico. Flowers usually two inches broad or more, with four bright yellow petals, and numerous golden stamens. This poppy like all others is sought by the honeybee for its pollen ; it does not yield honey. The broad surface of the stigmas of poppies in general being a convenient alighting platform for insects, the flowers are surely adapted to cross-fertilization ; although the anthers ripen in the bud, and are directly over the stigma, Muller is of the opinion that cross-fertilization prevails. Self-fertili- zation in the case of Argemone is even less likely, as the stigmatic surface is small and far less exposed ta the overhanging anthers. The fruit-capsule nearly an inch long, and armed with prickles. Rarely the flowers are white. Stem stout, bristly, and 1-2 feet high. Usually found near dwellings and on the neglected borders of old highways, from N. Eng. south, and west to Ohio. The irregular-flowered group of Papaveracece, formerly called Fumariacece, has finely cut compound leaves, and somewhat sack-shaped flowers with spurred petals. 158 Celandine. Chelidonium majus. PricKly Poppy. Argemone Mexicans POPPY FAMILY. Papaveracex. Climbing A beautiful and delicate vine climbing Fumitory, or and trailing over thickets or shrubbery, Mountain with an attenuate, sack-shaped white AM^it flower tinted greenish and magenta-pink, drrhosu or very pale pink, in drooping clusters. White, tinted The leaves are compound, smooth, prettily magenta-pink subdivided, mostly three-lobed, and the June-October vine climbs by means of their slender stems. The weak and slender stem 8-12 feet long. In moist situations, woods and thickets, from N. Eng., west to Wis. and eastern Kan., and south to N. Car., among the mountains. Named for John Adlum, of Washington, a. horticulturist, first interested in the cultivation of grapes in this country. This is one of the daintiest wild flowers Breeches" " of the 8Prin£' common in southern New Dicentra York, but rare or entirely absent in north- Cucullaria eastern New England. It occurs fre- White, quently in Vermont, but is quite unknown in the uPlands of New Hampshire. The plant is characterized by a feathery com- pound leaf, long-stemmed and proceeding from the root, thin, grayish (almost sage) green in tint, blue and paler beneath ; the leaflets are finely slashed and are distrib- uted trifoliately, i. e., in three parts. The flowering stalk also proceeds from the root, and bears 4-8, rarely more, nodding white flowers, of four petals joined in pairs and forming, two of them, a double, two-spurred, somewhat heart-shaped sack, the other two, within the sack, very small, narrow, and protectingly adjusted over the slightly protruding stamens. The spurs are stained with light yellow. The flower is cross-fertilized mostly by the agency of the early bumblebees (Bombus separa- tus, B. virginicus, B. vagans, and B. pennsylvanicus). Prof. Robertson (see Botanical Gazette, vol. 14, p. 120) explains in detail the character of the flower and its vis- iting insects. Honeybees collect only pollen ; their tongues are too short to reach the nectar which is se- creted in two long processes of the middle stamens ; the proboscis of the bumblebee, 8 mm. long, reaches it, that of the honeybee, 6 mm., can not. The honeybee 160 Dutchman's Breeches. Dicentna, POPPY FAMILY. Papaveracex. alights on the flower, forces its head between the innei petals, and gathers only the pollen with its front feet ! Such a pendulous position :is the flower compels is ex- tremely difficult for insects other than bees to maintain. Butterflies therefore visit the flower with less success than bumblebees. Pierisrapce (Cabbage butterfly, white), Papilio ajax (buff and black, crimson spots), and Danais archippus (the Monarch, black-and-tan) are common visitors ; so are the little long-tongued flies of the tribe Bombylius (the beelike flies). Flowering stem 5-9 inches high. In thin woodlands and on rockj slopes from N. Eng., south to N. Car., and west to Neb., S. Dak., and Mo. The name from the Greek, meaning twice-spurred. Squirrel Corn A sirmlar SP66*68 witn more attenuate Dicentra flowers, white or greenish white tinted Canadensis with magenta-pink, 4-8 on the stalk, all White, very short-stemmed, and narrow at the magenta-pink ^ase, slightly fragrant 6-12 inches high, the roots bearing many little tubers re- sembling yellow peas, hence the common name. Rich woodlands, from Me., south along the mountains to Va., and west to Minn. , Neb. , and Mo. Dicentra exima is a tall rare species, with less finely cut leaves, large and smooth, and with narrow magenta- pink flowers. Sometimes cultivated. 1-2 feet high. Rocky slopes. Western N. Y., south to Ga. and Tenn., along the mountains. Pale Cor dalis This is another conspicuously delicate Corydalis wild flower of spring. Its relationship glauca with Dicentra is manifested by the pale Pale pink foliage and the attenuated sacklike blos- May-August gom . m New England it seemg almOst to supplant Dutchman's Breeches. The pale or whitish green leaves are compound, and cut into ornamental segments which are generally three-lobed. The pale crimson-pink, or sometimes magenta-pink, slightly curved corolla is half an inch or more long, somewhat round at the top (which is really the bottom), and two- flanged at the bottom or mouth, which is golden yellow. The leaves are scattered alternately on the plant-stern at the branching summit of which are groups of rarely 162 fete Gambits, Corydalis Squirrel Corn. Dicentpa, C&nadensis. A)PPY FAMILY. Papaveracese. more than four flowers. The slender and erect stem whitened with a slight bloom and often stained pinkish, is 8-22 inches high. The seed-pods are erect and slen- der, 1| inches long. In rocky situations, from Me., south to N. Car., and west to Minn. Found in the Middlesex Fells, near Boston. A golden yellow-flowered species com- Corydalis mon in the west. The compound pale Corydalis green leaves are beautifully cut into three- aurea lobed segments, and the bright deep yel- Ma'reh Ma"01* 1OW Corolla is about i an inch lonS' The ay seed-pod is beady in outline, slightly curved, and stands at an angle relatively with its neigh- bors. The slender stem 6-14 inches high. In woodlands from Me., south to Pa., and west to Wis. and Neb. A small delicate weed adventive from Europe, found mostly within the seaboard offidnalis States. The light green leaves are finely Crimson-pink cut, and the small crimson-pink or ma- or magenta genta-pink flowers with crimson tips are sunf borne in a dense, long, narrow spike. The reclining stem 6-20 inches long. Waste places and near or in old gardens, from Me. to Fla. Local in the interior. The name from the Latin fumus, smoke, in allusion to the smokelike odor of some of the 164 (Sometimes climbing to a height of 4 feet.) Fumitory Fumaria. officinal is. MUSTARD FAMILY. Cruciferss. MUSTARD FAMILY. Cruciferce. The Latin name of this family, from Cmx, a cross, arose from the resemblance of the four opposing petals of its flowers to the form of a cross. There are also four deciduous sepals, one pistil, and six stamens, two of which are short; rarely there are less than six. The flowers are generally small and not showy, but they produce honey, and are accordingly frequently visited by the honeybees, the smaller bees, and the brilliantly colored flies of the family Syrphidce. A low woodland plant with inconspicu- Cri°nkie:root0r ous fl°wers 1 inch wide, having four pet- Dentaria als and many yellow stamens. The basal diphylla leaves long-stemmed, three-lobed, and white toothed, the two upper stem-leaves similar and opposite ; all smooth. The flowers borne in a small terminal cluster. The slender seed- pods one inch long. The long root is wrinkled, toothed, and is edible, possessing a pleasant pungent flavor, like watercress. 8-13 inches high. In rich woodlands and damp meadows, from Me., south to S. Car., west to Minn. A similar species, but with the leaves Toothwort deeply cut into narrow lobes, sharply and Dentaria coarsely toothed ; three are borne upon laciniata the smooth, or sparingly woolly stem not White or far beiow the flower-cluster. The basal A " 'l-M leaves are developed after the flowering time. The flowers are often faintly tinged with magenta-pink. Root also peppery. Common every- where in moist woods or on the borders of thickets. S in Cress A smooth and less conspicuous, slender Cardamine plant found beside springs, or in wet rhomboidea meadows, with somewhat angularly round White root-leaves, and sparingly coarse-toothed, April-May oyate stem.leaveSt The flowers, like tooth- wort, ^ inch broad, succeeded by a long beanlike pod. 6-16 inches high. Common every where. Thevar.pwr- purea, with magenta-purple flowers, has a slightly woolly stem, and blooms a little earlier. Western N. Y., south to Md., and west to Wis. and S. Dak. 166 Toothwort. Dent&ria diphylfe. MUSTARD FAMILY. Cruciferae. White April-June Small Bitter A bitter-tasting little herb easil7 dis- Cress tinguished by its exceedingly long thin Cardamine seed-pods which are an inch long and erect. The tiny flowers with four narrow petals are white, and are frequently visited by the brilliant flies of the family Syrphi- dce. The little compound leaves mostly at the base of the plant form a rather pretty rosette ; the few upper leaflets are exceedingly narrow. 3-12 inches high. Common everywhere in wet places. This is a generally hairy little plant Cress ' (sometimes it is nearly smooth) with a tall Arabis hirsuta slim stem, terminated by a small cluster Greenish white of tiny white or greenish white flowers May-July beneath which in the later season of its bloom appears a succession of slim seed-pods. The clus- tered basal leaves are hairy, toothed, and lance-shaped, but blunt at the tip ; the stem-leaves clasp the stem, and are widely toothed and small. 12-20 inches high. Common on rocky banks, and in stony pastures from Me., south along the mountains to Ga., and west. Arabis Icevigata A perfectly smooth species with a slight Greenish white bloom, taller than the preceding, and with April-May stem-leaves which clasp the stem and are almost pointed either side of it — what is sometimes called a sagittate (arrow-shaped) base. Resembling in other respects the species above described. 1-3 feet high. Similarly distributed but not farther west than Minn, c r Wh't ^ur na^ve whitlow-grass distinguished low-grass a^ once by its slender or linear seed-pods, Draba Carolini- which are longer than their stems. The tiny flowers and the pods below them terminate a long smooth stem ; the little obtuse-ovate leaves nearly at the base of the plant. An annual of miniature proportions. 1-5 inches high. In sandy and barren fields from eastern Mass., south to Ga., and west to S. Dak., Neb., and Ark. (68 White March-May Hairy RocKCress. Small BitterCress. Cardaminehirsuti. Arabis hirsuta. MUSTARD FAMILY. Cruciferae. A species naturalized from Europe, and lowlgra"s " common throughout our range in barren Drabaverna fields and beside the road. The four white White petals are deeply notched ; the small hairy March-May lance-shaped and toothed leaves are clus- tered at the base of the flowering-stems. The pods are shorter than their stems, and elliptical. Flower-stems leafless, and smooth above but a trifle hairy below. 1-5 inches high. A common aquatic plant, much prized Nasturtium of- for its pungent-tasting young leaves, which ficinale are smooth, dark green, or brownish green White in spring, and lighter green in summer. April- August The insignincant white flowers terminate the branching steins. Leaves compound with 3-9 roundish leaflets. The scientific name is from nasus, nose, and tortus, twisted, in reference to its stinging effect upon the nose. Naturalized from Europe. 4-10 inches high. In brooks and small streams everywhere, except in the northernmost parts of our range. Marsh Water A yellow-flowered species common cress everywhere, but naturalized from Europe nasturtium ter- in the seaboard States ; indigenous in the rcstre west. The leaves ornamentally cut, of Yellow usually seven segments. Pods oblong, about equaling the length of the stems. 1-3 feet high. In wet situations. Found at Lincoln, Neb. A coarse species well known for the im- Horseradish . ,. „ . , Nasturtium niensely strong peppery-quality of i ts large Armoracia white roots which furnish a favorite spring White table relish. The oblong leaves toothed, June-August an(j roughly veined, the basal ones large. The small white flowers rather conspicuous. Pods nearly round. Escaped from cultivation, into moist ground everywhere ; naturalized from Europe. 20-30 inches high. 170 Whitlow-grass. DpAba verna. 'Must&rd. >isymbrium officinale. MUSTARD FAMILY. Cruciferse. Yellow Rocket A bright yellow-flowered species with a or Winter Cress simple stem terminated by one or more Barbarea md- showy spikes of flowers beneath which the garis long curved seed-pods later appear in a A^'H^M loose cluster. Upper leaves stemless, lower ones cut in usually five divisions, the terminal one very large ; all deep shining green. The pretty four-petaled flowers with six stamens four of which are quite prominent, are frequently visited by the early bees and handsome flies of .the genus Syrphidce. They yield honey and pollen. 1-2 feet high. In moist places along the road, and in meadows. Me., south to Va. , and west. Naturalized from Europe, but indigenous in the west. Hedge Mustard A homely straggling weed with tiny Sisymbrium h'ght yellow flowers, and light green, offlcinale smooth leaves, with 3-6 lobes, irregularly Light yellow blunt-toothed. The generally smooth stem May-Septer - wj^n ^ajj wjdeiy spreading, wiry branches, tipped with a few flowers and curiously set with the close-pressing pods. 1-3 feet high. In waste places throughout our range. Naturalized from Europe. Charlock or A coarse and vexatious weed in culti- Field Mustard vated fields and waste places, adventive Brassica Sma- from ^ne o](j country, and widely distrib- Yellow uted through the northern States. The May-Septem- light yellow flowers over ^ inch broad, in ber small terminal clusters. The leaves ovate with few if any lobes, indistinctly or sparsely toothed, with short stems or none at all. The seed-pods f-inch long, contracted between the seeds, and lumpy in con- tour. 1-2 feet high. Me., west to Neb. and S. Dak., and south. Another common weed in grain fields, and beside the road. A more widely Yellow branched plant than the preceding, and June-Septem- with far more deeply lobed leaves ; one ber terminal large division, and generally four lateral ones, all finely toothed. The small pure light yellow flowers less than ^ inch broad are frequently 172 Mustard. Brassica. nigra. MUSTARD FAMILY. Cruciferse. visited by the smaller bees, and Syrphid flies ; the pistil much exceeding the stamens in length, adapts the flower to cross- fertilization. The pod is | inch long, four-sided, and lies close to the stem ; the seeds are black-brown. 2-5 feet high. Naturalized from Europe, and extending throughout our range. White Mustard ^ similar but rarer species, more or less Brassica alba hairy, with bristly pods, contracted be- Yellow tween the seeds ; these are light yellow- June-August brown. The flowers are a little larger. 1-2 feet high. In fields and on roadsides, escaped from gardens ; naturalized from Europe. Both of these last species introduced into Neb. Shepherd's A very common weed on roadsides near Purse dwellings, and on waste ground, with Capsella Bursa- tiny. wnjte flowers. The Latin name is White*8 literally a shepherd's little purse, in alln- April-Septem- sion to the shape of the tiny seed-pods. ber The root-leaves are deeply cut, and form a rosette, the stem-leaves are small, lance-shaped, and indistinctly toothed. 8-18 inches high. Naturalized from Europe, and distributed throughout our range. Wild Pepper- A somewhat similar species, but more grass branched, remarkable for its peppery- LepidiumVir- tasting seed-pods which cluster thickly White™ about the flowering stems in a cylindrical May-Septem- curving column beneath the few terminat- ber ing white flowers. Basal leaves obovate (tapering to a stemlike base) with a few small lateral divisions, stem-leaves small and lance-shaped ; all toothed. 6-15 inches high. Common on roadsides everywhere. Peppergrass. 1^ Shepherds" Purse. Lepidium Virginicum. C&psella-Bursa-pastoris. PITCHER PLANT FAMILY. Sarraceniacese. PITCHER PLANT FAMILY. Sarraceniacece. Swamp plants with pitcherlike leaves, and nodding flowers with 4-5 sepals, five petals, numerous stamens, and one pistil ; represented by only one species in the northern United States. Pitcher Plant ^ curious and interesting plant found Sarracenia in peat-bogs throughout the north. The purpurea strange hollow leaves, keeled on the inner side toward the flower-stem, are usually partly filled with water and the fragments of insects ; the latter are apparently drowned, and no doubt contribute to the physical sustenance of the plant; but the raw-meat coloring, the red veining, and the gen- eral form of the flower are conducive to the attraction of carrion flies, which are especially fitted for the cross- fertilization of the flower. The style within the blossom is strangely like an umbrella with five ribs, the stigmatic surface on the inside. The folding petals and the flow- er's drooping position certainly protect the ripening pol- len from any disturbance by the elements, but the inquisitive insect finds easy access to it. The general coloring of the whole plant is green with red-purple veining ; the sepals are madder purple, and greenish on the inside, the petals are dull pink, and the umbrellalike style green. The outer surface of the pitchers is smooth, but the inner surface is covered with fine bristles point- ing downward, which manifestly interfere with the es- cape of trapped insects. The pitchers are circled about the root in radiating lines, and they measure 4-10 inches in length ; the flower-stem is frequently a foot high. The plant is commonly found in the black peat-bogs of wooded hills or in mountain tarns where there is scant sunshine. When the plant is more exposed to the sun its green coloring predominates. It is common north and south, and extends as far west as Minn. 176 Pitcher Plant. Sarracenia. purpure&. SUNDEW FAMILY. Droseracex. SUNDEW FAMILY. Droseracece. Bog plants with sticky-hairy leaves which are coated with a fluid designed to attract and retain insects — they are, in fact, carnivorous. The small flowers are perfect, with five petals, and few or many stamens, with the an- thers turned outward. Fruit a 1-5-celled capsule. The tiny red filaments of the leaves curl and clasp about a captured insect, and ultimately its juices are absorbed. A very small plant with long-stemmed s°""e^ea round leaves lying close to or upon the Drosera ground, both leaf and stem covered with rotundifolia long, fine, red hairs. The red flower-stem- Whjte is erect and smooth, and bears about four July-August or gix gmall white flowerS; which are fre. quently visited by the fungous gnats and other small woodland insects. The flower-cluster is one-sided, bends over, and the blossoms open one at a time only in the sunshine. The glands of the leaves exude clear drops of fluid, which appear like small dewdrops ; hence the popular name, also the Greek dpo6spo$, meaning dewy. The whole plant is so saturated with color that its sap stains paper a ruddy madder purple. 4-9 inches high. In bogs, from Me. , south, and west to the Daks. Lone-leaved ^ very similar species, but with elon- Sundew gated blunt-tipped leaves whose stems are Drosera inter- long and rather erect. Differing furfher media, var. from the preceding species by the naked Americana , „ ,, , , . . , leaf-stems, the red hairs appearing only upon the little leaves. It is not so common as the other, species, but occupies about the same territory. Slender -^ western species with 3-inch long, slen- Sundew der or linear leaves, also with naked, erect Drosera stems. The white flowers are few. Shores of Lakes Superior and Huron. _. The leaves of this larger species are re- Sundew duced to a mere threadlike shape with no Drosera distinct stem ; they are glandular, red filiformis hairy throughout, the hairs terminated by a red bead or dot. The flowers are fully £ inch broad, and dull purple - magenta. Round- leaved Sundew. Drosem rotundifolid ORPINE FAMILY. Crassulacese. There are many in the cluster. 8-18 inches high. In wet sand near the seacoast, from Mass., south. Found in the pine barrens of New Jersey. Nothing is more dainty and beautiful under the magnifying-glass than the spun-glasslike, glandular, ruby hairs of the Droseras. ORPINE FAMILY. Crassulacece. Rather fleshy or succulent herbs, with absolutely sym- metrical small flowers ; the petals, sepals, pistils, and stamens equal in number, or the last double in number, differing only in this respect from Saxifragacece. A familiar weed of ditches and swamps Stonecrop with insignificant greenish yellow, or yel- Penthorum low-green flowers, in slender bending sedoides clusters of 2-3 branches, at the top of the Yellow-green erect gtem The lafcter jg smooth( usually Se Member branched, and bears lance-shaped, or ellip- tical, pointed, light green leaves, finely toothed. The flower has five sepals, but rarely any pet- als, ten stamens, and five pistils united below, finally forming a five-angled seed-vessel. Not fleshy-leaved. 8-20 inches high. Me., west to S. Dak. and Neb. A small species at home on rocky ledges Stonecrop and in stony woodlands. It has little five- Sedum petaled white flowers growing on horizon- ternatum tally spreading branches. The leaves are A^riWune sma11' toothless, fleshy, and rather wedge- shaped ; the lower ones are generally in groups of three. The flower-cluster is three-spiked and leafy. 3-8 inches high. The name is from sedeo, to sit. Live-forever A common perennial, with a stout light or Garden green stem and very smooth, fleshy, dull- Orpine toothed leaves, which children are fond of Sedum splitting by lateral pressure with the fin- Diufgarnet &ers» an<1 forming into green "purses" red It is adventive from Europe, and is gener- June- ally an escape from gardens, establishing September itself in fields and on roadsides. The light green leaves, particularly when young, are covered with a whitish bloom. The small flowers in_ thick clusters are opaque crimson. 10-18 inches high. Common. 1 80 Live-forever. 5edum Telephium. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. Saxifragaceae. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. Saxifragacece. A large family of herbs or shrubs related to the family Rosacece, but differing from it by having albumen in the seeds, and opposite as well as alternate leaves. The flowers are mostly perfect with usually five petals, fertilized by the aid of the smaller bees, and the flies (Syrphidce), or in some instances butterflies. A little plant hugging the rocks on dry frage hillsides and blooming along with the Saxifraga firs,t flowers of spring; the buds are formed Virginiensis early, and appear like little (fine-haired) Whit_e balls in the centre of the rosettelike clusters of obovate leaves close to the ground. Eventually a cluster expands to a branching downy stem bearing many little white, five-petaled, perfect flowers with ten yellow stamens. The flowers are succeeded by rather odd and pretty madder purple seed-vessels which are two-beaked ; often the color is madder brown. Besides some of the earlier bees, the Antiopa butterfly (rusty black with a corn color bor- der) and the tortoise-shell butterfly (brown and tan) may be included as among the frequent visitors of the flower ; but whether they play any important part in the process of fertilization, it is difficult to say. 4-10 inches high. Me., south to Ga., and west to Minn. A much larger plant with less attractive, frage greenish white flowers with very.narrow Saxifraga (linear) petals. The stem is somewhat Pennsylvania sticky-hairy and stout. The larger blunt reei s w te iance.sjiape(j leaves are scarcely toothed, and are narrowed to a rather broad stem. 12-30 inches high. In bogs and on wet banks from Me., south to Va., and west to Minn, and Iowa. The name saxifrage is from Saxifragus, meaning a rock or stone breaker! but it is far from evident that the plant's roots, in spreading between the crevices of rocks, succeed in breaking stone by vigorous growing ; the name may as well be referred to reputed medicinal virtues of the roots. 182 . Early Saxifrage. S&xifragA Virginiensis. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. Saxifragaceae, False Mitre- An attractive little plant that decorates wort, Foam- the moist woodland floor with its orna- flower, or mental leaves all through the summer. Coolwort The feathery spike of flne white flovvers Tiarella cordi- . ,olia with five petals appears conspicuously White above the leaves in late spring or early Late April- summer; the ten prominent stamens have early June orange anthers, and the long pistil in the centre is white. The leaves remotely resemble those of the mountain maple, but they are small, rough hairy over the upper surface, and dark green, sometimes mottled with a brownish tone. The little seed-capsule is characteristically cloven like a tiara, hence the name ; the heart-shaped form of the leaf accounts for the specific cordifolia. 6-12 inches high. In rich woods, from Me., south along the mountains to Ga., and west to Minn. Common in the woods of the White Moun- tains. Mitrewort or ^ he true mitrewoi t is very easily dis- Bishop's Cap tinguished from the false, by several Mitella diphylla marked differences; half-way up the stem White are two opposite leaves nearly if not quite ay stemless. The flowers instead of being borne on rather long individual stems in a thin feathery cluster, are short-stemmed and distinctly separated; the tiny white blossom has five petals beautifully fringed, which remind one of a highly ornamental snow crys- tal. This plant is also hairy throughout. The name means a little mitre, alluding to the rnitre-shape of the seed-pod. 8-16 inches high. Rich woods, Me., south to N. Car., and west to Minn. Naked Mitre- -^ mucn smaller and daintier species dis- wortor tinguished by its naked stem, which is Bishop's Cap without the two leaflets, and is slightly Mitella nuda hairy. The leaves approach a somewhat (jreenish white , , ,,., April-June round form, and the snow-crystallike flowers are greenish white, and few. They have ten yellow stamens. 4-7 inches high. In cool woods and mossy bogs, from N. Eng., south to Pa., and west. The Mitellas are common in Vermont, but rare or absent in central New Hampshire. 184 False Wnitrewort. Tiarella cordi/blra. Naked Mitrewopt. Mitel la nuda. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. Saxitragace&. Alumroot ^~ st°ut an^ *a^ plant bearing some re- Heuchera semblance to Mitella nuda on a large Americana scale; but the flowers are distinctly differ- Whitish green en^. they are borne in a long loose cluster, May-July usuany 4_5 on one of the small brandling stems, small, bell-shaped, with inconspicuous green petals, very prominent stamens tipped with orange anthers, of which there are but live. The leaves are heart-shaped and scalloped ; the teeth blunt. The stem is more or less hairy, and is 2-3 feet high. Named for Johann Heinrich von Heucher, a German botanist of the early eighteenth century. Rocky woodlands N. Y. and Conn., west to Minn., southwest to Ala. and La. An insignificant plant of cold bogs or Golden Saxi- .,, . , , . fraee w places> with a slender low-growing, Chrysospleninm forking stem, with roundish fine-scalloped Amcricanum generally opposite-growing leaves, and Yellow or pur- ^ne yellowish or purplish green flowers April-June ^ith oranSe anthers, growing close be- tween the points where the leaves join the plant stem. In wet shady places, Me., south along the mountains to Ga., and west to Mich. and. Minn. Stems 3-7 inches long. The name means golden spleen, from reputed medicinal qualities. An interesting perennial herb with sin- nlssus " Sle cream white flowers delicately veined Parnassia with green, about 1 inch broad. A single Caroliniana ovate olive green leaf clasps the flowering White green- stem; the others are long, slender-stemmed and heart-shaped, and spring from the September root. The flowrer has five petals and five straw yellow anthers terminating the fer- tile stamens and. alternating with the petals ; a number (perhaps 15) of abortive stamens encircle the green pistil. The blossom is visited by bees and the smallest butterflies (skippers); chief among the visitors are the larger ones named Colias philodice (yellow), and Pieris rapce (white). 8-20 inches high. In swamps and wet meadows, Me., south to Va., west to S. Dak. and Iowa. 186 Grass-of- Parnassus. Parnassia Carol iniana. ROSE FAMILY. Rosacese. ROSE FAMILY. Rosacece. An extensive family highly esteemed for its luscious fruits, and for its most beautiful flowers, which are de- pendent in a great measure upon the bees for cross- fertilization. The flowers are extraordinarily rich in pollen and honey ; the raspberry yielding the finest flavored honey which is known. The leaves are alter- nate-growing, and accompanied by stipules, or small leafy formations at the base of the leaf-stalk. The flowers are regular and generally perfect, with usually five sepals and as many petals (seldom more or less), numerous stamens, and one or many pistils. Earely the petals are absent. The family is very closely allied to Saxifragacece and Leguminosce. It is mostly com- posed of trees and shrubs, although the herbaceous members are many. M _. A common flower on 'the borders of the Meadowsweet , . , Spircea salici- roax* m bloom throughout the early sum- foliav&r.lati- mer. A shrub with light green, nearly folia smooth, ovate, sharply toothed leaves, Flesh pink an(j a usuaiiv yellowish buff stem of a June-August . -\ • \, * -\ wiry character, upon which are freely set the alternate leaves. The beautiful flower-spike is pyram- idal but blunt and branching, and is closely crowded with flesh pink and white flowers, resembling miniature apple-blossoms, with prominent pink-red stamens. It is frequently visited by the smaller butterflies and the bees, and possesses a slight fragrance. The name is from the Greek, and means twisting, alluding to the twist in the pods of some species. 2-4 feet high. Me., south to Ga., and west to Mo. and S. Dak. A similar species, but readly distin- guished by its woolly stem (terra-cotta Spiraea tomcn- red) and leaves ; the latter are olive green tosn of a dark tone above, and very whitish Deep pink and woouv beneath. The slender steeple- September l*ke flower-spike is crowded with tiny, deep rosy pink flowers, smaller than those of the preceding species ; the succession of bloom is unfortunately slow, and downward, so the top of the 188 Meadowsweet Spiraea salicifo- li&var.latifolia. Hard hack. Spipsatomentosa,. ROSE FAMILY. Rosaceae. spike is often in a half-withered condition. 2-4 feet high. In dry or wet ground, same range as the pre- ceding species. Queen-of-the- ^ *a^ western species, also in cultiva- Prairie tion, with handsome, fragrant, deep pink, Spircea lobata Or peach-blossoni-colored flowers, and cut- eep phik fobed, deep green, smooth, large leaves June-July of sometimes seven divisions. It grows in moist situations or on the prairies. The terminal leaf- let is larger than the others. The large compound flower-cluster of perfect fine-petaled flowers, is feathery in character. 2-8 feet high. Western Pa., south to Ga. and Ky., west to Wis. and Iowa. An escape to roadsides in Peacham, Randolph, and Lower Cabot, Vt. (Brainerd, Jones, and Eggleston). Goat's Beard Another tall and handsome species with Spiraea a compound flower-spike formed of many Aruncus little spikes about as large around as one's white*'*11 Httle fin&er- The tiny narrow-petaled May-July flowers are yellowish white, and are an exception to the general rule of the family, as they are staminate on one plant and pistillate upon another. The stem is smooth and the deep green leaves are compound, with sometimes eleven small leaf- lets. The pistillate flower has usually three distinct pistils. 3-6 feet high. In rich woods, N. Y., south to Ga., and west to Mo. A shrubby roadside species which suffers " wi*n a misleading name; the Rose Family Rubus odoratus is quite incapable of producing a true Crimson-pink purple flower. This big-leaved plant ex- or magenta- hibits a wild-roselike flower of five broad J 'ne-Au ust Petals whose color is at first deep crimson- pink, and at last a faded magenta-pink. The large maplelike leaves are 3-5 lobed and a trifle hairy. The stem is covered with short red or brown bristly hairs ; the flower-stems are particularly red, as well as the calyx, or flower-envelop. The fruit is in- sipid and resembles a flat, red raspberry ; it is often called Thimble-berry. 3-5 feet high. Common in stony woodlands, beside the shaded road, and in copses. Me., 190 Purple Flowering-Raspberry Rubus odoratus. ROSE FAMILY. Rosaceae. south to Ga., and west to Mich. The name rubus is an ancient one for bramble, from ruber, red. Cloudberry, or One °^ *ue interesting relatives of the Mountain common raspberry which finds its home Raspberry among the clouds of high mountain-tops, morus CtMmtK~ Jt is found in the Peat boSs of the White White Mountains and on the coast of eastern June-July Maine. The cloudberry is another in- stance of a break in the family rule : the flowers are staminate on one plant and pistillate on another. The solitary white flower is about an inch broad. The plant-stem is herbaceous, not shrubby, and the leaves are rather roundish with 5-9 lobes ; the stem is unbranched and with only 2-3 leaves. The fruit is a pale wine red, or when nearly ripe, amber color, and possesses a delicate flavor ; the lobes are few. 3-10 inches high. Me. to N. Y., north to the Arctic regions. Dalibd-d A delicate woodland plant with a white repetu ° blossom like that of the wild strawberry, White and densely woolly or fine-hairy stems June- and leaves ; the latter are dark green, September heart-shaped, and wavy or scallop-toothed. In form they closely resemble those of the common blue violet. The 1-2 white flowers about ^ inch in diameter are borne on long fuzzy, sometimes ruddy stems ; it is said that they fertilize in the bud before opening. 2-4 inches high. In the northern woods, from Me., south to southern N. J., and west to Ohio and Mich. Found in Langdon Park, Plymouth, N. H. A rather tall, fine-hairy plant with an- White Avens gular, branching stem, insignificant five- "™ Petaled whifce flowers, and three-divided -August leaves, except the simple uppermost ones ; the root-leaves of 3-5 leaflets, all toothed. The flowers succeeded by a burlike densely bristly seed- receptacle. 18-24 inches high. On the borders of woods and shaded roads. Common in the north, but soutb only to Ga. 192 DdJibaj>da re pens. ROSE FAMILY. Rosace*. „ A bristly hairy-stemmed plant common Qeum in low grounds and on the borders of low Virginianum damp woods, with flowei'S and leaves simi- Cream white lar to those of the preceding species. The May-July gtem very gtout rphe flower nas incon. spicuous cream white petals which roll backward. Common over the same territory. A slightly hairy species with compound Oeiim strictum lower ieaves the leaflets wedge-shaped Golden yellow . . '. July-August W1th round tips, the upper leaves with 3-5 leaflets irregular, oblong, and acute. Flowers golden yellow. Fruit-receptacle downy. Moist meadows Me., south to N. J., west to Kan., Neb., and S. Dak. An aquatic or marsh species, with lyre- Purple Avens ^ . Geumrivale shaped root-leaves, and irregular corn- Brownish pound upper leaves ; the stem-leaves few, purple and three-lobed. The nodding flowers July-August brownish or rusty purple, with obovate petals terminating with a claw. 2 feet high. Bogs and wet meadows, Me., south to N. J., west to Minn, and Mo. An exceedingly pretty and graceful but A with a decorative, deeply cut Qeum Mflorum leaf, and a ruddy flower-stalk generally Dull crimson- bearing three ruddy flowers with scarcely red opened acute, erect calyx-lobes. The fruit is daintily plumed with gray feathery hairs, about an inch long. 6-12 inches high. Dry or rocky soil. Me., west to Minn., south to Mo. This is a dwarf species with smooth va^'pecfe/i" Um' stem and showy pure yellow flowers quite Yellow an inch broad, which is found on Mt. July-early Washington, and other high peaks in the September north. The ornamental roundish leaves are nearly smooth — except the veins. Also on the high mountains of N. Car. 194 Avens. Qeum triflorum'1 GeumradiatumvarPeckii. ROSE FAMILY. Rosaceee. . . Our commonest wild strawberry, at strawberry home in the rough dry pasture lands of the north and south. Rather broad, Virginiana coarsely toothed leaflets, blunt-tipped, and hairy. The flower-stalk not longer than the leaves, and with spreading hairs. The flower has many orange-yellow stamens offset by the tive round white petals. The scarlet fruit is ovoid, and the tiny seeds are imbedded in pits over the surface. 3-6 inches high. Common throughout our range ; gen- erally in fields. The name from the Latin fraga, fragrant. A slender species with thin leaflets which American arg more ovate an(j iess wedge-shaped Strawberry than those of the other species, and have Fragaria silk-silvery hairs on the under side. The Americana scarlet fruit is more conical, and the seeds are borne, not in pits, but upon the shining, smooth surface. The sepals are reflexed or turned backward from the fruit. This species is remark- able for its very long, delicate runners. 3-6 inches high. In rocky woodlands and pastures. From N. Eng. , N. J. , and Pa. , west. Until recently both these very distinct species were in- cluded under one title; but the types are easily distin- guished apart, even by the leaves, and the fruit is certainly conspicuously different. Of the two species Fragaria Virginiana is certainly the commoner, at least in central New Hampshire ; both are deserving of the name Fragaria, for nothing is more deliciously fragrant than a basketful of the wild berries. White May-July American Wild Virginia Strawberry. Wood Strawberry. Fragaria Virginica.. Fragaria Americana. ROSE FAMILY. Rosaceee. A weedy plant differing from the com- wa^ .( rnon cinquef oil by an extremely hairy stem Potentilla anfl 'eaf ! the latter is composed also of Norvegica three leaflets instead of five, and it slightly Yellow suggests the strawberry leaf. The five Se"tember not very conspicuous petals are somewhat isolated in the green setting of the flower, which is very leafy in character. There are 15-20 sta- mens. 12-30 inches high. In dry or waste ground, from Me., south to S. Car., and west. The name is from potent for the plant's reputed medicinal powers. . A similar stout plant, with a character- Cinquefoil istically rough, horned seed-vessel. The Potentilla recta five rather narrow leaflets are deep green, Yellow very hairy beneath, and slightly so above. September The flowera are Pure Jellow' and I inch broad ; the petals are much larger than the lobes of the calyx (flower-envelop), which is the reverse of the case with the Norway cinquefoil. Erect, 1-2 feet high. Adventive from Europe, and in the vicinity of old gardens and waste grounds. Me., south to Va., arid west to Mich. Found at Exeter, Penobscot Co. , Me. A small species remarkable for its sil- Silvery y character. The leaflets are dark Cinquefoil Potentilla green above and silver white beneath. argentea The stem is also covered with the silky Yellow white wool, beneath which appears the pale terra-cotta tint of its surface. The five wedge-shaped, narrow leaflets are rolled back at the edge, and quite deeply cut. The pure yellow flowers are rather small, and loosely clustered at the ends of the branches. 5-12 inches long. In dry and sterile fields, or sandy soil, Me., south to N. J., and west to the Daks. 9 198 Norway Cinque/oil. Potentilla Norvegica. ROSE FAMILY. Rosaceae. A dwarf Alpine species found on the ra summits of the White Mountains, rather Yellow soft-hairy when young, but smooth later, June-August and with three coarsely toothed leaflets, deep green and somewhat broad. The small yellow flowers are slender-stemmed and general' y solitary. 1-3 inches high. Found about the Lake of the Clouds and elsewhere on Mt. Washington. Poten- tilla tridentata, also found on Mt. Wash- Potentilla ington and Mt. Wachusett, is less dwarfed, but low-growing. The three leaflets are June-August coarsely three-toothed at the tip, smooth and thick. The flowers are white. 1-10 inches high. Coast of Mass., northward, and shores of the upper Great Lakes. This is the only purple-flowered five Marsh Five- finger and it is therefore readily distin- finger or Pur- . . , . _,. ,.. , pleCinquefoil gulshed from the others. The reddish Potentilla stem is stout, mostly smooth, and a trifle palustris. woody at the base. The leaves have from Magenta- 5_7 jeaflets w]1ic]1 are blunt-tipped, and June- August sharp-toothed. The rather pretty flowers are magenta-purple within and pale or greenish without, through the influence of the some- what longer green sepals ; the blossom is nearly one inch broad, and its petals are pointed. 6-20 inches long. In swamps and cold bogs, from Me., south to N. J., and west to Cal. This is indeed a shrubby species with !!. ru /.. nearly erect stems, tan brown in color, Potentilla and quite leafy ; the bark is inclined to fruticosa peel off in shreds. The leaves are entirely Yellow different from those of the other species ; s" . they are toothless, olive yellow-green, with 5-7 lance-shaped leaflets whose edges curve backward. They are silky hairy. The deep yel- low flowers, with rounded petals are generally an inch broad. 1-2 feet high. It is a troublesome weed in N. Y., western Vt., Mass., and parts of the west. Swamps and wet places, Me., south to N. J., and west. Purple Cinquefoil. Potent! I la pail ustris. ROSE FAMILY. Rosaceas The silverweed is decoratively beautiful, Silverweed , . , , . „ -n Potentilla a ls remarkable for its very silky hairs Anserina which cover the under side of the leaves ; Yellow the latter are tansylike with about 7-23 May~ sharp-toothed leaflets. The yellow flowers are solitary. Stem 1-3 feet long. In salt marshes and on wet meadows, from Me., south to N. J., and west to Neb. Common on the beaches of Lake Champlain. The commonest of all the five-fingers, Cinque"<^*r °* °^en wrongly called wild strawberry, Potentilla with pure yellow flowers about | inch simplex broad. It decorates meadow and pasture, Yellow fertile and sterile grounds, and weaves its April-August ^kro^ery over tne stony and barren roadside. Its five deep green, shiny, long-stalked leaf- lets are sharply toothed, firm, and smooth, altogether harder in character than the three strawberry leaflets. The whole plant is g'enerally smooth, but sometimes thinly hairy. Flowers solitary, fertilized mostly by the flies of the genus Syrphidce. Runners 6-20 inches long. Common everywhere in the north. From southern Me. , N. H. , Vt. , and N. Y. , west to Minn. The common similar form (or species) is Potentilla Canadensis, which is fine- woolly over the stems, and does not creep over the ground so characteristically as P. simplex. A most common weed with a glandular- ^"imonia hairy simple stem, and compound leaves Eupatoria with a hairy stalk ; spicy odored when var. Mrsuta crushed. The usually seven bright green, Yellow many - ribbed ovate leaflets coarsely ugus toothed ; the interposed tiny leaflets are ovate and toothed ; there are generally three pairs occupying the spaces between the larger lateral leaflets. The slender spikes of five-petaled yellow flowers with orange anthers are not showy. The seeds are sticky and adhere to one's clothing. 2-4 feet or more high. Com- mon on the borders of woods and in thickets. Me., south to N. Car., and west. Found on the roadside near the Profile House, Franconia Notch, N. H. Agrim'one. '''I •'* Cinque/oil. AgrimoniaEupatori&vArhirsuta. Potentilla simplex. ROSE FAMILY. Rosacex. A comparatively thornless wild rose, Smooth Rose with usually 5-7 blunt or round-tipped p°^bh leaflets rather short-stalked, and pale be- June July neath ; simply toothed. Rarely there are a few straight slender prickles upon the smooth stem which is usually covered with a slight bloom. The pale crimson-pink flowers are nearly 3 in- ches broad and are solitary or in small clusters. The fruit is either globular or pear-shaped with persisting sepals. 2-4 feet high. On rocky, moist ground, New- foundland to Vt. and northern N. J., and west to 111., S. Dak., and the region of the Great Lakes. Rosa is the ancient name of the rose. Swamp Rose ^ verv bushy species, extremely decora- Rosa Carolina tive in character, armed rather sparingly Pink with stout hooked spines. The 5-9 olive June-August green ieaflets sharp-toothed, long-stalked, and the stalk bordered with very narrow somewhat toothed stipules (leafy formations) ; the leaflets either blunt or sharp-tipped. The small clusters of flowers succeeded by showy, globular, red fruit which some- times sheds its withered sepals. The pale crimson-pink flowers 2-3 inches broad. Largely fertilized by bees. 2-7 feet high. Common in swamps and low ground everywhere. Found at Sankaty Head, Nantucket. A low species with generally lustrous Rose green leaves of from 3-7 oval leaflets Rosa lucida coarsely and simply toothed ; the stipules Pink (compare with species above) are narrow June-July and flaring_ A marked characteristic of this rose is the glandular-hairy globose fruit, stem, and lobed sepals ; before maturity this condition is quite marked. The spines are wide at the base and rather straight or very slightly curved ; the stems are mostly a ruddy madder brown. Flowers a pale or deeper crim- son-pink, in small clusters, generally very few together. The commoner rose of N. J. and Pa. 1-5 feet high. In moist situations. Me., south to Ga., and west to Wis. 204 Wild Swamp Rose. Rosa Carolina, Smooth Rose. Spines of Rosalucida. Rosa blanda ROSE FAMILY. Rosaceae. A questionable species so closely con- ^^humms nected with Rosa lucida, that intergrading types prevent a satisfactory separation of the two. Under the name Rosa humilis lucidd (Rosa lucida of Gray's Manual, sixth ed.), the rose of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and the west is described by Bi'it- ton and Brown as having thick shining leaves with broad stipules, and numerous flowers. Under Rosa humilis, the description embraces a narrow, toothless stipule, usually five leaflets, thin and somewhat shining, few or solitary flowers, a glandular-hairy calyx and stem, and sepals commonly lobed. Northeastern This is a wild rose °f tne northeast, Rose limited to that section lying between Mas- Rosanitida sachusetts and Newfoundland. Itischar- Pink acterized by a stem thickly crowded with bristly prickles, and spines scarcely stouter. The 5-9 leaflets are ovate pointed, shining green, and sharply toothed ; the stipules are broad. Flowers pale pink, solitary, or very few in a cluster ; the fruit is globu- lar, and the sepals are not lobed. A low species rarely over 20 inches high. On the borders of swamps. Sweetbrier ^ne w^d rose or eglantine of the poets, Rosarubiginosa adventive from Europe. It is remarkable Pink for its sweet-scented foliage which is rem- June July iniscent of the fragrance of green apples, and for its long, arching steins, which are beautiful with compactly set clusters of pure pink bloom. The very small 5-7 leaflets are double-toothed, roundish, deep green above, and lighter colored beneath, where they are resinous, and aromatic when crushed ; the leaves are also characteristically glandular-hairy. The somewhat small flowers are pink, or pale creamy pink, and clus- tered along the main stem upon short stalks. The de- cidedly recurved spines and the stem are madder brown when old. 4-6 feet high. Common everywhere from Tenn. and Va., northward. Another foreign species, Rosa canina, but slightly separated from Rosa rubigi- nosa, has usually simply toothed leaves which are not so odorous. Common in the valley of the Delaware. 