Ill | — 3 | a et UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO | ni | | FIELDBOOK OF Se AMERICAN 4 WILD FLOWERS Say WL, NaS Es CHUYLER MATHEWS Handle with | EXTREME CARE _ This volume is damaged or brittle © ! and CANNOT be repaired! * photocopy only if necessary * return to staff * do not put in bookdrop\ _ Gerstein Science Information Centre i { i Presented to the UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY by the ONTARIO LEGISLATIVE LIBRARY 1980 i) ii \ 4 ea th ey wih eri a ¥; r Wh apis +) f wy ip ca ae Si Mieg Nise Si ye ROI ae A oer at iy f ; ¥ sepa “a ee a aie Fa ) oe ae = “ a i oP | eet ¢ We ’ as AM sana a = : : y; ute, Tee ger! Sra ey : } ia seer : BUSH c. TW ‘fo Hooks agar eS si Hiatt une = is : 5 i ae ae Pres » Mee am, - ; iy rN ode alee oe Sd Horas te nial ond 1 a Silicate Si asitcattoen de! = 2} on “Adel Hay oe ite) a ia may Suit Aas ey eur deh 14 i F ‘ lcs: aes Rae Sah or a : We ae fet i J Sawin) 4 rere ding” DAN Br pS es ore: 4 Balt ? : hte. ages pe ha trey omlohe was ach sia Pinee sls HE A oe Bycar 2 ti Sh IerPy pa ie EA dl my rs Shei wa ‘ aay ee pes: Ras - ie seay ek: 5 snes 4 t ~ b j AF Ae -< er ‘aie S01 gaa apn 4 a? s ,, Pe ie en ES 2 ae Aa a, ——_" é ows Soe = ~ artes tale veenad all er Le a eee eee ee ee _ Momavancana ie - « 23 = te Ras, ar oss . + = - mei = a Fee a ee 2 ae a er Dee Prides er Bee > ee ‘ By F. SCHUYLER MATHEWS FIELD BOOK OF WILD BIRDS AND THEIR MUSIC 16mo. With 38 Colored and 15 other Full-page ' Illustrations, and numerous Musical Diagrams. Cloth, net , ; . ° . - $2.00 Full flexible leather, ne é ‘ © 2,50 (Postage, 15 cents) FIELD BOOK OF AMERICAN WILD FLOWERS 16mo, 525 pages. With 24 Colored Plates and 200 Full-page Illustrations in the text. Cloth, net . : . : " - $1.75 Full leather, net . : . ‘ . 2 (Postage, 15 cents) G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS New York London SEEN BY PRESERVATION SERVICES tea FLOWERS 38¢- BEING A SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THEIR CHARACTER AND HABITS, A CONCISE DEFINITION OF THEIR COLORS, AND IN- CIDENTAL REFERENCES TO THE INSECTS WHICH ASSIST IN THEIR FERTILIZATION Cin oe — By F. SCHUYLER MATHEWS MEMBER OF THE NEW ENGLAND BOTANICAL CLUB AND AUTHOR OF FAMILIAR FLOWERS OF FIELD AND GARDEN FAMILIAR TREES AND THEIR LEAVES, FAMILIAR FEATURES OF THE ROADSIDE, ETC. i a a a WITH NUMEROUS REPRODUCTIONS OF WATER COLORS AND PEN-AND-INK STUDIES FROM NATURE BY THE AUTHOR 8% & & & & @& bm en te Li tt : B08 Goosefoot (Cheno podiacee) ; : oe Amaranth (Amarantaceé) . ; : of pe Purslane (Portulacacee) : : : mee f Pink (Caryo phyllacee) : : - a tees Water-Lily (Vympheacee) . - : | 566 Crowfoot (Ranunculacee) . ; A £98 Barberry (Berberidaceg@) : ; ; aie Poppy (Papaveracee) . ; : : “886 Mustard (Crucifere) . : . . 166 Pitcher Plant ( ‘Seurvaiceeracees : ; :\. £70 Sundew (Droseracee) . : ‘ 2 . 178 Orpine (Crassulacee) . ? ; : . 180 CONTENTS. Saxifrage (Saxifragacee) . ° . Rose (Rosace@) . : . . . Pulse (Leguminose) . * ° . Geranium (Geraniace@) : ‘ Sorrel (Oxalidacee) Flax (Linacee) . ; : ° Milkwort (Polygalace@) ‘ ° Spurge (Eu phorbiacee) ; ° Cashew (Anacardiace@) Staff-tree (Celastrace@) Jewel-weed (Balsaminacee) Buckthorn (Rhamnacee) Vine (Vitacee) Mallow (Malvace@) St. John’s-wort (H whericacain Rock-rose (Ctstacee) : Violet (Violacee) Loosestrife (Lythracee) : Meadow-beauty (Melastomacee) . Evening Primrose (Onagrace@) Ginseng (Araliacee) Parsley (Umbellifere) . Dogwood (Cornacee) Pyrola (Pyrolacee) Heath (Ericacee) Diapensia (Diapensiacee) Primrose (Primulace@) Plumbago or Leadwort (Plambabemacea _ Gentian (Gentianacee) Dogbane (A pocynace@) Milkweed (A sclepiadace@) Convolvulus (Convolvitlacee@) Phlox (Polemoniace@) , < Borage (Boraginacee) . ; . . Vervain (Verbenacee) . ; - ° Mint (Labiate) . 4 . ‘ Nightshade (Solumncaaes ; : Figwort (Scrophulariacee) . . : Broom-rape (Orobanchace@) . ; : vi PAGE 182 188 208 230 234 238 240 246 250 234 256 258 260 262 268 274 276 - 286 290 292 302 306 318 320 328 340 340 35° 352 364 366 37° 374 376 384 388 410 416 436 _ Plantain (Plantaginacee) . Madder (Rubiacee) . Honeysuckle eamdiolaucay Valerian (Valerianuce@) ‘ Gourd (Cucurbitacee) ae. Bellflower (Campanulace@) . Lobelia (Lobeliace@) ; Composite (Composite) : INDEX . ; é Sayer CONTENTS. ~ ak ny . ] vat 7a: arb a ” - ‘ : . a T | ‘ me i < . r —-— 7 é . Sy . . ° _ ° e e MoNKEY FLOWER. . . F Twin FLOWER ° . . e EARLY GOLDEN-ROD , ° ° New ENGLAND ASTER. iin, 0 RosBin’s PLANTAIN, Oxp + ELECAMPANE . TT eat ala SiomerLowke ae, se ee ComMon THISTLE . ‘ . ° FACING PAGE . Frontispiece e e ° . e e e o e e e e eS ° e ° e e . ° e e ° * 240 Srsssezseee F 8B S - TECHNICAL TERMS. Corolla. The flower-cup composed of one or more di- visions called petals. Petal. One of the divisions of the corolla. Calyx. ARUM FAMILY. Aracez. plant is 1-3 feet high, and grows in wet woods or low grounds from Me., south, and west to Minn. Avtew sonia The rich green leaves are arrow-shaped Peliandivk with one prominent vein or nerve. The undulata flowers are staminate and pistillate on the Green same plant, covering the long tapering May-June spadix ; the pointed green spathe, rolling and wavy on the margin, is 4-7 inches long. The clus- ter of berries is green, and is at first enclosed in a green sheath, the fleshy base of the spathe. The plant grows 1-14 feet high, in shallow water, from Me. south, and west to Mich. It derives its name from zéAry, a target or shield, and uv7p, stamen, from the targetlike form of the latter. a A little swamp flower resembling the Calla palustris 80-Called calla-lily ; the latter is, of course, White not a lily, and, curiously enough, not a June true calla, it is a Richardia, The deep green leaves of the water arum are long-heart-shaped with long stems. The open and rolling edged spathe is white above and greenish beneath. The yellow spadix is entirely covered with flowers, the lower ones perfect, i. e., with all the parts complete, and the upper ones often staminate. Fertilization is assisted by insects and pond-snails. The berries, red and distinct, in a head like those of the Jack-in-the-pulpit, are ripe in August. The plant grows 5-10 inches high and is at home in cold bogs, from Me., south to Va., and west to Minn. The name Calla is ancient and obscure, palustris is the Latin name for swamp. 12 Ey / a 7 LB, A Zy V zp Ag By! YZ B= ey) tii py i) Va Arrow Arum. ( Water Arum. " Peltandra undulata. Calla palustris, ~ ARUM FAMILY. Aracee. 5 pile w Conale A single Species, of the earliest appear: Symplocarpus ®2ce in spring, having a fetid odor, which fetidus attracts numerous insects, and a closely Dark purple- coiled purple-red streaked and blotched, ‘vl hog green, leathery spathe which entraps them to their death. The stout spadix is compactly set with perfect lavender-flesh-colored flowers, i. e., flowers with stamens and pistil. The conspicuous an- thers area grayish straw-color. The fruit is the enlarged and fleshy spadix enclosing round bulletlike seeds imme- diately beneath its surface which ripen in September. The name is from 6vuzAo0xn, connection, and xapzos, fruit, alluding to the connection of the ovaries forming compound fruit. The color of the shellike spathe is not without zsthetic interest; the madder purple, green, and yellow-green are blended and streaked with a pecul- iar charm ; inside, the red is darkest. The leaves will at first be found in a compactly coiled, pointed spike close beside the ruddy spathe. Later when the coarse 1- 2 feet long, cabbagelike leaves are unfolded the origin of the common name becomes evident. The odor of the flower is imitative of decaying flesh, but it is not wholly bad, it reminds one of the smell of a mustard plaster, and raw onions; the cut stem decidedly suggests the latter. The plant is found in swamps, beside brooks, and in wet glades. Common from Me., south to Ga., and west to Iowa and Minn. Found at Clarendon Hills, Mass. F 14 SSSR ~ == s f = SSS Ss . = fama oS CSS SST SSS \ N \} \ R \ \\ \| WW \ | : \Y NS AK S AY SQ (a = whe \ wd ( Ulangd Skunk Cabbage. Symplocarpus feetidus, ARUM FAMILY. Aracee. e Golden Club A single species, perennial and aquatic, Orontium whose prominent golden yellow spadix aquaticum (the club) scarcely larger around than its eo ellow jong, snaky stem, is thickly clustered with lead the completely developed flowers of gen- erally six sepals, as many golden stamens, and a pistil. The spathe is undeveloped and removed from the spadix, appearing like a mere leaflet on the flower-stem. Fruit green and bladderlike. The long-stemmed, oblong, dark green leaves float upon the water. It is a beautiful aquatic plant whose flowers deserve close examination _ under the glass, 1-2 feet high, common in the shallows of ponds, from Mass., south, and generally found near the coast. Name from the Syrian river Orontes. The stiff, swordlike, light green leaves 1 ‘ nappa give the plant a rigid character. It has Acorus inconspicuous flowers compactly covering Calamus a tapering cylindrical spadix which grows i sc ome angularly from the side of a two-edged stem resembling the flat ribbonlike leaves. The individual flower has a pistil, six stamens, and as many sepals of a dull yellow-green color. The fruit is a small berry, at first gelatinous and finally dry, but the plant is mostly propagated by its stocky roots. Name, “Axopas of unknown meaning, from Pliny. The horizontal, pun- gent, and pleasantly aromatic rootstalk is a familiar com- modity of the apothecary. There is a striped-leaved variety. The plant grows 1-4 feet high, or more, and is found beside small streams and in wet ground, from Me., south, and west to Minn., Iowa, and Kan. - 16 Golden Club. Sweet Flag. Orontium aquaticum. ' Acorus Calamus. ~ YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY. Xyridacee. YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY. Xyridacee. Perennial herbs with narrow, grasslike leaves, and perfect, regular flowers, with three spreading lobes and a slender tube. Fertilized largely by insects. Yellow-eyed A little swamp plant with grasslike, or Grass rather slender rushlike, light green leaves Xyris flexuosa which twist as they grow old, and flowers Pen cco about } inch across, of three yellow petal- like divisions, three stamens, and as many sepals, the flowers proceeding from a conelike head com- posed of light green leafy scales. The fruit is an oblong many-seeded capsule. The name is from vpis an unknown Greek plant with two-edged leaves. The plant grows 6-16 inches high, in sandy bogs or morasses, from Me. to Minn., and south to Ga. and Tex. There is a mountain variety barely 1 foot high, with very slender leaves, which rarely twist, known as var. pusilla. {t is found in bogs from the White Mts., south to the 2ocono Mts. of Penn., and in N. J. It blooms in the same season. Circitien Ved. A tall species, with a slender flower- low-eyed Grass Stem, and leaves reaching nearly an inch in Xyris Carolini- width. The conelike head also longer ana and measuring nearly % inch, It grows Lael en 1-2 feet high, and is found in swamps a: near the coast from Mass., south to Fla. and La. SPIDERWORT FAMILY. Commelinacee. Herbs with jointed and often leafy branching stems, the leaves sheathed at the base, and generally perfect flowers, i. e., flowers with stamens and pistil. Cross- fertilization assisted by insects. The grass green leaves are lance-shaped, ese cool and brown-sheathed at their junction with tella the plant-stem; the sheath is hairy-edged. Light violet- The flowers are three-parted and irregular, blue that is, unequal in size, form, and struc- August- tural parts; for instance, two of the blue petals are larger than the third. Theleaf 18 ; September Yellow-eyed Grass. Xyris flexuosa. Xyris Caroliniana. SPIDERWORT FAMILY. Commelinacez. immediately below the flowers is heart-shaped, and clasping, forming a hollow from which the flower-stem proceeds. The flowers expand only inthe morning. The plant is erect, stout-stemmed, and grows 2-3 feet high. Itis named for the early Dutch botanist Kaspar Comme- lin. Fond of damp and shady, but warm places, it dis- tributes itself along river banks and streams from seuthern N. J., south, and west to Mo. Virginia Day This is a much commoner species in the Flower northeastern section of the country, and Commelina it differs from the foregoing species in the eile a following particulars. The leaves and Sine stem are slenderer, the stem taller, but June-Septem- branching and reclining, frequently tak- ber ing root at the joints, and the whole plant is frequently slightly rough to the touch. The third petal is also particularly inconspicuous and abortive, The plant grows 1}-3 feet high, and is found on river banks or wet shaded places, from southern N. Y., south, and west to Neb. and Tex. ediderwvort This species has mucilaginous, upright Tradescantia Stems, with light green, narrow, and linear Virginica leaves. The flowers are regular with three Light violet- purplish ultramarine blue petals which stad ables richly relieve the golden anthers with- oye: in; the latter are widely remoyed from the prominent stigma. It is unquestionably cross-fertilized by the earlier queen bumblebees Bombus pennsylvani- cus and B. separatus, who are attracted by the plentiful pollen, and evidently come in contact with the exposed stigma before stumbling among the yellow anthers. It is also a familiar, old-fashioned garden flower, common beside the farm-houses of the north. It is named for John Tradescant, gardener to Charles I. of England. It grows 1-1} feet high, usually in rich or moist ground, from Me., south, and west to the Rocky Mts. There are variable forms of this species, as well as another slenderer southern species with smaller pink flowers, 6-12 inches high, named Tradescantia rosea. It is dis- tributed from Md., south, and west to Mo. There are garden varieties of Tradescantia also white and purple. 20 1 Virginia Day Flower. F Spiderworts Commelina Virginica. i Tradescantia_Virginica, PICKEREL WEED FAMILY. Ponatederiacee. PICKEREL WEED FAMILY. Pontederiacee. Aquatic herbs with perfect (i. e. having stamens and pis- til), more or less irregular flowers issuing from a spathe or leaflike envelop, which are mostly fertilized by insects. A tall plant with one blunt arrowhead- Pickerel Weed ; ‘ Pontederia cor. Saped, dark green, thick leaf, varying to data a very elongated triangle shape, and a Light violet- showy flower-spike about 4 inches long, blue crowded with ephemeral, violet-blue a ‘flowers which are marked with a distinct yellow-green spot. Immediately below the spike is the small spathe. Sometimes the flowers are white. The flower-cup is funnel-formed and six- divided, the upper three divisions united, and the three lower ones spread apart. The six stamens are three of them long and protruding, and three short which are often abortive ; the blue anthers are so placed that it is impossible for an insect to enter the flower-cup without brushing against them and detaching the pollen. The fruit is a bladderlike receptacle containing one seed. The plant is named for Giulio Pontedera, a professor of botany at Padua about 1730. Pickerel weed grows 1-3 feet high, and is commonly found in the shallows of ponds and sluggish streams, sometimes associated with the arrowhead. The deer in the Adirondack region fre- quent the lake shores to feed upon it. Mud Plantain A small water plant with deep green, Heteranthera floating, round-kidney-shaped leaves on reniformis long stems, and 2-5 white or pale blue per- White or bluish foct}y developed flowers, which, like those July-August : : ; ‘ of the preceding species, are exceedingly short-lived. The tiny flowers proceed from a spathe or leafy enclosure projecting from the sheathed side of a — leaf-stem. The flower-cup shows six nearly equal divisions spread above its slender tube. The plant is named for its unlike anthers, érépa different, and avonpa anther ; the specific reniformis means kidney-formed, in allusion to the shape of the leaf. It grows about 12 inches high, in mud or shallow water, from Conn, to N. J., and west to Kan., Neb., and La, 22 Pickerel Weed. i Mud Plantain. Pontederia cordata. Heteranthera reniformis. LILY FAMILY. Liliacee., LILY FAMILY. Liliacece, Mostly perennial herbs with a flower-cup of generally six parts remarkable for its simplicity and beauty. Flowers with six stamens each of which stands before one of the divisions. In the case of Allium the flowers spring from a spathe or leafy inclosure, like the flowers of most of the species already described. Carrion Flower The light green veiny-corrugated leaves Smilax are mostly round-ovate and heart-shaped herbacea at the base, pointed at the tip, and devoid Green-yellow een Kinir’ be I ‘ 2 ég-July of gloss, their stems greatly varying in length, measuring }-3 inches; with a ten- dril at either side. The long flower-stem, proceeding from between the tendrils, is topped by a hemispherical flower-cluster with spokelike stemlets. The greenish- yellow flowers are insignificant and putrid-odored ; they are staminate and pistillate on separate plants, thus show- ing their dependence upon insects for fertilization, par- ticularly upon those flies which are attracted by carrion. The cluster of berries is first green and finally blue-black with a bloom. It is, indeed, a beautiful and decorative vine, most unfortunate in the repellent odor of its flow- ers at the time of bloom. It is very variable, grows to a length of 4-15 feet, and frequents river banksand thickets, Common from the coast west to Dak. and Neb. Greet Brier The slightly zigzag stem and branches, Smilax the latter more or less squarish, are cov- she -e ered with scattered prickles, and the ight green y . s May-June broadly ovate, short-stemmed, light green leaves are 2-3 inches long and pointed. The leaf-stalk is bent upward at a right angle; in the angle are the slender tendrils, The flower-stalk bears fewer flowers than that of the preceding species. The berries are blue-black. It is common in most thickets, and closely connects with a western form, var. quadran- gularis, the branches of which are quite perceptibly square. Common from the coast west to Minn. and Tex. It is a familiar vine on Long Island, N. Y., and at North Easton, Mass., but it is not found in the moun- tain region of N. H. 24 Green Brier Smilax herbacea. Smilax rotundifolia. LILY FAMILY. Liliacee. F Clintente A handsome woodland plant with from Clintonia two to four (usually three) shiny, light borealis green, large oval-oblong leaves; a slender voor gaa flower-stalk, about 7 inches high, bears June-early from three to six cream-colored drooping July flowers greenish on the soutside. The flower is formed of six distinct sepals, and is perfect, having six stamens and a pistil; its form is lilylike and dainty. It was named for DeWitt Clinton, once governor of New York. It unfortunately lacks odor and color to make it perfectly attractive, but it is not without a subtle and delicate grace. The berries, which are ripe about the middle of August, turn a beau- tiful pure blue, a color devoid of any purplish tinge, and therefore one which is rare and remarkable in nature. Prussian blue mixed with a little white will exactly match the unique color of the Clintonia berry. The plant grows 6-16 inches high, and is common in the northern woods, especially where they are cold and moist. Me., south to N. C., and west to Minn, : : A far less common species, with a woolly Clintonia . eT ad flower-stem, and flowers half the size of White, spotted those of the foregoing species, borne ina May-June thick cluster. The flowers are also very different in color; they are mostly white speckled with madder purple, and possess a sweet odor. The berries are globular and black. Height 8-22 inches, Rich woods of the Alleghanies from N. Y. to Ga. ; not in New Eng. $ " j Clintonia borealis. LILY FAMILY. Liliacez. - Twisted Stalk The leaves, strongly clasping the zigzag Streptopus stem, are smooth and light green, with a amplexifolius whitish bloom beneath. The curly-se- Greenish : : 4 white paled, greenish flower is about } inch May-July wide, and hangs by a long, crooked, threadlike stem from beneath the leaves. The flower is perfect and regular, with six lance-shaped sepals, and is either solitary or (rarely) in pairs. The name is from the Greek, for twisted, and stalk or foot. The usually solitary berry is red, round, and nearly 4 inch in diameter. 