4 e ra a ” ae Tay "ls 1) ‘ “4 rate “4 i fee on Migerlhs RN ai tah ig 4 a re f pbs Ha ie Aiivt oti a mags paren x, pan : i AT) y at ee i: Hae 1t laa SBS Ratan Within Peli ieris foe tht bid Cy eelt bh oh 2 - : re ” pets pennies a ‘ nett F i afgrapaes : ye ei) tr} fro Do partes! : =f sae Y ee } ‘pit bt as St hi et See a twlwatl yeh a Terry veil Ne we PLATE I Papilio cresphontes FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THOSE OF NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES, AIMING TO ANSWER COMMON QUESTIONS By FRANK EM LUTZ, Be oy CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY, AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged With about Soo Illustrations, Many in Color G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS NEW YORK AND LONDON Ube Knickerbocker Press 1921 Qae” i* a" CoPyYRIGHT, 1918 BY FRANK E. LUTZ COPYRIGHT, 1921 BY FRANK E. LUTZ The study of entomology is one of the most fascinating of pursuits. It takes its votaries into the treasure-houses of Nature, and explains some of the wonderful series of links which form the great chain of creation. It lays open before. us another world, of which we have been hitherto unconscious, and shows us that the tiniest insect, so small perhaps that the unaided eye can scarcely see it, has its work to do in the world, and does it. OCT 29 1921 Rev. J. G. Woon. OC. A630046 Printed in the United States of America / { Gal PREFACE CHS 31 Och. I am glad to have this opportunity of thanking those who have kindly responded to the request made on page 523 for criticisms and suggestions. As far as seemed practicable, they have been acted upon in this edition. All typographical errors that have been noticed in the body of the book are now corrected and new matter has been _ putin the appendix. In addition to short notes ona variety of subjects, there is an extensive key for determining the order to which an insect, adult or immature, belongs, a key to the fam- ilies of beetles, another to wild bees, and notes to help in the identification of caterpillars. The Field Book of Insects was intended for individuals, but so many teachers have used it in their classes that it may not be amiss to indicate a pedagogical point of view that influenced the choice of material. Certain families or groups of species were selected in each of the important orders for more detailed attention on the theory that it is well to ‘know a little about many things and much about a few.’’ In beetles, for example, a general survey is given of the order and the Long-horns received an “unfair” amount of space; in the True Flies it is the Syrphide and the various House Flies; in Hymenoptera it is the Bumble Bees; and in ili PREFACE. Lepidoptera it is the Butterflies (exclusive of Skippers) and the Saturnid Moths. I have found that such a combination of general and special study has been very profitable and I hope that teachers—those in regular classes as well as those in such organizations as the Boy Scouts, the Woodcraft League, and the Agassiz Associ- ation—may find it equally so. The groups given more detailed treatment were selected partly on the basis of general interest and partly because their study did not involve technicalities that would be likely to discourage the amateur. The request for suggestions tending to make the book more interesting and more heipful to you still stands and is sincere. FRANK E. LutTz., ° iv CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Collecting and Dreservine laeeehe The Control of Injurious Insects CHIEFLY ABOUT SPIDERS INSECTS The Most Demaitive fhagact’ May-flies (Plectoptera) Dragon-flies (Odonata) . Stone-flies (Plecoptera) . : Dobson-flies, etc. (Megaloptera) Ant-lions, Aphis-lions, etc. (Neuroptera) . Scorpion-flies (Mecoptera) Caddis-flies (Trichoptera) Earwigs (Dermaptera) Roaches, Grasshoppers, etc. (Ortopter White Ants (/soptera) Book and Bark Lice Giedeniiny,) Biting Bird Lice (Mallophaga) True Lice (Siphunculaia) Thrips (Thysanoptera) . _ Cicadas, etc. (Homoptera) True Bugs (Heteroptera) Butterflies and Moths (Lepidopter) True Flies (Diptera) Fleas (Suctoria) Beetles (Coleoptera) Stylopids (Strepsiptera) . Wasps, Bees, Ants, etc. (Hymenoptera) Galls . ‘ ApPpENpIx: Additions an eens INDEX: Habitat and Plant s ‘ ‘ Entomological . f z COLORED ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGE PLATE I.—Papilio cresphonies . . Frontispiece PLATE X.—Heterina americana; Calepieryx maculata; Perithemis domitia; and Libellula pulchella . PLATE XVII.—Stagmomantts carolina and a Phasmid (Manomera) PLATE XIX.—Dissosteira carolina; Pterophylla camellifolia; inert SEEEOEE CEcanthus; and Panchlora d : : PLATE XXIII.—Fulgora; Scolops sulcipes; a young cereopid in its “spittle”; Acanalonia bivittaia; Graphocephala coccinea; Ceresa bubalus and its egg-scars; Thelia bimaculata; Archasia belfragei; Entylia sinuata; and Telamona ampelopsidis PLATE XXVII.—Anosia plexippus; Basilarchia arthemis; and Basilarchta archippus . s PLaTE XXVIII.—Eupioteta claudia; Argynnis cybele; Argynnis aphrodite; and Argynnis idalia PLATE XXXIII.—Lycena comyntas; Lycena ladon; Chrysophanus hypophleus; Feniseca tarquinius; _Thecla melinus; Thecla damon; Libythea bachmanti; and Calephelis borealis : \ PLATE XXXVI.—Papilio turnus; Papilio glaucus; Papilio troilus; Benne PRS and Papilio philenor : : : : PLATE XXXVIII.—Hemaris thysbe; Deilephila lineata; Ampelophagus myron; and Pholus pan- dorus : : : - : vii 44 64 12 86 116 118 132 140 148 COLORED ILLUSTRATIONS, FACING PAGE PLatE XLIII.—Actias luna : 5 PLATE XLV.—Automeris 40 and Dryocampa rubicunda . PLATE XLIX.—Haploa clymene; Utetheisa bella; Ista isabella; Estigmene acrea; Diacrisia virginica; A pantests nais; and Euchetias egle PLATE LIII.—Catocala_ relicta; Catocala cara; Catocala vidua; and Catocala ultronia PLATE LIX.—Thyridopteryx ephemereformis; Euclea chloris; Sibine stimulea; and Harrisina americana PLATE LXVI.—Odontomyia cincta; Tabanus mi- grovittatus; Chrysopila thoracica; Anthrax lateralis; Bombylius major; Pstlopodinus patibulatus; Syrphus americanus; Volucella evecta; Bombyliomyia abrupta; and Milesia virginiensis . PLATE LXX.—WMusca domestica; Stomoxys calcitrans; Chrysomyta macellaria; Calliphora vomitoria; Lucilia cesar; Sarcophaga hemorrhoidalis; and Drosophila melanogaster . PLATE LXXIII.—Cicindela sexguttata; Cicindela generosa; Lebia grandis; Calosoma calidum; Calo- soma scrutator; Platynus cupripennis; Agonoderus pallipes; and Brachinus fumans PLATE LXXV.—Silpha noveboracensis; Necrophorus marginatus; Creophilus villosus; Tachinus jfimbriatus; a staphylinid larva; Megilla fus- cilabris; Coccinella g-notata; Adalia bipunctata; Hippodamia convergens; Anatis 15-punctata; and Epilachne borealis . Vili 160 162 168 180 248 272 286 296 eee a _— na agli: BIE Ltn ye 4 ee ee COLORED ILLUSTRATIONS. FACING PLATE LXXXI.—Phaneus carnifex; Cotalpa lanigera, Allorhina nitida; Desmocerus palliatus; Saperda candida; Cyllene robinie; Chrysochus auratus; and Galerucella luteola : PLATE LX XXIII.—Crioceris asparagi; Lema tri- lineata; Leptinotarsa 10-lineata; Diabrotica 12- punctata; Diabrotica vittaia; Phyllotreta vittata; Chalepus rubra; larva of Cassida bivittata; and , Cobtocycla bicolor PLATE XC.—Mutilla occidentalis; Elis 5-cincta; Chrysis ceruleans; Eumenes fraternus; Odynerus birentmaculatus; Monobia quadridens; Vespa crabro; Vespa communis; and Vespa mucuiata PLATE XCII.—Psammochares atrox; Sceliphron cementarium; Chalybion ceruleum,; Chlorion tch- * neumonea; Sphex (incorrectly spelled on plate) urnaria; Bembex spinole; Cerceris clypeata; Sphecius speciosus; and Crabro . PLATE XCIV.—Bombus impatiens; Bombus ter- narius; Bombus pennsylvanicus; Xylocopa vir- gintca; Nomada luteola; and Agapostemon radiatus e ° e ° ° e e PAGE 332 364 424 434 450 Prats II Glowiuy) fo sairadg Burary paqirsag fo ssquiny) payowrtysg ay 00Sh sjoMMoy : te ooo's Suviqiuduiy gsayidey ‘ = Ld o00's 0020\o1g Sb abs AGY}O (I a oO sairede fo ‘ saqun\y 000g oOpiuyrs0iy a 000'2 SWl0M _ = spasuy fo sorede 0008 deo0\snI4 fo sasquin\) a 000'¢) Spiig = 00°F! Sausi4 woe 0000S sySn))oW a ee G00'00% $428SU] A ae Be eS a aa ee INTRODUCTION Ten years ago I felt sure that there was little excuse for additional general ento- mologies. The market seemed full of popular, semi- _ popular and unpopular books, each apparently attempting the impossible—the covering of a boundless field. Since then a hundred, or more, new works on the subject have appeared and lo! here is still another because, in the meantime, it has been my privilege to come in rather close contact with the laity, having been the official answerer of all sorts of questions from ‘‘ How much isa moth worth?” to ‘Why are bedbugs?’”’ I take this opportunity of taking up some of the intermediate points. Why? When the publishers of this series spoke about a Field Book of Insects, to be a companion to the excellent books already published, we began to deal with the arithmetic of large numbers. There are, for example, approximately 15,000 species of insects to be found within fifty miles of New York City; more than 2,000 of these are either moths or butterflies. A book to enable the student to recognize all the insects of even this limited region would have to be as large as one for the birds for the whole world. The accompanying diagrams may win some sympathy for entomologists and at the same time indicate the inexhaustible field for study offered by insects. However, only a small portion of these thousands are usually noticed by the layman or, outside of his speciality, by the average amateur, and generally the interest is not so much in knowing the specific Mame as in learning the general group to which the insect belongs and what it does. This constitutes a general knowledge of insects; to go further, in most groups, one must become a specialist. This book refers, by specific name, to about 1400 different kinds of insects inhabiting ‘the United States and nearly 600 of these are illustrated by one or more figures. If the selections were as wisely made as we hope they were, the non-specialist should be able, by its aid, to recognize, at least in a general way, I What ? FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. Families Genera Species Thysanura 2 18 4I Ephemerida I 13 2g Plecoptera I 14 25 Mallophaga 4 14 100 Isoptera I I I Corrodentia I 17 39 Platyptera I 3 9 Neuroptera | 6 22 4I Mecoptera I ral II Trichoptera 7 30 56 Odonata 2 43 109 Thysanoptera I 6 i2 Parasitica I 3 13 Homoptera II 149 479 Hemiptera 23 205 504 Dermoptera I 5 5, | Orthoptera 6 58 I 54. Coleoptera iy 1,079 3,092 Lepidoptera 48 715 2,120 : Hymenoptera 81 541 1,980 Siphonoptera I 4 4 Diptera 53 542 1,661 Totals : 331 3,486 10,385 The Number of Insects in New Jersey, as recorded in Smith’s List. The classification differs somewhat from the one used here. INTRODUCTION. most of the insects which attract his attention and to find the answer to most of the questions he is tempted to ask the specialist. It is not intended to be a manual of economic entomology although most of our relatively few injurious insects are included. It is intended to be an introductory field book to commonly observed species and the larger groups of insects. Although the species mentioned are, for the most part, inhabitants of north- eastern United States, many of them have a wide distri- bution in this country and some of them even in other continents. I hope, therefore, and especially since the generalities are more important than concrete illustrations, that this little book may be useful to laymen ‘‘wherever dispersed.’’ You can provide your own concréte illus- trations, once you have the general idea. I have been governed in the choice of subject matter, not so much by what I think ought to be in a book on insects as by what the public seem to want to know, judging by the letters received and personal inquiries made at an institution whose motto is ‘‘ For the people, for education, for science.”’ Really the title might be Answers to Common Questions about Insects. We are, all of us, immensely indebted to those who have gone before us. The mass of knowledge about insects, great in reality but small in comparison with our ignorance, has been accumulated, bit by bit, by the laboring man in his Sunday strolls and by the highly trained investigator. Much of this has been told over and over; none of us can hope to prove all of the statements. I have drawn freely on books and papers, tco numerous to mention, for facts which I did not pre- viously know—some of which I have already forgotten. This book is frankly a compilation and will be useful in proportion to the skill with which the selections were made and put together. The new illustrations, about 700, have been made by Mrs. E. L. Beutenmiiller, largely from specimens in the American Museum of Natural ' History; and those concerned with collecting methods and galls are copied from papers published by that institu- tion, which has also kindly permitted me to use much of 3 Thanks FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. its time in the work. I thank, also, the following friends and associates for helpful suggestions and criticisms: H. G. Barber, concerning Hemiptera; J. Bequaert, Dip- tera and Hymenoptera; Wm. T. Davis, Odonata and Orthoptera; E. P. Felt, galls; C. W. Leng and A. J. Mutchler, Coleoptera; F. E. Watson, Lepidoptera; and Herbert F. Schwarz, who kindly acted as a “lay erttic,’”* ; At the afore-mentioned institution we were once severely criticized by an excitable visiting school-marm because we had labeled a number of exhibition specimens with their scientific names but had neglected to give English names to them. I had been trying, for some time, an interesting experiment on several children with whom I had been rather intimately associated (they were my own). The first move was to — tell one of them that the name of a certain burly bee she saw in the garden was Bombus. About a week later there were near-tears because a neighbor insisted it was a Bumble-bee. Matters were smoothed over by explaining that Bombus was the real name for such bees and Bumble- bee was a nickname. There are thousands of kinds of native-born, United States insects which have been really- named but not nicknamed. I have made an effort in this book to record the real names correctly and have given the nicknames when I knew them; when I did not, I usually have left you the pleasure of inventing new ones. * Often real names are no longer or harder than the “‘com- mon’’ names. An insect is considered to be christened when some student, who has found a kind which he thinks has never been named, publishes a description of it and gives it a properly formed name. If somebody had previously named the same kind, the prior name usually holds. There is a complicated code governing the matter, and the changing of scientific names, which has so worried many readers, is caused by the discovery and rectification of violations of this code. The shaking-down process is painful but ultimate stability is hoped for and, withal, I feel sure that the ‘‘real’’ names are better\ than the best nicknames, About Names TAXONOMY. Clearly some system of filing is necessary in order to keep track of the hundreds of thousands of insect names. A business man keeps his reference cards or letters in groups and sub-groups. As his business grows he not only adds new groups but he breaks up the old groups into finer divisions. It is the same way with the arrangement (taxonomy) of insects. Formerly nine major groups (“‘Orders’’) were enough for insects, the ‘‘Class’’ of animals with six legs. The latest works divide insects into several Classes and there are nearly forty Orders. Not to make it too complicated, we will follow a moderate course and consider all insects as belonging to one Class, which is divided into about two dozen Orders. Flies, in the strict sense, have no more than two wings and belong to the ‘“‘two-winged’’ Order (Diptera); the Order to which butterflies and moths belong is Lepidoptera; that to which beetles belong is Coleoptera; and so on. Orders are divided into ‘‘sub- orders’’ and these into ‘“families.’” Lady-bird beetles belong to the family Coccinelidz, while carpet beetles are Dermestide. Family names always end in de and sub- family names in ne. The next division which need concern us is ‘‘genus’’; and then “species.” The names of ‘these divisions are the ones ordinarily used. The generic name should always be written with a capital and the specific with a small initial letter; they are usually printed in italics. Bumble-bees are Bombus; a common species is Bombus pennsylvanicus. Some species have varieties; for example: one of our beautiful butterflies is Papilio glaucus variety turnus. This system is more than a pure matter of convenience; it aims to point out relationships. The species of a given genus are supposed to be more closely related to each other than they are to the species of other genera of the same family, and the different genera of a given family are believed to be more closely related to each other than to those of other families of the same order and so on. The technical entomologist will notice that the arrange- ment of our text does not follow absolutely any one of the arrangements with which he is familiar. This liberty was taken because it was believed that certain deviations would 2. The System FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. be more convenient for the layman,—a liberty somewhat to be pardoned by reason of the fact that few technical books agree among themselves. Brues and Melander’s Key to the Families of North American Insects is the best, recent, detailed treatment of the subject. Much against my inclination, I have given measurements in inches. This has made it necessary to use various fractions and these are awkward things to get at on ordinary rules. In using measurements, it must be remembered that there is considerable variation in the size of the same species and, even where upper and lower limits are given, these limits may be overstepped by exceptional individuals or by many individuals in exceptional seasons or localities. In those illustrations which are not natural size, the aver- age size of the insect is usually indicated by a line near the figure. Concerning Measurements Thus early be it said that insects do not grow after they have attained wings. Small, winged flies do not grow to be large, winged flies even though the same kitchen window frequently contains all sizes. There are two main sorts of life histories, called respectively Incomplete and Complete Metamorphosis. Insects having the first kind, grasshoppers for example, look, when they leave the eggs, more or less like minia- tures of the adults except that they have no wings even if the adults have. Insects of the second sort may be as different, when they hatch, from the adult as a caterpillar is from a butterfly, and they usually go through a resting (pupal) stage before they get wings. Young insects may be said to grow by leaps and bounds, not gradually. They are largely covered, like lobsters, by a shell which will not stretch. All the flesh is inside of this shell, and when the quantity of this flesh gets too large the shell splits, usually down the back; the insect emerges, swells out, and his new skin again hardens by reason of the chitin it contains. This process is repeated several times before adult life is reached. The number of molts is usually very definite for each species and sometimes an Growth 6 ANATOMY. insect, so starved that it has not largely increased its flesh, will, nevertheless, carry on its accustomed molts. In the case of winged inszcts having incomplete meta- morphosis, the developiny wings show as pads several stages before the adult. In those having complete meta- morphosis, even the fud-grown larve have no external indication of wings; these appear externally after the molt which results in the papa and, when the pupa molts, out steps the winged adult. The Inside Mention has been made of the hard (‘‘chitinized’’) skins of insects: it is their skeleton and their muscles are attached to it. In man, the blood is sent to the lungs for a load of oxygen which it then carries to the tissues. Insects do things more directly; air is conducted to all parts of the body by means of a system of tubes called trachee. This system usually has a-number of outside openings (spiracles) placed along each side of the body, but there is none on the head. Insects do not breathe through their mouths. Blood completely fills the body cavity and is kept in motion by means of a ‘“‘heart’’ which is merely a pulsating tube open at both ends. The central nervous system is a double, longitudinal series of ganglia connected, one with another, by cords. There is no brain, strictly speaking, for the ganglia in the thorax seem to be about as important as those in the head. Nerves run from each ganglion to nearby parts of the body. Most insects seem to smell by means of their antenne and some to hear with the same organs, but the location of ‘‘ears,’’ if ‘‘ears’’ exist, is various and not always known. The Outside All insects are divided into three parts: head, thorax and abdomen. In some larve these parts are not distinctly marked off, but usually there will be no difficulty in recognizing the head. The thorax bears the wings, if any, and the true legs, if any. No insect ever has more than three pairs of true legs, and no other creatures which the amateur is likely to notice and confuse with insects have as few as three pairs of legs. The part of the thorax which bears 7 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. the front legs is called the prothorax; the middle legs are on the mesothorax; and the hind legs, on the metathorax. The top is called the notum and the under side the sternum. We have, then, “‘pronotum,” ‘‘prosternum,’’ and so on. The abdomen is the part of the body back of the thorax. — In many larve, such as ordinary caterpillars, the abdomen may have leg-like, fleshy props or claspers, and in many adult insects there are ‘“‘caudal’’ appendages of one sort or another at the hind end of the abdomen. Going from the thorax outwards, the principal parts of the legs are coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus. The tarsus is usually made up of several joints and usually ends in one or more claws. ‘The first joint of the tarsus is sometimes - much larger than its companions and is called metatarsus or basitarsus. The big joints of the leg are the tibia and femur. The trochanter is small and sometimes two- jointed. The coxa usually looks like a small part of the thorax. An insect’s jaws chew, if they do chew, sideways, not up and down. The mouth parts are subject to.a ~_ great deal of modification and in some groups, instead of biting, they pierce and suck. ‘Typically, there are two sets of jaws: mandibles and maxille. The latter are usually the more delicate and are furnished with a pair of feeler-like structures called palps. The lower lip (labium) also has a pair of palps. These two sets of palps are supposed to be tasting organs. The eyes are of two sorts: compound and simple. The pair usually noticed are the compound eyes and are compact clusters of single eyes (ommatidia). Some insects, such as certain “‘silver- fish,’’ have not more than 12 ommatidia to each eye; and some hawk-moths, 27,000. The simple eyes (ocelli) are situated between, and usually a little higher than, the compound eyes. There are usually three. Finally, the outside of an insect’s body is usually more or less covered with hairs. In butterflies and moths these hairs are largely scale-like. When descriptions refer to hairy eyes, do not expect too much; a lens is usually necessary to see these hairs. This is about all the anatomy one needs to — start with. More will be explained as occasion arises. COLLECTING INSECTS. COLLECTING AND PRESERVING INSECTS The following directions are, with slight changes, those which are contained in the American Museum’s leaflet on How to Collect and Preserve Insects. WHEN AND WHERE TO FIND INSECTS - An entomologist is frequently amused at being asked by well-meaning friends if he found anything when he went out. Insect hunting is a sport in which there are no blanks, if you know the game. Frequently the most unpromising times and places are the best, for others have been discouraged by the outlook and you get what they have missed. We can never truly say that we know an insect’s haunts until we can tell where to look for it . every hour of every day in the year. Many insects are great hiders and should be looked for under bark; in _rotten wood; under stones, dead leaves, etc.; among the -roots of plants; in stems and flowers—in short everywhere and at all times. COLLECTING APPARATUS AND How To USE IT The great essentials for insect collecting were given each of us at birth and need only be improved by use—an inquiring mind, eyes and fingers. Only a very few insects sting to such an extent that collecting with unaided fingers is uncomfortable and even the swiftest fliers can be caught by hand when they are young or asleep. How- ever, certain tools are handy. They can either be made at home or purchased rather cheaply from dealers. * t Such as Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, Roch- ester, N. Y.; Kny-Scheerer Co., 56 West 23d St., O. Fulda, 63 Fifth Ave., and Scientific Equipment Co., 70 Fifth Ave., New York City; H. H. Brehme, P. O. Box 432, South Amboy, N. J.; and Williams, Brown and Earle, 918 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. 