206 Sweet bri en ROSA rubiginosa. PULSE FAMILY. Leguminosx. ' PULSE FAMILY. Leguminosce. A very large family of food-producing plants, with butterfly like flowers, and alternate, usually compound leaves, generally without teeth. The flowers are perfect and are borne singly or in spikes ; they are fertilized largely by bees and butterflies. A smooth and slender plant with deep gray-green, triple leaves of wedge-shaped Hnctoria leaflets covered with a slight bloom ; they Yellow are almost stemless. The small pealike June-August blossoms are pure yellow, and terminate the many branches of the upright stem. The flowers are visited by the butterflies and the Syrphid flies, but the honeybee, the leaf-cutter bee Megachile, and the bees of the genus Halictus are probably the most effi- cient agents of cross- f ertilization . The plant grows with a bushy luxuriance in favorable situations, and has a most remarkable habit of turning black upon wither- ing. 18-28 inches high. In dry sandy soil everywhere. Not in central N. H., but common at Nantucket. Found at Pownal, Vt. A beautiful, tall, western species, with Blue False , Indigo P green smooth stem, light green Baptisia wedge-shaped, short-stalked triple leaves, australis and loose flower-clusters, sometimes 10 Light violet inches long, of light, dull violet blossoms June-July quite i jnch long, of a soft, aesthetic hue. The peapodlike fruit is tipped with a spur. Plant 3-6 feet high. On rich alluvial soil, western Pa., south to Ga., and west to Mo. Quite handsome in cultivation. The rattlebox, so named because the Ootatorfa seeds rattle about in the boxlike, inflated, sagittalis sepia-black pods, has oval pointed leaves, Yellow toothless, and nearly stemless, growing June-August alternately along the bending stem. The yellow flowers are scarcely \ inch long. The stems and edges of the leaves are soft-hairy. 4r-12 inches high. In dry sandy soil everywhere, but not very common. 1 Blue False Indigo. Baptist australis. PULSE FAMILY. Leguminosx. Blue Lu Ine T1"S *S °n6 °^ °UI m°st cnarming so" r upinutt called blue wild flowers; but it rings all perm nit the changes on violet and purple, and Violet scarcely touches blue. The pealike blos- May-June gom j)ag vjoiet or deep purple wings and a light violet hood veined with blue-violet. Rarely the sweet-scented flowers are magenta-pink or even white. The horse-chestnutlike leaf has generally eight narrow, light green leaflets. Stem and long-stalked leaves are generally fine-hairy, and frequently show a few touches of purple-red through the green. The flower-spike is quite showy, and pinkish early in the bud. Fertilized by bees. 1-2 feet high. In sandy fields everywhere. A naturalized species of clover, origi- Rabbit'foot or ? Stone Clover na"v from Europe, remarkable for its Tri folium oblong fuzzy flower-heads, the corolla of arvense which is green-white and the calyx green Gray-pink with pink tips, all in effect rather gray- Se'Sember Pink< The USht &reen triPle leaves have narrow, long leaflets with blunt tips.- The flowers are sweet-scented. 4-10 inches high. Common in poor soil, old fields, and pastures, everywhere. This is our commonest field clover and a Red Clover . , . Tri folium special favorite of the bumblebee upon pratense whom it is almost wholly dependent for Crimson or fertilization. The plant was introduced Ma^s*3 int° Australia some years ago and. failed be*y~ " to produce seed the first year through its separation from the Ainerican bumblebee. Later when the insect was transported the plants flour- ished from season to season. The three (rarely 4-5) rather soft, dull bluish green leaflets are conspicuously marked by a whitish or yellow-green triangle. There are two hairy white and green stipules or leafy wings at the base of the leaf-stalk. Stem and leaves are soft- hairy. The somewhat pyramidal globular flower-head ranges through crimson or magenta to paler tints of the same colors, and even white ; it yields a plentiful supply of nectar, which is scarcely reached by the short tongues of honeybees ; also, the butterflies are not sufficiently heavy to depress the keel of the floret and thus expose f&l Rabbit-foot Clover. Tnifolium anvense. PULSE FAMILY. Leguminosas. the anthers. The burly bumblebee is therefore the best pollen disseminator of this particular clover. 8-24 inches high. Common in fields and on roadsides, everywhere. This is also one of our most common White Clover , Tri folium clovers, and a permanent resident of the repens grassy roadside. It is generally smooth, Cream white with roundish or heart-shaped leaflets May-October marke(j iess distinctly with a triangle, and frequently 4-5 leaflets are found on a single stalk. The globular flower-heads are a translucent cream white, and the florets are sometimes more or less tinted with flesh pink. Eventually the florets are re- flexed. Fertilized by bees, and rich in honey. It is sup- posed to be identical with the Shamrock of Ireland, but it is native in the extreme north. 4-10 inches long. Creeping by i-unners. Common everywhere. A species somewhat similar to our white Alsike or Alsa= tian Clover clover, but with a branching, stout, and Trifolium rather juicy stem. The leaflets are gen- hybridum erally obovate but not reverse heart- Creamy rose shaped . j e -f with the lobe(j tip. the edges Ma -October are ^nebr toothed, and the surface is not marked with the triangle ; a pair of flar- ing stipules or leafy wings are at the base of the leaf- stalk. Flower-heads similar to those of white clover but varying from pinkish cream to crimson-pink ; the withered florets brownish and turning downward, ex- tremely sweet-scented, and rich in honey. Fertilized mostly by bees. 1-2 feet high". On roadsides, in mead- ows, and in waste places, from Me. to Idaho, and south toGa. A small annual species, with a smooth Yellower , ,. , Hop Clover stem and light green, narrow and long Trifolium leaflets, scarcely suggesting the clover- agrarium leaf. The stem is branched and stands Pale golden nearly upright, or reclines ; the leaflets June-Septem- are verv finely but rather imperceptibly ber toothed. The small, dull golden yellow florets bloom from the base of the flower- head upward, and the withered florets, turning down- ward and becoming brownish, resemble dried hops. 212 Hop Clover. Trifolium agr&pium. Alsike Cloven Tnfoli urn hybri dura PULSE FAMILY. Leguminoss. 6-15 inches high. Common on roadsides and in sandy fields. Me., south to Va., and west to Iowa. Similar in many respects to the forego- ing, but lower, more spreading, and the steins and leaves fine-hairy. The leaflets are shorter and blunt-tipped, the middle one slightly stemmed and the lateral ones steailess. The stipules (leafy formations at the ba.se of the leaf-stalks) are broader than those of the preceding species ; they are pointed ovate. The, tiny standard of the floret is wide-spread, and not curled up at the edges as in T. agrarium. 3-6 inches high. Occasional or common everywhere, especially on roadsides. This is sometimes called yellow sweet clover, but its resemblance to clover is in its character rather than its aspect. It is a foreign flower which has established itself in all waste places especially in our seaport towns. The three leaflets are long, blunt- tipped, and toothed. The light golden yellow flowers are strung along in a delicate spike. The stem is smooth and 2-4 feet high . Melilotus alba is a similar, tall- er, white-flowered species. Both common everywhere. Alfalfa or ^ Perennial much cultivated for fodder Lucerne in the west and south ; naturalized from Medicago sativa Europe. Found in dry fields and sandy wastes in the East. The three leaflets are long and narrow, toothed toward the tip which is obtuse, and furnished with a tiny sharp bristle; each leaflet has a distinct stalk, and that of the middle leaflet is bent ut;ward. The purple florets in short clusters. 12-25 inches high. Me., south to Va., and west. A generally smooth, tall beautiful peren- nial with a branching stem, and compound leaves of 13-25 or more bluish green, ellip- tical leaflets set oppositely upon the slender leaf-stem, in general appearance like those of the locust tree. The cream Low Hop Clover Trifolinm procumbens Pale golden yellow June-Septen her Yellow Melilot Melilotus offi- cinalis Light golden yellow June-August June-August Milk Vetch Astragalus Canadensis Greenish cream yellow July-August 214 Alfalfa. Medic &qo saliva. Yellow Melilot. Tlel'i lotus officinedis. PULSE FAMILY. Leguminosae. yellow slender blossoms are green-tinged especially at the base, and are thickly set in a dense spike springing from the junction of the leaf-stalk with the plant stem. They are cross-fertilized mostly by the long-tongued bees ; the bumblebees, Bombus separatus, B. americanorum, and B. pennsylvanicus ai'e frequent visitors, as are the butterflies, — Colias philodice, the clouded sulphur, and Papilio asterias, the black swallowtail. The flowers are succeeded by short, broad, leathery, straight, and pointed pods. 1-4 feet high. Along streams and river- banks, from western New York, and on the shores and islands of Lake Champlain, N. Y. and Vt., south to Ga. and La., and west to Col. An annual (adventive from Europe), Black Medick with a somewhat twisted stem partly lying Medicago on the ground, slightly downy oivrough ; lupulina the three leaflets obovate or wedge-shaped Yellow with a bristle tip. The yellow flowers in September small, short spikes. About 6 inches high. Pods almost black, kidney-formed, con- taining but one seed. Common in waste places every- where. Tick Trefoil ^ common weed which flourishes in Desmodium dry woods. The generally leafless flower- nudiflorum stem rises from the rpot, and bears a Pale magenta scattered cluster of very small magenta- JuIy^August Pink or lilac flowers> the broad upper petals of which are notched at the apex and turned backward, the lower narrow ones are lilac and white ; the stamens are prominent. The flower is fertilized by honeybees and many other smaller bees, especially those of the genus Halictus. The stout, shorter leaf-stalk is terminated by the leaf-clusters, of three ovate, toothless leaflets. The hairy two- jointed pods or seed-vessels stick to one's clothing or are dis- tributed by some similar means of transportation. 18- 25 inches high. In woodlands from Me., south, and west to Minn. 816 Tick Trefoil. Desmodium nudiflopum. PULSE FAMILY. Leguminvsae. This species lias similar flowers, hut Desmodium they are considerably larger and borne PakTma^enta °n & slender stalk which rises *«»» the June- plant-stein at the point where the leaf- September stalks spring outward. The broad, pointed leaflets are much larger and a trifle hairy. The strange seed-pod like that of the fore- going species is 2-3 jointed. The name is from SeGjuoS a chain, alluding to the connecting joints of the pod. By means of these joints the pods attach to the furry coats of animals. 1-4 feet high. The same distribution. Desmodium ^ne s^em °f this silky hairy tick trefoil rotundifolium bends or lies near the ground. The leaflets Purple- are quite round, comparatively speaking, magenta soft-hairy, and not pointed. The flowers September are ^8^ purple-magenta, and the pod 3-5 jointed, constricted nearly equally at both edges. 2-5 feet long. About the same distribution. Desmodium This species has oblong lance-shaped Dillenii leaflets, or quite ovate ones, nearly if not Pale magenta quite smooth above, an erect and nearly- smooth stem, and branching flower-stalks bearing very small pale magenta flowers. Pod 2-4 jointed, the sections nearly triangular. 2-3 feet high. Not farther south than Va. and Ky . , wTest to Neb. Desmodium ^ s^ narrower-leaved species, the deep paniculatum green leaflets scarcely 2 inches long, and Pale magenta linear lance-shaped, resembling willow leaves. The flower-spikes are rather hori- zontally branched ; Pale magenta flowers very small. Pod 4-6 jointed. The slender stem 2-3 feet high. Common. The most showy species of the genus, Trefoil*11 ° with crowded flower-clusters terminating Desmodium a tau> st°ut, an^ hairy stem. The leaves Canadense are nearly without stalks, or with sho'rt Dull magenta- Ones, and the three leaflets (longer-stalked) p!nk are oblong lance-shaped. The flowers September (larger than those of the other species) are nearly | inch long, and vary in color from magenta to magenta-pink. Pods 3-5 jointed and quite 218 Canadian Tick Trefoil. Desmodium Canadense. PULSE FAMILY. Legumlnosae. hairy. 2-6 feet high. Common on the borders of copses and on river banks, from Me., south to S. Car., and west to Mo. and Neb. Trailing Bush An interesting little plant with a trailing Clover habit, its perpendicular branches rising Lespedeza from a stout horizontal stem. The little procnmbens ]eaves are cloverlike. The whole plant ta^r ma^entr." woolly hairy. The tiny pealike blossoms pink magenta-pink or a light purple-magenta. August- 12-25 inches long. Common in dry soil September everywhere. Lespedeza -^-n upright and tall species with small violacea elliptical leaflets distinctly stalked. Stem Purple sparingly hairy and much branched. The August- small flowers purple or violet- purple. 1-3 September * *. i_i « n • j • •> j feet high. Common in dry soil, and on the borders of copses everywhere. Lespedeza An erect species with smooth, dark reticiflata green, cloverlike leaves, crowding a Purple rather straight, generally smooth stem, which is terminated by the small, crowded, purple flower-cluster ; smaller clusters also spring from the junction of stem with leaf -stalk. The Lespedezas, especially this one, are apt to exhibit two kinds of flowers ; those with showy petals, which are sterile, and those petalless and minute, which are abundantly fer- tile. According to Prof. Robertson, the chief visitors of this flower are the bumblebee Bombus americanorum, the leaf-cutting bee (Megachile), and the ground bee (Halictus ; notably H. ligatus). Among the butterflies, Colias philodice and Pamphila cernes are occasional visitors. 1-3 feet high. Mass, and Mich. , south. Lespedeza This species has yellow-white flowers polystachya purple-spotted , which grow in small dense, Yellow-white, bristly, oblong spikes. The stem is silky spotted hairy, and the round-ovate leaflets are slightly separated by the conspicuous stalk of the middle one. 2-4 feet high. Common everywhere on dry hillsides. Leaves with 4 bristly extension of the midrib. a Bush Clover. Lespedeza violacea,, PULSE FAMILY. Legumiaosae. Lfspedezo. The flowers of this species are clustered capituta in small round heads terminating a stiff, White straight stalk, which is silky hairy. The streaked leaves have three oblong leaflets, and are nearly stemless. The flowers are similar to the fore- going species, or they are white, magenta streaked. Visited by the leaf -cutter bee (Megachile brevis) among many others. 2-4 feet high. Same situations every where. Common Vetch -^ climbing annual adventive from Eu- Vida sativa rope where it is cultivated for fodder ; one Purple of the genus is also extensively cultivated May-August in Italy> notably about Napies, and in the vicinity of Pompeii. The flowers, which are purple or even magenta-pink, grow in pairs or singly at the junc- tion of stem with leaf-stalk. The 8-10 leaflets are obtuse oblong, notched at the tip, and the stalk terminates in two twining tendrils. The pod resembles that of the pea, but it is long and slender. Stem 1-3 feet long. N. Eng., south, and west to Minn, and S. Dak. Cow Vetch ^ Perennial, and graceful plant climbing Vida C'rucca by tendrils, and characterized by a fine, Light violet downy hairiness. The compound leaf has June-August twenty or more lance-shaped leaflets ter- minated abruptly by a bristlelike point. The small bean-blossomlike flower is light violet, the upper petal is lined with a deeper violet ; the cluster is sometimes quite four inches long, and is one-sided ; it grows from be- tween the leaf-stalk and the plant-stem. The color of the foliage is rather gray olive green. Fruit like a small pea-pod. Stem 2-3 feet long. Dry soil, on the borders of thickets, and cultivated fields. Me. and N. J., west to Iowa and Minn. Easily distinguished from the foregoing Vicia by itg generaiiy smOoth character and its Ligfcrt violet ODtuse elliptical leaflets which are less in number (8-14) and distinctly veined. The light violet flowers are larger, and only 3-9 form the rather loose cluster. 2-3 feet long. In moist soil. Me., south to Va. and Ky., and west to Nev. The Vicias are in general cross-fertilized with the assistance of the CowVetch. Vicia Cracca. PULSE FAMILY. Leguminosse. family Hymenopfera, the bees ; the honeybee is one of the commonest visitors. A seaside plant, but one common also on Lathyrus *ne snores of the Great Lakes ; its con- maritimus struction and habit similar to those of Ruddy purple Vicia. There are 6-12 oval leaflets, bris- May- August tie- tipped, and a ruddy purple flower-clus- ter of 5-12 bean-blossom-shaped florets ; the cluster is somewhat long-hemispherical in outline. At the base of the compound leaves are a pair of conspicuous arrow- head-shaped stipules, or leaflets. The pod is veiny and about 2 inches long. The stout stem is angled and 1-2 feet high. Sandy soil Me., south to N. J., and west to Oregon. This is a slender marsh-loving plant with alusMs an an£le(l and winged stem, narrow lance- shaped stipules (leafy formations at the base of the compound leaves), and with 2-4 pairs of lance-shaped leaflets. The loose and ruddy purple spare flower-cluster (of 2-6 flowers about £ inch long) is as long as the compound leaf. The narrow, veiny pod is about 2 inches long. Stem 1-3 feet long. In wet situations, from Me., Mass., N. J., and N. Y., west to the Pacific coast. Gro nd N t A climbin£ vine reaching a height of Apio"tuberosa about four or five feet- Tlle root is tuber- Maroon and ous and edible. The compound leaf is pale brown- composed of 3-7 toothless, ovate-pointed "lac leaflets, smooth and light green. The ses- Setrtember thetic flowTer-cluster is maroon and pale brown-lilac in color with a texture of velvet ; the bean-blossomlike florets are cloyingly sweet, and suggest English violets with a slight and strange horse-chestnut odor. They are fertilized mostly by the various bees, including the honeybee. The name is from aitiov, a pear, alluding to the pear-shape of the tubers. The plant is exceedingly beautiful and worthy of cultivation. On low, damp ground, from Me., south, and west to 8. Dak. , Neb. , and Kan. Found in Campton, N. H. 224 Ground Nut. Apios tuberose. PULSE FAMILY. Leguminosae. Another perennial climber , distingu ishod Phaseolus* ^ its leaf of l'iree leaflets pointed at the perennis tip and rounded at the base. The plant is Red=purple very fine-hairy and considerably branched. July-Septem- The nower.cluster is thin and about 4- 8 inches long ; the red-purple blossoms are scarcely over £ inch long. The pods are stalked. drooping, and a trifle curved. Stem 5-12 feet long. In thickets Me. , south, and west to Minn, and Neb. A similar, but annual species, with a angulosa low-twining stem about 6-8 feet long, the Greenish white leaflets sometimes bluntly lobed and some- or purple times entire. The 3-10 greenish white or July-Septem- red-purple flowers about | an inch long, in a loose cluster. The slender linear pod is fine-hairy and about 3 inches long or less. Stem branching at the base and about 4-8 feet long. Sandy river-banks, and meadow borders, Mass., south, and west along the Great Lakes to Minn., and south- west to Kan. or Ho vine witl1 delicate Ugh* green Peanut* ' leaves formed of three smooth, angularly Amphicarpcea ovate-pointed leaflets, and bearing two monoica kinds of fruit. The perfect lilac or ma- August-Se la° Senta-mac narrow blossoms are in small tenfber ^ drooping clusters ; these are succeeded by many small pods about an inch long hold- ing generally three mottled beans. The other fruitful blossom is at the base or root of the plant in rudimen- tary form with but few free stamens ; it is succeeded by a pear-shaped pod containing one large seed— hence the name wild peanut. The name of the plant means both and fruit, in reference to the two kinds of fruit. The pod of the upper blossom is curved and broad at the tip, it matures about the middle of September. The slender stem twines about the roadside shrubbery, and is from 2- 7 feet long. Common everywhere in moist ground from Me., to S. Dak., Neb., and La. Found in Campton, N.H. 226 Wild Bean. Phaseolus perennis. Hog Peanut, uriphicarpaea monoica. PULSE FAMILY. Leguminosse. Wild Senna A showv and decorative plant with Cassia compound leaves of 12-20 broad lance- Marilandica shaped leaflets of a rather yellow-green Golden yel- tone. They are smooth and somewhat l°W'edrOWn~ sensitive to the touch. The flower-clus- July-August ters are loosely constructed. The light golden yellow flowers of five slightly un- equal petals are accented in color by the prominent chocolate brown of the anthers ; the stamens are very unequal in length. 3-8 feet high. In swamps and al- luvial soil from Me., south, and west to Minn., Neb. Kan., and La. Partridge Pea -^n erect annual species with large Cassia showy yellow flowers, 1J inches across, in ChamcBcrista groups of 2-4 at the bases of the sensitive leaves ; often the five petals are purple- i"ry"S " spotted at the base. The 20-30 leaflets, less than an inch long, are blunt lance- shaped and pointed with a tiny bristle. The slender pod about 2 inches long is slightly hairy. 1-2 feet high. In dry or sandy fields, everywhere. But not in Me., N. H., or Vt., or if in Me., very rare. A similar species, but tall, and with very Wild Sensitive „ J plant small and inconspicuous yellow flowers. Cassia The 12-40 tiny leaflets scarcely f inch nictitans long. The flowers in groups of 2-3 at the bases of the leaves. 6-12 feet high. Me., south to Ga., and west to 111., Kan., and Tex. Not in N. H., and if in Me. exceedingly rare, for only one record exists. Partridge Pea. Cassia, Chamaecrista. GERANIUM FAMILY. Geraniacete. GERANIUM FAMILY. Geraniacece. A small family of plants with symmetrical and per- fect flowers of mostly five parts, viz. : five petals, five sepals (usually distinct), and five stamens or twice that number. Fruit a capsule. Cross-fertilized by bees, but- terflies, and the beelike flies. A delicate wild flower pale or deep ma- Wild Geranium or Cranesbiil genta-pmk, or quite light purple ; some- Geranium times the ten anthers are a delicate peacock maculatum blue. The deeply cut, five-lobed leaf is Magenta-pink rough-hairy ; the stem and the unfolded flower-envelop (the bud) are also remarka- bly hairy. The blossoms are cross-fertilized mostly by the agency of honeybees, and the smaller bees of the genus Halictus — particularly Halictus coriaceus, and the Syr- phid flies. The flower is, perhaps, quite incapable of self-fertilization in the absence of insects, as the pollen is ripe and the anthers fall away before the stigma is receptive. The leaves with their brown or white spots are the occasion of the specific title, maculatum. 1-2 feet high. In woodlands and wooded roadsides, from Me., south to Ga., and west. Found in Camp- ton, N. H. A rather handsome and decorative spe- Geranium cies adventive from Europe, distinguished Robertianum for its generally ruddy stems and strong Magenta odor when bruised. The ornamental leaves ™*y~ with 3-5 divisions are deep green some- times modified with the ruddy tinge of the plant. The flowers are deep or pale magenta, and are succeeded by long-beaked seed-vessels. 10-18 inches high. On the borders of rocky woods, from Me., south to N. J., and west to Mo. A somewhat similar species, but distin- gashed by its almost skeleton-lobed leaf and remarkable seed-vessel the persistent style of which splits upward from the base and bears the seed at the tip. The flowers are pale magenta, and are 230 Herb Robert. Geranium Roberti&num. Geranium BicKnellii. GERANIUM FAMILY. Geraniacet generally borne in pairs. 8-16 inches high. Me. to southern N. Y., and northwest to western Ontario, Canada. Geranium Another similar species but one more Carolinianum commonly distributed through the South. Pale magenta The leaves are deeply cut and narrowly May-August iobed, and the pale magenta flowers are borne in compact clusters. The beak to the seed-vessel is nearly an inch long, and is short- pointed in contradis- tinction to that of the foregoing species, which is long- pointed. The curved sections of the beak are also shorter. The stem is fuzzy and 8-15 inches high. In poor soil from Me., south to Mex., and west. This gera- nium as well as the others is more or less dependent upon the small bees (Halictus), and the Syrphid flies for cross-fertilization. The flower has ten perfect sta- mens, however, and the inner circle of their anthers is so near the stigma that self-pollinization may easily occur ; that is the expressed opinion of Professor Robertson. F iseM 'd A slenderand weak-stemmed little plant, Floerkea pro- with small compound leaves of from 3-5 serpinacoides leaflets sometimes thrice cleft. The tiny White white flowers with three petals are borne singly on long and slender stems proceed- ing from the base of the leaves. The flower is succeeded by 1-3 fleshy spherical seed receptacles which are set snugly within the remaining three sepals. 6-15 inches high. In swampy land, and on river-banks, from Me., southwest to Pa. , and westward. 232 Cranesbill. Geranium Geranium Carolinianum. SORREL FAMILY. Oxalldace^e. SORREL FAMILY. Oxalidacece. A small family of low herbs in our range, with trifoli- ate leaves and perfect, regular flowers of five parts ; the ten stamens united at the base. Fruit a five-celled cap- sule. Juice sour and watery. Cross-fertilized by the smaller bees and the beelike flies. One of the most dainty of all woodland plants, common in cool, damp situations. Acetosella The leaf composed of three light green White pink- heart-shaped leaflets which droop and vein«d fold together after nightfall. The frail flowers nearly an inch broad, with five notched petals, are borne singly on delicate long stems, and are either pinkish white, striped with crimson lines, the color deepening towai'd the centre of the blossom, or white with crimson-pink lines. Fertilized by the smaller bees (Halictus), and the Syrphid flies. Cleisto- gamic flowers (a kind fertilized in the bud without opening) are also borne on small curved stems at the base of the plant. A stemless perennial about 3-4 in- ches high, growing from a creeping scaly -toothed root. Common in thin, damp woods from Me. to the mountains of N. Car., and west on the north shore of Lake Su- perior. Found at Profile Lake, Franconia Notch, N. H. A native of the old world, and a most interesting flower frequently introduced in the paintings of Fra Angelico and Sandro Botticelli. Violet Wood Another most dainty woodland species Sorrel common in the South, and cultivated as a Oxalis violacea house plant in the North. The leaves are Pale magenta siinilar to those of the preceding species. The flowers are variable, sometimes white, but generally light magenta (the rose purple of Dr. Gray) ; they are never violet. The long flower-stalks bear 3-6 or more blossoms, in contradistinction to O. Acetosella which bears but one flower on a stalk. It is frequented by the same class of insects which visit the last. 4-8 inches high. Rocky ground and thin woods, from Me., soutb, and west to the Rockies. Also among the Andes, South America. 234 Wood Soppcl. OxaJis Acetosella. SORREL FAMILY. Oxalidacet . One of the commonest yellow sorrels of Sorrel or ^e nor>th ; not a woodland plant but fa- Lady's Sorrel miliar by every roadside and in every field Oxalis cymosa and garden. The light green stem erect, Yellow rather smooth, or sparingly hairy (viewed her " under the «lass) 5 the leaves of three heart" shaped leaflets (smaller than those of the last species), long-stemmed and somewhat drooping ; without small leafy formations at the junction of leaf- stem and plant-stem. The rather deep lemon yellow flowers scarcely £ inch broad, with five long ovate petals and ten yellow stamens alternately long and short ; the heart of the blossom is green. There are 2-6 flowers on a somewhat horizontally spreading, branched stem, which are succeeded by hairy seed-pods \ inch long set at scarcely a wide angle with their stalks. Visited by the smaller bees, . and Syrphid flies, and also occa- sionally by the tiny butterflies (Hesperia). 3-12 inches high, with a weak stem but strong root. The O. cor- niculata, var. stricta, of the sixth ed. of Gray's Manual. A far less common species, an annual or Yellow Wood Sorrel or perennial, sustaining itself by far-reaching Lady's Sorrel running roots. Generally less upright Oxalis stricta than the last. With leafy formations at the May-Septem- bages of the leaf-stalks. Pods elongated, and erect, [often set at a sharp angle with their stalks. In other respects very similar to the foregoing species, but rare ; near Burlington, Vt. (T. E. Hazen). 9 236 Characteristically hairy in all its parts. Yellow Wood SorreK Oxalis stricta. FLAX FAMILY. Unaceae. FLAX FAMILY. LinacecK. A small family mostly composed of not very tall herbs, Blender and frail flowered, but remarkable for having furnished the world with linen from time immemorial. The perfect, symmetrical flowers (of the genus Linum) have five petals, sepals, styles, and stamens ; the petals before expansion are rolled-up. The fruit is usually in a capsule. Mostly fertilized by the smaller bees and bee- like flies. Wild Y llo A smooth perennial, with small yellow p,ax flowers terminating slender branches ; the Linum five tiny yellow petals scarcely give the Virginianum flower a width of £ inch. The small Yellow leaves are lance-shaped, thin, and one- U8US ribbed. The sepals are ovate and pointed. 1-2 feet high. Dry woodlands, and shady places, throughout the north, and south to Ga. A somewhat similar species, but an an- sulcatum nual with a usually simple stem and alter- nate leaves ; the stem corrugated, at least above, the sharp, lance-shaped leaves three-ribbed, and the yellow flowers a full half -inch broad. 1-2 feet high. In dry soil from E. Mass., west to the Great Lakes, through the mountains south to Ga., and southwest to Tex. Rare along the seacoast. A rather delicate-appearing and pretty Common Flax ' Linum annual adventive from Europe or escaped usitatissimum from cultivation ; it has been under culti- Light blue- vation since prehistoric times for its linen violet fibre and itg geed oil The gtem erecfc) June-Septet .- branching; and ridged) the alternate leaves lance-shaped, sharp, and three-ribbed. The delicate blue-violet flowers, f inch broad, with five slightly overlapping petals, are fertilized mostly by the honeybee. 9-20 inches high. Along roadsides, by rail- ways, in cultivated fields, and in waste places. 238 Common Flax. Linum usitatissimum. M1LKWORT FAMILY. Polygalaceee. MILKWORT FAMILY. Polygalctcece Mostly herbs with generally alternate leaves, and per- fect but irregular flowers with five sepals, the two late- ral ones petallike, large, and colored ; the others small. The three petals are connected with each other in a tube- like form ; the lower one is often crested at the tip. The generally eight stamens are more or less united into one or two sets and in part coherent with the lower petal, but free above. Stigma curved and broad ; the anthers generally cup-shaped and opening by a slit or hole at the apex. Cross-fertilization effected by the agency of bees and the beelike flies. An exceedingfy dainty, low perennial Fringed Milk- rjsjng from prOstrate stems and roots Flowering sometimes a foot long. The few broad, Wintergreen ovate, bright green leaves are crowded at Polygala the summit of the stems, the lower ones M^eSa^r reduced to the size of a mere scale- The wh^e" B leaves live through the winter and turn May-July a bronze red. The flowers, nearly £ inch long, are generally magenta or crimson- magenta, and rarely white. The three petals are united in a tube, the lowest one terminating in a pouch con- taining the pistil and anthers, and furnished at the end with a fringe or beard. This last serves as a landing plat- form for bees who will naturally depress the pouch by their weight ; the rigid pistil and stamens, however, re- fusing to bend with the pouch are forced out through a slit at the top of the latter and come in direct contact with the under parts of the insect visitor. Thus cross- fertilization is in a large measure secured by the pollen- daubed bee brushing against the exposed stigma of the next flower visited. The honeybee and the ground bees of the genus Halictus and Andrenidce are the common- est visitors. The little plant often bears cleistogamous subterranean flowers on tiny branchlets. Erect stem 3-6 inches high. Common in damp, rich woods, from Me., south to Ga., and west to 111. and Minn. Found at Holderness, N. H. ; white specimens near Bangor, Me. 240 Fringed Polygala. Poly gala paoJC'i folia, Seneca Snakeroot. Polygala, Senega. MILK WORT FAMILY. Polygalaceas. Milkwort Pohjgala polygama Dull crims June-July The tiny aesthetic, dull crimson flowers of this species are borne in delicate long clusters at the tips of the leafy stems. The leaves are light dull green, lance-shaped, and crowded on the slender stem, tooth- less, and rather blunt, with a bristlelike tip. Rarely the flowers are nearly white ; the eight stamens are more or less conspicuous. The plant also bears cleistogamous flowers on subterranean horizontal branches, and these are numerous enough to justify the specific title, poly- gama. 5-15 inches high. Dry sandy soil common everywhere, but locally abundant only. A much less showy species with white Snakeroot or greenish white flowers and fewer lance- Polygala shaped leaves, the lowest ones very small Senega and scalelike. The small terminal flower- White or cluster dense. It bears no cleistogamous greenish white biossoms> Stem 6-12 inches high, simple or slightly branched. In rocky woodlands, from western New Eng., south to N. Car., among the mountains, and west to Minn, and Mo. A brandling and leafy species with globular or oblong, compact flower-clus- ters of deep or pale magenta blossoms ; rarely they are white. It is the calyx which contributes the ruddy magenta to the flower ; the yellowish petals are hidden within. The stem is slightly angled. The little leaves are similar to those of P. polygama. 6-12 inches high. In moist and sandy fields and roadsides, New Eng., south to S. Car., and west to Minn., Ark., and La. Polygdla sanguined Magenta June- September 242 Milkwort. polygama. Potygata s^nguinea. M1LKWORT FAMILY. Polygalaceee An attractive species whose leaves are Cross-leaved generally arranged in clusters of four — Poiyyaia hence the specific title, cruciata. Stem crucialit. square or almost winged at the angles, Dull magenta- widely branched, and smooth. The deli- P'nk cate dull magenta flowers in heads like Se temb r clover bloom, with the florets crowded. 3-13 inches high. Margins of swamps, or low ground, from Me., south, and west to Minn, and La. A species very similar to the last, but Short- leaved wjfch a slenderer stem and shorter leaves Po'SZ more sparingly distributed. The flower- brevifoiia spikes much smaller and the flowers Dull magenta- stemmed. 3-10 inches high . A coastwise pink Polygala, common on the borders of brack- SeTember isn swamPs- from R- !•> Long Island, N. J., and Del., south. A slender and smooth species with usu- Whorled a\\y niany branches, and with long slender lance-shaped leaves tipped with a slight vertidllata bristle, arranged in circles of 4-5, or scat- Magenta- tered singly among the branches. The tinged or greenish white or magenta- tinged flowers are compactly clustered in conic spikes, September nearly an inch long. The little florets are distinctly stemmed. All the Polygalas are assisted in the process of fertilization by the bees and some of the smaller butterflies, notably Colias philodice, yellow. 6-12 inches high. Common everywhere in fields or on roadsides. The var. ambigua is nearly the same in structure, but is taller, slenderer, and only the lower leaves are in circles ; the others are alternate. The flower-spikes are very long and loose, some of the lower flowers being isolated ; the blossoms are a trifle larger, and mostly a pale magenta. In dry soil, N. Y., N. J., and Pa., south to Ga., and southwest to Tenn. and La. 244 Cross-leaved Milkwort. Polygata crucial. SPURGE FAMILY. Euphorbiaceas. SPURGE FAMILY. Euphorbiacece. Plants with usually ;i milky and acrid juice, bearing staminate and pistillate flowers on one plant or exclu- sively either kind on one plant, so there shall be stami- nate ones, and pistillate ones, hence they are largely dependent upon insects for fertilization. The flowers are irregularly or imperfectly constructed, i. e., in some instances without petals, and in others polypetalous or even monopetalous. Fruit generally a three-lobed cap- sule. Represented in the northern countries by the genus Euphorbia, but largely a tropical family. A prostrate, spreading weed common in Seaside Spurge ,,,.,, , , , Euphorbia *ne sanc* °* the seashore ; stem branched polygonifolia and smooth. Flowers inconspicuous and Whitish green usually solitary at the bases of the small linear oblong leaves. Seed-capsule round- ovoid, and ash gray-colored. Branches 3-7 inches long. Along the Atlantic coast from R. I., south, and on the shores of the Great Lakes. A prostrate weed common throughout Milk Purslane North America, in open places and on °S urP°etted roadsides. Stems usually dark red, hairy Euphorbia an(l spreading radiately 'like common pus- maculata ley ; leaves toothed, red -blotched, and Whitish or dark green in color, oblong and obtuse, about 1 inch long. The whitish or ruddy September inconspicuous flowers growing at the bases of the leaves. Branches 3-12 inches long. Common everywhere. A smooth or slightly hairy annual, the Preslii * oblique and three-ribbed leaves of which Whitish or are red-spotted and margined ; similar to ruddy those of the preceding species. The stem branched and nearly upright. The insig- September nificant flowers whitish or ruddy, and obo- void in shape. 8-20 inches high. Common everywhere in fields, by roadsides, and on the borders of thickets. 246 Spurge. Euphorbia Presli i. SPURGE FAMILY. Euphorbiacetc. White Mar. ^ very handsome species cultivated for gined Spurge, its ornamental white- margined leaves sur- er Snow on rounding the rather insignificant flowers. the Mountain Euphorbia marginata White May- September An annual with bright green foliage, the leaves ovate-pointed, toothless and stalk- less. Stem stout 2-3 feet high. In dry soil, Ohio and Minn, west to Col. Also an escape from gardens in the east. An annual species naturalized from Europe, with a smooth, erect, stout stem, often branched from the base. Leaves obovate and finely toothed. The insignifi- cant flowers terminating the branchlets, of an indeterminate color, generally green and tan. 8-12 inches high. Common in waste places from N. Y. to Ohio, and along the Great Lakes. A perennial spreading by horizontal rootstocks, and an escape from gardens to roadsides and waste places in the east- ern States. Leaves bright light green, linear and almost filiform. The stems thickly clustered and very leafy, ter- minated by a large flower-cluster flat dome-shaped. The insignificant flowers indeterminate in color, but generally greenish dull yel- low, or tan, or russet red ; they are rather ornamental, with crescent-shaped glands. The plant is milky juiced, like all the Euphorbias, and it has become naturalized from Europe. It is poisonous if eaten in any quantity. Fertilized by bees and butterflies. 5-12 inches high. Common everywhere in the east. Found in Campton, N, H., near an old graveyard. Sun Spurge Euphorbia Helioscopia Greenish and tan June- September Cypress Spurge Euphorbia Cyparissias Greenish and tan June- September 248 V w Cypress 5 pu rge. Snow on the Mountain. Euphorbia Cyparissias. Euphorbia marginata. CASHEW FAMILY. Anacardiaceae. CASHEW FAMILY. Anacardiacece. ' Trees or shrubs with alternate compound leaves, and small regular, generally polygamous flowers, i. e. pistil- late, staminate, and perfect flowers on the same plant or on different plants ; the flowers of five parts in gen- eral. Fruit a berry. Cross-fertilized by bees, the beelike flies, and butterflies. The juice of some species is in- tensely poisonous. Dwarf Sumac ^ shrub with fine-hairy branches, and Rhuts copallina compound dark green leaves of 9-21 ovate Green=white lance-shaped shining leaflets, toothless, July-August or with few 0bScure teeth; the stem is wing-margined between the leaflets. The green- white flowers are polygamous, and collected in a cone- like terminal cluster, succeeded by the maroon-red hairy fruit. 1-7 feet high ; sometimes a tree 25 feet high. Common on rocky hillsides from Me., south, and west to Minn., Neb., Mo., and Tex. Staghorn -^ similar and very common shrub in Sumac thickets among the hills, with golden Rhus typhina brown twigs densely covered with velvety June hairs, and leaves of 11-31 lance-shaped, sharply toothed leaflets, dark green above and whitish, fine-hairy beneath ; turning a brilliant scarlet in the early fall. The leaf -stem not winged. The polygamous green-white or whitish green flowers similar to the pre- ceding ; the fruit very densely covered with maroon-red hairs. Dry, rocky soil, especially among the moun- tains, from Me., south, and west to Minn, and Mo. The wood is a dull greenish yellow handsomely grained ; the bark is used for tanning leather. A similar smooth-stemmed shrub with sTmach leaves of 11-31 toothed leaflets, dark green Rhus glabra above and whitish beneath ; the stem not winged. The flowers and fruit similar to those of the preceding species. 2-12 feet high, some- times 18 feet high. About the same distribution as the above. 250 Dwarf Sumac. Rhus cop&llina. CASHEW FAMILY. Anacardiacese. Poison Sumac ^n exceedingly poisonous shrub with Rhusvenenaift compound, smooth, lighter green leaves, Whitish green green on both sides, of 7-13 thin obovate June but pointed leaflets without teeth. More frequently found in swampy land, and irritatingly poisonous to the touch. The flowers are whitish green and are borne in loose clusters at the angles of the leaves ; they are also polygamous. Fruit a green-gray berry in slim clusters. 6-15 feet high, or sometimes 24 feet high. In wet, low grounds, from Me., south, and west to Minn, and Mo. A vine with a shrubby character in its Poison Ivy Rhus more southern range, but pushing its way toxicodendron with rapidly running rootlets in the colder Whitish green northern region. A noxious poison, in- May-June deed, producing a painful, burning erup- tion of the skin, if the latter comes in contact with any part of the plant ever so lightly ; some persons are far more susceptible to the poison than others, but it has been demonstrated that it acts only by contact. An excellent remedy to use until a physician can be con- sulted, is the well-known Extract of Witch-hazel (' ' Pond's Extract ") applied by saturating cloths and wrapping them about the inflamed parts. The triple leaf of Poison Ivy should never be mistaken for that of the Virginia Creeper, which has five leaflets strongly toothed. The leaflets of the poisonous plant are smooth, but not shining, light green, toothless, and generally ovate-pointed without lobes ; but sometimes the larger leaves are shallowly notched or sinuous at the edge. The flowers are whitish green, and with the fruit are similar to those of the preceding species. Climbing high on the trunks of trees, on stone walls, in thickets, or running over low ground, or meadows ; sometimes bushy, erect, with gray stems 2-3 inches thick, and 1-4 feet high. Me., south, and west to S. Dak., Utah, Ark., and Tex. Common in the Pemigewasset Valley, N. H. 252 Poison Sumac. Rhus venenata,. Poison Ivy. Rhus toxicodendpon. STAFF-TREE FAMILY. Celastracex STAFF-TREE FAMILY. Celastracece. Shrubs with simple opposite or alternate leaves, and small regular, generally perfect flowers with 4-5 petals and as many stamens inserted on a disc set at the base of the ovary (or sometimes merged into it) and at the bot- tom of the calyx. Fruit a pod with 2-5 cells. Insect visitors commonly bees. A twining, shrubby vine common on old Sr^wlef B!1 " stone walls and roadside thickets, and Waxwork sometimes climbing trees to a height of Celastrus twenty or more feet. The light green scandens leaves are smooth and ovate or ovate- whtt"l8h • oblong, finely toothed, and acute at the June tip 5 tney g™w alternately and somewhat in ranks owing to the twisting of the stem. The tiny flowers are greenish white, and grouped in a loose, spikelike terminal cluster ; the five minute petals are finely toothed along the edge, and the five stamens are inserted on a cup-shaped disc, in the manner ex- plained above. The flowers are succeeded in September by the beautiful orange fruit, a globular berry in loose clusters, but properly speaking a capsule whose orange shell divides into three parts, bends backward, and ex- poses the pulpy scarlet envelop of the seed within. The fruit is charmingly decorative, and if it is picked and placed in a warm room before the shells open, it will ex- pand and remain in a perfect condition thoughout the winter. Climbing 6-25 feet. Along roadsides, sti-eams, etc., from Me., south to N. Car., among the mountains, and west to the Daks., Kan., Oklahoma, and N. Mex Rare in the White Mountain region of N. H. 254 Bittersweet. Celastru5 scandens. JEWEL=WEED FAMILY. Balsaminaceae- JEWEL-WEED FAMILYv Balsaminacecp. Juicy-stemmed herbs with smooth simple-toothed ieaves and irregular perfect flowers whose sepals and petals are not clearly distinguished as such, the spurred sack being one of the three sepals ; the other two are lateral and small. Petals five, or three with two of them two-cleft into dissimilar lobes. The five stamens are short. Admirably adapted to fertilization by long- tongued insects, such as bumblebees. A common, translucent-stemmed plant Pal£no° or*1' °f wet an<* shadv situations in the north, Jewel. weed especially on mountainsides. The sack of impatiens the pale yellow, sparingly brown-spotted aurea honey-bearing flower is obtuse and rather Pale yellow 8hort-in fact, somewhat bell-shaped, or September as broad as it is long. The spur is scarcely J the length of the sack. It is a more ro- bust and a lighter green species than the next. Un- doubtedly it is assisted in the process of fertilization by the bumblebee and the honeybee. Throughout the north, and south as far as Ga., but by no means as common as I. biflora. The commoner one of the two species, Spotted Touch- usua^y ruddy stemmed ; very variable in impatiens color, with smaller flowers, sometimes biflora deeply freckled with red-brown over a Gold yellow deep gold-colored ground, and at other variable times pale buff yellow scarcely spotted. " y~ . The sack is deep, longer than it is broad, and terminates with an incurved spur nearly one half or fully one third of its length. In Pro- fessor Robertson's opinion it is especially adapted to the long bill of the hummingbird, but it is also visited by the honeybee, bumblebee, and the bees known as Melis- sodes bimaculata and Halictus confusus, as well as the butterfly Papilio troilus. The flower develops its sta- mens first, and afterward its pistil, so cross-fertilization is almost an assured thing. 