2-3 feet high. Cold moist woods. Me., west to the Rockies, and south to N. C., in the mountains. Streptopus - Differs from the preceding in its dull roseus purple-pink flower, its leaves which are not — a purple- whitened with a bloom beneath, but are Mey snarky altogether green and finely hairy at the July edge, and its earlier period of bloom. 1-2} feet high. In the same situations, but extending farther south to Ga., and west to Ore. The genus Streptopus is dependent in part upon insect= for cross-fertilization. Some of the most frequent visit- ors are the bumblebees, the beelike flies Bombylius, and the bees of the genus Andrenide, still, their effect upon the flower is mere probability. It takes much time and attention to make sure of the results of such insect visita- tions. Certainly the delicate green-white coloring of one species and the magenta of the other directly indi- cate the adaptation of the flowers to insect visitors. - 28 Streptopus roseus. Twisted Stalk. LILY FAMILY. Liliacez. 5 Asparagus This beautiful perennial, so well known Asparagus as a vegetable, is not quite as familiar to officinalis us in its esthetic dress. Its leaves (or prop- Green-yellow erly, its branchlets), are threadlike; and it assumes a bushy, almost larchlike figure as it grows older, and becomes decorated with round, scarlet berries. The tiny green-yellow flowers are six- parted, and rather inconspicuous. The name is ancient. Adventive from the old country, and a frequent escape from kitchen gardens everywhere. It is a favorite among the farmers’ wives who use it decoratively in their homes; certainly it is not less decorative than the florist’s famous June Asparagus plumosus. Falae Spike- A really beautiful woodlaas plant slightly aod resembling Solomon’s Seal, but bearing Smilacina its Spirzealike cluster of fine white flowers racemosa at the tip of the stem. The light blue- White green leaves are oblong and ovate-lance- shaped, taper-pointed, and with very short stems—hardly any, in fact. The tiny flower has six distinct white sepals, and is perfect, with six stamens and a pistil. The flower cluster is pyramidal, and the zigzag plant-stem gracefully inclines. The berries, smaller than peas, are at first greenish then yellowish white speckled with madder brown, and finally, in late September, a dull ruby-red of translucent character. They possess an aromatic taste. A familiar plant of the White Mt. region. The name is a diminutive of Smilax, without appropriate application. Common in moist copses and beside woodland roads. 1-3 feet high. Me., south to S. C. and west to Minn, and Ark. “ May 30 = 4 + GE D tips Smilacina racemosa. False Spikenard. LILY FAMILY. Liliacezx. 5 A much smaller species than the fore- capper, going, with a very small but pretty starry Smilacina cluster of white flowers at the tip of the stellata stem. The leaves, light blue-green and ne ye very firm, clasp the zigzag stem. The was 4 flower is } inch wide. The berries, which are few, are at first spotted and finally dull ruby-red. 8-16 inches high. Moist banks and meadows. Me., south to N. J., and west. Three-leaved A still smaller species, with generally False Solo= three leaves, but sometimes two or even mon's Seal four, tapering to a sheathing base ; flowers Smilacina Hine ths h f th pocit trifolia sma er than those of the pr ing spe- White cies, and the berries red like those of May-early the next species. 2-6 inches high. In June bogs or wet woods. Me., south to Penn., west to Mich. Although the resemblance of Smilacina trifolia to Maianthemum Canadense (the next species described) is close, the differences are easily detected by a close ob- server. The (usually) three leaves of Smilacina trifolia clasp the stem but are in no way heart-shaped at the base. This species also has six sepals and as many stamens, and the whole plant is invariably smooth, not fine-hairy as is sometimes the case with the next species. The berries of Smilacina and Maianthemum are closely similar, but those of Smilacina stellata are in a measure harder, more opaque than any of the others, and cer- tainly not blackish, as described in Gray’s Manual, 6th Edition, but dull red. 5 32 i False Solomon’ Seal. Smilacina stellata. Smilacina trifolia. LILY FAMILY. Liliacew. + A tiny woodland plant resembling Smila- pee asn, cina trifolia, with small white flowers Mayflower z e s Maianthemum Which differ from those of the genus Smi- Canadense lacina in having only four sepals and as White many stamens. It has two to three light May-June green, shiny leaves which are ovate-lance- shaped or broader, with a somewhat heart-shaped base. The berries are yellow- white, spotted with madder brown, until early fall when they turn a dull translucent ruby- red, A familiar plant in the woods of the White Mts. ; gen- erally in moist places. 3-6 inches high. The name is from Maius, May, and av§euor, flower. Me., west to Minn. and Iowa, south to N. Car. This is the only one true species, familiar pare ~ in cultivation. It has two oblong leaves, Convallaria Shiny and smooth, and a slender stalk majalis bearing a one-sided row of tiny white White flowers, extremely sweet-scented and a Sepa: dainty. Flower-cup bell-shaped, with six lobes recurved, and six stamens. It is ap- parently cross-fertilized by bees who collect the pollen, as there is little or no honey at the base of the bell; in the absence of insects it is self-fertilized (Hildebrand). Berry red. The name is from the Latin convallis, valley, and the Greek for lily. Identical with the European flower of the gardens, it also grows on the higher Alleghanies, from Va. to 8. Car. ¢ 34 f \ Canada Mayflower Lily of the Valley. Maianthemum Canadense. Convallaria majalis. LILY FAMILY. Liliacez. F The pendulous position of the flowers of this genus, is in a great measure protective ; the wind and weather can not injure or uselessly scatter the pollen. The flowers, moreover, have short styles and long anthers, and are unquestionably cross-fertilized by the larger bees; the bumblebees Bombus vagans, and Bombus pennsylvanicus are common visitors, together with innumerable small insects. The oblong-ovate, light green leaves Solomon's Seal mooth or finely hairy and paler beneath, Polygonatum biflorum arranged alternately either side of the Pale green slender, smooth stem ; the cylindrical and April-June tassellike perfect flowers (each having six stamens) depend in clusters of two, rarely three, below them. An extremely pretty and graceful plant when under cultivation. The fruit, at first a green berry with a whitish bloom, at last becomes blue-black and resembles asmall Concord grape; it imparts an additionally decora- tive appearance to the plant. 1-3 feet high. Common in thickets beside woodlands, and on hillsides. Me., south, and west to E. Kan., Neb., and Tex. ccs The plant is taller and smooth, without Solomon’s Seat the fine hairiness. Leaves ovate, pointed, Polygonatum and partly clasping the plant-stem, 3-8 giganteum inches long, and many-ribbed. Flowers Pale Green in clusters of from two to eight. Stem aia stoutandround. 2-8feethigh. Meadows and river banks. Me., south to Va., and west to the Rocky Mts. - Solomon's Seal. Polygonatum biflorum. LILY FAMILY. Liliaceex. A graceful woodland plant, smooth Bellwort 4 P Uvularia per- throughout, with a forking stem (one to foliata three leaves below the fork), the deep sak corn green ovate-lance-shaped leaves appearing Nase as if perforated by it. The delicately fra- grant flower-cup, granular-rough inside, is attenuated but lilylike, with six distinct pale corn yellow sepals. Flowers perfect, with six short stamens and a pistil. Sepals with a deep honey-bearing groove within ridged on either edge. Seed pod a three-parted capsule, appearing as if chopped off at the end, and in this respect entirely dif- ferent from that of the Oakesia following. Name from uvula, palate, referring to the way the flower hangs. It grows 6-18 inches high, in rich woods, from Me. to the Dakotas, and south. Lacveowsned This is the commoner bellwort from Bellwort western New Eng., west and south. Uvularia gran- The deep green leaves are fine-white- diflora hairy beneath ; the large pale, corn yellow Hit Si flower, inclining to green, at the summit, April-June is fully 14 inches long, and smooth inside. Stem with a single leaf or none below the fork. A more limited distribution, south to Ga. and west to Minn., Iowa, and 8. Dak. Similar in some respects to the foregoing ae sessili- Genus, but with marked differences. Stem folia angled. The deep green leaves, fine-hairy Cornorcream beneath, conspicuously three - grooved, yellow 5 ue . ay itiaiia sharp-pointed, and stemless, or slightly clasping. The six divisions of the flower less pointed, no ridges within the flower-cup, the latter more buffish cream-colored, but still near corn yellow. The seed capsule three-sided, resembling a beech nut. The one or two flowers on slender stems, at first terminating the plant stem, but finally appearing opposite the leaves by reason of the growth of the branches. Named for William Oakes, an early botanist of New England. Stem 6-13 inches high. It is very common in the north woods. Me., south to Ga., and west to Minn. and 38 sessilifolia Oakesia e-flowered Bellwort. oa Uvularia grandiflora. es ee I & sat FAMILY. _Liliacez, [ iat sind Oakesia are both slender drooping: leaved p ants, early i in the season at the time of bloom , later they ekpatil to a broader figure. , The trilliums are handsome woodland Stemless Trilli- ‘ um, or Wake- Plants with stout stems, ruddy purple at robin the base ; their perfect flowers have three Trillium sessile green sepals which remain until the plant Dull magenta- withers, three petals much larger, and six red . . April-May stamens. JT’. sessile has stemless, slightly fragrant flowers with narrow petals and sepals, the former rather erect and spreading, dull ma- genta-red, varying to a greenish tone. Leaves stemless, somewhat four-sided but ovate, and often blotched with lighter and darker green. Red berry spherical or nearly so, 3 inch deep. The name is from triplum, triple, a characteristic of all parts of the plant. 5-10 inches high. Moist woods. Penn., south, and west to Minn. and Ark. Differs from the preceding in the fol- lowing particulars, The leaves are nar- rowed at the base into a stem, and the flower has reflexed sepals, and pointed petals narrowed at the base. 6-16 inches high. Rich woods. Ohio and west. Trillium recurvatum . wi Wand-robin, or A very common eastern species, with Birthroot four-sided ovate leaves scarcely stemmed, Trillium erec- and abruptly pointed, and flowers, with a tum reclining stem, varying in color from white Maroon, or = to pink, brownish purple-red or maroon, white, etc. * . April-June with flat, ovate, spreading petals nearly 1} inches long, the sepals a trifle shorter. Sometimes the flower is dull pink, of a brownish purple tone, and rarely it is greenish. It is ill-scented, and asa consequence attracts the carrion-loving green fly (Lucilia carnicina), commonly called the flesh-fly, who finds the raw-meat color of the flower as acceptable as the odor. According to Clarence M. Weed this fly is the most use- ful pollen disseminator of Trillium erectum. Berry darker red, round-ovate. 7-15 inches high. Rich woods, New Eng. to N. C., west to Minn. and Mo. rat SS EM CA oy ian 2 ¢ ad 4 Sy - : 4 a 3 AX dl > . * 3 ed @Minitarta Wake Robin. | Trillium erectum. /(f Painted Trillium. Trillium undulatum. eee? © LILY FAMILY. Liliacee. BD 5 A handsome, large- flowered species Large Flower- “s c . ing Trillium flowering later, and cultivated by the Trillium grandi- florists. The waxy-white petals 14-2 inches edone long, larger than the sepals, curve grace- te may sanc fully backward, and, as they grow older, turn pink. 10-18 inches high. The red berry fully 1 inch long. Rich woods. Vt. to N. C., west to Minn. and Mo. Leaves almost stemless and broadly est four-sided ovate. Flower with white or Trillium pinkish wavy petals ? inch long, and with cernuum a short stem recurved so that the blossom White is often hidden beneath the leaves. 8-14 April-June inches high. Moist woods. New Eng. to Minn., south to Ga. and Mo. Seat White A very small species with ovate leaves, Trillium 1-2 inches long, and flowers whose white Trillium nivale petals, less than 1 inch long, are scarcely White wavy. Berry red, about } inch in diame- March-May — ter, flattened and spherical, with three rounded divisions. A dwarf plant 2-5 inches high. Rich woods. Pa. and Ky. to Minn. and Iowa. | One of the most beautiful of the genus, eeseoh and very common in the rich woodlands Triliumun- of the north. Leaves ovate and tapering dudatum to asharp point. Green sepals quite nar- bad svat , row, and the gracefully recurved, wavy- crimson-striped edged white petals strongly marked with a crimson V deep or pale, as the case may be ; itis never purple. The dark scarlet ovate berry } inch long, ripe in September, and falling at a touch. 8-16 inches high. Cold damp woods and beside wood. land brooks. New Fng. to Ga., west to Minn. and Mo. F 42 May-June a) NoddingTrillium. ¥} = Dwarf White Trillium. Trillium cernuum. | Trillium nivale. LILY FAMILY. _ Liliacezx, The only species, the thin, circling, long: Indi | ovate, light green leaves of which are Medeola Vir- arranged around the middle, and the three ginica ovate ones around the top of the thin paper stem. The inconspicuous nodding, but terra-cotta 4 ‘ = May-June perfect flower is 3 inch wide, green, and accented by the reddish terra-cotta color of the six stamens, and the three long, recurved terra- cotta brown stigmas, i. e., the three divisions of the tip of the pistil; the three petals and three sepals are also recurved. In September about two or three purple- black berries replace the flowers at the apex of the plant. Named for the sorceress Medea on account of its sup- posed medicinal virtue. The common name alludes to the succulent, horizontal, white tuberous root which tastes like cucumber, and was in all probability relished by the Indians, 1-3 feet high. Rich damp woods. Me., west to Minn., and south. Medeola Virginica is a characteristic woodland plant, common in the White Mountain woods. It is adapted to subdued sunlight, and is interesting in both flower and fruit. The blossoms, often beneath the three upper leaves, are thus protected from the dripping of the trees in wet weather; their colors are esthetic. Crawling insects cannot easily mount the (at first) woolly stem and rob the flower of its pollen, flying insects readily find the blossom, and in September the three crowning leaf- lets beneath the berries are stained with dull crimson, the color attracting birds to the fruit. It is therefore evident that the plant depends in some measure upon visitors. - LILY FAMILY. Liliaceae. or Devi - shaped (blunt) leaves at the base with sev- Chamee eral shorter, narrower ones farther up, i i a and terminated by a feathery spike 4-10 June-July inches long of small, fragrant flowers, white with a tinting of the yellow stamens characterizing the staminate, and in conspicuous white the pistillate ones. It is quite dependent upon insects for cross-fertilization, the staminate flowers growing on one plant and pistillate on another; the flower-cup has six narrow, spreading white sepals. The pistillate plant is more leafy. Fruit an oblong capsule. The name, which was first applied to a half-grown, low speci- men, is from yauai, on the ground, and Aezpzor, lily. The wandlike stem 1-4 feet high. Low grounds and swamps, from Mass. to Ga., west to Neb. and Ark. Bunch Flower he lowest leaves nearly 1 inch wide, Melanthium the few upper ones small, and linear or Virginicum grass-shaped. Flowers polygamous, i. e., Cream yellow, « . Devil’s Bit. US Chameelirium Carolinianum, LILY FAMILY. Liliacez. ing ‘brownish with age; the flowers, like those of the preceding genus, are polygamous, but small, with six - green ‘sepals. Capsule also like that of Melanthiwm. Name from ‘vere, truly, and ater, dead black, in allu- sion to the blackening (really turning brown) of the plant upon withering. The plant is poisonous in all parts for sheep and cattle. It grows 2-7 feet high, in wet meadows and low grounds, everywhere. Stout Stem leafy, stout and erect, with grass- Stenanthium like leaves. Flower-spike sometimes 2 feet Stenanthium long; the flowers are also polygamous. vir chegie Flower-cup whitish green or white with White or green . P July-August %/X narrow spreading lance-shaped sepals, 4 inch long. Leaves grasslike. Fruit capsule pointed long-ovate. The name is from 6rev6s, narrow, and @v60s, flower, alluding to the slender sepals and flower-cluster. 3-5 feet high. Penn. to 8. C., west to Ohio and Tenn. The lily group is distinguished for its handsome bell- Shaped flowers, of six distinct spreading sepals with a honey-bearing groove at the base of each. Flowers per- fect with six prominent stamens, and a long pistil the tip of which is a three-lobed stigma. Fruit an oblong capsule containing many flat seeds. The bulb scaly. The name Latinized from the Greek Aezpior. Wood Lily or The most beautifully colored wild lily Wild Orange- of all, with bright green leafy stems, Red Lily flower-cup opening wpward, and the six Lilium sepal divisions narrowing to a stemlike Philadelphicum sjenderness toward the base. The color Orange-scarlet . July varying from orange-scarlet to scarlet- orange or paler, and spotted with purple- brown on the inner part of the cup. The sepals do not recurve. From one to three flowers are borne at the branching summit of the plant-stem. A small form common in Nantucket bears a single lighter-colored flower. 1-3 feet high. Dry and sandy soil, common in the borders of thin woods. Me. to N. C., west to Minn, and Mo. 48 . Wood SS Lilium Philadelphicum, LILY FAMILY. Liliacee. CF _ Turk’s Cap A less common, but most beautiful spe- Lily cies remarkable for its completely reflexed peer.) petals, or rather sepals, which leave the Buff orange- handsome stamens, tipped by the brown yellow anthers, fully exposed to view ; the flower- July-early cup is thickly freckled with brown, and Angast hangs in a half-drooping position. It is also largely fertilized by bees, but is frequently visited by the monarch butterfly (Anosia plexippus) of a tawny and black color, whose favorite plant is the common milkweed. The light green leaves of this lily hold alternating positions at the upper part of the stem, but are more or less in circles at the lower part. 3-7 feet high. It is oftenest found in wet meadows not very far from the coast, and it isdistributed from Me. (rather rare) and Mass., south to N. Car. and Tenn., and west to Minn. A similar species the flowers of which Carolina Lily : Lilium have far less reflexed sepals, with perhaps superbum, var. fewer spots. The leaves are darker green Carolinianum and broader, rather blunt-lance-shaped. Bufforange- 93 feet high. Commonly found in the pah dry woods and among the mountains. 5 Va., south to Fla. and La. Tiger Lily A Japanese species escaped from gar- Liliwm dens, and commonly found beside old farm- tigrinum houses. Its leaves are lance-shaped and Orange-scarlet —.attered along a stiff, straight, cottony, July-August Gark-colored stem, with black bulblets at the point where they join the plant-stem. The flower sepals are strongly spotted and reflexed. Me. to N. Y. ¢ 52 ij, a) y Mt, PSs Needle ahs MR ie Turk’ Cap Lily. | Liliim superbum. LILY FAMILY. Liliacez, Dogan vit em ok ower, distinguish én Yatlow kas ged (outside) gold der’s Tongue yellow color; sometimes the purple tinge Erythronium is wanting in the flower, but the two leaves Americanum : hei csaa yet are almost always strongly mottled with so it; these are elliptical, pointed, nearly April-May stemless, and proceed from the root. The flower is perfect, with six stamens and a pistil, and it is especially adapted to long-tongued in- sects; it is undoubtedly cross-fertilized by the early bees, chief among which are the queen bumblebees (Bombus pennsylvanicus) whom I have often observed enter the flower-bell and issue plentifully besprinkled with pollen. Other occasional visitors are the small butterflies Colias philodice—yellow, and Pieris rape— white, It is probable, too, that many species of flies are attracted to this plant on account of its mottled color ; but the majority of flies are poor pollen disseminators. The name, Greek, for red, in allusion to the European species which is purple-red. The little plant, 5-10 inches high,-is common in moist woods and beside brooks in swampy places, from Me., south, and west to Minn. Found in Campton, N. H. vee A very similar species with narrower ‘Tongue leaves mottled less distinctly or not.at all, Erythronium smooth, thick, and whitish green. The albidum flowers are white, or dull, pale violet- White or violet- tinged outside, and yellow-tinged at the “eae heart, inside; the six divisions of the March-May i! flower-cup strongly recurved. As the white stigma in Erythronium matures in advance of the golden anthers, it is, generally speaking, cross-fertilized; its most frequent visitor is the bumblebee (Bombus vir- ginicus). 