9 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. Mention of insect collecting immediately suggests a net. For the capture of adult butterflies, moths and other delicate, flying creatures this should be of the lightest possible material. Fine Brussels net or bobinet is used for the larger sizes (1 to 2 ft. in diameter) and silk veiling for the pocket sizes. ‘The depth of this net should be at least twice the diameter of its rim so that, when an insect is caught, a twist will fold the bag against the rim and leave the insect imprisoned in the lower end of the bag. The beginner is apt to choose too long a handle and can then take only long slow strokes even if he avoids getting all mixed up with the vegetation and interfering with his fellow collectors. Three feet is long enough for a handle. The sweeping net should be made of stout, white muslia, or light duck, on a strong rim well fastened to a handle of such a length that the user can just touch the ground with the rim of the net without stooping. The diameter of the net depends somewhat on the strength of the user and its depth may be from 1% to 2 times its diameter. It is used to sweep blindly through grass, bunches of flowers, light bushes, etc., in a fairly certain expectation of getting something. Much of the material will be damaged by the rough handling, but it is the quickest way to get large numbers of specimens, and the only way to get certain things quickly. The tendency seems to be to make the handle of the sweep net too short, some on the market being only 6 in. long. These do not tire the arm so much as nets with longer handles, but you either miss the insects living near the ground or you get a very tired back. One useful trick in sweeping is to have a small cushion of cotton, covered with cheese-cloth or muslin, and a bottle of chloroform or ether. After sweeping for a few minutes moisten the cushion with the anesthetic, drop it into the net, and quickly twist up the bag so that the fumes are confined. In a short time even the liveliest grasshopper will be asleep and can be picked out and either saved or rejected. If rejected, they will all shortly revive and walk, hop, or fly away. The cushion is not strictly necessary as the chloroform may be put directly on the net after the insects are folded in the bottom. IO NETS AND SIFTING. The third net of the complete outfit is the water net. The bag should be of some strong material through which water will run readily. The rim should be strong and may be either circular in outline or flattened at the side opposite the handle. The advantage of the flattening is that the bottom of ponds can be skimmed, but the circular rim does fairly well, as the stirring of the water stirs up even the insects at the bottom and they are caught in the return swish of the net. A great deal of mud and weeds will also be caught, but devices to prevent this, such as covering the mouth of the net with a coarse wire screen, do not work well in collecting insects. After clearing the net of mud as much as possible by wash- ing it through the net, dump the rest on the bank, pre- ferably in the sun. Some insects will probably be seen at once, others will appear as the mass dries out. After you think you have found everything, wait a while and look out for very small beetles. Many collectors miss them. Many, or most, of the nets that are for sale have fold- ing rims and jointed handles. Opinion differs as to the best. When, as is often the case, lightness and ease of transportation is an object, it is well to have but one handle and frame, with interchangeable bags. The landing net used by fishermen, in which the frame consists of two pieces of flexible steel that lie close together when not in use, is excellent. The two-jointed handle is better than the three-jointed one, as one of the joints of the former is just right except for high flying or deep diving quarry. In these cases add the second. A sieve is handy for getting the small insects hiding under accumulations of dead leaves, in moss, trash, etc. Two sieves with meshes of different size are handier. A good plan is to have a strong bag about a foot and a half square by two feet deep. About nine inches from the top sew pieces across the corners so that a piece of half- inch mesh wire screen can rest on them. Sift through this until there is quite a bit of fine material in the bottom of the bag and then retire to a comfortable place protected from the wind and spread a small sheet of white muslin or II FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. canvas. Now resift, using a mesh about four or five toa an inch. The flat-bottomed sieves, six or eight inches in diameter, which are used for making French fried potatoes, and the new wire pie-pans are excellent. Sift a very thin layer on to the white cloth and examine ‘carefully the coarse stuff for relatively large things before it is thrown away. Be patient with the small stuff. Insects have a habit of ‘‘playing possum’’ and have plenty of patience themselves. They do not seem to like tobacco smoke. If you do, blow some on the litter. It will hasten matters,—at least, smokers think so. This is a good place to mention collecting forceps, as they are almost necessary in picking up very small insects as well as insects concerning whose ability and inclination to sting there may be some suspicion. The best forceps for handling very delicate insects do not seem to be on the marlet. They are made of strips of German silver and have small but rounded points. However, small steel ones do very well. Steel for- _ceps about a foot long are handy for picking caddice cases, etc., out of water, but they are of little use in general work. Dealers also carry forceps having gauze-covered frames at the tips. They are meant for holding stinging insects while they are being ex- amined, but they, also, are of very little use to the general collector. A strong knife for cutting off galls, stripping bark, splitting infested branches, etc., is essential. A trowel is useful in following insect burrows or digging for root borers. The entrenching tool used in the army is a handy, all-around substitute for trowel, hatchet, and large knife. There are two chief methods of night-collecting in general use: ‘“‘sugaring’’ and at light. Another, while not so productive of specimens, is more interesting. It consists in simply prowling around with lamp, examining the center of flowers, the underside of leaves, tree-trunks, etc., to find out what the nocturnal insects are doing and also where and how the day-flying insects are passing the night. I2 Ate eel JErG eee Pe ee FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. There are about as many recipes for making the sugar mixture as there are for “mother’s biscuits.’”’ Baking molasses usually forms the basis. Some additions are any combination, or all, of stale beer, rum, asafcetida and brown sugar. The mixture should spread easily but not run badly. It is to be applied before dusk on tree trunks, fence rails, and the like. Starting from some comfortable resting place as a base, lay out a circuitous route, “‘sugar- ing’’ something every few feet, and end at the resting place. After dark, if luck be good, the sugared strips will be full of moths and other insects eagerly sipping the sweets. Several wide-mouthed cyanide killing bottles (see p. 16) will be useful, but a net will be practically use- less. It is well to have a little ether in each bottle, and do not put a moth in a bottle until its predecessors have stopped fluttering. Only experience will teach how to catch these moths with a bottle. Some fly upward when disturbed and some fly straight out or sideways, but the majority drop a few inches before flying; so, when in doubt, hold the bottle slightly below the prospective captive. Light attracts many sorts of insects besides moths. Street and porch lights are fruitful hunting grounds. A lamp by an open window makes the room it is in a splendid trap or a smaller one can be fixed up and put “‘in the field.” Plate III. shows the principle. The details vary to suit collectors’ whims. It is not difficult to make the box collapsible so that it can easily be transported. An ordinary barn-lantern set in the center of a white sheet or a ‘“‘bull’s eye’’ throwing a light against a sheet hung over a fence or between trees does very well. In the latter cases a net will be desirable but not easy to use. Last summer I used, with great success, a cheese-cloth tent with a muslin ground-cloth. The tent was A-shaped, about 9 x 6 ft. on the ground and 6 ft. high, with inward- pointing flies at each end. A lantern (or two) was placed inside. The outside worked like a sheet and the inside was a trap. Both light and sugar work best where there is a variety of vegetation, as where woodland passes into swamp or where there is an abundance of second growth. 14 TRAPS, BEATING, REARING. Many other sorts of traps have been devised. Olive bottles and fruit jars buried up to the neck in the ground and baited with molasses, meat, etc., are simple and effective. The insects caught in this way may be washed " off and will be nearly as good as new. Boards, daubed on the under side with molasses or covering meat, are not bad. Girdled branches and cut limbs, hung up, attract wood- boring insects which can then be collected by beating them into an upturned umbrella by sharply rapping the limbs with a stout stick. In fact, an umbrella is a very useful piece of apparatus. Branches, both living and dead, are full of insects. The inverted umbrella catches what are knocked off but does not hold them for long. The collector must act quickly. Some collectors put a quill in the cork of a collecting tube as shown in Plate III. If the outer end of the quill be put over the insect, it will crawl up through the quill and into the bottle from which exit is difficult. If the umbrella be white, or at least lined with white, the insects can be more easily seen but so can the collector—not by the insects particularly, but by inquisitive humans—and the non-committal black does very well. Beating will knock down many larve. Directions for preserving them are given on p.22. Some, at least, should be reared and here ingenuity is of more value than volumes of instructions. The beginner will doubtless be inclined to give his charges more light and air than is necessary. Pasteboard shoe-boxes are excellent for large caterpillars. Tin boxes keep the food longer and are easily cleaned, but must be watched carefully or the food will mould. If the food-plant can be potted, a good contrivance is to slip a lantern globe over it, sinking the bottom far enough in the ground to prevent the escape of larve in that direction and covering the top with cheese-cloth. Even if the plant cannot be grown, twigs can be kept fresh for some time by keeping their cut ends in a small bottle of water sunk in the ground and used inside a lantern globe. (See Plate IV.) The twigs will be held in place and larve prevented from drowning if cotton be loosely stuffed in the neck of the bottle around the twigs. It is well to throw a thin layer of dirt over the cotton so that fallen larve can easily FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. get back to their food. Another device is shown, in section, in Plate IV. It is made of plaster of paris. The water at b keeps the block moist. It is useful chiefly fer ground-inhabiting larve or for galls. However, for the latter, fruit jars with moist sand or a moist sponge in the bottom do just as well or better. Do not forget the larve living in hollow stems, dead wood and under bark. When caterpillars are about to molt, especially when they are about to change to pupe, they stop eating and act as though they are sick. If you are in doubt as to how the species pupates, it is well to give it potting soil covered with dead leaves and some twigs of their food- plant, not-merely fresh leaves. A desirable, but not necessary, refinement of technique is to bake the soil in order to kill bacteria and fungi. Species which “should” pupate underground will get along fairly well even if they have no earth—much better than if they be covered with earth after pupation takes place, as this would pack them and that is injurious. KILLING Up to this point but little mention has been made of killing insects and that was really not necessary. Insects can be studied alive with great pleasure and profit. How- ever, there are so many kinds and the differences between species are often so minute that it is well to kill and preserve at least samples. Fortunately, this can be done with less trouble and less injury to the balance of Nature than is the case with most animals or even plants. Further- more, the collection can be made very attractive and instructive without taking up much space. The best all-around killing agent for adult insects is cyanide of potassium. It should be broken into pieces varying in size from that of a small pea to that of a hickory nut, according to the size of the bottle to be used. Olive bottles make good medium-sized bottles, while fruit jars are better for large-sized moths and butterflies. Tubes, even as small as 14 in. in diameter by about 2 in. long, are not too smal! for some things. Avoid bottles with strongly constricted necks. Avoid, also, bottles made of 16 KILLING BOTTLES. thin glass. There are many ways of keeping the cyanide in position and the bottle in good condition. The most general way is to pour a thin layer of plaster of paris over a layer (from % to 7% in. deep) of cyanide. However, since such a bottle will quickly get too moist from the specimens and the decomposition of the cyanide, some further device is almost always used.» The pieces of cyanide may be wrapped in soft absorbent paper or imbedded in dry sawdust before the plaster is poured on. Another way is to imbed it in dry plaster before pouring on the wet. A piece of blotting paper should be fitted tightly over the plaster after it has ‘‘set.’’ See Plate III. Some do not use plaster ‘but imbed the cyanide in cotton and cover this with a piece of blotting paper or a thin porous cork. A dangerous, but otherwise fairly satis- factory, method is to imbed a piece of cyanide on the inside surface of the cork and have none in the bottle itseif. This bottle will be dry but not strong, and as the cork will, in time, become saturated with poison it will be very dangerous. It is always well to have a few narrow strips of loose absorbent paper in the bottle. They prevent injury to the insects by shaking and help keep the bottle dry, as they can be frequently changed. As ordinarily made, a bottle should be allowed to ripen for several days before using. If wanted at once, put a few drops of vinegar or a pinch of boracic acid powder with the cyanide. Collectors of delicate moths and butterflies frequently put a few drops of ether or chloroform in their cyanide bottles before starting out. This is to quiet the insects at once for the cyanide sometimes kills slowly. Experience will teach the collector that some insects die very slowly and revive after apparent death. On the other hand, ‘ether and chloroform make insects brittle and too long an exposure to cyanide fumes changes the color of some insects. Practically all beetles and. dragon flies, together with dull-colored, hairless insects of other orders, can be killed in alcohol and kept there indefinitely. Fifty % is strong enough for killing and 70% for preserving. Higher grades make them brittle. No fly, bee, butterfly, moth, or any green insect, other than those previously mentioned, 17 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. should be put into alcohol. In an emergency, kerosene, gasoline, or benzine, put on the thorax, will kill and give satisfactory specimens. Pounded laurel leaves and peach pits make a weak killing agent, and butterflies and moths may be killed by carefully but firmly pinching the thorax between the thumb and finger, one on each side. In fact, many collectors of these insects pinch their captures before taking them out of the net. This prevents their injuring themselves by thrashing about. MOovUNTING The stock method is pinning. The almost universally adopted pin is 14 in. long, and has a very small head. It varies in thickness from extremely slender to as thick as an ordinary pin. The useful sizes are from No. 0 to No. 3. They are either plain ‘‘white’’ or enameled black. Much is to be said for both, with the voting probably in favor of black. At any rate, they should snap back when bent a reasonable amount. A pin that bends easily and stays bent produces profanity. Beetles are usually pinned through the right wing-cover. All other insects, when pinned, are pinned through the thorax. In the case of flies it is well to pin a trifle to the right of the middle line, as the bristles on the back are important in taxonomy and one side of the body should be perfect. True bugs should be pinned through the triangular portion of the thorax which is between the wings. Very small insects are usually mounted on the tip of paper triangles, a medium-sized pin being stuck through the broad end of the triangle. The triangles are of about as many sizes as there are collectors. A ticket-punch can be purchased which has a die suitable for cutting these triangles. However, if they be cut out with scissors or a sharp knife a variety of sizes and shapes suited to different insects can easily be made. The best way is to cut tough, rather stiff paper into strips about .4 inch wide and then snip off triangles from them by making transverse cuts. It is well to pin up a quantity of these triangles in odd moments and keep them on hand. When ready to mount, put a small bit of white shellac dissolved in alcohol, 18 MOUNTING INSECTS. or of some good elastic glue, on the tip of a triangle and touch it to the underside of the thorax. Some difficulty will be experienced in keeping the insect straight on the point, especially if the adhesive be too thin. The triangles for ants should be fairly broad at the “point,’’ and the front end of the abdomen as well as the thorax should be supported. The method just mentioned is almost universally used for small beetles. Small flies and the like are frequently mounted on “minuten nadeln.’’ These are short, very delicate, headless pins. Bits of pith, cork, or firm blotting paper (used edgewise), serve to connect nadel and a regular pin. The nadel may be stuck through the insect and then into the support. A somewhat better plan is to _ arrange a number in advance by sticking the nadel through the support from below, leaving the point stick up; then mounting can be rapidly done by piercing the insects from below. It is well, in this case, to stop before the point comes entirely through the back as then no pin shows and furthermore the characters on the back are not marred. “Minuten nadeln”’ have the advantage over glue on triangles that the glue does not always hold. On the other hand, they cannot be used with many hard- shelled beetles. Elbow pins are sometimes used but are, as a rule, not very satisfactory. All mounts mentioned in this paragraph are usually put on the left side of the pin. The height of the insects on the pin is important for the final appearance of the collection. A strip of cardboard whose width is 4 to */, the length of the pin makes a convenient gauge. With one edge held at the head of the pin push the insect up until it touches the other edge. Or a block of wood containing a hole whose depth is 14 to */; the length of the pin may be used. Devices for regulating the height by sticking the point of the pin into @ gauge are not satisfactory because of the varying thick- ness of the specimens. Mounting insects in balsam on glass slides will probably not be taken up by the general collector unless he be al- ready accustomed to making balsam mounts. It is, however, the only satisfactory method of getting extremely small forms ready for study. 19 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. In collections, butterflies and moths usually have all four wings expanded to their utmost and more or less in line with the lateral axis of the creature’s body. This makes a nice-looking collection and is the best that can be done with most butterflies. However, many moths have natural rest positions which are not only interesting but save space. It is well, therefore, to expand the wings of the left side so that the markings on both front and hind wings show, but to leave the right wings in the natural rest position. The reason for expanding the left side, rather than the right, and for putting the triangles, etc., on the left side is that most people are right-handed. This arrangement makes it easy to use the pinning forceps with the right hand. For the same reason, when the wings on one side of grasshoppers, wasps, etc., are to be spread, the left wings should be selected for the purpose. Pinning for- ceps are strong forceps with broad, roughened ends and are useful for pushing the pinsinto the cork of the storage boxes. The most common form of spreading board is illustrated in Plate IV. The sides are made of soft wood. In the bottom of the central channel is a piece of soft cork. After pinning the insect, push the pin into this central cork until the back of the insect is nearly flush with the board. Then draw the wings to the desired position by means of forceps or of a fine needle caught in the strong front margin of the wings. Never use the fingers on moths and butter- flies, as this will rub off the scales which cover the wings and give colortothem. The wings may be kept in position by means of fine pins, or bits of heavy glass, or strips of tracing cloth held in place by pins placed outside of the wings. A combination of the last two methods, glass on paper, is best. It is well to have a number of boards with - grooves of different widths for use with different-sized insects. The same plate shows a setting board devised by Mr. Chas. E. Sleight—and perhaps by others—for spreading caddice flies and other insects when it is desired to have the legs spread as well. The holes running down the center are just large enough to accommodate that part of the pin which is above the insect. The wings are spread as before, except that now the under side is visible to the worker and the legs are accessible, 20 PLATE EV FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. Should insects get dry and stiff before they are spread, they must be relaxed. This is done by putting them in a covered jar or tin box containing water or moist blotting paper. A few drops of carbolic acid added to the water will prevent mold. Twenty-four hours will usually be sufficient to relax even the driest, but more time may sometimes be necessary. ~If the insect has neither scales nor hairs, it can be quickly relaxed by immersing it in warm water. It will be noticed that both of the setting boards illus- trated here give the wings a slight upward tilt. If they keep this position, it will not be objectionable, but they are not likely to do so, since the weight cf the wings will probably drop them at least to the horizontal. Large insects dry more slowly than small ones and it will prob- ably be necessary to allow them to remain on the boards for about two weeks. ‘They should certainly remain until thoroughly dried. No further preservation is ‘then necessary, as a rule, for the fairly hard-bodied, adult insects. Some tropical grasshoppers have large abdomens full of fat and decomposing food. ‘These should first be opened by an incision along the belly, the viscera taken out, and the abdomen stuffed with cotton. Broken insects may be repaired by the use of shellac | or thin glue. Caterpillars may be prepared in the following way: Make a circular incision at the hind end, cutting the in- testine loose from the outer body wall. Then, laying the caterpillar on a piece of clean blotting paper, squeeze the viscera through this opening by gently rolling the cater- pillar with a lead pencil, beginning near the hind end and gradually working toward the front. After the viscera have been gotten rid of, for the most part, insert a straw and fasten the first segment of the larva to the end of the straw by means of a fine needle. Draw the hind segment up the straw until the larva is natural length and fasten it in the same manner. Then, inflate the larva by gently blowing through the straw. Since the front end of the straw may get plugged up, it is well to make a small hole in the side of the straw before it is inserted. This hole had best come about midway between the larva’s head and 22 NOTES AND LABELS, tail. Since inflation must be kept up until the larva’s skin is dried, gentle heat is usually used. A tin can, with holes punched in it for ventilation and heated by an alcohol lamp, makes a good oven, or one can be purchased. Dealers also sell bellows, tubing, clips, etc., to make the work of inflating easier. However inflated, green larve are apt to lose their color, for it is chlorophyll which fades rapidly. Slow-drying paints relax the skin and distort it. Therefore, if painting is done, the pigments should be mixed with benzine or the like. FIELD NOTES AND LABELS It is only by the greatest chance that the beginner gets a new or even rare species on ground that has been worked over by experienced collectors, but even the primary class in entomology may add to our store of knowledge if it keeps field notes well. Date of capture and locality are considered of prime importance. They should always be known and kept with every