2-5 feet high. Me., south, and west to Mo. Found in Campton, N. H. Jewelweed. Mf Imp&tiens bj/lor&. BUCKTHORN FAMILY. Rhamnacese. BUCKTHORN FAMILY. Rhamnacece. Shrubs or small trees, often thorny, with simple, mostly alternate leaves, and small regular, perfect or polyga- mous flowers. There are 4-5 petals to the rather incon- spicuous flowers, or, in some cases, none at all. The fruit a berry, or a capsule. Visited by bees and flies. A shrub commonly cultivated for hedges Buckthorn as its twiSs are often armed with formida- Rhamnus ble thorns. A native of Europe and Asia, cathartica and an escape from cultivation in thiscoun- een try> Particularly in New England and New York. The smooth deep green leaves are ovate and finely toothed ; they grow alternately. The flowers are clustered at the angles of the leaves, and are an inconspicuous white-green : they are staminate and pistillate on different plants, and scarcely measure a tenth of an inch across. The flower is succeeded by a black berry the juice of which is powerfully medicinal. 6-16 feet high. In dry soil along roadsides and near dwell- ings, from Me., west to N. Y. A native species with thornless branches, Khamnus , . ., „ . „ alnifolia leaves similar to those of the foreign spe- cies, and greenish flowers without petals, staminate and pistillate on different plants. There are five stamens and calyx lobes. In swamps, from Me. to N. J., Pa., Neb., and in Cal. A shrubby species with a coarse, woody T8ey brown-green or bronzy stem, and dull green Ceanothus ovate-pointed leaves, sharply but finely Americanus totithed, very fine-hairy, and conspicu- Cream white ously three-ribbed ; the stems short, and May-July ru(jdy. The tiny cream white flowers are set in small blunt cone-shaped clusters on long stems from the leaf angles. There are five slender petals and as many stamens. The rather pretty plumy flower-cluster is lightly odorous. In Revolutionary times the American soldiers brewed an indifferent-flavored tea from the dried leaves. Stems 1-4 feet high ; root reddish. In dry open woodlands, from Me., south, and west to Minn, and Mo. 258 New Jersey Tea. Ceanothus Americanus. VINE FAMILY. Vitaceae. VINE FAMILY. Vitaceie. Climbing shrubs mostly with tendrils, and with a pro- fusion of sap. The joints rather thick and the bark generally shredded. The flowers are regular and per- fect or polygamous — some plants with perfect, others with staminate flowers. Petals 4-5, stamens the same. Fruit a berry, or grape. Commonly visited by bees and the beelike flies. The familiar wild grape of the north Northern Fox Grape bearing large black grapes with a bluish Vitis Labrusca bloom, tough skin, and a sweet and musky Greenish flavor, f inch in diameter. The tendrils May- June are forked) the bark shreddy, the young twigs and leaves very woolly and rust-tinged. The large light green leaves, opposite a tendril or flower-cluster, are slightly toothed, entire, or deeply lobed, and rusty- woolly beneath. The fertile greenish flowers are in a compact cluster ; the grapes, in scant numbers, rip£n in September and October. This species is a parent of the Isabella, Catawba, and Concord grapes. Thickets, from Chesterville, Me., south to Ga., in the mountains, and west to Minn. Common at Saddle River, N. J. A species with smooth greenish branches, ^l.yer Grape and smooth, shining, light green leaves ; Vttis vulptna the tendrils in irregular occurrence. The leaves sharply three-lobed (sometimes more lobes) and sharply toothed. The blue-bloomed black grapes are less than % inch in diameter, and rather sweet ; they ripen from July to September. Banks of rivers or near water, from Me., south to Md., and west to Minn., S. Dak., and Ark. In the east the grapes are sour and ripen late. . A familiar creeping or trailing vine ex- Creeper tensively cultivated, common in its wild Ampelopsis state on low, rich ground. It climbs by quinquefolia means of disc-bearing tendrils, and aerial Whitish green rootiets The deep green leaves are com- pound, with 5-7 (generally with five) lance-shaped, sharply toothed leaflets, much curved, troughed, and conspicuously veined. The insignificant yellow-green or whitish green flowers "are perfect or 260 Northern Fox Grape Vitis Labrusca. MALLOW FAMILY. Malvaceae. polygamous (staminate, pistillate, and perfect flowers occur on the same plant), and are borne in a rather broad cluster ; they are succeeded by the beautiful, small cadet blue berries early in October ; both leaf- and berry-stalks are deep red. The leaves turn a brilliant deep red in autumn. In thin woods and thickets, from Me., south, and west to the Daks, and Tex. Not infrequently it is mistaken for poison ivy (Rhus toxicodendrori), a needless error, as the latter bears three never five leaflets. MALLOW FAMILY. JtfaZwceas. Herbs or shrubs with alternate, more or less cut or divided leaves. The flowers perfect, regular, and rolled- up in the bud ; rarely the staminate flowers are on one plant, and the pistillate on another, thus necessitating cross-fertilization ; or rarely there are all three kinds of flowers, showing a stage of development. There are generally five sepals and five petals ; the stamens are indefinite in number. The fruit generally a capsule. Fertilization assisted by bees and butterflies. An erect perennial plant with branching Marsh Mallow g^em an(j velvety-downy, generally three- Althaea , ,. ~ offlcinalis lobed leaves. They are light green, ovate, Pale crimson- toothed, and stout-stemmed. The holly- pink hocklike flowers, an inch or more broad, pale crimson-pink and veined ; the sta- mens monadelphous, that is, collected in one column or tube around the central pistil, which is characteristic of the family. Flowers borne in small terminal clusters or at the leaf -angles. The thick root mucilaginous and officinal; it is commonly used in confec- tionery. 2-4 feet high. In salt marshes on the coasts of Mass., N. Y., and N. J. Naturalized from Europe. An exceedingly common weed, annual Round-leav«d or biennial, creeping over the ground, with Mallow, or ornamental, dark green, round leaves, Malva having usually five shallow scalloped- rotundifolia shaped lobes, irregularly toothed ; the White stalks very long. Flowers clustered in 26? Common Mallow. Malva potundifolia. MALLOW FAMILY. M^lvacex. magenta- the leaf-angles, white or pale pinkish ma- genta, magenta-veined ; in shape like a r miniature hollyhock, but the five petals notched. Stems 4-10 inches long. Common in waste places and as a garden weed everywhere. The name is from the Greek, and refers to the soft character of the leaves (albeit they are hard !) ; the popular name, Cheeses, refers to the round, cheeselike form of the seed-receptacle. Naturalized from Europe. A common biennial with an erect High Mallow branching stem, slightly fine-hairy or sylvesMs sometimes smooth. The leaves lighter Light green, rather long-stalked, toothed, and magenta angularly five-lobed or occasionally seven - or pinkish lobed. The flowers with the same family September • resetnblance to the hollyhock, magenta- pink, or light magenta, the petals with about four deeper veins ; the clusters (few-flowered) at the leaf -angles. 18-30 inches high. A delicate-flowered plant common on roadsides and in waste places every- where. Adventive from Europe. A very similar but perennial species, McUva * V with the leaf division deeply slashed or Moschctta cut. The medium green leaves with very White or narrow divisions and short stalks. The magenta-pink wnjte or very pale magenta-pink flowers September nearly two inches broad, flat, and borne in terminal clusters ; they are also veined. The leaves have a delicate odor of musk when crushed. 1-2 feet high. Common in the same situations as the above species, with the same distribution ; from Europe. A distinctly western flower, occasion- Purple Poppy- .. , - . . . . , mallow a v escaPe(l from cultivation in the east, Callirrhce a perennial bearing large showy, purple- involucrata crimson or magenta flowers slightly re- Magenta sembling the Malvas. The leaves slashed May-August Uke ^^ Q£ ^ preceding specieS) but not so deeply ; the lobes more obtuse. The stem hairy, and the flowers borne singly with long stalks. 1-2 feet high. In dry ground, from Minn., Neb., and Utah, south. 264 Musk Mallow Malvd moschata. MALLOW FAMILY. Malvaceae. A tall perennial with stout shrublike Swamp Rose- stems and large showy flowers. The leaves Hibiscus olive green, bright above and densely Moscheutos white woolly beneath ; ovate pointed and Pale pink or indistinctly toothed, with long stalks ; the white ^ lower leaves three-lobed. Flowers 4-6 September inches across, with five broad petals con- spicuously veined, pale crimson-pink or white, with or without a crimson base. The flowers are borne singly or in scant clusters ; they show a strong family resemblance to the hollyhock. 4-6 feet high. The most frequent visitors of the genus Hibiscus are the honeybees and bumblebees. In marshes near the coast, and in brackish water near saline springs in the interior, from eastern Mass., south, and west to 111. and Mo., especially near the shores of lakes. A similar but smooth species with the r*T " same period of bloom. The upper leaves mallow often halberd-shaped, i. e., like an arrow- Hibiscus head with conspicuous flanges, the lower militaris aiso halberd-shaped or plainly three-lobed. Irto* Pi"k The flowers flesh Pink> sometimes with a dark magenta centre ; 2-3 inches broad. Stem 2-5 feet high. On the banks of rivers and small streams from Pa., south, and west to Minn, and Neb. A species adventive from southern Eu- rope, with a singular and beautiful Hibiscus inflated calyx, resembling spun glass, five- Trionum angled, roundish, and hairy. An annual Sulphur often escaping from gardens, with hand- some, large pure yellow, or sulphur-col- ored flowers, with a black-purplish centre, that quickly fade ; hence called Flower-of-an-hour. The leaves deeply cut, with 3-7 lobes. 1-2 feet high. Near dwellings from New Eng., south, and west to Neb. A handsome southern species, with Hibiscus large, deep red-scariet flowers over six coccineus . T. , Red-scarlet inches broad, and deeply cleft leaves. Common in cultivation. 4-7 feet high. In deep marshes near the coast from S. Car. , south. 266 Swamp Rose-mallow. Hibiscus Moscheutos. ST. JOHN'S- WORT FAMILY. Hypericacesc. ST. JOHN'S- WORT FAMILY. Hypericacece. A small family of shrubs and herbs, with opposite, toothless leaves generally stemless, and dotted with black- ish jpots. The flowers perfect, witli five (or four) parts, and often with numerous stamens. Fruit a capsule. St.Peter's=.wort ^ plant familiar in the pine barrens of Ascyrum stans New Jersey, with oval, stemless, thickish Yellow leaves and four-petaled lemon yellow flow- uly-August erg^ c}oseiv resembling the next species. The stem conspicuously two-edged. 1-2 feet high. In sandy soil, Long Island, N. Y., N. J., and Pa., south. A low, branching, smooth plant with St. Andrew's Cross small deep green leaves, oblong or narrowly Ascyrum Crux- obovate, Stemless and thin, growing op- Andrece positely. The lemon yellow flowers with four petals arranged in pairs in the form September of an X> in a final cluster> or at tne leaf- angles ; petals numerous ; flower f inch broad. 5-10 inches high. Sandy soil, Nantucket, Mass. , south, west to Neb., and Tex. An erect and showy perennial with tall John's-wort branching stem, the branches four-angled. Hypericum Leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, stemless Ascyron an(j slightly clasping the plant-stem. The Deep yellow flowers large and showy, 1-2 inches broad, deep lemon yellow, with five narrow petals; stamens numerous. 2-6 feet high. River-banks and meadows, Vt. to Conn., N. J., Pa., Iowa, and Minn. A shrubby species with stout, branching Shrubby St. John's-wort stem, the branchlets two-edged, and leaty. Hypericum Leaves deep green, lighter beneath, linear- proliflcum oblong, and very short-stemmed ; several Golden yellow smaller leaflets at the junction of leaf u y ugus with the stem. Flower-clusters thick, loose, and flat. The flowers golden yellow, with numer- ous deep golden yellow stamens. 1-3 feet high. In sandy soil N. J., south to Ga., and west to Minn. A simple-stemmed species blooming in the same season and with similar golden yellow flowers. The deep green leaves (rather closely set upon the plant-stem) oblong or lance- s6S St. Andrews Cross. Ascyrum hypertcoides Ascyrum Crux-Andreae. Linn«us. ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY. Hyperlcaceae. shaped. The flowers in small terminal clusters, with deep golden yellow stamens. 1-2 feet high. In low ground, Nantucket, Mass., to N. J. and Pa., south to Ga. and La. , and west to Mo. and Ark. Hypericum A common St. John's-wort blooming in ellipticum the same season, with a simple, slightly Lighter gold four-angled stem. Leaves dull light green, yellow thin, elliptical (often perfectly so) or oval, obtuse, and stemless, sometimes narrowed at the base. Flowers pale gold yellow, about ^ inch broad ; stamens numerous and golden yellow. The pointed pods succeed- ing the flowers are pale terra-cotta color. 8-20 inches high. In wet places and along streams from Me., south to Conn., northern N. J., and Pa., west to Minn. . A slender-stemmed species generally virgatwn1 branched above, the stem somewhat four- Bright ochre angled. Leaves oblong lance-shaped, yellow acute, and stemless. Flowers numerous, July~ deep bright ochre yellow, coppery in tone ; ^eptemuer stamens numerous, blossom same size as the preceding. 1-2^ feet high. In low grounds, pine barrens of central N. J., Del., south, and west to 111. This is, generally speaking, the com- Jolrrrs-wort monest species. A perennial naturalized Hypericum from Europe, and a native of Asia. Stem perforutum simple or much-branched. Leaves dusky Deep golden green, stemless, small, elliptical, or oblong- Ju|l0-^e - linear, more or less brown-dotted. Flowers u- m her shiny, deep golden yellow, with numerous stamens ; the clusters terminal, on several branchlets. 1-2 feet high. Common everywhere. Spotted St. A. species with the same season of bloom, John's-wort remarkable for its spottiness ; its stem Hypericum slender and round, often tinged with dull maculatum re(j rpj^ jeaveg ovate pointed, or oblong, thickly dotted with sepia brown, stemless or nearly so, and often flushed with a ruddy color. The golden yel- low flowers marked with thin blackish lines, more con- spicuous upon the back of the petal than on its face. 1-3 feet high. In moist places and damp thickets from Me., south, and west to Minn, and Tex. 270 St. Johns-wort, ttypericum ellipticum. Hypericum pepfopaturn. ST. JOHN'S=WORT FAMILY. Hypericaceas. Hi ericum An annual> and an extremely smctll- mutilum flowered species, diffusely branched, the Pale golden branchlets four-angled, and slender. The orange leaves light dull green, oblong or ovate, July-Sep- blunt-pointed, and stemless. Flowers scarcely ^ inch broad, pale golden orange, or light orange yellow, with only 5-12 stamens. 6-24 inches high. In meadows and low grounds everywhere. H ericum ^ very similar species, but with linear -Canadense leaves and tiny deep golden yellow flowers Deep golden about £ inch broad, withering early in the yellow w^ich are broad heart-shaped and indis- May-July tinctly scalloped. Sometimes the leaves are kidney-shaped. The small flowers are light violet or lilac, with purple veins ; the petals are 278 Arrov^jAleayed Violet. Blue Violet. Viola s&gittata. Viola palmata var.cuculata. VIOLET FAMILY. Violaceae. nearly, if not quite, without beards. 3-6 inches high. In marshes and wet soil in the alpine region of the mountains of New England, and north ; also in the Rockies. A native of Europe. Found on Mt. Washing- ton and Mt. Moosilauke, N. H. t VVh't ^ small species with olive green, round Violet heart-shaped leaves slightly scalloped, and Viola blanda sweet-scented white flowers, very small, White with purple-veined petals, bearded, and April-May not broadly expanded ; fertilized mostly by the honeybees, and the bees of the genus Halictus. 3-5 inches high. In swamps, wet meadows, moist woodlands, and often in dry situations, from Me., south to Ga. , and local westward. The var. renifolia is slight- ly soft-hairy, the leaves are round kidney-formed, and the flower-petals are usually beardless. From Me., Vt., and Mass. , to western N. Y. and Minn. A smooth, remarkably narrow-leaved Lance-leaved * •• Vi0iet species, the leaves lance-shaped or even Violalanceolata linear lance-shaped, indistinctly scalloped, White and generally blunt. The flowers white, April-June veined with dull purple, and the petals beardless ; they are slightly fragrant. Cross-fertilized by the aid of the small bees of the genus Halictus and Andrena. 2-5 inches high. Common in moist ground and on river-banks from Me., south, and west to Minn. It bears cleistogamous flowers. A very early and rather inconspicuous Round-leaved violet> most frequently found on woodland VMarotundi- floors and rocky hillsides. The stalks are folia smooth, or. very slightly fine-hairy, and Pale golden 2-4 inches high, generally the flower- yellow stalks exceed those of the leaves. The ay smooth deep green leaves are round or long heart-shaped, indistinctly scalloped, and small in the flowering season; but by midsummer they lie flat upon the ground and attain a diameter of 2^4 inches. The small flowers are pale golden yellow, the lateral petals are bearded and veined with madder purple ; the lower petal is also strongly veined and has a short spur. In cool and somewhat damp, or even dry, situations 280 Sweet White Violet. Lance-leaved Violet. Viola bland&. Viola Unceol&ta- VIOLET FAMILY. Vlolacese. from Me., south in the mountains of N. Car., and west to Minn. Found in Campton, N. H. This is a rather tall and forking species VioTet*^ W lacking the lowly habit of the common Viola pubescens violet. The light green stem is fine-hairy Pale above, though usually smooth below. golden yellow rpne jeaves are deep green, broad heart- shaped, slightly scallop- toothed, and some- what soft-hairy to the touch. The small flowers are pale golden yellow, veined with madder purple ; the lower petal, conspicuously veined, is short (set horizon- tally), with a two-scalloped tip and a short spur. The flowers grow singly on thin stalks from the fork of two leaf-stalks. The anthers and the style obstruct the thrbat of the flower, and the side petals, heavily bearded, compel the entering insect to brush against the stigma and finally against the anthers in the effort to obtain nectar. The commonest visitors are the small bees of the genus Halictus and Andrena, and the bee-fly Bom- bylius fratellus ; the yellow butterfly, Colias philodice, is an occasional caller. 6-17 inches high. In woodlands from Me., south to Ga., and west to S. Dak. and Iowa. The var. scabriuscula is not so tall, the stems are slender, it is only slightly fine-hairy, and the leaves are generally acute at the apex, and distinctly scallop-toothed. 4-12' inches high. In moist thickets or woodlands from Me., south to Ga., and Tex., and west to Neb. A smooth sweet-scented species with a Canada Violet Viola Cana- "***» leafy stem resembling that of the densis foregoing. The heart-shaped, deep green Pale violet, leaves, broader or longer, with a slightly white toothed edge, on long stalks, growing alternately. The flowers springing from the forking leaf -stalks are lighter or deeper violet on the outside of the petals and nearly white on the inside, with the throat yellow-tinted; the three lower petals are purple-veined, the side petals bearded, and the middle petal is acutely tipped. Earely the flowers are altogether white. 5-15 inches high, occasionally more. In hilly woods from Me., south to S. Car. and Tenn., among the mountains, west to Neb., S. Dak., and in the Rockies. 282 Downy Yellow Violet. Viola, pubescens. VIOLET FAMILY, A handsome, somewhat western species, Viola striata with smoot;h» straight stems, and deep dull White or pale green, heart-shaped leaves, finely scallop- lavender toothed, and more or less curled at the April-May bage when young, the tips acute. The moderately large flowers white, cream-colored, or very pale lavender, the lateral petals bearded, the lower one thickly striped with purple veins, and broad. The flower-stalk exceedingly long. The stigma of the flower projects far beyond the anthers, so self-fertilization is impracticable ; among the most frequent visitors (ac- cording to Prof, Robertson) are the bees of the genus Andrena, and the small bees, Osmia albiventris and Halictus coriaceus. Colias philodice, the butterfly who " puts a finger in everyone's pie," is also an occasional visitor. 6-16 inches high. In moist woods and fields from western New Eng., to Minn., and Mo., and south along the Alleghanies to Ga. Viol t ^ low creePinS violet ; the light green Viola canina stems with many toothed stipules (leafy var. Muhlen- formations at the angles of the stems), bergii and small round heart-shaped yellow- Light purple green leaves, obscurely scalloped, and slightly pointed at the tip. The pale pur- ple or violet flowers are small, with the side petals slightly bearded, and the. lower petal purple-veined and long-spurred. Rarely the flowers are white. 2-6 inches high. Visited by the small bees of the genus Halictus. Common in wet woodlands and along shady roadsides, from Me., south to N. Car. and Term., and west to Minn. Viola canina var. puberula is characteristically fine-hairy, the leaves are ovate and small, and the stip- ules are deeply toothed. It bears cleistogamous flowers. In sandy soil from Me. and Vt., westward to Mich, and S. Dak. Pale Violet LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY. Lythracet LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY. Lythracece. Herbs or shrubs in our range, with four-sided branches and generally toothless, opposite leaves and perfect flowers, though these are occasionally in two or even three forms, i. e., with long filaments (the stem part of the stamen minus the anther) and a short style, or vice versa. Petals 4-7. Stamens 4-14, sometimes the petals are absent. Cross-fertilization effected in a number of instances through the agency of bees and butterflies. Hyssop A smo°th branching annual, with pale Loosestrife green stem and leaves, the latter alternate Lythrum and lance-shaped, with stemless base, at Hyssopifolia which there are frequently little narrow Pale purple , - . . magenta leaflets, growing upon a separate stem of July- their own, which, lengthening, forms late- September ral, leafy branches above. The pale pur- plish magenta flowers usually have six petals and the same number of stamens, or less ; they grow singly in the angles of the leaves. 6-15 inches high. In salt marshes from Me. to N. J., also (according to Britton and Brown) in Cal., and along the coast of South America. A similar, paler flowered species with Lythrum . . Hneare linear leaves growing oppositely ; the tiny flowers grow in two forms, explained under the family description above. A perennial 2-3 feet high. Salt marshes from N. J., south along the coast to Fla. and Tex. A tall slim species with much darker alatmti11 leafage and a smooth, much-branched, and angled stem. The leaves alternate (the lowest opposite), lance-shaped, pointed at the tip, and broader at the base. The flowers deep purple-magenta, ^ inch or more broad, and dimorphous, that is, in two forms, as explained above ; the stamens very long in some blossoms. 1-3 feet high. In low moist ground, from Mass. (East Lexington, and Boston), Vt. (Char- lotte), south to Ky., and west to Minn., S. Dak., Col., and Ark. 286 Loosestrife. jfc Lythpumalatum. LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY. Lythracese. A most beautiful species naturalized Spike'd"' from Eur°Pe and called bv the English, Loosestrife Long Purples, Spiked Willow-herb, etc. l.i/thrum An erect, smooth, or slightly hairy slender salicaria perennial, generally much-branched. The Purple- medium green leaves lance-shaped with a magenta, light . ... June-August heart-shaped base, growing oppositely or in circles of three, and stemless. The long-petaled, purple-magenta (light or deep) flowers, growing in circles, with 8-12 stamens, longer and shorter ; the flowers, in fact, trimorphous, that is, de- veloping three relative lengths of stamens and style. Unquestionably dependent upon insects for cross-fertili- zation ; the honeybee, the bumblebee, and many of the butterflies are common visitors ; Colias philodice is fre- quently among the number. 20-35 inches high. In wet meadows, and on the borders of swamps, from Me., Vt., and Mass., south to Del., and in eastern N. Y. Mrs. Dana, says : "It may be seen in the perfection of its beauty along the marshy shores of the Hudson, and in the swamps of the Wallkill Valley." It is also abundant near Bedford, Mass.. and in Worcester Co., Mass. It responds readily to cultivation. Swamp A somewhat shrubby plant, nearly Loosestrife smooth, with reclining or recurved stems Decodon verti- of 4-6 sides, and lance-shaped leaves near- cillatus jy st,emiesS) opposite-grpwing, or mostly in threes ; the uppermost with clusters of small, bell-shaped magenta-flowers, growing from their bases. Flowers with five wedge-lance-shaped petals half an inch long. Stamens 10, five short and five long. 2-8 feet long. Swampy places. N. Eng. south and west to Minn, and La. A cold and clammy, hairy, branching, Cuphea homely annual, with ovate-lance-shaped Cuphea visco- dull green leaves, and small magenta- sissima pink flowers with ovate petals on short Magenta-pink claws stem branching, 1-2 feet high. September Dry sandJ fields from R- L south and west to Kan. and La. 288 Swamp Loosestrife Decodon verticil latus. MEADOW-BEAUTY FAMILY. Melastomaceae. MEADOW-BEAUTY FAMILY. Melastomacece. Herbs (in our range) with opposite leaves of 3-7 veins, and perfect, regular flowers having four petals, and as many calyx-lobes ; there are either four or eight promi- nent stamens; in our species the anthers open by a pore in the apex. The stigma being far in advance of the an- thers, the flower is cross-fertilized, and mostly through the agency of butterflies and bees. The seed are in a four-celled capsule. A stout-stemmed perennial, sometimes beauty or branched (the stem rather square), with Deer-grass. smooth, light green, three-ribbed leaves, RhexiaVirginica sharp- toothed, ovate pointed or narrower, Magenta an(j stemless. The flowers with four July-August broad magenta or purple-magenta petals ; the golden anthers large. There are eight stamens slightly varying in length ; the pistil reaching beyond them secures the cross-fertilization of the flower ; the honeybee and Colias philodice (the omnipresent yellow butterfly) are the only visitors I have happened to ob- serve. 10-18 inches high. In sandy marshes, from Me, south, and local west to 111. and Mo. A similar species, with square stem and Rhexia aristosa .. .. . _, . narrow, small, linear leaves. Ihe large magenta flowers with rounded petals are furnished with a tiny awnlike point. • In sandy swamps, and the pine barrens of New Jersey, south to S. Car. , local. A slender, round-stemmed species, rather na hairy, and with short-stemmed linear - oblong, toothed leaves, three-ribbed, and acute. The flowers are light magenta and similar to those of Rhexia Virginica. In sandy swamps, and in the pine barrens of New Jersey, south and southwest to Tex. The name, from the Greek pij&S, means a break or crevice, alluding to the situation of the plant. Meadow Beauty RhexiaL Vir»ginica. EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. Onagraceae. EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. Onagracece. Herbs, or sometimes shrubs. The perfect flowers commonly with four petals and four sepals (rarely 2-6), and with as many or twice as many stamens ; the stigma with 2-4 lobes. Fertilized by moths, butterflies, and bees. A nearly smooth herb with many Ludwigia branches, and lance-shaped, toothless, op- alternifolia posite-growing leaves which taper to a Yellow point at either end. The solitary light yellow, four-petaled flowers, about £ inch broad, with sepals nearly as long as the petals. The seed-capsule is four-sided and wing-mar- gined, rounded at the base ; the seeds eventually become loose and rattle about when the plant is shaken. 2-3 feet high. Common in swamps, from Mass., to north- ern N. Y., south, and west to Mich, and Kan. A less showy species with very narrow Ludwigia , . . polycarpa lance-shaped leaves, and tiny mconspicu- Qreen ous, stemless flowers whose rudimentary J"ly- petals are pale green. The flowers grow September a^ ^e junctjon of leaf-stem with plant- stem. The four-sided, top-shaped seed-capsule is fur- nished at the base with linear or awl-shaped leaflets. 1-3 feet high. In swamps from Mass, southwest to Ky. , and west to Minn, and E. Kan. A common uninteresting aquatic species Purslane found in swamps and ditches. The tiny Ludwigia inconspicuous flowers without petals, or, palustris when the plant grows out of water, with Pale reddish very small ruddy ones. The lance-shaped, September opposite-growing, slender-stemmed leaves (with the flowers growing at their bases) an inch long or less. The elongated capsule indistinctly four-sided. Stems 4-12 inches long, creeping or float- ing. Shallow marshes, and muddy ditches everywhere. Named for C. G. Ludwig, a German, botanist. 292 — - — .* ,- - pilobium dngusti/olium. Epilobium hipautum. EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. Onagraceae. A tall perennial herb with ruddy stem Great ewniow and dark °live Sreen> lance-shaped, white- Herb ribbed leaves without teeth or nearly so, Epilobium resembling those of the willow. The light angustifolium magenta or rarely white flowers in a ter- '* troagenta mma| showy spike with four broad and conspicuous petals, eight stamens, and a prominent pistil. The slender velvety, purple-tinged pods, gracefully curved, open lengthwise and liberate a mass of silky down in late Axigust and September, which gives the plant a wild and dishevelled appearance. 4-7 feet high. Common on newly cleared woodland, es- pecially where the ground has been burned over. From Me., south to N. Car., and west to S. Dak. and Tex. H • WH ^ foreign perennial species which has Herb become naturalized about towns near the Epilobium coast. The deep yellow-green leaves ob- hirsutum long lance-shaped, finely toothed and stem- Magenta legg The four.petaled magenta flowers, July-August ,.,, j • i -ii | inch broad, in a short terminal cluster, or between leaf-stem and plant-stem. There are eight stamens. Seed-pod long and slender, the seed wafted by means of a long tuft of silky hairs at the tip. 3-4 feet high, densely soft-hairy, stout and branching. A small uncommon species. The stem Epilobium angled or marked with hairy lines, sparse- Ulac^ !f fine1^ hail'y throughout. The broad July-August linear, obtuse leaves erect or ascending, and stemless, with curled-back margins. The seed-capsules extremely long and with scarcely ap- parent slender stems. 6-12 inches high. Flowers the same as in the next species. White Mountains, N. H., and Pa., west to Minn. Found on Mt. Washington. A very slender swamp species, with Epilobium small linear or narrow lance-shaped light ^la^ green leaves with a short but distinct stem, July-August a°d tiny lilac or pale magenta flowers, scarcely £ inch broad. The whole plant minutely hairy together with the capsule. More branched than the next species. 1-2 feet high. In bogs from Me., southwest to Pa., and west to S. Dak. 294 Epilobmmlineare. Epilobium coloratum EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. Onagraceae. A similar species with densely soft white Epilobium hairy stem, leaves, and seed-pod. The Li7ac' leaves broader and less acute than those July-August °f tne last species, with short stems or none at all. The veins distinct. Flowers like those of the previous species. 1-3 feet high. In bogs from Me., south to Va., and west to Minn. A very common species in the north, Epilobium with a minutely hairy branching stem, Lilac™ M often ruddy, and lanceolate leaves, dis- July-August tinctly but not conspicuously toothed, short-stemmed, and yellow-green in color, often ruddy-tinged. The tiny flowers pale lilac, and sometimes nodding ; in fact, all these small-flowered Epilobiums after being plucked show nodding blossoms. Seed-pod green, exceedingly long and slender, the seeds dark brown, the hairy plume, at first pale, finally cinna- mon brown. 1-8 feet high. In wet situations everywhere. Differs from the foregoing species in Epilobium having erect flowers (though they may ndenocaulon , , „ ,\ , -, u i -, < Lj,ac nod at nrst), broader, blunter, and less July-August toothed leaves with shorter stems, and lighter colored seeds with a slight prolon- gation at the top. 1-3 feet high. In wet situations throughout the north ; not south of Pa. The silky plumes of the seeds of these few last small-flowered species described may become grayish white as in E. adenocaulon ; but at first they are absolutely white. At best the Epilobiums are a difficult genus to separate dis- tinctly, and are not a little puzzling to the botanist. A very familar biennial, and nocturnal Common . .,, ,. Evening species, with light green leaves more or Primrose less lance-shaped, sometimes broad, slight- CEnothera ly resembling those of the fire weed, biennis slightly toothed or toothless. Large showy Jury- August Pure yellow flowers, lemon-scented, with eight prominent and spreading stamens ; 29* Evening Primrose. CEnothe^biennis, EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. Onagracess. the golden pollen is loosely connected by cobwebby threads, and is transported from flower to flower mostly by moths ; IJie Isabella tiger-moth (Pyrrharctic Isabella) is chief among the number. The blossoms are also fre- quented by the honeybee and bumblebee ; they usually open just before sundown, and fade in the strong sun- light of the following day ; the sudden opening of the flower in the twilight hour is interesting and remark- able. The soft-hairy plant-stem, leafy throughout, is 1-6 feet high. Roadsides and fields everywhere east of the Rocky Mountains. The flower of var. grandiflora, from the southwest, is very large ; the corolla is 3-4 inches in diameter. It is commonly cultivated. The var. cruciata has remarkably narrow petals linear and acute ; Mass., Vt., and N. Y. Oakes's Even- An annual, slenderer than the foregoing ing Primrose species, and not hairy but covered with ^akesidna & SUght Cl°S6 woolliness- The Calyx-tips PureSyeHow not conspicuously close together. Dry July- August situations Mass, and N. Y., west to Neb. CEnothera ^ ^°wer slightly fine-hairy species with sinuata oblong or lance-shaped leaves wavy- Pure yellow toothed or often deep-cleft like those of May-July tjie dandelion ; the small light yellow flowers borne at the bases of the leaves turn pinkish in fading. About 1 foot high. In sandy soil, from N. J. south, and west to S. Dak., Kan., and Tex. Also in Vt. according to Britton and Brown, but not recorded by Brainerd, Jones, and Eggleston, in Flora of Vermont. A small slightly hairy biennial, with di- (Enothera urnal, rather small pure yellow flowers, pumila borne in a loose spike or at the bases of Pure yellow the leaves, the latter light dull green, May-July toothless and obtuse, lance-shaped but broader nearer the tip. 10-20 inches high. In dry sunny fields, from Me. to N. J., and west to Minn, and Kan. 298 Sundrops. CEnothera y^uittcosa /fCEnothePa. pumila.. EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. Onagraceee. A similar diurnal species with flowers CEnothera ^~^ inch broad, borne in a loose spike or fvuticosa at the bases of the leaves ; the latter are Pure yellow oblong or lance-shaped and very slightly May-July toothed. Cross-fertilized by butterflies and bees, especially those of the genus Andreua, and the brilliant little flies of the genus Syrphidce. The stigma extends far beyond the anthers, so self-fertiliza- tion is impossible except with the agency of insects. The seed-pods strongly ribbed and winged. Very varia- ble, 1-3 feet high. Common in fields and on roadsides everywhere. The var. linearis is slender, has ver}- nar- row, linear-lance-shaped leaves, and the less ribbed seed- pods taper into the slender stalk. From Conn, south, and west to Mo. Blooming from June to September. An inconspicuous perennial of damp and Enchanter's , •.,,-,, •, Nightshade shady woodlands, with opposite thin, frail Circcea deep green leaves, ovate pointed, remotely Lutetiana toothed, and long-stemmed. The tiny White white flowers have two petals so deeply cleft that they appear as four ; they are borne at the tip of a long slender stem, which is set about with the little green burlike, white-haired, nearly round seed-pods. Fertilized by the beelike fly (Bombyli- us), the brilliant green Syrphid fly, and the mining bee (Andrena). Plant-stem very smooth and swollen at the joints. Common in cool and moist woodlands every- where. Named for the enchantress Circe. This and the next species are often found close together in Campton, N. H. Circcea •&• smaller species, the stem of which is alpina watery and translucent, ruddy and White smooth. The thin and delicate heart- y-August shaped leaves are Shiny, coarsely blunt- toothed, and distinctly different from those of the preceding species. Tiny leaflets, or bracts, are set im- mediately beneath the flowers. The burlike buds are club-shaped. 3-8 inches high. Common only in the north and among the mountains. 300 Enchante Nightshade." Lutetian^. Cireaea alpina.. GINSENG FAMILY. Araliaceae. GINSENG FAMILY. Araliacece. Generally herbs in our range, with compound, mostly alternate leaves and tiny five-petaled flowers in crowded clusters ; stamens five, alternate with the petals ; the flowers perfect or more or less polygamous ; staminate and pistillate flowers occurring on the same plant. Fruit a cluster of berries, which with the root, bark, etc., ai'e slightly aromatic. Visited by numerous woodland insects as well as the bees of the genus Halictus, and oc- casionally by butterflies. A tall, branching, smooth woodland Aralia herb, with a round, blackish stem, and racemosa large compound leaves of generally 15-21 Green-white ovate leaflets, heart-shaped at the base, July-August flneiy double-toothed, and deep green with brownish stems. The greenish white flowers are ar- ranged in small round clusters which in the aggregate form a large, terminal, pointed spike, or perhaps several smaller spikes from the base of the leaves. Visited by the bees of the genus Halictus, and the beelike flies (Syrphidce). Fruit a round dull brown-crimson berry (in compact clusters) sometimes, when over-ripe dull brown-purple. The large roots are esteemed for their spicy and aromatic flavor. 8-5 feet high. Rich wood- lands from Me., south through the mountains to Ga., and west to Minn., S. Dak., and Mo. A characteristically fine-hairy plant, with similar leaves generally hairy on the Wild Elder veins beneath and irregularly double- Aralia hinpida toothed ; they are perhaps longer and Dull white more pointed than those of Aralia race- ju"C Carly mosa, and rounded at the base. The tiny dull white flowers are arranged in some- what hemispherical clusters, several of which crown the summit of the stem. The fruit is somewhat oblate-sphe- roidal in shape and dull brown-crimson when ripe. 12- 34 inches high. In rocky woods, from Me., south to N. G., through the mountains, and west to Minn, and 111. Found in Campton, N. H. 302 Bristly Sarsa papilla AraJia hispid A. GINSENG FAMILY. Arallaceas. A so-called stemless Araha, whose true aril?!" plant-stem scarcely rises above ground, Aralia the leaf-stem and flower-stem apparently nudicaulis separating near the root. There is a single Green-white long-stalked leaf rising 7-12 inches above May-June thg groundj wifcn three branching divisions of leaflets ; there are about five ovate, finely toothed, light green leaflets on each division. The flower-stalk is leafless and bears 3-7 rather flat hemispherical clusters of greenish white flowers whose tiny petals are strongly reflexed ; the five greenish stamens are conspicuous. The fruit is a round purple-black berry in clusters. Com- mon in moist woodlands, from Me., south along the mountains to N. C., and west to Minn., S. Dak., and Mo. The aromatic roots are used as a substitute for the true Sarsaparilla (Smilax offlcinalis), of South America. The roots of Ginseng which , in the esti- Panax mation of the Chinese, are possessed of quinquefolium some potent medicinal virtue, are so much Pale green- in demand for export that through the as- yellow siduity of collectors the plant has become August rare The large deep green leaf hag fiye thin, obovate, acute-pointed leaflets, sharply and ir- regularly toothed ; in arrangement it slightly resembles the horse-chestnut leaf. The plant-stem is smooth and green, and the compound leaves are borne three in a circle. The yellowish green flowers (the staminate lily- of-the-valley-scented) are crowded into a single hemi- spherical cluster ; they are polygamous. The fruit is a deep ruby red berry, in a scant cluster. The name is a corruption of the Chinese Jin-chen, meaning manlike (from the two-legged appearance of the root). The plant is small — 8-15 inche.s high. Rare in rich cold woods. Me., N. H., and Vt. to Conn., west to Minn, and Neb. A tiny species with a spherical root, gen- Dwarf uinseng , , , _ Panax tri- erally three compound leaves composed of folium about three toothed, ovate leaflets, and Dull white dull white flowers, staminate and pistil- May-June late> on tne game plant, borne in a single cluster. Fruit yellow. 4-8 inches high. Me., south to Ga. , in the mountains, and west to Minn, and Iowa. 304 Ginseng. -* Pan&x quinque/blium. PARSLEY FAMILY. Umbelli ferae. PARSLEY FAMILY. Umbelliferce. Herbs with hollow stems, generally deeply cut com- pound leaves, and tiny flowers in mostly broad flat-topped clusters, perfect (often polygamous), having five petals, as many stamens, and two styles. In some flowers the styles protrude from the yet undeveloped blossom, and the stigmas are touched by the visiting insect long be- fore the anthers are mature, thus securing cross-fertiliza- tion. Commonly visited by countless insects, including the honeybee, the bumblebee, and many butterflies, chief among which are the Black Swallowtails. The many species are not easily distinguished apart, as the flowers are very similar ; in general, minute character- istics of the seed show the radical differences best. Strong-scented plants remarkable for their aromatic oil. One of our commonest weeds, natural- Wild Carrot jze(j from Europe, and familiar by every Anne's Lace wayside near a dwelling. A coarse and or Bird's Nest hairy -stemmed biennial with exceedingly Daucus Carota fine-cut leaves, yellowish green, and rough Duil white to the touch . they are thoroughly decora- " y~ . tive. The dull white flowers, in extremely flat-topped clusters, are gracefully dis- posed in a radiating pattern as .fine as lace ; in the cen- tre of the cluster is frequently found a single tiny deep purple floret. Visited by innumerable insects, flies, but- terflies, bees, and moths, most of which are attracted by the peculiarly strong odor. The aged flower-cluster curls up and resembles a bird's nest, from which circum- stance the plant derives that name. 2-3 feet high. In waste places and fields everywhere ; it is often a most troublesome weed. A near relative of the garden carrot. A smooth, perennial species somewhat similar in appearance to wild carrot, but Conioselinum with a slender-branched flower-cluster Canadense composed of far less showy dull white Dull white flowers. The leaves similar, the lower long-stemmed, the upper quite stemless. The fruit or seed is smooth, flat, and prominently five-ribbed, the two side ribs exceedingly 306 Wild Dducus Carota. PARSLEY FAMILY. Umbelliferas. broad. 2-4 feet high. In cool swamps among the hills, from Me. and Vt., southwest through the mountains to N. Car., west to Minn, and Mo. Co bane A t&11 ^^ slender sPecies> poisonous to Tiedemannia ^as*;e' and with large tuberiferous roots. rigida The leaves are deep green, and altogether Dull white different in form from those of the pre- ceding species ; they are long-stemmed and composed of 3-9 lance-shaped or broader, remotely toothed leaflets, more or less variable in shape. The tiny dull white flowers are in slender clusters. The seed is flat-sided, broad, and the ribs are not sharp or prominent ; the side ribs are broad. An- other denizen of the swamps; from N. Y., south, and west to Minn, and Mo. Named for Prof. Tiedemann, of Heidelberg. A common very tall perennial with a Heracleum stout, hollow, ridged stem, sometimes lanatum stained lightly with dull brown-red. The Dull white leaves are dark green, compound — in three June-July divisions, toothed and deeply lobed, rather soft-hairy beneath, and with a leafy formation at the junction of the leaf -stem and plant-stem. The insignifi- cant dull white flowers, in large flat clusters, have five petals, each of which is deeply notched and of unequal proportions. The seed is very broad, flat, and generally oval. 4-8 feet high. Wet ground, shady borders of moist thickets, from Me., south to N. Car., and west to S. Dak. and Mo. Named for Hercules. A common biennial familiar on waysides Wild Parsnip d th borders of fieids, with a tough, Pastinaca saliva strongly grooved, smooth stem, and with Light gold dull deep green, compound leaves com- yellow posed of many, toothed, thin, ovate divi- sions. The dull (in effect greenish) light gold yellow flowers are gathered in small clusters set on slender stems, and form a broad, flat- topped cluster. The stem, 2-5 feet high, is extremely strong and difficult if not impossible to break. Seeds flat and thin. Common. Naturalized from Europe. 