5-8 inches high. Common only in the west and south. N. J., south to Ga., and west to Minn. Found near Carlinville, southern Ill. (Prof. Robertson). Erythronium Americanum. Erythronium albidum. “LILY BAMILY. Liliacéw. 5 ica aite cane A slender ornamental plant of Europe, ate escaped from gardens. The dark green Ornithogalum leaves are narrow and linear, and the umbellatum flowers are borne ina branched cluster ; white they are white inside, green-lined outside, May-June 2 : and they open only in thesunshine, Name from the Greek, meaning bird’s milk, supposed to al- lude to the egg-white color of the flower. 4-12 inches high. Found most often in fields and meadows near farm-houses. Mass. to Pa. and Va. Wild Leek In spring the wild leek develops two or Allium tricoc- three light green, flat, oblong-lance-shaped cum leaves 8-10 inches long, and about 1 inch Greenish white wide or more, and by summertime when pone tuly these are withered, the white or greenish white flowers begin to bloom, ina spokelike cluster from a spathe or leaflets at the top of a naked stem. The perfect flowers with stamens and pistil, are six-parted, with six green-white sepals. The flowers are rich honey- bearers and undoubtedly are mostly fertilized by bees. It is an onion-scented herb whose name is the Latin for garlic, and it is not remarkable for its beauty. It grows 4-15 inches high, in rich woodlands from west N. E., west to Minn. and Iowa, and south among the Alle- ghanies to N. Car, Wild Garlic A more commonly distributed, ex- Allium Cana- tremely narrow-leaved species frequenting dense wet meadows, the flower-cluster of which Pale pinkor is sparse in bloom or else is replaced by a RE thick cluster of bulblets—a frequent oc- currence with Allium. The flower’s sepals are narrow and obtuse, and quite as long as the stamens. 8-24 inches high. Me. to Minn., and south to the Gulf. The Alliums are mostly assisted by flies, bees, moths, and butterflies in the process of fertilization. CF 56 Penta ify i t ANN TY HL) Al | Ny hh vihy f Af) ‘ { WW Na ap SYNE Fe BR ~ A cir Wild Garlic: Wil d. Leek. Allium Ganadénse. — . Allium tricoccum. LILY FAMILY. Liliacee. 5 Day Lily A native of Europe and Asia, escaped Hemerocallis from gardens. Leaves angled in section, fulva tapering to a sharp point, narrow and Tawnyorange jight green. The flower-stalk tall bearing July-August | ually eight or nine blossoms which open one or two at a time. The flower divisions six, three narrow, and three wide and blunt, very fragile, and rusty or tawny light orange, with a veined texture. The name is from the Greek, and means beautiful for only a day. 2-5 feet high. Found usually on meadows and upon the borders of streams. I gathered it not far from the Arondack Spring, Saratoga, where it was growing wild and plentiful. Mass. and N, Y., south to Va. and Tenn. A beautiful but far less common species, Yellow D ane gd occasionally escaped from country gar- Hemerocallis | dens, with narrow leaves, and pure bright ashe yellow flowers more delicate and slender ellow * > F Tune-Jiiy in form, having a delightfully fragrant odor. 2-3 feet high. The leaves of both these plants grow thickly, and are characterized by graceful, drooping curves. Hemerocallis fulva is rapidly becoming established as a wild flower in many partsof the country. Its tenacity of life under apparently adverse conditionsis remarkable. It propagates rapidly by its spreading roots, and some- times takes complete possession of by-ways and spare corners where the environment is favorable, In various parts of New York State the plant is abundant. Less attractive in figure than the delicate yellow Hemerocallis flava, and odorless besides, it makes up for such dis- crepancies by a magnificent tawny orange matched by few if any members of the Lily Family. The flowers bloom for one day only. + 58 Day Lily. | Hemerocallis fulva. ‘Star-of-Bethlehem. Ornithogalum umbellatum, 2 pe da ae ane : Pare ae A 3x AMARYLLIS FAMILY. Amaryllidacez. AMARYLLIS FAMILY. Amaryllidacee. Perennial herbs, with generally showy, perfect flow- ers—with stamens and pistil—having six generally equal divisions of the flower-cup. Mostly fertilized by bees, the beelike flies (Syrphide), and small butterflies (Hes- peria). ‘ Leaves somewhat thick, blunt, and tamasco Lily RL : Zephyranthes shining deep green, long and straight. Atamasco The flower perfect with six stamens and Pinkor white a pistil, the former very much shorter April-ialy than the flower-cup. The flower-cup is symmetrical and divided into six distinct lobes, crimson pink, white with a magenta tinge, or white ; it is rarely eight-lobed. Unquestionably the plant is cross-fertilized by insects, chiefly by bees, the honeybee (Apis mellifica) visiting the flower most frequently, and generally early in the morning. The low position of the anthers in the flower-tube makes it impossible for the bee to pass them without powdering herself with pollen. The name is from the Latin and Greek, Zephyrus, the west wind, and av6o0s, a flower. The fruit is a depressed capsule. 6-15 inches high. In moist localities. Del. to Fla. and Ala. The leaves are deep green, linear, grass- Se ose " like, and covered with hairs. The perfect erecta flower is six-parted, with six stamens of Yellow unequal lengths ; it is deep yellow inside, © AprilJuly . and hairy and greenish outside. There _ a¥e"perhaps three flowers at the top of the hairy stalk, ‘which, by a plentiful supply of pollen, attract both smaller bees (Halictus) and smaller butterflies, notably the Meadow Fritillary (Brenthis bellona). Prof. Robert- son says the plant depends mostly upon the genus Halictus for fertilization, and that it is self- as wellas — cross-fertilized. Hypowis is commonly found in the meadow grass, in dry situations. The name is of Greek origin, alluding to some unknown plant with sour leaves. 8-6 inches high. Me., south, west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. 60 Star Grass. Atamasco Lily. Hypoxis erecta. Zephyranthes Atamasco. IRIS FAMILY. Iridacea, IRIS FAMILY. Jridacee. Perennial herbs found in damp or moist situations, having straight straplike leaves and showy, perfect flowers of three and six parts. Commonly cross-ferti- lized by honeybees, bumblebees, and the beelike flies (Syrphide). A handsome, and decorative plant, with Larger Blue _ light green, straight, flat leaves, and three- Flag or Fleur- parted perfect flowers blooming one by — a one from a green bract or leaflet at ris versicolor ; zi Violet-blue the tip of asomewhat irregular stalk. The May-July stamens are hidden and inserted at the base of the three larger and more showy divisions of the flower, which are beautifully veined with deep violet over a whitish ground tinted at the base with yellow. The stamens are under each of the three straplike divisions of the style (the middle portion of the pistil) which directly overlie the showy purple-veined petals or divisions. Thus the insect, generally a bee, in order to reach the honey, must alight upon the showy petal, crawl beneath the overhanging style-division, and brush past the anther hidden below it, dislodging the yellow pollen in its passage. At the tip of each style- division is the stigma, and upon this some of the pollen is deposited as the bee passes; but it is really the pollen from some previously visited flower which possesses the greater fertilizing power, therefore the iris is a plant which has especially adapted itself to cross-fertilization. It is, however, robbed of its nectar by the little yellow butterfly (Colias philodice), who goes straight to the base of the flower between the divisions, and reaches the honey with its long tongue, and also, according to the testimony of C. M. Weed, by the tiny skipper butterfly (Hesperia). Fruit a long three-lobed capsule. The name is from Tprs, the rainbow, in allusion to the prismatic colors of the species. 16-30 inches high. On the wet margins of ponds, and in swamps, from Me., south, and west to Minn., Ark., and Neb. Blue Flag. Iris. versicolor. ~ IRIS FAMILY. Iridacee. Slender A slender-stemmed species with very Blue Flag narrow grasslike leaves, and a smaller Iris flower with generally narrower propor- prismatica tions, and an extremely short tube, but a Violet-blue 1 l . | te ais ong slender stem proceeding from smaller bracts or leaflets. The fruit capsule nar- rowly three-lobed and angular. This species is mainly found near the coast in brackish swamps, or wet grounds. 1-3 feet high. Me. to Penn. and N. Car. ake tris A usually one-flowered, small, slender- SRR stemmed species with grasslike leaves Violet-blue scarcely over seven inches long, the flower and yellow with the three principal divisions nar- April-May — rowed toward the base, slightly woolly, and deep gold yellow at the narrowing part. Some- times the flowers are white. The fruit capsule is ob- tusely triangular and short. 4-8 inches high. On wooded hillsides, from south Penn. to Ga. and Ky. oe A lance-shaped leaf tapering at both Dwarf Iris ends distinguishes this species from all Iris cristata others; the leaf is bright green, 4-9 inches Light Violet jong, and about 4 inch wide. The flowers Sa are very light violet with the broad outer divisions crested; i. e., they are marked with three raised parallel flutings along the centre, the middle one of which is orange yellow. The flower is exceedingly delicate in color and dainty inform. The fruit capsule is sharply triangular and ovate in outline, hardly twice as long as it is wide. 3-6 inches high. It is a very dwarf plant common on the hillside and along streams, from Md: south to Ga., and west to southern Ind. and Mo. Blackberry A Chinese plant escaped from cultiva- Lily tion, similar to the iris, but much more Belamcanda branched, The leaves flat and light green, Chinensis like those of the iris, the perfect flowers ee ange, with six even divisions of a light golden sported orange color mottled with dull magenta August- spots. Three prominent stamens. Sey- September eral flowers in bloom at once. The fruit capsule is fig-shaped, 1 inch long, and when the scales or 64 Crested Dwarf Iris. Blackberry Lily. Iris cristata. Belameanda Chinensis, IRIS FAMILY. Iridacezx. divisions of the shell fall in August, the blackberrylike, fleshy-coated, black seeds are exposed to view. Thename is East Indian. 2-4 feet high. The plant has escaped from gardens to roadsides and low hills, from south N. Y. and Pa., south to Ga., and west to Ind. and Mo. A stiff grasslike little plant with linear, pine-cyed pale blue-green leaves less than the some- Grass 3 5 Sisyrinchium What twisted and flat flower-stem in angustifolium height. The flowers are perfect, with a Deep violet- prominent pistil, and three stamens; the 6g ee six divisions are blunt and tipped with a : 4: ioaaee thornlike point; they are violet-blue, or sometimes white ; the centre of the flower is beautifully marked with a six-pointed white star accented with bright golden yellow, each one of the star-points pene- trating the deeper violet-blue of the petallike division. The flower is mostly cross-fertilized by bees, and the beelike flies (Syrphide). Seed capsule globular. The name is Greek in origin, and is meaningless. 6-13 in- ches high. In fields and moist meadows, common from Me., south to Va., and west. A similar species which has usually two unequal branches springing from a con- eyed Grass 5 ; S Sisyrinchium 8Picuous grasslike leaf ; the leaves a trifle anceps woolly and very light green ; less stiff than Deep violet- those of the preceding species, and some- blue what wider. The flower petals are also Eeae-nene sparsely woolly on the outer surface. 8-16 inches high, In grassy places, and sometimes on the bor- ders of woods, from Mass., south, and southwest to La. A tall, bending species, similar to the Aen ae preceding, but lighter green and somewhat Sisyrinchium Woolly; aslenderer and weaker stem, some- Atlanticum times nearly 2 feet long, and reclining, ter- Violet-blue minating in two or three almost equal May-June branches. Leaves very narrow, bracts somewhat purplish and dry papery ; the flower a trifle smaller, the outside somewhat woolly. The seeds but slightly pitted or nearly smooth. In wet meadows or brackish marshes or sandy soil, from Me. to Fla., near the coast. (Bicknell, Torrey Bot. Club Bull, 23: 184. 1896.) 60 Stout Blue= Se —— S—S—S== = a - Blue-eyed Grass. | Neither species nor 3.Atlanticum are as yet absolutely determined, Sigynnehiuflangstifaiu, Sisyrinchium ‘anceps, ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidacee. ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidacee. Perennial herbs having perfect flowers, the various parts of which are irregular in structure but symmetri- cal in arrangement. There are three similar sepals colored like petals, two lateral petals, and below these a third unique petal called the lip, conspicuously colored, often spurred, and containing nectar for the attraction of insects. The latter in the effort to reach the nectar invariably dislodge the peculiarly adhesive pollen-clus- ters and eventually carry them to the next blossom. The ingenious mechanical device of the flower to insure cross-fertilization is simple but effective. The orchids, except the Cypripedium, have but one stamen which is united with the style into one common column placed at the axil of the flower facing the lip. The stigma, the usual termination of the style, is a gummy surface located directly below the so-called rostellum, the re- ceptacle of the anther, and the actual termination of the style. In the two anther-cells above the rostellum there are two pollinia, or stemmed pear-shaped pollen- clusters, each composed of several packets of pollen tied together by elastic threads ; these threads running together form the stem terminated by a sticky disc. It is these discs which attach to the tongues or heads of insects and insure the transportation of the pollen- masses to the gummy stigma of another flower. The orchids as a general rule are incapable of self-fertiliza- tion, and are wholly dependent upon long-tongued insects for the transportation of their pollen. In Cypri- pedium, the stigma is not a gummy surface but is ina cavity between the anther-cells. Grecmiad ase ; A small species with tiny white-green Mouth flowers in a small cluster about the size of Microstylis mignonette. A single oval, pointed leaf ophioglossoides clasps the slender stem about half-way up. pe ray green The sepals are oblong, and the lip three- pointed. Fruit capsule oval. The name from the Greek, meaning smali and column or style. 4-9 inches high. In cold woods or bogs, from Me., south, and west to Minn, and Mo, Found at Jackson, 68 Microstylis ophioglossoides. Green Adders Mouth. ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidacez. Bethlehem and Campton, N. H., in the region of the White Mountains. hacve Tways A small but showy species with rather hate large shiny leaves. 2-4 inches long, light Liparislilii- green. The flowers showy, brownish or folia madder purple, with reflexed sepals and Madder purple Daiik Sites petals, the latter exceedingly narrow, the lip } inch long and broad. Flowers nu- merous, the cluster sometimes 5 inches tall. The Greek name in allusion to the shining leaves. 4-9 inches high. Me., south to Ga., west to Mo. Asm 31 mmonly f in ever- Party Coral small species co only found in ever Root green woods, with a ruddy, irregular root Corallorhiza resembling coral, and a straight yellowish innata brown leafless but scaly stem bearing small, Dull madder uninteresting madder purple flowers, with tiny sepals and petals and a whitish lip; the seed capsule nearly 4} inch long. The name, Greek, meaning coral and roof. Common in swamps and damp woods, from Me., south to N. J, in the mountains to Ga., and west to Neb. Found in Shel- burne and Dublin, N. H. A slender but generally taller species Scarpa tghey with very small, dull purple-brown flowers, Corallorhiza ‘rooping on a stiff stem ; the lip whitish, odontorhiza spotted, and the sepals and petals marked Dull madder with purple lines. The flower-stem pur- purple May-June purple plish brown. 6-12 inches high, leafless, ~ July- 4 i ’ September but with one or two sheathing scales. In evergreen woods, especially under arbor- vite. Common from Mass. to Mich., south to Fla., and southwest to Mo. A taller, large-flowered species, the stem a eer of which has several close scales. Many Corallorhiza slightly fragrant flowers, with the white multiflora lip spotted and lined with purple-brown. oo purple Common in spruce woods. 10-18 inches ses high. Me., south to Fla., and west to Neb. and Cal. Found at Mt. Agassiz, Bethlehem, and Sandwich, N. H., and the White Mt. Notch. 7O AS RN Large Twayblade. ' | Early Coral Root. Et Liparis liliifolia. Corallorhiza innata. ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidacee. Heerickea ven A delicate plant with a very slender Twayblade stem bearing two opposite light green, Listera cordata stemless leaves shaped somewhat like the Madder purple oe of spades, and a loose cluster about 2 June-July 5 : inches long of tiny dull purple flowers. The flower is without a spur but possesses a very long two-cleft lip, bearing nectar in a furrow ; the slightest disturbance of a visiting insect causes the delicate ros- tellum above the lip to explode and forcibly eject a sticky fluid which is sure to hit the pointed tops of the pollen-masses lying just over the crest of the rostellum. Thus, the insect coming in contact with the sticky fluid withdraws fluid and pollen-masses. Smaller members of the family Hymenoptera, the bees, etc., most fre- quently visit the flower, also those of the order Diptera, flies, notably the tiny beelike ones. 3-10 inches high. — Named for Martin Lister an early English botanist. Moist woods, Me. to N. J., and west to Ore. Found in the woods about Mt. Washington, 3 Broad-lipped _ A similar species with leaves less heart- Twayblade — shaped and flowers with a wedge-oblong Listera conval- jin, much longer than the narrow sepals cated and petals. Sepals purplish. In damp Greenish F yellow woods. Me., south to N. Car., in the June-July mountains, and west to Minn. Ladies’ Tresses A marsh orchid, with a peculiarly twisted Spiranthes or spiral flower-spike and very light green Sarita linear leaves not nearly as tall as the Yellowish ah flower-stem. The flowers translucent yel- August- lowish white, or variably cream white, September odorless or fragrant, the whiter ones gen- erally most fragrant, the lower sepals not upturned or joining with the upper, the latter arching and joined to the petals; all these parts with the curly-edged broader lip forming the bugle-horn-shaped tiny flower. It is fertilized by some of the smaller bees, moths, and but- terflies. In Spiranthes the rostellum holds in its centre a narrow boat-shaped disc containing a sticky fluid; it . is covered by a membrane easily‘ruptured by ah insect. After the rupture the exposed sticky fluid glues itself to the tongue of the insect and the boatlike disc is with- 72 Listera cordata. Heart-leaved Twayblade. ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidacez. drawn together with the pollinia which are already attached to it at the back. When the flower first opens the tube or passage between the rostellum and the lip is exceedingly narrow, hence, the former is easily ruptured by visitors. Later the space widens as the column topped by the rostellum moves upward in the maturer development of the flower. As a consequence, only those flowers which are mature are sufficiently open for the insect to reach the stigma and thereon leave the pollen of a younger flower. The name is from the Greek, for coil and flower, alluding to the spiral growth of the flowers. 6-24 inches high; not more than 9 inches in northern N. H. In wet meadows and grassy swamps. Me., south, and west to Minn. and Neb. A slender and tall species with grasslike enamel light green leaves, and a leafy stem bear- Spiranthes ing a much twisted flower-spike of yellow- precox white spreading blossoms. The lateral Yellowish sepals free, the upper one closely con- nected with the two petals, the lip often dark-striped. 10-380incheshigh. In moist grassy places. Mass. and southern N, Y., south and southwest to La. An exceedingly slender and tall species, white July-August Slender Ladies’ aes smooth or rarely woolly above, bearing Spiranthes small withering bracts or leaflets along the gracilis flower-stem which is terminated by a very- — -_ much twisted cluster of very many slender san it flowers, translucent cream white, and very fragrant. The odor of Spiranthes is pe- culiarly aromatic, reminiscent of the horse-chestnut, but remarkably sweet. The sepals of the flower are a little longer than the lip, which is greenish above with white margins. The ovate leaves at the root, wither before the flowers bloom. Visited by the bumblebee (Bombus Americanorum) and the small bee, Calliopsis andreni- formis (Prof. Robertson). 10-22 inches high. Common in dry situations, in pastures, fields, and half-wooded hillsides. Me., south, and west to Minn, and Kan. It is rare in central N. H., where S. cernua is plentiful, 74 Spiranthes gracilis. Ladies’ Tresses. hat\ia// Sonia Romanzoffiana Spiranthes cernua ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidacez. adiventhes Spiranthes Romanzoffiana replaces it in Romanzofiana northern regions. This shorter species has White, creamy a thick and short flower-spike, with very orgreenish fragrant greenish cream white flowers July-August = somewhat hooded by the combined sepals and petals. Leaves linear, 6-12 inches high. Me., N. Y., and Pa., west to Minn. and Cal. A remarkably odd and attractive little orchid, with the very dark blue-olive green Plantain WA ertiaura de. leaves marked with darker cross-veins. It pens var.ophioi- has ascaly, slender, slightly woolly flower- des (Fernald) stem, set on one side only with translucent White, creamy pyeenish or creamy white small flowers; cdl spear the saclike lip of the flower has a recurved August wavy margin. The pollen-masses, called pollinia, are made up of numerous packets connected by threads which run together and form a single flattened brown ribbon the end of which is fas- tened to the rostellum. The rostellum when rubbed is removed and carries with it a bit of membrane to which the pollinia are attached ; this clings to the tongue of the bee, and all is properly withdrawn, and carried to another probably more mature flower, whose stigma is easily accessible, as in the case of Spiranthes. Named for John Goodyear an early English botanist. 5-8 inches high, rarely higher. Under hemlocks and spruces, in the northern woods. Me., N. H. (frequent in the White Mts.), south to the Great Smoky Mts. of N. Car., west to Mich. The original species G. repens is definitely known only in the extreme north and in the Rocky Mts. Goodjann ties. The commonest species in northern New lata England, with a stouter stem than that of White, creamy the preceding species, and a little taller. orgreenish J eaves 5-9 ribbed, the veins bordered by Agger, pale green pencilings, the whole leaf irregu- larly mottled with light and dark green, rarely with- out the markings. The lip of the flower is less sac-shaped, with a less recurved margin. In hillside woods. Me., northern N. Y., south to the Catskills and Hartford, Conn. (M. L. Fernald, Rhodora, vol. i., No. 1, p. 6.) 76 Rattlesnake Rattlesnake Plantain. - Goodyera Pepens var.orphioides, Goodyera. tessellata. ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidacee. Gooduers Stem stout, leaves stiff, plain green or Menzicii indistinctly marked, often with broad White, creamy white ribs, or rarely mottled as in the fore- orgreenish = going species. ‘The flower-spike thick and peat one-sided ; the lip of the flower is large at the base and tapers to the point with the edges curved inward, 8-20 inches high. In dry woods, generally among evergreens. Aroostook Co., Me., Que., N. B., and along the Great Lakes from Lake Huron westward. (M. L. Fernald, Rhodora, vol. i, No.1., p. 7). This is the largest of all the species. Goodeete This is the commoner rattlesnake plan- pubescens tain of southern New England ; its flower- White, creamy spike is thick, blooms upward, and is not orgreenish one-sided. The flower-stem is stout, July-August densely woolly, and bears several lance- shaped scales. The flower has a pronounced sac- shaped blunt lip the margin of which is not recurved. Leaves dark blue-olive green, white-veined, the middle vein broad. 6-18 inches high. In dry evergreen woods, southern Me., and central N. H., south and west to Minn. Arethusa A large single-flowered and delicate Arethusa bul- scented orchid, the light magenta-crimson ‘hee crim. Petals and sepals of which point upward son like the fingers of a half-open hand viewed May-June in profile. The lip of the flower is recurved and spreading, with the broad anex often fringed, magenta blotched, and crested in three white hairy ridges; this forms a conspicuously colored landing plat- form for the visiting insect, usually a bumblebee, who, after pressing beneath the column and sipping the nec- tar, backs out brushing against the edge or lid of the an- ther, opening it and emptying the enclosed pollen upon his head, as is also the case with Pogonia ophioglossoides. The column is topped by the lid-like anther instead of the usual rostellum, and the pollen-masses are not pear- like andstemmed, Thesolitary leaf is linear, and hidden in the sheathed scape; it appears after the flowering season. Rarely a plant produces two flowers ; these vary from 1-2 inches in length. Fruit capsule elliptical, 78 ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidacee. about 1 inchlong. 5-10inches high. Common in bogs, from Me., south to N. Car., west to Minn. and Ind. Named for the fountain nymph Arethusa. Grass Pink A smaller-flowered, but very beautiful Calopogon orchid, slender-stemmed, and with one pulchellus linear bright green leaf. Flower-stem Magenta-pink bearing 3-9 magenta-pink sweet-scented flowers with a long spreading lip crested with yellow, orange, and magenta hairs; the anther and pollen are as in Arethusa. Name from the Greek, beautiful and beard, referring to the handsome bearded lip. 10-16 inches high. In bogs, from Me., south, and west to Minn. and Mo, Often found in company with the next. June-July ¢ A most delicate little orchid bearing nake Mouth : . Pogonia generally solitary, raspberry-scented crim- ophioglossoides Son-pink flowers with a small light green Crimson-pink lance-shaped leaf half-way up the stem, June-July and a tiny one just below the blossom ; sometimes a long-stemmed leaf proceeds from the root, The flower has sepals and petals of equal length over- hanging a beautifully crested and fringed lip, curved like the hollow of one’s hand, which furnishes an alight- ing platform for the visiting insect, who pushes forward in the narrow space between the stigma and the lip, scraping pollen off its back in its progress. The pollen attaches to the gummy stigma. In retreating, the lid of the anther catches on the back of the visitor, swings open, and fresh pollen is deposited for the benefit of the next flower. This orchid has no rostellum and its pol. len is not in stemmed pearlike masses. The name, Greek, bearded, from the bearded lip of some of the spe. cies. 8-13 inches high. In wet meadows and swamps, Me., south, and west to Kan; also in Japan. Fre. quently found in company with Calopogon. Nodding A local species less showy than the fore- Pogonia going, but remarkable for its dainty pen- 4 ace dulous flowers, which are considerably Licht cuslewia smaller. With 2-8 tiny leaves, alternat- August- ing, and clasping the stem. There are 1-6 September long-stemmed flowers which proceed from 80 _ Grass Pink. Snake. Mouth. Calopogon pulchellus. Pogonia ophioglossoides ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidacez. between the stem and leaf. 3-8 inches high. In rich woods, from R. I. to Fla., Wis., and Kan. ; Distinguished by its circle of five light Pogonia 3 soe binitinic green leaves at the summit of the stem. Purple and Flower dull purple with long stem and green-yellow long narrow greenish ‘sepals, erect or in- May-June clining above the circle of leaves. 8-12 inches high. Moist woods. Me., south, west to Ind. and Wis. Rare in the east. Found in Middlesex Co., Mass. (Miss M. P. Cook.) Showy Orchis This, with another more northern spe- Orchis cies, is our only true orchis. There are mpeptaletss two light shiny leaves proceeding from Magenta ; . end white the base of the stem; the latter is thick May-June and angular in section, bearing at its sum- mit a few showy flowers with magenta sepals and petals united in a hood, and beneath them the conspicuous, al- most white lip; behind the lip is the rather long spur, in which is secreted an abundant supply of nectar for the thirsty, visiting insect ; the latter, generally a queen bumblebee (Bombus Americanorum is a common Visi- tor), thrusts its head into the spur, brushing carelessly past the rostellum at the top of the column, and, ruptur- ing its thin membrane, exposes the two sticky round discs attached to the pear-shaped pollen-clusters. These discs immediately fasten upon the bee’s face or forehead, and when the creature retires it carries with it discs and pollen-clusters. Finally when the next flower is visited the pollen is scraped off upon its sticky stigma. Orchis spectabilis is 5-10 inches high, and frequents rich moist woods, especially hemlock groves, from Me., south to Ga., and west to Minn. and Neb. It is found in the val- ley of the Connecticut west of the White Mts. The name is Latin, meaning a plant with oblong roots. (Pliny.) ; Orchis rotundifolia is a less common Orchis . ‘ rotundifolia Species with but one leaf, oval or nearly Magenta round, and smaller flowers about the same and white color but deeper than those of O. spec- June-July = tabilis, From northern Me. and Vt., westward, 82 Orchis spectabilis. SS owy Orchis. 7. >. Eee sre “f Oh es ne Se Sete is? ee ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidacee. A slender species with a single obtuse vote sabigcang lanceolate leaf less than 4 of the way up rhe die the stem, and two or three tiny scalelike tridentata ones above it. The insignificant very oesopage small greenish 5-12 white flowers with te . June-July ZY sepals end petals, a wedge-eaapes lip, and a characteristic long slender spur curved upward, and around to one side. The pollen- clusters of the Habenarias are short-stemmed and ter- minated with a sticky gland which is so arranged that it easily fastens upon the heads or faces of visiting in- sects. The plant is 6-18 inches high. Name from the Latin, habena a bridle or rein, alluding to the narrow lip of some species. Me., west to Minn., and south in the mountains to N. Car. Found in Campton and Jaff- rey, N. H., and in the White Mts. ehndnitn én This southern species has several leaves tegra upon its slender stem, and a dense flower- Orange-yellow cluster, orange-yellow. 10-20 inches high. July Wet pine-barrens. N. J., south. Seioiaete Is another southern species, with several nivea very narrow leaves low on the stem, and White a loose many-flowered spike of small, July-August frasrant, slightly greenish white flowers, each with an exceedingly slender curving spur. -Wet pine-barrens. Del., south to Ala. and Fla. eh ches A very common yellow-green-flowered virescens species, with a stout stem, several Jance- Yellow-green shaped leaves, and small flowers with June-July yellow-green sepals and petals, the blunt lip toothed on either side and slightly protuberant in the centre at the base, the slender spur twice its length. 10-24 inches high. Common in all wet places, from Me., south, and west to Minn. whichinaderéa: Characterized by the numerous bracts bracteata or leaflets from the bases of which the tiny Light green flowers spring. The lower leaves broadly June-August ovate, the upper ones mere long bracts scarcely three times the length of the pale green flowers. The lip of the flower toothed at the tip and oblong, twice as long as the white spur. 6-20 inches high, Damp 84 == G = SSS SS oe er Ze Habenaria virescens, 38 ant snd 2: O-= bs eo I od O:'= 3% — oO o 3 oo Ft ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidacew. woods and meadows, from Me., south in the mountains of N. Car., west to Minn., and reported in Neb. (Webber). A tall and leafy northern species, with Habenaria hyperborea green, or yellow-green flowers, erect lance- Green, yellow- shaped leaves, and a dense narrow flower- green spike sometimes 12 inches long, or longer. June-July Flower-spur short and incurved, petals, sepals, and lip much shorter than the ovary. 8-380 inches high. Cold, wet woods. Me., to N. J. and Iowa, Faheiein A very similar species with much nar- dilatata rower leaves and greenish white flowers Greenish white with small obtuse sepals. Flower-lip June-July lance-shaped from a lozenge-shaped base. Cold, wet bogs. Conn., to Mich. and Minn. The two lar shinin rl Hooker’s e two large, 8 g, nearly round, or Orchis broadly oval light green leaves usually lie Habenaria upon the ground, but are sometimes raised Hookeriana above it. The somewhat twisted and bare Whitish stem bears 10-20 upright flowers, with yellow-green green lateral sepals curving backward, narrow yellow-green petals, and the throat accented by two lateral spots of yellow-ochre. The lip is lance-shaped, incurved, and pointed; the slender white- green spur nearly 1 inch deep is especially adapted to the long tongues of the moths. 8-15 inches high. Woods and borders of wooded swamps from Me., south to N. J., west to Minn. and Iowa. A larger species, the two nearly round leaves of which are sometimes 7 inches June-August Green Round- Leaved Orchis Habenaria across, and lie flat upon the ground; they orbiculata are light green and shining above, and Whitish silvery white beneath. The stem is not cate hoa tae bare, but bracted; the whitish yellow- green flowers in a loose cluster, with the upper sepal nearly round, the lateral ones ovate, and the narrow lip obtuse and drooping, almost three times the length of the small lance-shaped petals ; the slender, curved, whitish spur nearly 2 inches long thickened toward the blunt point is peculiarly adapted to the long tongue of one of the lesser sphinx-moths. ‘“‘ A larger in- 86 Hooker's Orchis. Habenaria Hookeriana. ~_~—. Habenaria’ hyperborea. ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidacee. dividual might sip the nectar it is true, but its longer tongue would reach the base of the tube without effect- ing the slightest contact with the pollen” (Wm. Hamilton Gibson). The pollen is usually withdrawn fastened upon the moth’s eyes. 1-2 feet high. Rich _ evergreen woods. Me., south to N. Car., in the moun- tains, west to Minn. This is a southern species among a group ¥ : i i ellow Crested of fringed Orchises, with narrow lance- Orchis Babenaria shaped leaves below diminishing to the cristata size of bracts above, and orange-yellow Orange-yellow flowers with narrow fringed petals, and a opediwcnind very deeply fringed lip. Spur about } inch long. The anther cells widely separated at the base. 8-20 inches high. In bogs, from N. J., south. Rather rare in N. J. Yellow Fringed An exceedingly handsome slender spe- cies, with lance-shaped leaves, and a large Orchis 8 Habenaria many-flowered spike of showy golden or ciliaris orange-yellow flowers with ovate sepals, Samia ellow narrow fringed petals, and a deeply fringed uly-early : August lip. The spur long and slender, and the anther cells as in the preceding species. 12-24 inches high. In meadows and wet sandy barrens, from Mass., south, and west to Mich. A similar species. The white fringed ‘een viabee flowers a trifle smaller, with a less deeply Habenaria fringed lip ; the latter } the length of the blephariglottis spur. 12-21 inches high.. In swamps and White bogs from Me., south to N. J., west to staid Minn. Blooms a few days earlier than H. ciliaris where the two grow together. (Britton.) * Siahenavia A western species with fragrant large leucophoea greenish white or white flowers, the fan- White, shaped lip three-parted, broad, and fringed. greenish 4 . Pra June-July Spur 1} inches long, so it is especially adapted to the long-tongued sphinx-moths (Sphingide). 18-30 inches high. Western N. Y., south to Ky., west to Minn. and Ark, 88 Habenaria ciliaris, Orchis. Yellow/Fringed sa ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidacez. - A common species remarkable for its R d i Prices 4 lacerated three-parted flower-lip, and un- Orchis substantial translucent white which is Habenaria sometimes greenish and sometimes yel- soni lowish. Leaves lance-shaped, smaller greenish above. The long flower-spike crowded June-July with the inconspicuous deep-spurred flow- ers. The pollen-cells are not widely sepa- rated. Wm. Hamilton Gibson describes the structure of the flower thus, after remarking that no botanist has men- tioned its distinct peculiarity. ‘‘ The nectary instead of being freely open is abruptly closed at the central portion by a firm protuberance or palate which projects down- ward from the base of the stigma, and closely meets the lip below.” The opening is thus divided into two lateral ones, each lying directly beneath a sticky elongated pollen-disc. Thus the insect, generally a butterfly, in- serts its tongue exactly where the latter will touch the disc which is sure to clasp it and be withdrawn together with the pollen. H. lacera is 10-22 inches high, and is found in bogs and wet woods from Me., south to Ga., antl west to Minn. and Mo. In appearance this white orchis is distinctly different from all others. Although its similarity to the next. species is marked, it is structural and therefore not so evident to a casual observer. The flower is well named; its lacerated flower-lip is literally torn to divisions of threadlike fineness, and the general effect is accordingly unique. No other orchis is like it; the flower of H. psycodes has a compact settled figure ; that of H. triden- tata is distinct and has a swirling appearance due to the curving spur, while that of H. blephariglottis is a char- acteristically fringed affair of orderly appearance. But this orchis is a thing of ‘‘ shreds and tatters.” - Ba Se WKY LNG A —s ~” pe \ENES gey ex | 5 4a *s ~ ( =~ \ y, ; KS = tore == Oo - abenaria lacera. Habenaria leucophea. ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidacee. A similar species but of more imposing Smaller Pur- proportions, with elliptical and lance- a shaped leaves, and fragrant magenta-pink Habenaria or lilac-pink flowers variably pale or deep, psycodes with the fringed lip three-parted, and a Ag Te spur 3 inch long. 1-3 feet high. Gom- haipust 4 monly found in swamps and wet woods from Me., south to N. Car. ; west to Minn. ones Passa: A similar but much larger species with Fringed Orchis flowers twice the size of those of H. Habdenaria psycodes, fragrant, and variable in ma- fimbriata genta-pink from a deep tone even to Magenta-pink white. The upper sepal and petals close Salat rly together, the lateral sepals small, ovate and acute. The three divisions of the broad lip more deeply fringed. Flower-spike sometimes 12 inches long and 24 inches across. Anther cells sepa- rated at the base. In both flowers, H. psycodes and H. jimbriata, fertilization is generally effected by moths and butterflies whose heads and eyes are often decorated by the pear-shaped pollen-masses. The crowded flower- spike allows the butterfly to land indiscriminately here or there among the spreading fringed lips, and inserting its tongue obliquely in the nectary it brushes the pollen- disc on the side approached and the pollen-mass is with- drawn (Wm. Hamilton Gibson). The difference between H. psycodes and H. fimbriata is distinct and absolute; there is no need for confusion in the identification of the two species, although it must be evident to a close observer that intergrading types are not infrequent. H. psycodes has more conventional, compact flowers with an even (not ragged) very short fringe, and they are about half the size of those of H. jfimbriata. They are also distinctly muscat-scented. rari Oee Te 8 ly oes Habenaria ; peramoena fan-shaped lip is toothed but not fringed, Purple and the leaves are somewhat narrower. July-August The long spur curved, 12-80 inches high. Wet meadows, N. J., south to Va., west to Ill. and Ky, g2 (! a Pa ae ae os aa _" Large Purple-Fringed Orchis, Habenaria fimbriata. Sa =y>) — OEE tet aki ’ Oe \Z J = yn Wea NG es Je ed at wy Fi i Z $ ; » RIA ANGI SAN : ae ld VEZ Smaller Purple Fringed Orchis. | Habenaria psycodes. * Slipper ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidacee. A handsome but rather small-flowered orchis, with 3-4 light green narrow ellipti- Cypripedium Cal leaves ; the flower with two wavy and Seong twisted narrow green petals, three broader, pay oanty July green, purple-blotched sepals, and a pouch or lip open at the top by a fissure, white outside, purple-streaked inside, containing nectar at its base. Two of the sepals are joined together under the lip. The column of Cypripedium is flanked on either side by a fertile stamen bearing a two-celled anther, opening lidlike, the pollen loose and sticky-powdery within—in this respect the genus is distinctly different from those already described. The stigma is hidden be- neath the third sterile stamen crowning the column, exactly between the anthers ; it is moist and roughish. In the process of fertilization by the insect, generally a bee, the latter enters the pouch by the fissure, sucks the nectar from its base, and escapes by crowding through the small opening immediately beneath one of the an- thers, receiving upon its back the sticky pollen in the exit. In the next flower the insect brushes jirst against the stigma, leaving some of the pollen, as,it takes its departure in the manner described. The rather rare C, candidum is 6-10 inches high, and is found in bogs and wet meadows from N, Y. and N, J., west to Minn. and Mo. The name is from Kvzpis, Venus, and moézor, buskin,— Venus’s buskin, This is a taller species, with a slender tS arsed leafy stem, and showy fragrant yellow Lady’s Slipper ? Cypripedium flowers the petals and sepals of which are _ White Lady’s pubescens madder purple streaked; the narrow pet- Yellow als are usually twisted, and the bright May-July golden yellow lip as well as the summit of the column is more or less blotched and striped with madder purple. 12-24 inches high. Woods and wood- land bogs, Me., south among the mountains to Ala., and west. C. parviforum is a mere form of this species, characterized by itssmaller size and stronger color, (See Gray’s Manual, pg. 511, 6th edition.) 94 Yellow Ladys Slipper Cypripedium pubescens. ORCHID FAMILY. Orchidacez. - _ ; ans P is ined Lady's This is perhaps the most beautiful plant “slipper. of the whole genus. The stem is stout Cypripedium and leafy to the top, the flower fragrant ; spectabile its pouch is white more or less blotched or White, crim- stained with velvety light crimson-ma- suntigeneteageag Cor es ls and petals white, broad Tune July genta, the sepals and petals white, bro and not longer than the rotund pouch. The sterile stamen long-heart-shaped, stained yellow at the tip and spotted crimson, crowns the column (see C. acaule), 1-2 feet high. Swamps and wet woods Me., south to Ga., west to Minn. The commoner and more familiar lady’s ” snercnanm slipper, with two large leaves from the Flower or : : naslans root, without a plant-stem, the slightly Lady’s Slipper fragrant flower terminating a long slender Cypripedium stem with a green leaflet or bract at the acaule point of junction ; the pouch crimson-pink Crimson-pink ‘ , 3 < May-early Jaly (rarely white) veined with a deeper pink, sepals and petals greenish and brown, more or less curved and wavy. The third, or sterile stamen of Cypripedium crowning the column and over- hanging the stigma is variable according to the species ; in C. acaule it is angularly six-sided, in C. candidum lance-shaped, in C. pubescens long-triangular, and in C. spectabile heart-shaped; beneath these is the hidden stigma which receives pollen from the backs of visiting bumblebees or honeybees, or most frequently from the smaller bees, members of the tribes Andrena and Hal- ictus (C. M. Weed). In My Studio Neighbors Wm. Hamilton Gibson describes at length the fertilization of C. acaule by the bumblebee. 8-12 inches high. Me. to N. Car. and Ky., west to Minn. - LS. i aio ees j en 4 Moccasin Flower, Cypripedium acaule, BIRTHWORT FAMILY. Aristolochiacee; BIRTHWORT FAMILY. Aristolochiacee. A small family of twining or low herbs, having per- fect flowers—with six or more stamens and a pistil. The leaves stemmed, and either alternate or proceeding from the root. The flower-cup or calyx, without petals, united with the ovary or fruit receptacle, and lobed or irregular. Assisted in the process of fertilization by various smaller insects. The two long-stemmed deep green veiny Wild Ginger) caves soft woolly, and heart-shaped, their Asarum Canadense stems hairy; the flower with three dis- Brown-purple tinct pointed brownish or madder purple April-May divisions to the calyx which is closely united to the solid seed receptacle or ovary, green out- side ; the cup white below marked by a hexagon in pur- ple-brown. A curious woodland plant whose odd flower is half concealed by its low position and its sober color which not infrequently resembles the leaf-mould just beneath it. Its proximity to the ground and the fre- quent visits of the fungus gnats and the early flesh-flies suggest that these have most to do with the fertilization of the plant. 6-12inches high. Common in rich woods from Me., south to N. Car., west to Mo. and Kan. 2a A southern species with evergreen leaves arifolium arrow-heart-shaped, and urn-shaped flow- Green-purple ers dull green outside, dull purple-brown April-June inside, with three short blunt lobes. One leaf only put forth each year. In woods from Va., south to Tenn., Ala., and Fla. - Tea tl - os rl } : SQ wh SSS \\\ My, a \ 4 Z Me 0 Siento Al Drees tS ia SS ise NA Tn yes ey Mi rmetony Paes TES 0 0 00 Wild Ginger. Asarum Canadense, BIRTHWORT FAMILY. Aristolochiacez. - Virginia A woolly stemmed and familiar medici- Snakeroot nal herb, the long heart-shaped leaves thin Aristolochia and green on both sides, and the dull Serpentaria = preenish flowers with curving crooked alee ae long stems, near the root, as in Asarum June-July 4 4 ? the calyx curved like the letter S. Some- times the flowers are fertilized in the bud without open- ing (Britton), but often they trap many of the smaller insects—notably gnats who possibly assist fertilization. Fruit an ovoid ribbed capsule. 8-20 inches high. Conn. and N. Y., south to Fla., west to Mich. and Mo. A familiar tall vine in cultivation from mae hman’s New York south, trailing most frequently Aristolochia Over arbors, porches, and piazzas. Smooth Sipho heart-shaped light green leaves, and hook- Dullgreen, = shaped flowers, the yellow-green veiny purple-brown May-June tube with a flat, three-lobed purple-brown throat, resembling a Dutch pipe; it en- traps early small insects— gnats and flies. 10-25 feet high. In rich woods southern Pa., south to Ga., west to Minn. The Dutchman’s pipe is one of those vigorous, stolid, and satisfactory vines, big leaved and curiously flowered, which commends itself to the horticulturist. It re- sponds readily to cultivation. A similar vine, but characterized by an Aristolochia 7 tomentosa extreme woolliness; leaves round-heart- Dull green, shaped, veiny, and smaller than those of purple-brown 4 sinho, The flowers a yellower green, May-June Le ‘ with calyx exceedingly woolly, the deep purple-brown throat nearly closed and oblique. N, Car., south, and west to Mo. - 100 Virginia Snakeroot. Aristolochia serpentaria. ses = BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. Polygonacee. ¢ BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. Polygonacee. Herbs with alternate toothless leaves and swollen- jointed stems, usually a stipule or leaflet above each joint, and small, generally perfect flowers (or sometimes dicecious, monoecious, or polygamous ones) without petals, the calyx 2-6 parted. The docks are mostly uninteresting tags nit: northern weeds that cumber fertile ground, Patientia and decorate waste places ; many of them Green like the patience dock come from the old piay-tane country. This species has smooth broad lance-shaped leaves, broadest just above the base, and the flowers are green, tiny, inconspicuous and drooping, replaced by seed-wings or heart-shaped discs, resembling miniature palm-leaf fans. 2-5 feet high. Vt., N. Y., and Pa., west to Wis. and Kan. Dark green smooth leaves, the lowest ari nee very long, a branching, stout stem, and Rumex densely flowering, circling clusters; the Britannica tiny flowers nodding, replaced by seed- Green wings similar to those of the preceding July-August species. 3-6 feet high. In wet situations, Me., Pa., west to Minn., Iowa, and Neb. Bindchic Oaiek A smooth deep green species, similar to STR the above, with a grooved stem, and long- verticillatus stemmed lance-shaped leaves. Flowers in Green dense circles, the outline of the seed-wing May-July top-shaped. 2-5 feet high. Swamps. Common from Me., south, and west to lowa. Curled Dock This is the very common curled leaf Rumez crispus dock throughout the U. S., a troublesome Green weed from the old country. Leaves wavy June-August on the margin, flowers replaced by heart- shaped pointed seed-wings 1-4 feet high. ¢ 102 thn fy a \ Curled Dock. Rumex crispus. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. Polygonaceez. Bitter Dock Another weed from the old country, Rumex obtusi- common in fields and waste places. A folius loose and thinly flowered spike ; the stem Green rough and stout and the somewhat wavy Fame AREOTE 5) oval oblong and wider than those of the other species. The seed-wings with a few spines on either side. 2-4 feet high. Me., south, and west to Ore. A sea-shore species, an annual; with Golden Dock i Rumex persi- light green, narrow, lance-shaped leaves, carioides the plant more or less woolly, and greatly Green branched, the circles of the flowers July—October crowded together into a compact spike, the seed-wings narrow and pointed, golden yellow in autumn, bearing 2-3 long spines on either side. In the sand along the shores. Me., south to Va., and from Kan. and Minn., west and north. It has been confused with R. maritimus of the old country. | A most troublesome small weed from Fieldor Sheep the old world, with long-arrowhead- sat Aceto. Shaped leaves, acid to the taste, and in- sella conspicuous flowers in branching spikes, Green, Brown- green, or later brown-red; the whole plant red sometimes turning ruddy in dry, sterile June- ‘ ‘ 2 Seplember fields. It will generally flourish in one place for two or three years and then die out. The flowers are dicecious, that is, the staminate and pistillate ones are found upon separate plants, and are therefore fertilized by insects ; bumblebees, honey- bees, and the smaller butterflies are the commonest visitors. 6-12 inches high. Growing everywhere. The genus Polygonum, the name from 7oAvs, many, and yovv, knee, alluding to the many joints of the plants, comprises about twenty-five distinct species, all of which may be characterized by the term weed! They - are zsthetically uninteresting and many are extremely troublesome in the farmer’s vegetable garden. They mostly bear pink perfect flowers grouped in a slender grasslike spike. 104 Sheep Sorrel Rumex Acetosella. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. Polygonacee. Knotgrass Polygonum aviculare Greenish yellow June- September sheaths. Erect Knot- weed Polygonum erectum Greenish yellow July- September Pennsylvania Persicaria Polygonum Pennsylvanicum Pink or white- green July- September Lady’s Thumb Polygonum Persicaria Crimson-pink June- September Smartweed Water Pepper Polygonum Hydropiper Green July- September A slender species with a weak stem, bluish green, small lance-shaped leaves, scaly joints, and greenish pink-tipped flowers. Common everywhere in culti- vated and waste ground. The blue-green leaves, alternate, or are in appearance clustered, and issue from tiny brown A stouter and a yellowish green stem, leafy; the leaves nearly oval, and the flowers greenish yellow. A common way- side weed north of Tenn. and Ark., east and west. The stem of this species is noticeably erect with no tendency to sprawl. A somewhat red-jointed species, at home in wet waste places, with shiny lance- shaped leaves, and pink or white-green flower-clusters; the upper branching stems and flower-stems beset with tiny hairlike glands. Common everywhere. It hasa branching, sprawling habit. A smooth-stemmed species, from the old world, with similar leaves and crimson- pink or deep magenta flowers, the leaves roughand generally marked with a darker green triangle in the middle. Very com- mon in waste damp places. A common weed in all wet waste places, indigenous in the far northwest, but naturalized from Europe in the east. Leaves narrow lance-shaped, very acrid and pungent, and fringed with tiny bristles. Flowers mostly green in aslim long cluster, nodding. Anannual 1-2 feet high. The indigenous species P. hydropiperoides with an equally wide distribution has pink or flesh-colored or greenish flowers, branching stems, and very narrow leaves, not acrid. Common south, and reported in Neb. (Webber). 106 re Smartweed. 7 a Polygonum iP Tadys Thumb. hydropiperoides. Polygonum Persicaria. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. Polygonacee. A perennial species with broad-arrow- Halberd-leaved 7 a 63 es Tearthumb head-shaped leaves, and a ridged reclining Polygonum stem beset with fine teeth curved back- arifoium __ ward. Leaves long-stemmed, and prickle oe greenish nerved. Insignificant pink or greenish Septatebes flower-clusters. In pulling up the weed the thumb and fingers are apt to be torn with the saw-edged stems, hence the common name. 2-6 feet high. Common everywhere in wet soil. An annual species climbing over other Arrow-leaved ; site Tearthumb plants, with a weak four-angled reclining Polygonum stem beset with prickles only at the sagittatum angles; the narrow-arrowhead-shaped — leaves, far apart, sometimes blunt-pointed, Sodiouber short stemmed, or the smaller leaves with- out stems. Flowers five-parted, pink, in small dense clusters. Common in low, wet ground, every where. A perfectly smooth species, with slender irs Wate climbing, reddish stem, arrowhead-shaped Polygonum du- leaves, and leafy flower-spikes, the tiny metorum var. flowers green-white or pink, the calyx scandens five-parted. Climbing over rocks and Green-white, byshes 6-12 feet high. In moist places, Climbing False Sas: common everywhere. A rather decorative September vine but often troublesome in the vege- table garden. pry A The familiar buckwheat in cultivation Fagopyrum escaped to waysides. From the old world; esculentum with arrowhead-shaped leaves, and green- Greenish ish white flowers sometimes pinkish, the white calyx five-divided, and with eight honey- ss | glands alternating with the stamens; the flowers fertilized mostly by honeybees ; the honey of a peculiarly fragrant character but dark in color. Seed beechnut-shaped. Common everywhere. The name from fagus, beech, and zvpos, wheat. 108 Arrow-leaved Tearthumb, — Polygonum sagittatums. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. Chenopodiacez. - GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. Chenopodiacee. Uninteresting herbs—weeds, many of which are from the old country ; with minute, green, perfect flowers with a persisting calyx. Thespinach and beet are mem- bers of this family. Lamb’s-quar- The family is divided into nine tribes, ters, or Pig- ~=chief among whichis Chenopodium. Some weed of these are quite western, others are of Chenopodium . R ‘elites the old world and have been introduced in Green the east. Lamb’s-quarters is common east June-Septem- and west. Leaves mealy-white beneath, ber varying from rhombic-oval to lance-shaped or narrower, the lower ones coarse-toothed. The green flower-clusters dense, and dull green. Var. viride, commoner eastward, is less mealy, and has a less dense flower-spike (Gray’s Manual). 1-4 feet high. Waste places. The name from the Greek meaning goose and foot, in allusion to the shape of the leaves of some species. Jerusalem Oak, An annual species, from the old country, or Feather not mealy, but with an aromatic odor. whose . Leaves smaller, slender stemmed, and Bie og deeply subdivided. The flowers green in Green dense heads, the spike leafless, the calyx July-Septem- three-parted. 1-2 feet high. In autumn ber the leaves fall off and leave the stem and seed-spike naked. C.ambrosioides, or Mexican Tea, is a similar introduced species, with a densely flowered leafy spike ; the leaves lanceolate. Both are common in waste places. C. Botrys found in empty lots, Norfolk Ave., Roxbury, Mass. - Ito Jerusalem Oak. Chenopodium Botrys, AMARANTH FAMILY. Amarantacee. - AMARANTH FAMILY. Amarantacec. Weeds ; some of those of aruddy color, mostly foreign, are widely cultivated. The perfect flowers with lapping scales or leaflets (generally three) which retain their color when dry ; hence the name *Audpayros, meaning un- fading. . An annoying weed, common in culti- Pi ied aa ye. Vated ground and in gardens, with light troflexus green roughish leaves and stem; leaves Green long-stemmed and angularly ovate. The “gaa ade dull green flowers in a stiff bristly spike. 1-8 feet high. Common east and west, in- troduced from the old world. ee TF A similar species, but smoother and a chlorostachys darker green, with slenderer linear-cylin-’ Green drical, bending spikes, branching. The aera flowers also similar, but with more acute sepals. 