specimen, but the distribution and time of appearance of our more common species are known. It is of their habits that we are ignorant. What do they feed on? Under what conditions are ete they to be found when young and when old, day 9 Tukeit, he ox and night, winter andsummer? What do they Tukeit, BG, i eso do and how do they do it? Some system of ees keeping notes is imperative if your collection is ee 2 tO be worth while. ee. The pin label should be small but legible. Ee oe Certain firms make a business of printing these Tukeit, BG. labels from small type, or the collector can make Tukeit, BG. IQII up a sheet by means of an ordinary typewriter (black ink is best) and have a block made from this, greatly reduced in size. From this block wach any number of impressions can be made. Any muchsi4 printer will attend to the whole business. wich. Sample strips are shown inthe margin. If dates wich st} are not printed, they should be filled in before west cutting the labels apart. Field numbers can be ws * written on the back of these labels or put on a Mch 54 separate label. The collector’s name can also 23 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. be put on a separate label. Similar labels should all be the same height on the pin throughout the collec- tion. This is easily accomplished by sticking the pin first through the label then into a hole of a given depth or cork of a given thickness, thus pushing the labels up to a uniform height. STORAGE BOXES AND CARE OF COLLECTION Since certain members of a family of beetles (Der- mestidz) are given to eating dried insects, the storage boxes should have tight-fitting lids. Except for that, almost anything will do. Cigar boxes are not bad if carefully watched, but better boxes can be purchased at reasonable prices from dealers. Glass-topped drawers are nice but not necessary. Whatever sort of box is used, the bottom, inside, should be covered with something which is soft enough to allow a pin to enter easily but which will hold the pin when it is once in. The com- pressed cork of the dealers is best. Sliced cornstalk is used by some beginners but two layers of the corrugated paper, such as bottles are packed in, is better than corn- pith. The layers should be placed so that the corrugations run at right angles to each other. In spite of precaution, Dermestids may get in; although camphor balls or flaked naphthalene will help to keep them out. If camphor balls are used, first heat the head of an ordinary pin and, while hot, push the head into the ball. When cool, it will be solid and the ball can be pinned into the box. If Dermestids do get in, they may be killed by pouring into the box about a teaspoonful of carbon bisul- phide and closing the lid down tightly. Remember that the bisulphide is very inflammable. PACKING INSECTS IN THE FIELD It frequently happens that the collector cannot attend to his catch at once, or possibly for months. Of course those things which are collected in alcohol may remain there. Butterflies and the like should be put into tri- angular envelopes. The manner of making these is shown 24 PLATE V FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. in Plate V. Never put more than one specimen in an envelope. Other insects can be packed between layers of cotton and cheese-cloth, with naphthalene flakes put in to keep out ants, etc., or they can be put in sawdust. In the latter case it is well to sprinkle carbolic acid on the sawdust to prevent mold. An excellent method of packing insects (except butterflies and moths) which are to be dried, is to make tubes of unglazed paper around a lead pencil, after writing the data on that part of the paper which comes outside. One end is closed by folding in the paper there, and then the tube is nearly filled with freshly killed insects. Finally, the other end is closed by folding in the paper. These tubes and the triangular envelopes can be packed in a cigar box and, if sprinkled with naphthalene to keep out ants and Dermestids, will keep indefinitely. Never pack moist insects in a tin box and never close even a wooden box tightly if there are many moist insects in it. Mold will result if you do. IDENTIFICATION For this work a magnifying glass of some sort is usually necessary except for the larger Lepidoptera, and even with these it is useful when mouth-parts, and the like, are to be examined. If you collect at all extensively, you will get many species which are not mentioned here, at least in sufficient detail to enable you to fix on their names. Separate these into their orders and, if possible, families and even genera. Then await your chance to consult more technical books, or identified collections. Possibly you can arrange to have some specialist identify them for you, but this deprives you of the pleasure and benefit of doing it yourself. Furthermore, specialists usually have more than they can do, although they frequently are willing to look over collections which are not too mis- cellaneous for the privilege of retaining duplicates of the species they identify. If the species is undescribed, they usually wish to describe it and keep a set, one specimen of which is designated a ‘‘type’’ of that species. A very large majority of entomologists are kind, helpful individ- uals; I merely wish to say that laymen are often unwit- tingly unreasonable in their requests. 26 ABOUT KEYS. Such keys as are given here are, for the most part, simplified versions of keys in special, more technical, books and papers. They have been simplified in two ways: by leaving out forms which are not very likely to attract the notice of beginners or whose separation involves too great technicalities, and by using, as far as possible, easily appreciated characters even though they may not be, otherwise, the best charac- ters to use. The result of the first simplification is that forms will be found which do not fit anything in the key although they may come close toit. An attempt has been made to word the keys so that forms which were not intended to be included will not fit anywhere, thus avoid- ing a misidentification. This attempt has not always been completely successful, especially for southern and west-of-the-Mississippi forms. Working a key backward, from the name to the start, usually gives so good a de- scription of the form in question that it is not further described in the text. Keys _ Start at 1 and decide which of the two (or more) alternatives best agrees with the specimen; then go to the number indicated at the right; continue this process until a name without a following number is reached. Do not take too much for granted. If a thing is said in one alternative to be black, it is not necessarily not black in the other unless this is definitely stated. If you reach a point where neither alternative fits, go back to the place where you had most doubt concerning a choice and take the other alternative; perhaps the statements were not sufficiently clear and you made a wrong choice. If nothing works, it would be kind of you to conclude that you have a species which was not included in the key, although the fact of the matter is that it is next to impossible to draw up a relatively simple key which will not sometimes stick in the lock. How to Use a Key THE CONTROL OF INJURIOUS INSECTS This section may seem out of place in a Field Book, but the garden is a part of the “‘field”’ as far as insects are 27 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. concerned. I once made an at-first-sight rash statement to the effect that, every year, at least five hundred species of insects are naturally in my back yard near New York City. Some day I hope to prove it. Some of these insects are not welcome. Although the American Museum has no department of economic entomology, many of the inquiries, which are made there about insects, concern methods of control. I suppose, therefore, that “‘you,” also, may have unwelcome insect visitors and would like some hints concerning their control. If the injury is serious, write to your State Entomologist or to the Bureau of Entomology of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. They, especially the State Entomologist, should know about serious outbreaks; they are fitted by training and constant work along these lines to give good advice and, if the occasion demands it, personal super- vision. Furthermore, you have a right to do this; you help to pay the salaries. Few insects are injurious in all the stages of their life- history, and every one will admit that the fight against injurious insects should start before the injury begins. Mosquitoes and flies should be killed before they can fly; the first meal of leaf-feeders should be their last, even if they get that. All this requires a knowledge of the life- histories so that we may know the best time to fight. Fall or winter plowing may uncover pupz which are hibernating in the ground, and kill them. If the insect passes the winter in the egg stage, spraying, provided spraying will kill the larve, should be done just as the eggs hatch. Therefore, we should know when that will be. This your State Entomologist can tell you for your par- ticular locality and I can not. Predaceous and parasitic insects are now “the one best bet’”’ in economic entomology. Why cover our vegetation with poison year after year if we can set insect friends to killing insect enemies? This, again, is work for the pro- fessional economic entomologist, although I have tried to help you to distinguish friends from enemies. If possible, prevent breeding. This applies especially to such enemiesasmosquitoesand flies. Why live ina wire-and- wood cage when draining swamps, putting fish in ponds, oO 20 INSECTICIDES. and similar preventive measures will control mosquitoes, and general cleaning up will do away with flies? Many insect enemies of cultivated plants breed on weeds. Either treat the “‘weeds”’ as cultivated plants or get rid of them. Insecticides may be roughly divided into four classes: stomach poisons, contact insecticides, repellants and gases. Stomach poisons are for such insects as chew vegetation. Nearly all of them contain arsenic in some combination and, if there be too much water-soluble arsenic, will burn the foliage. Now that insecticides are under government supervision, it is fairly safe to buy any standard brand and use it according to the directions on the package— these notes are for home-gardeners who would buy insecti- cides in small quantities and such quantities should not be purchased ‘‘loose.’’ These directions will almost certainly call for lime, in order to neutralize the traces of soluble arsenic, and possibly resin-soap to make the poison stick to the leaves better. In spraying, cover every part of every leaf, if possible. For house-plants, an ordinary medicine atomizer is excellent. For garden plants, get a spray fitted to the number and size of the plants to be sprayed. Poisoned Bran Mash for grasshoppers, cut- worms and the like, is made by mixing I part, by weight, of Paris-green or London-purple with 25 parts of bran and enough cheap molasses, diluted to about half-strength with water, to make a stiff paste. Paris-green, etc., will poison humans if enough be eaten, but it is estimated, for example, that one must eat twenty- eight cabbages (that have been sprayed or dusted in the ordinary way) in order to swallow enough poison to be harmful. Hellebore is sometimes used because it is less. poisonous to man and to other animals with less than six legs, but it is expensive and deteriorates with age. It may be used dry, diluted with about 8 parts of flour, or as a spray, one ounce to a gallon of water. If poisons arc applied dry, the application should be made on a still morning before the dew has dried. Contact insecticides are used against sap-sucking insects, which would stick their proboscis right through a layer of stomach poison and not be bothered by it. Chief among such insects are the aphids. Contact insecticides 29 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS, are also effective against such leaf-chewing insects as have thin skins. A corrosive insecticide which is strong enough to kill an insect having a thick skin will kill the leaves also. Scale insects, except when young and scaleless, will resist any insecticide that leaves resist. Therefore, strong solutions (such as lime-sulphur) must be used on them before the buds break. _Some contact insecticides work by clogging up the insects’ breathing apparatus (trachez) rather than by corrosion. All contact insecticides should be applied, if possible, directly on the insect. Itis usually a waste to spray them on leaves that are not affected. Kerosene is very effective and may be applied pure about chicken houses and against bedbugs, but not on plants. For plants, an emulsion is used which can be purchased or may be made as follows: ‘Dissolve % pound of hard or whale-oil soap (or 1 quart soft soap) in 1 gallon of boiling water. Add 2 gallons of kerosene and churn with a force pump by pumping back and forth for five to ten minutes until the oil is thoroughly emulsified, forming a creamy mass with no drops of free oil visible. This stock solution is. now diluted so that the resulting mixture will contain the desired per cent of kerosene. Thus for aphids one part of the stock solution should be diluted with from Io to 15 parts of water, giving from 4 to 6 per cent of kerosene in the spray, while for a winter wash for San José scale, it should be diluted only three or four times giving from 16 to 22 per cent kerosene. The emul- sion must be thoroughly churned and should be applied with a nozzle throwing a fine spray’’ (Sanderson). Ordinary laundry soap, one-half pound to a gallon of water, is a good insecticide. Whale-oil soap is, perhaps, a little better. There are many brands of miscible oil which are very good. Lime-sulphur wash is used chiefly against the San José scale and is rather difficult to make at home. Pure sulphur dust is effective against “‘red spider.”’ Pyrethrum, or Persian insect powder, is much used about houses as it is not poisonous and does not injure fabrics, but it deteriorates with age. It works by suffo- cating the insect. A tobacco tea made by boiling or steeping a pound of tobacco leaves and stems in one or two gallons of water is 30 INSECTICIDES. used as a spray against aphids and other soft-bodied insects. House-plants may be dipped in this solution after it has cooled. Among the repellants, tobacco dust, air-slacked lime, soot, and even fine road-dust may be mentioned but they are effective only so long as the plants are covered with them. ‘Fruit trees are often painted with a thick soap solution containing I pint of crude carbolic acid to 10 gallons as a repellant for the adult borers which lay their eggs on the bark.’’ Tanglefoot is a sticky paste such as is used on fly-paper and, if a tree-trunk be encircled with it, crawling insects, such as caterpillars, will be kept from getting up. Do not be taken in by the charlatans who bore holes in trees and then plug them with something or other, on the theory that the sap will take up the poison and carry it to the leaves. The principal insecticidal gases are carbon bisulphide, hydrocyanic acid, and the fumes of burning tobacco and sulphur. Carbon bisulphide is bad smelling, and will cause a headache if inhaled, and is very explosive but, if used with caution, is good for fumigating closets, entomological collections, and against boring and root-feeding pests, also to put in ants’ nests. In buildings ‘‘there should be I square foot of evaporating surface to every 25 square feet of floor area, and each square foot of evaporating surface should receive from one-half to 1 pound of liquid.’”’ Hydrocyanic acid gas is so poisonous that I will not risk giving directions. Tf you want them, write to your State entomologist or to the U. S. Department of Agriculture. If sulphur be burned at the rate of two pounds per thousand cubic feet of space it is said to be effective against bedbugs and the like, but it will not kill the eggs, whereas kerosene will. Furthermore, it bleaches fabrics, if they be at all moist, and kills plants, if it be too strong. Tobacco fumes are safe ad lib. Farmer’s Bulletin, 127 of the U. S. Department of Agriculture tells a great deal about insecticides. This same Department will send you, free, a monthly bulletin which gives a list of their publications. Many of the publications have interesting accounts of insect life- histories and are worth having, even if the economic phase of the question does not appeal to you. ik FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. - CHIEFLY ABOUT SPIDERS Animals having no backbone but jointed legs are called Arthropoda. Some of these have two pairs of antenne (‘‘feelers’’) and at least five pairs of legs; these are Crustacea and include lobsters, crabs, crayfish, sow-bugs, and the like. Some have no apparent antenna; one class of these live in the sea (the “‘king’’- or “horseshoe crab’’) and another is, for the most part, terrestrial, breathing air. ‘The latter class is called Arachnida and includes spiders and their relatives. Finally, there are three classes the members of which have one pair of antenne. ‘Two of them have more than three pairs of legs and no wings: the Diplopoda, or millipedes, have two pairs of legs on each of some, at least, of their body segments; the Chilopoda, or centipedes, have only one pair of legs to a single segment. The third class is Hexapoda, or insects; when adult, they never have more than three pairs of legs but usually have wings. Classes of Arthropoda Some of the relatives of spiders have the abdomen distinctly segmented; if there is a tail-like hind end, it is a scorpion of some sort; if not, it is, in northeastern United States, either one of the small pseudo- scorpions or else a ‘‘harvestman,"’ also called “grand- father-graybeard,”’ ‘‘daddy-long-legs,’’ etc.,—the creature some of us used to deprive of most of its legs in order that it should point the way to our cows or to our home. Mites and spiders have unsegmented abdomens; mites have no constriction of the body between the abdomen and the leg-bearing portion, but spiders do. Arachnida Many of the not-yet-acquainted consider spiders to be insects and for that reason they are mentioned here—but briefly, because they have no more claim to be considered insects than have lobsters, except that they approach insects in the matter of in- teresting habits: home building, prey catching, mating, care of offspring, devices to escape their enemies, and the 32 Araneida SPIDERS’ SILK, like. Among other even more important differences, they have four pairs of legs; also the head and thorax are merged in one piece (cephalothorax). A pair of palpi are frequently so developed as to look like a fifth pair of legs. The eyes are simple, usually eight in number, and differing in size and arrangement in different sorts of spiders. The bite of all spiders is poisonous—that is the way they kill their food—but there is so little poison and so few spiders are strong enough to bite through the human skin, even if they would try, that spiders are not danger- ous. At the hind end of the abdomen are small appen- dages, the spinnerets, from which come fluids that harden on exposure to airand form silk. The silk of insects comes | from their mouths, Spiders’ Silk Its uses by spiders, I mean, although it eee has been used by man for cross-threads in telescopes and makes a better quality of textile than the silk of moths. One sufficient reason for man’s not using it in the latter way is the difficulty of getting enough of it. Spiders originally used silk only to wrap up their masses of eggs (see Lycosa, Plate VII). Then they took to lining their retreats with silk; later they built platforms outside of their retreats and from these developed the snares which have been the . wonder and admiration of all ages, humanly speaking. These snares, even those which are orb-shaped, differ greatly among themselves. Most of the orb-snares are made by members of a single family, Argiopide (or Epeiride), and a large proportion of our spiders make no snare, catching their prey by stealth, fleetness of foot or length of jump. Silk is used by certain young spiders for ‘“‘ballooning’’; they stand on some elevation, spin-a thread into the air and, when the wind catches it, sail away. This is the explanation of “showers of gossamer.” The Kinds of This is not the place to go minutely into Spiders the subject, but spiders may be divided into two sorts: what are called, in this country, tarantulas and the, strictly speaking, spiders. 3 33 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. The large, hairy, much-feared tarantulas live in the South and some of them build interesting trap-door nests. The following families are true spiders. The DicTyNID& belong to a group having special attachments on their spinning machine by which they make hackled bands.in their webs; most of the tangled, sheet webs on the sides of houses, especially at windows, are made by Dictyna sub- lata. The THERIDIIDZ have a well developed comb on the hind legs to aid in throwing liquid silk over the prey they wish to entangle; Theridion tepidariorum is the house spider, the one which makes the tangled web in the corners of rooms where ‘‘no beaux will go.” Latrodectus _mactans, a jet-black spider marked with red or yellow, living under stones or pieces of wood, also belongs to this family and is the only spider of northeastern United States concerning which there is even moderate evidence of its seriously biting human beings. The ARGIOPID# are the orb weavers, par excellence. They usually have relatively large abdomens. The maker and the making of a fairly typical web are shown in Plate VI, which is based upon an exhibit in the Ameri- can Museum of Natural History. This spider is very common about buildings and has had a variety of names of which Aranea sericata is believed to be better usage than the more commonly employed Epeira sclopetaria. She started above a on a beam or twig and dropped, spinning a thread as she went, to another support below b, fastening the thread there. She then climbed this thread to the upper support, crossed over to a point above c and dropped to a point below d, making a strand as before. Then, going to e, she fastened one end of a strand and, spinning it behind her, went across by way of the upper support to f. She then went to the upper support and dropped to this e-f strand, fastening the new line at h; this pulled e-f up slightly. The next strand which she put in was from 7 to a point on the lower support below 7; pulling this line made another angle in e-f, as did the following one from k to b, These last two strands were fastened near their center by a bit of silk and the remain- ing radii were put in by moving about on the foundation of the web. The next step in the operation was a laying 34 PLATE VI —a, % iN in = S==—=— —S Oranea sericata . The Weaving of a Web 35 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. down of the primary spiral which is shown as ending at /. All of these threads consist of smooth, tough silk which is not sticky. From this point on the spider uses the sticky threads which constitute the real snare. All the details of spinning the web vary but the putting in of first sticky threads is very irregularly done. In the figure given here it may be followed from m to n. From 7 she continued in a regular spiral until the primary spiral of smooth silk, was reached. She then cut away the outer portion of the primary spiral, so that she might have more room for the snare. This process of cutting away the primary spiral and putting in the sticky spiral is shown, in the fourth figure, about half finished; and finally there is the complete web with nearly all of the primary spiralremoved. Nearly every species has its own distinct way of making webs and there are so many species of this family which are commonly noticed (especially the females when they are swollen with eggs) both because of their beautful colors and of their interesting webs, and some of the species are so variable, that not all of the probable questions can be answered. The spider an inch or more long, marked with spots and bands of bright orange and usually seen in the late summer hanging on an orb which is decorated with a zig-zag band of silk is Miranda auraniia, also called Ar- glope riparia. A slightly smaller, light yellow spider with narrow transverse black lines on its abdomen is Metar- glope trifasciaia and also puts a zig-zag in its web. Some species (Micrathena gracilis is shown in Plate VII) of this family have spine-like processes on their abdomens but Aranea is a fairly safe generic name to give to most of the orb-weavers generally noticed. The THOomISID#, or crab-spiders, have the two front pairs of legs relatively heavy and long; they run sideways. They spin no snare and the white or light yellow, some- times with a light red band on the sides, Misuwmena vatia (see Plate VII) is frequently’ seen sitting in flowers, concealed by its resemblance to the flower and waiting to catch the insects which come for pollen. The flat, lustrous, parchment-like egg sacs often observed on stones in pastures belong to Castianecira descripta, one of the CLUBIONID&. Agelena ne@via is responsible for the flat 36 yatio Micrathena Qracilis Misumeno ; Pi Ae senicus =—fycosa and Eqg-sac si SW =) x il 4 Way XY FZ a iA 4 CLL j “ ScGtfgera forceps AA MUA hons — LA — FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS, horizontal webs which frequently almost completely carpet our lawns but are usually only noticed when covered with dew. It is one of the AGELENID&. Another member of this family is Tegenaria derhamt, a spider which lives with man from the Frigid zone to the Tropics, making a flat sheet, which is often dust-covered, in the corners of cellars, barns, and the like. The Lycosimp&@ are, figura- tively speaking as well as literally translating their name, Wolf-spiders. For the most part, they build no snare but secure their prey in the chase. Some species dig tunnels in the earth for hiding-places. A female is shown in Plate VII carrying her egg sac; after the young emerge they will ride on their mother’s back, completely covering it, until, by the process of eating each other and any other food they can secure, they are able to shift for themselves. Finally we come to the ATTIDA, Jumping Spiders, of small size, numerous in species and replete with interest because of their beauty, their mating habits, their occasional mimicry of ants and other things concerning which you are referred, first of all, to Nature. If you see a small spider © springing about, sometimes sideways or backwards, on a fence rail or the sunny side of a building, it is probably an Attid (possibly Salticus senicus; see Plate VII) and will repay further study. The large, commonly observed Spirobolus (Plate VII) is a typical Milliped. There are a number of smaller species in our gardens. ‘These creatures feed on vegetable matter and are absolutely harmless. When disturbed, they curl up into a spiral and sometimes exude a defensive fluid. Diplopoda The bite of all Centipedes is poisonous and that of large species is dangerous. The only common sort in the North is Scutigera forceps (Plate VII). It lives in houses, feeding upon flies, cockroaches and other insects. Dr. Felt says “its presence in a house should be welcomed, since it is capable of inflicting no injury aside from a somewhat poisonous bite, the latter being extremely rare.’’ I confess that any found in our house get stepped on. Chilopoda 38 SILVER-FISH OR FISH-MOTH INSECTS For certain distinctive characteristics of insects see p. 32 and the sections on anatomy in the Introduction. THE MOST PRIMITIVE INSECTS These were, not long ago, all put in a single order: Aptera, or ‘“‘wingless.’’ They are now divided into four classes, including Thysanura and Collembola, and seven orders; but the user of this book is not apt to notice more than one or two species. Two hundred and fifty-odd years ago Hooke wrote concerning the Silver-fish or Fish-moth: “It is a small Silver-shining Worm or Moth, which I found much conversant among Books and Papers, and is supposed to be that which corrodes and eats holes through leaves and covers; it appears to the naked eye a small glittering Pearl-colored Moth, which, upon the removal of Books and Papers in the Summer, is often observed very nimbly to scud, and pack away to some lurking cranney, where it may the better protect itself from any appearing dangers. Its head appears big and blunt and its body tapers from it towards the tail smaller and smaller, being shaped almost like a carrot.” If such a creature is eating your wall paper, starched curtains or clothing, photographs or other belongings, your sorrow may be mitigated by your interest in seeing the most primitive insect you are likely to observe without special effort. Insects of this and related classes never have and never have had wings; they just grow up, from new-born to adult, with scarcely as much change as occurs in the growth of a dog. The species just mentioned is Lepisma saccharina (Plate VIII). It is a “moth” only because it eats furnishings and clothing. A related species (domestica) is abundant in some bake shops and old kitchens, running about even in hot places, whence its Old English name: Fire-brat. 39 Thysanura RT nee as oy et tk FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS, Frequently the surface of still pools is covered by a mass of tiny dark specks of insects which spring about, when disturbed, without even denting the surface film. Sometimes similar creatures are seen on the snow during bright spring days, becoming a nuisance in maple-sugar camps by getting into the sap. These are Collembola or Spring-tails—grotesque-looking creatures which, when at rest, keep the “tail”? curved under them and jump by straightening out. See Smin- thurus aquaticus in Plate VIII. Collembola PLECTOPTERA; EPHEMERID The family name of May-flies (see Plate VIII) comes from the same Greek root as does ‘‘ephemeral’’ and, although the term would fit the adult lives of most insects, it does forcibly apply to many of these, the three-weeks winged life of Chloeon dipterum being exceptional. How- ever, though the winged stage may last but a day—or, better, a night—their lives from egg to adult are, insectly speaking, among the longest, some taking three years for their development. .A female drops two packages, each of which may contain several hundred eggs, into the water; the packages break almost immediately and, after some time, there hatch from the eggs larve with gills along each side of the abdomen and three (as a rule) tail filaments. According to the species, these larva may swim rather freely, or make burrows in the mud, not swimming at all, or—the sort you are most likely to notice—crawl about on the under side of submerged stones. Some feed on vegetable matter; others are carnivorous. These larvee molt frequently, twenty times having been recorded for one species, but the chief change is the gradual appear- ance of wing pads. The young of insects having, as these do, incomplete metamorphosis are usually called nymphs instead of larve, although this term is sometimes re- stricted to the stages in which the wing pads are quite evident. The full-grown nymphs crawl out of the water, frequently in crowds; the skin splits down the back of each and the freed creatures make short flights. But molting is not over yet. Nature loves exceptions, perhaps 40 ” ao aaliti aia uin Freer PLATE VIII Fa Sminthurus ore | aquaticus lepisma saccharina domesstica Ephemera varia Nymph and Qdutt - 41 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. “lest one good custom should corrupt the world,’ and these insects molt after they have obtained functional wings. The adult form is now reached and thousands may join in a joyous dance which often leads to an heirless death, if near human habitations, for they seem unable to resist the attraction of bright lights. Even under normal conditions some species dance a part of a night, mate, lay eggs, and die before morning. Fish eagerly devour the adults which fall on the water; and a favorite dry-fly, - “gray drake,”’ of fishermen is made in imitation of these insects. Plate VIII shows a typical form, Ephemera varia, but some species have much smaller hind wings or even none. The males have much larger compound eyes than have the females. There are about a hundred species in eastern United States, the identification of which is rather difficult. The ambitious student is referred to Bulletin 86 of the New York State Museum. ODONATA The Dragon- and Damsel-flies have been called ‘‘ Devil’s Darning-needles’’ and accused of sewing up the ears of bad boys; ‘‘Snake-doctors’’ or ‘‘Snake-feeders’’ on the theory that they administered to the needs of reptiles; and ‘‘Horse-stingers’’ on the equally mistaken notion that they sting—since no human had ever been stung, horses must have been. As a matter of fact, they are dangerous only to other insects, but since Odonata have relatively strong biting jaws, the larger species may give you a gentle nip if you put your finger in their mouth. All members of this order live in water until they get wings and the aquatic young catch their prey in a very different manner from that practised by the aérial adults. The flying “‘dragon”’ darts back and forth with swift, well- controlled motions, scooping up its game in a “‘basket”’ formed by its six extended legs and the front of its thorax; the young, however, are sluggish and lie in wait for the unwary. When their chance comes, a curious thing happens: jaws seem to shoot out from the mouth and snap up the victim. Really, it is a jointed lower lip which is extended, and the ‘‘jaws"’ are hooks on its end (see Plate 42 PLATE IX ~ BS = S 2 é =F = € SS > —~ Re S bl Ta, ae 5/ >, ay AH SNe / 45 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. IX); the real jaws are attached near the base of this lip. Odonata have incomplete metamorphosis but the pre- adult stage, although active and showing wing cases, does not at all resemble the adult, differing in but little except size and the presence of wing-pads from its appearance when newly hatched. About 300 species are known in the United States. Bulletins 47 and 68 of the New York State Museum give technical keys by Needham for most of the species of New York as well as details concerning the curious sexual organs and other matters of interest. 7ZYGOPTERA | This suborder includes the Damsel-flies, those Odonata whose young breathe by means of three leaf-like gills placed at the hind end of their slender body; the adults, when at rest, hold the wings edge up and parallel with the body (see Lestfes, Plate IX). They are not as strong fliers as are the “‘dragons,’’ and they are more frequently seen flying tandem. In fact, a male often grasps with the pincers on the end of his body the thorax of a female and, flying in front of her, accompanies her on the egg-laying excursions, even going under the water with her when she descends to place eggs inside the stems or leaves of sub- merged plants. It seems to me that the males are of real assistance on such occasions: the legs of Odonata are not well fitted for walking so that it is difficult for them to crawl up through the water’s “film” (surface tension) ; the joint efforts of both sexes gets the male through and he then uses his wings to pull the female out. As will be seen in Plate X, only the male Ruby-spot is jeweled. Adults are to be | found late in the season, fluttering about streams or clustered on the overhanging branches. The young cling to plants growing in the current or, sometimes, to those along the edge of large ponds. Heterina americana The members of this large, widely dis- tributed genus (Plate IX) are usually abundant in marshes and about shallow pools which contain standing vegetation. Needham has noted that 44 Lestes FLATE X Hetderina americana | ¢ 8 Periihemis. > omitia DRAGON-FLIES. L. unguiculaia places the eggs in aérial parts of plants which are growing in pools that usuaily dry up in mid- summer; the young, instead of hatching as soon as they are developed, stay inside the eggshell until the plants die, toward the end of the season, and drop into the now well-filled pool; development then goes on so rapidly that the adult stage is reached before the pool dries up the next summer. Probably, however, some of the species lay their eggs under water. The figure in Plate X despicts a female Black-wing; the male has no white spot near the outer end of the front margin of the wings and his wings are darker than hers. Adults of this genus (probably Agrion is a better name) usually keep close to ditches or small streams in rocky woods. The female maculaia, unattended by the male, lays her eggs in the submerged stems of aquatic plants. The young of this species have a light band on each leg and gill-plate. Calcptery=z maculata ANISOPTERA Adults of this suborder, the Dragon-flies, when at rest, hold their wings flat and extended at right angles to the body. (See Anax, Plate IX.) The young do not have prominent external gill-plates but the lower intestine is thin-walled and they breathe by absorbing air from the water, which they draw in and expel through the anus. The young are stout-bodied in comparison with those of Damsel-flies, and, while the latter swim by sculling, using their gills as oars, the young Dragons shoot themselves forward by forcibly expelling the water from the rectum. This may be seen by placing one of them in a saucer with just enough water to cover the hind end of its body. The adults are, perhaps, the strongest fliers of all insects. There are two families, each with subfamilies not all of which are mentioned here. ZESCHNID The adults of the subfamily Gomphine are usually clear winged and have bodies striped black and green or +5 : FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. yellow; they do not seem to fly as much in pure sportive- ness as do some of their relatives. The females, especially in June, skim the surface of ponds and streams, striking the tip of their abdomen into the water. At each dip gelatin-covered eggs are deposited; the gelatin dissolves; — the eggs drop to the muddy bottom; and there, covered with silt, the wide, flat young lie in wait for their food. Needham calls the subfamily A’schnine “the largest, fleetest, and most voracious of our dragon flies.” Many of them hunt well into twilight. The young are clean, slender-bodied, active climbers among green plants along the borders of ponds and streams. The following are two of the common species. This species (Plate IX) is found in China, Siberia, throughout the Western Hemi- sphere from Alaska to Costa Rica, and in various Pacific Islands. The clear wings are at least two inches long; the thorax and head are bright green; and in front of the eyes is a round, black spot surrounded, first, by a yellow ring, and, then, by a ring of dark blue. The young are sure to be found by those who look for them and the dry shell, out of which the adult came during the night, is frequently seen clinging to the stems of plants which grow out of or near water. Anax junius This species (Plate XI) might be con- fused with A. junius except that it is larger and has a T-shaped, instead of a round, spot in front of its eyes. It is the largest of our dragons and one which frequently gets into buildings. Epizschna heros LIBELLULID Some of our commonest species belong here and they are collectively called Skimmers from their habit of sailing back and forth close to the ground or water. They frequently rest on bare branches or tall grass stems and seem ever ready to dart after a fly or to drive off another Dragon poaching on their preserve. The females do not place their eggs in plants but either drop them loosely or 46 PLATE XI s Os i pee inemenanttcee iy pe asepaullneret rete y cs Da y ae et eae ; , : gaiieiiccsesan- cS LILLY io) SS 3 hu qustassccaaaaias > Nea Ni | eee SET Ry LS TELLS Ome TSH gp 4 pe eS 7 ae RRO SELA wean iE Ot LPT) rr rt ea anaes aaa SS ET TT a EPI NE COUTTS REE A SS u xe 2 " aneees alt f coat BUY Bn Osc Sees x a ay ee a as Wy, HH Ca = = Hy i is {r\ be K2 KS ihe. Q Plathemis trimaculata 47 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS, hang them in gelatinous strings on aquatic vegetation. Such a string may contain more than 100,000 eggs. This species (Plate XII) of the subfamily Corduline is called Water-prince. It will test your skill with the net, as it is a splendid flyer and rarely at rest. Adults are to be found from May to midsummer along muddy, reed-grown banks. The young live on the bottom among detritus or on submerged logs. Not being good climbers, the nymphs usually seek a broad supporting surface, even some distance from the water, when they are ready to split down the back and free the adult. The female flies alone when depositing her eggs and makes her dips some distance apart in open water. Epicordulia princeps The remainder of the species mentioned here belong to the subfamily Libelluline. The Amber-wing is one of the smallest of our true dragon-flies and may be easily recognized by reference to’ Plate X. It flies, rather slowly and clumsily, in May and June, fre- quently resting, and hiding completely if a cloud but cover the sun. Perithemis domitia Individuals of this genus are common and conspicuous. The young are elongate, tapering, and provided with hairs which collect a conceal- ing covering of silt. JL. pulchella (see Plate X) frequents ponds; the females do not have the spaces between the spots so white as do the males. JL. semifasciata (Plate XI) appears even before the middle of May, usually about woodland brooks. The basal portions of the wings of L. luctuosa (Plate XII) are brownish or black; the outer portions are clear except that the old males have the middle chalky white and the females have brownish tips. Libellula : This frequenter of ponds and ditches, the eons White-tail (Plate XI), usually holds its trimaculata : ; wings slanting forward and downward when at rest. The females and young males have the 48 Piate XII ‘Tibellula luctuosa Celithemis eponina Celithemis ornalo Fpicordulia princeps Sympetrum semicinctum 49 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. brown body marked with yellow, but the old males are powdered with white. Three of our most beautiful small species belong to this genus. C. eponina (Plate XII) is adult in late June and early July along the borders of ponds and in the neighboring fields. C. elisa has a small rounded spot of brown on each front wing just beyond the place where eponina has a brown band. C. ornata (Plate XII) is found along the Atlantic coast from Maine to Florida. Celithemis Many of the species of this large genus have brilliant red bodies. They frequently fly far from their marshy home. The only one of our common species which has wing markings is S. semicinctum (Plate XII). Sympetrum PLECOPTERA All observant trout fishermen have noticed on the stones in rapid streams hordes of flat larvae (nymphs) clinging tightly or scuttling from place to place. They usually belong to this group (see Plate XIII), as may be told by the two tail filaments, two tarsal claws and the thread- like gills, if any, at the bases of the legs. There is only one family, PERLIDZ, the common name being Stone- or Salmon-flies. They never have gills along the sides of the abdomen, although there may be gills at the bases of the tail filaments; the thoracic gills are not large and the smaller species have none at all, depending upon the thinness of the skin on their underside for the transfer of oxygen. Since the breathing apparatus is so poorly developed, they are largely confined to well-aérated water. They feed upon other aquatic animals and are eagerly eaten by trout, making excellent wet bait. Especially during the first warm days of spring, the full-grown nymphs crawl out on stones or logs and the adults leave the nymphal skin, which, complete even to the lining of the main trachee and of the fore-gut, is hooked to the molting place. The adults are gray or greenish, usually with two 50 AD Hi LAs a ‘Re — —- - STS Plecoptera 51 PLATE XIII ydalis cornuta Cor FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. tail filaments, hind wings larger than the front ones and, in some cases, with curious reminiscences of their former life in degenerate gills at the bases of the legs. A single female may lay as many as 6,000 eggs, dropping them either promiscuously into the water or done up in a loose packet. Less than a hundred species have been described from North America. MEGALOPTERA This ‘‘pigeon-hole’”’ in the classification of insects contains the former Neuropterous family Sialidide. As an Order, it now has two families of its own: SIALIDIDA (in a limited sense) and CoryDALID#. Before telling about the only species concerning which I have actually been asked by laymen, I will slip in a few words about some of its relatives. This order is probably more primitive than Neuroptera and its members differ from Neuroptera in having the hind wings broad at the base and folded, fan-like, when at rest. Species of Szalis (the only genus in Sialididz) are called Alder-flies or Orl-flies and differ from other members of the order in having no ocelli. Their larva are aquatic; carnivorous; each of the first seven segments of their abdomen bears a pair of five- jointed appendages, and a similar (but longer and un- | jointed) appendage forms a kind of tail. The larve live buried in the bottom of streams but they crawl out and bury themselves in above-water earth to pupate—all Megaloptera have complete metamorphosis and so do pupate. The Corydalide differ from the Sialidide by having three ocelli, when adult, and two hooked fleshy projections, instead of a single ‘‘tail,’’ on the hind end of the abdomen of the larva. The family is divided into genera, two of which concern us: Chauliodes, in which the adults have the hind corners of the head rounded, and the larve have no hair-like tufts at the bases of the lateral filaments of the abdomen; and Corydalis, in which the adults have the hind corners of the head sharply angled and the larve have hair-like tufts at the bases of the lateral filaments. The species of Chauliodes are called Fish- flies. The adults are grayish or brownish, with whitish _ 52 NEUROPTERA. spots or bands, and have feathered antenne. The larve are aquatic, but do not favor swift streams. Pupation takes place out of the water, in rotten logs or in the earth. Now we come to the creature laymen ask about. I can not give all the nicknames and have no preference; some of those I have heard are Dobson-fiy, for the adult, and, for the larve, Hellgrammite, Dobson, Crawler, Hell-devil, Hell-diver, Conniption- bug, and Arnly. Others have been published, but when I mead this short list to my ten- year-old she said “It must be an awful-looking thing.” Whatever its appearance (Plate XIII), the larve make irresistible bait for bass and many of us have turned over stones in swift streams looking for them with that end in view. In the May or June that the larve are full-grown, a matter of probably three years, they crawl out on the bank and pupate under stones, the adults emerging several weeks later. Now, the male is not as terrible as he looks. Those long jaws are to embrace the female when mating. The female’s jaws are short, stubby and much more likely to pinch. Two to three thousand eggs are laid in a whitish, rounded mass on a leaf, or some other object, which overhangs a stream. Corydalis cornuta NEUROPTERA As previously mentioned, the Sialididze and Corydalide are considered by many authorities to be Neuroptera. Neuroptera, in a limited sense, are not only terrestrial but, in some cases, inhabitants of the dryest deserts. Meta- morphosis is complete. There are eight or ten interesting families but members of only two of them are commonly noticed by laymen. The following is a key to certain of the Neuroptera. z. Antenne enlarged toward the tip; club-shaped, or eeeeaepermminalicnobs. S35. 2 2. ON a ee MYRMELEONID. Antenne without terminal enlargement............ ps 2. Front legs fitted for seizing prey, stouter than the other legs; attached to the front end of an extremely long prothorax. Some, at least, of the larve live parasitically 53 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. in the nests of spiders and wasps, and pupate there with- in.arsilen cocoon... 6.50. 2.20 Ee MANTISPID&. Front legs not thicker than other legs and not fitted fot gfaspinge. 0... el ee ee 3. 3. Wings with few, simple veins, and covered with a whitish powder. Minute and rare insects whose larve feed jon aphids. \., inc. teyeae een eee CONIOPTERYGIDA. Wings with many veins and not covered with whitish POWUED sf. aise owls ales ba ulave 4s 0 60 0g one 4. 