308 June September Wild Parsnip. PARSLEY FAMILY, Vmbelliferas. Sometimes called Golden Alexanders. ParsnV* ^ western species not very distant from Thospium Zizia aurea. It has medium green lance- aureum shaped or ovate,, toothed leaflets, three of Golden yellow which generally compose a leaf ; the root- June August ]eaves are singie) mostly distinctly heart- shaped, the others simply rounded at the base. The golden yellow flowers are gathered in sparse flat-topped clusters. The seed is equally angled with deep flanges or ribs and is distinctly different in this respect from the flat seeds of Pastinaca sativa ; they mature in early au- tumn. 15-36 inches high. Found on the borders of thickets, and woodland roads, from Ohio, west to Mo., southwest to Tenn., and west to 111. The var. atropur- pureum bears deep dull purple flowers, and is confined to the same range. T, barbinode is a similar species with stem- and leaf-joints and flowering stems more or less fine-hairy. Leaves with 3-6 leaflets. Flowers light gold yellow. Seed with seven prominent wings. Beside streams, commonest in the Mississippi Valley ; N. Y.,' west to Minn., and south. A stout and branching species often Sfum r ParSn'P growing in shallow water. The compound dcutcefolium leaves deep green, with 7-15 linear or lance- Dull white shaped* leaflets sharply toothed ; the finely July- cut lower leaves generally submerged. September The ^j ^fafe flowers are jn a flat dome- shaped cluster. The seeds are prominently ribbed, and the leaves are variable in form. 2-6 feet high. Through- out the country. A similar but smaller aquatic species 6- Berula 34 inches ^^ with 7_19 leaflets, more or anguetifolia , less lobed, and a dome-shaped cluster of white flowers. From N. Y. to 111. and Neb. Also in the Rockies and the far west. A very common smooth perennial, found arsn on snaded .roadsides or meadow borders. Zizia aurea The medium light green leaves are doubly Light gold compound ; generally three divisions (or yellow leaflets, properly speaking) of 3-7 leaflets, May-June &^ narrow, pointed, and sharply toothed, 310 Early Meadow Parsnip PARSLEY FAMILY. Umbelliferse. but varying to broader types. The stem is often branched. The tiny dull light gold yellow flowers have prominent stamens, and are collected in many small clusters, each widely separated from the other, but all forming a thin radiating cluster. Visited commonly by many flies, small butterflies, and but few bees. Seeds slightly ribbed. 16-34 inches high. Everywhere. Me. to S. Dak. Caraway ^ common weed in the north, natural- Carum cami ized from Europe. Biennial or perennial ; Dull white the lower basal leaves long-stemmed, the June-July upper stemless ; all finely cut, and orna- mental ; deep olive gray -green ; the flowers grouped like those of wild carrot, but far less showy, dull white or gray-white, in scattered thin groups like Zizia. The seed is oblong, slightly curved, plainly ribbed, exceed- ingly aromatic, and is much used as a spice in cakes, and also in confectionery. The flowers are frequently visited by various flies and bees, the yellow butterfly Colias philodice, and also the white cabbage butterfly Pieris rapce. 1-2 feet high. Local from- Me. , west to Pa., Minn., S. Dak., and Col. Found in Campton, N. H. An erect, slender, usually much- branched and smooth perennial herb, very ted Cowbane poisonous to the taste. The stem marked Cicuta with dull magenta lines. The leaves deep maculata green, smooth, often tinged ruddy, with Dull white COarse sharp teeth, and conspicuously June-August , , , . veined, the lower ones nearly a foot long. The 9-21 leaflets lance-shaped or broader. The incon- spicuous dull white flowers in a thin, flat, somewhat straggling cluster ; they are polygamous. The seed ovate, flat on one side, or nearly so, and inconspicuously ribbed on the other. 3-6 feet high. Visited by number- less bees, wasps, and butterflies. Wet meadows and borders of swamps, from Me., south and west to S. Dak. A similar much-branched herb, from Hemlock which is obtained a virulent poison, used Conium in medicine. It bears the name of the maculatum Hemlock employed by the ancient Greeks Dull white jn putting to death their condemned po- litical prisoners, philosophers, and crimi- 312 Spotted Cowbane. Cicuta. maculata. PARSLEY FAMILY. Umbelliferas. nals. Socrates died by this means. The dark green leaves are deeply dissected and toothed ; the leaf -stems are sheathed at the base, and the dull white flower-clus- ters are slender-branched. The ovate seeds are flat and irregularly ribbed. The stem is also spotted or marked with ruddy color like that of Cicuta. 2-5 feet high. In waste places, Me. and Vt., south to Del., west to Minn, and Iowa ; also in Cal. Naturalized from Europe. The round, slightly silky hairy stem (es- Facially when young) of this familiar per- brevistylis ennial herb is dull green often much stained Dull white with dull madder purple — a brownish pur- May-June ple Tne Comp0un(i ]eaf is cut an(j toothed similar to that of Poison Hemlock ; when young it is distin- guished by its fine-hairiness ; later that characteristic is less evident ; it is mostly three-divided, appears fernlike, deep green, and thin. The lower leaves are large, some- times considerably over a foot long. The stems of the dull white flower-clusters are slender and few, conse- quently there is no appearance of an aggregate flat- topped cluster such as generally distinguishes the family Umbelliferce. The flowers are staminate and perfect, the latter maturing the anthers first ; cross-fertilized by many flies and bees. The tiny blossom has five cloven white petals and a very short style, scarcely ^ inch long, which distinguishes it from the next species. 16-34 inches high. In moist rich woodlands, from Me., south through the mountains to N. Car., west to Minn, and Neb. The large aromatic roots are anise-flavored and edible, but the similar general appearance of the Poison Hemlock often leads to dangerous if not fatal results. This is so similar to the preceding that the differences are not obvious to the casual observer. The leaves and stem are either very slightly hairy or smooth. The style under the magnifying glass shows a greatly superior length; it is fully f£ inch long or more. The seeds of both species are nearly alike, linear, compressed, and bristly on the ribs. The roots of O. longistylis are more spicy than those of 0. brevistylis. Me., south to Ala., and west to the Dakotas. 3x0 Seed-\\vessel of Osmorphiza longistylis showing the long double Styl Sweet Cicely. Osmorrhiza brevistylis. PARSLEY FAMILY. Umbelliferae. A small, creeping marsh plant, with a Penn wort weak, pale green, smooth stem, which fre- Hydrocotyle quently takes root at the joints, and a Americana round-heart-shaped, light green leaf, thin, Dull white smooth, and shining, the edge doubly scal- June-August The tiny white flowers, 1-5 in a cluster, are inconspicu- ous and grow at the angles of the leaves. In wet places, Me., south to Pa., and N. Car., west to Minn, and Mo. The green stem is smooth, light green, m" 'k'6 °f sliSntlv grooved, and hollow like most of Snakeroot ^e members of the Parsley Family. The Sanicula leaves are deep green of a bluish tone, Marylandica smooth, toothed, and palm-shaped, that is Greenish wifcll ra(jiating lance-shaped leaflets, ar- ranged like those of the horse-chestnut ; of the five leaflets the lower two are deeply cleft ; the upper leaves are in three divisions and stem- less. The tiny pale greenish yellow flowers are in very small clusters ; the five petals of each floret are curiously incurved toward the centre of the flower, and beneath them are the five stamens securely restrained from ac- complishing the process of self-fertilization ; later the petals unfold ; the flowers are both staminate and per- fect, intermixed. In the few perfect flowers the two matui'e styles protrude beyond the petals, and the visit- ing insect must brush against them, generally after hav- ing visited some staminate flower. Cross-fertilization now completed, the styles curve backward so that the withering stigmas are safely out of the way of the ma- turing stamens, which are not released from the enfold- ing petals until the anthers begin to shed their pollen. The long stamens of the sterile flowers mature early, and are a conspicuous factor in the green-yellow color- ing of the flower-clusters. The fruit, a tiny ovoid bur with many hooked bristles, often retains the recurved slender styles. Visited by the Syrphid flies, the bees, and a few butterflies. 18-38 inches high. In rich wood- lands. Me., south to Ga., west to Minn, and Kan. 3I6 Water Pennywort Hydrocotyle Americana. DOGWOOD FAMILY. Cornaceas. DOGWOOD FAMILY. Cornacece. Shrubs or trees, with opposite or alternate toothless leaves, arid generally perfect flowers — sometimes they are dioecious ; that is, the two kinds of flowers grow on separate plants ; or polygamous, that is, perfect, stami- nate and pistillate flowers growing on the same plant or different plants. The genus Cornus, u-ithin our range, which is represented here by two species, has perfect flowers. Cross-fertilization is effected mostly by bees and the beelike flies. An exceedingly dainty little plant com- mon on wooded hilltops, and remarkable Cornus ^or ^s brilliant scarlet berries which grow Canadensis in small, close clusters. The leaves are Greenish white light yellow-green, broadly ovate pointed, toothless, and deeply marked by about 5-7 nearly parallel, curving ribs ; they are set in circles. The flowers are greenish and tiny, closely grouped in the centre of four large slightly green-white bracts, or leaf- lets, having the semblance of petals, and imparting to the whole the appearance of a single blossom about an inch broad. The flowers are succeeded in late August by a compact bunch of exceedingly beautiful but insipid scarlet berries, of the purest and most vivid hue. The commonest visitors are the bees of the genera Andrena and Halictus, together with many woodland flies — bee- flies, and the familiar "bluebottle." 3-8 inches high. In cool, damp, mossy woods ; frequently found on sum- mits over 4000 feet high, among the Adirondacks and the White Mountains. From Me., south to N. J., and west to Ind., Minn., Col., and Cal. A tall shrub and often a tree, whose Flowering * •« .ri • • i. u * Dogwood familiar flowers, appearing just before or Cornus florida with the ovate deeper green leaves, have Greenish white four similar broad green-white or rarely ApriWune pinkish bracts, ribbed, and notched on the blunt tips. Fruit ovoid and scarlet, in small groups. 7-40 feet high. Vt., Mass., south to Ky. and Fla., and west to Mo. and Tex. Name from cornu, a horn, in al- lusion to the hardness of the wood. Flowering Dogwood. Cornus flopida. Bunchbeppy. Cornus Can^densis. PYROLA FAMILY. Pyrolaceae. PYROLA FAMILY. Pyrolacece. Formerly classed as a suborder under the Heath Fam- ily. Generally evergreen perennials with perfect, nearly regular flowers, the corolla very deeply five-parted, or flve-petaled ; twice as many stamens as the divisions of the corolla ; the style short, and the stigma five-lobed. Fruit a capsule. Visited by numerous flies and bees, as well as smaller butterflies. A familiar and beautiful evergreen plant Prince*' slpine' of tne deep woods> generally found under Chimaphila pines, spruces, or hemlocks. The dark umbellata green leaves are thick and shining, sharply Flesh or toothed along the upper half of the edge ™un™3u\°r and indistinctly toothed on the lower half; they are blunt or abruptly dull-pointed at the apex, wedge-shaped at the base, short-stemmed, and arranged in circles about the buff-brown plant-stem. The flowers are dainty pale pinkish or waxy cream color ; the corolla has five blunt lobes which turn back- ward as the flower matures, and at the base, next to the dome-shaped green ovary, is a circle of pale magenta ; the ten short stamens have five double madder purple anthers ; the style is remarkably short — scarcely notice- able, and the gummy stigma is nearly flat and five- scalloped. The flowers are delicately scented. Mostly fertilized through the agency of the bees of the genera Halictus and Andrena, and the numerous small flies common in woodlands ; the stigma is very sticky and broad. Seed-pod a globular brown capsule. 6-12 inches high. In dry woods, from Me. , south to Ga., west to Cal. Spotted A very similar species remarkable for Wintergreen its green-white-marked leaves. The leaves Chimaphila instead of being broad and blunt near the tip like those of C. umbellata, taper grad- ually to a point ; they are remotely toothed, dark green, and strongly marked with white-green in the region of the ribs. They are about two inches long. 3-9 inches high. Somewhat common in N. Y., and in the White Mountains, extending westward only as far as Minn. The name, from X£t}ia, winter, and cpiM(o, to love. 320 Pipsissewa Chimaphila umbellata maculate PYROLA FAMILY. Pyrolacese. One-flowered A very sma11 Plant' bearing a single Pyrola blossom, somewhat like that of the com- Moneses mon Shinleaf. The leaves are thin, deep (imndiflora green, shining, round or nearly so, with jln7 Midlist rather fine indistinct teeth, and flat- stalked. The five petals of the cream- colored or ivory white flower are a bit pointed ; the ten white stamens have two-pointed dull yellow anthers, and the long green pistil bends downward ; not far be- low the flower on the stem is a tiny bract or minute leaflet. 2-5 inches high. In pine woods usually near brooks. From Me., south to R. I. and Pa., and west to Mich, and Ore. Also in the Rocky Mountains. South to Col. Small Pyrola ^ northern woodland plant with ovate Pyrola secunda pointed deep green leaves, rather round- Greenish white toothed, and long-stemmed; the leaves June-July circled near the base of the plant-stem. The leaf-stalks are also somewhat flat and troughed. The flower-stalk is tall, bracted or remotely set with minute leaflets, and bears a one-sided row of small greenish white flowers which finally assume a drooping position ; the corolla is bell-shaped and five-lobed ; the pistil is extremely prominent. The slender flower-stalk is often bent sideways. 3-9 inches high. In woodlands, from Me., south to Pa., and west to Minn. Found on the slopes of the White and Adirondack Mountains. The var. pumila is a tiny form 2-4 inches high, with rounded leaves, and but 3-8 flowers. Vt. (Bristol, Sutton, New- ark, and Fairhaven), Me.; and N. H., but not common, and west to Mich., on the shores of Lake Superior, Blooms from July- August. Pyrola This is a small-leaved species with dainty chlorantha drooping flowers, and a stem of veiy mod- Greenish white erate height without bracts or minute June-July leaflets, or at least possessing but one. The leaves are dull olive green, obscurely scalloped- edged, rather round, and thicker than those of the com- mon Pyrola (Shinleaf). The nodding, greenish white flowers have obtuse, elliptical, convergent petals. They 322 One-flowered Py rola Moneses ^rand iflopa, PYROLA FAMILY. Pyrolaceae. are slightly fragrant. 4-9 inches high. But 3-9 flowers. Woods, Me., south to Md., west to Minn., and Col. Shinleaf Perhaps the commonest of all the Py- Pyrolu elliptica rolas, rather taller than P. cMorantha, Greenish white with evergreen, dark olive green, ellipti- June July ca^ thin, and obscurely shallow-toothed leaves, the stalks somewhat flat or troughed ; they ex- ceed their stalks in length. The greenish white waxy flowers.nod ; they are very fragrant ; the five petals are thin and obovate, and form a protective cup about the pale ochre yellow anthers ; the pistil is extremely long, bends downward and then curves upward, exposing the tiny five-lobed stigma to the visiting insect which is most likely to alight upon the invitingly exposed pistil. The flowers form a loose cluster, each on a ruddy pedicel (stemlet), and are borne on an upright stalk generally ruddy at the base, and having a tiny leaflet or bract half-way up. Commonly visited by the beelike flies (Syrphidce), and the bees of the genera Halictus and Andrena. 5-10 inches high. Rich woods, from Me., south to Md., and west to S. Dak. and 111. The name is from Pyrus or Pimm, a pear, in allusion to the shape of the leaf. A similar but much taller species, with P°"ola" * nearly round or very broad oval leaves, Pyrola thick, very indistinctly toothed or tooth- rotundifolia less, and a deep shining green ; the stems White usually longer than the leaves, and nar- rowly margined ; they are evergreen. The white waxy flowers are like those described above, but the roundish obovate petals spread open much more : they are also very sweet-scented. 8-18 inches high. In dry or damp sandy woodlands, from Ale. , south to Ga. , and west to Minn., S. Dak., and Ohio. This similar species has pale crimson or magenta flowers, and very round heart- shaped leaves, rather wide, shining, and thick. The southern limit, northern N. Y.' and New Eng. But both species are more frequently found northward. 324 Shinleaf. Pypola asarifolia> PYROLA FAMILY. Pyrolaceae. A familiar clammy, white, parasitic Vonotropa plant, deriving its nourishment from roots nniflora and decayed vegetation, generally found White or in the vicinity of rotting trees. The stem pinkish ig thick> translucent white, and without July-August . , . leaves, except for the scaly bracts which take their place. The white or delicately pink-salmon- tinted flower has five, or sometimes four, oblong petals, and the 10-12 stamens are pale tan color. The flower is in a nodding position, and is usually solitary, although rarely two may be found on one stem ; the latter is often pink-tinged and springs with several others from a mat of entangled fibrous rootlets. The enlarged ovary finally assumes an erect position, becoming a pale tawny sal-- mon color ; it is usually ten-grooved and five-celled, and forms a large, fleshy, ovoid seed-vessel. The plant is at home in the dim-lit fastnesses of the forest, and it quickly withers and blackens after being gathered and exposed to sunlight. 3-9 inches high. Nearly throughout the country. A somewhat similar parasitic plant found False Beech- mos^ frequently over the roots of oaks and rops or pines. The stems are in clusters, and are Monotropn slightly downy ; they are whitish, pale Hypopitys tan color, or reddish, with many bracts. Tawny fhe small bracts are thin, papery, yellow- JundeiSh> etC' ish red) and they tum black When wither- September ing- The small vase-shaped flowers are light crimson-red more or less touched with yellow ; the tips of the flower are quite yellowish. The cluster of 3-10, or rarely more, drooping flowers is slightly fragrant. The fleshy vase-shaped seed-vessels become erect. 4-12 inches high. In dry woods from Me., south, and west to Ore. and Ariz. The generic name is from the Greek, and means turned one-sided, in allusion to the one-sided drooping method of flower- growth. 336 Indian Pipe. False Beech-drops. Monotropa uni/lora. Monotropa Hypopitys. HEATH FAMILY. Ericaceee. HEATH FAMILY. Ericaceae. Mostly shrubs and a few perennial herbs with simple leaves and generally regular, perfect flowers, the corolla of 4-5 lobes or petals, and as many or twice as many stamens. Fruit a capsule or berry. Cross-fertilized by various bees, by the beelike flies, butterflies, and moths. To this family belong the blueberries, huckleberries, and cranberries. Cree In The daintie8t member of the Heath Snowberry Family, with (often terra-cotta-colored) Chiogenes roughish stems creeping closely over rocky serpyllifolia and mossy ground. The stiff dark olive evergreen leaves are tiny, broad, ovate pointed, and sparsely covered with brown- ish hairs beneath ; the margin of the leaves rolled back- ward. The tiny white flowers are bell-shaped with four rounded lobes. They grow at the angles of the leaves and assume a nodding position. The berry is shining china white, ovate, and about £ inch long. Both leaf and berry possess a wintergreen flavor. Branches 3-11 inches long. In cool damp woods and peat bogs, fre- quent on hill-tops, from Me., south to N. Car., and west to Minn. Found in Campton, N. H. The name (Greek) means "snow-offspring" ; it is appropriately dainty. Also a trailing, hillside plant of a shrubby A*tes"phylos nature' with more or less rudd-v' hairv- Uva-ursi rough branches. The toothless leaves are White or pink- thick, dark evergreen, round-blunt at the white tip, narrowed at the base, and finely May-June veine The younger leaves are yellow-green ; all are clustered at the top of the buff-brown or ruddy stem. The white, waxy flowers are vase-shaped and nodding ; they grow from the angles of the leaves. The dry but exceedingly aromatic berry is pure red (a deep cherry color), often J inch in diameter, and is formed of the calyx which becomes fleshy, surrounds the seed-capsule, and has all 330 Trailing Arbutus Epigaea repens 2 Checkenber Lneckepberry Gaultherid procumbens. HEATH FAMILY. Ericaceae. the appearance of a true fruit. 2-5 inches high. From Me., south, and west to Mich. The same aromatic essential oil exists in sweet birch as in this wintergreen. A stout and tall shrub in its south- Mountain Laurel ern range> often forming impenetrable Kalmia thickets. The stem and branches are ir- latifolia regular and angular in growth ; the leaves White, pinkish are evergreen, shiny dark green, elliptical, firm, and toothless. The young leaves are a yellower green. The beautiful flowers are borne in large, dome-shaped clusters ; they are exceedingly con- ventional and ornamental in form, bowl-shaped with five lobes, waxy white, pinkish-tinged in maturity, and pure pink in the corrugated, cone-shaped bud. There are ten depressions or pockets in the sides of the corolla in which the tips of the anthers are securely held, their filaments forming a series of arching spokes from the centre of the flower which is stained with a tiny crimson star; the style is prominent and pale green. The insect visitor, commonly a moth, often a bee, struggling and pushing its way to the heart of the flower, releases the stamens and these spring backward, showering pollen over the fuzzy body of the intruder. The pollen of Kalmia is more or less connected by webby threads, and its adhesive character is peculiarly adapted to the pur- pose of cross-fertilization ; the next blossom visited by the insect probably has a receptive stigma about which the pollen strings become quickly entangled. The flower-stalks are hairy-sticky, thus preventing pilferers, such as ants, who would be useless as fertilizing agents, from entering the blossoms. The seed-capsule is some- what globular but five-lobed, and at first assumes a dull red hue. 3-6 feet high, and in its southern range often attaining a height 'of 20-35 feet. In woodlands, prefer- ring sandy soil or rocky slopes, from Me., south, and west to Tenn. and Ohio. Named for Peter Kalm, a German botanist, who visited this country in the middle of the eighteenth century. 332 Mountain. Lau pel HEATH FAMILY. Ericaceae. Shee -laurel A slirub of lesser proportions, and small, or Lambkill narrow, drooping leaves, elliptical or lance- Kalmia angusti- shaped, evergreen, and dull olive gre.en folia often rusty-spotted, lighter green beneath. jr'nm*?n"pink The flower is crimson-pink, small, but otherwise like that of Mountain Laurel, except that the filaments and all other parts are more or less pink-tinged. The stem is terminated by the newer leaves which stand nearly upright ; beneath these is the encircling flower-cluster ; below, the leaves droop. The foliage is poisonous to cattle. 8-36 inches high. Com- mon in swamps. Me., south to Ga., west to Wis. Pale Laurel -^- similar an an(i their stems are long and margined. The tall primary flower- stalk is topped by a small cluster of delicate pendulous light magenta, pink-magenta, or white flowers, the five long corolla-divisions of which are strongly turned back- ward. The exposed stamens are close-clustered — grouped in a conelike figure ; the anthers are long, thin, and golden yellow ; the base of each is thickened and marked with magenta-purple. The flower is cross-fertilized by bees. According to Professor Robertson, a visiting bee to reach the nectar must force its tongue between the anther-tips and come more or less in contact with the mature stigma ; the anthers at this period are still immature. Among the visitors are the bumblebee Bom- bus americanormn, the bees of the family Andrenidw, and the clouded sulphur butterfly Colias philodice. 8-20 inches high. Moist hillsides, cliffs, open woods, or prairies, from Penn. to S. Dak., south to Ga. and Tex. Name from the Greek, meaning twelve gods. A delicate little plant found only in the Dwarf Cana- . dian Primrose northern part of our range, bearing a fam- Primuia ily resemblance to the yellow English Mistassinica Primrose. The light green leaves are p^magenta" blunt lance-shaped, tapering to a distinct June-July stem, thin, green on both sides, rarely with a slightly mealy appearance beneath , and shallow-toothed. The pale magenta-pink or lighter pink corolla is five-lobed, bluntly scallop-tipped, and stained with yellow in the centre (sometimes the yellow is absent). The few flowei's are clustered at the top of the long slender stalk. This species is apt to intergrade with Primula farinosa, a taller one, with leaves white- mealy beneath (at least when young), and flowers with a more cuniform lobe, borne in thicker clusters. Con- fined to moist situations; Me., central N. Y., and Canada. 342 Star Flower J Shooting Stan Trientalis Americana,. " Dodecatheon Meadia. PRIMROSE FAMILY. Prlmulaceae. A delicate and interesting little wood- Trientalis land plant with a long horizontally creep- Americcma ing root which sends upward an almost White bare or few-scaled thin stem terminating May-June m a cjrcje of sharp-pointed, lance-shaped, light green leaves, thin, shiny, and tapering to both ends. There are 5-9 leaves in the circle, from the centre of which proceed two threadlike stalks, each bearing a fragile, white, star-shaped flower with 6-7 pointed divi- sions. The stamens are long and delicate, with tiny golden anthers, which mature later than the stigma. Cross-fertilization effected mostly through the agency of the beelike flies (Bombylius). 3-7 inches high, or rarely more. In moist thin woods, from Me., west to Minn., and south to southern N. J. and the mountains of Va. Common in the thin woodlands of the White Mountains. Jn ed A rather handsome perennial commonly Loosestrife found in low moist situations, particularly Steironema on river flats. The smooth light green ciliatum leaves are ovate or ovate lance-shaped and Yellow sharply pointed; on the upper edge of the U y stem is a fringe of erect hairs — hence the specific term, ciliatum. The leaves are in pairs which are set at right angles with each other. The pretty light golden yellow flowers, not far from a pure yellow tone, are five-lobed, the divisions oval and finished with an abrupt sharp point (called mucronate) ; these tips are somewhat twisted or puckered ; about the centre of the corolla is a terra-cotta-colored ring ; within this are five straw-colored stamens alternating with five abortive ones ; in the centre is the pale green pistil. The smooth, erect stem 18-22 inches high or more. Common in low ground and on the borders of thickets from Me. west to British Columbia, south to Ga., Ala., and to Ariz. Steironema ^ narrow-leaved species smaller and lanceolatum slenderer in every respect. The leaves Yellow are lance-shaped and linear, indistinctly June-July stemmed and smooth ; the lower ones are much shorter and broader, and the stems are distinct and long. The flowers are similar to those of S. cili- atum, but smaller — a little over % inch broad. 8-20 344 Steironema PRIMROSE FAMILY. Primulaceae. inches high. Moist ground from Me., west to Minn., and south. The Steironemas are cross-fertilized, according to Prof. Robertson, by bees ; in Connecticut by Macropi* ciliata and Macropis patellata, and in Illinois by Macro- pis steironematis. The name is from two Greek words, sterile and thread, in allusion to the abortive stamens. A delicate and pretty species common Loosestrife on a^ 'ow lands, especially sandy river Lysimachia banks. The light green leaves are pointed quadrifoUa lance-shaped or broader, and are arranged Yellow jn a cjrcie of generally four, but some- times three and six. From the bases of these leaves project slender long stems, each bearing a single star-shaped light golden yellow flower, prettily dotted around the centre with terra-cotta red, which sometimes extends in faint streaks all over the corolla lobes. The stamens and pistil project in a cone-shaped cluster ; the stigma is advanced so far beyond the an- thers that self-fertilization rarely if ever occurs. The Lysimachias are visited by the bees of the genus Macro- pis, by bumblebees, and by honeybees evidently for the purpose of collecting pollen. Stem smooth or very min- utely hairy (under a glass), straight and round, 12-30 inches high, simple or rarely branched. Sandy soil or often moist ground, Me., west to Minn., south to Ga. Lysimachia Along with preceding species bloom the stricta slender spirelike clusters of the simple- Yellow stemmed Lysimachia stricta, whose flow- June-August erg are noj- appreciably different, though recorded by Dr. Gray and others as having slenderer corolla-divisions. This variation, however, is not so ap- parent ; but aft the base of the divisions the red spots are double in L. stricta, while they are single in L. qnadt-i- folia. The slender flower-spike is distinctly characteris- tic of L. stricta ; it forms an aggregation of misty yellow color (when a large colony of the plants is seen) which is never present with the other species. Often little elon- gated bulblets appear at the bases of the leaves. Leaves lance-shaped and sharp-pointed at either end ; in both species apt to be sepia-dotted. Stem 8-20 inches high. Moist and sandy soil. Me., west to Minn., south to Ga. 346 Loosestrj/e. ~ "T^-tv* w& • . . « . r7^ Lysimachia. stnctA. Lysimachia. quaapi/oli&. PRIMROSE FAMILY. Primulaceae. . A species closely allied to L. stncta. producta *° ^he smooth stem is simple or very slightly Light golden branched, the lance-shaped light green yellow leaves, pale green beneath, grow oppos- June-August itelv or in circies of 3.5 ^ an(j tne terminal flower-spike, loosely flowered, is sometimes 18 inches long. The corolla-divisions are dotted and striped with dark red, ovate-oblong and rounded at the tips. From this last fact it would seem as though the plant could not easily be confused with either L. stricta or L. quad- rifolia, for the flowers of both these species are de- cidedly pointed star-shaped. In low damp ground on the borders of thickets, from Me. and Mass., west to Mich. (Vide Rhodora, vol. _i., pp. 131-134. M. L. Fernald on " Ambiguous Loosestrifes.") An extremely beautiful trailing vine with a creeping, not climbing, habit, Lysimachia which has become naturalized from Eu- nummularia rope. It takes kindly to cultivation, and Light golden is particularly decorative when planted in yellow rustic baskets in which it best displays the September graceful pendulous character of its stems. The leaves are dark green, shining, small, almost round, and short-stemmed. One rather large light golden yellow flower, with five ovate divisions to the corolla, grows from the junction of the leaf-stalk and plant-stem ; it is not spotted with terra-cotta like the other members of this genus. Stems 6-20 inches long. In moist ground near dwellings, mostly an es- cape from gardens ; Eastern States. In many places it is reported as a troublesome weed. Found in Campton , N. H., and Amherst, Mass. A low, fleshy seaside plant with oblong, Glaux toothless, and stemless light green leaves, maritrma * i • , ,.. Purple-white from the bases of which grow the solitary June dull purple-white or pinkish flowers with- out a true corolla, but with a five-scalloped calyx. The seaside from N. J. and Cape Cod north. 348 Moneywort. Lysimachia nummularia Glaux maritima. PLUMBAGO OR LEADWORT. Plumbaginaceae. A low spreading annual ; the common Anagallis Poor Man's Weather-glass of England, arvensis which has become naturalized in this coun- Red, pur. try. The small solitary flowers are a pie, etc. variety of colors, scarlet, purple, white, June-August •> I- • • etc. Ihe corolla has five broad divisions but hardly any tube. The leaves are ovate, stemless, and toothless, and grow -oppositely in pairs, or in circles. Stem 6 inches long. Waste sandy places, Eastern States, generally near the coast. The flowers open only in sun- shine, and close at 4 o'clock. PLUMBAGO OR LEADWORT FAMILY. Plumbaginacece. Perennial herbs with small, perfect, regular flowers of five parts— i. e., five-lobed corolla, five stamens, and five styles ; the flower-tube funnel-formed and plaited ; the ovary one-celled and bearing a solitary seed. Seaside plants. A seaside plant with a slender much- Sea Lavender branched stem growing from a thick Rosemary woody root very astringent in character, Statice the branches rather erect. The leaves, Limonium also starting from the root, are blunt lance- var.c«rohmanashaped or obovate, long-stemmed, tooth- j V6-11 ^ess or nearly so> and tipped with a bristly September point ; the mid-rib is prominent. The branches bear many solitary, or 2-8 (in a group) tiny lavender flowers with a curious tooth be- tween each of the five tiny lobes ; the lobes of the calyx are also very acute. The character of the plant is branchy and naked-stemmed, with flowers so insignificant that the delicate lavender color is much eclipsed by the rather light subdued green. 1-2 feet high. In salt marshes from Me., south. Found in Nantucket, Mass. 35° Marsh Rosemary St&tice limonium VAP. Carol inland. GENTIAN FAMILY. Oentianaceas. June- September GENTIAN FAMILY. Gentianacece.. Smooth herbs with generally opposite leaves, toothless and stemless; Menyanthes and Limnanthemum are two exceptions to this rule. Flowers regular and perfect, the corolla with 4-12 lobes; alternating with these are a corresponding number of stamens. Fertilized mostly by the bees and the beelike flies. An erect and smooth annual naturalized from Europe, with several short branches Centaury Enjthrcea above, and elliptical or oblong light green Centaurium leases, somewhat acute ; the uppermost Light magenta rather linear. The small tubular light magenta flowers five-lobed and very nearly stemless. They are numerously borne at the summits of the branches. 6-12 inches high. Waste places and the shores of the Great Lakes, from Quebec to Illinois. The name Erythrcea is from the Greek, meaning red. The flowers are weak in color, and the plants are really more delicate than beautiful. A small species from Europe similar in ramo™sima manv Aspects to the foregoing, but the Magenta-pink stem very much branched, the leaves oval June- or long-ovate, the larger lower ones blunt, September the upper smail and acute. The flowers are magenta-pink, and, with few exceptions, distinctly stemmed. The tube of the corolla is nearly twice as long as the five lobes of the calyx. 8-8 inches high. Waste places or fields, wet or shady, from southern N. Y. to east Pa. and Md. An erect and smooth annual naturalized from the old country, with small, blunt, Er"thr^a oblong, light green leaves ; the upper ones spicata rather acute, and all more or less close to Magenta-pink the generally forking stem. The very small magenta-pink, or crimson-magenta flowers tubular and five-lobed, stemless and also close to the plant-stem, the tube of the corolla a little longer than the calyx-lobes. 6-16 inches high. Shores of F->ntucket, Mass., and Portsmouth, N. H; 352 Spiked Centau ry Erythraea spicata. GENTIAN FAMILY. Gentianaceae. A not very uncommon wild flower in Lance-leaved , . . . , . XT Sabbatia swamps of the pine barrens or New Sabbatia Jersey, with white, starlike, five-lobed lanceolata flowers, nearly an inch broad, which in white fading turn yellowish, and ovate or lance- June-Septer i- shaped Hght green leaves with 3_5 ribs The plant-stem slender, somewhat four- sided, branched above, or sometimes simple. The branches are borne relatively opposite. The flowers are numerous. 1-3 feet high. Pine barrens N. J.,to Fla. Rose Pink The stem of this species is decidedly and Sabbatia sharply four-sided, it is also rather thick tmgularis an(j much branched. The light gi'een J^-Au' us"k leaves are five-ribbed, ovate, acute at the tip, and somewhat clasping at the base. The delicately fragrant flowers are an inch or more broad, pale crimson-pink or sometimes white, and marked in the centre with a yellow-green star (a charac- teristic of many of the Sabbatias). The style is cleft at the tip— i. e., two stigmas. The calyx-lobes are about one third as long as the corolla. 2-3 feet high. Fertile ground, N. Y. and Pa., west to Mich., and south. Sea Pink ^ Pre^y species common on salt mead- Sabbatia ows, with crimson-pink flowers as large stellaris as or larger than a nickel. The light Plnk green leaves oblong lance-shaped or lin- ear, the uppermost small and bractlike. The numerous flowers are borne solitary at the ends of the branches ; the linear calyx-lobes almost equal (the rule is flexible) in length the lobes of the pale crimson- pink or white corolla. More than half the style is two- cleft, the stamens are golden yellow, and the centre of the flower is green-yellow edged with ochre or some- times red. 6-20 inches. Along the coast from Me. to Fla. Closely allied to the next into which it appears to pass. Like the preceding. The stem exceed- gracilis ™gty slender and much branched. The Pink leaves linear or linear lance-shaped, the uppermost almost threadlike. The ex- ceedingly narrow lobes of the calyx equal in length the 354 Sea S&bb&t i & stel laris. Pink. S&bb&tia, GENTIAN FAMILY. Oentianaceae. lobes of the corolla (rarely they are appreciably shorter). The style is about half-cleft. 1-2 feet high. Marshes Nantucket, Mass, to N. J. , south to Fla. and La. The largest-flowered and most beautiful pfnkT member of the genus. The basal leaves Sabbatia blunt-tipped and tapering toward the base, chloroides the upper light green leaves diminishing Crimson-pink to iance-shape and linear. The few crim- July-August . , a , . son-pink flowers are nearly two inches broad, with generally ten obovate corolla lobes (an equal number of linear calyx lobes), each marked with a three-pointed ochre-edged, green-yellow base which contributes to the beauty of the central star-figure of the flower ; the stamens are golden yellow, and the style is deeply two-cleft. The flower is visited most fre- quently by bees and the flies of the genus Syrphidce. . The wiry stems, simple or branching very little, are 1-2 feet high. Rarely the flowers are white. On sandy margins of brackish ponds from Mass, to Fla. and Ala. , near the coast. Fringed The most famous member of the beauti- Qentian fut Gentian group, remarkable not so Gentiana much for itg blue color ag for the brignt light ultramarine blue flowers (often speckled within) at the apex of the stem or its branches ; they are much larger than bluebells. The five lobes of the corolla are deeply cut, ovate, and open-spreading. The small linear leaves are less than 2 inches long. 6-15 inches high. In moist situations from southern N. J., south. An attenuated, slender, stiff-stemmed little plant, simple or with a few erect JtartoU" branches, destitute of leaves, but with tenella small awl-shaped opposite-growing scales Greenish closely hugging the stem, which is a trifle yellow angled, all a yellow-green. The lower Se' tember scales are close together, the upper become more and more separated. The yellow, bell-shaped flowers of a greenish tone, with four blunt (often slightly toothed) lobes, are arranged oppositely on the plant-stem, the peduncles (flower-stems) about as long as or longer than the flower. The flowers are mostly terminal but inconspicuous on account of their uncertain coloring. 4-14 inches high. In thin woods, pastures, and dry cranberry bogs, but mostly in damp soil, from Me., south, and west to Mich. 362 Gentiana angustifolia. B&rtoniatenella. DOGBANE FAMILY. Apocynaces. DOGBANE FAMILY. Apocynacece. Chiefly a tropical family with few representatives in our range. Plants with an acrid, milky juice, closely related to the Milkweed Family. Leaves opposite (gen- erally) and toothless. Flowers perfect, five-parted : sta- mens as many as the lobes of the corolla (flower-cup), the latter rolled up in the bud. Fertilized mostly by butterflies and bees. A somewhat tall and shrublike plant, with a smooth, slender, branching stem, Apocynum generally reddish on the side exposed to androscemi- sunlight. The opposite growing, lustre- less light blue-green, ovate leaves are 7JH^u\nk toothless. and ruddy short-stalked. The delicate and beautiful little bell-shaped flowers are white-pink, five-lobed, and lily -of-the- valley- like, striped with pink on the inside of the cup. The clusters are small and terminate the branches ; their most frequent visitors are bees and butterflies, and among the latter are the ever-present little yellow Colias philodice and the handsome monarch (Anosiaplexippus). Muller says the flower is fertilized by butterflies, and cements its pollen to their tongues. An insect insepara- ble from the dogbane is the so-called dogbane beetle (Chrysochus auratus), jewellike and resplendent in met- allic red and green of incomparable lustre; it is scarcely ^ inch long (see Familiar Features of the Roadside, p. 178). 1-4 feet high. Common in half-shaded field bor- ders, or in thickets throughout the north, and south to Ga. in ian Hem A far less attractive species with green- Apocynu'tn *sn wn^e» tiny flowers erectly five-pointed. cannabinum Similar to the above in other respects, bu t Greenish white less spreading and more upright. The June-August leaves narrower and abruptly acute. 1-3 feet high. On sandy river-banks, in fields, and in thick- ets everywhere. Both specie's found in Campton, N. H. The name is Greek in origin — dito, from, and xvoov, a dog. 364 Spreading Dogbane. Apocynum androsaemifolium. Indian Hemp. . ,_„_ Apocynum cannabium. MILKWEED FAMILY. Asclepiadacese. MILKWEED FAMILY. Asdepiadctcece. Milky-juiced plants with large leaves, and flowers deeply five-parted, the sepallike corolla segments turned absolutely back at the time of bloom ; the so-called co- rona within with its five concave parts thus fully ex- posed ; the anthers and stigma remarkably connected, and the pollen cohering in waxlike, granular, pear- shaped masses not unlike those of the Orchids. The masses quite frequently become attached to the feet of bees, and the entanglement causes their death. The flowers are almost exclusively fertilized by bees and the beelike flies (see Miiller's Fertilization of Flowers). The handsomest member of the genus, " *r yp with brilliant light orange or orange-yel- rlsy Root l°w flowers, in erect flat-topped clusters Asclepias at the termination of the branches. Leaves tuberosa light olive green, narrow oblong, or lance- ig range shaped, hairy beneath, and veiny, nearly September or borne singly. Calyx in- closed in two large leafy bracts. In sandy or rocky fields, Me., south and west. A smooth-stemmed vine with arrow- Bindweed shaped, triangular, grayish green leaves, Convolvulus slender -stemmed and acute - pointed. sepium Handsome bell-shaped or funnel-shaped 370 Poke MilKweed Four-leaved Milkweed Asclepias phytoldccoides. Asclepi&s quadnfolid. CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. Convolvulaceae. White, pink= flowers ranging from pure white to pink- tinged tinged borne singly on long stems; the June-August _ & . , ., nve stamens cream yellow, the pistil white. The five-parted calyx is inclosed in two pale green bracts. The flower generally closes before noon; it is sometimes over 2 inches broad and 3 long. Vine 3-10 feet long. Along moist roadsides and borders of fields, climbing over shrubbery, from Me., south to N. Car., west to S. Dak. and Utah. Also in Europe. A more or less fine-hairy, trailing species, Trailing with simple or slightly branched stem, and Bindweed ovate or oblong leaves, arrow-shaped or Convolvulus i- i_ i i j \ l. ^ n sepium var sngnt'v heart-shaped at the base, 1-2 repens inches long. Flowers white or pink-tinged, White or pink- borne singly on long stalks, and about 2 tinged inches long. Calyx inclosed in two ovate bracts. 1-3 feet long. Common. A smooth-stemmed, very slender species with oblong and arrow-shaped gray -green leaves, the lateral lobes of which are acute. arvensis Small flowers not over 1 inch long, white White or pink- or pink-tinged, and generally borne in tinged clusters of two. The calyx without leafy September Dracts at the base- 1~2 feet long- In fields and waste places from Me., south to N. J. and Pa., and west to Kan. A miserable parasite often troublesome Dodder m gardens, but found in low, damp, shady Cuscuta situations. It climbs high upon other Gronovii plants by twining closely about their Dull white stalks and exhausting their juices through July-October , ,.., a thousand tiny suckers. Its threadlike, twisting stem varies in color from dull yellow to dull orange, it is crowded with bunches of tiny dull white bell-shaped flowers having five lobes. The calyx is greenish white. All the dodders start at first from the ground, but finally securing a convenient plant upon which to climb, the root in the earth dies and they be- come parasitic. Common everywhere. 372 Hedge Bindweed Convolvulus sepium. Common Dodder. Cuscuta Gronovib PHLOX FAMILY, Polemoniaceas. PHLOX FAMILY. Polemoniacece. Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves and perfect, regular or nearly regular flowers with a five-lobed co- rolla which is rolled up in the bud, the lobes of the mature flower remaining somewhat contorted. Stamens five. Cross-fertilized most generally by butterflies and bumblebees. The name Phlox is from the Greek Qvate and lance. SeTember shaped, growing quite small toward the top of the plant, acute at either end. The flower-spikes very slender and bearing tiny white flowers of a lavender tinge. The tiny burlike fruit covered with barbed prickles. 