2-6 feet high. Apparently indi- genous in the southwest, but introduced eastward (Gray’s Manual). Troublesome in gardens. Tumble Weed Alow,smooth, greenish white-stemmed Amarantus al- species with light green, small obovate oad leaves, obtuse at the point, and with many Green July-Septem- branches. The flowers green, and crowded ber in close small clusters, at the stem of each leaf. 6-20 inches high. In the west, late in autumn, the withered plant is uprooted and tumbles about in the wind, hence the popular name. Common in waste places, F Pp igw eed. Tumble Weed. Amarantus albus.cray Amarantus retroflexus. or Amarantus grecizans. PURSLANE FAMILY. Portulacacee. PURSLANE FAMILY. Portulacacee, A small group of low herbs with thick juicy leaves, and perfect but unbalanced flowers—that is, with two sepals and five petals and as many stamens as petals, or more sepals, or an indefinite number of stamens, or sometimes the petals altogether lacking. Cross-ferti- lization is largely effected by bees and butterflies. Fruit a capsule filled with several or many shell-shaped or kidney-shaped seeds. An annual; a fleshy-leaved prostrate Purslane or = eed naturalized from the old world, and Pusl amc ao commonly found in gardens and door- oleracea yards. Stems thick and often a terra- phage cotta pink, leaves dark green, thick, and une- Ld * Néiteuber round-end wedge-shaped. The tiny, soli- tary yellow flowers with five petals open only in the morning sunshine, 7-12 stamens. The branches hug the ground and spread or radiate in an ornamental circle ; they are 3-10 inches long. In early days the plant was used asa pot herb. It is indigenous in the southwest, but is firmly established in the north where it flourishes under any and all conditions, and has become a very troublesome weed. A charmingly delicate flower (rarely ne tee quite white) of early spring, distinguished ginica for its flush of pale crimson-pink, and its Pale pink or veins of deeper pink starting from a yel- white low base. The deep green leaves are linear March-May or broader, the two upper ones located at about the middle of the plant-stem. The flower has five petals and but two sepals. Its golden stamens de- velop before the stigma is mature, making cross-ferti- lization a certainty. Its visitors in search of pollen and nectar are mostly the bumblebees Bombus vagans and B. pennsylvanicus, the beelike flies called Bombylide, and the bees of the genus Halictus and Andrenide ; also among the butterflies are Colias philodice, yellow, and Papilio ajax, buff and black. Stem 6-12 inches high. In open moist woods, from Me., south to Ga., and southwest to Tex. Ir4 Purslane. WAS | Spring Beauty. Portulaca oleracea, Claytonia Virginica. PINK FAMILY. Caryophyllacee. A species similar in all respects except that the leaves are broader, lance-shaped, and the basal ones are quite obtuse; the flowers are also fewer and smaller: Me., south to N. Car., among the mountains, and west to Minn. and Mo. Named for John Clayton, an early American botanist. Claytonia Caroliniana PINK FAMILY. Caryophyllacee. Annual or perennial herbs generally characterized by smooth stems and swollen joints, opposite-growing leaves without teeth, and regular, perfect flowers, with five (rarely four) sepals, the same number of petals, and twice as many stamens. Fertilized by bees and moths. An annual escaped from gardens, nat- Deptford Pink ralized from Europe, with light green Dianthus 2 Armeria narrow, erect leaves, hairy and small ; Crimson-pink and clustered crimson-pink, white-dotted June- flowers whose five petals are toothed or September jagged-edged, resembling Sweet- William. 6-18 inches high. Fields and waysides Me. to Md., west to Mich. Common eastward ; found in Lexington, Mass. A perennial (growing from a matlike pemartalery base) smooth or somewhat hoary, escaped deltoides from gardens, naturalized from Europe. Crimson-pink J,eaves small and narrow lance-shaped, June-August rect, The little crimson-pink or white- pink flowers bloom singly, and have broader petals which are pinked at the edge. 6-12 inches high. The face of the flower more nearly resembling Sweet- William. In fields and waste places. N.H., Mass., and northern N.Y. to Mich. Found in Campton, N. H. A very common perennial species, natu- Bouncing Bet alized from Europe, the flowers of which ated have an old-fashioned spicy odor ; they are officinalis delicate magenta-pink and white, scallop- Pale magenta- tipped, and grow in clusters, the single pink blossom remotely resembling a_ pink. — Leaves ovate, 3-5 ribbed, and smooth. September Stem, thick jointed, 1-2 feet high. Com: mon in waste places Found in Nantucket, 116 PERERA ANE ARTS E h ASS Speen ASI Maiden Pink, Deptford Pink. Dianthus deltoides, Dianthus Armeria, PINK FAMILY. Caryophyllacee. bearey The lance-shaped leaves and the stem Campion are fine-hairy; the former in distinct Silene stellata clusters of four. The flowers are white, White arranged in a loose terminal spike, star- June-August shaped and fringed-edged, the stamens very long. A beautiful and delicate wild flower fre- quently visited by Colias philodice, the small yellow butterfly,and many moths. 2-3 feet high. Commonin wooded slopes, from R. I., south to §. Car., and west to Minn. Wild Pink A very low species with a somewhat Silene Pennsyl- Sticky-hairy character immediately be- vanica neath the flowers, most of the blunt Crimson-pink ]ance-shaped leaves clustered at the base ; oer rune the upper leaves small. The crimson-pink flowers with somewhat wedge-shaped petals. The calyx tubular and adapted to the tongues of butterflies and moths, by which the flower is cross-fertilized. 4-9 inches high. Me., south to Ga., west to southern N. Y., Penn., and Ky. A delicately beautiful, foreign, perennial coy species which has become naturalized in Silene Cucu- this country. The deep green leaves are balus smooth and ovate-lance-shaped. The flow- White ers are white with the five petals deeply June-August two-lobed ; the pale green flower-cup is greatly inflated, almost globular in shape, and beauti- fully veined with green markings not unlike those of a citron melon. The ten anthers (on long stamens) are sepia brown when mature. 8-18 incheshigh. In mead- ows and moist hollows beside the road. Me., south to N. J., west to Il. A homely but curious annual species Sicees whose small flowers open only for a short Silene Antir- time in sunshine. The joints of the stem rhina are glutinous (hence the common name), Hn and evidently prevent any stealing of the une- nectar by creeping insects (such as ants) which are useless as pollen carriers. The flower-calyx is ovoid with the pink petals above insigni- September 118 PIN K FAMILY. Caryophyliacee. ficant. 10-25 inches high. Common in waste places | everywhere. Like the bladder campion; a foreign Night-flower- ocies with a beautifully marked calyx ing Catchfly : Silene nocti- | resembling spun glass, but smaller, the flora petals similar. The plant is hairy-sticky, erie the leaves blunt lance-shaped. The white uly- flowers are delicately fragrant, and open only at dusk, closing on the following morning. Probably itis exclusively fertilized by moths, as many such visitors may be seen sipping at the newly opened blossoms in the early evening. 1-8 feet high. Common in waste places everywhere. Found in Camp- ton, N. H. September A charming plant naturalized from the Evening Lych- ; . nisor White ©l4 country, with densely fine-hairy, Campion ovate-lance-shaped leaves and stem, both Lychnisalba dark green; the leaves opposite. The re ber SWeet-scented flowers are white, closely my Nok resembling those of Silene noctiflora ; in fact the habit and form of these two species are almost identical. Both open their blossoms toward evening and close them during the following morning. The white petals are deeply cleft and crowned at the base with miniature petallike divisions. The calyx is in- flated, and often stained maroon-crimson along the ribs, which are sticky-hairy ; after becoming still more in- flated it withers and leaves exposed the vase-shaped light brown seed-vessel, pinked at the small opening above. 1-2 feet high. In waste places and borders of fields, from Me. to N. J.and N. Y. Probably farther west. Found at Phillip’s Beach, Marblehead, Mass. Comnbelite A densely hairy straight-branched an- Agrostemma ual, adventive from Europe, and found Githago mostly in grain fields, The magenta flow- — ers, not brilliant, but broad and showy, uly- with very long linear sepals much ex- ceeding the petals in length. Fertilized by butterflies and moths. 1-3 feet high. Common or occasional throughout the country. Reported in Neb. (Webber). September I20 te Corn Cockle Agrostemma- Githago. PINK FAMILY. Caryophyllacee. F A slender perennial, also adventive Ragged Robin from Europe, found in old gardens. The ey ge plant is downy below, and slightly sticky Lychnis Flos. above, the leaves slender lance-shaped cuculi above, and few, but blunt lance-shaped be- Pink or low. The pink, or crimson, or light violet crimson a petals of the ragged-looking flowers are September deeply cut into four lobes each, the two lateral lobes very small. Fertilized in great measure by bees and butterflies, the bumblebee, perhaps, the most frequent visitor, 1-2 feet high. Com- mon in wet and waste ground, from Me., south to N. J., and southwest to Penn. A tiny annual widely branched and ee rough-downy, naturalized from Europe ; Arenaria with small ovate leaves and miniature serphyllifolia white flowers, the sepals of which are White rather long, and rough. 2-8 inches high. May-August Common in dry sandy places everywhere. Another similar tiny, dainty plant, but Mountain with arctic proclivities, having much Sandwort or 1 Ane th + 1 t hite Mountain arger flowers wi iranslucent whi Daisy petals notched at the tip. The crowding Arenaria leaves are linear and threadlike, the plant Naa gaaiag grows in a dense tuft from the root, in Dik Keneunt crevices of rocks. 2-5 inches high. On Mt. Washington and the higher peaks of N. Y., Penn., Va., and N. Car. Also on river banks at Bath, Me., and on Mt. Desert Island, and near Middle- town, Conn. On Mt. Washington, where it is called the ‘‘ Mountain Daisy,” it snuggles close to the rocks in sheltered situations, but holds its own, almost, if not quite alone, on the highest points of the bleak Presi- dential range, from 5000 to 6290 feet above tide-water, where snow lasts during eight months of the year. - 122 Tam Ragged Robin. Cerastium arvense. Lychnis_ Flos-cuculi. wo PET ee OO 15 0s PINK FAMILY. Caryophyllacee. chicceice The commonest weed of Europe, most Stellaria media Widely distributed through North Amer. White ica, but possibly indigenous in the farther April-October north. A weak-stemmed low-lying an- nual, with small ovate pointed light green leaves, slightly woolly stems, and minute white flowers with five petals almost cleft in twain, and five larger green sepals much longer than the petals. 2-4 inches high. On damp ground everywhere. An especial favorite of birds and chickens. A tall very slender species with many tae branches, the stem with rough angles, Stellaria and the light green leaves small and lance- longifolia shaped. The tiny flowers like white stars, White with five white petals so deeply cleft that they appear as ten, sepals nearly equalling the petals in length. 10-20 inches high. In wet grassy places everywhere. Reported in Neb. (Webber). A similar species with smaller lance- May-July 2 shaped leaves widest just above their base, Stellaria a four-angled stem, and white flowers graminea with deeply cleft petals. 12-18 inches White high. In fields and grassy waysides from Me. to western N. Y. and N. J. _ Intro- duced from Europe, but said to be indigenous in Canada, A bothersome weed common in culti- Larger Mouse- vated fields, naturalized from Europe, but Aas gl —_ probably indigenous in the farther north. May-July vulgatum Stem hairy and clammy, leaves oblong. White The somewhat loosely clustered white May- flowers with two-cleft petals, but with eager! short sepals. 6-15 inches high. A low, rather large-flowered, handsome fai =~ species, the broad petals also deeply cleft, Cerastium the sepals very short, the stems downy or arvense smooth, and the leaves rather broad lin- White ear. 4-10 inches high. In dry or rocky April—July situations, Me., south to Ga., and west to Mo., Neb., and Cal. 124 Ny E — L ee => l ' — a pai == AS zs SS ~ a 4 > eS =< < NW SS s 5 = A Gj ) & = > An e = . : ~ i Ur = ~ i a a Ses =e. 5 AA > I) ee 3 Sy BB = z WG, SS = 7 SS —— SE = fy SS eS Ze oa ~ X < As [aS a . \ . = <= y \Z i, 4 . a el 9) A AL the SS \ {/ a ? v iS Z ry Z .N ae a ey, =, a) AWC J Ij) Long-leaved Chickweed. LY Stitchwort. Stellaria media. Mountain Sandwort, Stellaria ArenariaGrenlandica, longifolia, WATER-LILY FAMILY. Nymphecee. Medd homers A common little low plant in sandy Buda rubra p. Waste places sometimes near the coast Tissa rubra L. but not on the shore. Leaves linear and Pink flat, in clusters about the frail stem. Tiny June-August flowers, crimson-pink, sepals glandular- hairy. The plants grow in dense company. 2-6 inches high. Roadsides and waste places, Me. to Va., west to western N.Y. © WATER-LILY FAMILY. Nympheeacee. Aquatic perennial herbs, with floating leaves, and soli- tary flowers with 3-5 sepals, numerous petals, and dis- tinct stigmas or these united in a radiate disc. Fertilized by bees, beetles, and aquatic insects. The common and beautiful white pond- =Lil ; a é caaes, lily found in still waters everywhere. odorata Leaves dark green, pinkish beneath, ovate- White round, cleft at the base up to the long June- stem. The white flowers, often 5 inches September in diameter when fully developed, open in the morning and close at noon or later; they are fre- quently pink-tinged; the golden stamens and anthers are concentric, and are luminous in quality of color. They mature after the stigma does, and cross-fertiliza- tion occurs by the agency of bees and beetles in general. The flower yields pollen only. The var. rosea, in south- eastern Mass., and Nantucket, is deeply pink-tinged. The var. minor is small, with flowers less than three inches broad. A common odorless yellow pond-lily rege ae found often in the same water with the Spatter-dock preceding species. With ovate leaves or Nuphar advena broader, and small, green and yellow cup- Golden yellow shaped flowers, with 6 green sepals, some- or dee a times purple-tinged, yellowish inside ; the petals yield nectar; they are small, nar- row, thick, and yellow—stamenlike. The stigma is a pale ruddy or deep golden yellow-rayed disc, beneath which the undeveloped anthers are crowded. On the first opening of the flower there is a triangular orifice over 126 ie Se Hh Ha tia Nii ) S) Water-Lily. Nymphea odorata. my, a if Ph Wf) Uf i / yy i i / 1 a 4, Yy Zi MM 1 Yellow Pond-Lily. Nuphar advena. CROWFOOT FAMILY. Ranunculacez. the stigma so small that an entering insect must touch the stigma. On the following day the flower expands fully and the anthers beneath the stigma unfold, spread outward, and expose their pollen. Cross-fertilization is thus insured, and is generally effected by means of the bees of the genus Halictus, and (so says Prof. Robertson) the beetle named Donacia piscatrix. A very common and familiar plant in stagnant water, with stouter stem . and coarser leaves than those of the preceding species. Var. minus is a slenderer form the smaller flower Of which has a crimson stigma. Northern Vt. to Mich. and Penn. This is a very slender species, with flow- Pond-Lily ers scarcely 1 inch wide. Sepals only Mahar three. The stigma disc, dark red. In Kalmianum ponds and sluggish streams, Me. to south. Golden yellow ern N. Y., Penn., and west to Minn, June- September Small Yellow CROWFOOT FAMILY. Ranunculacece, A large family of perennial or annual herbs, with gen- erally regular but sometimes irregular flowers; with stamens and pistil, or with staminate and pistillate flow- ers on different plants ; 3-15 petals, or none at all ; in the last case the sepals petallike and colored. Generally fer- tilized by the smaller bees, butterflies, and the beelike flies. A most beautiful trailing vine commonly Virgin's found draped over the bushes in copses Bower . . Clematis and by moist roadsides. The leaves dark Virginiana green, veiny, with three coarsely toothed Greenish leaflets ; the flat clusters of small flowers Waite with four greenish white sepals and no July-August ‘ ee petals, polygamously staminate and pistil- late on different plants ; cross-fertilized by bees, the bee- like flies (Bombylius), and the beautiful and brilliantly colored flies of the tribe Syrphide. In October the flowers are succeeded by the gray plumy clusters of the withered styles (still adherent to the seed-vessels), which 128 yy) YY / tf / 4 thy), Y/ “7 YY, jj Wl, Y, 7 vireo Virgins Bower. Purple Virgins Bower. Clematis Virginiana. Clematis verticillaris, CROWFOOT FAMILY. Ranunculacez. appear under the glass like many tiny twisted tails. The plants presenting this hoary appearance gave rise to the popular name, Old Man’s Beard. The vine supports itself by a twist in the leaf-stem, the latter revolving a number of times in the course of growth. Stem about 12 feet long. Waysides and river-banks. Me., south to Ga., and west to Kan., Neb., and 8. Dak. A southern species with solitary, thick, ee leathery, bell-shaped, dull purple flowers Riordan without petals, the purple sepals about 1 Dullpurple inch long. The three or more leaflets wita May-July unbroken edges or lobed. In early autumn the hoary plume is brownish. Southern Pa., south to Ga, and Tenn., and west to Ohio. Purple Virgin’s A rather rare species found in rocky Shicbes places among the northern hills, with Clematis leaves similar to those of C. Virginiana, verticillaris and showy light purple flowers, downy in- Light purple ide and outside, sometimes over 3 inches May-June : broad ; the four purple, finely veined se- pals expanding only to a cup-shape. The plumes brown- gray. Me. and Vt., south to Va., and west to Minn. A slender tall species the leaves and a stem of which are silky haired, leaves dark Anemone green and veiny,ornamentally cut (or lobed) cylindrica into 8-5 parts. The solitary flowers without Saree — petals, but with 5-6 greenish white sepals, ~Augus" are set on a tall stem. The fruit a nar- row, cylindrical, burrlike head 1 inch or more in length, 2-6 flowers are borne on each plant. 18-24 inches high. Common in dry woods and by wooded roadsides, from the lower Androscoggin Valley, Me., Vt., N. Y., and northern N. J., west to Kan., Neb., and 8. Dak. The name, Greek, meaning a flower shaken by the wind. This is the common tall anemone of Thimble=weed aS 58S ? — “if or Tall wooded roadsides and banks. The leaves Anemone and stem are more or less hairy and deep Anemone olive green, the leaves conspicuously Virginiana veined. The flowers generally have five in- Greenish white Jaly-August conspicuous sepals white or greenish white inside and greener outside; the flower- 130 Thimble-weed. A\nemone Virginiana, Anemone riparia, Large White-flowered Anemone, CROWFOOT FAMILY. Ranunculacee. head usually 1 inch or less across, is succeeded by the enlarged fruit-head similar in shape to, and about as large as, a good-sized thimble. Fertilized by the bum- blebees, the smaller bees (among them the honeybee), and the brilliant little flies of the genus Syrphide. 2-8 feet high. Me., south toS. Car., west to Kan., Neb., and S. Dak. Found in Campton, N. H. A slender, tall, and handsome plant in- opacity lpg termediate between the two preceding Anemone species, with large white flowers maturing Anemone earlier than those of the foregoing, and riparia with smoother stem and leaves; the latter —— thin, and unequally cleft into coarsely and June-July sharply toothed segments. The five thin sepals generally obtuse and a strong white. The short cylindrical fruit-head slenderer than that of ‘A. Virginiana. 12-35incheshigh. Banks of rivers and streams, and on rocky banks, from the St. John River, Fort Kent, Me., Willoughby Lake and western Vt., Uxbridge, Mass., to western N. Y. and Sullivan Co., N. Y. (M. L. Fernald, Rhodora, vol. i., p. 51). Found on the borders of the pond near the Arondack Spring, Saratoga, N. Y. A northern, rather coarse, stemmed spe- Canada ‘ : ores cies, very much branched, with broad, Anemone sharply toothed, three-cleft leaves; their Canadensis under surfaces rather hairy. The five White white sepals quite blunt, and the flower 1- way ee ore 14 inches broad. The fruit-head globular. 1-2 feet high. Low moist grounds, from western N. Eng., south to Pa., and west to Kan. and §. Dak. Common in western Vt., along the slopes of Lake Champlain. 132 hae Wy) Canadian” Anemone. i See Anemone Canadensis. CROWFOOT FAMILY. Raaunculacee. ¢ A beautiful, delicate, and low little plant Wood common in the early spring in woodlands, Anemone . ga oh ee or Wind with deep green leaves of five divisions, Flower and frail white, or magenta-tinged blos- Anemone — soms of from 4-9 petallike sepals; the — olia solitary flower frequently 1 inch across. tection * Cross-fertilized by the early bees and bee- like flies (Bombylius). Common on the borders of the woods. 4-8 inches high. Me., south to Ga., and west to the Rocky Mts. The earliest flower of spring, appearing EAVPEWOEE OF in. sane The leaves, and generally found half Hepatica ; ; Hepatica hidden among the decaying leaves of au- triloba tumn that cover the woodland floor. The Lilac white, blossom about { inch broad, with 6-12 oe Cae lustrous sepals varying in color from lilac white to pale purple and light violet, be- neath which are three leaflets closely resembling a calyx, or the outer floralenvelop. The three-lobed olive green leaves last throughout the winter, the newer ones to- gether with stems and flower-stems are extremely hairy. About 3 inches high. Common from the seaboard west to Minn. and Mo. Hepatica This is a species close to the preceding octal one and often passing into it. The leaves are three- or sometimes five-lobed, with acute tips, and the three little leaflets beneath the flower are also pointed. Range the same as H. triloba, in fact, both species are often found together in the same woods. 