4. Wing-veins all ending in a succession of symmetrical forks. CHRYSOPID2 (antenne threadlike) and HEMERO- BIID# (antenne either like a string of beads or comb-like). Wing-veins meeting the outer margin of the wing in straight lines. Insects now put in the order Megaloptera (p. 52). The ‘common’ name, Ant-lion, given to members of this family is a translation of the real name and both are poor, for one could scarcely imagine a lion digging a trap in which to catch its prey. The ant-lion’s trap is ingenious; it is a pit made in sand or loose soil. The larva is hidden at the bottom (see the cross-section shown in Plate XIV). When an ant or some other insect steps over the edge, it tumbles into the waiting jaws below, often being assisted in its downfall by a shower of sand thrown up by the hidden lion. Pupation takes place, underground, inside a spherical silken cocoon. The adults are delicate, gauzy-winged creatures which are frequently attracted to lights; in fact, they were so common as to be troublesome one summer when I was collecting moths in the arid Southwest. A favorite place for the pits of some species is underneath shed roofs. Myrmeleonidz In his Book of Bugs Harvey Sutherland says of the Aphis-lion: “Its mother, the golden-eyed lace-wing fly, is a dear, sweet thing, that you would think fit only to go on an Easter card, so pale and zsthetic are her light-green wings. But her children are such regular little ‘divvels’ that she dare not lay her eggs in one mass, for the first one out would eat up all the rest. So she spins a lot of stalks of stiff silk and sticks one egg o4+ Chrysopidze PEATE LXV SOT KES eo Qa ASwe sy, M Z Od Ra ae *S ae aa —, SSIS Se AD LS = o-2 0, _~*, ante. aad = = Sn es s 3 oy < AD nt he * e ixrrehee Pir eet Pre FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. on the end of each, thereby giving each young one a chance for its life.” The captious would remark that a given egg and its stalk are arranged before another stalk is made, but the final effect is the same (see Plate XIV). The principal genus of this family is Chrysopa, including ~ about a dozen species in most parts of the country but the species all look pretty much alike. They come every year on my honeysuckle and I bring more from the fields and turn them loose in my garden. I have never considered, carefullv, the moral side of such an action but I am sure the owners of the ‘‘fields’’ would tell me I was welcome if I showed them the Chrysopa—they wouldn't know what a splendid help these insects are in keeping down aphids (plant lice). One Sunday afternoon I tried to see how many such pests a single Chrysopa would eat; I have forgotten what the eount was when I stopped but I know that I got tired before the aphis-lion did and I turned it Joose on the honeysuckle to keep up the good work. The larva spins a delicate silken cocoon in which to pupate; the cocoon opens like a box when the adult is ready to emerge. The odor of the adult is not always as delicate as the appearance; they are sometimes ‘common about lights so that you can easily determine this yourself. The larve of HEmMEROBIID are also “aphis-lions”’; the adults have brownish or smoky wings instead of greenish. MECOPTERA Adult males of the genus Panorpa (see Plate XV) have a pair of claspers at the end of their abdomen by means of which they hold the females while mating. These claspers and the turned-up slender body suggest the sting of a scorpion, hence the common name Scorpion-flies, but they are harmless. The larva, as far as known, are carnivorous and live on or just below the surface of the ground, es- pecially if it be moist. All the adults of this order have beak-like mouths and, if they feed at all, are probably carnivorous. Certainly, adults of Bittacus (Plate XV), although they look something like craneflies with too many wings and appear to be asleep much of the time, wake up 56 TRICHOPTERA : CADDICE=-WORMS. in time to catch unwary flies; but the small (less than .25 in. long) species of Boreus, which have no wings and are found on the snow in the Northern States, must find poor picking there. ‘TTRICHOPTERA These insects have an incidental interest in being near to the ancestors of butterflies and moths, but they need no reflected glory to give them an appeal. They have complete metamorphosis, and, although the adults are aérial, the larve and pup are aquatic. The name of the order signifies. “hairy winged”’; the hair is, however, often dificult to see without a lens and sometimes it is almost as scale-like as in some Lepidoptera. The adults are fre- quently attracted to our porch lights, with many people passing for moths that hold their wings trimly against the sides of their bodies and have very long antennez. The larve are popularly called Caddice- or Caddis-worms— the term coming from a German word for ‘“‘bait’’ because they were used for that purpose. In these days of dry flies the adults serve as models for such favorites as the Duns. Most of the larve make portable houses for themselves (see Plate XV). Phryganea interrupia and Platycentropus maculipennis, both living in still water, use light material, the former clipping pieces of leaves and neatly fastening the edges together, the latter cutting small sticks in short lengths and arranging them crossways of its body. Molanna cinerea, Notidobia americana (case, a narrow cone), Psilotreta frontalis (a similar case but blunter, nearly cylindrical), and Helicopsyche annulicornis all live in running water and build of sand. Halesus argus also lives in running water but weights the case of sticks 5 with stones and shells, not always being careful to select ‘ unoccupied shells either. In these and many other such ‘instances, the larve go about with only their heads and ‘y legs sticking out of their homes and are ever ready to withdraw even those on approach of danger. The materials used in constructing the cases are fastened together with silk; when time for pupation comes, the whole case is anchored with silken cords to some under- of 3 3 Fee FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. water support, the ends are covered with a loose silk netting and the change occurs in the privacy of the larval home. Polycentropus lucidus builds a stationary, tunnel- like dwelling in the silt where the current is slight and species of Hydropsyche build stone ones, which are anchored to larger stones in places where the current is swift. With the possible exception of Hydropsyche, caddice- worms seem to be vegetarians. Hydropsyche may be carnivorous and Hydropsyche analis has long been an object of interest with those who know. Its larva lives in the very swiftest of streams in a rather rude, but firmly fastened, hut of pebbles and debris; not far from its door it makes a net (see Plate XV) between small stones or on the top of some large stone where it is in the current’s sweep. This net is always placed across stream and its top is often framed with sticks. Now all H. analis needs do, when hungry, is to go out of its hut and eat whatever food the net has caught. On such excursions it keeps hold of a strand of silk which has one end fastened to the door so that it can pull itself back if the current should loosen its footing. Pupation takes place in the larval dwelling, but how about the adult? Most insects slowly work their way out of the pupal case and then rest for some time until their wings are dry and strong. This would never do for H. analis, nor for many other species of Trichoptera, since fish would snap them up even if the cur- rent did notoverpower them. Itissaid that the pupa leaves its protective case, swims to the surface, and instantly the adult shoots out of the pupal skin and flies away. The classification of adult caddice-flies is not easy and, as the chief interest is in the larve, the following key, based on larval characters, is given. It is a modification of one in Bulletin 47 of the N. Y. State Sie and includes the principal families. 1. Head bent downward at an angle with the body; tubercles usually present on the basal abdominal segment; gill filament, when present, simple (except in some Limno- philidz), lateral fringe usually present............ hints Head in line with the main axis of the body; ‘ealeeeanes and lateral fringe absent; gill filaments, when present, branched... fe. cece lO es oe as ee 5. PLATE XV Panorpa , nebulosa Mantispa : brunnea Biffacus STrIgosus _ flese elicopsyche . sa _. annulicornis Phryganea interrupta FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. Hind legs more than twice as long as the front; ab- dominal constrictions slight. Cylindrical case of sand and Sfmadds SOMES jae is ne: 2. oaks Wy. acta, we LEPTOCERIDZ. 3. Head longitudinally elliptic, at slight angle with the body; only head and pronotum chitinized; abdominal constrictions deep; hind legs slightly longer than the front. Case of vegetable matter laid longitudinally and forming a spiral, widening at the anterior end..... PHRYGANEID&. Head oval to round; usually more of the thorax than the pronotum chitinized; abdominal constrictions slight. . 4. 4. Lateral fringe well developed. Cases various....... LIMNOPHILID. Lateral fringe slightly developed. Case of sand or eral Shemesh sc ate AG cee. dene eee SERICOSTOMATIDE. 5. Abdomen much thicker than the thorax. Case kidney-shaped, of small stones; or flat and parchment- Tt de ae eae Bee es tipo ae ee . .LIYDROPTILID®. Abdomen little, if any, thicker than thorax......... 6. 6. Hind legs about the same length as the front ones. Nomportable larval case... 2.5 capi ae HybDROPSYCHID. Hind legs a little longer than the front ones. No larwals Gases 4 wuss Siachdidteae ieee eee RHYACOPHILIDX. The ancestral tree of insects is buried to The Ances- beyond the origin of the branches in the Tee oblivion of the past. We have been look- ing at the lower part of certain branches and on one of them we got rather close to the roots when we were examining ‘“‘the most primitive insects.’’ Partly for convenience, but also because the branches are so tangled and their points of union are so hidden, we have not kept to a single branch. When we were at the Trichoptera, we were near the point where one of them blossoms out into Lepidoptera. It is believed that incomplete meta- morphosis is one of the signs of primitiveness and we will now go down near the trunk again but in another part of the tree. Rather than start with forms not usually noticed by any but professionals, we will begin with earwigs: 60 DERMAPTERA: EARWIGS. DERMAPTERA The name of the order alludes to the skin-like, really leather-like, front wings. Another name which is some- times used is Euplexoptera and alludes to the skill with which they fold their hind wings. Grant Allen, in his essay on Those Horrid Earwigs, has written entertain- ingly of this matter. They sometimes come to porch lights but are not really common with us. Of the nick- name, Allen says: “Jt is called earwig, gossips will tell you, because it creeps into the ears of incautious sleepers in the open air, and so worms its way to the brain, where, if you will believe the purveyors of folk-lore natural history, it grows to a gigantic size, ‘as big as a goose’s egg,’ and finally kills its unhappy victim. It is true, science knows nothing of this form of brain-disease; it has tried the case before an impartial tribunal and the earwig has left the court without a stain on its character.” Earwigs are easily confused with Staphylinid (and some other) beetles because the front wings of neither cover the body, but earwigs may be distinguished by their having pincers on behind (compare Plates XVI and LXXV). ‘These insects are nocturnal; by day they live under stones, in decayed wood, in earthworm burrows and the like. It seems to be a mistake about their feeding on plants; they are probably entirely carnivorous and go on plants to look for dead or living insects to eat. The mother sits on a cluster of eggs like a brooding hen in order to guard them, not for incubation since insects are ‘“‘cold-blooded.’’ The young resemble their parents except that they have no wings and they are said to stick rather closely to mother for some time after they are hatched. Ail the common species in the Northeast are transatlantic introductions. Anisolabis maritima measures nearly, or quite, an inch in length when adult and lacks wings. It is found under the wash-up on the sea beach. The antennal joints of For- ficula are cylindrical; auricularia, common in England, is one of several species found in greenhouses here. The antennal joints of Labia minor (Plate XVI) are wider at the apices than at the bases; it is our most common inland species. Gr FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. ORTHOPTERA For the sake of simplicity, and to conform with other books you may see, we will include roaches, mantids, and walking sticks in this order, calling them families, although good authorities consider each of them to be a separate order. The earwigs were formerly classed as Orthop- tera but are now generally conceded the rank of an order. All have incomplete metamorphosis.’ A useful. paper for students in the Northeast is by B. H. Walden, Bull. No. 16, State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Con- necticut. BLATTIDZ These are the Roaches. I like the spirit in which Sutherland views these none too well liked creatures: “Tf the test of nobility is antiquity of family; then the cockroach that hides behind the kitchen ‘sink is the true - aristocrat. He does not date back merely to the three brothers that came over in 1640 or to William the Con- queror. Wherever there have been great epoch-making movements of people he has been with them heart and soul, without possessing any particular religious convic- tions or political ambitions. It is not so much that he approves of their motives as that he likes what they have to eat. Since ever a ship turned a foamy furrow in the sea he has been a passenger, not a paying one certainly, but still a passenger. But man himself is but a creature of the last twenty minutes or so compared with the cock- roach, for, from its crevice by the kitchen sink, it can point its antennz to the coal in the hod and say: ‘When that was being made my family was already well- established.’”’ This hyphenate was named by Linnzus cians oa long before the war and he probably did not germanica mean to insinuate anything, although ‘scientific gents’’ have played such tricks. As a 62 ‘ certain Blat PLATE XVI Blatta orientalis 63 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. matter of fact, this household guest probably accompanied our ancestors when they moved into Europe from Asia. It got the name of Croton-bug because it first attracted general attention in New York about the time Croton water was put in. Perhaps the most interesting thing about the species is the way the mother carries around her package of eggs sticking out of the hind end of her body (see Plate XVI). Linnzus is responsible for the geographic name of this species too, and also of the next and the next. He wasa sort of Mrs. Wiggs. Only the male of the Oriental Roach (Plate XVI) gets functional wings—a rather common arrangement among insects and one which does not seem quite fair as it means that the lady must walk when she wishes to establish her family in a new place. Perhaps the “black beetle” (!) did start from the Orient; like most of the roaches which are directly associated with man, it is now cosmopolitan. Blatta orientalis This genus is occasionally brought to our attention by the large, trim P. americana (Plate XVI, which also shows an egg-capsule) from the South. Sometimes we see P. australasia, not so elongate and wearing yellow shoulder stripes lengthwise of its front wings. Those who go afield find species of Ischnoptera under loose bark, independent country folk which never live in towns. In the tropics, there are not only roaches which are much larger than ours but also species which seem more beautiful to us; one such genus is Panchlora (Plate XIX), members of which frequently make the trip north in bunches of bananas. By the way, in addition to eating our food, clothing, etc., roaches help us kill our bedbugs, if we have any. Periplaneta MANTIDZ= One of the favorite attitudes (see Plate XVII) of these creatures is supposed to be devout and has given them the name of ‘Praying Mantids.” I -hate to go against 64 FLATE XVII lien, a a a a, a A Phasmid (Manomera) MANTIDS AND WALKING STICKS. authority but the pose does not seem to me devout and I know that the mantis is seeking whom it may devour; see those big eyes and especially those spines on the jaw- like front legs. Please do not accuse me of punning when I suggest that they be called “‘Preying Mantids.’’ Other -names are Devil’s Rear Horses and Soothsayers; while; in ‘the South they are believed to poison stock with the brownish fluid from their mouths and are called Mule- killers. They are the only insects that can look over their shoulders. Our northern native species (Stagmomantis carolina) does not get farther north than southern New Jersey. It is 2 or 3in.long; the males and some females are grayish brown except for the body and feet which are sometimes greenish; the females may be wholly green. The egg-mass shown in Plate XVII is a trifle small. The European Mantis religiosa has apparently established itself in central New York. Including the wings which xtend beyond the tip of the abdomen, it is about 214 in. long; it is either brown or green. The Oriental Para- tenodera sinensis is now fairly common about Philadelphia and is being introduced into other parts of the country. It is quite large, especially the female, attaining a length of 3% in. or more; the broad, green, front margin of the ront wings is sharply separated from the much larger brown portion. The egg-mass of simensis is shaped like a short, broad cornucopia; the eggs are protected by a brownish substance somewhat like dried foam. Several other species occur in the South. All are very- beneficial since they destroy large numbers of injurious insects. They are quite harmless to man and, indeed, make good pets. PHASMIDZ In the tropics, where this family, the Walking Sticks, is at home, many of the species have wings, but the north- . ern representatives, Dia pheromera femorata and Manomera blatchleyi, are wingless—sticks without leaves (see Plate XVII). These curious insects, which may be either brown or green, are not really rare as far north as New York, but, as they look so like twigs and never fly, they 5 65 ee ee ae > pont eect meena: eae a ae eT EE Ree OTS aon Gray SS oy, FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. are rarely seen by the layman except when they are so unusually abundant as to be destructive. They feed on the leaves of almost any sort of tree. The shot-like eggs are dropped singly and promiscuously to the ground where they lie over winter, or possibly over two winters. I once found these insects so abundant in a Pennsylvania locality that the trees were all but stripped of leaves and the dropping eggs sounded like rain. The remainder of the Orthoptera typically have the hind femora enlarged and thickened for leaping. ACRIDID By remembering that the antennz are always much shorter than the body, one has no difficulty in recognizing this family of Grasshoppers. The migratory Rocky Mountain Locust (Melanoplus spretus), which occasion- ally has been so destructive in our West, and the Biblical locusts, which were eaten with wild honey, belong here. Some species make a rasping sound by rubbing their hind | legs against their front wings (tegmina); others rattle, while flying, their hind wings against the tegmina. These sounds are primarily amorous serenades and Nature’s serenades without attentive ears would be even more curious than the ears for which the grasshoppers perform. In this family there is an auditory organ on each side of the first abdominal segment, just above and back of the places where the large hind femora start. Notice the clear round spot on the next grasshopper you catch. Short-horned grasshoppers, as a rule, lay their eggs in clusters, under- ground (Plate XVIII); perhaps you have noticed, in the fall of the year, females along the path with their abdomens sunk to the base in a small hole which they had made by pushing aside the earth. These small grasshoppers, the Grouse Locusts, are distinguished from their rela- tives by their pronotum extending back to, or beyond, the tip of the abdomen. There are numerous species, some of which are quite variable and one of which (Acrydium ornatus) is shown in Plate XVIII. Four genera may be separated as follows: Tettigine 66 PLATE XVIII SS ae ete TEAR SERN Oo xes coe SENS Spharagemon bolii 67 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS, 1. Antennz with 21 of 22’ jomts: faa Tettigidea. Antennz with t2 to 14 joints). Vege. =: le. ae ee 2. Pronotum with a high, arched, median longitudinal THIGE Ss ie le Se ak hale ee Nomotettix. Top of pronotum rather flat, median ridge low........3. 3. Vertex of head not projecting beyond the eyes.- Paratetiix. Vertex of head projecting in front beyond the eyes... .4. 4. Pronotum reaching to the eyes........ Neotettix. Pronotum not reaching the eyes.......... Acrydium. It is difficult to distinguish, in all cases, with certainty between this and the next subfamily. The Truxalinze have no spine on the prosternum (or at most an oblique tubercle) and they typically have receding chins. Plate XVIII shows a rather extreme type, Truxalis brevicornis; the antenne are flat at the base and pointed at the apex; side ridges of pronotum straight; general color either green or brown. This species anes moist places. Pseudopomala also has flattened antennz and a very oblique face but its prosternum has an obtuse tubercle. In Ervitettix the an- tennal joints just before the end are thicker than the others and the apical spur on the inner side of the hind tibiz is twice as long as the other spur. In Mermuiria the space between the mesosternal lobes is almost linear in its narrowest part and the metasternal lobes touch.” Some other genera (in which, as in these, the -head is shorter than the pronotum and not distinctly elevated above it, _ may be separated as follows: Truxaline or Acridine 1. Nosmall depressions (“‘foveole’’) on the upper surface of the head between and in front of the eyes or, if present, invisible from above; face very oblique.........4.. sae zs Such foveolz present and visible from above; face less Oblique. 1... 66s belay clas tis ples creck o's» seq nanan 5. 2. Hind tibia with 18 to 21 spines on the outer margin. Syrbula. S. admirabilis: male, about 1 in. long; ground color usually brown; yellow on face, base of antenna, an oblique line from each eye, lower sides of pronotum and parts of hind femora, The female is about 1.5 in. long; 68 GAY=WINGED LOCUSTS. usually greenish ground-color; a reddish brown stripe, bordered with black, extends from top of head to back of pronotum. Hind tibia with not over 15 spines on outer margin... 3. 3. Antenne about, or more than, 1.5 times as long as head and pronotum together; a median ridge on upper front of head. Chlealtis. C. conspersa has yellowish or brown general color; length, nearly 1 in.; front wings of female only about half as long as abdomen. Eggs are laid in soft wood. Antenne shorter; no such distinct ridge............ 4. 4. Upper margins of sides of pronotum longer than sides are wide, and parallel. Dichromorpha. The general color of the male viridis is dull brown and the length is about -7 in.; the female is either brown or bright green and at least I in. long; front wings usually not as long as the abdomen. Sides of pronotum relatively broader and top margins squeezed together in the middle........... Orphulelia. 5. Median ridge of pronotum rather high and sharp, cut piamyeara front of middle..........5.5..... Mecostethus. i RR ARIELLE AO SOS 8 5 dic one jw ics Sis Sime te 6. 6. Apical spurs on inner side of hind tibiz equal in length; ridges on sides of top of pronotum distinct throughout. Chorthippus. Our common species is curtipennis. Lower apical spur about twice as long as the upper; side-ridges distinct only in the middle. Ageneoteitix. Not common east of the Mississippi. These differ from the preceding sub- family in not having, asa rule, such receding chins; some of them differ from other grasshoppers in haying parti-colored hind wings, and some in also having crests on their pronotums (see Plate XVIII). They are the ones which make a noise when they fly and sometimes a male will hover in the air above a female and rattle away for dear life, meanwhile showing off his gay hind wings. When at rest on the ground, with the hind wings covered, they are very difficult to see because of their protective coloration. Dzissostetra carolina (Plate XIX) is one of the commonest species; the color of its tegmina varies 69 Cdipodinz = FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. from blackish, through brown and reddish, to yellowish. The sand-colored species, with pale yellow and black hind wings, so common on the shores of the Atlantic and of the Great Lakes, is Trimerotropis maritima. In Arphia the crest is not notched. In Psinidia (antennz of male longer than the hind femora, basal joints strongly flattened; our common species is fenestralis, whose black-bordered hind wings vary from pale yellow to red), Trimerotropis, and Circotettix (hind tibize dusky towards base and at tip), the crest is notched twice. Some of those with only one notch are: 1. Disk of hind wing nearly transparent, uncolored..... Ze Disk of hind wing opaque or colored:)... sane eee 3- 2. Pronotum roof-shaped and front margin angulate. Chortophaga. Our common species is wiridifasciata; it may be either green or brown. Pronotum flat on top except for the prominent crest which is higher in front than behind; front margin of pronotum square-cut. Encoptolophus. In sordidus the base of the hind wings is yellow; hind tibiz with a pale ring near the base. 3 3- Body robust; lateral ridges of pronotum extending in front of the principal groove and not cut by it. Hippiscus. ~SNOt! 'SO.cc3.c0 cece eta s bes cee ole gana 4. 4. Hind wings black with a pale border... .Dissosteira. Hind wings yellow at base with a dark median band. Scirtetica marmorata (tegmina marbled with grayish and dark blotches; hind femora dark at apex and with 3 dark bands) and Spharagemon (Plate XVIII). Acrididz with the pronotum not extend- ing to near the tip of the abdomen but with a prominent spine on the prosternum (the underside of the first segment of the thorax) are grouped in this sub- family. There are numerous species and even the common ones cannot be satisfactorily differentiated without going into technicalities. Schistocerca americana (Plate XVIII) is one of the largest in size and strongest in flight of our grasshoppers; another species is called damnifica, a name which sounds good to him who chases these “ Bird-locusts”’ Locustinze 7O LONG-HORNED GRASSHOPPERS. inthe hot sun. Melanoplus femur-rubrum is the extremely common, red-legged grasshopper of our fields, very similar to M. spretus. The fat, clumsy, short-winged “Lubber Grasshopper”’ of our Southeast is Romalea mucroptera and the almost wingless Lubber of our Southwest is Brachypeplus magnus. I. Tegmina, especially of females, over an inch long. Schistocerca. ermentia farcly an inch lone... 1... kw ek en ee pa 2. General color green, in life; the least distance between the eyes less than 11% times the width of the second an- tennal joint. Hesperotettix. The least common of these four genera. Usually brownish; eyes more widely separated....... 2. 