2-4 feet high. The name from £;f2VoS, a hedgehog, and 6itepi.ia, a seed, referring to the spiny fruit. Common on the borders of dry woods. Me., south to Ala. and La., west to Minn., S. Dak., and Neb. An annual species somewhat hairy, with stlcksee" many small light gray-green linear leaves, Echinospei-mum the basal ones widest at the tip. The tiny Lappula flowers light violet, thinly scattered on Light violet siender branches. The fruit globose-oval, S^tember burlike, and covered with minute slender barbed prickles. 1-2 feet high. In waste places from Me., south to N. J., and westward. A beautiful species frequently cultivated, Cowslip* having rich violet-hued flowers nearly 1 Mertensia inch long. The stem smooth and erect, Virginica sometimes branched. The deep green Violet leaves toothless, ovate pointed or obovate, March-May sfcrongiy veined, and scarcely stemmed; 378 Wild Comfpey. ^CynoglossumVipginicum BORAGE FAMILY. Boraginacese. only the lowest with margined stems. The showy flowers trumpet-shaped with five lobes ; rarely they are white. 1-2 feet high. On river meadows and along river-banks from N. Y. and N. J., south to S. Car., west to Minn., Neb. , and Kan. For et-me not ^"^ *rue f°rget-me-not of gardens, Myosotis escaped from cultivation, and found in palustris wet ground or marshes. A perennial with Light blue slender, sprawling, fine-hairy steins, and May-July gray-green oblong lance-shaped leaves, stemless or nearly so. The small light blue flowers with a golden eye, in small clusters somewhat curved. 6-15 inches high. Beside brooks and in wet places from Me. , south to Pa., and west. A native of Europe and Asia. A species similar in many respects to Smaller ^ne foregOmg with the fine-hairiness Forget-me-not . ,. , Myosotis laxa bendmg close to stem and leaf, the leaves blunt and oblong, and the very small and pale light blue flowers on long stems, loosely clustered. The calyx lobes as long as the flower-tube. 6-19 inches high. Wet places. Me., south to Tenn., west to Wis. An annual or biennial species, with very get- nfL- not bristly-hairy stems and leaves, the latter Myosotis vema oblong and obtuse. The white flowers White small; the calyx unequally five-cleft, April-June bristly, with some of the bristles hooked at the tips. 3-15 inches high. On dry banks from Me., south, and west to Minn, and Tex. A rough-hairy annual or biennial, with uthospemum erect» branching stems and foliage resem- arvense bling that of Myosotis, but a brighter White green. The small white flowers scattered May-August on ^e Spj]jeg an(j stemless or nearly so. 6-18 inches high. Sandy roadsides and fields from Me. , south to Ga., and west to Mich, and Kan. A similar taller species with a much- Lithospermum branched stem, gray-green, few-veined, Cream white rough, and stemless leaves rather broad lance-shaped. The cream white flowers with corollas funnel-formed and a little longer than the five-pointed hairy calyx. 1-3 feet high. New Eng., 380 Forget-me-not. Myosotis palustrii. BORAGE FAMILY. Boraginaceae. west to Minn. Both of these last species are naturalized from Europe. Lithospermum is formed of the Greek words stone and seed, referring to the hard seed. Lithomermum ^n indigenous species, the so-called canescens Puccoon of the Indians. A perennial, Orange-yellow soft-hairy and rather hoary, with obtuse March-June linear-oblong leaves, stemless and hairy. The orange-yellow flowers with a broad corolla, salver- formed and five-lobed, about £ inch long. 6-18 inches high. Cross-fertilized by bees and butterflies ; some of the latter are Papilio ajax, Papilio asterias, Colias philodice, and Osmia cobaltina. In dry soil, Me. , south to N. J. and Ala., and west to Minn., S. Dak., Kan., and Ariz. Rare in New Eng. The roots yield a red dye. A densely harsh- hairy perennial herb, GromwelJ *ne nan's °^ which lean toward stem and Onosmodium leaf, the stem slender and branching. The Virginianum light green leaves oblong lance-shaped. Cream white Flowers cylindrical, cream white, with five long sharp lobes ; the style threadlike and extending far beyond the mouth of the corolla ; the calyx with five sharp segments ; the flower-cluster at first curved, finally erect and long. Flowers ^ inch long. The flower matures the stigma before the anthers ; it is mostly cross-fertilized by the butterflies. 1-2 feet high. Banks and hillsides from Me., south, and west to Kan. A rough-bristly annual species, natural- Small Bugloss . , , 6 ._ J . . Lycopsis 1Z irom Europe, with a branching stem arvensis and lance-shaped leaves. The light blue- Light violet violet flowers in crowded clusters, the June- calyx nearly as long as the curved corolla. 1-2 feet high. In fields and on roadsides near dwellings, from Me. to Pa. and Va. The name Greek, AV'HOS, a wolf, and o^S, a face ; but the flower's face scarcely looks that way ! Sometimes called blueweed, and in fact Bugloss a fl°wer sufficiently approaching a blue Echium vulgare tone to justify the name ; but the blos- Blue-violet soms actually range between lilac, purple, June-July and violet of a bluish cast- It is a bien. mal with an exceedingly bristly-hairy stem, and hairy - 382 Viper's Bugloss Echium vulgare VERVAIN FAMILY. Verbenaceae. silvery light green leaves, linear lance-shaped, toothless, and stemless. The flowers are rather showy, tubular or vase-shaped with five rounded unequal divisions ; the four stamens, which, with the pistil, are pink, extend far beyond the limit of the corolla. The flower-spike one-sided, at first closely coiled, but finally long and but slightly curved ; the blossoms are pink, but the mature flower is light ultramarine violet. l-2£ feet high. Road- sides and pastures from Me. to Va., and west to Nev. and S. Dak. Naturalized from Europe. The name Greek, l^tS, meaning a viper. Rare in central N. H. VERVAIN FAMILY. Verbenacece. Generally herbs (at least in our range) with opposite leaves and perfect, more or less irregular flowers in ter- minal clusters. The corolla with united petals, uniform in shape, or two-lipped, the tube generally cylindrical and spreading into 4-5 lobes. Four stamens, two long and two short, or very rarely only two. Probably self- fertilized, though cross-fertilization may occur, assisted by the honeybee, bumblebee, and the beelike flies. A troublesome annual weed with a four- opean sided, slender, nearly smooth, branching Verbena stem, and minutely hairy leaves, deeply offidnalis cleft and sharp-toothed ; the upper ones Purplish lance-shaped and toothless, the lower or white ovate and sharply divided; all deep green. September ^e small pale purple or white flowers in branching spikes about 5 inches long, in- conspicuous and uninteresting. 1-3 feet high. In waste places everywhere. Naturalized from Europe. A similar perennial species with white Vervain flowers; usually with erect slightly rough- Verbena hairy stem four-sided and grooved, and iirticcefolia coarsely toothed, deep green leaves, all or White nearly all with distinct stems, acute, and Se' tember slightly hairy. The flower-spikes at length very long, the white flowers very small. 3-5 feet high. In fields and waste places, from Me., south, and west to Minn., S. Dak., and Tex. 384 V White Vervain. Verbena urticaefolia VERVAIN FAMILY. Verbenaceae. A small, rough-hairy species with aslen- Narrow-leaved Vervain der» often simple stem. Leaves linear and Verbena lance-shaped, the lower "ones broad at the angustifolia tip and wedge-shaped at the base, all more Pale violet Qr jegg toothed an(j veiny. Flower-spikes few or single, densely clustei'ed with pale violet flowers about £ inch wide. 8-22 inches high. Dry borders of fields. Mass. , south, and west to Minn, and Ark. One of the handsomest yet commonest Blue Vervain * Verbena members ot the genus. I he stem erect, hastata stout, four-sided and grooved, roughish; Deep purple and dull green. The short-stemmed leaves dark green, lance-shaped or oblong lance- shaped, acutely incised with double teeth, and with a rough surface ; the lower leaves are more or less three-lobed. The flower-spikes are numerous and branch upward like the arms of a candelabra ; the flowers bloom from the foot of the cluster upward, a few at a time, leaving behind a long line of purple- tinged calyx ; the tiny blossoms are deep purple or violet — either one hue or the other. The flowers never approach blue or any hue allied to it, so the common name is misleading. Verbena hastata is a special fa- vorite of the bumblebee, and it is also closely attended by the honeybee and the bees of the genus Halictus. The smaller butterflies are also occasional visitors, among them the white Pieris protodice. 3-7 feet high. In fields everywhere. Rare in central N. H. A tall plant. The stalk is four-sided, p^ hollow, and strong-fibred, branching di- leptostachya vergently above. The deep green leaves Crimson- are thin, coarsely toothed, and arranged in pairs, each pair set at right angles with \ugust the next . the upper leaves nearly stemless and ovate pointed ; the lower oval. The slender flower- spike bears little two-lipped flowers (the lower lip is three-parted) set in pairs at right angles with each other. The flowers are crimson-pink with a magenta tinge. The blackish seed-receptacle hook-pointed. In woods. Me., south, west to Minn, and Kan. .386 Blue Vervain. Verbena hastate. MINT FAMILY. Labiates. MINT FAMILY. Labiatce. A large family of aromatic herbs, the foliage of which is covered with tiny glands containing a strong-scented volatile oil of a peppery character ; the different species superficially resemble one another. The flowers are usually small, tubular, with an entire or two-lobed upper lip and a three-lobed lower lip. The stem is general ly square, and the leaves grow opposite each other. The tiny flowers are gathered in more or less conspicuous spikes, or are clustered at the base of the leaves ; they are honey -bearing, and are almost exclusively cross-fer- tilized by honeybees, bumblebees, and the smaller bees. The name from Labice, the lips. This is an annual species whose light vio- let, magenta-pink, or rarely white flow- ers are generally in pairs at the terminating branchlets of the somewhat woolly-sticky stiff stem. The leaves are narrowly oblong or lance-shaped, and a trifle sticky, with an aromatic pennyroyallike odor. The flowers are too scattered to form a panicle or cluster, and they are remarkable for the extraordinary length of the violet stamens which ex- tend in a curving line far beyond the five-lobed corolla, or flower-cup — hence the name Blue Curls. The Latin name also refers to the hairlike stamens. After the co- rolla fades and falls, the little nutlets within the calyx are in plain view. 6-20 inches high. In dry sandy fields, from Me., south, and west to Pa. and Ky. A very similar species with a slender woolly stem, ascending branches, and very narrow linear leaves, stemless and smooth. In sandy fields and dry pine barrens near the coast, from Long Island and Conn., south to La. A slender branching annual with lance- shaped, toothless or slightly toothed, conspicuously three-ribbed leaves, and ex- tremely regular-lobed flowers (for one of the family Labiatce), with five nearly equal, obovate, spreading divisions. The 333 Blue Curls or Bastard Pennyroyal Trichostema dichotomum Pale violet or magenta July September Trichostema lineare Pale violet, etc. July-August False Pennyroyal Isanthus cczruleus Pale violet July September Blue Curls. Trichostema dichotomum. MINT FAMILY. Labiates. pistil greatly exceeds the stamens in length, the latter scarcely extending beyond the corolla ; it is evident, therefore, that the flower is cross-fertilized. The most frequent visitors are the bumblebees, the honeybees, and the smaller butterflies, chief among which are Pieris rapce, white, and Colias philodice, yellow. American A downy perennial with a stiff perpen- Germander dicular stem, and light green, unevenly or Wood Sage toothed leaves, lance-shaped and fine- eucnum hairy, particularly underneath. The rather Pale purple long flower-spike with the large nearly f - or magenta inch-long flowers arranged in circles, pur- July- ple( deeper or paler, and sometimes ma- September genta, or a pinkish white. The lower lobe of the flower broad and prominent, forming a convenient landing for visiting bees. 1-2 feet high. Moist thicket borders, or marshes. Me., south, and west to Minn., S. Dak., Neb., and Kan. A stout-stemmed, yellow-flowered per. or°RiclfwTed ennial species, tall and branching, with Collinsonia large ovate sharply toothed leaves and a Canadensis nearly smooth stem. The pale yellow Pale yellow flowers with 2 long divergent stamens and Se t b a prominent pistil, strongly lemon-scented. Flower-cluster very loose. Named for Peter Collinson, an early amateur botanist. 2-4 feet high. In damp rich woodlands, from Me., south, west to Wis. and Kan. A coarse and aromatic perennial species Perilla . . , • , . . , , , . , . . ocymoide but especially narrow and July-August pointed. Plant-stem green, square, and nearly smooth. Leaves oblong or ovate lance-shaped, unevenly toothed and stemless or very nearly so. 12-20 inches high or more. Wet places and roadsides in cultivated ground, everywhere. Peppermint Flowers in narrow, loose, disconnected, Mentha leafless, terminal spikes, and often on a piperita rather long stem proceeding from between Pale purple the plant-stem and leaf-stem. Leaves long-ovate, deep green, smooth, and regu- larly toothed, slightly rough beneath, and very hot- tasting. Plant-stem purplish, 18-36 inches high. Along brooks and in cultivated ground everywhere. The flowers in a roundish or nearly Water TVlint Mentha oblong terminal cluster ; frequently there aquatica are one or more clusters between the Pale purple plant-stem and the upper leaf -stems. Leaves ovate or round-ovate. The plant is characterized by downy hairs (rarely it is smoothish) which generally point dowmvard. Wet 392 Peppermint. Mentha pi peri let MINT FAMILY. Labiates. places from N. Eng. to Pa., Del., and Ga. Not com- mon. 18-28 inches high or more. In the var. crispa the plant is smooth, but the green flower-cup is hairy; it has also torn-toothed leaves somewhat curled. Swamps and roadside ditches. Southern N. Y., N. J., and Pa. ... The tiny bell-shaped flowers clustered in Mentha circles about the plant-stem at the junc- arvensis tion with leaf-stems. Leaves ovate, blunt- Light purple toothed, and distinctly stemmed. Not a July-August common Species. 6-20 inches long. Found in moist fields. N. Eng., N. Y., and Pa., south. The only native mint. The lilac-white no °r White flowers oblonS bell-shaped, with arvensis var a short-toothed edge ; the clusters ar- Canadensis ranged as in the preceding species. White or Leaves conspicuously tapering from the lilac-white centre toward both ends, coarsely toothed, u y ~ ^p" ovate-oblong or lance-shaped, and rough- ish, or nearly smooth. The plant is more or less hairy throughout, and has the odor of Penny- royal. In wet places south to Va., and through the northern United States across the continent. 10-28 in- ches high. This mint, according to Prof. Charles Robert- son, is visited in Illinois by the fly Jurinia smaragdina. A mintlike weed with small white Lycopu** flowers remotely suggesting a bugle Virginicus shape. Stem slender, four-angled, and White generally smooth. The light green leaves July-Sep- ovate lance-shaped and very coarsely toothed. The tiny flowers clustered at the bases of the leaves have but two perfect stamens ; the other two, if present, are quite abortive. Fertilized mostly by the beelike flies, and the small bees of the genus Halictus. 6-24 inches high. Common. A similar species, with some leaves so Cut*-leaved Water Hore- deeply toothed that they appear incised, hound and others incised to an appearance of Loecpus lobes. The stiff stem generally smooth, White" simple or branched. The flower-cup tiny June-Sep- an<^ but little larger than its green calyx, tember 1-2 feet high. Common. 394 Leaf of M. arvensis. Wild Mint. Mentha arvensis var. Canadensis. MINT FAMILY. Labiatas. A coarse, stiff, aromatic perennial natu- ifyssopus ralized from Europe. Slender-stemmed offldnalis and lance-leaved ; the leaves stiff and Pale violet pointed at either end. The tubular flowers tembe?1" with projecting stamens, crowded at the angles of the leaves at the upper part of the plant. 1-3 feet high. Waste places and roadsides near dwellings, from Me., south to N. Car., and west. This is a stout and stiff -stemmed species Mountain witn a s\[gi^ fragrance of mint ; but unlike Pycnanthemum the latter ifcs tirly flowers are borne in lanceolatum a somewhat flat-topped cluster. Leaves White stemless or nearly so, lance-shaped, tooth- purpie=dotted iess> an(j slightly aromatic ; stem smooth September or very sngntlv hairy, and very leafy. The flowers lilac-white, purple-spotted, standing out from the globular heads. 1-3 feet high. In dry fields, or pastures, or on the borders of thickets, from Vt. and Mass. , south to Ga. , west to Minn, and Neb. The name meaning crowded flower-clusters. A similar species, with smooth linear Pycnanthemum ]eaveS) sharp-pointed and light green, /jm/o^wm The stem and leaves stiff. The tiny flowers purple= dotted white, speckled or dotted with purple. 1- 2 feet high. Dry fields, N. H., south, and west to Minn, and Tex. Found in Campton, N. H., but rare ; occasional in Vt. A small annual, exceedingly odorous, American usually found in dry pastures. The stem Pennyroyal * . .,, , ,. Hedeoma erect, finely hairy, with upward-reaching pulegioides branches ; the small light olive-green Pale light leaves with few teeth, ovate lance-shaped, blunt-pointed, and narrowed at the base. tember ^e ^mv Pa^e vi°let or lavender, tubular flowers with a three-lobed under lip. Fer- tilized mostly by bumblebees, honeybees, and the smaller bees. 6-15 inches high. Common in dry fields every- where, but not found in Campton, N. H., nor anywhert in the vicinity of the White Mts. The essential oil of Pennyroyal is said to be efficacious in driving away mosquitoes. 396 Mountain Mint. Pycnanthemum lini/olium. MINT FAMILY. Labiates. L re-leaved A sliShtly rough-hairy, slender plant, Sage with conspicuous light violet flowers Salvia lyrata nearly an inch long, which are cross-fer- Light violet tilized mostly by the bumblebees ; Bombus June-July vagans and Bombus pennsylvanicus being frequent visitors. The lower leaves are somewhat lyre- shaped, the upper pair (sometimes two pairs) mid-way up the stem, similar but less cut, or lobed ; the tubular flowers with a broad three-lobed lip which furnishes a convenient landing-platform for insect visitors ; 1-2 feet high. In dry woodlands, and beside thickets. N. J., south, and west to 111. and Ark. A brilliant and showy wild flower whose Bee Balm scarlet-red color is strongly relieved by its Monarda usual background of shady woodland. didyma Commonly found beside streams on the juTr-et"red border of the woods. September ^ne ^on(tr^as are peculiarly adapted to the visits of butterflies, although they are also commonly visited by bees, the bumblebee in particu- lar. The two anther-bearing stamens are prominent, as well as the two-parted stigma, and neither can be passed without friction by butterfly or bee, both of which have the long tongue necessary to reach the nectar. The bumblebees mentioned as visitors of the foregoing species also frequent this flower, together with the butterflies Colias phjlodice, yellow, and the large Danais arcMp- pus, black-and-tan. The sombre dark green leaves are broad lance-shaped, sharply toothed, and stemmed ; the small leaves just beneath the flower are often tinged ruddy. The stem, rather hairy-rough and square, is about 2 feet high, or more. Moist ground, N. Eng., south to Ga., and west to Mich. A similar species with a smooth or spar- Wild Bergamot . Monarda fistu- lnglv downy, slender stem, and deep green losa leaves, the upper ones somewhat stained Magenta- with the pure pale lilac or whitish tint purple which characterizes the flower- bracts. The September flowers with a less expanded throat, paler or deeper magenta-purple. 2-3 feet high. Dry ground, Me., south, and west to Neb. and S. Dak. 393 Oswego Tea. Monarda didyma. Wild Berg&mot. MonapdafistulosA MINT FAMILY. Labiatse. A rather smooth form with handsome Monarda fistu- losa var. rubra crimson-pink or rose red flowers finely Crimson pink hairy over the tube and upper lip, and thin leaves rather smooth. On the borders of moist thickets, Me. and N. H. , south along the mountains to Pa. and Va. The var. media, with deep purple flowers. Alleghany Mts., and west to Minn. The var. rubra is locally plentiful in parts of N. H. , notably south of New- found Lake. It is unfortunately classified as Purple Bergamot, Monarda media, in Britton and Brown, which is manifestly confusing. Monarda mollis is a less com- mon species ; flowers flesh pink and lilac ; in S. Dak. A woodland species rather similar in Downy Blephilia many respects to Monarda. The small Blephilia dli- tubular flowers about ^ inch long, with a ata three-lobed under lip, light purple or Jun^Aa'art violet) and fine-hair7- The lance-shaped leaves almost toothless (except the lower ones), white-downy beneath, and quite stemless, or nearly so. The stem downy and mostly simple. 1-2 feet high. Mass., south to Ga., and west to Minn, and Kan. Catnjp An exceedingly common weed to which Nepeta Cataria many of the animals of the tribe Felis are Lilac-white greatly attached. A favorite Manx cat of July-October mme woul(i walk a mile every other day or so, from my Camptori studio to a spot where it grew in plenty, notwithstanding the way was through the woods and over a hill of no small difficulty ! The stem is densely downy as well as the deeply round-toothed leaves, and both are sage green in color. The pale lilac or lilac-white and spotted flowers are also downy, and gathered in small terminal clusters, which are rarely 4 inches long. Leaves strongly aromatic. 2-3 feet high. Common everywhere. Naturalized from Europe. A small creeping plant, adventive from e- Europe, common in all moist shady places ; Ground it takes the place of our Trailing Arbutus, Nepeta Qle- in the moist fields of England in April. choma The pale purpie flowers, spotted darker ApriJ- !uy ^ near the throat> and often with the Calvx maerenta-tinged, has *wo lips, the upper 400 1- Catnip. Nepetd C -ground. Nepeta\Glechoma, MINT FAMILY. Labiates. one two-cleft, and the lower, three-cleft ; the deep green leaves, scalloped and rather heart-shaped, are often stained with magenta, as well as the stem ; the latter takes root at the joints, and reaches out sometimes fully 18 inches. Me., south to Ga., and west to Minn., Neb., and Kan. A bitter perennial herb, not aromatic, Skullcap witn two-lipped tubular flowers, the four Scutellaria stamens located under the upper lip, which lateriflora is arched. Name from scutella, a dish, in Jill* "A^ust almsion to the peculiar hump on the upper section of the green calyx, which, how- ever, does not even remotely suggest the shape of a dish. The little flowers, about a quarter of an inch long, light or pale purple (rarely white), are borne in succession along the delicate stems which terminate the branches or spring from between leaf -stem' and plant-stem. The flowers borne 011 one side of the stem which later is dec- orated with the odd little hoodlike green calyxes con- taining four white seeds. Plant-stem smooth, square, and sometimes slightly twisted, upright and much branched. Leaves narrowly ovate, veiny, coarse-toothed, pointed, rounded at the base, and slender-stemmed. 1-2 feet high. Common in damp and shady places, through- out the country The Scutellarias are fertilized by the smaller bees, Halictus, and the leaf-cutter bee, Megachile. Scutellaria Light violet flowers almost an inch long, versicolor the whitish lower lip sometimes purple- Light violet stained. Leaves heart-shaded, very veiny, July-August rough^ round-toothed, rather blunt, and long-stemmed. Plant-stem soft-hairy. 1-3 feet high. Banks of streams, Pa., south, and west to Minn, and Ark. Scutellaria Flower an inch long, narrow, and its serrata upper lip only a trifle shorter than the Light violet lower one. Leaves ovate or long-ovate, May-June toothed, tapering at both ends, and smooth. Green and nearly smooth, slender plant-stem, 1-2 feet high. In woods, southern N. Y. and Pa., south to N. Car., and west to 111. The most showy of all the genus. 402 Mad-dog Skull-cap. Scuteltaria lateriflora. MINT FAMILY. Labiate*. The flowers, stems, and under sides of Scutellaria the leaves covered with soft white down ; canescens flower nearly one inch long. Leaves July-August ovate or narrow-ovate, stemmed, and some slightly heart-shaped at the base. 2-4 feet high. River -banks from Ontario to 111., and south among the mountains to N. Car. Flowers half an inch long or a trifle Scutellaria more. Leaves distant, oval or long ovate, r/T* t veiny» round-toothed, the longer-stemmed May July* lower ones sometimes slightly heart- shaped, the upper on short, margined stems. Plant-stem with spreading hairs. Dry or sandy ground, or woods. 12-30 inches high. Southern N. Y. and Pa., south, and west to Mich. Flower bright light violet, and an inch Scutellaria long, in a striking terminal cluster. Leaves jntegri/oiio oblong lance-shaped, or narrower, mostly June-August toothless, obtuse, short-stemmed, and downy together with the plant-stem. 6- 20 inches high. Dry ground, borders of fields, woods. The seaboard States from R. I. south. A handsome species. A low species with flowers J inch long, Scutellaria borne on very short stems at the junction parvula Qf ieaf_stem with plant-stem. Leaves op- May-July posite-growing, toothless, round to lance- ovate or slightly heart-shaped, about ^ an inch long. Stem spreading, 3-10 inches high. Sandy banks and moist places, from N. Y. and N. J., south, and west to S. Dak., Minn., Neb., and Tex. Flowers f inch long, growing in the Scutellaria same position as those of the foregoing galericulata SpeCies. Leaves ovate lance-shaped, the Blue-violet July-August lower sometimes with a slight heart-shaped base, toothed, and acute. Stem smooth and slender. 1-2 feet high. Common in wet shady places and along streams, especially in the north, west to N. Dak. pilose n Skullcap. Scu tell aria integri folia. MINT FAMILY. Labiates. Flowers a trifle more than I inch long. Scutellaria T ,. . nervosa Leaves about an inch long, roundish or Pale blue- ovate, slightly toothed, and the lower ones violet slightly heart-shaped. The floral leaves •June-August toothless. Stem smooth and slender, 1-2 feet high. Moist woods and thickets, N. Y. and N. J., south to N. Car., and west to Mo. A very common low perennial with gen- Self-heal or erally a single stem, and tubular, two- Heal all lipped, hooded flowers proceeding from a garisorBru- spike or head of closely set, sometimes nella vulgaris rusty colored green, floral bractlike leaves. Purple, light The name (of uncertain origin) said to be or deeper £rom tne Qerman braune, a throat dis- September ease. Flower tiny, purple, but sometimes flesh color or white, the lower lip slightly fringed. Generally fertilized by the bumblebee, Bombus pennsylvanicus being a frequent visitor ; the common yellow butterfly Colias philodice is also a constant attendant. Leaves ovate-oblong, narrowing toward the tip, slightly or imperceptibly toothed, stemmed, with generally two small bractlike leaves at the base of the stems. Plant-stem slightly hairy. 6-13 inches high. Very common along roadsides, and on the borders of woods and fields. Across the continent. A smooth perennial with upright, slen- n" der stem, stemless lance-shaped leaves Physostegia mostly toothed, and large, 1 inch long, Virginiana showy flowers crowded in terminal, leaf- Pink-lilac or iess spikes. Flower pinkish pale lilac, often J J|hteAu ust varieSated with white, and funnel-shaped, the upper lip a little hooded, the lower three-parted ; the throat inflated. Plant-stem smooth, 1-4 feet high. Wet grounds, from northern Vt., west- ward and southward. Very variable. The var. denticu- lata, slender and generally low, with scallop- toothed, or imperceptibly toothed leaves, and very slender flower, spikes. Moist situations, Vt. , south, and west to S. Dak. and Neb. Self-heaJ. Prunella vulgaria MINT FAMILY. Labiatt Horehound A white- woolly, bitter, and aromatic Marrubium perennial, branched at the base, with small vulgare tubular dull white flowers circled about White the plant-stem at the leaf junctions. August- Leaves round-ovate, stemmed, and scal- lop-toothed. 1-2 feet high. Cultivated, and escaped into waste places. Naturalized from Eu- rope. The name from the Hebrew marrob, a bitter juice. Perpendicular-growing decorative herbs, Leonurus without any particular odor, with deeply Cardiaca cut leaves, and tiny flowers encircling the Pale lilac plant-stem at the point of junction with June-August tne igaveS- The name from Xeoav, a lion, and ovpd, tail — lion's tail, alluding to the form of the flower-spike, but a poor simile. The upper lip of the tiny, tubular but shallow, pale lilac flower bearded. The green calyx characterized by five thornlike points; the base of the calyx, when the flower is gone, marked with a cross upon examination with a glass. The small leaves about the flower-clusters conventionally arranged around the tall stems, wedge-shaped toward the stem, and three- pointed at the tip. The lower leaves rounded, slashed, and long-stemmed. 2-4 feet high. A familiar peren- nial naturalized from Europe, and common everywhere in waste places about dwellings. Low spreading herbs found on waste Dead Nettle grounds. With tubular, bell-shaped flow- Lamium , „ , , , , . amplexicaule ers> an(* sma" long-stemmed leaves below, Pale purple- heart-shaped ones in the middle of the magenta stem, and others above directly connected April- with the circling flower-clusters; all round- toothed. The upper lip of the flower is bearded, the lower one spotted ; all magenta or pale pur- ple. A honey-bearing flower, cross-fertilized mostly by honeybees and bumblebees, and frequently visited by Bombus bifarius, commonly called the orange-banded bumblebee. The foliage of the dead nettle is not sting- ing to the touch. 6-18 inches high. Naturalized from Europe. 408 tlotherwort. Leon u PUS Cardiaca. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. Solanaceas. Like the foregoing, also naturalized, the purpureum leaves more heart-shaped, roundish, or ob- Magenta long, and all of them stemmed. Flowers May- magenta. Less common, from N. Eng. to September pft An annual, with spreading hranches, Hemp Nettle ancj severa| circiing clusters of small pale (rateopsis Tetrcthit magenta flowers (the lower lip purple- Magenta- striped) gathered at the stems of the floral purple leaves. Name from the Greek, weasellike, from the fancied resemblance of the flower to the head of a weasel. The tiny flowers white-hairy, the flower-cup bristly. Leaves ovate, toothed, hairy, and pointed. Plant-stem square, very hairy, with hairs pointing downward, and conspicuously swollen below the joints. Cross-fertilized by the bum- blebees and smaller bees, Bombus vagans a most frequent visitor. 10-18 inches high. Common in waste places and gardens, everywhere. Naturalized from Europe. Hairy perennial herbs, with tubular bell- 8haPed fl°wers> clustered in circles, 6-10 palusfris in eacn circle> and forming a terminal Magenta-pur- spike. The upper part of the light ma- ple, or paler genta-purple flower and its green cup (ca- JU'y b lyx^ hairy- Leaves stemless, or the lower ones short-stemmed, ovate lance-shaped or longer, scallop-toothed, downy-hairy, rather obtuse, and rounded at the base. Plant-stem square, 1-3 feet high. Wet grounds, N. Eng. to Pa., and west. Like the foregoing, but with mostly smooth flowers, leaves sometimes smooth, purple and nearly all distinctly stemmed ; the July- plant-stem taller, commonly smooth on September tne sides> but stiff-hairy at the angles. The flower-spike slender. Stem 2-4 feet high. Common on wet grounds, everywhere. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. Solanacece. Mostly herbs with alternate leaves and regular, perfect flowers ; the five-lobed corolla with generally five sta- mens and a very small stigma. Foliage strongly scented. 410 Bugle-weed. Lycopus VirginicuSu (See page JM) Hemp-nettle. G&leopsis Tetrahit. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. Solanaces. Ju September The fruit, though often narcotic and extremely poison- ous, is sometimes harmless and edible ; usually a many- seeded round berry with the calyx generally adhering to its base. The potato and the tomato are the widest- known members of the family. A tall, almost shrublike plant with vari- Biuerswee" °r &ble ^^ &reen leaves from ovate to tri- Solanum angular in outline, some lobed and others Dulcamara formed of three leaflets, the two lateral Violet, purple ones quite small, all Vithout teeth. The small flowers in diminutive loose clusters, with deeply five-cleft corolla, violet or purple, or sometimes lilac- white, the yellow conic centre colored by the five stamens. The fruit (at first green) an oval, translucent ruby red berry, hanging or droop- ing in small clusters. The flower is visited by honey- bees and the beelike flies. 2-8 feet high. In moist thickets and by waysides. Naturalized from Europe. Me., south to Del., and west to Kan. and Minn. A native species, with an erect, smooth, branching stem, and ovate, wavy-toothed, thin-stemmed leaves slightly unequal- nigrum sided. Flowers white in small side clus- White ters, the corolla deeply five-lobed ; the July~ calyx adhering to the globose berry, which is black when fully ripe, and clustered on thin drooping stems. l-2£ feet high. In waste places, or near dwellings in cultivated ground, from Me., south, and west to the Northwest Territory and Tex. A tall, and late in its season a reclining Clammy Qr Sprawiing Species resembling Solatium, Ground Cherry . f ~. r . , . Physalis wlth spreading, sticky -hairy stem, and heterophylla broad heart-shaped leaves coarsely toothed Green-yellow and pointed. Flower greenish yellow, brown in the centre, with five triangular short lobes ; anthers and berry dull yellow, the latter enclosed within the enlarged calyx. 1-3 feet high. Common in rich soil frtfm Me., south, and west to Col. and Tex. A variable species, not yet satisfacto- rily defined, but including perhaps more than one species. Found at Manchester, Vt., by Miss Mary A. Day. 412 Black Nightshade Black Nightshade. Solarium nigrum. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. Solanacex. A branching and erect-stemmed species, GrcmndCherr mostly sm°oth. The ovate lance-shaped Physalis efry leaves tapering toward both ends very Virginiana slightly shallow-toothed and light green. Pale yellow The flower dull pale yellow with five brown- purple spots ; anthers deep yellow. The stigma matures before the anthers, and extends beyond them. Fertilized by the honeybee and the bees of the genus Halictus ; Halictus pectinatus is a common visitor (Prof. Robertson). The reddish berry enclosed within the enlarged calyx. 1-3 feet high. Rich soil, Vt. and N. Y., south to La., and west to Minn. Physalis pubescens, the strawberry tomato, is downy, with angular leaves. The flower light green-yellow, brown-spotted at the throat, with violet anthers. Fruit green-yellow. Escaped from cultivation eastward. A rank-smelling annual weed with a Thorn Apple smooth, green, stout stem, and thin ovate, ^^™seos*own acute, angularly coarse-toothed leaves, Weed slim-stemmed. The white trumptt-shaped Datura flowers about 4 inches long, with a light Stramonium green calyx less than half the length of the corolla, which has five sharp-pointed September lobes. The green fruit -capsule, ovoid, about 2 inches long, and covered with stout prickles, the longest of which are at the tip of the capsule. 1-5 feet high. In waste places and vacant city lots, from Me., south, and west to Minn, and Tex. Naturalized from Asia. A similar species with a slenderer stem, and darker green leaves both more or less Datura Tatula stained with magenta. Flowers like those Magenta- of the preceding species, but the flaring lavender tips of the corolla stained with magenta or May~ lavender, or the tube nearly white. All Septel the prickles of the capsule nearly equal in length. 1-5 feet high. In -waste places from Vt., N. YM and Minn., southward. Rare in Vermont. Fruit capsule Pup pie Thorn Apple. Datura T&tu la F1QWORT FAMILY. Scrophulariace*. FIGWORT FAMILY. Scrophulariacece. 'Commonly herbs with opposite or alternate leaves, and perfect, irregular flowers with two sets of stamens, 2-5, longer and shorter ones^ corolla two-lipped or nearly regular. Fruit a two- celled and generally many-seeded capsule. A large family of bitter-juiced plants ; some are narcotic-poisonous. Cross-fertilized by moths, but- terflies, and bees. A very common, picturesque, velvety- i^Sucum leaved weed of rockv Pastures and road- Thapsus sides, naturalized from Europe. The basal Yellow leaves at first in the form of a rosette, June- - large, ovate, thick- velvety, and white- September green The stem stout and erect, with a few smaller, acute-pointed leaves ; the terminal flower- spike cylindrical, woolly, and dotted with scattered light yellow flowers ; corolla five-lobed, and anthers golden yellow. Rarely the flowers are white. 2-6 feet high. In barren fields and waste places, from Me., south, and west to Minn, and Kan. A smaller species with smooth stem and Verbascun* " tnin' li&ht Sreen' glossy leaves, mostly ob- Blattaria long with deeply cut, notched, and toothed Yellow, white margins ; the upper leaves lance-shaped June- an(j clasping at the base. The flowers, September similar in shape to those of the preceding species, are light yellow or white, tinged on the back with lavender, and set on slender stalks ; the five sta- mens are fringed with ruddy hairs, and the anthers are deep orange. The slender flower-spike is 1-2 feet long, and a trifle woolly. 2-5 feet high. In waysides, waste places, and pastures. Me., south, west to Minn, and Kan. Blue Toad flax An extremely slender and smooth an- Linaria nual or biennial species with few small, Canadensi* thickish, linear, light green leaves, tooth- Lavender less, stemless, smooth, and shining. The small pale violet or lavender flowers about £ inch long, two-lipped, and spurred ^ the lower lip large and three-lobed, with a white, convex, two-ridged palate ; the upper lip with two acute divi- di6 Great Mullein. !]' Moth Mullein. Verbascum Thapsus. Verbascum Blattaria FIGWORT FAMILY. Scrophular/acex. Toad-flax or Butter-and- Eggs Linaria vulgaris Yellow and orange July-October sions ; the spur curving and threadlike. 5-30 inches high. Common in dry, sandy soil, from Me., south, and local west to the Pacific coast. The name from Linum, flax. A very common but.beautiful perennial weed naturalized from Europe, with erect smooth stem, and gray -green linear, stem- less and toothless leaves growing alter- nately but near together. The flowers are about an inch long including the slender spur, and two-lipped, the upper lip two- lobed, light yellow, the lower lip three- lobed and pouch-shaped, tapering to the tip of the slender spur, and furnished above with a protruding gold-orange palate which nearly closes the throat of the corolla ; the four stamens are tipped with ochre yellow anthers ; the style is gi'eenish. The flowers are assisted in the process of fertilization by bumblebees and butter- flies ; among the latter, Colias philodice (yellow) and Melitcea phaeton, the Baltimore (brown), are frequent visitors. 1-3 feet high. In fields, pastures, and city lots, everywhere. A smooth annual with erect stem and light green linear leaves. The flowers light purple or white, showy, solitary, and with a sac-shaped, two-lipped corolla ; the upper lip two-lobed, the lower three-lobed. About 1 foot high. In fields and waste places near dwellings, New Eng. and N. Y. Adventive from Europe. A smooth perennial with a slender four- sided, grooved stem and slender-stemmed, ovate lance-shaped, toothed, light green leaves. Flowers small, sac-shaped, and clustered on long, nearly leafless branch- lets; the two-lipped corolla green without, and shiny brown-magenta within. 3-7 feet high. In thin woods and thickets, south to N. Car. and Tenn., and west to Small Snap- dragon Antirrhinum Orontium Light purple June-August Figwort Scrophularia nodosa, var. Marilandica Green- magenta July- September from N. Y. Kan. 418 Butter-and-Eggs Liiwiavulgapis Blue Toad-flax. Linaria Canadensis. FIQWORT FAMILY. Scrophulariaceas. A smooth -stemmed plant superficially Chelone glabra resembling the Bottle Gentian, with White, pink- smooth, bright deep green, toothed, short- tinged stemmed, lance-shaped leaves 3-6 inches gUly~ long. The flower not unlike a turtle's head, about an inch long, white, and deli- cately tinged at the tips with magenta- pink or crimson- pink ; the corolla two-lipped, the upper lip arched over the lower one. The stamens dark and woolly. J-3 feet high. On wet banks, in swamps, and beside brooks, from Me., south, and west to Minn., Kan., and Tex. A perennial with slender and straight stem woollv almost to the base. Leaves %ht green, slightly woolly, oblong to pubescens lance-shaped, slightly toothed, the upper Magenta- ones toothless, the lower ovate and stemmed. The flowers whitish, tinged with dull magenta, the corolla trumpet- shaped, two-lipped, two lobes on the upper, three on the lower lip, and the throat nearly closed by a palate on the lower lip covered with long hairs. There are four stamens and a sterile stamen or so-called filament, which is hairy or bearded a little more than half its length. Cross-fertilized mostly by butterflies. 1-3 feet high. Me., south, and west to Minn, and Tex. Found in Campton, N. H., by Carroll S. Mathews. A very similar species, smooth except Pentstemon ^ne somewhat sticky -hairy top of the stem bearing the flowers ; the latter f inch long, whitish with a magenta-tinged base, the corolla as in the foregoing species, but the throat wider open, and scarcely or not at all hairy ; the sterile filament hairy on the up- per side only. The stem ruddy, and the light green leaves more or less so at the edge. 2-3 feet high. In thickets or moist fields, from Pa., south, and west to Ky. and La., where according to Gray the common form is the var. Digitalis, with stem-leaves ovate lance-shaped, the lower longer and wider. The flowers white, larger, and the corolla abruptly inflated. 2-5 feet high. Me. and N. Y., south to Va. and Ark., and west to 111. Prob- ably escaped from cultivation in the west. P. pubescens 420 Tu pile-head. Chelone g'.&bra. FIGWORT FAMILY. Scrophulariacex. and P. Icevigatus have been found in the fields and rocky hills of Vermont by Wild, in Roxbury, Conn., by C. K. Averill ; P. Icemgatus has been found by H. G. Palfrey in Haverhill, Mass. ; and P. Icevigatus var. Digitalis has been found in Middlesex Co., Mass., by Mabel P. Cook. A smooth perennial with an upright ftower y" square stem often considerably branched, Mimulus and light green, smooth, lustreless leaves ringens with irregular obscure teeth, lance-shaped Purple or oblong, opposite-growing and clasping the stem. The flowers are a rich clear purple ; the corolla two-lipped, the upper lip erect and two-lobed, the lower with three wide- spreading lobes ; there are two yellow spots near the .narrow throat. The pistil and four stamens are white ; the five-pointed, green calyx is stained with dull purple. The few flowers are long-stalked and spring from the angles of the upper leaves. 1-3 feet high. In swamps and beside brooks, generally in meadows, from Me., south to Va. and Tenn., and west to S. Dak., Minn., Neb., and Tex. Rai-ely the flowers are white. Found near Langdon Park, Plymouth, N. H. The name from the Greek for ape, or buffoon, in allusion to the fancied grin on the face of the corolla. A branching and spreading little annual with rounded ovate or oblong, smooth llysanthes leaves, scarcely toothed, the upper ones riparia stemless and clasping the plant-stem Pale dull lilac slightly. The pale dull lilac flowers £ inch long ; the upper lip of the corolla two- lobed, the lower three-lobed and flaring not unlike Mimulus. 4-9 inches high. Common in low, wet ground, everywhere. A very tall, smooth, perennial species, Veronica ' commonest in the west, with simple, Virginica straight stem , and lance-shaped or oblong White leaves growing in circles about the plant- July- stem, sharply toothed and smooth. Flow- ers small, white or pale lavender, with rather a long tube to the corolla, and with prominent stamens, in dense terminal spikes 3-6 inches long. 8-7 423 Monkey Flower Mimulus ringens. Pentstemon pubescens FIQWORT FAMILY. Scrophulariaceee. feet high. In meadows and moist woods. Not recorded in Vermont by Brainerd and Eggleston. N. Y., south to Ala. , and west to Mo. and Neb. A perennial species with a hollow, B^ok'r*111 smooth stem, which creeps over the Veronica ground and finally becomes erect and Americana branching. The leaves long-oval or ob- Lavender-blue iong lance-shaped, light green, slightly September toothed, with short, flat stems. The tiny flower is lavender-blue violet-striped, with a white centre; the corolla four-lobed, the lower lobe narrower than the others, the two divergent stamens light purple. The frail, quickly fading flowers are set on slender stems, in loose terminal spikes. 6-15 inches high. On banks of streams and in damp places ; com- mon from Me., south to Pa., and westward. Found in the Catskill Mountains near the Mountain House. A similar species. The flowers on rather S^edwell zig-zaS stems, and with linear, acute, Veronica shallow-toothed leaves, slightly clasping scutellata the stem. Fruit capsule flat, notched, and La vender- blue broader than it is long. 6-20 inches high. In swamps, from Me., south to southern N. Y., and west to Minn. Local in Cal. Also in Europe and Asia. A woolly species with prostrate but Speedwell finally erect stem. Leaves light green, Veronica oval or obovate, toothed, and narrow at offldnalis the base. The flowers light lavender, jin^A^ust" striPed with h'Sht violet ! corolla ^ur- lobed. The flowers are set closely on slen- der spikes, rising from the leaf-angles. 3-10 inches high. Common in dry fields and wooded uplands. Me., south to S. Car., west to Mich. Also in Europe and Asia. A small mountain species with the same Veronica time Qf bioom . tne slender stem generally simple, the leaves indistinctly toothed or toothless, elliptical or ovate. Lavender flowers in short clusters. 2-12 inches high. On Mt. Washington and the high mountains of New Eng., also in the Rockies. The seed-capsules of Veronica are in effect notched. 424 American Brooklime. Veronica, Americana. F1QWORT FAMILY. Scrophulariacete. A small species, generally found in the S eeduT iT^ Srass> w^h a slender branching stem and Veronica small oval leaves, toothless, short- serpyllifolia stemmed, and opposite-growing. Flowers White, pale ifoe those of American Brooklime but f ve.