5 134 Wood Anemone. — _ Anemone quinquefolia. Rue Anemone. Anemonella | ff CROWFOOT FAMILY. Ranunculacez. A frail and delicate spring flower, Rue Anemone ; ; Anemonella Usually white but rarely magenta-pink- thalictroides tinged, which often blooms in company White, or with Anemone quinquifolia, but readily glee a distinguished from it by the 2-3 flowers ~* in a cluster, the other bearing a solitary blossom, The deep olive green leaves in groups of three closely resemble those of the meadow rue; they are long-stemmed. The flower with usually six delicate white petallike sepals, but there are variations of from 5-10. The flowers are perfect (with orange-yellow anthers), and are probably cross-fertilized largely by the early bees and beelike flies, 5-9 inches high. Common every where in thin woodlands, Early Meadow A beautiful but not showy, slender Rue meadow rue with the staminate and pistil- a Racirum, late flowers on separate plants. The dioi ; ; dics aie: bluish olive green leaves lustreless, com- cotta pound, and thinly spreading ; the droop- April-May ing staminate flowers with generally four small green sepals, and long stamens tipped with terra- cotta, and finally madder purple. The pistillate flowers inconspicuously pale green. An airy and graceful species, common in thin woodlands. 1-2 feet high. Me., south to Ala., and west to Mo., 8. Dak., and Kan. The commonest species, remarkable for Tall Meadow : Rue its starry plumy clusters of whitd¢ flowers, Thalictrum lacking petals, but with many conspicuous polygamum threadlike stamens. The flowers are iy ee a polygamous, that is, with staminate, ti pistillate, and perfect ones on the same or different plants. The leaves are com- pound, with lustreless blue-olive green leaflets; the stout stem light green or magenta-tinged at the branches, The decorative, misty white flower-clusters are often a foot long; the delicate-scented staminate flowers are a decided tone of green-white. This species is an especial favorite of many bees, moths, and smaller butterflies, by which it is cross-fertilized. 3-10 feet high. Common in wet meadows from Me., west to Ohio, and south. 136 Tall Meadow Rue, —‘ Thalictrum polygamum. CROWFOOT FAMILY. Ranunculacex. The stem of this species is generally Purplish A : Meadow Rue ‘Stained with madder purple, but some- Thalictrum times it is green with only a slight ma- purpurascens genta tingein parts. The leaves are thick, Green-purple deep blue-olive green and similar in shape June-August ; < to those of the preceding species. The flowers are green, with a brown-purple tinge, and are also polygamous. 3-6 feet high. On the borders of wooded hills, and copses, in dry situations. Middle N. Eng., south, and west to S. Dak., Neb., and Ariz. SI a An insignificant marsh species closely Spearwort allied to the buttercup, with yellow flowers Ranunculus 2 inch broad, the 5-7 petals rather narrow. ambigens The lance-shaped leaves almost if not quite emcees 4 toothless, and clasping the jointed stem, “gy weg which often sends out roots from the joints ; the lower leaves contracted into a broad stem clasping the plant stem. 1-24 feet high. Common in wet places, from Me., south to Ga., and west to Minn. and Mo. Name from the classic Rana, a frog, referring to the marshy home of the genus. h . . . . RAPES Rather an attractive biennial species, Pe toad commonly found beside the woodland Ranunculus brook, the lower leaves of which are some- abortivus what kidney-shaped, and the upper ones Yellow slashed like those of the buttercup, but April-June very moderately so; the leaves bright green and smooth. The small flowers with globular heads, and reflexed or drooping yellow petals; the head about } inch broad. 6-24 inches high. In shady and moist ground, everywhere. The var. ewcyclus (Fernald) is a common form in Me., N. H., and Mass., with slender and zigzagged stem, and thin leaves, the lower, rounded ones with narrowed cleft; the flowers are smaller. ‘Found at Ammonoosuc Lake, Crawford Notch, by J. M. Greenman, and at Orono, Waterville, and Dover, Me., by M. L. Fernald. (See Rhodora, vol. i., p. 52.) 138 HN | Water Plantain. Small-flowered Crowfoot. Ranunculus ambigens. Ranunculus abortivusvar.eucyclus, CROWFOOT FAMILY. Ranunculacee. Hooked A woodland crowfoot distinguished by Cenefaot its remarkably hooked seed-vessels which Ranunculus are gathered in a cluster about 4 inch recurvatus broad. The light yellow flowers with the Light yellow April-June calyx (flower-envelop) curved backward, | and with usually five small petals, are rather inconspicuous. The stem and olive green leaves are hairy, the latter generally three-lobed, veiny, and toothed, but the root leaves are seldom divided. 10-20 inches high. Common in woods everywhere. Barty Biators Another woodland or hillside species, cup with deep yellow flowers almost an inch Ranunculus broad. The plant rather low, with fine fascicularis silky hairs on stem and leaf, the latter Deep yellow dark green, and deeply lobed, with 3-5 sy jeg divisions. The flower with often more than five petals which are rather narrow ; the fruit-head about 4 inch in diameter, with a slender curved spine to each seed-vessel. 6-12 inches high. Common on the borders of wooded hills, in the spring, from Me., south to S. Car., and-west. The first buttercup of the year; all are fertilized mostly by early bees, flies, and the smaller butterflies, notably Colias philodice, but the commoner visitors are the small bees of the genus Halictus. This is the next buttercup of the spring, Swamp Buttercup and one confined to swamps and low wet Ranunculus grounds. The flowers are deep yellow and septentrionalis fully 1 inch broad. The hollow stem is mp <2 ; generally smooth, but sometimes fine- i de aaa Y hairy ; the deep green leaves are divided into three leaflets, each distinctly stemmed, and three- lobed, or only the terminal one stemmed ; the uppermost leaves are long, narrow, and toothless. This buttercup is very variable in both size and foliage, its branches are upright or reclining, and its leaves coarsely cleft and divided. 1-2 feet high, or more. Common in moist . rich ground everywhere. Like most of the other but- tercups, this one depends mainly upon the beelike flies (Bombylius) and the little bees of the family Andrenide for fertilization. 140 Ranunculus septentrionalis. Swamp Buttercup. > CROWFOOT FAMILY. Ranunculacee. Creeping But Aspecies of asimilar character, the leaves tercup frequently white-spotted or blotched; the Ranunculus deep yellow flowers nearly 1 inch broad, repens blooming a little later. The seed-vessel gid faeosies tipped with a short stout spine, thus differ- e ing from the rather deciduous long straight spine of R. septentrionalis. This buttercup creeps or spreads over the ground by runners. Roadsides and waste places or low grounds, generally near the coast, and mainly introduced from Europe, but also indigenous. ‘ Often, and improperly, called a butter- daniel aie cup; the flower has a thimble-shaped, Ranunculus green head formed of the pistils, and in- Pennsylvanicus significant, round yellow petals surround velew it. It is small, scarcely 4 inch across, and June-August ; does not in the remotest degree suggest the cup-shape of the buttercup. Thestem is remarkably stiff-hairy, and irritating to the touch; it is hollow, coarse, light green, and leafy to the top. Leaves light green, three-divided, with each division three-lobed, cut and slashed like R. aecris, and hairy above and beneath. 1-2 feet high. Common in wet situations, from Me., south to Ga., and west. Tyee ete A small erect plant proceeding from a tercup bulbous base or root, with hairy stem and Ranunculus leaf, and large bright, 1 inch wide, deep bulbosus or golden yellow flowers, the green sepals Golden or deep of which arestrongly reflexed. The leaves Sina _are deep green, decoratively cut and slashed, three-divided, each division three- lobed, with only the terminal one stemmed, the lateral ones nearly if not absolutely stemless. 8-16 inches high. Roadsides and fields ; abundant in N. Eng., and natural- ized from Europe. Miller records the fact that over 60 different species of insects visit these old world-butter- cups, i, e., R. repens, R. bulbosus, and R. acris, 142 a Leaf and flower showing reflexed ».. Sepals of Ranuneulus bulbosust Bristly Crowfoot. Ranunculus Pennsylvanicus, CROWFOOT FAMILY. Ranunculacex. This is the common buttercup of fields Acsteceamdiae and meadows, which has become natural- acris ized from the old country. The stem is Golden or deep hairy, branched and less hairy above, and Rie , deep green. The leaves deep green with 3-7 stemless divisions, and these are again correspondingly divided into linear segments ; they are cut and slashed in a most decorative and complicated fashion, only the upper ones showing the simple three- parted figure. The flowers, nearly 1 inch broad, are lustrous light golden yellow within, and light yellow without, the 5 broad petals overlapping. The flowers are set on long slender stems, and sometimes continue to bloom until frost. 2-3 feet high. Common every- where, especially upon moist meadows, The variety named R. acris, var. Steveni (Lange), is similar except in the shape of its leaf, which has very broad instead of linear segments, which impart to the plant a thicker and heavier appearance in the field. This variety is the common form in northern N, Eng. Found at Alstead — Centre, and Jefferson,N.H. (M.L. Fernald in Rhodora, vol. i, p. 227). Marsh Mari- A thick and hollow-stemmed stocky gold plant common in marshes in spring, with Caltha palustris round or kidney-shaped deep green leaves aoe ae. ellow obscurely blunt-toothed, and _ brilliant Pepsi! golden yellow flowers resembling butter- cups. Often wrongly called cowslips. The flowers are perfect with 5-9 petallike sepals, and numerous stamens ; they are honey-bearing, and although the anthers and stigmas mature simultaneously, cross-fertilization is favored by the anthers opening outwardly, and the outermost ones farthest from the stigmas opening first (Miller), The flowers are chiefly fertilized by the beautiful yellow flies belonging to the family Syrphide. The classical name Caltha means cup, and palus a marsh—marsh-cup. 8-24inches high. Common in wet meadows, from Me., south to S. Car., and west, 144 tne teeieeetiidl Set, = til 3 : 2 } at iculus var. Steven. v 1 ~ ad \ N “sx Tall Buttercup. “Ss” Ranunculus acris. CROWFOOT FAMILY. Ranunculacex. - A tiny woodland plant whose bitter nat Sia ! golden yellow threadlike roots contribute White yer® to the medicinal stock of the old-fashioned May-July country housewife. The evergreen leaves are lustrous dark green, three-lobed, scal- loped, finely toothed, and long-stemmed. The solitary flower terminating a long slender stem has 5-7 white sepals, and has many obscure little club-shaped petals, 15-25 white stamens with golden anthers, and 3-7 pistils on slender stalks. The strange petals terminating the minute cuplike discs are really nectaries intended to minister to thirsty insects. According to C, M. Weed the flower is cross-fertilized mostly by a fungus gnat— a little two-winged fly, and occasionally by a small elongated beetle called Anaspis flavipennis. 3-6 inches high. In bogs of woodlands or shady pastures, from Me., south to Md., and west to Minn. The name from the Greek to cut, in reference to the cut-leaf. Columbine A most delicate but hardy plant com- Aquilegia mon on rocky hillsides and the borders of Canadensis wooded glens. The long-stemmed com- Scarlet, yellow Hound leaves are light olive green, with April-early ‘July three-lobed leaflets. The flowers are graded from yellow through scarlet to red at the tip of the spurs. The petals are the 5 tubes cul- minating in the spurs, and the 5 sepals are the spreading ruddy yellow leaflets grading into a greenish yellow, situated between the tubes. Stamens yellow. Fertilized by moths and butterflies. 1-2 feet high. Common everywhere. Rarely the flowers are altogether golden yellow. The long spurs indicate the adaptation of the flower to long-tongued insects. ¢ 146 Columbine.. Aquilegia Canadensis, CROWFOOT FAMILY. Ranunculacee. Fait Carkepar ; A slender and smooth species of larkspur Delghinium ound in the woods from Pennsylvania exaltatum southward. The deep green leaves have Light violet generally five divergent, lance-shaped or July-August wedge-shaped lobes, and the light purple or blue-violet flowers are borne in a slim spike some- times 10 inches long. 2-6 feet high. In woods, from Allegheny and Huntington Cos., Pa., south to N, Car., and west to Minn. and Neb. The Delphiniums are mostly fertilized by the beelike flies, honeybees, and bumblebees. Field Larkspur Delphinium A European species, in cultivation and escaped to roadsides and fields, with dis- Consolida sected deep green leaves having very- Lilac to ultra- narrow linear lobes,. and a_ scattered marine blue = figwer-spike of showy flowers 1 inch July-August ‘ . broad, long-spurred, and varying in color from pale magenta, lilac, and purple to ultramarine blue. The commoner species in cultivation is D. Ajacis, with larger flower-clusters and with woolly pods ; this has also sparingly escaped, 12-30 inches high. South- ern N, J., Pa., and south. | : A handsome wild flower, slender- Monkshood = stemmed, weak, and disposed to seek sup- merece port. The delicate character of the plant Violet- is not unlike that of the columbine. The ultramarine deep green leaves are toothed, have 3-5 so lobes, and are rather thick. The purple September or violet-ultramarine flowers are composed of 5 sepals, the upper one enlarged, forming the hood, and 2 petals (three more are stamenlike, abortive, and inconspicuous) concealed beneath the hood ; the stamens are numerous. Undoubtedly the flower is largely ferti- lized by the bumblebee who is its constant visitor; the stamens ripen before the pistils, and cross-fertilization is thusinsured. 2-4 feet high. In woods, southern N. J. and Pa., and south along the Alleghanies to Ga. ~ 148 Goldthread. Vic e Monkshood. Coptis trifolia. aw" * Aconitum uncinatum. CROWFOOT FAMILY. Ranunculacez. eine A tall spreading, slender-stemmed wood- a land plant, with fuzzy, feathery white Cimicifuga flowers borne in a 6-20 inches long, wand- racemosa like cluster, having a disagreeable foetid eee « odor, and compound, sharply toothed, light green leaves. The 4-8 petals are stamenlike, and the stamens are numerous. The flower is assisted in fertilization by the green flesh-flies. Fruit berrylike and purplish. 3-8 feet high. Woods, Me., south to Ga., and west to Minn. and Mo. A bushy woodland plant with compound Foc ary 3-5 parted leaves, the leaflets toothed and var. rubra lobed, the lower end-leaflets sometimes White again compound. The tiny white, perfect April-June flowers with 4-10 exceedingly narrow pet- als and numerous stamens; the 4-5 sepals petallike and falling when the flower blooms. Cross-fertilized by the small bees, especially of the species Halictus. The stig- mas mature before the anthers are open, thus securing cross-fertilization. Fruit a thick cluster of coral red, oval berries borne upon slender stems. 1-? ‘feet high. Woods, from Me., southwest to N. J. and Pa., and west. whit A similar species with the same distribu- e “ : Baneberry tion. The leaflets are more deeply cut, Actea alba the teeth are sharper, and the lobes are White acute. The narrow, stamenlike petals are ales blunt at the tip, and shorter than the sta- mens. Fruit a china white berry with a conspicuous purple-black eye ; the stems are thick and fleshy, and usually red. Forms with slender-stemmed white berries, and fleshy-stemmed red berries occasion- ally occur, but these are considered hybrids (Gray’s Manual, 6th edition). The Actewas are not honey flow- ers and the smaller bees (Halictus) visit them for pollen. — A stocky yellow-rooted perennial, send- Orangeroot : : y * Hydrastis ing up in spring a single clear green, Canadensis round, veiny root-leaf, lobed and toothed, Greenish and a hairy stem terminated by two small con. leaves, from the uppermost one of which springs an insignificant green-white flower scarcely $4 inch broad, with numerous stamens, 150 Red Baneberry Fruit of Actaea spicata var. pubra,, Actza alba. . BARBERRY FAMILY. Berberidacezx, about a dozen pistils, and no petals. Visited by the smaller bees and the beelike flies. The fruit asmall head of tiny red berries clustered like the lobes of araspberry. 1 foot high. In woods, southern N. Y., south to Ga., and west to Minn. and Mo. BARBERRY FAMILY. SBerberidacee, A family of shrubs and herbs with perfect flowers having one pistil, and as many stamens as petals (except Podophylium) arranged opposite each other. The flow- ers of the barberry are especially adapted to cross-fertili- zation; but other members of the family are self-fertilized, or cross-fertilized by the agency of insects, chiefly bees. Blue Cohosh An early woodland plant common in the or Papoose west, with generally but one compound Root leaf (at the top. of the long stem) three Caulophyllum times parted, the leaflets having 2-3 lobes; thalictroides 22% . Greenish, or ® Smaller similar leaf accompanies the yellowish flower-stalk. The whole plant is covered April-May with a white bloom when young.- The simple stem is terminated by a small cluster of yellow- green, or yellowish flowers 4 inch broad, with 6 petallike sepals, and 6 insignificant hood-shaped petals grouped closely about the central pistil. The stigma is receptive before the anthers are ripe, thus assuring cross-fertiliza- tion. Frequently visited by the early bumblebees, and bees of the family Andrenidew. The seeds berrylike and blue, in a loose cluster. 