3- Dorsal surface of pronotum not twice as long as the average breadth, the sides constricted at the middle. Melanoplus. Dorsal surface of pronotum relatively longer, the sides Meee tected a6 tmIddle. LL. oe ee ee Paroxya. TETTIGONIID.Z A proper nickname for the Acridide is “‘Locusts.’’ This used to be very confusing since the scientific name of the long-horned grasshoppers, which are not “Locusts,"’ was Locustide. It was recently discovered by some of those whose business it is to find out such things that ‘‘ Locusti- dz’’ is not good usage. The matter is still sub judice but I prefer the less confusing one. The Long-horned Grass- hoppers may be distinguished from crickets (Gryllide) by the fact that their wing-covers slope down on the sides and are not flat above except for a short space near the base. Both families have long antenne; the males of both sing or, better, fiddle by rubbing their wing covers together; and both listen with “ears’’ which are situated near the upper part of the tibie of their front legs. Among those genera having hind wings, Scudderia (tegmina of nearly equal breadth throughout) and Ambly- corpha (tegmina widened at the middle) have no spines on prosternum or vertex but have one on each side of the 71 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. tip of the hind tibiz. In Pterophylla the tegmina is broadly expanded in the middle and the pronotum is crossed by two distinct grooves. Few have not heard the masculine debates ~ oe as to whether Katy did or didn’t, but many camellifolia : ‘ , do not know, by sight, either the disputant or Katy, both of whom usually stay high in trees. Plate XIX shows the male; the musical apparatus is at the base of the tegmina, and the leaf-like wing-covers themselves, broadly curving entirely around the body, act as sounding boards. The female’s wing-covers do not have the thick rasp-veins at their bases; and at the hind end of her abdomen is a stout scimitar-like ovipositor with which she places her eggs in the bark of various trees. In many of the older books this species is called Cyrtophyllus concavus, ana has been nicknamed the True Katydid. - The “folia’’ part of the scientific name Amblycorypha yefers to the leaf-like appearance of the oblongifolia E é front wings. Nearly all of the Katydids are typically green, but, like some other greén insects, they, and especially this species, have brown or pink “sports’’ (see Plate XIX). The figure is of a female and shows the ovipositor. The ‘‘Oblong-leaf’’ and the other relatives of the True Katydid often live in low bushes. ; Under this general head we may group pee. numerous species of Neoconocephalus (rather rasshoppers ; : large, green or brown species, with the front of the head more or less prolonged into a cone, and with spines on the underside of the front and middle femora), Orchelimum (usually an inch, or slightly more, long; females have stout and curved or sickle-shaped ovipositors), and Conocephalus (smaller, as a rule; the ovipositor is slender and straight; prosternal spine very short; see Plate XX). Some authors class Neoconocephalus with Katydids rather than with Meadow Grasshoppers and, as a matter of fact, these insects are rather partial to bushy fields. The name Conocephalus is apt to cause some trouble to those who consult books which were be Ho | in Dissosteira carolina Pterophylla camellifolia (canthus ~<—e re a CRICKETS. published more than several years ago; it refers to what is called in them Xiphidium, and Conocephalus in such books refers to what should be called Neoconocephalus. The members of all three genera have the habit of dodging around to the other side of the grass-blade or weed-stalk when you approach, rather than trusting to flight. They place their eggs, by means of their sharp ovipositors, in the leaves of grasses, pith of twigs, and in similar situations. ~ All grasshoppers are wingless when they are young but the members of certain genera do not get wings even when mature. Ceuthophilus (see Plate XX) is the most common genus, especially in the Northeast, and its members have been nicknamed ‘‘ Cave Crickets’’; but they are not crickets and, while some species live in caves, the majority live in cellars, under the floors of out-buildings, under stones, in hollow logs, and the like. For some reason they are also. called “Camel Crickets.’”’ Aélanticus is a genus usually found under fallen leaves in woods; its male members still retain remnants of the front wings, and, by using these, they are able to make sounds. Kellogg says of the “Jerusalem Crickets’’ (Stenopelmatus) which live on the Pacific Coast that they are large, awkward, thick-legged © creatures with “ baby-faces.”’ Wingless Grasshoppers GRYLLIDZ One of the points of distinction between the long-horned grasshoppers and Crickets was given in the discussion of Tettigoniide; another is that the ovipositors of crickets, when long, are needle-like. The musical apparatus of the males (see Plate XX, which shows also an “‘ear’’ on a front leg) occupies a relatively larger portion of the wing-covers than it does among the Tettigoniide. Many of the species, especially of Nemobius, Gryllus, and Gryllotalpa, occur in two forms: one with short, and one with long, functional hind wings. These creatures, the Mole-crickets (Plate XX), have curiously enlarged front legs, which are used in excavating their burrows; the hind 73 Gryllotalpa FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS, femora are slender. These insects are almost never seen above ground except at the mating season when they are sometimes attracted to lights. They usually live in rather damp soil and, in some countries, do great damage by eating the roots of seedling crops; this is true of the ‘““Changa’’ in Porto Rico. The female has no prominent ovipositor but places her eggs in a loose pile in her burrow. A related genus, Tridactylus, contains species less than .4 in. long; the front tibiz are not broadly expanded but have three or four spines at the apex; hind femora slender; tarsi with only one joint. The large, black species belong to the genus Gryllus (Plate XX); the usually more numerous, small, brown species are lVemo- bius. The males of both chirp by rubbing the file on the under side of one wing against the roughened surface on the upper side of the other. Nemobius is almost altogether vegetarian but I have never quite forgiven the omnivorous Gryllus for eating holes in a bathing suit which was left on the beach to dry. Both genera place their eggs singly. in holes which they make in the ground with their sharp- pointed ovipositors. Gryllus is relatively tame; and not only may you watch the male chirping in a desultory fashion near his retreat (such as a burrow or under an old board), or angrily challenging another male to battle, or passionately entreating a female, but you may make pets of them. A lantern globe set on soil in a flower pot makes a good cage; feed them lettuce, moist bread and, especially if you have a numerous family the members of which are inclined to eat each other, some bone meal; if you wish to incubate the eggs, water the soil about as you would for plants. Most of the individuals pass the winter as eggs but some hibernate as almost-mature nymphs. The ‘Cricket on the hearth’’ is a light-colored European species (Gryllus domesticus) which is sometimes found in greenhouses and dwellings in this country. The Field Crickets There are numerous species of these delicate, greenish or greenish-white musi- cians, the Tree-crickets. One of the principal specific 74 Ccanthus PLATE XX AFemale Gryllus A Cricket’s Musical apparatus FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. characters is the shape and arrangement of the black dots on the two basal joints of their antennz. However, as is the case with other groups of Orthoptera, each species has a tune of its own (the tempo depending on whether it is night or day, sunshiny or cloudy, warm or cold). Some students have become so expert in Orthopteran music that they have detected new species by ear even though careful study was needed to corroborate their opinions as to the taxonomic distinctness by discovering other char- acters. In this genus, the male (Plate XIX) seems to have gone largely to music—he has broad front wings but a relatively small body. The female, whose wings are wrapped closely to her body, lays her eggs in such stems as those of the raspberry. Xabea, a related genus, has no spines on the hind tibie; first joint of antenne with a blunt tooth. In bipunctata the hind wings are nearly twice as long as the tegmina; the creature is pinkish, the female having two black spots on each tegmen (front wing). Anoxipha has the second tarsal joint distinct, flattened vertically, and heart-shaped; exigua is less than .3 in. long. : ISOPTERA The White Ants are not ants at all but more closely related to the other insects shown on Plate XXI or to roaches. Their greatest development is in the tropics. Our principal species (others occur in the South and West) is Termes flavipes. It nests in or under old logs and stumps, more rarely in the decaying wood of houses. Both males and fertile females (queens) have wings which they shed after their marriage flight. The males soon die but the queens live on and become swollen egg-layers. A large part of the offspring are sterile, wingless females, of which there_are two kinds: ordinary workers and soldiers. CORRODENTIA There are two families: ATROPID&, in which the adults have no ocelli and the wings are absent or, at most, a single pair of small ones present; and Psocip#, in which ocelli 76 PLATE XXI Worker Termes flavipes PNB | Pvestimenti * FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. are present and wings are well developed. Of the Atro- pide, two species are rather common in old books and on dusty shelves: Troctes divinatorius (Plate X XI) and Atropos pulsatoria. These creatures are supposed to make a ticking sound, hence the name Death-watch, but this is doubtful. They are also called Book-lice. The Psocidz may be found in groups on bark, each cluster often being covered with a fine silken net spun from their mouths. Their common name is Bark-lice. MALLOPHAGA Little need be said here about the Bird-lice, except to refer to Plate XXI which shows a common Chicken-louse (Menopon pallidum), a Pigeon-louse (Lipeurus baculus), and the egg of a louse on the peafowl. Completeness demands a few words about unpleasant creatures, but © even these are interesting. Is it not curious that a given species of insect should be confined to the feathers of a single species of bird or the hairs of a certain sort of mammal? This is the case with many Mallophaga. In other cases, the same species of Mallophaga is found on a given kind of bird in the Old World and on a related bird in the New World, indicating that evolution has been less rapid in the parasite than in the host. The winglessness of these insects is undoubtedly a secondary matter—a ““degeneration’’ due to parasitism. Unlike the true lice, they do not suck blood but have biting mouth-parts and feed on hair, feathers, and epidermal scales. - Metamor- phosis is incomplete. Really these creatures are not bad looking if one views them dispassionately and the egg of at lcast one of them (see the picture which was redrawn from Bastin’s Insects) is most striking. SIPHUNCULATA ° > The True Lice have been shifted about somewhat in the scheme of classification. Some put them as an appendix to the Hemiptera. They are small, wingless parasites of mammals, including man. Their eyes are either absent or much reduced; their beak is fleshy and unjointed; their LICE AND THRIPS. tarsi are single-jointed, forming a claw at the end of the tibia. Another scientific name for them is Parasita. Three species (Plate XXI) attack man: Pediculus capitis, the common Head-louse; Pediculus vestimenti, the usually rare Body-louse, Clothes-louse, or Gray-back; and Phthirius inguinalis, the Crab-louse which prefers the arm-pits and pubic regions. Liberal and repeated applications of mercurial ointment are “indicated” for the last-named. A fine-toothed comb and keeping the hair greased with ~ vaseline are usually effective in killing off capitis. A more suddenly effective remedy is to rub kerosene in the hair at night, wrap the head in a cloth, and wash out the kerosene ‘the next morning; repeat in two or three days. Most of the true lice which attack other animals, such as sheep, hogs, oxen, rabbits, rats, and the like, belong to the gents Hematopinus. THYSANOPTERA The narrow insects, usually black and_rarely more than .04 in. long, which are often seen in flowers, belong to this order; also the Onion-thrips (Thrips tabaci) and Thrips in general, some of which are called Black-flies by gar- deners. The wings, if any, are very narrow and fringed with long hairs. The feet are bladder-like. The mouthis fitted for sucking but is lop-sided, only the left mandible being developed; the head is held in such a position that the mouth-parts are pressed against the under side of the thorax and concealed. The young are much like the adults but there is a quiescent stage, just before the mature one, which is very pupa-like and during which no food is taken. Some species (both sexes or only one) never or rarely have wings and sometimes males are absent or rare, the eggs developing without fertilization. In these respects they are like aphids, for example. Some species live under bark and in decaying vegetation. 79 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. HEMIPTERA IN GENERAL In the older system of classification ‘‘Hemiptera”’ included insects which are now considered by some good authorities as more conveniently classed in three orders, including Siphunculata (p. 78). They all have sucking mouth parts, if any, and, with certain exceptions, incom- pletemetamorphosis. The other two orders (or suborders), which have jointed beaks, may be separated as follows: Each wing of the same texture throughout and usually sloping, roof-like, at the sides of the body; beak arising from the hinder part of the lower side of the head; the head so closely joined to the thorax that the bases of the fore legs touch the sides of the head......... HOMOPTERA. Each front wing with the base usually more or less thickened, the extremity thinner; wings lying flat on the back, when folded, the membranous tips overlapping; beak arising from the front part of the head; bases of front legs not touching the sides of the head. ... HETEROPTERA or Hemiptera, in the limited sense (p. 95). HOMOPTERA Members of this group differ so much among themselves that several families will probably soon be classed as separate orders. The following key is a modification of the one given by Brues and Melander. 1. Active, free-living species; beak plainly arising from the head; tarsi 3-jointed; antennz,very short, with a small, terminal bristle. 5... 05... 6. ss sie cin oe a. Females often inactive or incapable of moving; beak appearing to arise between the front legs, sometimes absent in males; tarsi, if present, I- or 2-jointed; antennz usually well developed (sometimes absent), without conspicuous terminal bristl@. ...... . . 2: siento 6. 2. Our species, usually, at least .5 in. long; three ocelli on top of the head; antennz with short basal joint, terminated by a haivc-like process which is divided into about 5 joints; front femora thickened and generally spined beneath. CICADID& (p. 82). 80 KEY TO HOMOPTERA. Our species less than .5 in. long; usually not more than two ocelli, and front tibiz not enlarged................. 3a 3. Antenne arising from below the eyes; ocelli placed beneath or near the eyes, usually in cavities of the cheeks; pronotum not unusually developed.......... FULGORIDZ (p. 85) in a broad sense. Antenne arising from in front of and between the eyes; ocelli (rarely absent) not usually below the eyes. ......4. 4. Pronotum extending back over the abdomen......... MEMBRACID& (p. 84). Pronotum not extending over the base of the abdomen. 5. 5. Tibie smooth, the hind pair with one or two stout spines and with a cluster of spinules at the 2-35 es CERCOPID& (p. 86). ‘Hind tibiz with two rows of spines beneath. ........ CICADELLID& (p. 86). Leaf-hoppers of which Jassine is the principal subfamily. 6. Hind femora much thickened; antennez long, 5- to 10-jointed, last joint with two fine apical bristles; front wings somewhat thicker than the hind, often rather leathery; pad between the tarsal claws prominent, bilobed. CHERMID&: (p. 86). Hind femora not much larger than the others......7. 7. Tarsi 2-jointed, the basal joint sometimes reduced, the outer joint with two claws; wings, when present, four in number; mouth-parts usually well-developed in both Tarsi, when present, 1-jointed, with a single claw; females always wingless, often without legs and usually covered with a more or less well-developed scale; males usually with a single pair of wings which lie flat, one above the other; antennz of females absent or having up to II joints, of males 10- to 25-jointed....... CocciD (p. 9I). 8. Wings usually opaque, whitish, clouded or mottled with spots or bands; body more or less mealy; tarsi with 2 nearly equal joints; tip of tibie with a number of short spines; a pad-shaped or spine-like process between the Ree RMER EMIS oe re Sia. sles o'ayacs oa ALEYRODID& (p. 90). Wings transparent, though sometimes colored; tarsi 2-jointed, the basal joint sometimes very much reduced; 6 81 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. body not mealy, but rarely with waxy wool; process between the tarsal claws absent or nearly so............. APHIDID& (p. 87). CICADID.E These are called Cicadas, Harvest-flies, and Locusts. The eggs are laid in twigs; the newly-hatched young drops ‘to the ground and, burrowing into it, feeds by sucking the juices of roots. It lives in this way for some time (the length depending on the species), its appearance changing but slightly. Finally, it digs out by means of its enlarged front feet, crawls on a tree-trunk or some stich thing, splits down the back and liberates the adult. The adult male “sings,’”’ often very loudly and shrilly, by vibrating membranes stretched over a pair of sound-chambers situated, one at each side, near the base of the abdomen. This is the Periodical Cicada or Seven- teen-year Locust. Asa matter of fact, it is a Thirteen-year Locust in the South. The adult has the same general shape (Plate XXII) as its relatives but its eyes and the principal veins of the wings are red. There is nothing mystical in this color or the W on the wings, although the sudden appearance of the adults in large numbers has been supposed to foretell war. For about sixteen years, in the North, the young suck at the roots of plants. Toward the end of this period scale- like rudiments of wings appear. In the spring of the 17th year the nymph makes its way to the surface of the ground by a smooth firm tunnel. Sometimes, especially if the soil be moist and leaf-covered, it constructs a “‘chimney’’ over the exit-hole. Then, from late May to early July, it and the other members of its brood crawl out singly or in droves and, fastening on some support, disclose the adults which have a week or so of aérial life to recompense them for the long period of preparation. There are a score, or more, of different broods, each of which has a rather definite—often restricted—distribution and time of emergence. Suppose there are three such broods in- your neighborhood. One of them (that is, the Tibicina septendecim 82 PLATE XXII | 13 WY Cicada PCicadiad "bien = hieroglyphica €gg- scars Seay! 83 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. adults) may have appeared in 1911; its next appearance would be 1928. Another might be 1916, 1933, and so on; while the third might be 1919, 1936, and so on. As a matter of fact, these are actual brodds although they may not be the ones of your neighborhood. However, the example shows that we may have Seventeen-year Cicadas oftener than every seventeen years, to say nothing of the possibility of laggards or extra-spry individuals, in the various broods, which do not appear on schedule time. There are numerous other species of this family. It might be noted that the name Cicada tibicen, of many books, as applied to one (or all!) of our Harvest-flies, is an error, Cicada tibicen probably being a tropical species. The differentiation of species is based largely on the form of the male genital plates, although there are size- and color-differences and an attentive ear can detect differ- ences in song. Of the genus Cicada (as now limited, = Tettigia), the small hieroglyphica (Plate XXII), with an almost transparent abdomen, may be found in pine barrens, and is our only species. Plate XXII also shows a common species of Tzbicen which is fairly typical of its genus, the common one in our region. The somewhat similar Okanagana is more common in the West than with us. MEMBRACIDA: The Tree-hoppers have been aptly called_Insect Brownies. If you doubt the aptness see Plate XXIII or, better, look at a number of species, full in the face, through a low- power lens. The prothorax is variously modified and, in some of the tropical species, the modifications are very extraordinary. The young differ from the adults in being more normally shaped. Many of these young and some of the adults excrete ‘“‘honey-dew,’’ much as aphids do, and are eagerly attended by ants for the sake of this fluid. All of the species suck plant juices and the eggs are usually laid in the tissues of the food-plants. They are called Tree-hoppers because most of the species live on trees and low bushes, hopping vigorously when disturbed. They are best collected by beating them into an upturned 84. 85 FULGORIDAE: LANTERN-FLIES., umbrella but the collector must act quickly or they will . hop out again. A synopsis of the genera, by Goding, is given in Tvans- actions of the American Entomological Soctety, vol. xix. Plate XXIII shows a few of the many species. Ceresa bubalus, the Buffalo Tree-hopper, is often injurious to young orchard trees, especially apple, by reason of the scars made in the bark when the females lay their eggs. If a simple slit were made, it would not be so bad but there are two slits at each place, crossing beneath the bark and so killing the intervening part. Most of the young leave the trees to feed on nearby weeds. FULGORIDZ The prothorax of the Membracids is over-developed but the Fulgorids have gone to head. Fulgora lanternaria (Plate XXIII), of the American tropics, is an extreme type and one of the insects which is commonly sent to the Museum asa great rarity. It is shown here partly because it illustrates the truth that weird-looking things are not always rare; and also because it and some of its relatives have given the common name of Lantern-flies to the family. There are circumstantial stories concerning the luminosity of Fulgorid heads and categorical denials of these stories. The Noes probably have it but, at any rate, the name sticks. Plate XXIII shows also Scolops suleipes, which is fairly common in our region on grass and other plants, especially where the ground is somewhat moist. Other species, such as Acanalonia bivitiata (Plate XXIII; pink specimens are not uncommon), have a more normal head and frequently iook like small moths. Such species are often covered with an easily rubbed “meal” and, in the tropics, there are species which bear so many and such large filaments of a waxy substance that other insects live in the excretion. The eggs, as far as I know, are laid in plant-tissue but although there are many species even in our region—more south of us—they have not been well studied. Later authors split the family into a number of separate families or subfamilies. FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. CERCOPID The Frog-hoppers or Spittle-insects get their common names by being broad, squat, hopping creatures whose young live in masses of white froth (Plate X XIII), sucking sap. ‘The spittle is a viscid fluid expelled from the ali- mentary canal of the insects and beaten up into a froth by the whisking about of the body. What advantage it is to the young insects is hard even to conjecture; it cer- tainly is not known”’ (Kellogg). Possibly it is a protection against drying out and it is said to harden into a protective shell when the insect molts. CICADELLID These are the Leaf-hoppers. In the South, the species which attack cotton have been named Sharpshooters and Dodgers. All of our numerous species are small and occur on vegetation of various kinds, especially grasses. Doubt- less the small amount of sap taken by each of thousands of individuals amounts to a great deal per acre of grass- land, vineyard, and orchard. Plate XXIII shows Grapho- cephala coccinea. ‘This family has been called Jasside. CHERMID The Jumping Plant-lice are usually described as re- sembling miniature Cicadas. The antennz are long and the wings are transparent. Some of the species, especially of the genus Pachypsylla, produce galls, while others feed in exposed situations on the leaves. Probably the most injurious species is the Pear Psylla, Psylla pyricola. It was introduced from Europe about 1832. ‘Usually the first indication of the pest is the presence of large quantities of honey-dew, secreted by the nymphs, with which the foliage becomes covered, and which attracts numerous ants. When the psyllas are numerous the leaves and fruit become coated with this sticky substance and it even drops from them like rain and runs down the trunk. [‘‘Weeping trees’’ are caused by a number of different Homoptera. | A blackish fungus grows on the honey-dew and is always a 86 PLATE XXIII Acanalonia bivittata f raphocephala 9g scars 0 coccinea > GCeresa na ne geet oubalus belfragel Thelio bimaculata - Entylia . | sinuata _ Telamonor arfpelopsidis | PLANT-LICE. good indication of the presence of the psylla.... The adult is about one-tenth inch long, of a reddish crimson color with brownish-black markings, bronzy eyes and dark wing-veins.... The egg is about one-eighteenth inch long, hardly perceptible without a liens, and orange- yellowincolor. Itis pear-shaped with the small end drawn out into a long thread’’ (Sanderson). © APHIDIDZ In his memoir on insects affecting park and woodland trees Dr. Felt has a section which he entitles ‘‘The Battle of the Weak or Interesting Facts about Aphids.’’ The title is striking and true. These creatures (Plate XXIV) are called Plant-lice, Green Flies, Blight (from the damage they do) and other things also. They are among the most injurious, the most interesting, and the most puzzling of insects. It would be difficult to improve on some of the many general accounts of their life cycle; as Dr. Felt has just been mentioned, his summary may be quoted: ‘Many of the species pass the winter in what we know as the winter egg, which is usually deposited in crevices of the bark or at the base of buds or branches, where it remains during the winter. The young hatch therefrom in some cases at least at about the time the foliage begins to develop and in other instances not till well toward mid- summer, establish themselves at some favorable situation and begin to draw nourishment from the unfolding tissues. These young are all females and in the language of science are known as ‘stem mothers.’ They usually begin to produce young in a few days after hatching from the egg and these are also females and in turn produce others. This method of reproduction is what is known as agamic or asexual and differs from the ordinary in that males have no part in the process. A number of generations may be produced in this way, the adults being wingless, and after a time, usually at the end of a certain number of genera- tions, winged females develop. These latter forsake the original, usually by this time crowded, food-plant and either fly to similar ones in the neighborhood or, as in the case of some species, betake themselves to entirely different 87 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. plants, where another series of wingless agamic or asexual generations are brought forth. This may continue for some time and after a certain number of generations the plants again become crowded, winged females are produced and there may be a return migration to the original food plant, where one or more generations may be produced and ultimately perfect males and females, which latter pair and deposit eggs in crevices of the bark or other shelters, as stated above, and remain unhatched over winter.” ° This changing from one mode of reproduction to another and from one food plant to another, together with still other complications, is very confusing. Lichtenstein has noted twenty-one different forms assumed by Phylloxera quercus in its life-cycle. It is probable that the four hundred or so forms which have been described from the United States as distinct species include phases of a smaller num- ber of real species, but it is certain that many species are still undescribed. | A common species on apple is Aphis mali. Professor Webster said concerning it: “It would appear almost visionary to advocate spraying apple orchards in mid- winter to protect the wheat crop, but nevertheless one of the most serious enemies of young fall wheat passes its egg stage on the twig of the apple during the winter season.” The Woolly Apple-aphis, Schizoneura lanigera (Plate XXIV), secretes a waxy substance, which accounts for its name. It is often seen on twigs and around wounds, clustered in bluish-white masses that look like mold, but the individuals which are probably doing the most damage are feeding upon the roots where they cause gall-like swellings. Phylloxera vastatrix is one of the few Ameri- can insects which have become injurious in Europe. With us it forms galls on grape leaves (see p. 470) but is not usually found on the roots; in Europe it rarely attacks the leaves but forms galls on the roots, causing them to decay. Aphids excrete a sweetish substance, called honey-dew, which is much sought after by ants. In fact, aphids are called ‘‘ants’ cows’’ and many species of ants go to con- siderable trouble to care for them. .A variety of Lasius 88 PLATE XXIV Aleyrodes s vaporarium ne Coccid izoneura lanigera ey Ss ehhiorinshs Ze . . ro ERAN TEN St Lepidosaphes ulmi Ft aa . if Aspidiotus = LZ" Ey gS _ostredeformis —— 7. Ss diotus forbest FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. niger is an ant which attends to the Corn-root Aphis, Aphis maidi-radicis. During the winter this ant stores the small black eggs of the aphis in its nests, moving them from place to place as the weather changes. The eggs start to hatch in early spring and the ants uncover the roots of smart weed and of other plants in order to pasture their cows. When, however, corn is planted, they transfer the aphid stock to the corn roots, including such winged aphids as may have developed and strayed from the fold. A female aphis does not lay many eggs as compared with insects in generai, but development is so rapid (ten days is not unusual, the eggs frequently hatching before they are laid so that birth is given to living young) and there are so.many generations a season that the end result would be extermination of all life by the destruction of vegetation if it were not for counteracting agencies. Some aphids are protected by ants, some by waxy secretions, some by foldings and galls produced in leaves and other parts of plants by their presence, but all are injured by damp weather, by fungi and by insect enemies. Among the latter might be mentioned Coccinélide, Syrphide, and Chrysopide, which, together with less important enemies, devour them from the outside. But we should not over- look the Chalcidide, which feed internally. Look at the aphid colonies on a rose bush and you are almost certain to see the dried shells of individuals which have been para- sitized by these, our friends, a small hole in each showing where the Hymenopteron had emerged. ALEYRODIDZ This is the White-fly family. Aleyrodes vaporariorum (Plate XXIV) is the species most often found on house- plants. The adults of both sexes have four wings and seem to be covered with flour; their wing expanse is usually less than an eighth of an inch. The young somewhat resemble scale-insects. As seen through a lens, they are rather pretty, usually shiny black with white, wax-like rods and tufts. Each egg is mounted on a small, curved stem. Probably the majority of the American species are still undescribed; they rarely appeal to amateurs and, for the most part, they are of little economic importance, gO NT SCALE-INSECTS. Coccip& “The family includes a number of quite different-looking insects, as the True Scale-insects or Bark-lice, the Mealy- bugs, and others for which we not even have a popular name. They are a very anomalous family, and the species differ very greatly in appearance, habits, and metamorphoses from the other allied families already described. Even the sexes of the same species differ as much in the adult stage as do the members of different orders. ‘The males, unlike all other Hemiptera, undergo a complete metamorphosis, but possess only a single pair-of wings. The hind wings are simply represented by a pair of club-like halteres, as is the case in the Diptera or Two- winged Flies. Each of these halteres is furnished with a hooked bristle, which fits in a pocket on the upper wing - on the same side. The males possess no mouth... . The female is always without wings and has either a scale- like or a gall-like form, and is covered with larger or smaller scales of wax, which may be in the form of powder, of large tufts or plates, of a continuous layer, or of a thin scale. Beneath this protecting substance lives the insect. . .. All scale-insects are plant-feeders, and like the plant-lice obtain liquid food by means of suction. But not all are injurious, as some furnish dye-stuffs, shellac, or wax”’ (Lugger). All scale-insects are injurious to the plants upon which they feed, but what Prof. Lugger meant was that, as far as man is concerned, the harm which certain species do is more than counterbalanced by the benefits we derive from them. The manna which fed the Children of Israel was honey-dew secreted by a scale-insect. It is still eaten. Shellac is derived from the scale of Carteria lacca in India and the insect itself contains a red substance called ‘‘lake.”” Before the present extensive use of aniline dyes, coloring matter was derived from a number of different species of Coccidz, especially from the Cochineal Insect, Coccus cacti, of Mexico. The natives of the island of St. Vincent make necklaces from the encysted pupz of Margarodes, calling them “ ground-pearls.”’ gI FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS, Coccidz sometimes produce living young and reproduce without sexual union, but these phenomena are not so general as among the Aphidide. A single female Coccid may give birth to thousands of young, but these do not reach maturity as quickly as do the plant-lice. The males of many species of scale-insects are unknown, probably because their small size and short life have caused them to be overlooked, rather than because they are rare or absent. Three of the subfamilies are of especial economic im- portance to us; they are the Dactylopine or Mealy Bugs, the Coccinz or Soft Scales, and the Diaspinz or Armored Scales, Dactylopinze The female Mealy Bug undergoes but little change of form as it matures and it is able to move about. No real scale is formed, at most a sort of cottony sac, and this usually only when the insect is nearly full-grown. A common species in greenhouses is Pseudococcus ciirt. The oval body is bordered by a white fringe and covered with a mealy deposit. The eggs are laid under the female in a loose nest of sticky, white fibers in such quantities that she is forced to stand on her head in order to feed. Phenacoccus acericola frequently occurs in great numbers on maple leaves. The female is light yellow but covered with a mass of powdery, slightly stringy, white wax about three times her own bulk. Various species of Kermes occur on oak. The adult females are relatively large and look like galls. Coccinze The Soft Scales are usually of considerable size as com- pared with other scale-insects; their surface is rather waxy and their form more or less convex. Such “scale” as they have is merely the thickened surface of the insect itself and not a separate structure. Females of Pulvinaria secrete a mass of cottony material in which they place their eggs. P. innumerabilis is the Q2 . Aspidiotus THE SAN JOSE SCALE. common Cottony Scale of maple, and, to a lesser extent, of elm, grape, Virginia Creeper, and other plants. When common, the ground or pavement beneath them becomes covered with a black, sticky substance, the honey-dew, upon which a peculiar fungus grows. Eulecanium is a large genus, some members of which are likely to be found in every yard that contains fruit. The females lay their eggs under their bodies but do not secrete a cottony covering. E. mnigrofasciatum is the Terrapin Scale of the peach and other trees. E. pruino- sum is the Frosted Scale of fruit and forest trees. Tulip trees should be examined for E. tulipifere@; it is one of the largest Soft Scales of our region. Several species of Saissetia are frequently found on palms, ferns, and other house-plants. Diaspine These are the scale-insects. Their body is covered by a shell, which is composed in part of moulted skins and in part of a secretion from the body itself. With good reason, this (Plate XXIV) is the scale most often inquired about. It is the Pernicious or San José, and is so small (about .06in. long at most) that it is not usually noticed until it has become destructively abundant. Felt says: “Trees which have been badly infested for some time have a rough bark covered with dark gray, scurfy patches, and, if this be scratched with a knife or finger nail, an oily yellowish substance will be crushed from the living insects under the scales. This insect breeds so rapidly that it is not uncommon to find large numbers on a tree previously comparatively free. In that event the bark may be literally covered with recently established scales and not appear very rough. There is, however, a peculiar, granu- perniciosus ‘lar look, and those familiar with the bark of a rapidly growing tree are aware that some change has taken place. There is nothing like a good magnifier in these cases, and, if this shows hundreds of circular, black or dark gray objects, with dot and ring, or lighter gray, yellowish marked scales, send a sample of the bark to somebody 93 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. competent to identify the trouble. Cutting into the bark under a San José scale is almost sure to reveal a reddish discoloration of the green tissues beneath... . The winter is passed by this insect in a partly grown, dormant condition. Vital activities are resumed with the approach of warm weather, and the first outward indications of life are seen in the appearance of winged males and later of the crawling young, the latter of which appear in this latitude [New York] toward the last of June. ... The females continue to produce young for a period of about six weeks, each averaging about 400, or from nine to 10 every 24 hours. This is an ovo-viviparous species. That is, the eggs develop within the mother and the young are bornalive. They may beseenas tiny yellow specks escap- ing from under the maternal scale, from which they wander in search of a favorable place to establish themselves. . .. The development of the scale begins, even before the young has selected its feeding place, as very minute, white, waxy filaments, which spring from all parts of the body, rapidly become thicker, and slowly mat down to form the circular white scale with a depressed ring and central elevation. . . . Thus the round of life may be com- pleted, as determined from a study of the female, in from 33 to 40 days. The detailed studies made at Washington show that four full generations are developed normally in that latitude and that there may be a partial fifth.” The fact that this insect lives on a great variety of woody plants makes eradication difficult; we must spray more than the few trees we care about. If you have it, notify your State Entomologist and do not trust to Jim Jones around the corner, who says he can kill it for you. Itisa native of eastern Asia; San José, California, is connected with it merely because the specimens upon which the first scientific description was based came from there. Lepidosaphes ulmi, called Mytilaspis pomorum in many publications, is the Oyster-shell Scale. It infests a variety - of trees, including apple, and is well described by its com- mon name, although the oyster-shell shape is not entirely diagnostic. The small end of the tapering, slightly curved scale is usually yellowish. See Plate XXIV for it and other species. 94 TRUE BUGS. JHETEROPTERA Or. TRUE HEMIPTERA For the general characteristics of the True Bugs see p-80. In the following key rare families have been omitted; see Brues and Melander, or Parshley in Psyche, Voi. XXII. Nymphs may usually. be distinguished from -wingless adults (such as occur in certain families) by the fact that most nymphs have two pairs of pimple-like stink-glands near the middle of the back of the abdomen. When the basal part (“‘corium’’) of the front wings is thickened, the apical unthickened part is called the ‘‘mem- brane’’; the triangular area, when present, at the tip of the corium is called the “‘cuneus.”’ 1. Antenne shorter than the head and usually nearly or a@peceoucealed: living in or near water... .... 2-5. on wee 2. | Antenne longer than the head (if sightly shorter, the eyes and ocelli are absent), usually free, rarely (Phy- Sa MILO IG AE TOO VC. 6 06). so one bt ace oh peste bare 8. paemocell present; littoral; not .51n.long...... 0. ss ee 33 ree ipo semi SAGAS s ccice > ws wise se does cede ee 4. 3. Antenne hidden; front legs stout, formed for grasping; broad, squat, roughened bugs with prominent eyes. GELASTOCORIDA, also called Galgulide and Nethridz. These predaceous Toad-bugs frequent muddy banks. Gelastocoris ( =Galgulus)isour principal genus (PlateX XV); the front tarsi have 2 claws. Mononyx of the West and Nerthra of the South-east have but 1 claw on these. Antenne not hidden; front legs slender, as long as middle ones, formed for running. OCHTERID&. Re- sembles the preceding in form and habits. Ochterus is our only genus. 4. Hind tarsi without distinct claws (except Plea, p. 102); front legs not specially formed for grasping. ..... 5. Each hind tarsus with 2 claws; front legs formed for Syd SLES Vat Sp Sere et een ot ee eee 6. o5 1 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS, 5. Body flat above; top of head free from pronotum; front tarsi flattened, 1-jointed, without claws, edges fringed; beak with not more than 2 joints, hidden Oe ENA Aiea: "as ene eh CORIXID2 (p. 99). Body convex above and pronotum overlapping the head; front tarsi normal, 2-clawed; beak 3- or 4-jointed Sipe Sie ae Se ae ee ki ek ore ee ee NOTONECTIDA (p. 100). 6.. Membrane with veins......... 2) en re Membrane without veins. NaAucoripa&. They re- semble Gelastocoride (3) but do not have prominent eyes, and crawl about on submerged plants. SPelocoris is our only genus. P. femoratus is about .4 in. long; pronotum shiny yellow or light brown, marked with numerous dark spots; front wings dark brown with a light shoulder-area. Ambrysus occurs in the West. 7. Apical appendages of abdomen long and slender, not retractile; hind legs formed for walking. .. NEPID& (p. 100). Such appendages short, flat, and retractile; hind legs flattened for switatiinge../.2... 2) BELOSTOMID (p. 99). 8. Head shorter than thorax, including scutellum....... Q. Head as long as entire thorax; body and legs sien- CLT Vey Ot els Men ee oe HYDROMETRIDA (p. 104). 9. Last tarsal joint divided, claws back of tip; front wings, if present, of rather uniform texture throughout. . ro. Last tarsal joint not divided, claws at tip.......... ri i 10. Middle and hind legs very long, close together and distant from the front pair; beak 4-jointed but the first: joimt Vshort!.,2.0. eee eee eee GERRIDZ (p. 103). Middle and hind legs not very long, more equally spaced; beak 3-jointed... cs... one VELIID# (p. 103). 11.‘ Antenne 5-jointed.:............ 2) anna 12 Antenne 4-jointed (Do not count either the tubercle which bears the antennze or the minute intermediate segments which are sometimes present)....../..2....- 13k 12. First and second antennal segments thicker than the others; minute bugs living on surface of water. ' HesBriID&. Hebrus, our only genus. First antennal segment thick, second slender; scu- tellum rather large. :... 2.22. )45 0... Dac S 27. 13. Prosternum with a median, longitudinal, striated or granulated, stridulatory groove visible in front of front 96 Ocelli and wings usually absent or rudimentary; Parasitic Oni vertebrates ....0.. .. 0.6. CIMICIDH (p. 106). 21. Front wings with a cuneus, membrane without long € closed cells, sometimes without veins; small, predatory SAS SIS) 6 2° ee CEE a es a Re a ANTHOCORID&: + Front wings without a cuneus, membrane with 4 or 5 long closéd cells; adults always fully winged; small flat- tened bugs with large, projecting eyes. .SALDID& (p. 102). PaMEMOVCE UL ASEM ths. . tara uit cacuiaa ute ow wee we 23. Sree inmmesei tig. ' 4 al ayes o Maite sin een ety scene 7 97 ee ae ee ee ee FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. 23. Membrane with two large cells at base from which extend about 8 branching veins; no cuneus; rather large, Strone- Wiles... 2. 252. = ale ee PyYRRHOCORID& (p. 110). Membrane with one or two small cells at base, rarely with longitudinal veins; distinct cuneus; first joint of beak rarely shorter than the head... . 7.2m MIRID& (p. 105). 24. Front legs modified for grasping, the tibiz and usually the femora armed with rows of numerous, closely set, fine spines; first joint of beak very small. NABipz&, the Damsel-bugs. They are usually yellowish or black, rather flattened, predaceous, and found on flowers or leaves. Nabis (= Reduviolus and Coriscus) is our principal genus. Front legs usually much like the others; first seg- ment of beak usually longer than wide.............. 25. 25. Body very slender; antennz elbowed, the first joint long and clubbed, the last joint spindle-shaped; head constricted in front of the eyes; femora clubbed BES Gile tons io > CE ee the ak ee ee NEIDID# (p. I12). Not such insects. ..5 0... 5... 05 ene ee 26. 26. Antenne usually inserted on or below a line drawn from the eye to the base of the beak; membrane usually With 5, stinple wems.00. 5. oT. Pade oe LyG@ID# (p. III). Antenne starting from well up on the sides of the head; membrane usually with numerous, forked veins arising from a transverse basal vein (these veins sometimes Matd tose). 3. 5 taka io Oe COREIDZ (p. 113). 27. Scutellum nearly flat, narrowed behind.......... 28. Scutellum very convex, covering nearly the whole abdomen......- ace ew eins oes 0 my 6 aber enen 29. 28. Tibiz usually with no (or very fine, short) spines a eee em pe et. PENTATOMID& (p. 113). Tibiz with rows of strong spines. CyDNIDa&. Some- times classed as a subfamily of Pentatomide. 29. Pronotum round in front and nearly straight behind; margins of scutellum with furrows in which the edges of the wings fit when at rest; tibiz strongly spinose. Sub- family Thyreocorine of Cydnidz; has also been called CoRIMELANID, | Pronotum hexagonal; margins of scutellum without furrows; tibie not strongly spinose. SCUTELLERIDA. 98 AQUATIC HEMIPTERA. These are sometimes classed as a subfamily of Pentatomi- dz. Some species are large and brightly colored but they are not usually common. CorRIXIDZ The Water-boatmen (most boatmen are that kind) swim ‘right side up.’’ Compare Notonectide. They are slightly heavier than water and rest on the bottom or on aquatic plants, but when they come up for air, the surface tension is sufficient to hold them at the top without much effort on their part. At such times, they float in a horizontal position, taking air directly into the thoracic spiracles and renewing the supply of air which is carried by hairs when they dive. It is said that these insects, while submerged, but especially at night, make a tolerably loud and sustained noise by rubbing their beak with their front legs. The eggs are usually fastened on, not in, submerged objects; the eggs of certain specie in the lakes near the City of Mexico are so abundant that they are gathered by the Mexicans and used for food. This family is predaceous and its members, like their relatives, are attracted, in their nocturnal flights, by light. The princi- pal genus in our region is Arctocorixa—Corixa of most publications (Plate X XV). BELOSTOMIDZ This family contains the Giant Water-bugs; also called Electric-light Bugs because the adults are frequently noticed flying about electric lights. Some of the tropical species are the largest of Hemiptera, being four and five inches long. The broad, flat hind legs and the flat body, with a keel in the middle underneath, well fit them for aquatic locomotion. The sharp-hooked front legs and the short, powerful beak make their predatory habits not to be depised by even fair-sized fish. They lurk on muddy bottoms,.often slightly covering themselves with mud or leaves, ready to dart out after the unwary. Before men- tioning one of the interesting habits of some of them we must, unfortunately, note a change in names: the generic name, Belostoma, which has been used in most publications, should be Lethocerus, and Zaitha becomes Belostoma. 99 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. In this sense, the females of Belostoma, and of certain other genera, fasten their eggs onto the backs of the males. It is said that the males do not take kindly to this procedure but that they can not help themselves. 1. Hind tibizs much broader than middle ones; front cox little longer than broad. ........732eye eee 2 Hind tibiz little, if any, broader than middle ones; front coxe at least twice as long as broad. All of our species are less than I in. long........ gee Belostoma. 2. Margins of front femora with a longitudinal groove in which the tibiz lie when folded. Lethocerus, of which americanus is our common species; it is about 2 in. long. Margin of front femora without such groove. Benacus griseus (Plate XXV). NEPID The long respiratory tail of Water-scorpions is not fully developed until the molt which gives them wings. It is perfectly harmless; all the sting these creatures have s at the other end, their beak. We have two genera, both of which are aquatic and predaceous: the body of Nepa is oval, flat, and thin; that of Ranatra (Plate XXV) is linear and cylindrical. They are sluggish creatures, crawling but not swimming, often remaining motionless for hours on the muddy, leaf-covered bottom of their favorite haunts and rarely, if at all, coming to lights. Their eggs, which are placed in or on submerged objects, are furnished with filaments at one end, seven in Nepa and twoin Ranatra. The only species of Nepa is apiculata, which is about .75 in. long, not counting filaments. R. americana, about 1.25 in. long, is our most common species of Ranatra in the East. NOTONECTID The Back-swimmers are shaped somewhat like an over- turned boat, but they overturn themselves when they are in the water. They are lighter than water and normally rest at the surface, floating head-down, with the tip of the abdomen piercing the surface-film, their long hind legs extended like sweeps ready to send them swiftly to safety 100 PLATE XXV \ Ss j Arctocorixa interrupta E> Gelastocoris H \ xg Le/) Lygus | pratensis e | fo) a »\} > 4 y (\ e = 1 A EN ss A AEE Y BINS £B ah : a Y.