| M white or pale lavender with deeper stripes; they are less frail than those of the other Veronicas. 2-10 inches high. In fields and thickets, from Me. , south to Ga. , and westward. Also in Europe and Asia. Named for St. Veronica. A handsome annual or biennial species Fal^Foxgllve with a rather stick^ fine-hairy> leafy, Gerardia branching stem, round in section. The pedicularia light green leaves are fernlike, and deeply Pure yellow cut into many toothed lobes; they are Se^ember stemless or nearly so. The showy, pure light lemon yellow flowers are bell-shaped with five broad, spreading, rounded lobes. The blos- soms measure a full inch or more in diameter. The outer surface and the throat of the corolla, the stamens, and the toothed lobes of the calyx are fine-hairy. Both flower and fruit are very beautiful, and the plant would be worthy of cultivation if its character permitted ; but the Oerardias are more or less parasitic on the roots of other plants. 1-3 feet high. Visited frequently by the bumblebee and the light brown butterfly, Junonia ccenia. On the borders of dry woodlands and thickets, from Me. , south, and west to Minn, and Mo. A handsome species with a simple stem, Foxglove and yellow-green leaves, ovate lance- Gerardiaflava shaped, broadest at the base, slightly Pure yellow coarse dull-toothed or toothless, the edge July-August wavy> Both stem and leaves are velvety downy with soft hairs, the leaves with their stalks ma- genta-tinged. The showy, pure yellow or light lemon yellow flowers about 1^ inch long, trumpet-shaped like foxglove, with five lobes, the broad throat downy on the inside. Stamens four, two short and two long ; hairy. The flowers set in a close terminal cluster, rather one- sided. Cross-fertilized mostly by butterflies and bumble- bees : the Peacock butterfly (Junonia ccenia), light brown 426 Downy False Foxcj Gerard ia F1QWORT FAMILY. Scrophulariacea:. darker spotted, is one of the frequent visitors. 2-4 feet high. Thin woodlands. Me. , south to Ga. , west to Wis. Smooth False ^ similar species with flowers a little Foxglove larger and the same pure yellow ; but the Gemrdia whole plant smooth and with a slight querdfolia bloom ; the leaves cut or plain-edged, ob- long lance-shaped, the lower ones cut quite deeply, with the outline wavy and toothed. 3-6 feet high. New Eng., south, west to 111. and Minn. One of the daintiest of the Gerardias ; an annual with a generally smooth stem, Gerardia slim, straight, and rigid, the branches purpurea widely spreading. The leaves are yellow- Magenta* isn green, small, and linear, with acute tips. The downy, lighter or deeper ma- Se"ft"mber genta-purple flowers are cup-shaped, with five wide, flaring lobes; there are four stamens bearing rather large deep golden yellow anthers The flower is commonly visited by various bees, the yel- low butterfly, Colias philodice, and the brown butterfly, Junonia camia. Seed-capsule spherical. 12-26 inches high. In moist soil, generally near the coast, or in the vicinity of the Great Lakes, from Me., south, and west to Minn. The var. paupercula, not quite as tall, has a smooth, simple or branched stem, and the smaller flower is about ^ inch long ; seed-capsule prolate-spheroidal. 6-17 inches high. N. Y. and N. J., west to Wis. Sea-side ^ similar and even lower species con- Gerardia fined to the salt marshes of the coast. The Gerardia linear leaves are rather fleshy, and obtuse at the tips ; the upper ones are unusually short. The light magenta flowers, about the same size as those of the preceding species, are not downy, but smooth. 4-14 inches high. From Me., south. Slender -^ very slender species with linear, acute- Qerardia pointed leaves. The light magenta flow- Gerardia ers have two of the five lobes not so fully tenuifolia expanded as the others ; the calyx-lobes are short and acute. 10-20 inches high. In dry fields and along roadsides. Common. Named for John Ge ^ rarde, a celebrated herbalist. 428 Purple G£r,ancli& puppurea. FIG WORT FAMILY. Scrophulariacex. An odd species, annual or biennial, with Costme 'a UV tlie flower's corolla almost hidden in the cocdnea long, cylindrical, two-lobed calyx, which Scarlet is generally tipped with brilliant scarlet. green-yellow Tne piant_stein is ruddy, soft-hairy, slen- June July ^^ an<1 sjmple Tne ]eaves are iint green, parallel-veined, and slightly hairy or smooth, the lower ones oblong or broader, clustered, and undivided, the uppermost generally three-lobed — sometimes five- lobed ; all are stemless, and each looks as if it had been stained on the tip with deep vermilion or scarlet, more or less vivid according to the individual plant. William Hamilton Gibson calls the color of the Painted Cup " the brightest dab of red the wild palette can show." The color of the inconspicuous flower is greenish yellow, the corolla is tubular and two-cleft. The blossoms, com- pletely eclipsed by the red floral leaves, form with these a dense terminal cluster. Rarely the red of the leaves is displaced by yellow. Like the Gerardiax, this plant is also parasitic in nature. 12-20 inches high. Common in low, wet meadows, from Me., south to Va. and Ky., and west to Kan. and Tex. Named for Castillejo, a Spanish botanist. A pale green-leaved species living on the C as is also the rather stout plant-stem ; the upper leaves are sparse and grow al- 432 Wood Betony Pedicularis Canadensis. FIQWORT FAMILY. Scrophulariacex. ternately. The flower-cluster is terminal and dome- shaped, the flower two-lipped, the prominent upper lip dull dark whitish-opaque magenta, and strongly curved in a hook-shape with a two-toothed tip ; the lower is three-lobed and dull green-yellow. The coarse and hairy, light green calyx is tinged at the edge with dull crimson-magenta. Bractlike leaves are set close in the flower-cluster, which lengthens to an oblong shape as the flowers develop. The four stamens are under the hooded upper lip admirably protected from rain or other pollen-destroying agents ; the flower is fertilized mostly by bees ; the bumblebees and the bees of the genus Halictus are common visitors. 5-12 inches high. Com- mon everywhere. Me., south, west to S. Dak. Found on the Campus of Smith's College, Northhampton, Mass. Pedicularis ^ species with less crowded flowers, few lanceolata of which bloom together, and a simple, Light Naples nearly smooth light green stem. The deep yellow green leaves are broad lance-shaped and finely cut in the semblance of a fern ; they grow op- positely, or nearly so. The upper and lower lips of the corolla are pale dull Naples yellow, and press against each other nearly closing the throat of the flower. The same bees are common visitors. 12-34 inches high. In swampy places, Conn., south to Va., west to S. Dak. A delicate, low annual commonly found Melam *rum *n ^ne half-shaded borders of woods espe- Americanum cially in the northeastern States, with Greenish white slender, wiry, gray-green, branching stem, July-Septem= ancj yellow-green, lance-shaped leaves, the lower ones toothless and the upper with generally 2-4 bristlelike teeth or lobes near the base, all set in pairs, and growing oppositely. The frail greenish white flowers are cylindrical, opening into two lips, the lower lip three-lobed, and tinged straw yellow. The flow- ers grow singly from between the leaves, and are less than \ inch long ; their common visitors are the yellow butter- fly Colias philodice, the spotted brown one, Junonia ccenia, and the white cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapa>, ; they are also visited by various bees. 4-10 inches high. The name from the Greek, meaning black wheat. 434 Cow-wheat. Meiampyrum lineare. Melampyrum Amencanum.Michaux. BROOM-RAPE FAMILY. Otobanchacete. BROOM-RAPE FAMILY. Orobanchacece. Fleshy parasitic herbs having yellowish scales instead of leaves ; the flowers perfect, or pistillate and staininate on the same plant. Stamens four. The tiny seeds borne in a capsule. Visited by various flies and bees. A parasitic plant which draws its suste- CaTer^oot °* nance from the roots of the beech tree> Epiphegus ^e stem is tough, straight, almost up- Virginiana right-branched, stained with brown mad- Dull magenta der, and set with a few small, dry scales. buff-brown The curved tubular, dull magenta and October buff-brown upper flowers are purple- striped ; although generally sterile they are complete in every part, the style slightly protruding beyond, and the stamens just within the throat. The tiny lower flowers are cleistogamous — closed to outward agencies and self-fertilized. A few of the upper flowers are cross-fertilized by bees. 6-20 inches high. Beech woods, Me., south and west to Wis. and Mo. The name means on the beech. A pale parasitic plant, the stem hidden ctmojhohs bv the overlapping, light tan-colored, Americana lance-shaped or ovate pointed scales ; the Pale dull flowers perfect, set in a many -scaled dense yellow spike, the upper lip hooded, the lower small and three-lobed, the stamens pro- iruding ; the lips are pale ochre yellow fading toward the corolla. 3-8 inches high. In rich woods over tree roots, Me., south, and west to Mich. A beautiful little parasitic plant bearing Naked Broom- a few brownish ovate bracts near the rape or One- flowered root, and sending up 1-4 erect, slender, Cancer Root one-flowered stalks ; the curved tubular, Orobanche five-lobed flower is purplish or light violet, umflora or rare]y cream white, f inch long, ex- AprH-June ternally fine-hairy, and delicately fragrant. Cross-fertilized mostly by the smaller bees (Halictus) and the bumblebees. 3-6 inches high. In moist woods, Me. , south to Va. 436 Beech- drops. EpiphegusVirgmiana PLANTAIN FAMILY. Plantaginacex. PLANTAIN FAMILY. Plantaginacecp.. Homely herbs — weeds — generally with coarse, strong- ribbed leaves springing from the root, and insignificant flowers in long narrow spikes, perfect, or polygamous — that is, staminate and pistillate on the same plant or different plants — and even cleistogamous — that is, fer- tilizing in the bud. The familar weed of unkempt dooryards Plantain and grass-plots, with ovate, dark green, Plantago ' slightly hairy or smooth leaves, the long major stems trough-shaped, the ribs conspicuous, Dull white and the edge generally toothless, or rarely September coarse-toothed. The flowering spikes are cylindrical, blunt-tipped, and closely set with the dull, greenish white, four-lobed, perfect florets which mature the threadlike style before the corolla is, fully open, the former projecting. The four stamens mature much later and thus insure cross-fertilization. Seed-capsule ovoid and opening near the middle, the seeds reticulated. Flowering stalks 6-18 inches high. Common everywhere, indigenous northwestward but naturalized from Europe on the Atlantic seaboard. Plantaao ' Similar to the preceding ; the leaves RugelU thinner, the flowering spikes less dense June- and attenuated above, and the seed-cap- September sules cylindrical-oblong ; the latter open below the middle and quite within the four lobes of the calyx. The seeds are not reticulated. Common from Vt., south to Ga. and Tex., west to S. Dak. A similar more or less fine-hairy Euro- English Plan tain. Ribgrass Pean species, naturalized and very com- Plantago mon. The leaves are long lance-shaped, lanceolata nearly erect, generally three-ribbed, acute ^"""October and toothless > at the base of the leaves the hairiness is dark rust-color. The flower- spike is dense and short, bearing similar dull white flow- ers. But the conspicuously grooved stalk is 8-22 inches high. Old fields and waste places throughout our range. 438 English Plantain Plantago lanceolata. MADDER FAMILY. Rubiacex. MADDER FAMILY. Rubiocece. Shrubs or herbs with toothless leaves growing oppo- sitely or in circles ; the regular flowers perfect, or stam- inate with rudimentary pistils, or pistillate with rudimentary stamens ; the corolla funnel-formed with 4 (sometimes 5) lobes and as many stamens. Cross- fertilized mostly by bees and butterflies. A large family in the tropics, to which belong the Coffee, the Cinchona tree from which is obtained quinine, and the Madder (Rubia tinctorum) whose roots furnish the red dye and the artist's permanent pigment of that name. A familiar little wayside flower also Bluets0" ' r called Quaker Ladies and Innocence ; Houstonia communistic in manner of growth and ccerulea frequently covering large spaces with its h"*1 Whlte bloom> Xt is a Perennial> and forms dense tufts of oblong lance-shaped, tiny light green root-leaves and slender, thread- like stems sparingly set with minute opposite leaflets. The little four-lobed corolla is about £ inch in diameter, white, or white tinged on the lobes with lilac, or pale violet (the nearest approach to blue) ; the centre is stained with golden yellow. The flowers are pistillate and staminate as above described. Cross-fertilized mainly by the bees of the genera Halictus and Andrena, and the smaller butterflies— the Clouded Sulphur (Colias philodice), the Meadow Fritillary (Brentliis bellona), and the Painted Lady (Pyrameis Cardui). 3-6 inches high. In moist grassy places or sandy waysides, from Me., south to Ga. and Ala., west to Mich. Named for William Houston an early English botanist. A taller southern species. The stem Large smooth or slightly hairy, the light green Houstonia leaves pointed broad ovate (the upper ones purpurea smaller and narrower), with 3-5 ribs, the Lilac or deep largest nearly 2 inches long. The deep lilac or pale lilac, long-tubed flowers in small clusters ; the thin lobes of the calyx longer than the globular seed-pod. 6-16 inches high. In thin or open woodlands, from Md., south (especially lilac May-July Bluets. Houstonia caerulea. MADDER FAMILY. Rubiaceae. in the mountains) to Ga. and Ala., and west to Ark. The var. ciliolata has thicker leaves \ inch long, with the edges conspicuously hairy -fringed, and flowers in small clusters. 5-7 inches high. On the rocky shores of the Great Lakes, and south in woodlands to Pa., West Va., Ky., and Ark. ; with various intergrading forms passing to the var. longifolia, which has thinner, linear and acute leaves, often a full inch long ; the root- leaves are not hairy-fringed. 5-18 inches high. From Me., south to Ga., and west to Minn, and Mo. Frequent in the Lake Champlain Valley. A little trailing vine with dark green Partridgeberry Twinberry evergreen leaves green-white-veined and Mitchella wide, slightly heart-shaped at the base. repens The commonly four-lobed twin flowers Cream white (sometimes conjoined with 8-10 lobes) are May -June cream white and fine-hairy inside, but faint crimson-pink and smooth outside ; they terminate the short branches, and are two-formed, i. e., staminate (with abortive pistil) and pistillate (with abortive stamens). Cross-fertilized by the same insects which visit the Mayflower and Houstonia. 6-12 inches long. In woods from Me., south, and west to Minn., Ark., and Tex. Named for Dr. John Mitchell. Yellow A slender> rather erect, perennial herb Bedstraw naturalized from Europe, with a smooth, Galium verum squarish stem a trifle woody at the base. Yellow The narrow, linear, rough, light green May-August ieaveS) m circles of 6-8, are about an inch long. The tiny, yellow, four-lobed flowers are in small terminal clusters, or at the leaf-angles. 8-30 inches long. In dry waste places and borders of fields. Me., occasional in Vt., south to N. J., near the coast. An annual species with the usual weak Goosegrass reclining stem characteristic of the Gali- Galiumaparine urns, which hangs upon shrubbery by White means of the backward-hooked prickles of May-August both le&f &nd gtem The bmnt lance. shaped, light green leaves with roughened edge and rib are nearly 2 inches long, and set in a circle of 6-8. About two tiny white flowers are borne on a stalk. Fruit 442 Partridgebepry. Mitchells repens. MADDER FAMILY. RubL burlike, in pairs, and covered with short, hooked bristles which facilitate transportation. 2-5 feet long. Shady thickets and roadsides, Me., south, and west to S. Dak., Kan., and Tex. The following Galiums are perennials. . A smooth or slightly downy species with Galium broad, ovate leaves in fours, three-ribbed, circcezans and about an inch long. The greenish Greenish white white flowers, with four pointed lobes May-July hairy Qn the outside) are borne on stalks usually forked but once. 1-2 feet high. Common in rich dry woods. Me., south, west to Minn., and Tex. A smooth species with acute lance- shaped or narrower leaves almost smooth oreaie on the edSe- The numerous tiny white flowers set in close clusters. 15-30 inches high. Near streams, among rocks. Me., south to N. J., and west to S. Dak., Neb., and Cal. Smail A very small, delicate, variable species, Bedstraw often much entangled among bushes. The Galium minute stem-prickles are scarcely visible. The linear blunt- tipped or wedge-shaped, deep green leaves, £ inch long, set in fours. The minute usually three-lobed, white flowers, with three stamens, are in tiny thin clusters. 6-18 inches high. Common in sphagnum bogs and wet woodlands everywhere. A very common, weak, and reclining Bedstraw species, with the usual square stem set Galium with backward-hooked prickles. The light asprellum green leaves slightly blunt lance-shaped, llit* and prickly-rough on edge and rib, are set in circles of 4-6. The profuse tiny white flowers are in thin, airy, terminal clusters ; they are pe- culiarly, perhaps unpleasantly, odorous. 2-6 feet long. In damp soil. Me. , south to N. Car. , west to Neb. Sweet-scented ^ similar species with the flowers usu- Bedstraw ally borne in clusters of three, and with Galium the same bristly rough stem ; the leaves broad lance-shaped, bright shining green, bristle -pointed, slightly rough-edged, and set usually in sixes. The foliage fragrant after drying. 1-3 feet long. Rich woodlands throughout our range; south only to Ga. Qali |TJ t\ough Bed straw. iCifn asprellum. Wild Liquorice. Qalium circaezans. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. Caprifoliacex. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. Caprifoliocece. Shrubs, vines, or sometimes herbs with opposite leaves, and perfect regular (occasionally irregular) flowers, with generally a funnel-shaped corolla, five-lobed, or some- times two-lipped. Cross-fertilized by the larger long- tongued bees, moths, butterflies, and the humming-bird. A common smooth-stemmed shrub with Sambucus a compound deep green, smooth leaf Canadensis of 5-11, usually 7, fine-toothed, acute- Cream white pointed, ovate leaflets. The tiny cream- June-July whiie flowers, in broad flat clusters (with five prominent white stamens), are fertilized mostly by honeybees who come for pollen, the blossoms yielding little or no nectar. The purple-black berries, in broad clusters, ripen in August. 4-10 feet high. Borders of fields and copses, in low ground, throughout our range. . A similar shrub with twigs and leaves Elder **"' slightly fine-hairy, and warty gray bark. Sambucus There are 5-7 finely toothed ovate lance- racemosa shaped leaflets which are a trifle downy Dull white beneath. The fine dull white flowers with yellowish stamens are borne in a sugar- loaf-shaped cluster. The extremely beautiful small, scarlet-red, or rarely white berries, in a compact cluster, ripen in June. 2-12 feet high. In rocky woodland bor- ders. Me. , south to Ga. (among the hills), and westward. A shrub with coarse, light green, veiny, Hobble-bush or . Wayfaring Tree sharp-toothed, heart-shaped leaves, rusty - Viburnum woolly on the ribs beneath, together alnifolium with the young branchlets. The flat White flower-cluster is composed of two kinds of flowers ; the marginal dull white broad- petaled neutral — that is, stamenless and pistilless — flowers (the petals are really the five flaring, rounded divisions of the corolla), and the central, smaller, perfect flowers. Fruit a coral red berry, set in a scant cluster. Stem 3-10 feet high, reclining; the branches often take root and trip up the " wayfarer." The commonest visitoi-s are the bees of the genera Andrena and Halictus. In low or moist woods. Me., in the mountains to N. Car., west to Mich. 446 Red-berried Elden Sambucus r&cemosa. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. Caprifoliacet A coarse perennial, sometimes called Horse^Qentian Tinker's-weed and often Wild Coffee, Triosteum common in rich woodlands. The stout, perfoliatum simple stem is rather sticky-fine-hairy, Madder purple an(j the opposite-growing, light green or medium green, oval leaves are acute at the tip, and narrowed at the base to a flaring margin either side of the coarse midrib ; the edge is toothless and somewhat undulating. The flowers are an inconspicu- ous purplish brown or madder purple ; they grow at the junction of the leaves with the plant-stem ; the corolla is five-lobed, tubular, and scarcely longer than the long- lobed calyx, which remains attached to the mature fruit ; this is £ inch long or less, orange-scarlet, densely fine-hairy, and contains three hard nutlets. 2-4 feet high. In rich soil, from Me., south to Ala. and Ky., and west to Minn., Iowa, and Kan. Twin-flower ^ delicate an(^ beautiful trailing vine Linncea common in the northern woodlands, with borealis a terra-cotta-colored, somewhat rough- Crimson-pink woody stem, and a rounded, about 8- June August scanOp.toothe(j> short-stemmed, light ever- green leaf with a rough surface. The fragrant little bell-shaped flowers, in pairs, terminate a 3-4 inches long stalk, and nod ; they are delicate crimson-pink, graded to white on the margins of the five lobes. The tiny calyx divisions are threadlike. Branches 6-20 inches long. Common in rich moist mossy woods, particularly in the mountains. Me., to Long Island and Staten Island, N. Y., and N. J., west to S. Dak., Wash., and Col. A shrub with erect, generally madder Coral-berry or , ' , , .. , . Indian Currant orown branches very slightly woolly-hairy Symphoricarpos on the younger growths. The dull gray- vulgarix green leaves are ovate, toothless (rarely Pink and white some of the larger leaves are coarsely toothed), and have distinctly short stems. The five-lobed flowers are tiny bell-shaped, and grow in small clusters at the angles of the leaves, or terminally ; the corolla pink graded to white, and somewhat filled by the fine hairiness of style and stamens. The small berries in small terminal clusters are first coral red and 448 Twin Flower Linnaea, boreal is. Indian Currant. Symphoricarpos vulgarly HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. Capri fol laces. finally dull crimson -magenta. The smaller bees and honeybees are common visitors. 2-5 feet high. Rocky slopes. Mass., banks of the Delaware River in N. J., and Pa., south to Ga. and Tex., west to the Daks. A familiar shrub of old-fashioned gar- Symphoricnrpos dens and door-yards still commonly culti- racemomis vated, with smooth, erect, gray-brown Pink and white branches, and oval, dull gray -green leaves June-August lighter beneath, toothless, and a trifle wavy -margined. The young shoots are ochre brown. The tiny, five-lobed, bell-shaped flowers are pink graded to white, and are borne in terminal and leaf-angle clus- ters. The corolla is conspicuously fine-hairy within ; and the stamens and style almost protrude. The honey- bee is a constant visitor, and the flowers continue to bloom even after the large snow-white waxy berries ap- pear ; the latter are a conspicuous feature of the bush in early September. 3-4 feet high. On roadsides, escaped from cultivation, and on rocky banks, from Me., south to Pa. and Ky., and west to Minn., S. Dak., and Cal. A thin straggling bush with smooth, suckle brownish stems. The thin leaves bright Lonicera light green on both sides, ovate lance- dliata shaped, sometimes very broad at the Naples yellow base> toothless, short-stemmed, and hairy- edged. The Naples yellow or honey yellow, five-lobed flower, about £ inch long, is funnel- formed and borne in pairs at the leaf -angles. Fruit two small ovoid red berries. 3-5 feet high. Moist woods, from Me., south to Pa., and west to Minn. A similar species but with thickish, Mountain Fly- , , _ . . . honeysuckle olunt ovate leaves fine-hairy beneath. Lonicera The Naples yellow flowers in pairs, al- ccerulea most united. The ovaries unite and form one two-eyed, gray-black ovate berry. 1-3 feet high In boggy woods, the same distribution. 450 Fly-honeysuckle. Lonicepa ciliata. VALERIAN FAMILY. Valerlanacex. A scentless, but beautiful species, com- Cor™PC mon in cultivation, twining and climbing Honeysuckle high, and evergreen southward. The Lonicera large deep green oblong leaves are whit- Smletan™ ish beneath ; the toP ones are united' and eNow a' seemingly perforated by the stem, which April-August terminates in a small cluster of large, tu- bular, deep Naples yellow flowers, often deeply tinged outside with scarlet. The most frequent and useful visitor is the humming-bird, though many bees and butterflies assist in the transfer of pollen. 8-15 feet high. Copses, Mass, and Conn., south, west to Neb. A very common shrubby species with suckle " sm<>oth stem and leaves and exceedingly Diervilla small honey-colored or Naples yellow flow- trifida ers, with five recurving, rather equal, lobes, marked slightly with dull rusty orange. There are five prominent yellow stamens. The deep olive green leaves are ovate, sharp- pointed, and fine-toothed. The flowers grow in small clusters, terminally, and at the junction of leaf- and plant-stem. The fruit is an oblong capsule with beaked tip. 3-4 feet high. In dry woodlands or in thickets, from Me., south to N. Car., and west to Mich, and Minn. Named for Dr. Dierville who carried the plant from Canada to France. VALERIAN FAMILY. Valerianacea-. Herbs with opposite leaves, and perfect, or sometimes staminate and pistillate, flowers ; the corolla tube nar- row and five-lobed ; stamens 1-3, Commonly visited by bees. The genus Valeriana is remarkable for its strong- scented roots. An erect, smooth plant, with compound Valerian leaves of from 5-1 1 (rarely less) deep green , Valeriana lance-shaped, obtuse leaflets, indistinctly sylvatica shallow-toothed or toothless; the root-leaves Pale magenta- are long_stemmed, ovate, and rarely small- June jul lobed. The dull magenta-pink or paler pink or white flowers are tiny, and clus- 452 Swamp Valerian. \\ VaJerianasylvatica. GOURD FAMILY. Cucurbitaceae. tered in a loose terminal spike ; the three stamens very prominent. 10-30 inches high. In wet or swampy ground, from Me., south to southern N. Y., west to S. Dak., and in the Rocky Mountains to Ariz. A common cultivated species, often Garden Vale- . . rian Great escaping to roadsides and margins of cul- Wild Valerian, tivated fields. A native of Europe. The or Vandal-root stem more or less fine-hairy especially at Vateriana fae joints, and the compound leaves with 11-21 lance-shaped, sharply toothed leaf- lets, the upper ones toothless. The flowers are pale ma- genta-crimson or white, set in compact, rather rounded clusters terminating the stout stem. The strong-scented roots are medicinal. 2-5 feet high. Mass, south to Del., west to N. Y. and Pa. Name from valere, to be strong. A smooth forking-stemmed annual with Valerianella succulent wedge-shaped leaves, and insig- Woodsiana nificant dull white flowers funnel-formed Dull white and five-lobed, gathered in small terminal May-July clusters. 18-34 inches high. In moist places, from N. Y., west to Ohio and Tex. Valerianella olitoria, a species from Europe, naturalized in the Mid- dle States and south, has similar leaves, but pale violet flowers. 6-12 inches high. Southern N. Y., and south- ward. GOURD FAMILY. Cucurbitacece. Climbing vines generally with tendrils, and with lobed leaves growing alternately. The flowers staminate and pistillate on the same plant or different plants. Sta- mens mostly three. Cross-fertilized by bees and flies in general, and possibly by many beetles and butterflies. A beautiful, rapid-growing, and luxu- Climbing Wild riant annuaj climber ; the light green, Wild Baton thin leaves, with 3-7 (mostly five) sharply Apple angular lobes, are rough or. both sides. Echinocystis The small, sharply six-petaled staminate k>6uta flowers are borne in many loose clusters, ^ reenis e ^^ ^e pistillate flowers singly or in twos, September at the angles of the leaves ; the petals and the three prominent stamens with 454 Climbing Wild Cucumber. Echinocystis lobata. BELLFLOWER FAMILY. Campanulacese. yellowish anthers are greenish white. The spiral tend- rils are three-forked. Cross-fertilized mostly by bees and wasps. The cucumberlike fruit is 2 inches long or less, green, ovoid, and thickly covered with slender, weak prickles. 15-20 feet long. Beside rivers and in waste places. Me., south to Pa. and west to S. Dak., Kan. , and Tex. Found in the Pemigewasset Valley at Ply- mouth and Campton, N. H. The name (Greek), means hedgehog and bladder ; in allusion to the armed fruit. Also an annual climber with branching One-seeded ... , _ . , , , , Bur-cucumber tendrils and a five-lobed, far less deeply Sicyos cut light green leaf; the stem is sticky- anynlatus hairy, angular, and coarse. The small Greenish white five_iobed flowers are likewise staminate September and pistillate ; the former are borne, five or six, in a cluster on a long stalk, the latter are almost stalkless ; both are set in the angles of the leaves. The yellowish fruit, 3-10 together, is armed with fine tough bristles ; a single fruit contains but one seed. 15-25 feet long. In moist places and along rivers, from Me., south, and west to Minn., Kan., and Tex. The name is Greek, for Cucumber. BELLFLOWER FAMILY. Campanulacece. Herbs, in our range, with alternate leaves and acrid, generally milky, juice ; the perfect flowers in a spike or solitary. The corolla usually bell-shaped and five-lobed. Stamens five, alternating with the corolla-lobes. Fruit a many -seeded capsule. Cross-fertilized mostly by bees and the beelike flies (Syrphidce). A tribe now included in Lobeliacece by Engler and Prantl, but one which, in our range, lacks those connecting links which make the close relationship evident. An annual with a simple, wandlike stem, Lo^n8- glass weak and disPosed to Celine, and small, Nnecularia curved, shell-shaped, light green, scallop- perfoliata toothed leaves clasping the rough, angled Magenta- plant-stem. The purple-violet or magenta- purple purple flowers, set at the hollows of the gU8t leaves, have deeply five-lobed corollas 456 Venus's Looking-glass. Speculam perfoliata. BELLFLOWER FAMILY. Campanulaceae. with five stamens and a three-lobed pistil. There are also earlier flowers which are cleistogamous — closed to all outward agencies and self-fertilized. Stem 5-22 inches long. Common in poor soil on hills and in dry open woodlands. Me., south, west to Ore. and Utah. A common garden perennial, natural- Bellflower Campanula lzec* trom Europe, and a frequent escape rapunculoides from cultivation. The simple, erect, and Purple rigid stem is light green and slightly rough- July-August hairy . the leaves are thiDj fine.hairy, and light green, the upper ones broad lance-shaped, the lower arrow-head-shaped with a heart-shaped base ; all are ir- regularly scallop-toothed. The bell-shaped purple flow- ers have five acute lobes, and hang downward mostly on one side of the stem ; the pistil is white and protruding ; the stigma three-lobed and purple-tinged ; the linear lobes of the green calyx are strongly turned backward. The common visitors of the flower are the honeybee and bumblebee. 1-3 feet high. In fields and on roadsides. Me., to southern N. Y., Pa., and Ohio. A most dainty and delicate perennial arebe or plant, yet one so remarkably hardy that it Bluebell Campanula survives the cold and storms ot mountam- rotundifolia tops over 5000 feet above sea-level. It is Light violet common in the Chasm of the Ausable gUne ~ River and on the summits of the White Mountains. In spring the plant displays a tuft of round leaves (hence the name rotundifolia), small and sparingly toothed ; these wither before the time of flowering (rarely they remain until that time), and are succeeded by a tall wiry stem , with linear, pale olive green leaves and a succession of airy blue-violet bells depending from threadlike pedicels (flower-stems). The corolla is five-lobed, and graded in color from light violet or pale lavender to white at its base ; the promi- nent pistil is tipped with a three-lobed stigma, which is at first green and finally white ; the five anthers are a delicate lavender tint. The chief visitor is the bumble- bee, who must clasp the prominent stigma before he can enter the inverted bell ; in the bustling endeavor to reach the base of the blossom some of the pollen obtained from 458 Bellflowep. Campanula r&punculoides. BELLFLOWER FAMILY. Campanulacex. lavender June-August a previously visited flower is brushed off and cross-ferti- lization is effected. The harebell is also visited by the bees of the genus Halictus and the beelike flies. 6-18 inches high. On rocky cliffs, dry or moist, in barren, sandy fields or grassy places, and in shade or sunshine, on mountain-top or meadow. Me., south to N. J., west to S. Dak., Neb., and in the Rocky Mountains south to Ariz ; also in the mountains of Cal. A native of Eu- rope and Asia as well, and identical with the bluebell of Scotland. A degenerate mountain form mistakenly thought to be the var. arctica is a much smaller plant bearing a single flower. A species common in grassy swamps, lielifiower with branching, slender, weak, reclining Campanula stems, bristly rough on the angles, like aparinoides Oalium asprellum. The light green, lin- White or ear lance-shaped leaves are rough on edge and midrib ; indistinctly shallow- toothed, and stemless. The single white or pale lavender flowers scarcely \ inch broad, deeply cleft into five acute lobes spreading open like a deep saucer, are arranged terminally. 6-20 inches high. In wet grassy ground everywhere, west to S. Dak., Neb., and Col. r ii i' .11 i A- ta^ annual or biennial with a slightly I all tseiltlower Campanula nne-hairy, erect, slender, green stem, Americana rarely branched. The ovate or ovate Light violet lance-shaped, stemless, light green leaves ^ulj are long and drooping ; the lower ones are narrowed at the base like a stem ; all are acute-pointed and toothed. The dull-toned light violet or nearly white flowers grow from the angles of the leaves and form a slender terminal spike ; the one inch wide corolla has five long, acute, spreading lobes ; the style curves downward and then upward (as in the Py- rola), extending far beyond the mouth of the flower. The commonest visitors are the honeybee, the bumble- bee, and the " Yellow- Jacket " hornet. Flower-stalk frequently 18 inches tall. In moist shady places, in- land, from N. Y., south to Fla., and west to S. Dak., Kan., and Ark. The name is from the Italian Cam- pcma, a bell, in allusion to the shape of the corolla. 460 Harebell Campanula rotund ifol i&. LOBELIA FAMILY. Lobeliaceae. LOBELIA FAMILY. I^obeliacece. A family of perennial herbs with milky acrid juice. The perfect but irregular flowers with a fi ve-lobed tube- shaped corolla ; the five stamens united in a tube. Cross -fertilized by bees, the beelike flies, and the hum- ming-bird. Named for De L'Obel, an early Dutch herb- alist ; it now includes the tribe Campanulacece. A most beautiful species, remarkable for Cardinal Flower . , , , , . . . , . _ Lobelia its rich, deep red which largely influences cardinalis the color of stem and foliage. The Deep red leaves are dark green, smooth or nearly August- so> oblong lance-shaped, and slightly September ,, •. ., toothed ; the upper ones are stem less. The showy flower-spike is loosely set with deep cardinal red flowers, the triple-lobed lips of which are a rich velvety color. Rarely the plant produces deep pink or white flowers. Fertilized by humming-birds, and rarely by bumblebees ; but the long tongue of the humming- bird is the only practicable means of cross-fertilization. The length of the flower-tube is too great for the tongue, and the pendant lip too inconvenient for the feet of the average insect. The plant multiplies mostly by perennial offshoots. 2-4 feet high. Common everywhere in low moist ground. Found in Campton Bog, N. H. A slightly hairy plant with a stout, leafy, Lobelia an^ Usua-Hy simple stem ; the leaves light syphilitica green, 2-6 inches long, pointed at both Light blue- ends, nearly if not quite smooth, irregu- violet iarly t00thed, and stemless. The light September blue-violet or rarely white flowers nearly an inch long; the calyx stiff -hairy. 1-3 feet high. Common in low moist ground, from Me., south to Ga. and La., and west to Kan., Neb. , and S. Dak. A similar species with similarly colored Downy Lobelia flowers in long somewhat one-sided spikes, puberula an(^ w^th fine soft-hairy leaves. The hairy tube of the corolla is less than ^ inch long, and the lobes of the lip are rather broad and smooth. 1-3 feet high. In moist sandy soil. Southern N. J., south, and west to Kan. and Tex. 462 Cardinal Flower. Lobelia cardinalis. Indian Tobacco. Lobelia inflata. LOBELIA FAMILY. Lobeliacess. A still smaller-flowered species, bearing Lobelia' C very long slim spikes of pale blue-violet Lobelia spicata flowers with a usually smooth short calyx. Pale blue- The stem simple and leafy, the light green vlolet leaves nearly toothless, lance-shaped (ab- July-August ruptly go at the bage of fche piant^ or oblong, obtuse, but the upper ones nearly linear. 1-4 feet high. In dry sandy soil from Me., south to N. Car., and southwest to Ark. and La. A small species generally found beside LoMtii Kcilniif brooks, or on wet banks, with slender Light blue- branching stem, and narrow, blunt-tipped violet leaves sparingly toothed or toothless ; the Ju'y- upper ones linear. The light blue-violet September flowers less than \ inch long and scattered loosely over the spikes. The fruit-capsule not inflated (as Lobelia inflata), but small, and top-shaped or nearly globular. 6-18 inches high. On wet meadows and wet river-banks. Me., south to N. J., and west to Ohio and S. Dak. Indian Tobacco The commonest species ; growing every- Lobelia inflata wnere m dlT or wet soil> within the wood Light blue- or out on the meadow. An annual with a violet simple or branching slightly hairy stem. July-October The thin light green leaves oval pointed, and sparingly wavy-toothed, the uppermost very small, narrow, and acute. The tiny flowers scarcely \ inch long, varying in color from light blue-violet to pale lilac and even white. The calyx smooth, the inflated, prolate- spheroidal fruit-capsule about \ inch long. Very acrid and poisonous to taste, and commonly used in medicine. Me., south to Ga., and west to Ark. and Neb. An aquatic species, smooth, slender, and Water Lobelia simple stemmed." Leaves all submerged, Dortmanna thick» linear holl<>w, and tufted at the base of the stem. Flowers in a loose termi- nal spike, light violet, £ inch long. 6-18 inches high. Borders of ponds. N. Eng. to Pa., and northwestward 464 Pale Spiked Lobelia Lobelia spicata. Water Lobelia. Lobelia Dortmanna. COMPOSITE FAMILY. Composltas. COMPOSITE FAMILY. Composites. Mostly perennial herbs. A great family remarkable for its compound flower-heads which are often radiate in character, with a central disc composed of tiny tubular florets surrounded by brightly colored rays ; in some cases the florets are strap-shaped. They are variously perfect, polygamous, and staminate and pistillate on the same or different plants ; in chicory and dandelion the florets are perfect and strap-shaped ; in coneflower and sunflower the tubular florets of the central disc are per- fect and the ray-flowers neutral (without stamens and pistil) ; in aster and golden-rod the inner tubular florets are perfect and the outer ray-florets are pistillate ; in thistle and burdock the florets are all tubular and perfect but lacking rays ; in Antennaria the tubular florets are staminate and pistillate on different plants, and in rag- weed the staminate and pistillate florets are on the same plant. The family is largely dependent upon insects for cross-fertilization . A tall smooth-stemmed plant found in d m°ist situations> with lance - shaped, altissima toothed, deep green leaves and a terminal Madder purple cluster of brownish purple or madder August- purple flowers remotely resembling bache- September jor»s- buttons without petals; the small flower-heads appear hairy or chaffy. 5-8 feet high. Penn., south, and west to 111. and La. The common species eastward, differing Iron weed from the tall iron weed in its usually slightly Vemonia rough stem, longer lance-shaped deep Noveboracensis green leaves, and acute, bristle-tipped, Madder purple brown-purple scales of the flower-heads. September The »sthetic dul1 PurPle (rarely white) flowers resemble petalless bachelor's but- tons, or at a distance asters. 3-7 feet high. In moist ground, oftenest near the coast, from Mass., south to Ga., and west to Minn, an.i eastern Kan. Found near Englewood, N. J. Named for Wm. Vernon, an early English botanist. 466 New York Ironwccd. Vernonia Noveboracensis COMPOSITE FAMILY. Compositx. Climbing Hempweed or Boneset Mikania scandens White flesh pink July September Joe-Pye-Weed Eupatorium purpureum Magenta- crimson August- September An attractive, twining vine generally climbing over bushes on damp river banks. The light green leaves triangular heart- shaped, and the bristly, dull white or flesh- colored flowers resembling those of bone- set. 5-15 feet long. Mass., south, and west to Ind. and Tex. Named for Prof. Mikan of Germany. A familiar, tall plant with a stout stem on which the roughish, pointed ovate, toothed, light green leaves are grouped in circles at intervals. The dense terminal flower-clusters with many soft-bristly, {es- thetic-toned dull magenta-crimson florets, lighter or deeper, or sometimes dull white. Frequented by the honeybee. 3-12 feet high. Common everywhere on borders of swamps or low damp ground. Named for Eupator Mithridates, and for a New England Indian who used the plant in some concoction for the cure of fevers. A similar, but small, rough-hairy species with white flowers, the scales of which are very long and white. The light green, veiny leaves are stemless or nearly so. 1-3 feet high. In sandy soil and pine barrens, from Long Island, N. Y., to Fla. and La. A hillside species with generally smooth, opposite, ovate lance-shaped, horizontally spreading leaves tapering to a sharp point. The white flowers, with long, slender but blunt scales, are in flat clusters. 2-6 feet high. In woods or on wooded banks. Mass., south, and west to 111. The common, familiar species whose leaves have been used in a bitter tonic de- coction or tea. Leaves very light green, pointed, opposite, and so closely joined that two appear as one perforated by the plant-stem, which with the leaves is re- markably wool-hairy. The very dull white 468 White Thoroughwort Eupatorium album White August- September Upland Boneset Eupatorium sessilifolium White August- October Boneset or Thoroughwort Eupatorium perfoliatum Dull white July- September ME?*, Boneset Eupatppium perfoliatum. White Snakeroot. Eupatorium ayeratoides. COMPOSITE FAMILY. Composites. florets, in terminal clusters, furnish an abundance of nectar for the visiting honeybee — the rule with all Eu- patoriums and Vernonias. 2-5 feet high. Common everywhere on wet ground. The most attractive and graceful mem- Snakeroot ber °f thia generallv coarse genus. The Eupatorium large- toothed leaves are deep green, ageratoides smooth, thin, slender-stemmed, and nearly Whste heart-shaped. Flowers white (not dull) u ^~ and peculiarly downy, like the garden Ageratum. 1-4 feet high. Rich woods and copses. Me., south to Ga., and west to S. Dak., Neb., and La. A very similar species with short- Eupatorium stemmed leaves, dull-toothed and blunt- aromaticum „ ,a __ pointed ; the flowers a trifle larger. Near the coast, from Mass, to Ga. The name is misleading — it is not aromatic. A tall, stout, handsome species belong- TaH Blazing ifig to ft beautiful genug The ghowy LiaMs scariosa flower-spike set with magenta-purple to Magenta- pale violet, tubular, perfect flowers, the purple heads sometimes f inch broad. Leaves Se^ember deep &reen» h°ary> narrow lance-shaped, and alternate-growing. The flowers ex- hibit many aesthetic and variable tints. 2-6 feet high. In dry situations, by roadsides and in fields. Me. , south, and west to S. Dak. and Tex. A lower species (beginning to bloom in Liatris June) with smooth or often hairy, stiff, squarrosa .. . . . _ linear leaves, and with the few flowers on the spike bright magenta-purple and fully an inch long ; the scales enveloping them are leaflike with sharp, spread- ing tips. 6-22 inches high. Pa., south, and west to 8. Dak. and Tex. A commoner species, smooth or nearly Liatris go> Wj^j1 iinear leaves and a closely set flower-spike sometimes fully 14 inches long ; the flowers, about f inch broad, range from pur- ple to violet or rarely to white. 2-5 feet high. Moist low ground. Mass. , south, and west to S. Dak. and Ark. 470 Blazing Star. 1^ Liatris scariosa. COMPOSITE FAMILY. Composite. An asterlike but golden yellow flower Grass»leaved growing in dry soil generally near the or Silver Grass coas^ The shining leaves linear, soft, and Chrysopsis grasslike, but silvery green-gray with fine- graminifolia hairiness, the lower ones long. The small Golden yellow flowers £ inch broad, solitary at the tips of OctobeV the branches, the ray-flowers pistillate, the disc-flowers perfect. The slender stem 1-3 feet high. Del. , south, and southwest to Tex. A much lower species with larger flow- Qoi'fen Aster* ers> also found in the coastwise States. Chrysopsis The stems very woolly, and the small lin- fatcata ear leaves gray-green and crowded to- Golden yellow gether. The pretty, rich golden yellow flowers are an inch broad. 4-10 inches high. From Cape Cod, Mass., to the pine barrens of N. J. Found on Nantucket. . A stout, showy species, the stem and Mariana leaves of which are silky with soft hairs Golden yellow when young, but become smooth with August- age. The gray-green leaves are lance- September shaped and stemless, and the golden yel- low flower-heads are nearly an inch across, the scales below somewhat sticky and hairy. The commoner golden aster of New York and the south, found on dry sandy roadsides near the coast. 