1-3 feet high. Rich woodlands from Me., south to 8. Car., west to 8. Dak. and Neb. A little plant when in flower, scarcely 8 hols ea inches tall, but attaining double that diphylla height later in the season when in fruit. White The single white flower, about an inch April-May broad, with 8 oblong flat petals, and half as many early-falling sepals, is a trifle like the bloodroot blossom, but lacks the latter’s delicacy and purity of color. The long-stemmed leaf is parted almost com-_ pletely into two angularly ovate lobes, whitish beneath. Finally (when fruiting) 15-18 inches high. "Woods, west ern N. Y., south to Tenn., and west to Wis. 152 blue seeds > cadet bursting of the ovary. § Groups in pairs showin after The fleshy.covered si | thalictroides, . um Caulophyll - Blue Cohosh. BARBERRY FAMILY. Berberidacez. ¢ A common, handsome woodland plant May Apple, or Matidrake remarkable for its large leaves which fre- Podophyllum quently measure a foot in diameter ; the a flowerless stem of the plant bears a leaf e with 7-9 lobes, peltate in character ; i. e., : renner May supported by the stem in the centre, as an umbrella. The May Apple has also been called Umbrella Leaf, and, in allusion to its peculiar lemonlike fruit, Wild Lemon. The flowering stalks bear two less symmetrical leaves, from between the stems of which droops the ill-smelling but handsome white flower nearly 2 inches broad ; it usually has 6 petals and twice as many stamens; it is without nectar, but is nevertheless cross-fertilized by the early bees and the bumblebees ; these collect the pollen. Prof. Robertson believes that the plant may be occa- sionally self-fertilized ; although the anthers do not reach out as far as the stigmas, they sometimes do touch the tip edge of the stigma. Fruit a large, fleshy, edible, lemon-shaped berry. Leaves and root poisonous, and medicinal. The plant is 12-18 inches high, and is com- mon in damp rich woods, from N. Y., west to Minn. and Neb., and south. Not in northern New England. A plant of the woodlands so common in spring about the neighborhood of Greater New York, seems con- spicuously and strangely absent in the vicinity of Bos- ton, where the Skunk Cabbage apparently takes its place. Mrs. Dana remarks that Podophyllum “ attracts one’s attention by the railways,” which is perfectly true of southern New York and New Jersey, but it does not apply to New England. The plant is found at Concord, Mass., but it was transplanted there ; in Vermont it is known only at a few stations, in New Hampshire it is rare if not absent, and in Maine, so far as my knowledge goes, it is quite unknown. F 154 XN he May Apple. Podophyllum peltatum. POPPY FAMILY. Papaveracee. POPPY FAMILY. Papaveracee. Herbs with a milky or yellow sap, and regular or ir- regular perfect flowers with 4-12 petals, generally two early-falling sepals, and many stamens. The irregular flowers spurred at the base of the petals. Fertilized mostly by bees. Fruit a dry capsule usually one-celled. Not honey-bearing flowers. . Bloodroot A most beautiful but fragile flower of Sanguinaria early spring, 1} inches broad, with gen- Canadensis erally 8 (rarely 12) brilliant white petals Pecks nay four of which alternating with the others are a trifle narrow, and impart a four- sided aspect to the full-blown blossom, The petals ex- pand flatly in the morning, and become erect toward late afternoon, and close by evening. The two sepals fall when the flower opens. The golden orange anthers mature after the two-lobed stigma, which is shrivelled when the pollen is ripe ; the outer stamens are somewhat shorter than the inner ones in the advanced flower, and the stigma is prominent in the new flower, so cross-fer- tilization is practically assured. The blossom attracts insects which gather pollen but find no honey, and its chief visitors are honeybees, bumblebees, the smaller bees of the genus Halictus, and the beelike flies (Bombylius). As the plant breaks through the ground in early April, the leaf is curled into a cylinder which encloses the budding flower; afterward the blossom | pushes upward beyond the leaf. Eventually the light blue-olive green leaf, generally with seven irregular shal- low lobes, is 6-10 inches broad. The dull orange-colored sap is acrid, astringent, and medicinal in quality. Fruit- capsule elliptical-oblong with many light yellow-brown seeds. Plant finally about 10 inches high. Common everywhere on the borders of rich woods shaded road- sides, and copses. Celandine A western woodland species with yellow poppy sit , ‘ Stylophorum JC®s deeply lobed light green leaves slen Giphytinin der-stemmed and smooth, and with small Golden yellow four-petaled poppylike golden yellow April-May flowers one inch broad, solitary, or 2-3 in - : 156 ————— —— ‘ ea eee — ~s \ \ ‘ \ Ww Wo iy \ : ‘ - a n CWA : NS Bloodroot, Blo Celandine Poppy. Sanguinaria Canadensis. Stylophorum diphyllum. POPPY FAMILY. Papaveracee. a terminal cluster. Fertilized mainly by the smaller bees. The ovoid seed-pod hairy. Thetwo sepals falling early. 12-16 inches high. In low damp woods, from western Pa., west to Tenn., Mo., and Wis. Found near St. Libory, St. Clair Co., IL Eelandine A common weed naturalized from Chelidonium Europe, and found usually in or about the majus eastern towns. The leaves are somewhat Deep yellow — similar to those of the preceding species, Mey ANEOS: i: ht lustreless green, smooth, and orna- ight lus ss gree a mentally small-lobed. The small deep yellow flower (with four petals), $ inch broad or less, has a prominent green style, and many yellow stamens. The plant has a strong yellow sap. 1-2 feet high. Common in waste places eastward. Found in Cambridge, Mass., and Ply- mouth, N. H. A yellow poppy with prickly thistlelike Prickly Poppy joaves, very light green and smooth with Argemone 2 aaa Mexicana a slight whitish bloom, commonly culti- Yellow vated, and escaped to roadsides and waste —" “Septem- places; a native of Mexico. Flowers t i ' Dalibarda repens. ROSE FAMILY. Rosacez. hadatiavees A bristly hairy-stemmed plant common Binuek in low grounds and on the borders of low Virginianum damp woods, with flowers and leaves simi- Cream white lar to those of the preceding species. The Bay -vuly; stem very stout. The flower has incon- spicuous cream white petals which roll backward. Common over the same territory. A slightly hairy species with compound Geum strictum lower leaves, the leaflets wedge-shaped Golden yellow _. : . July-August With round tips, the upper leaves with 3-5 leaflets irregular, oblong, and acute. Flowers golden yellow. Fruit-receptacle downy. Moist meadows Me., south to N. J., west to Kan., Neb., and S. Dak. erels Avene An aquatic or marsh species, with lyre- Geum rivale Sbaped root-leaves, and irregular com- Brownish pound upper leaves ; the stem-leaves few, purple and three-lobed. The nodding flowers July-August = }rownish or rusty purple, with obovate petals terminating with aclaw. 2feet high, Bogs and wet meadows, Me., south to N. J., west to Minn. and Mo. . Leinnistiitns An exceedingly pretty and graceful but RR rare avens, with a decorative, deeply cut Geum triflorum leaf, and a ruddy flower-stalk generally Dullcrimson- bearing three ruddy flowers with scarcely res opened acute, erect calyx-lobes. The May-July re os . fruit is daintily plumed with gray feathery hairs, about an inch long. 6-12 inches high. Dry or rocky soil. Me., west to Minn., south to Mo. This is a dwarf species with smooth anon: stem and showy pure yellow flowers quite Yellow an inch broad, which is found on Mt. July-early Washington, and other high peaks in the popremiver north. The ornamental roundish leaves are nearly smooth — except the veins. Also on the high mountains of N. Car. 194 Avens. Geum triflorum. - Geum radiatum var Peckii, ROSE FAMILY. Rosacez. - Our commonest wild strawberry, at Wild Virgini é Sibawtercy * home in the rough dry pasture lands of Fragaria the north and south. Rather broad, Virginiana coarsely toothed leaflets, blunt-tipped, and White hairy. The flower-stalk not longer than April-June the leaves, and with spreading hairs. The flower has many orange-yellow stamens offset by the five round white petals. The scarlet fruit is ovoid, and the tiny seeds are imbedded in pits over the surface. 3-6 inches high. Common throughout our range; gen- erally in fields. The name from the Latin fraga, fragrant. : A slender species with thin leaflets which sahil are more ovate and less wedge-shaped - Strawberry than those of the other species, and have Fragaria _ silk-silvery hairs on the under side. The onlay scarlet fruit is more conical, and the seeds ite . fs . . May-July are borne, not in pits, but upon the shining, smooth surface. The sepals are reflexed or turned backward from the fruit. This species is remark- able for its very long, delicate runners. 3-6 inches high. In rocky woodlands and pastures. From N. Eng., N. J., and Pa., west. Until recently both these very distinct species were in- cluded under one title; but the types are easily distin- guished apart, even by the leaves, and the fruit is certainly conspicuously different. Of the two species .Fragaria Virginiana is certainly the commoner, at least in central New Hampshire; both are deserving of the name Fragaria, for nothing is more deliciously fragrant than a basketful of the wild berries, - 196 | American Wild Virginia Strawberry. | Wood Strawberry: Fragaria Virginica. Fragaria Americana. { ( r j de a - ROSE FAMILY. Rosacee. ¢ A weedy plant differing from the com- ela mon cinquefoil by an eatremely hairy stem Potentilla and leaf; the latter is composed also of Norvegica three leaflets instead of five, and it slightly Yellow suggests the strawberry leaf. The five can = not very conspicuous petals are somewhat September y P P i isolated in the green setting of the flower, which is very leafy in character. There are 15-20 sta- mens. 12-30 inches high. In dry or waste ground, from Me., south to 8. Car., and west. The name is from potent for the plant’s reputed medicinal powers. Rough-fruited A similar stout plant, with a character- Cinquefoil istically rough, horned seed-vessel. The Potentilla recta five rather narrow leaflets are deep green, each very hairy beneath, and slightly so above. Semester The flowers are pure yellow, and # inch broad; the petals are much larger than the lobes of the calyx (flower-envelop), which is the reverse of the case with the Norway cinquefoil. Erect, 1-2 feet high, Adventive from Europe, and in the vicinity of old gardens and waste grounds. Me., south to Va., and west to Mich. Found at Exeter, Penobscot Co., Me. A small species remarkable for its sil- ripen A very character. The leaflets are dark Potentilla green above and silver white beneath. argentea The stem is also covered with the silky Yellow white wool, beneath which appears the Piet sat! 8 pale terra-cotta tint of its surface. The five wedge-shaped, narrow leaflets are rolled back at the edge, and quite deeply cut. The pure yellow flowers are rather small, and loosely clustered at the ends of the branches. 5-12 incheslong. Indry and sterile fields, or sandy soil, Me., south to N. J., and west to the Daks. - 198 wee Aes \ Oo Nt AgZZs LE Potentilla Norvegica. ROSE FAMILY. Rosacee. A dwarf Alpine species found on the A eg summits of the White Mountains, rather AS a soft-hairy when young, but smooth later, June-August 4nd with three coarsely toothed leaflets, deep green and somewhat broad. The small yellow flowers are slender-stemmed and generally solitary. 1-3 inches high. Found about the Lake of the Clouds and elsewhere on Mt. Washington. Poten- tilla tridentata, also found on Mt. Wash- Potentilia ington and Mt. Wachusett, is less dwarfed, tridentata ‘ White but low-growing. The three leaflets are June-August coarsely three-toothed at the tip, smooth and thick. The flowers are white. 1-10 inches high. Coast of Mass., northward, and shores of the upper Great Lakes. This is the only purple-flowered five. finger and it is therefore readily distin- guished from the others, The reddish Marsh Five- finger or Pur- ple Cinquefoil Potentilla stem is stout, mostly smooth, and a trifle palustris. woody at the base. The leaves have from Magenta-= 5-7 leaflets which are blunt-tipped, and sharp-toothed. The rather pretty flowers are magenta-purple within and pale or greenish without, through the influence of the some- what longer green sepals ; the blossom is nearly one inch broad, and its petals are pointed. 6-20 inches long. In swamps and cold bogs, from Me., south to N. J., and west to Cal. purple. June-August This is indeed a shrubby species with a sib nearly erect stems, tan brown in color, Me ae ae and quite leafy; the bark is inclined to fruticosa peel off in shreds. The leaves are entirely eat different from those of the other species ; Sisteaab “ they are toothless, olive yellow-green, with 5-7 lance-shaped leaflets whose edges curve backward. They are silky hairy. The deep yel- low flowers, with rounded petals are generally an inch broad. 1-2 feet high. It is a troublesome weed in N., Y., western Vt., Mass., and parts of the west. Swamps and wet places, Me., south to N. J., and west. 200 re er ae a Pas 1 = Leaf ' of Potentilla fruticosa. Potentilla||tridentata. Purple Cinquefoil. Potentilla palustris, ROSE FAMILY. Rosacez sr te The silverweed is decoratively beautiful, Potentilla and is remarkable for its very silky hairs Usieerina which cover the under side of the leaves ; Yellow the latter are tansylike with about 7-23 May- sharp-toothed leaflets, The yellow flowers September are solitary. Stem 1-3 feet long. In salt marshes and on wet meadows, from Me., south to N. J., and west to Neb. Common on the beaches of Lake Champlain. The commonest of all the five-fingers, often wrongly called wild strawberry, Five-finger or Cinquefoil : ‘ Fotentiila with pure yellow flowers about 4 inch simples broad. It decorates meadow and pasture, Yellow fertile and sterile grounds, and weaves its Apa Agee embroidery over the stony and barren roadside. Its five deep green, shiny, long-stalked leaf- lets are sharply toothed, firm, and smooth, altogether harder in character than the three strawberry leaflets. The whole plant is generally smooth, but sometimes thinly hairy. Flowers solitary, fertilized mostly by the flies of the genus Syrphide. Runners 6-20 inches long. Common everywhere in the north. From southern Me., N. H., Vt., and N. Y., west to Minn. The common similar form (or species) is Potentilla Canadensis, which is fine-woolly over the stems, and does not creep over the ground so characteristically as P. simplex. A most common weed with a glandular- teas hairy simple stem, and compound leaves Eupatoria with a hairy stalk ; spicy odored when var. hirsuta crushed. The usually seven bright green, Benen: many - ribbed ovate leaflets coarsely June-August toothed; the interposed tiny leaflets are ovate and toothed; there are generally three pairs occupying the spaces between the larger lateral leaflets. The slender spikes of five-petaled yellow flowers with orange anthers are not showy. The seeds are sticky and adhere to one’s clothing. 2-4 feet or more high. Com- mon on the borders of woods and in thickets. Me., south to N. Car.,and west. Found on the roadside near the Profile House, Franconia Notch, N. H. 202 ites A\y NS A SQ) | » a SS > SSN Agrimone. ie Cinquefoil. AgrimoniaEupatoriavachirsuta. Potentilla simplex. ROSE FAMILY. Rosacez. A comparatively thornless wild rose, Smooth Rose with usually 5-7 blunt or round-tipped sen blanda Jeaflets rather short-stalked, and pale be- June-July neath ; simply toothed. Rarely there are a few straight slender prickles upon the smooth stem which is usually covered with a slight bloom, The pale crimson-pink flowers are nearly 3 in- ches broad and are solitary or in small clusters. The fruit is either globular or pear-shaped with persisting sepals. 2-4 feet high. On rocky, moist ground, New- foundland to Vt. and northern N. J., and west to IIL, S. Dak., and the region of the Great Lakes. Rosa is the ancient name of the rose. Swamp Rose __ A very bushy species, extremely decora- Rosa Carolina tive in character, armed rather sparingly Pink with stout hooked spines. The 5-9 olive June-August green leaflets sharp-toothed, long-stalked, and the stalk bordered with very narrow somewhat toothed stipules (leafy formations); the leaflets either blunt or sharp-tipped. The small clusters of flowers succeeded by showy, globular, red fruit which some- times sheds its withered sepals. The pale crimson-pink flowers 2-3 inches broad. Largely fertilized by bees. 2-7 feet high. Common in swamps and low ground everywhere. Found at Sankaty Head, Nantucket. A low species with generally lustrous D f Wild tee green leaves of from 3-7 oval leaflets Rosa lucida coarsely and simply toothed ; the stipules Pink (compare with species above) are narrow June-July and flaring. A marked characteristic of this rose is the glandular-hairy globose fruit, stem, and lobed sepals; before maturity this condition is quite marked. The spines are wide at the base and rather straight or very slightly curved ; the stems are mostly a ruddy madder brown. Flowers a pale or deeper crim- son-pink, in small clusters, generally very few together. The-commoner rose of N. J. and Pa. 1-5 feet high. In moist situations. Me., south to Ga., and west to Wis. Wild Swamp Rose. Rosa Carolina. \ this I ann, * Wp [Mn y 7 Spines of Rosa lucida, Smooth Rose. Rosa blanda. ~ROSE FAMILY. Rosacex. A questionable species so closely con- nected with Rosa lucida, that intergrading types prevent a satisfactory separation of the two. Under the name Rosa humilis lucida (Rosa lucida of Gray’s Manual, sixth ed.), the rose of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and the west is described by Brit- ton and Brown as having thick shining leaves with broad stipules, and numerous flowers. Under Rosa humilis, the description embraces a narrow, toothless stipule, usually five leaflets, thin and somewhat shining, few or solitary flowers, a glandular-hairy calyx and stem, and sepals commonly lobed. This is a wild rose of the northeast, - Pasture Rose Rosa huniilis Northeastern ae i z Rose limited to that section lying between Mas- Rosa nitida sachusetts and Newfoundland. It is char- Pink acterized by a stem thickly crowded with June-July bristly prickles, and spines scarcely stouter. The 5-9 leaflets are ovate pointed, shining green, and sharply toothed; the stipules are broad. Flowers pale pink, solitary, or very few in a cluster; the fruit is globu- lar, and the sepals are not lobed. A low species rarely over 20 inches high, On the borders of swamps. The wild rose or eglantine of the poets, Sweetbrier : é Rosarubiginosa adventive from Europe. It is remarkable Pink for its sweet-scented foliage which is rem- vuneJaly iniscent of the fragrance of green apples, and for its long, arching stems, which are beautiful with compactly set clusters of pure pink. bloom. The very small 5-7 leaflets are double-toothed, roundish, deep green above, and lighter colored beneath, where they are resinous, and aromatic when crushed ; the leaves are also characteristically glandular-hairy. The somewhat small flowers are pink, or pale creamy pink, and clus- tered along the main stem upon short stalks. The de- cidedly recurved spines and the stem are madder brown when old. 4-6 feet high. Common everywhere from Tenn. and Va., northward. Another foreign species, Rosa canina, but slightly separated from Rosa rubigi- mnosa, has usually simply toothed leaves which are not so odorous. Common in the valley of the Delaware. 206 ’ , f . | in, Ne Ws /d WATE Wig Tt ees : WALT — re y iz 9 pie : Tn => ane IP ‘Za . WS / am / SS / : SS : Wad Vee ys wiv Tay Go = RO a. Sweetbrier Rosa pubiginosa. PULSE FAMILY. Leguminose. PULSE FAMILY. Leguminose. A very large family of food-producing plants, with butterflylike flowers, and alternate, usually compound leaves, generally without teeth. The flowers are perfect and are borne singly or in spikes; they are fertilized largely by bees and butterflies. A smooth and slender plant with deep Wild Indigo gray-green, triple leaves of wedge-shaped Baptisia tinctoria leaflets covered with a slight bloom ; they Yellow are almost stemless. The small pealike June-August }Jossoms are pure yellow, and terminate the many branches of the upright stem. The flowers are visited by the butterflies and the Syrphid flies, but the honeybee, the leaf-cutter bee Megachile, and the bees of the genus Halictus are probably the most effi- cient agents of cross-fertilization. The plant grows with a bushy luxuriance in favorable situations, and has a most remarkable habit of turning black upon wither- ing. 18-28inches high. In dry sandy soil everywhere. Not in central N. H., but common at Nantucket. Found at Pownal, Vt. A beautiful, tall, western species, with Satie sa pale green smooth stem, light green Baptisia wedge-shaped, short-stalked triple leaves, australis and loose flower-clusters, sometimes 10 Light violet inches long, of light, dull violet blossoms eae taccd quite 1 inch long, of a soft, zesthetic hue. The peapodlike fruit is tipped with a spur. Plant 3-6 feet high. On rich alluvial soil, western Pa., south to Ga., and west to Mo. Quite handsome in cultivation. The rattlebox, so named because the Races seeds rattle about in the boxlike, inflated, sagittalis sepia-black pods, has oval pointed leaves, Yellow toothless, and nearly stemless, growing June-August a)ternately along the bending stem. The yellow flowers are scarcely } inch long. The stems and edges of the leaves are soft-hairy. 4-12 inches high, In dry sandy soil everywhere, but not very common, 208 - 4 3 Re Baptisia Vee ==) tinctoria. 1 Blue False Indigo. Baptisia australis. PULSE FAMILY. Leguminosae. This is one of our most charming so- Blue Lupine called blue wild flowers ; but it rings all Lupinus perennis the changes on violet and purple, and Violet scarcely touches. blue. The pealike blos- May-June som has violet or deep purple wings and a light violet hood veined with blue-violet. Rarely the sweet-scented flowers are magenta-pink or even white. The horse-chestnutlike leaf has generally eight narrow, light green leaflets. Stem and long-stalked leaves are generally fine-hairy, and frequently show a few touches of purple-red through the green. The flower-spike is quite showy, and pinkish early in the bud. Fertilized by bees. 1-2 feet high. In sandy fields everywhere. A naturalized species of clover, origi-