1-2 feet high. From southern N. Y. and Pa., south. The genus Solidago includes about 85 species, of which about 25 are commonly found throughout the northern United States. These are readily distinguished by differences in stem, leaf, and flower ; the stem may be rough, smooth, covered with hairs, or with bloom, or angular, or round ; the leaf may be triple-ribbed, feather- veined, or more or less distinctly ribbed or toothed ; the flowers may have few or many large or small rays. The central tubular florets are perfect, and are cross-fertil- ized by many insects of many orders, chief among which are the butterflies and the beelike flies ; the flowers fur- nish an abundance of honey for all. The Latin name, Solidago, means to make whole, alluding to some cura- tive quality of the plant. There are some hybrid forms 472 Golden Aster Chrysopsis Mariana. COMPOSITE FAMILY. Composite A not very common species, the stem Stout Golden. . ^ rod hairy above and rarely branched, with Solidago large, broad, coarsely toothed, feather- squarrosn veined leaves, and with rather showy Golden yellow flowers . the 10-16 rays nearly 1 inch long, " the tabular florets 15-24 in a single flower- head the scales of which are strongly curved outward. The flower plume generally straight. Plant 2-5 feet high. On rocky hillsides, and the mar- gins of woods. Me., south to the mountains of Va., and west to Vt., the Catskills, N. Y., Penn., and Ohio. A late-bloom ing, graceful, slender, wood- Blue-stemmed , , ,, •,., ,.. ,,,., Golden=rod land golden-rod, with a distinct bluish or Solidago purplish, plumlike bloom on the bending ccesia stem. The leaves dark green, feather- Late August- veined, smooth, sharply toothed, lance- shaped, and sharp-pointed. The flowers in small oblong clusters at the junction of leaf-stem with plant-stem, and not in a distinct terminal cluster ; 3-5 rays in a single flower-head, ^ inch broad, quite long, and very light golden yellow. 1-3 feet high. Common on shaded banks, and margins of woods, everywhere. A similar species, but with broad, olive Go°den=rod green, feather- veined leaves pointed at Solidago both ends ; the stem lighter green, zig-zag, latifolia angled in section, and rarely branched. August- Tne lignt g^en yellow flowers in small clusters (like S. ccpsia), with but 3-4 rays. 1-3 feet high. Rich, moist, wooded banks. Me., south to Ga. , west to S. Dak. Found in the Catskill Mountains. A very common species; the only one White Golden=» . , n ,.. . . rod or Silver- wltn white flowers. .Leaves elliptical, rod feather-veined, rough-hairy, very lightly Solidago bicolor toothed, and dark olive green above, the August- ribg Deneath hairy. Stem simple or September branched, upright, and gray-hairy. Tubu- lar florets cream yellow, surrounded by 3-12 white rays ; flower-clusters mignonette! ike, small, and at the leaf- junctions or crowded in a cylindrical terminal spike. 10-30 inches high. On dry barren ground. Me., south to Ga., and west to Minn, and Mo. A yellow-flowered Feather-veined leaf as in S.rugosA. Solidago caesia. COMPOSITE FAMILY. Composite. form, var. concolor, has yellow rays, and densely woolly stem and leaves. Commoner far north, south to Ga., Wis., and Minn. Lar e-leaved A norfchern species mostly confined to Oollden-'rod6 damp, rocky woods. The deep green Solidago leaves are ovate, thin, sharply toothed, macrophyllu feather-veined, and very long-stemmed. Leaf- and plant-stem usually smooth, but the latter sometimes fine-hairy at the top. Flower-heads nearly £ inch long, with 8-10 long golden yellow rays. 1-4 feet high. Wooded hillsides. Me. (Aroostook Co.), to northern N. H. and N. Y., south to the Catskill Mountains, and west to Lake Superior. A dwarf alpine form confined to moun- rod tain-tops and about 8 inches high. The Solidago Vir- large flowers, thickly clustered at the sum- gaurea var. mit of the stout simple stem, with about 12 rays. Leaves usually obovate and finely September toothed. Mountain summits of Me., N. H. (Mt. Washington), and N. Y., and shores of Lake Superior. A species frequenting salt-marshes and Golden-rod sea-beaches. Stem stout and smooth ; SoHdago flower-cluster large, leafy, short, and sempervirens straight, with large showy flowers having August- 7_10 deep g0iden yellow rays. Leaves lance-shaped, smooth, toothless, and with 3-5 obscure nerves. 2-8 feet high. Me. to Fla. The stem stout and smooth ; leaves Sohda o&n r° smo°th> lance-shaped, obscurely seven- uliginosa veined, slightly toothed or toothless ; those August- at the root very long. The flowers are September light golden yellow, with 5-6 small rays, and are crowded on the wandlike or straight stem . 2-4 feet high. Me. to northern N. J. and Pa., west to Minn. A handsome, stocky plant with a ruddy, Oolden-rod stout, smooth, round (in section) stem, and Solidago large, smooth, firm, feather- veined, olive speciosa green leaves, rough-edged or obscurely August- toothed ; the upper ones oblong lance- shaped, the lower ovate. Flower-heads 476 Seaside Golden-rod 5olidagosemperviren3. COMPOSITE FAMILY. Composite. with about 5 large golden yellow rays and prominent stamens ; the showy flower-cluster is dense, branched, and somewhat pyramidal in outline. 3-6 feet high. Rich ground and copses. Me., south to N. Car. «nd Ky., and west to Minn, and Neb. An anise-scented species, very odorous Golden-rod when crushed. Leaves bright green, Kolidago udora 'smooth, indistinctly three-ribbed, shining, August- and dotted. The slender stem, often re- September dining, is usually smooth, and nearly cylindrical in section. Flower-heads small, with 3-4 golden rays nearly ^ inch long. The flower-cluster one- sided. 2-3 feet high. In dry sandy soil. Me., south, and west to N. Y., Ky., and Tex. Very common in swamps ; with stout Spreading Golden-rod stem (anSled in section) and spreading Solidayo ptttula branches. The large, rough, fine- toothed, August- feather-veined leaves smooth beneath. October Flower-clusters small ; the rather large flowers with obtuse green scales and small rays. Me., south to Gra., and west to Minn., Mo., and Tex. An exceedingly hairy or rough golden- t°Ug "d ro(^' verv common on wooded roadsides Golden-rod and margins of fields. Leaves dark green, Solidago feather- veined, very hairy, and deeply •>-ugosa toothed. Stem hairy, straight, cylindri- July~ cal, and thickly set with leaves. The flower-clusters small, weak in color, and terminating several branches also thickly set with leaf- lets ; the flower-heads light golden yellow ; 6-9 rays and 4-7 tubular florets. The plant often branched like an elm at the top, but presenting a variety of forms. 1-7 feet high. Dry ground everywhere. Elm-leaved ^ l*ke sPecies with but few differences, Golden-rod viz.: Stem slender, smooth or woolly at Solidago the summit, leaves thin, pointed, and ta- pering toward the base. Flowers with about four deep yellow rays, the scales long lance- shaped. 2-4 feet high. Common in low moist copses or woods, from Me., south to Ga.. west to Minn., Mo., and Tex. 478 Solidago rugosa. COMPOSITE FAMILY. Composltx. A smooth species common in swamps in Golden-rod the north. The upper leaves long Ian. °- Solidugo shaped, few-veined, and nearly toothless, neglecta the lower ones sharply toothed, broader, August- an(j tapering to a stem. The flower-clus- ters rather thick and short, with crowded flowers of 3-8 small rays. 2-4 feet high. Me., south to Md., and west to Wis. and 111. A common and very graceful species ; Golden-rod one °^ *ne earnest golden-rods, with very Kolidago light golden yellow flowers having 5-7 arguta large rays and small, light green, obtuse scales. The flower-cluster plumelike and reclining. The stem angled, smooth, and angular in section, sometimes ruddy brown. Leaves deep green, indistinctly f eather- veined , large, thin, and sharply coarse- toothed, generally elliptical lance-shaped, the upper ones nearly if not quite toothless. 2-4 feet high. Copses and rich thin woods, from N. H., south to Va., and west to S. Dak. „ Another very common, slender species Golden-rod often found in company with the forego- Solidagojunrea ing and blooming a little later. Leaves July- smooth, yellow olive green, and slightly September three-ribbed, the upper ones toothless, the lower broad lance-shaped, with sharp and spreading teeth ; a tiny leaf-wing grows at either side of each leaf- stem. The flower-clusters are spread somewhat like an elm in larger plants ; but in the smaller ones they are one-sided. The golden yellow flowers about £ inch long, with 8-12 small rays. 2-4 feet high. On dry rocky banks and roadsides. Me. , south to N. Car. , west to Mo. A common but by no means a late-flow- Qolden-rod ering golden-rod, generally distinguished Solidago for the plumlike lilac bloom (but some- serotina times light green) of its straight, smooth, August- dignified stem, which is perfectly cylindri- cal in section. Leaves dark green, plainly three-ribbed, smooth, and toothed only along the upper half of the edge, narrow and sharp-pointed. The stems of the flower-heads are covered with tiny white hairs ; 4So Early Golden-rod. 5olidago juncea. White Golden-rod. Solid&cjo bicolon L&te Golden-pod. .Solidago serotina. COMPOSITE FAMILY. Composite the flowers small, light golden yellow, 7-15 long rays. The flower-cluster is generally cylindrical, but bending at the top of the unbranched stem. 3-7 feet high, but> seldom tall. Copses and dry roadsides, everywhere. A tall, stout, coarse species with lance- shaped, dull olive green, sharply toothed, triple-ribbed leaves, rough above, a trifle woolly beneath, and tapering to a point at Golden yellow either end, the uppermost leaves nearly toothless. The flowei'-heads are small, with 5-15 short rays ; the greenish golden yel- low clusters plumelike and large, but not striking. 3-7 feet high. Common everywhere (except at the seaside) in copse borders and on roadsides in dry situations. Quite variable ; the var. procera with slightly toothed or toothless leaves rather gray -'woolly beneath, and the var. scabra (N. Y. and Pa., south) also with leaves sparingly toothed or toothless, very rough above and hairy-veined beneath, the flower-heads somewhat larger. Qra One of the most brilliant of all the Golden-rod golden-rods. A rather low, late-flowering Solidago species remarkable for its rich deep golden nemoralis yellow flowers and its simple, unbranched, green-gray stem, which with the leaves is covered with minute grayish hairs. The leaves are three-ribbed, dull olive green, rough, thick, dull-toothed, and generally broad lance-shaped, some- what wider at the farther end, the lower ones tapering to a stem ; little leaflets are on either side of the bases of the larger leaves. Flowers with 5-9 rays, the cluster generally forming a thickly set one-sided plume. 6-25 inches high. Common everywhere, beside sandy roads and in dry pastures, except at the seaside. A less common species distinguished for Goiden-rod ^8 spreading, flat-topped cluster, which is Solidago usually quite thick. The stout, leafy rigida stem is covered with dense fine hairs ; the rough, thick, narrowly oval leaves, feath- er-veined and extremely rigid, the upper ones broad at the base and clasping at vhe stem, tooth- less or nearly so. The large flower-heads with about 30 482 Canada Golden-rod. riSolidagoCanadensis COMPOSITE FAMILY. Composites. tubular florets and 6-10 large rays. 2-5 feet high. Dry soil, Mass., south to Ga., and west to Minn, and S. Dak. Lance-leaved A slightlv fragrant species, distinctly dif- Qolden-rod ferent from all the foregoing. The very Solidago small flowers in aflat-topped cluster, and lanceolata the very small, toothless, lance-shaped, nar- octobel ear'y row willowlike' Kg*1* Kreen leaves with 3-5 ribs and very rough edges. The stem is straight, angular in section, with the ridges minutely rough; and terminates in a thin, wiry-branched flower- cluster not at all showy in color ; the tiny flower-heads in small crowded groups ; 12-20 minute rays. 2-4 feet high. On river- banks, borders of damp woods, or in moist situations, everywhere. Slender -^ somewhat similar, resinously fragrant Golden-rod species : the difference apparent in the Solidago slenderer, smoother stem and the very tenuifoha narrow, linear, dotted leaves, commonly one-ribbed. The tiny flower-heads, with 6-12 rays, in numerous groups of 2-3, forming a flat-topped cluster 15-18 inches high. In dry sandy soil mostly near the coast. Mass., south, and west to 111. The genus Aster, named from atfrr/p, a star, is a varied and beautiful, late-flowering tribe which, with Solidago, monopolizes the roadsides and byways in autumn. The species are distinguished apart in much the same way as in Solidago. The ray-florets are pistillate, the tubular florets (upon the disc) perfect, with a five-parted yellow corolla, which with age turns dull magenta. Fertilized mostly by honeybees, bumblebees, and the beelike flies. All the asters yield an abundance of nectar. A small white aster, not showy but com- ner m°n *" thin woods< The stem is rather Aster smooth, a trifle zig-zagged, and quite slen- devaricatus der ; the olive green leaves are coarsely White toothed, slender-stemmed, heart-shaped, September- sharp-pointed, and smooth. The white flowers, as broad as a " nickel," have only 6-9 rays ; the disc-flowers turn madder purple with age. 1-2 feet high. Me. , south to Ga. , and west. 484 Lance-leaved Golden-rod. Solidago lancoto. COMPOSITE FAMILY. Composifse. A stout, stiff, purplish-stemmed species Aster"16*™*1 with few' rough> lai'Se' 4~8 indies long, Aster closely toothed, basal leaves, the upper macrophylhis ones ovate, almost stemless, and sharp- L'lac pointed. Flowers about an inch broad, Se^ember Wlth 1 erect, and with nearly upright Aster branches. The light olive green leaves sugittifolius thin, broad lance-shaped, and sparingly Light violet toothed toward the top of the stem, but August- somewhat arrow-shaped lower down. The small, light violet flowers are not showy ; there are 10-14 rays about £ inch long. 2-4 feet high. In dry soil. Me., south to Ky., west to Pa., and N. Dak. Variable but handsome, with light violet Smooth Aster . Aster Icevis or Pa*er blue- violet flowers about an inch Light violet broad, and nearly if not entirely toothless, September- smooth, light green leaves, lance-shaped, October stemless, and clasping the plant-stem with a somewhat heart-shaped base. The flowers with 15-30 rays. Stem 2-4 feet high, smooth, and sometimes cov- ered with a light bloom. Dry soil, roadsides, and bor- ders of woods ; common everywhere. A tiny white aster common in southern Dau" o'r""* New York' New Jersey"> and Pennsylvania. Heath Aster Stem generally smooth and closely set Aster ericoides above with tiny, heathlike, linear, light White green leaves, the few basal ones blunt September- lance-shaped and slightly toothed ; all are rather rigid. The tiny white flowers with yellow discs are like miniature daisies ; there are 16-24 narrow rays sometimes lightly tinted with magenta. This aster has spread beyond its original limits through cultivation by bee-keepers ; its yield of nectar is large, and it is an especial favorite of the honeybee. 1-3 feet high. Common in dry fields and on roadsides, from Me. , south, and west from south N. Eng. to Wis. and Ky. Another tiny-flowered aster, with hairy, Many-flowered often brownish stems. The tiny, linear, light green leaves are fine-hairy or rough. multiflorus The dense flower-clusters are crowded White or with white or lilac-white flowers scarcely lilac-white i inch broad, with 12-20 rays. Stems NovVmbeV' bushJ- *~4 feet high- Common in dry open places, from southern N. Eng., south and west. Rare in Me., and absent in northern N. H. 490 Aster ericoides. COMPOSITE FAMILY. Composite. Bushy Aster Aster dnmosus White or lilac-white August- October Small White Aster Aster vimineus White August- September A similar species with fine linear leaves, and loose-flowering branches, the stem slightly fine-hairy, and sometimes brown- ish, or the whole plant quite smooth. The little flowers, with 15-25 white or pale lilac rays, are rather larger than those of the next species. 1-3 feet high. Dry sandy soil. Mass., and Conn., south and west to S. Dak. and Mo. A white-flowered species with larger linear, or narrow lance-shaped leaves, the largest ones slightly sharp-toothed. Stem and leaves nearly if not quite smooth, the stem often reddish, its branches almost horizontal. The tiny flowers with numer- ous white rays. The flowering branch 33 very short, and minutely leafy. 2-4 feet high. Common in moist places and on river-banks, from southern N. Eng., south, and west to Minn. , and Ark. The var. foliolosus is very leafy and the branches turn upward; the linear leaves are toothless, and nearly 2 inches long. The flowers in a very loose cluster. 2-5 feet high. From Jaffrey, N. H., south to Va. , and west to Mo. An exceedingly common and variable species, with a smooth, slender, sometimes magenta-stained stem, with straggling branches. The light green, lance-shaped leaves sparingly toothed, and larger than any of those of the species immediately pre- ceding. The little flowers scarcely \ inch across, with numerous light purple or lilac or white rays ; the disc- florets a deeper purple. 1-5 feet high. In dry fields, and copses. Me., south to N. Car., west to S. Dak. and La. A slender-stemmed, much-branched white aster, with numerous flowers about finch broad, and with long lance-shaped leaves, the lower ones slightly toothed, smooth on both sides, thin, and tapering to a sharp point. The small flowers with white or lilac-white rays clustered about the short upward-turned branches. 2-4 feet high. In wet fields and swamps, Me., south, and west to Minn. 492 Calico Aster Aster diffu&us Light purple or white August- October Tradescant's Aster Aster Tradescanti White August- October New York Aster. Aster Novi-Belgii Tradescant's Aster. Astep Tradescanti. COMPOSITE FAMILY. Composite. A very tall species with white or lilac- ™rLCle*d * white flowers a trifle larger than a "nickel," White Aster Aster borne in somewhat flat- topped, loose or paniculatus scattered clusters ; the leaves dark green, White very nearly if not quite smooth, long ug"st~ lance-shaped, and obscurely toothed ; the upper ones toothless. The stout, much- branched stem is 3-8 feet high. Common on low moist ground and borders of copses, in half shade, everywhere. A northern species with remarkably nar- Astfr" Ca row' toothless (or nearly so) leaves 3-8 Aster inches long, and pale violet or light purple longifolius flowers as large as a silver quarter. The Light violet flower-envelop is encircled with many lit- October *'e acu^e scales strongly curled backward. 1-3 feet high. In swamps and low ground. Northern N. Eng. , west to Minn, and Mont. Flowers large pale violet, lilac or blue- New York Aster . , . or Willow- violet, with 15-24 rays, nearly \ inch leaved Blue long. The stemless, usually toothless light Aster green leaves are thin, long, and smooth , or Aster Novi- tne sman Upper ones clasping the stem, LHfuTor tne lower verv slightly toothed. 10-35 blue-violet inches high. Gray calls this the "corn- August- monest late-flowered aster of the Atlantic October border, and very variable " ; but through- out New Hampshire A. puniceus is far commoner. The variations of A. Novi-Belgii are — var. Icevigatus, smooth throughout, with the upper leaves clasping the stem by an abrupt base ; N. Eng. and east. : var. litoreus, rigid, low, with thick, smooth leaves, the upper ones clasping the stem by a heart-shaped base ; salt marshes south to Ga. A northern species. The upper part of prenanthoides ^e s^em *s hairy in lines, and occasionally Pale violet brownish ; the rough (but smooth beneath), September- ovate lance-shaped leaves are contracted at October ^ne base to a long wide-stemlike figure finally heart-shaped at the plant-stem. The flowers, about as large as a silver quarter, are pale violet or nearly lilac-white. 1-3 feet high. Margins of woods and banks of streams. Newfane, Vt. to Pa., Iowa, and Wis. 494 Purple-stemmed Aster. COMPOSITE FAMILY. Composites. A common'species with usually madder stemmed Aster PurP^e stem, rough-hairy and stout. The Aster puniceus light green loaves, lance-shaped or nar- Light purple rower, sparingly and coarsely toothed, August- clasp the upper branches. Flowers about the size of a silver quarter or larger, light violet or light lilac-purple with 20-24 rays, the tubular florets yellow. 3-7 feet high. In moist places and swamps everywhere, and quite variable ; var. com- pactus (Fernald) is stout, hairy, the thick leaves a trifle diamond-shaped but very, narrow, coarsely toothed. The flowers compactly clustered; West Somerville, Mass., also New Haven, Conn. Var. firmus, with smooth, green stem, slightly rough above. Var. lucidulus smooth, with lance-shaped toothless (nearly so), shining leaves. A common aster in moist thickets, and Ast*r the borders of damp woods. With few umbellatus , . , „ White narrow white rays which are generally curved backward. The flowers are borne in flat-topped clusters. The small flowers numerous but not showy, the tubular florets purpling with age. The veiny leaves, long lance-shaped and sparingly toothed, extend to the top of the plant. 2-7 feet high. Com- mon northward in shaded and moist places. A small species with linear leaves, one- linariifolius ribbed, rough-edged, without teeth, and Light violet rigid. The rather large solitary flowers September- light violet or rarely lilac-white. 1-2 feet October high. Common everywhere in dry situ- ations. A low woodland species with large, scrawny flowers having 10-16 narrow Aster white or lilac-white rays, and generally acuminatus magenta tubular florets. The large, sharp- White or pointed, coarse-toothed dark green leaves, lilac-white thin, and broad lance-shaped, tapering to September both ends, often arranged nearly in a circle beneath the few long-stemmed flowers. 10-16 inches high. In cool rich woods. Me. and N. Y., south in the mountains to Ga. In the White Mountains 496 Astep acuminatus. COMPOSITE FAMILY. Compos/toe. A species confined to the salt marshes of tenuifolius *ne coast fro:n Massachusetts southward. Lilac-purple Stem very smooth and generally zig- September- zagged. The few leaves long linear, taper- October ing to botn enf|s> toothless, and thick or fleshy. The rather large flowers an inch broad or more, lilac-purple or paler, borne on a generally simple or slightly branched stem. 8-25 inches high. Aster ub f "^ sPecies similarly confined. The leaves Pale purple linear lance-shaped, toothless, and flat, August- those on the bi-anches very small and awl- October shaped. The numerous, very small pale purple flowers with very short rays scarcely extending beyond the disc ; the disc-florets purplish. 6-24 inches high. N. H. and Mass, to Va. A very common annual weed, and the Butterweed most unattractive member of the genus. Erigeron The white and green flower-heads are ex Canadensis tremely small, \ inch long; the rays do White-green no<; gp^^ but connect in the form of a cylinder. The dark green leaves are lin- ear, remotely toothed or toothless, and the upper ones are often cut-lobed. The bristly hairy stem is 1-7 feet high. In barnyards and waste places everywhere. An annual and asterlike species with Sweet Scabius a Spreading . haired stem and coarsely or Daisy , , , , . . . Fleabane toothed, lance-shaped leaves, the lower Erigeron ones broader. The white or pale lilac annuus flower-heads are about £ inch broad, with White or lilac a green-yellow disc. 1-4 feet high. A September common weed northward in waste places. Me., west to S. Dak., and south to Va. A singular common species ; the hairs not spreading but close to the stem. The light strigosus green leaves are linear and toothless or White nearly so, the lower ones broad at the tip. The little daisylike flowers are \ inch broad, with a large green yellow disc ; oc- casionally the white rays are lilac-tinged, and sometimes they are extremely short or altogether absent. 1-2 feet high. Common in fields and on roadsides everywhere 498 Horse weed. C&nadensis, COMPOSITE FAMILY. Composite. A rather large-flowered plant which ig Plantain frequently communistic, tinting the road- Erigeron 8^e or field with its delicate lilac. The bellidifolius light olive green stem and leaves are very Lilac or soft-hairy, the basal leaves broad at the Ma* j'une* tip an(i indistinctly toothed. The showy flowers, 1 inch broad, vary from lilac or magenta to a violet-purple ; the somewhat green-yellow disc is broader than the fine rays are long. Fertilized by bumblebees.and honeybees (the most frequent visitors) and butterflies. 10-22 inches high. Common every- where. Common -^ similar but taller plant with light ma- Pleabane genta or pale pink flowers and a soft-hairy Erigeron (rarely smooth) stem ; 1-2 feet high. Com- Philadelphicus mon throughout our range, but less fre- quent than E. bellidifolius, and blooming to August. A small plant with short white hairs ; or Pussy-toes *ne three-ribbed basal leaves broad near Antennaria the tip, the stalks nearly as long as the plantaginea leaf. Upper stem leaves lance-shaped. White The jmear scaies Of the small, 4- inch long May-June ., . , flower-head are green or tawny at the base, and white or purplish at the tip. The outer bracts blunt and the inner ones acute. 4-18 inches high. Mass., south to La., and west. The var. petiolata is lower and slenderer, with ovate, blunt-pointed basal leaves on slender, long stalks. The calyx is more pur- ple-tinged, with the bracts shorter and narrower. A familiar type of southern N. Eng., very common in east- ern Mass, on dry slopes and open woods ; also in dry fields of southern N. H. A species with larger flower-heads. The Antennaria bagaj ieaveg gray sof t-hairy above, and the May^June greenish or tawny scales of the calyx have rather dry petallike tips. Northern N. Eng., south to La., and west. 500 BK7/ tjr Robin's Plant&m. Erigeron bellidifolius. Common Fleabane COMPOSITE FAMILY. Composite. A slender - stemmed and exceedingly WO°lly Plant with Verv leafv basal shoots' May-middle The basal leaves about 1 inch long, blunt July at the tip but with an abrupt sharp point, one-ribbed or indistinctly three - ribbed ; stem - leaves small and narrow. The flower-bracts with green or tawny bases and dry tips, the outer ones short and ob- tuse, the inner acutish or blunt. 6-16 inches high. On wooded slopes and dry shady places. Me. to Va. , and Wis. Antennaria Tne commonest species of southern New neglecta England (also in Franconia, N. H., and April- Farmington, Me.). A small plant with early May slender stem and runners. The one-ribbed basal leaves (at first silky-hairy above, but soon smooth) wedge-shaped or blunt lance-shaped, and indistinctly stalked ; the few stem-leaves linear. The head of the pistillate plant f inch long, with linear bracts greenish, brownish, or purplish below, and white at the tip. 8-12 inches high. Dry barren fields and sunny hillsides. N. Eng., south to Wash., D. C., and west. A common species with small linear Canodensfs lance - shaped leaves; the clear green, May-July smooth basal leaves, shaped like those of A. neodioica, a trifle hairy when very young. The white flower-bracts with dry tips. 6-22 inches high. Hillsides and pastures. Northern N. Eng., south to Mass., and west. (Vide Rhodora, vol. i., p. 150, article by M. L. Fernald.) The most beautiful of the everlastings ; |ear y the linear leaves are sage green above and Anaphalis white beneath ; the flowers are globular, margaritacea with miniature petallike white scales sur- white rounding the central yellow staminate u y~ flowers, arranged not unlike. the petals of a water-lily. Cross-fertilized mostly by moths and butterflies, though many other insects are common visitors. Staminate and pistillate flowers gro%v on separate plants. The stem is white and woolly, ter- minated by a flat cluster, sometimes 6 inches broad, of close-set flowers. 1-3 feet high. Common from Me., south to S. Car., and west to S. Dak. 502 See page 498. Daisy Fleabane!1 Pussy-toes. Antennapia neodioica. Epigepon stpigosus. COMPOSITE FAMILY. Composites. A much less beautiful species, but one Everiastin possessing an aromatic odor resembling Gnaphalium that °f slippery elm. The flowers cream polycephalum white and ovoid, not expanding to the Cream white water-lily shape until the seed is ripe. The stem (much branched at the top) together with the linear leaves is velvety-hairy and delicate sage green. 12-25 inches high. Very common in dry open places and stony pastures everywhere. The name, from the Greek, means a tuft of wool. A similar fragrant species, but with a leafy, glandular-sticky stem, woolly and Gnaphalium nearly white ; the leaves are a little decurrens broader — linear lance-shaped, with a dense Cream white woolliness beneath ; they partly clasp the ^u'3 stem. Flower-scales a yellowish cream white. 2-3 feet high. On dry or moist open hillsides or banks, from Me. to Pa. and Minn. An insignificant low annual with white- Low or Marsh wooiiy stem an(j linear, sharp-pointed Gna'kalium leaves, rather broader at the tip. Flowers uliginosum tiny, ovate, with brownish scales. The Brownish many-branched stems are 3-7 inches high. white Common on low ground. Me., south to J"ly~ Va.,and west to Minn, and 111. September One of the tall picturesque weeds char- Inula Helenium acteristic of the Composite Family. Leaves Deep yellow olive yellow-green, white- veined, rough July- above, fine-hairy beneath, toothed, the September lower ones stemmed, the upper ones part- ly clasping the plant-stem, which is woolly and often toned with purple-gray. The snowy but somewhat dis- hevelled flower, set amid flattish leaflets, has many nar- row, curving, deep lemon yellow ray florets, which are pistillate, and a broad disc of central, tubular, perfect florets, at first yellow, and finally tan color. Cross-fer- tilized mostly by bumblebees, moths, and butterflies. Two or three flower-heads are grouped together at the termination of the stalk. 2-6 feet high. Naturalized from Europe ; common northward, and south to Ga. 504 Elecampane. Inula Helenium. i Pearly Everlasting. Sweet Everlasting. Anaphalis margaritaeea. Gnaphalium polycephalum. COMPOSITE FAMILY. Composites. Great Ra weed PerhaPs tlle tallest member of the Com- Ambrosia posite group, not excepting Lactuca. Stem trifida stout, hairy or nearly smooth, and filled Green with a frostlike pith ; leaves deeply three- ^uly~ lobed and sharp-pointed, the teeth irregu- September lar and acute. The insignificant small flowers form a terminal, pointed cluster (these are stami- nate), or spring from between the opposite-growing leaves and the stem (these are usually pistillate). Wil- liam Hamilton Gibson records a ragweed 18 feet 4 inches long. Common in moist soil, occasional in Vt. and N. H. A common weed with remarkably orna- Roman Worm- j^n^ cut leaves resembling those of Hogweed Artemisia (Composite Family). An an- Ambrosia arte- nual with a much-branched, fine-hairy misicefolia stem and thin, lifeless lightgreen, dissected leaves. The slender spikes of the green September staminate flowers are numerous and some- what decorative. The tiny fruit is fur- nished with 6 short acute spines. 1-5 feet high. Troublesome in door-yards and gardens, everywhere. o Like the sunflower, with perfect ray- Heliopsis laevis and disc-flowers, the 10 straplike rays Yellow rather showy ; the stem and leaves smooth, August- the latter deep green, broad lance-shaped, three-ribbed, and toothed, growing oppo- sitely. 3-5 feet high. In copses. N. Y. , south, west to 111. Heliopsis -^ similar species, but distinguished by scabm its rough stem and leaves, which are less June- narrowly pointed, and its somewhat larger September flowers. 2-4 feet high. Me., N. J. to 111. A showy western species with handsome Black Sampson flowers whose light or deep magenta petals Conelflower gracefully droop and are two-toothed at Echinacea the tip. The disc is madder purple, its purpurea florets are perfect ; the ray-flowers are pis- Magenta tillate but sterile. The five-ribbed, deep September green lower leaves are rough, sharply toothed, and pointed ovate; the upper ones are stemless and toothless. Stem smooth or slightly hairy. 2-3 feet high. Rich soil, N. Y. , 111. , Mich., south to Tex. 506 Roman Wormwood. "Ambrosial artemisiaefolia. COMPOSITE FAMILY. Composite. A similar species with the same magenta Echinacei flowers and long lance-shaped leaves, very rough, without teeth, and three-ribbed. The flowers are a deeper color when they at first expand. Rare on roadsides and fields in N. Eng., where it has come from the west ; 111. and A la. , west to Minn. , Neb. , and Tex. The name from e^ZVoS, hedgehog. A closely allied species with golden yel- flower ' low fl<>wers whose rays droop ; the central Rudbeckia green-yellow cone, at first hemispherical, inciniata is finally elongated and brown. Nearly Golden yellow smoot]1) (Jeep green leaves, the lowest com- pound, the intermediate irregularly 3-5-parted, the up- permost small and elliptical. Fertilized mostly by the bees ; among the bumblebees, Bombus separatus and Bombus americanorum are frequent visitors. The branch- ing stems 3-10 feet high. In moist thickets, Vt. and N. Y. , south and west. Named for Professors Rudbeck. Rudbeckia Flower-disc purple-brown, at first hemi- triloba spherical, and afterward oblong-ovoid ; Golden yellow about 8-10 golden yellow rays, deeper at August £jie |3ase) an(j somewhat long-oval. Upper leaves rough, thin, bright green, ovate lance-shaped, lower ones three-lobed, tapering at the base, and coarsely toothed. Stem hairy, much branched, and many-flow- ered ; the flowers small, about 2 inches broad. 2-5 feet high. On dry or moist ground. N. J., south to Ga., west to Mich., S. Dak., and La. A biennial. The commonest eastern spe- Susan o*Cd cies' althouSh its seed originally came Cone^fiower from the west mixed with clover seed. Rudbeckia Both stem and leaves are very "rough and hirta bristly ; the former exceedingly tough, the Deep golden iatter dull olive green, lance-shaped, tooth- June^Au ust ^ess or near^7 so» an(^ scattered along the rigid stem ; the lower leaves broader at the tip and three-ribbed. The deep gold yellow ray- flowers are neutral without stamens or pistils ; they curl backward ; the disc is madder purple, and the tiny florets encircle it in successive bloom, creating a zone of yellow when the pollen is ripe ; later the stigmas are matured, 508 -^ .•* X Cone-flowen Purple Cone-flower. x *• Echinacea paJlida COMPOSITE FAMILY. Composite and cross-fertilization takes place by the agency of in- sects or the wind. The smaller bees (Halictus), the bumblebee (Bombus vagans), and the smaller butterflies are constant visitors. 1-2 feet high. Common in dry or sandy meadows. Me. , west to S. Dak. , and southward. The common garden sunflower ; an an- Heiitmthiu nual wifch generany three-ribbed and heart- shaped leaves, and golden yellow flowers, 1-10 inches broad. 2-12 feet high. Everywhere. Tall Sunflower A tal1 sPecies witn a rouSh dul1 magenta Helianthus stem and rough, bright green, lance-shaped giganteus leaves, pointed and finely toothed, nearly Yellow stemless, the upper ones quite stemless, and all growing alternately, but rarely some growing oppositely. The light yel- low flowers about 2 inches broad, with 10-20 rays ; the disc dull j-ellow, with perfect florets, and the rays neu- tral, that is, without stamens or pistil. 3-12 feet high. Common in swamps and on the borders of wet meadows, from Me. , south, and west to Neb. A southerly species with many very Sunflower smaU flowers f-1 inch broad. The stem Helianthus slender and generally branched ; leaves parvifloms mostly opposite, broad lance-shaped, Yellow toothed, rough, and short-stemmed. Flow- ravs' 3"6 feet hi&h- Se tember Common in thickets and on the borders of woods. Pa. , south to Ga. , and west to Mo. Woodland -^ slender, smooth-stemmed species (a Sunflower trifle fine-hairy above) with opposite lance- Helianthus shaped, toothed, roughish, three-ribbed, divaricatus and nearly or quite stemless leaves 3-7 inches long. The yellow flowers, 2 inches broad, are few or solitary. 2-5 feet high. Common in thickets and on borders of woods. Me., south, and west to Neb. A species similar in aspect, color, situa- Helianthus tion> an(j time Qf b^m . fo^ tne stem very smooth below, and of ten with abloom; the leaves rough above, and pale (sometimes minutely hairy) beneath. Flowers with 5-15 rays. 3-6 feet high. Me., south to Ga., but mostly west to Minn, and Ark. 5'° f§(l Ten-petaled Sunflower. Helianthus decapet&lus. COMPOSITE FAMILY. Composite. A rather showy species having 10-12 ii-teaved01^ ray8' with manv Pure yellow or deeper Sunflower* yellow flowers 2-3 inches broad. The Heiianthus slender tall stem is rough above and decapetalus smooth below ; the deep green leaves are lu'ult br°ad lance-shaPed' a trifle rough, thin, Severn her and snort-stemmed ; they grow oppositelj-. 2-5 feet high. Borders of copses and low damp woods. Me., south to Ga., and west to Mich. Found in Campton, N. H. A species extensively grown for its edi- ble roots' now running wild in fence rows Helianthus and roadsides. The name Jerusalem is a tuberosms corruption of the Italian Girasole, sun- Qolden yellow flower. Stem stout and rough-hairy ; the °Vate lance-shaPed» three-ribbed, rough leaves grow oppositely (a few upper ones alternately). The golden yellow flowers, sometimes 3 inches broad, have 12-20 rays. 5-12 feet high. Damp soil. Me., south to Ga., and west to S. Dak. and Ark. An uninteresting weed with rayless, or stick-tight bristly flower - heads, indeterminate in Bidens color, approaching rusty green, surround- frondosa ed by little leaflets ; the branching stem Rusty green purplish. Leaves of 3-5 divisions, toothed July-October , , , , „, , . and lance - shaped. Seed-vessels two- pronged (the prongs toothed), less than % inch long, and sepia brown ; attaching readily to woolly animals or clothing. 1-8 feet high. Common everywhere in moist soil. The name, from bis and dens, means two-toothed, or a kind of hoe with two prongs. — Virgil. The specific name, f rom frondosus, means full of leaves. A species with very narrow lance-shaped Marigold smooth leaves, coarsely and sharply Bidens cernua toothed. The similar, bristly, half globu- Yellow lar, rusty flowers generally nod ; the rays, July-October if anV) are ghort and small The seed. vessels are narrower and four-pronged. 6-36 inches high. In wet soil. Me., south to Va., west to Mo. and S. Dak. 5" Jerusalem, artichoke Helianthus tuberosus. COMPOSITE FAMILY. Composites. A more attractive species with light golden yellow rays, which, when perfect, Bidens Chrya- are rather showy. The flowers sometimes nnthemoides over 2 inches broad. Leaves narrow lance- Yellow shaped and coarsely toothed. Seed-ves- October Bel8 with 2~4 Prongs- 10~24 inches high. In swamps and wet places. N. Eng. , south, and west to Minn. All three species are annuals. A nearly smooth plant with toothed, Helenium lance-shaped, alternate leaves and decora- nuti^nale tively handsome flowers, 1-2 inches broad, Yellow with the toothed, golden yellow rays August- turned considerably backward ; the globu- lar disc is yellow and chaffy, the drooping petals pistillate and fertile ; cross-fertilized mostly by bees. 2-6 feet high. Common in wet meadows and on river-banks everywhere. A daisylike flower about an inch broad, with white, three-toothed, neutral rays (i. Anthemis e. , without stamens or pistils) and a yel- • Cotula iow- disc, which becomes elongated with White age. The small leaves, cut and slashed to June-October ' , absolute formlessness, are remarkable for their disagreeable odor and acrid taste ; used in making a horrible concoction called ' ' chamomile tea." 8-20 inches high. Common about dwellings and on road- sides everywhere ; a native of Europe. A very familiar roadside weed adventive JVUlfoir from Europe, with remarkable gray olive Achillea green, feathery, dissected, stemless leaves Millefolium of a rather long-oval outline, and pleas- Gray-whlte antly aromatic, minute, grayish white June-October flowers in flat-topped clusters. The gray, green, stout, and tough stem is fine-hairy. The perfect disc -florets are at first yellowish, but finally gray- brown ; the 4-6 pistillate rays are white, or rarely crim- son-pink. Fertilized mostly by bees and the smaller butterflies ; chief among the latter is the yellow Colias phiJodice. 1-2 feet high. Common everywhere, by the wayside and in fields ; probably native in the west, where it is more fine-hairy and less green. Beggar9 Ticks Bidens/rondosa. COMPOSITE FAMILY. Composite. The commonest of all common weeds of the fldd a"d wavside' often called Farm' mum Leucan- er's Curse, yet a prime favorite with chil- themum dren and artists! The flower's form is a White summum bonum of simplicity and decora- sunf~ tive beauty. The orange-yellow disc, de- pressed in the centre, is formed of perfect flowers ; the white rays are pistillate. The dark green leaves are ornamentally lobed. 15-25 inches high. The name, from the Greek, means golden flower. A tall, branching species commonly cul- tivated> witn small daisylike flowers in generous clusters ; the stem smooth, the thenium ornamental leaves broad and deeply lobed. White Flowers small, with large yellow discs of September Perfect florets. 1-2 feet high. Natural- ized from Europe, and mostly an escape from gardens. Mass, to N. J. , and west to Wis. Tang A common weed naturalized from Eu- Tan*Jcetum r°Pe» generally an escape from gardens vulgare belonging to old dwellings. The flatly Orange-yellow clustered dull orange-yellow flower-heads resemble those of the daisy minus the white rays ; inner florets perfect and mar- ginal ones pistillate. The compound, deep green leaves, ornamentally toothed and cut, are strongly aromatic. 18-30 inches high. Me., south to N. Car., west to S. Dak. A seaside weed with inconspicuous, tiny, Wormwood green-yellow flowers in long slender clus- Artemisia ters, the little flower-heads mostly nod- caudata ding; the marginal florets pistillate, the Green-yellow central ones perfect. The bitter-tasting, long, linear, deeply cut leaves with thread- like divisions. 2-5 feet high. Me., south, west to Neb. A familiar, uninteresting weed natural- Mugwort jze(j from Europe, found in all waste places Artemisia -, 3 •, mi vulqaris or near °^ houses. The smooth green leaves deeply cut, and with lobes coarsely toothed at the tips. The inconspicuous green-yellow flowers erect, not nodding, in a simple, leafy spike. 1-3 feet high. Me., south to N. J. and Pa., west to Mich. Ox-eye . Daisy Feverfew. Chi^ntnemumleucanthemum. Chrysanthemum P*rthenium. COMPOSITE FAMILY. Compos/tee- Wormwood -^ similar species with a similar environ- or Absinth ment. Leaves small and often deeply Artemisia subdivided, covered with fine hairs so the Absinthium cojor ig a SOmewhat silvery green. The insignificant light yellow-green flowers are gathered in a scattering cluster. The long terminal spikes are rather dishevelled and picturesque. 2-4 feet high. A delicate, pure yellow, daisylike flower Arn^i, with 10~14 three-toothed rays, found only Chamissonis upon mountain summits of N. Eng. and Pure yellow N. Y., in moist situations. The deep June- green leaves long lance-shaped, slightly September toothed, and stemless — at least the upper ones. The hairy stem 1-2 feet high. Also in the Rocky Mountains. Found in Oakes's Gulf, Mt. Washington. Golden An early Dlooming perennial with hand- Ragwort some deep golden yellow, daisylike flow- Senedo aureus ers (8-12 rays) nearly an inch broad, in D'eep gold terminal clusters on the grooved, brown- Ma'°Jul streaked stem ; the disc-florets perfect, the rays pistillate. The thick root-leaves in early April resemble violet leaves ; they are small, heart- shaped, seal lop- toothed, dark green above and magenta- red beneath ; later they become elongated. The long stem-leaves more or less deeply lobed, the uppermost small and clasping the plant-stem. The plant is woolly- hairy when young. 12-32 inches high. Common in wet meadows everywhere. Found at Clarendon Hills, Mass. Senecio Balsamitce is lower, has fewer flowers, and the basal leaves are oblong, with the ruddy lower surfaces sometimes persistently woolly. A tall, uninteresting, annual weed with Erechtites generally smooth, rank-odored stem and hieracifolia leaves. The latter are thin, lance-shaped White or broader, and irregularly toothed or September deeply incised. The stem is full of sap, heavy, and grooved ; the insignificant flowers are brush-shaped, mostly green by reason of the superior flower-envelop, and tipped with the white of the tubular, fertile florets. 1-7 feet high. Common in burned-over clearings or waste places everywhere. Qolden COMPOSITE FAMILY. Composite. Burdock A familiar, rank-odored weed, common Arciium Lappa in all waste places, with large, dull green, Light magenta veiny leaves, the lower heart-shaped, the July-October Upper Ovate ; woolly beneath. The globular flower-head a hooked-bristled green bur with magenta or often nearly white, perfect, tubular florets with a five-cleft tip. The depth of color can only be ap- preciated with the aid of a magnifying glass. The stem is generally niuch branched. 4-8 feet high. About ru- ins of old dwellings or in waste places. Me. to southern N. Y., and west. Not so common as the next species in the more eastern States. A smaller species, with smaller, gener- Burdock a^v narrower leaves, the lower ones deeply Arctium minus heart - shaped, their stems hollow and Light magenta hardly furrowed ; flower - heads almost July-October stemiess on the branches, about f inch broad. The inner spines erect and shorter than the lilac pink or light magenta or white florets. 2-5 feet high. Common. Both species are naturalized from Europe. A biennial species naturalized from Eu- °m rope, generally found in pastures. The Cirsium narrow, white-spiny, dark green leaves lanceolatum hug the plant-stem for an inch or so with Magenta prickly wings, the upper surface prickly- July-October hairyj the lower webby-woolly with light brownish fine hairs. The green flower-envelop is armed with spreading spines ; the perfect, tubular florets, densely clustered, vary from (rarely white) crimson- magenta to light magenta ; the pollen is white. Flowers remarkably sweet-scented, rich in honey, and fertilized mostly by the bumblebees (often becoming intoxicated) and butterflies. Heads sometimes 3 inches broad, gener- ally solitary at the ends of the branches. 2-4 feet high. Common, but south only to Ga. A species with light corn yellow (rarely Thistle magenta), flattish flower-heads nearly 3 Cirsium inches broad ; it is exceedingly plentiful horridulum in the salt marshes of Long Island and Ma" NeW ^ersev- Tne °blong lance-shaped, light green leaves smooth, clasping, and 520 Common Thistle. Cirsium tanceolatum. BurdocK \rcti urn minus. COMPOSITE FAMILY. Composite. very yellow-spiny ; the flower-heads set in the smaller encircling upper leaflets, with very narrow, rough, spine- less scales. 2-4 feet high. Common in wet or dry sandy soil along the seacoast, from Me. to Tex. T Th'stle ^ rather common species with magenta Cirsium altis- (rarely white) flowers about \\ inches simwm,var. broad and weak- bristled, rough-hairy, discolor stemless leaves, deeply cut into linear Magenta lobes, white-woolly beneath. The outer July-October ' scales of the tlower-heads are slightly woolly and weak-bristled. Stem downy, 3-6 feet high. Common on roadsides and in fields ; south to. Ga. A species with similar leaves and flow- Thistle ers> kut the blunt, prickleless scales of the Cirsium heads glutinous, woolly, and close-press- muticum ing. The flower with a naked stem, or Magenta with a few tiny leaflets at its base. 3-8 r feet high. Common in swamps and moist low woodlands everywhere. The largest-flowered thistle of all, with Thistle6 solitary heads 2-3 inches broad, the florets Cirsium light magenta-lilac or nearly white ; they pumilum are exceedingly fragrant, rich in honey, Light magenta and are frequented by the bumblebee, who September imbi°es to the point of abject intoxica- tion ! The slightly glutinous scales are nearly smooth and tipped with slender prickles ; and at the base are tiny leaflets. The light green leaves nar- row and frequently cut into three-prickled lobes, the prickles shorter than those of the common thistle and very numerous. Stem only 12-30 inches high. In dry pastures and fields, Me. to Del. and Pa. , near the coast. A pernicious weed, naturalized from £*"*?* Th tle Europe, with small lilac, pale magenta, or arvense rarely white heads about £ inch broad. Lilac or pale The dull gray-green, whitish-ribbed leaves magenta are deeply slashed into many very prickly, ruffled lobes. Flowers staminate and pis- tillate; also fragrant. 1-3 feet high. Common in pastures, fields, and on roadsides ; south only to Va. 528 Canada, Thistle. Cirsium arvense. COMPOSITE FAMILY. Compositx. Dwarf A small .annual species of dandelion Dandelion with many long, slender flower-stalks ris- Krigia ing from a circle of small, irregularly Virginica lobed leaves, each stalk bearing a single Sol'den yellow flower scarcely f inch broad ; later it becomes branched and bears a few leaves. The hairy down of the seeds is short. 2-12 inches high. Common in dry soil or on sandy banks everywhere. A similar but tall perennial species with Kngia smooth stem covered with a slight bloom, amplexicctulis and smooth basal leaves distinctly stalked, scarcely toothed, but with a wavy outline. A small leaflet clasps the flowering stem about half-way up ; from this proceed 2-5 branches bearing deep golden yel- low flowers 1} inches broad. 1-2 feet high. Moist pas- tures and fields. Mass., south to Ga\, west to Kan. A small dandelion, naturalized from Fall Dandelion Europe with a j branching flower- Leontodon •««... • , • f autumnalis stalk, which is set with tiny bracts or Light golden scales about ^ inch apart. The blunt- yellow lobed, narrow, small basal leaves are dull u y~ green and smooth. The light golden yel- low flower erect in the bud about an inch broad, in twos or threes, or rarely solitary. The slender stalks of these dandelions above described are somewhat wiry, not tubular like those of the common spring dan- delion. 7-18 inches high. In fields and along road- sides. Me. to Pa., Ohio, and Mich., and northward. Common in the vicinity of Boston. Name from the Greek for lion and tooth. The var. pratensis is similar, but the flower-envelop and the tip of the flower-stalk immediately below it are very fine-hairy. Me. to Conn. , and Nantucket, Mass. Chicor or A verv common but beautiful weed Succory naturalized from Europe, found on road- Cichorium sides and in waste places particularly Intybus about the seaboard towns. Stem stout, touSh' and stiff' wifch generally lance- shaped, dark gray-green, coarse-toothed leaves. The violet-blue flower, similar in form to the 524 Chicory. "W'I9 Pall Dandelion Cichorium Intybus. Leontodon autumnalis. COMPOSITE FAMILY. Composites. dandelion, closes in rainy or cloudy weather and opens only in sunshine. There are few florets in a single head but these are highly developed with gracefully curved, branching styles ; the exposure of the double stigmatic surface thus, in a measure, insures self-fertilization in the absence of insects. The most frequent visitors are the bees— the honeybee, the leaf-cutter bee (Megachile), and various species of Halictus and Andrena, ground bees. 1-3 feet high. An odd but attractive plant, naturalized awny from Europe, with a stout stem, and a Hawkweed Hieracium flower-cup closely covered with sepia aurantiacum brown hairs, the rusty character of which Tawny orange gave it the common name in England of gUly~mb r Grim the Collier. The coarse, blunt, lance- shaped leaves covered with short gray hairs are nearly all at the base of the plant. The tawny orange flowers (with light golden pistils), strap-rayed and finely fringed at the edge, are grouped in a small ter- minal cluster, and are quite delicately fragrant. Visited by the bees Halictus and Andrena, and the smaller butterflies — Pieris rapce, white, and Colias philodice, yellow. 7-16 inches high. In fields, woodlands, and along roads, from Me., south to Pa., and west to N. Y. Growing to be a troublesome weed in fields and pastures of northern Vermont. A generally smooth species ; the light green, lance-shaped leaves with coarse and Hieracium wide-spread teeth, and the dandelionlike, Canadense very small yellow flowers in a loose Pure yellow branching cluster terminating the leafy stem. In October the plant is decorated with tiny brown globes of down. 1-4 feet high. In dry woods northward, south only to N. J. A similar northern plant with a droop- fanteulatum »ng-branched loose flower-cluster, gener- ally smooth stem and lance-shaped leaves, and smaller yellow flowers. The thin leaves almost stemless, and very slightly, if at all, toothed. 1-3 feet high. South as far as Ga. 526 Canada Hawkweedl1 HieraciumCanadense Hieracium aurantiacum. COMPOSITE FAMILY. Composites. An early flowering species, with deeper vellow flowers closely resembling small dan- Hieradum delions, and generally leafless (or with 1-3 venosum tiny leaflets), few-haired stems, branching Light gold to a few-flowered cluster. The light green j6 °™ leaves are dull magenta on the ribs, edges, September and under side ; they are hairy, scarcely toothed, and clustered at the root. 12-30 inches high. Common in woodlands and thickets north- ward, and south to Ga. Only occasional in Vermont and rare or absent in northern New Hampshire. The simple stem stout, and remarkable fcabnm™ for its hair^ character. The obovate or very blunt obovate, almost toothless leaves are rough-hairy and light dull green. The small ter- minal flower-cluster with several small heads of yellow flowers (the floral envelop a hairy green) is conspicu- ously irregular and angular in its branching. 1-3 feet high. Common in dry woods north ; south to Ga. A similar plant with a slenderer stem, Gr^noviT often ruddy. rough -hairy (slightly so above), and very leafy and hairy below. The leaves like H. scabrum. The seed-vessels very tap- ering at the summit. The blossoms open only in sun- shine, and very quickly wither. 1-3 feet high. Dry soil; commoner in the south. North only as far as Mass, and 111. The name from Upas,, a hawk. A tall weed with inconspicuous, narrow OWerS °f & duU UlaC tint' clustered in a Lttuce rather narrow wandlike spike. The some- Prenanthes what thickish light green leaves smooth racemosa and with a slight bloom, scarcely toothed, Dull lilac and blunt iance-shaped. The green floral Se^ember envelop and its stalk are hairy. 2-5 feet high. In moist fields, Me., south to N. J., west to S. Dak., Mo., and Col. A commoner and more interesting Rattlesnake- species with drooping, dull cream-colored root or White flowers> occasipnally touched with pale Prenanthes lilac; the green floral envelop has about 8 alba magenta-tinged sections; the stamens are 523 HawKweed. Hieracium scabrum. Hieracium paniculatum. COMPOSITE FAMILY. Composites. Dull cream quite prominent and cream-colored. The smooth, deep green leaves are varied in form, the lower ones broad, three-sided, September and remotely toothed, the upper ones deeply cut, and the uppermost lance-shaped with two small lateral lobes or none at all. The smooth stem is stiff, round, and generally dull, deep magenta-tinted, with a bloom. 2-4 feet high. Common in thin woods northward, and south to Ga. and Ky. A similar smooth species, the stem of Lion's-foot or wnich is green and without a bloom. The leaves also very variable, a trifle roughish, Prenanthes an(^ shaped (but more angularly) like those serpentaria of P. alba. The flower-cluster is inclined Dull cream to be somewhat flat-topped, and the pen- dulous, bell-shaped, dull cream-colored September flowers are enclosed in a somewhat bristly, hairy, green envelop, which is sometimes a trifle magenta-tinted. The curled branches of the style are slender and prominent, as in all the Prenanthes. 1-3 feet high, usually 2 feet. In thickets, or dry sandy ground, Mass, (rare) and N. Y., south to Ala. and Fla. P. trifoliolata, var. nana (Fernald), confined to alpine summits of N. Eng. (Mt. Katahdin) and N. Y., has deep madder brown flowers and variously shaped leaves. 4-12 inches high. A tall, generally smooth species, with a Tall White green or magenta-tinged stem. The leaves ^nanthes (except the uppermost) variously shaped altissima but long-stalked. The numerous narrow, Dull cream pendulous, dull cream-colored flowers with color a smooth green envelop, are borne in a u y~ . narrow terminal spike, or in small clusters at the leaf -angles. 3-7 feet high. In woodlands and thickets, northward, and south to Ga. A dwarf species with stout, ruddy stem, large flower-heads, and thick, narrow, variously shaped leaves. Flowers whitish and fragrant, enclosed within a dull magenta-tinged en- velop. 4-12 inches high. Alpine summits of N. Y. and N. Eng. Found on Mt. Washington, Oakes's Gulf. 53° Prenanthes Bootii Lion's-foot. Prenanthes serpentaria, COMPOSITE FAMILY. Composites. The familiar grass-plot, yellow flower of Dandelion ^ie country and city, naturalized from Taraxacum Europe. The heads are sometimes 2 inches offldnale broad, and are supported on a pale green, hollow sfcem ; the Perfect flowers are orange-gold in the centre of the head, and light golden yellow on the straps of the margin. The seeds are neutral brown, and spiny at the upper part. The deep green leaves are irregularly and angularly broad- toothed, the jagged edge bearing a remote re- semblance to the row of teeth in a lion's jaw, hence the common name, a corruption of the French dent-de-lion. 3-14 inches high. The silky down forms a beautiful globe when the seeds ripen and the acute divisions of the flower-envelop are reflexed. Common everywhere. Red-seeded A similar but smaller species with Dandelion flower-heads scarcely over an inch broad, Taraxacum pure yellow, but deeper in the centre ; the erythrospermum two-pointed straps or bracts of the floral envelop usually have a thickened point or knob near the tip. The outermost straps are magenta-tinged ; the smooth leaves are very deeply cut into thin, irregular, sharp, backward-tending lobes or narrow angular divi- sions. The seeds are bright terra-cotta red, and spiny over the upper half of the surface. Distribution un- known beyond N. Eng., N. Y., and Pa. A tall biennial species often 6 feet high, Lactuca ' with a smooth, stout, leafy stem branch- Canadensis ing at the top in a thin, scattered flower- Pale yellow spike with insignificant pale yellow June- ray-flowers mostly enclosed within the September ,, , , 0 ,, green floral envelop. Both stem and leaves with a slight bloom ; the leaves slightly like those of the dandelion, but the upper ones lance-shaped, and the lower sometimes 12 inches long. 4-10 feet high. Common in wet soil, northward, south to Ga. and La. A similar species with a broader flower- inteqrifolia cluster, and oblong lance-shaped, smooth, acute leaves, toothless or nearly so. The flower-rays pale yellow or magenta-tinted. 2-6 feet high. In damp places. Me. to Ga., west to Neb. 532 Red-seeded x^Jv Common Dandelion V Dandelion. Taraxicum erythrospermum Taraxicum officinale. COMPOSITE FAMILY. Composites. Lactuca A leSS leafy and lower sPe.cies' found in Mrsuta similar situations. The leaves like those of L. Canadensis, but fine-hairy ; the red- dish stem hairy at the base ; the scattered flower-cluster with insignificant dull lilac, or dingy pink- white flowers. 2-4 feet high. Me., west to Minn. , south to Ala. and Tex. _ The tallest member of the genus, with a Lettuce stout, straight, smooth stem, leafy up to Lactuca the straggling, large flower-cluster of in- leucophasa significant flowers which are never fully Shite1"1'1* °f exPanded- The Sreen flower-heads tipped Jui with inconspicuous dull purplish or whit- September ishrays. The deeply lobed leaves are large and irregularly wavy-toothed. 3-15 feet high. Damp shady places northward, south to S. Car. A tall annual, naturalized from Europe, Sonchus with thistlelike prickle-edged leaves, and a oleraceus stout, hollow, succulent, smooth, grooved Light yellow stem. The large, decorative, usually lobed May~ leaves are irregularly toothed and armed September with sort spines : the upper ones clasp the plant-stem, the lower are stalked. The light yellow, thistle-shaped flower-heads are grouped in a somewhat toosely spreading flat cluster. The stem is sometimes reddish at the base. 1-6 feet or more high. Common everywhere in waste places or manured soil. Similar, but with less divided leaves, the lower ones blunt lance -shaped, the upper May- clasping the plant-stem by rounded lobes, September all irregularly toothed and spiny. The light yellow downy, flat-headed flowers are set in a loose cluster ; they are succeeded by a copious white down. The seeds have long ribs, smooth between, while those of the preceding species are laterally rough between. The flowers are assisted in the process of fertilization by the Syrphid, beelike flies, and those of the genus Eristalis. The honeybee (Apis melliftca) is always a common visitor. Formerly the milk-juiced, succulent leaves were used as a pot herb. Waste places every- where. The Greek name Sonchus (Sow Thistle) is a de grading title for such a decorative-leaved plant ! 534 Wild Lettuce. Ldctuca hirsuta. Sow Thistle. Sonchusolep^ceus. INDEX. Abby Pond, Ripton, Vt., 376. Absinth, 518. Achilka Milk-folium, 514- Aconitum uncinatum, 148. Acorus Calamus, 16. Actcra alba, 150. Acttra spicata, var. rubra, 150. Adder' s Tongue, White, 54. Adder's Tongue, Yellow, 54. Adlumia cirrhosa, 160. .•Enothera biennis, 296. Ainothcra jruticosa, 300. .•Knothcra Oakcsiana, 298. .•Enothcra pumila, 298. .•Fiiotltcra sinuala, 298. Ageratnm, 470. . \grinwnia Eupatoria, var. hir- sitta, 202. Agrintony, 202. Agrostcmma Githago, 120. Ague-weed, ^58. Alfalfa, 2.4. Al.lSMACE/E, 6. Alisnia Plantago, 6. Allium Canadcnse, 56. A Ilium tricctccum, 56. Alstead Centre, N. H., 144- Altlura oflicinalis, 262. Alumroot, 186. AMARANTACE^, 112. Amaranth Family, 112. A marantus albus, 1 1 2 .1 marantus chlorostachys, 112. .4»iara«/Ms retroflexus, 112. AMARYLLIDACE-*. 60. Amaryllis Family, 60. A mbrosia artcmiscefolia, 506. Ambrosia trifida, 506. Aniherst, Mass., 348. AmmoYioosuc Lake, Crawford Notch. N H., 138 Atnpclopsis quinquciolia, 260. .\ntpliicarfxeamonoica, 226. ANACARDIACE,*, 250. Anagattis arvensis, 350 . 1 nuplialis margaritacea, 502. Androscoggin Valley, Me., 130. Anemone, Canada, 132 Anemone Canadensis, 132. A nemone cylindr tea, 130. Anemone, Large White-flowered, 132- Anemone, Long-fruited, 130. Anemone quinquefolia, 134, 136. Anemone riparia, 132. Anemone, Rue, 136. Anemone, Tall, 130. Anemone Virginiana, 130, 133 Anemone, Wood, 134. Anemonclla thai ictr aides, 136. Antcnnaria, 466. Antennaria Canadensis, 502. Antennaria fallax, 500. Antennaria neglccta, 502. Antennaria neodioica, 500, soa. Antcnnaria plantaginea, 500. Antennaria plantaginea, var. ££ tiolata, 500. Anthemis Cotula, 514- Antirrhinum Orontium, 418. Apios tuberosa, 224. APOCYNACEvE, 364. A^ocytMMN androsamifolium, , 364- ^4/>ocj'nMm cannabinum, 364. Aquilegia Canadensis, 146. Ara6is hirsuta, 168. Arabis Icevigata, 168. ARALIACE/E, 302. Aralia hispida, 302. Aralia nudicaulis, 304. Aralia racemosa, 302. Arbutus, Trailing, 330. ArrttttMf Lappa, 520. AnrttMfM minus, 520. Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, 328. Arenaria Grcenlandica, 122. Arenaria serphyllifolia, 122. Arethusa, 78. Arethusa bulbosa, 78. xicana, 158. Dracontium, 10. /tr«:oglossum officinale, 376. Dublin, N. H., 70. Cvnoglossum Virginifum, 378. C'ypripcdium, 68. Dutchman's Breeches, 160. Dutchman's Pipe. too. C'ypripcdium acaule, 96. Cypripcdium candidum, 04, 96. Cypripedium parviflorum, 94. Cvpripedium pubescens, 94, 96. East Lexington, Mass., 286. Echinacea pallida, 508. Echinacea purpurea, 506. Cypripedium spectabile, 96. Daisy, Michaelmas, 490. Echinocystis lobata, 454. Echinospermum Lappula, 378. Echinospermum Virginifum, 378 Daisy Oxeye, 516. Echium, 376. Dalibarda repens, 192. Echium vulgare, 382. Dandelion, Common, 532. Dandelion, Dwarf, 524. Elder, 446. Elder, Red-berried. 446. Dandelion, Fall, 524. Elder, Wild, 302- Dandelion, Red-seeded, 532. Elecampane, 504. Datura Stramonium, 414. Enchanter's Nightshade, 300. Datura Tatula, 414. Epig&a repens, 330. Daucus Carota, 306. Epilobium adenocaulon, 296. Day Flower, 18. Epilobium angustifolium, 294. Decodon verticillatus, 288. Epilobium coloratum, 296. Deer-grass, 290. Epilobium hirsutum, 294. Delphinium Ajacis, 148. Epilobium lineare, 294. Delphinium Consolida, 148. Delphinium exaltatum, 148. Epilobium palustre, 294. Epilobium strictum, 296. Dentaria diphylla, 166. Dentaria laciniata, 166. Epiphegus Virginiana, 436. Erechtites hieracifolia, 518. Desmodium acuminatum, 218. ERICACE/E, 328. Desmodium Canadense, 2 1 8. Ericacece, 340. Desmodium Dillenii, 218. Desmodium nudiflorum, 216. Erigeron annuus, 498. Erigeron bellidifolius, 500. Desmodium paniculatum, 218. Desmodium rotundifolium* 218. Erigeron Canadensis, 498. Erigeron Philadelphicus, 500. Devil's Bit. 46. Erigeron strigosus, 498. Dianthus Jrmeria, 116. Erythrcea Centaurium, 352. Dianlhus deltoides, 116. frythr&a ramosissima, 352. DIAPENSIACE.C, 340. rythr&a spicata, 352. Diapensia Family, 34°- Erythronium albidum, 54. Dicentra Canadensis, 160. Dicentra Cucullaria, 160. Erythronium Americanum, 54. Eupatorium ageratoides, 470. Dicentra exima, 162. Ditrvilla trifida, 452. • Dock, Bitter, 104. fupatorium album, 468. upatorium aromatifum, 470. Eupatorium perfoliatum, 468. Dock, Curled, 102. Dock, Golden, 104. Eupatorium purpureum, 468. Eupatorium sessilifolium, 468 Dock, Great Water, loa. EUPHORBIACE<«, 246. Dock, Patience, 102, Dock, Swamp, 102. Dodder, Common, 372. Euphorbia Cyparissias, 248. Euphorbia Helioscopia, 248. Euphorbia maculata, 246. Dodecatlteon Meadia, 342. Euphorbia marginata, 248. Dogbane Family. 364. Euphorbia polygonijolia, 246. Dogbane, Spreading, 364. Euphorbia Preslii, 246. 541 INDEX. Euphrasia Oakesii, 432. Gentian, Closed, 360. Euphrasi.1 officinalis, 432. Gentian, Downy, 358. Euphrasia officinalis, var. Tar- Gentian Family, 352. tarica, 432. Gentian, Fringed, 356. Evening Primrose, Common, Gentian, Horse, 448. 296. Gentian, Soapwort, 360. Evening Primrose Family, 292. GENTIANACE/E, 352. Evening Primrose, Oakes's, 298. Gentiana, Andrewsii, 360. Everlasting, 500. Gentiana angustifolia, 362. Everlasting, Clammy, 504. Gentiana crinita, 356. Everlasting, Pearly, 502. Gentiana linearis, 360. Everlasting, Sweet, 504. Eyebright, 430. Gentiana ochroleuca, 362. Gentiana puberula, 358. Gentiana quinqueflora, 358. Fagopyrum esculentum, 1 08 False Foxglove, Downy, 426. Gentiana Saponaria, 360. Gentiana serrata, 358. False Foxglove, Fern-leaved, GERANIACE.«, 230. 426. Geranium Bicknellii, 230. False Foxglove, Smooth, 428 Geranium Carolinianum, 232. False Mermaid, 232. Geranium Family, 230. False Spikenard, 30. Geranium maculatum, 230. Farmer's Curse, 516. Geranium Robertianum, 230. Farmington, Me., 502. Featherfoil, 340. Geranium. Wild, 230. Gerardia flava, 426. Feather Geranium, no. Gerardia maritima, 428. Feverfew, 516. Gerardia pedicularia, 426. Feverwort, 448. Gerardia, Purple, 428. Figwort, 418. Figwort Family, 416. Gerardia pur pure a, 428. Gerardia purpurea, var. pauper Fireweed, 294, 518. cula, 428 Five-finger, 202. Gerardia quercifolia, 428. Flax, Common, 238. Gerardias, 4^0. Flax Family, 238. Flax, Wild Yellow, 238. Gerardia, Seaside, 428. Gerardia, Slender, 428. Fleabane, Common, 500. Gerardia tenuifolia, 428 Fleabane, Daisy, 498. Germander, American, 390. Fleur-de-lis, 62. Geum album, 192. Floerkea proserpinacoides, 232. Flower-of-an-hour, 266. Geum radiatum, va.r.Peckii, 194 Geum rivale, 194. Fly-honevsuckle, 450. Fly-honeysuckle, Mountain, 450. Geum strictum, 194. Geum triflorum, 194. Foamflower, 184. Geum Virginianum, 194. Forget-me-not, 380. Forget-me-not, Smaller, 380. Forget-me-not, Spring, 380. Gill-over-the-ground, 400. Ginseng, 304. Ginseng. Dwarf, 304. Fragaria Americana, 196. Ginseng Family, 302. Fragaria Virginiana, 196. Glaux, 340. Franconia, N. H., 502. Glaux maritima, 348. Frost weed, 274. Gnaphalium decurrens, 504. Fumaria officinalis, 164. Gnaphalium uliginosum, 504. Fumitory, 164. Goat's Beard, 190 Fumitory, Climbing, 160. Golden Aster, Curved-leaved, 472. Galeopsis Tetrahit, 410. Golden Aster, Grass-leaved, 472. Galium aparine, 442. Golden Club, 16. Galium asprellum, 444, 460. Golden-rod. Alpine, 476. Galium boreale, 444. Golden-rod. Blue-stemmed, 474. Galium circazans, 444. Golden-rod, Bog, 476. Galium trifidum, 444. Golden-rod, Broad-leaved, 474 Galium triflorum, 444. Golden-rod, Canada, 482. Galium verum, 442. Golden-rod. Early, 480 Gall of the Earth, 530. Golden-rod, Elm-leaved, 478. Garden Orpine, 180. • Golden-rod. Gray, 482. Gaultheria procumbens, 330. Golden-rod, Hard-leaved, 482. Gentian, Bottle, 360. Golden-rod, Lance-leaved, 484. 542 INDEX. Goklen-rod. Large-leaved, 476. .• n-n«J. Late. 480. Gulden-rod, Rough-stemmed, 478. (lei! Jen-rod. Seaside, 47(1. rod. Sharp-leaved, 480. ii-n.id. Showy, 476. n-rod, SK-n.k-r, 484. i-rod. Spreading, 478. G< j'.d -n-rod. Stout, 474. n-rod. Swamp, 480. Golden-rod, Sweet, 478. Golden-rod, White, 474. G.il Ithread. 146. iioodyera Menzieii, 78. (foodyera pubescens, 78 (rood\-cra repens, 76. Goodyfrarrptttt, \-a.T,opliides, 76. Goodytra tcsselata, 76. Goosefoot Family, no. Goosegrass, 442. Gourd Family, 454. Grape, Northern Fox, 260. Grape, River, 260. Grass-of-Parnassus, 186. Grass Pink, 80. Great Cranberry Island, Me., 43». Green Adder's Mouth, 68. Green Brier, 24. Grim the Collier, 526. Gromwell, 382. Cromwell, Corn, 380. Ground Cherry, Clammy, 412. Ground Cherry, Virginia, 414. Ground Moss, 374. Ground Nut, 224. Habenaria blephariglotlis, 90. Habenaria bracteata, 84. Habenaria ciliaris, 88. Habenaria cristata, 88. Habenana dilatata, 86. Habenaria Umbriata, 92 Habenaria Hookeriana, 86. Habenaria hyperborea, 86. Habenaria integra, 84. Habenaria lacera, 90. Habenaria leucophcea, 88. Habenaria nivea, 84. Habenaria peranurna, 92. Habcnarii psycodes. 90, 92. Habenaria tridentata, 84, 90. Habenana virescens, 84. Hardhack, 188. Harebell. 458. 460. Hartford, Conn., 76. Haverhill. Mass., 422. Hawkweed. Canada, 526. Hawkweed, Tawny, 526. Heal-all. 406. Heath Family, 320, 328. Hedeoma pulegioides, 396. Hclcmutn autumnale, 514. Heliantliemum Canadense, 274. Helianthus annuus, 510. Helianthiis decapetalus, 512 Helianthus divaricatus, 510. Helianthus f,if.anteus, sio. Helianthus parviflorus, 510. Helianthus strumosus, 510. Helianthus tuberosus, 512. Heliopsis lanra< santhus cieruleus, 388. vy, Ground, 400. tensis, 524. Leonurus Cardiaca, 408. Lepidium Virginicum, 174. 'ack-in-the-pulpit, 10. ackson, N. H., 68. acob's Ladder, 376. affrey, N. H., 84, 492. amestown Weed, 414. efferson, N. H., 144. Lespedeza capitata, 222 Lespedeza polystachya, 220. Lespedeza procumbens, 220. Lespedeza reticulata, 220. Lespedeza violacea, 220. Lettuce, Smooth-stemmed 'efierson ia diphylla, 152. erusalem Oak, no. ewel-weed, 256. ewel-Weed Family, 256. imson Weed, 414. oe-Pye-Weed, 468. White, 528. Lettuce, Tall Blue, 534. Lettuce, Tall White, 530. Lettuce, White, 528. Lettuce, Wild, 532. Lexington, Mass., 116. Liatris sc arioso, 470. (almia angustifolia, 334. Liatris spicata, 470. Liatris squarrosa, 47^1^- Kalmia glauca, 334. LlLIACEy«, 24. Kalmm lattfoha, 332. Lilium Canadense, 50. Cnotgrass, 106. Cnotweed, Erect, 106. (rigia ample xicaulis, 524. (.rigid Virginica, 524'. Lilium Philadelphicum, 48. Lilium tigrinum, 52. Lilium superbum, 52 Lilium superbum, var. Carolinir anum, 52. -ABIAT>«, 388. Lily, Atamasco, 60. ^actuca, 506. Lily, Blackberry, 64. '^actuca Canadensis, 532, 534. Lily, Canada, 50. '^acttica hirsuta, 534. Lily, Carolina, 52. '^actttca integrifotia, 532. Lily, Day, 58. '^actuca leucophaa, 534. Lily Familv, 24. vady's Slipper, Showy, 96. Lily of the'Vallev, 34. ^ayd's Slipper, Stemless, p6. Lily, Tiger, sz- Ladv's Slipper, White, 94. Lily, Turk's Cap, 52. Lady's Slipper. Yellow, 94- Lily, Wild Orange-red, 48. Lady's Thumb, 106. Lily, Wood, 48. 544 INDEX. Lilv. Yellow Day, 58. : Lily, Yellow Meadow, 50. Lythrum Hyssopifolia, 286. Lythrum lineare, 286. I.niniaiitltcmutn, 352. Lythrum salicaria, 288. LlVACE/E. 2iS. Linaria Canadensis, 416. I.inaria vulgaris, 418. Madder. 440. Madder Family, 440. 1 Lincoln, Neb., 170. Maianthrmum Canadense, 34. Linnica borralis, 448. Mallow Familv, 262. Linum snlcatum, 2.58. Mallow, High.' 264. 1. iinim usitatissintum, 238. Mallow, Marsh, 262. Lnnim Virginianum, 238. Mallow, Musk, 264. Lit>n's-foot. 530. Mallow, Round-leaved, 262. Liparis liliifolia, 70. MALVACE/E, 262. Liquorice. Wild, 444. Malva Moschata. 264. Listera convallarioidf*, 72. Malva roiundifolia, 262. Lister a cordata, 72. A4alva sylvestris, 264. Lithospermum arvense, 380. Manchester, Vt., 412. Lithosfitrmum canescens. 383. Mandrake, 154. Lithospermum ofjicinale, 380. Live-forever, 180. Marigold, Marsh, 144. Marrubium vulgare, 408. Liverwort, 154. May Apple. 154. Lobelia cardinalis, 462. Mayflower, 330, 442. LOBEI.IACE.-E, 462. Mayweed, 514. Lobelia Dortmanna, 464. Meadow-beauty, 290. Lobelia, Downv, 462. Meadow-beauty Family, 290 Lobelia Family, 462. ' Meadowsweet, 188. Lobelia, Great, 462. Medicago Itiptriina, 216. Lobelia inflata, 464. Medicago saliva, 214. /.ote/m Kalmii. 464. Medeola Virginica, 44. Lobelia, Kalm's, 464. Melampyrum Americanum, 434 Lolx-lia. Pale Spiked, 464. Melantkium Virginicum, 46. Lobelia puberula, 462. MELASTOMACE.«, 290. Lobelia spicata, 464. Melilot, Yellow, 214. lobelia, syphilitic a, 462. Melilotus alba, 214. Lobelia, Water, 464. Melilotns offlcinalis, 214. Long Purples, 288. l*onicera c&rulea, 450. Mentha aquatica, 392. Mentha arvensis, 394. Lonicera ciliata, 450. Mentha arvensis, var. Canaden- Lonicera sempervirens, 452. Loosestrife Family, 286. sis, 394. Mentha piperita, 392. Loosestrife, Four-leaved, 346. Mentha sylvestris, 392. Loosestrife, Fringed, 344. .Mentha viridis, 392. Loosestrife, Hvssop, 286. Menyanthes, 352. Loosestrife, Purple or Spiked, Mertensia Virginica, 378. 288. Microstylis ophioglossoides, 68. Loosestrife, Swamp, 288. Middlesex Fells, Mass., 276. Lopseed, 386. Middletown, Conn.. 122. Lousewort, 432. Lower Cabot, Vt., 190. Mikania scandens, 468. Milfoil, ,14. Lucerne, 214. Milk Purslane, 246. Ludwigia alternifolia, 202. Mjlk Vetch. 214. l.udwigia palustris, 292. Milkweed, Common, 368. i.ndu'igia polycarpa, 292. Lupimis pcrennis, 210. Milkweed Family, 364, 366. Milkweed, Four-leaved, ^70. Lychnis alba, i 20. Milkweed, Poke, 368. Lychnis, Evening, 120. Milkweed, Purple, 366. Lychnis, Flos-cuculi, 122. Milkweed, Swamp, 366. Lycopsis arvensis, 382. Milk wort, 242. Lycopus sinuatus, 394. Milkwort, Cross-leaved, 244. Lycopus Virgtnifus, 394. Milk wort Family. 240. Lysimachia nummulana, 348. Milkwort, Fringed, 240. Lysimachia producta, 348. Milkwort, Short-leaved. 244. Lysimachia quadrifolia, u'> Milkwort. Whorled, 244. Lysimachia stricla, 346. Mimulus riiiKcns, 422. LYTHRACE^, 286. Mint, Corn, 394. Lylhrunt alatum, 286. Mint Family. 388 545 INDEX. Mint, Horse, 302. Mint, Mountain, 396. North Easton, Mass., 24 Nuphar advena, 126. Mint, Water, ^92. Nuphar advena, var. minus, Mint, Wild, 394. 128. Mitchella re pens, 442. Nuphar Kalmianum, 128. Mitella diphylla, 184. NYMPH^ACE.C, 126. Mitella nuda, 184, 186. Nymphcea odorata, 126. Mitrewort, 184. Nymphcea odorata, var. minor, Mitrewort, False, 184. 126. Mitrewort, Naked, 184. Nymphcea odorata, var. rosea Moccasin Flower, 96. 126. Monarda didyma, 398. Monarda fistulosa, 398. Oakesia, 38. Monarda fistulosa, var. media. Oakesia sessilifolia, -38. 400. Oakes's Gulf, Mt. Washington, Monarda fistulosa, var. rubra. N. H., 530. 400. Old Man's Beard, 130. Moneses grandiflora, 322. ONAGRACE.*, 292. Moneywort, 348. Onosmodium Virginianum, 382. Monkey-flower, 422. Orange-grass, 272. Monkshood, 148. Orangeroot, 150. Monotropa fjypopitys, 326. Monotropa unillora, 326. ORCHIDACE/E,'68. Orchid Family, 68. Moss, Flowering, 340. Orchis, Green Round - Leaved, Motherwort, 408 86. Mount Agassiz, N. H., 70. Orchis, Green Wood, 84. Mountain Daisy, 122. Orchis, Hooker's, 86. Mountain Fringe, 160. Orchis, Large Purple Fringed, Mt. Desert Island, 122. 92. Mt. Equinox, Vt., 4. Orchis, Purple, 92. Mt. Katahdin, Me., 530. Orchis, Ragged Fringed, 90. Mt. Monroe, N. H., 412. Orchis rotundifolia, 82. Mt. Moosilauke, N. H., 280. Orchis, Showy, 82. Mt. Washington, N. H., 72, 122, Orchis, Smaller Purple Fringed. 200, 280, 424, 430. 92. Mud Plantain, 22. Orchis spectabilis, 82. Mugwort, 516. Mullein, Moth, 416. Mustard, Black, 172. Orchis, White Fringed, 88. Orchis, Yellow Crested, 88. Orchis, Yellow Fringed, 88. Mustard Family, 166. Ornithogalum umbellatum, 56 Mustard, Field, 172. OROBANCHACE^:, 436. Mustard, Hedge, 172. Orobanche uniftora, 436. Mustard, White, 174. Orono, Me.. 138. Myosotis laxa, 380. Myosotis palustris, 380. Myosotis verna, 380. Orontium aquaticum, 16. Orpine Family, 180. Osmorrhiza brevistylis, 314. Myrtle, 348. Osmorrhira longistylis, 314. Oswego Tea, 398. Nantucket, Mass., 4, 48. 116, OXAI.IDACE/E, 234. 126, 208, 268, 270, 350, 352, Oxalis Acetosella, 234. 356, 472, 524. Oxalis cymosa, 236. Nasturtium Armoracia, 170. Oxalis stricta, 236. Nasturtium officinale, 170. Oxalis violacea, 234. Nasturtium terrestre, 170. Oxeye, 506. Nepeta Cat aria, 400. Nepeta Glechoma, 400. Painted Cup, 430. Nettle, Dead, 408. Nettle, Hedge, 410. Nettle Hemo 4.10 Panax quinquefolium, 304. Panax trifolium, 304. Newfane, Vt., 494. Papoose Root, 152. New Jersey Tea, 258. Parnassia Caroliniana, 186. New York, N.'Y-., 154. Parsley Famiiy, 306. Nightshade, 412. Parsley, Hemlock, ^06. Nightshade, Black, 412. Parsnip, Cow, 308. Nightshade Family, 410. Parsnip, Early Meadow, 3»o Nonesuch, 216. Parsnip, Meadow, 3ia 546 INDEX. Parsnip, Water, 310. Plantago lanceolata, 438 Parsnip, Wild, 308. Plantago major, 438. Partridgeberry, 442, Plantago Rugelii, 438. Pastinaca saliva, 308, 3 1 o. Plantain, Common, 438. Pea, Beach, 224. Plantain, English, 438. Peacham, Vt., 190. Plantain Family. 438. Peanut, Hog, 226. Plantain. Robin's, 500. Peanut, Wild, 226. Pleurisy Root, 366. Pea Partridge, 228. • PLUMBAP.INACB/E, 350. Pfdicularis Canadensis, 432. Pedicularis lanceolata, 434. Plumbago. 350. Plymouth. N. H., 158. 448. Peltandra undulata. i 2 . Podophyllum, 152. Pemigewasset Valley, N. H., Podophyllum peltatum, 154. 252, 45') Pogonia. Nodding, 80. Pennyroyal, American, 396. Pogonia ophioglossoides, 78, 80 Penn yroyal. Bastard. 388. Pogonia pendula, 80 Pennyroyal, False, 388. Penthorum sedoides, 180. Pogonia verticillata, 82. Poison Ivy 252. Pentstemon, 420. POLEMONIACE^, 374. Pentstemon larvigatus, 420, 422. Polemonium c&ruleum, 376. Pentstemon lavigatus, var. digi- Polemonium reptans, 376. talis, 420, 422. Polygala brevi folia, 244. Pentstemon pubescens, 420. POLYGALACE/E, 240. Pepper-grass, Wild, 174- Peppermint, 392. Per ilia ocymoides, 390. Persicaria, Pennsylvania, 106. Phaseolus perennis, 226. Di,:n:. • . u,.~ .u vr_-ui~i*n«,4 Polygala cruciata, 244. Polygala pancifolia, 240. Polygala polygama, 242. Polygala sanguinea, 242. Polygala Senega. 242. Phillip's Beach. Marblehead. Mass.. 120. Phlox divaricata, 374. Phlox. Downy, 374. Phlox Family, 374 Phlox paniculata, 374. Phlox pilosa, 374. Phlox subulata, 374. Phlox, Wild Blue, 374. Phrymq leptostachya, 386. Physalis heterophylla, 412. Physalis pubescens, 414. Physalis Vtrginiana, 414. Physostegia Virgimana, 406. Physostegia Virginiana, var denticulata, 406. Pickerel Weed. 22. Pickerel Weed Family, 22. Pigweed, no. Pimpernel, 350. Pimpernel, False, 422. Pine-sap, 326. Pine-weed, 272. Pink. 354. Pink. Deptford, 116. Pink Family, 116. Pink, Ground, 374. Pink. Large Marsh, 356. Pink, Maiden, 116. Pink, Rose. 354- Pink, Sea, 354. Pink. Wild, 1 1 8. Pinweed, 274. Pinxter Flower, 336. Pipsissewa, 320. Pitcher Plant, 176. Pitcher Plant Family, 176. PLANTAGINACB*, 438. __ . Polygala verticillata, 244. Polygala verticillata, var. am- bigua, 244. POLYGOWACKA, 102. Polygonatum biflorum, 36. Polygonatum giganteum, 36. Polygonum, 104. Polygonum arifolium, 108. Polygonum aviculare, 106. Polygonum dumetorum, var. scandens, 108. Polygonum erectum, 106. Polygonum hydropiperoides, 106. Polygonum Pennsyh>anicum,iof>. Polygonum Persicaria, 106. Polygonum sagittatum, 108. Pond-Lily, Small Yellow, 1 28. Pond-Lily, Yellow, 126. PONTEDERIACE/E, 22. Pontederia cordata, 22. Poor Man's Weather-glass, 350. Poppy, Celandine, 156. Poppy Family, 156. Poppy-mallow, Purple, 264. Poppy, Prickly, 158. PORTULACACE/E, 114. Portulaca oleracea, 114. Potentilla Anserina, 202. Potentilla argent fa, 198. Potentilla Canadensis, 202. Potentilla frigida, 200. Potentilla jruticosa, 200. Potentilla Norvegica, 198. Potentilla palustris, 200. Potentilla recta, 198. Potentilla simplex, 202. Potentilla tridentata, 200. Pownal, Vt., 208. 547 INDEX. Prenanthes alba, 528, 530. Rattlebox, 208. Prenanthes altissima, 530. Rattlesnake Plantain, 76. Prenanthes Bootii, 530. Rattlesnake-root, 528. Prenanthes racemosa, 528. Rattlesnake-weed,' 528. Prenanthes serpentaria, 530. RHAMNACE/E, 258. Prenanthes trifoliolata, var. nana. Rhamnus alnifolia, 258. 530. Rhamnus cathartica, 258. Primrose, Dwarf Canadian, 342. Rhexia aristosa, 290. Primrose Family, 340. Rhexia Mariana, 290. PRIMUI.ACE/E, 340. Rhexia Virginica, 290. Primula farinosa, 342. Rhinanthus Crista-galli, 432. Primula Mistassinica, 342. Rhododendron calendulaceum. Prince's Pine, 320. 336. Profile House, Franconia Notch, Rhododendron Catawbiense, 338 N. H., 202. Rhododendron Lapponicum, 338 Profile Lake, Franconia Notch, Rhododendron maximum, 338. N. H . 234. Rhododendron nudiftorum, 336. Prunella vulgaris, 406. Rhododendron Rhodora, 336. Puccoon, 382. Rhododendrons, 334. Pulse Family, 208. Rhododendron viscosum, 334. Purple Flowering - Raspberry, 190. Purslane Family, 114. Purslane or Pusley, 114. Rhodora, 336. Rhus copallina, 250. Rhus glabra, 250. Rhus toxicodendron, 252, Pussy- toes, 500. Pycnanthemum lanceolatum, 396. Rhus typhina, 250. Rhus venenata, 252. Pycnanthemum linifolium, 396. Ribgrass, 438. Pyrola asarifolia, 324. Richardia, 12. PVROLACE^E, 320. Rich Weed, 390. Pvrola chlorantha, 322, 324. Rock -rose Family, 274. Pyrola elliptica, 324. Rosa blanda, 204. Pyrola Family, 320. Rosa canina, 206. Pyrola, One-flowered, 322. Rosa Carolina, 204. Pyrola rotundifolia, 324. Rosa humilis, 206. Pyrola, Round-leaved, 324. Rosa lucida, 204. Pyrola secunda, 322. Rosa nitida, 206. Pyrola, Small, 322. Rosa rubiginosa, 206. Pyxidanthera barbulata, 340. ROSACES, 182, 188. Pyxie Moss, 340. Rosebay, Lapland, 338. Rose, Dwarf Wild, 204. Quaker Ladies, 440. Queen Anne's Lace, 306. Queen-of-the-Prairie, 190. Rose Family, 188. Rose-mallow, Halberd -leaved, 266. Rose-mallow, Swamp, 266. Rosemary, Marsh, 330. Rabbit-foot, Clover, 210. Rose, Northeastern, 206. Ragged Robin, 122. Rose, Pasture, 206. Ragweed, Great, 506. Rose, Smooth, 204. Ragwort, Golden, 518. Rose, Swamp, 204. Randolph, Vt., 190. Roxbury, Conn., 422. RANUNCULACE^, 128. Roxbury, Mass., 110. Ran nculus abortivus, 138. RUBIACE^, 438. Ran nculus abortivus, var. eucy- Rubia tinctorum, 440. lus, 138. Rubus Chamcemorus, 193. Ran nculus acris, 142, 144. Rubus odoratus, 190. Ran nculus acris, var. Steveni, Rudbeckia hirta, 508 44- Rudbeckia laciniata, 506. Ran nculus ambigens, 138. Rudbeckia triloba, s°8- Ran nculus bulbosus, 142. Rue, Early Meadow, 136. Ran nculus fascicularis, 140. Rue, Purplish Meadow, 138. Ran nculus Pennsylvanicust 142. Rue, Tall Meadow, 136. Ran nculus recurvatus, 140. Rumex Acetosella, 104. Ran nculus repens' 142. Rumex Britannica, 102. Ran nculus septentrionalis, 140, 42. Rumex crispus, 102. Rumex obtusifolius, 104. Raspberry, Mountain. 192. Rumex Patientia, 103. 548 INDEX. Rumcx pcrsicarioides, 104. Rumex verticillatus, 102. Shepherd's Purse, 174. Shinleaf, 322, 324. Shooting Star, 342. Sicyos angulatus, 456. Sabbatia angularis, 354. Silene Antirrhina, 118. Sabbatia chloroidcs, 356. Silene Cucubalus, 1 1 8. Sabbatia gracilis. 354. Silene noctiflora, 1 20. Sabbatia. Lance-leaved, 354- Silene Pennsylvania, n8. Sabbatia lanceolata, 354. Silene stellata, 1 1 8. Sabbatia steliaris, 354. Silver Grass, 472. Saddle River, N. J., 260. Silver-rod, 474. Sane. Lyre-leaved, 398. Sa^i\ Wood. 300. Silverweed, 202. Sisymbrium officinale, 17 a. Sagittaria Engelmanniatia, 8. Sisyrinchium anceps, 66. Sagittaria latifolia, 8. Sis'yrinehium angustifolium. 66 Sagittaria variabilis, 6. Sisyrinchium Atlanticum, 66. Sagittaria variabilis, var. pu- Sium cicutcefolium, 310. bescens, 8. Skullcap. Mad-dog, 402. Salvia lyrata, 398. Skunk Cabbage, 14, 154. Sambucus Canadensis, 446. Smartweed, 106. Sambucus racemosa, 446. Smilacina racemosa, 30. Sand Spurry. 1 26. Sntilacina stellata, 32. Sandwich, N. H.. 7°. Smilacina trifolia, 32. Sandwort, Mountain, 122. Smilax herbacea, 24. Sand wort. Thyme-leaved, 122. Sanguinaria Canadensis, 156. Smilax offrcinalis, 304. Smilax rotundijolia, 24. Sanicle, 316 Smilax rotundijolia, var. quad- Sanicula Marylandica, 316. Sankaty Head. NantucketMass., ran gularis, 24. Smith's College, Northampton. 204. Saponaria offrfinalis, 116. Mass., 434- Snake Mouth, 80. Saratoga, N. Y., 58. 132. ' Snakeroot, Black, 150,316. SARRACKNIACE^;, 176. Snakeroot, White, 470. Sarracenia purpurea, 176. Sarsaparilla, Bristly, 302. Snap-dragon, Small, 418. Sneczeweed, 514. Sarsaparilla, Wild. 304- Sno wherry, 450. SAXIFRAGACE*, 180, 182, 188. Snowberry, Creeping, 328. Saxifraga Pennsylvania, 182. Snow on the Mountain, 248. Saxifraga Virginiensis, 182. Soapwort, 1 1 6. Saxifrage, Early, 182. SOLANACE/E, 410. Saxifrage Family, 182. Solanum Dulcamara, 412. Saxifrage, Golden, 186. Solanum nigrum, 412. Saxifrage, Swamp, 182. Solidago, 472. Scrophularia nodosa, var. Mari- Solidago bicolor, 474. landica, 418. Scutellaria canescens, 404. Solidago cassia, 474. Solidago Canadensis. 482. Scutellaria galericulata, 404. Scutellaria integrifolia, 404. Solidago juncea, 480. Solidago lanceolata, 484. Scutellaria laleriflora, 402. Scutellaria nervosa, 406. Scutellaria panula, 404. Solidago latijolia, 474. Solidago macrophylla, 476. Solidago neglccta, 480. Scutellaria pilosa, 404. Solidago nemoralis, 482. Scutellaria serrata, 402. Solidago odora, 478. Scutellaria versicolor, 402. Solidago patula, 478. St-a Lavender, 350. Solidago rigida, 482. Sedum Telephium, 180. Solidago rugosa, 478. Scdutn ternatum, 180. Solidago sempervirens, 476. Seedbox, 292. Solidago serotina, 480. Solf-hcal, 406. Solidago speciosa, 476. Seneca Snakeroot, 243. Senecio aureus, 5 1 8. Solidago squarrosa, 474. Solidago tenuijolia, 484. Senecio Balsamittc. 518. Solidago uliginosa, 476. Senna, Wild, 228 Solidago ulmijolia, 478. Sensitive Plant, Wild, 228. Solidago Virgaurea, var. alptnO) Shelburne, N. H, 70. 476. 549 INDEX. Solomon's Seal, 36. St. John River, Fort Kent, Me. Solomon's Seal, False, 32. 132. Solomon's Seal, Three-leaved St. John's-wort, Common, 270. False. 32. St John's-wort Family, 268. Sonchus asper 534. St. John's-wort, Great, 268. Sonchus oleraceus, 534. St. John's-wort, Marsh, 272. Sorrel Family, 234. St. John's-wort, Shrubby, 268. Sorrel, Field or Sheep, 104. Sorrel, Lady's, 236. St. Tohn's-wort, Spotted, 270. St. Libory, St.ClairCo., 111., 158 Sorrel, Violet Wood, 234. Stonecrop, Ditch, 180. Sorrel, Wood, 234. Sorrel, Yellow Wood, 236. Stonecrop, Wild, 180. St. Peter's-wort, 268. Southbury, Conn., 374. Strawberry, American Wood, SPARGANIACE^E, 4. 196. Sparganium androcladum, 4. Sparganium eurycarpum, \. Sparganium simplex, 4. Strawberry, Wild Virginia, 196. Streptopus amplexifolius, 28. ftreptopus roseus, 28. Spatter-dock, 126. Spearmint, 392. Spiderwort Family, 18. Spikenard, 302. trophostyles angulosa, 226. Stylophorum diphyllum, 156. Succory, 524. Sumac, Dwarf, 250. Specularia perfoliata, 456. Sumac, Poison, 252. Speedwell, Common, 424. Sumac, Smooth, 250. Speedwell, Marsh, 424. Speedwell, Thyme-leaved, 426. Sumac, Staghorn, 250. Sundew Family, 178. Spiderwort, 20. Sundew, Long-leaved, 178. Spircea Aruncus, 190. Sundew, Round-leaved, 178. Spiraea lobata, 190. Sundew, Slender, 178. Spircea salicifolia, var. latifolia. Sundew, Thread-leaved, 178. 188. Spiraea tomentosa, 188. Sundrops, 298, 300. Sunflower, Small, 510. Spiranthes cernua, 72, 74. Sunflower, Tall, 510. Spiranthes gracilis, 74. Sunflower, Ten-petaled, 512. Spiranthes praecox, 74. Spiranthes Romanzoffiana, 76. Sunflower, Thin-leaved, 512. Sunflower, Woodland, 510. Spring Beauty, 114. Sweetbrier, 206. Spurge, Cypress, 248. Sweet Cicely, 314. Spurge Family, 246. Sweet Flag, 16. Spurge, Seaside, 246. Sweet Scabius, 498. Spurge, Spotted, 246. Spurge, Sun, 248. Spurge, White Margined, 248. Symphoricarpos racemosus, 450. Symphoricarpos vulgaris, 448. Symplocarpus fcetidus, 14. Squawroot, 436. Squirrel Corn, 162. Tanacetum vulgare, 516. Stocky s asper a, 410. Tansy, 516. Stachys palustris, 410. Taraxacum erythrospermum, 532. Staff-Tree Family, 254. St. Andrew's Cross, 268. Taraxacum officinale, 532. Tearthumb, Arrow-leaved, 108 Star Flower, 344. Tearthumb, Halberd - leaved, Star Grass, 60. 108. Star-of-Bethlehem, 56. Teucrium Canadense, 390. Statice Limonium, var. Caro- Thalictrum dioicum, 136. liniana, 350. Thalictrum polygamum, 136. Steeplebush, 188. Thalictrum purpurascer.s, 138. Steironema ciliatum, 344. Thaspium aureum, 310. Steironema lanceolatum, 344. Thaspium aureum, var. atro- Stellaria graminea, 1 24. Stellaria longifolia, 124. purpureum, 310. Thaspium barbinode, 310. Stellaria media, 1 24. Stenanthium robustum, 48. Thimble-berry, 190. Thimble-weed, 130. Stenanthium. Stout, 48. Thistle, Canada, 522. Stickseed, European, 378. Stickseed, Virginia, 378. Thistle, Common, 520. Thistle, Pasture, 522. Stick-tight, 512. Thistle, Sow, 534. Stitchwort, Lesser, 124. Thistle, Swamp, 522. Stitchwort, Long-leaved, 124. Thistle, Tall, 532. 550 INDEX. Thistle, Yellow. 520. Valerian Family, 452. Thorn Apple. 414. Ttvrn Apple. Purple. 414. Thomughwoi • Thorooghwort, White, 468. Valerian. Garden. 454. Valerian. Great W*d, 454. Valerian, Greek, 376. Valerian. Swamp, 452. / riirclla COrdtfottO, 184. Valenaiiclia \\'oodstana, 454 Tick Trefoil, 216. Vandal-root. 454. Tick Trei'iil, Canadian, 218. Venus's Looking-glass, 456. T:edcmani:ia rigida, .508. Veratrum vinde. 4.6. Tinker s- weed, 448. Verbascum Blatiaria, 416. Tissa rubra L , 126. Verbascum Thapsus, 414. Toad-flax. 418 Toad-flax. Blue. 416. VERBENACE*. 384. Verbena angustijolia, 386. Tobacco, Indian. 464. Verbena hastata, 386. Tooth wort, 1 66. Toothwort, Cut-leaved, 166. Verbena officinalts, 384- Verbena urticatfolia, 384. Touch-me-not, Pale, 256. Vcrnonia altissima, 466. Touch-me-not, Spotted, 256. Vernonia Noveboracensis, 466. Tradescantia rosea, 20. Vernonias, 470. Tradescantia Virginica, 20. Veronica alpina, 424. Trichostema dichotomum, 388. Veronica Americana, 424. Trichostema lineare, 388. Veronica officinalis, 424. Trienlalis Americana, 344. Veronica scutellata, 424. Trifokum agrarium, 212. Trijolium arvense, 210 Veronica serpylliiolia, 426. Veronica Virginica, 422. Triiolium hybridum, 212. Vervain, Blue, 386 Triiolium pratense, 210. Vervain, European, 384. Trifolium procumbcns, 214. Vervain Family, 384. Triiolium repens, 212. Vervain. Narrow -leaved, 386. Trillium cernuum, 42. Vervain, White, 384- Trillium, Dwarf White, 42. Vetch, Common, 222. Trillium erectum. 40. Vetch, Cow, 222. Tr .Ilium grandiflorum, 42. Viburnum alniiolium, 446. Triiiium, Large Flowering, 42. Trillium nivale. 42. Vicia Americana, 122. Vicia Cracca, 222. Trillium, Nodding, 42. Vicia saliva, 222. Trillium, Painted, 42. Vine Family, 260. Trillium recurvatum, 40. Viola blanda, 280. Trillium sessile, 40. Viola Canadensis, 282. Trillium, Stemless, 40. Viola canina, var. Muhlenbergit. Trillium undulatum, 42. 284. Triosteum perjoliatum, 448. Tuckerman's Ravine, Mt. Wash- Viola canina, var. puberula, 284. VlOLACE^, 276. ington, N. H., 338. Viola lanceolata, 280. Tumble Weed. 112 Viola palmata, 276. Turtle-head, 420. Viola palmata, var. cuculata Twayblade, Broad-lipped, 72. 278 Twayblade, Heart-leaved, 72. Twayblade, Large, 70. Viola palustris, 278. Viola pedata, 276. Twinberrv, 442. Twin-flower, 448. Viola pubescens, 282. Viola rotundifolia, 280. Twinleaf, 152. Viola sagittal a, 278. Twisted Stalk, 28. Viola Selkirkii, 278. Typha angustijolia, 3. Viola striata, 284. T\pha latilolia, 3- Violet, Arrow-leaved, 278. TVPHACB.*, 3- Violet, Bird-foot, 276. Violet, Canada. 282. Umbelliferee, 306. Violet, Common, 278. Umbrella Leaf. 154. Violet, Dog. 284. Uvularia grandiflora, 38. Violet, Dogtooth, 54. L'vularia perfoliata, 38. Uxbridge, Mass.. 132. Violet. Downy Yellow, 282 Violet Family, 276. Violet, Lance-leaved, 280. VAI.EKIANACEvC, 4$2. Violet, Marsh. 278. Valeriana offitinalis, 454. Violet. Pale. 284. Valeriana sylvatica, 453. Violet, Round-leaved. 380. 551 INDEX. Violet, Sweet White, 280. Wild Ginger, 98. Virginia Creeper, 260. Virginia Day Flower, 20. Virginia Snakeroot, too. Wild Leek, 56. Wild- Lemon, 154. Willoughby Lake, Vt., 132. Virgin's Bower, 128. Willow Herb, Great, 294. Virgin's Bower, Purple, 130. Willow Herb, Hairy, 294. VlTACE^E, 260. Willow Herb, Spiked, 288. Vitis Labrusca, 260. Wind Flower, 132. Vitis vulpina, 260. Wintergreen, 330. Wintergreen, Flowering, 240. Wake-robin, 40. Wintergreen, Spotted, 320. Watercress, 170. Wormwood, 518. Watercress, Marsh, 170. Wormwood, Roman, 506. Water-Lily, 126. Wormwood, Tall, 516. Water-Lily Family, 126. Water Pennywort, 316. XYRIDACE^-E, 18. Water Pepper, 106. Water Plantain, 6. Water Plantain Family, 6. Water Plantain Spearwort, 138. Xyris Caroliniana, 18. Xyris flexuosa, 18. Xyris flexuosa, var. pusilla, 18. Water Purslane, 292. Waterville, Me., I38. . Waxwork, Climbing Bittersweet, Yarrow, 514. Yellow -eyed Grass, 18. Yellow-eyed Grass, Carolina, 1 8 Wayfaring Tree, 446. White Mt. Notch, 70. Whitlow -grass, Carolina, 168. Whitlow-grass, Common, 170. Yellow-eyed Grass Family, 18. Yellow Melilot, 214. Yellow Rattle, 432. Yellow Rocket, 172. Wild Balsam Apple, 454. Wild Coffee, 448. Zephyr anthes Atantasco, 60. Wild Garlic, 56. Zizia aurea, 310, 312. 553 Jl Selection from the Catalogue of G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS Complete Catalogues sent on application JUL 0 1 1985 University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. UCSOOTHEHN