- eS y, », Ne x 2 / aS 12 Ay & \} ij Me Ned y | N SKA Ye q \ b i iy A\ by fi Benacus griseus : Ney | Notonect Peecilocapsus unduloto lineatus Ranatra americana Arilus cristatus IOI crc FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. or food. They do not breathe through their tail but from it the air passes through hair-covered channels to spiracles on their thorax. Small fish and other aquatic animals are easy prey, and the suctorial beak will pierce even the careless collector’s fingers. Doubtless the pearly color of their backs, which, as they swim, is seen against the sky, and the dark of their under (upper) side helps them to approach their victims and to avoid becoming victims. The adults fly well and are frequently attracted to lights. During the winter they sometimes may be seen swimming about in the shallow water in which they habitually live, even though it be covered with ice. It is said that these insects, by rubbing their front legs together, make a noise like the word “chew,’’ twice repeated. The eggs. are placed in the submerged stems of aquatic plants. The adults of Plea striola are only about .06 in. long; it is the only species of that genus. Our other species are much larger and, for the most part, belong in Notonecta (Plate XXV). SALDIDE This family has been called Acanthiide, but a techni- cality rules out the use of that name. Furthermore, its use would be confusing, as the Saldidz have no intimate connections with bed-bugs but live on the shores of lakes and rivers. Uhler, one of the master Hemipterists, wrote: ‘In the present family we have types which like Galgulus [Gelastocoris], make holes for themselves, and live for a part of the time beneath the ground. Like the members of that genus too, a majority of them inhabit damp soils, and are often found in countless numbers on the salt or brackish marshes of our sea coasts. Their manner strongly recalls that of the tiger-beetles that inhabit the same places. When approached, or in any way disturbed, they leap from the ground, arise a few feet into the air, by means of their wings, and alight a short distance away, taking care to slip quickly into the shade of some protecting tuft of grass or clod, where the soil agrees with the color of their bodies." They feed chiefly upon the juices of drowned insects. There are numerous species of Saldula, the principal genus of our region. They are rather soft in 102 WATER-STRIDERS. texture, with small head and prominent eyes. Their size is never large and their color is black, sometimes marked with white or yellow. VELIIDZ These have been called Broad-shouldered Water-striders (see Gerridz). Rhagovelia obesa is very common in some localities, preferring swift streams. It is black, about an eighth of an inch long, and usually wingless. Rhagovelia plumbea lives on the Gulf of Mexico, near the shores. Members of this family are more given to going into the _ water than are their relatives and they may sometimes be seen running, back downwards, on the under side of the surface film. GERRIDZ The family name of this group of Water-striders or Pond-skaters has usually been given as Hydrobatide. Unfortunately there have been considerable changes in the taxonomy of Hemiptera, as you will notice, and no agree- ment has yet been reached. One system is to make the Veliide, Mesoveliide, and Hydrometride subfamilies of Gerride. Of Gerridz, in the narrow sense, and now put in the genus Gerris, one common species (marginatus) has often been listed in the genus Limnotrechus, and another (remigis, Plate XXV), in Hygrotrechus. These two species and their less common relatives may be seen skating about on the surface of ponds or of the less rapid parts of streams, often jumping up and landing again without breaking the surface film. They go about on the two hinder pairs of legs, pushing with the middle pair, steering with the last, and holding the front pair up so as to be ready to grasp their food, which consists of either living or dead insects and the like. Why are they able to run on the surface of water? Because their hairy legs are not wetted and so, with the slight pressure of the insect’s little weight, they dimple but do not break the surface film. A greased needle will float for the same reason. Both winged and wingless adults of the same species occur. Eggs are laid at or just beneath the surface of the water on almost any solid object. Adults 103 ee a ee! | FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. occasionally go under water; they hibernate and some- times come out in warm winter days to stretch their legs. If you desire to bring home alive for your aquarium species of this and related families, use for the purpose a dry box or one in which there is some damp moss; they frequently drown if carried in a pail containing water. The following key includes the genera most often noticed in our territory. | 1. Body oval, less than 3 times as long as broad; pronetum’not longer than broad... «... cists eee ae Body elongate, more than 4 times as long as broad; pronotum much longer than broad. Gerrts............. 3- 2. Second segment of antennez longer than either third or ourthy segiients4. 5).raea- eee Metrobates hesperius. Second segment of antennz shorter than either third or> fourth sesment.:—) Go. «Ge eee Trepobates pictus. 3. Antennz longer than head and pronotum together; hind tibiz and tarsi, together, much longer than middle tibia. Subgenus Limnoporus, species rufoscutellatus. Antenne shorter than head and pronotum together; hind tibiz and tarsi, together, but little longer than middle TUDIEE o.. eee vin ele wie ea 00,0 0p nue eer “4. 4. First segment of antenne nearly the same length as fourth. Subgenus Gerris, of which marginatus isa common species. First segment of antennz considerably longer than fourth. Subgenus Aguarius, of which remigis is our common species. HYDROMETRIDZ& This family has also been called Limnobatide and the type, as well as our only, genus is then called Limnobates instead of Hydrometra (see also Gerrida). The common name is Marsh-treaders. Hydrometra martini (also called lineata) is not rare but is not often seen. It is not quite .5 in. long, very thin, and walks very deliberately over the water and projecting plants. Quoting Uhler again, “‘They delight to remain at rest, with perhaps a single claw hooked to some projecting object. When disturbed they move very slowly, and seem disposed to save themselves 104 SOME INJURIOUS BUGS. rather by concealment among rubbish and tangled growths than by active movements. The young forms are so very slender that they can only be detected with great difficulty in the places to which they resort.” MIRIDZ These are what have generally been called Capside. It is one of the largest families of true bugs and a very bewildering one to the students who would attempt to classify the species. Most of them are leaf-feeders but ") some are predaceous. Theeggsof many, at least, have two filaments at one end, which project from the plant-stems | in which they are laid. | The ground-color of the very common | Lg Tarnished Plant-bug (Plate XXV), ranges oe from dull brown to yellowish-brown, and ’ its markings are also variable. Typically, the head is yellowish with three narrow-reddish stripes and the following markings are yellowish: margin of pronotum, several longitudinal lines on it, a V on the scutellum, the legs, and a spot at the apex of the thickened part of each front wing. This insect is very destructive of a large range of vegetation from strawberries to fruit-trees. Adults hibernate in rubbish and appear in early spring. The punctures, made for the purpose of sucking juices, seem to have a poisonous effect on buds and leaves. Pro- bably the eggs are laid in plant-tissues. The Four-lined Leaf-bug (Plate X XV) is dark green (yellow after death), with the head, forepart of the pronotum, and under- side of body, orange-red. There are four, more or less continuous, black, longitudinal lines on the pronotum and front wings. While particularly injurious to currants and the like, it attacks many different plants. ‘‘The presence of the pest is indicated by the appearance of the peculiar brown depressed spots on the tender terminal leaves in early summer. As the attack continues, whole leaves turn brown, curl up, become brittle, and are torn Peecilocapsus lineatus 105 el ee en ee eee) FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. or broken by the wind. The young shoot is checked and frequently droops and dies. The buds of dahlias and roses are often blasted.’’ The vermilion nymphs hatch from overwintered eggs placed in slits, cut lengthwise . into the stems of the plants, each containing six or more eggs. The adult stage is reached about the middle of June. Halticus uhleri is one of the smallest species of the family; black with yellow on legs, antenne, and, as scale- like tufts, on the front wings. They hop like flea-beetles and feed on a variety of garden-plants. Some individuals - are short-winged. Some Mirids slightly resemble ants in shape and have yellow spots so placed as to increase the resemblance by giving them the appearance of having narrow waists, but it is difficult to prove that this resemblance is of any use to them. : CIMICID= Most of us have had experience with one member of this family, although many do not like to talk about it. Per- haps no other insect has been given so many euphemistic names, but the one which is most generally understood is plain Bed-bug. In fact, that is a translation of (or, is it the other way around?) its scientific name, lectularius. It belongs to the genus Czimex, which has also, improperly, been called Acanthus. A description of its appearance and smell is unnecessary, especially in a Field Book; it is never found afield, under bark and the like; those are quite different creatures. It is also confused with the creature which closely resembles it and is often found in the nests of swallows; that is Giciacus vicarius (=hirundinis) and rarely bothers man. The number of generations a year of lectularis depends on the temperature and food-supply; there are, normally, only one or two and it is not true that “‘they become grand-fathers in a night.’”” Kerosene in all the bed-room cracks and crannies will do the trick but, especially in the spring, the treatment should be repeated in order to kill those which were unhatched at the time of the first application and may have been protected by the egg-shell, 106 KISSING BUGS. REDUVUD& Some of the Assassin-bugs are rather striking creatures; nearly all are fairly large and some are gayly colored. They are predaceous, feeding chiefly on the juices of other insects. . As the ‘Kissing Bug”’ this creature (Plate XXV) received considerable news- paper space some years ago. Another, and better, common name is Masked Bed-bug Hunter. It often enters houses where it and its young feed on bed-bugs. Especially the young have many sticky hairs to which dust and other small particles adhere, making the mask. Many Reduviids have these sticky hairs and should not be put in a collecting bottle together with delicate insects. © If personatus bites humans, as it rarely does, a very painful wound is caused, so that the newspaper stories have some basis in fact. A southern species of similar habits, but much more _ given to sucking human blood, is Triatoma (= Conorhinus) sanguisuga. In the South, it is called-the Big Bed-bug. It is about an inch long; black, marked with red on the sides of the prothorax, at the base of the apex of the front wings, and at the sides of the abdomen; the head is long, natrow, cylindrical, and thickest behind the eyes. It is said that the effect of its bite may last for nearly a year, and it is probable that attacks which are attributed to spiders are really the work of this insect. Out-of-doors, it feeds on insects, including grasshoppers and potato beetles. Another species which has been accused of being a kissing-bug is Melanolestes picipes. It is black; about .6 in. long; the head well drawn out in front of the eyes, behind which is a tranverse, impressed line; the prothorax is more or less bell-shaped and divided into two lobes; the legs are short, the femora stout, and each tibia has a large pad at its apex. In nature it is often found hiding under stones and boards. Reduvius personatus Abiomerus crassipes is about .6 in. long; rather broad; black, the pronotum, scutellum, and abdomen margined 107 rR Pip eG Bia Ema Jee 7 UR gy Sen MET, Se eke ene al FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. with red. It is usually found on pine trees, feeding on plant-lice and young caterpillars, often holding them down with the front feet as a dog does his bone. Pselliopus (= Milyas) cinctus is about .5 in. long; waxy- yellow with numerous, conspicuous, black rings on its legs. Like many other Reduviids, its eggs are glued to the bark of trees and covered with a water-proof substance. Arilus cristatus (Plate XXV) varies from less than an inch to 1.5 in. in length; the middle of the pronotum has a longitudinal elevation something like a chicken’s comb; general color grayish black, slightly bronzed. It is called the Wheel-bug. The nymphs are red, with black marks. They are our friends, if we do not handle them carelessly, as they use their beaks with good effect on many kinds of caterpillars and other injurious insects. Sinea diadema is about .5 in. long; brownish; front femora, head, and pronotum largely covered with short spines. Itis often found on the flowers, such as goldenrod; although it eats injurious caterpillars, it does not hesitate to attack stinging insects and so is not especially welcome near bee-hives. EMESID These Thread-legged (not all are) Bugs should probably be placed as a subfamily of Reduviide. The following are our more common forms. 1. Front tibiz and tarsi, together, not shorter than the front femora... ... 566. /suaaies . oe 2 These, together, shorter than the front femora..... a 2. Eyes large, very prominent, when seen from the side occupying the whole side of the head....LZuteva carolina. Eyes small, little prominent, when seen from the side occupying not more than half the side of the head. . . Ploi- artola, of which errabunda is the common species. 3. Front: tarsi 1-clawed........2:.% 0. Barce. Front tarsi 2-clawed. Usually Emesa brevipennis (Plate XXVI). The front legs are formed for grasping, much like those of the Praying Mantis, while the rest of the 108 PLATE XXVI Corythuca arcuata NS rf > Myodocha’* Blissus Lygaeus ripe Kalmit Anaso YW tristis ) REF (Podisus maculiventris Murgantia. Euschistus Mormidea histrionica variolariys lugens 109 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS, insect suggests a delicate Walking Stick. It is called longipes in many publications. When full grown, it is usually at least 1.3 in. long, with wings only about a fourth as long as the legs. The ground-color is brownish, with the upper surface of the abdomen reddish and a few pale spots on each side of the head; the front legs more or less banded. It is said to feed chiefly on spiders. PHYMATIDZ The two genera may be separated as follows: Scutellum short, head with a bifid prolongation above the insertion of the antennz, Phymata; and scutellum very long, extend- ing to the tip of the abdomen, head without such pro- longation, Macrocephalus. We have but few species of Ambush Bugs. Phymata erosa (Plate X XVI) is the one most likely to be collected. Like most of the others, it conceals itself in flowers, where it captures various insects, including large butterflies and even bees. The front legs are short but very powerful, and apparently its beak is quite deadly. The generic name means “‘tumor’’ and was probably suggested by the projections from the body. The somewhat knobbed antennz fit in grooves under the sides of the pronotum. This species is greenish-yellow, marked with a broad black band across the expanded part of the abdomen. The female is about .4 in long; the male somewhat less. TINGIDIDZ The adult Lace-bugs are small, delicate and, under a lens, beautiful insects; in most of the species the front wings and other parts, including expansions of the pro- thorax, are like fine lace. Furthermore, they lack the unpleasant odors of many Hemiptera. They are usually found on the under sides of leaves. The eggs are often placed near the leaf-veins. Some species, at least, hiber- nate as adults. Plate XXVI shows Corythuca arcuata, which is common on oaks, Piesma cinerea is our only species of the subfamily Piesminz; they have ocelli (other Tingidids do not) and the membrane has no net-work. Ilo Vii abe ao s. “nl a.” THE CHINCH-BUG. PYRRHOCORIDZ These are called Red-bugs but they are not the creatures (mites) which get in human skin and cause red sores. Our commonest species is Euryopthalmus (=Largus) succinctus. lt is about .5 in. long and rather stout; brownish black above, with red on the margins of the prothorax, outer margin of front wings, trochanters, and bases of femora; a fine bluish pubescence underneath. The young are brilliant steel-blue, with reddish legs, and a bright red spot at the base of the abdomen. Some authori- ties say itis a plant-feeder and others that it feeds mainly on insects and was “found to be very useful in California by eating the destructive cottony cushion scale, at one time threatening to destroy entirely the orange groves of that state.’”” Perhaps it does both. The Cotton-stainer of the South is Dysdercus suturellus. LYGZIDZ About 200 species have been listed from America, north of Mexico. The family has also been called Myodochide. Most of us have heard of the Chinch- 23s bug (Plate XXVI), and all of us have helped leucopterus : pay for it. These pests have cost the United States about half a billion dollars. The worst injury has been to small grains and corn in the Mississippi Valley but frequent injury is done in the East, especially to timothy meadows which have stood for several years. It is black and white except for the red legs and bases of the antenne. Most of the adults occurring between the Rockies and the Alleghanies have normally long wings; in the South, East, and along the Lakes to northern Illinois, short-winged individuals are usually the more : common, The young are yellowish or bright red, marked with brownish. Adults hibernate in clumps of grass or under rubbish. In early spring the females lay their yellowish-white eggs (up to 500 each) on the roots or at > the bases of stalks, usually of grasses and grain. Even the long-winged adults do not fly much but usually walk from field to field. The first annual generation matures Itt FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. in early summer, and eggs are then laid on the unfolding leaves of corn if these are available. This brood matures in August and September. Oncopeltus fasciatus is about .6 in. long; red and black, the black above being a spot covering most of the pronotum and scutellum, a broad band across the middle of the closed wings, and the membranes. Lygeus kalmit (Plate XXVI)—and other species—has the same colors but the black on the pronotum is at the front, the wings next to the scutellum are black, and the middle band does not go all the way across; it is about .5 in. long. Myodochus serripes (Plate XXVI) “is rendered very comical by the swinging of the long antenne with their thickened apical joint, while running over the ground among stones and rubbish of its favorite haunts. Mead- ows and rich soils in thin woods furnish it with needed shelter, and there it may be found throughout the entire year, half concealed by bits of twigs and dead leaves, or stowed away beneath the loose fragments of rock which lie scattered over the ground’’ (Uhler). The long, slender neck is quite distinctive. | NEIDIDZ The Stilt-bug family has been called Berytide and has also been classed as a subfamily of the Coreide but it is probably more closely related to the Lygeidxw. There are but few species, Jalysus spinosus being the most common. It is about .3 in. long, with a very slender, pale body, and long, slender legs. It is rather sluggish and usually found in the undergrowth of oak woods. At first sight it suggests a tawny crane-fly. ARADIDZ These Flat-bugs are responsible for the notion that bed-bugs live also under bark and that they then may have wings. They are dark brown or black and the reddish, wingless young do look like bed-bugs. They probably feed on fungus. A good way to collect them is to knock dead sticks together over a white sheet. This jars off the insects and they can be seen more readily. Ii2° THE SQUASH.-BUG. CoREID The Squash-bug family is an extensive one. Most of the species have an unpleasant odor, and there is a tendency *to have the edges of the abdomen raised so that the wings lie in a depression. The Squash-bug (Plate X XVI) is known to most gardeners who have grown any of the squash family. Its chief claim to scientific fame is that it was used prominently in the development of our present knowledge concerning the germinal relations of sex. The pronotum and the thick- ened parts of the front wings are speckled brown, the side- margins of the pronotum are yellowish; the hind femora do not bear a row of spines. Adults spend the winter, as well as the summer nights, under rubbish. The oval, pale-yellowto dark eggs are laid in irregular clusters, usually on the under side of leaves. The young are rather gregari- ous and gay with their crimson legs, head, and front part of thorax, but these change to black as they grow. In the North the adult stage is reached about August. The following rough notes may be helpful in the North- east. A brownish species about .4 in. long, without a row of spines on the hind femora, but with a leaf-like expansion on each antenna, is probably Chartesterus aniennator. Species of the largely predaceous Alydus are usually fully .5 in. long, slender and have a row of spines on the hind femora. The following are usually more than .6 in. long and have spines on the hind femora: Archimerus and Euthochtha galeator have more or less cylindrical hind tibie; Acanthocephala and Leptoglossus have leaf-like expansions‘of the hind tibia. Anasa tristis PENTATOMIDZ The name of Stink-bugs has been fastened on this family, possibly because some of the species are responsible for giving raspberries a bad, smelly taste once in awhile. Another name is Shield-bugs, on account of the large scutellum. Psyche, Vol. XXII, contains a synopsis of the family with keys to the New England species by Parshley. 8 113 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. See the key (p. 98) for Scutellerine (Shield-bugs), Thyreocorine (Negro-bugs), and Cydnine (Burrowing- bugs). The Asopinze have the first joint of the beak largely free and relatively short and thick; there is a spine on thé basal abdominal segment. A common genus is Podisus (Plate XXVI), in which the pronotum is sometimes extended into a sharp spine on each side. The northern subfamily, Acanthosominz, have but two joints in each tarsus; the following subfamilies have three tarsal joints. The Graphosominze have a broad scutes which is blunt at the apex and extending back to near the tip of the abdomen. Podops is our only genus, and cinctipes (over .25 in. long, 2nd to 4th antennal joints darker) is our common species. The principal family, Pentatominz, has the scutellum smaller and more or less narrowed apically. The following belong here. Brochymena (quadripustulata is a common species with us) has a shallow groove on the underside of the abdomen and the beak extends back of the posterior cox. They are broad, rough, brown species, .5 in. long and live on trees. They look like bits of bark and are best obtained by beating. A medium-sized brown species with an angle on each side of the pronotum, behind, is usually a Euschistus (Plate XXVI). The first segment of the rostrum is not much thicker than the second, and all the tibize are grooved. Chlorochroa uhlert is a bright green bug, about .5 in. long, with yellow side-margins and a yellow tip to the scutellum. Bright green bugs larger than this are usually Acrosternum. Mormidea lugens is shown on Plate XXVI. The popular interest in Murgantia histrionica (Plate XXVI) is indicated by its long list of names, among which are Harlequin Cabbage-bug, Calico-back, Terrapin- bug, and Fire-bug. It is shining black or deep blue, profusely marked with red. It feeds on cabbage and related plants, wild and cultivated. The white eggs, which are placed in a double row, look like small barrels because of their two black bands and a white spot. Adults hibernate. 114 BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS, LEPIDOPTERA Most students of insects start by collecting Butterflies and Moths and some people act as though adult Lepidop- tera are the only “bugs’’ worth looking at. It is true that most butterflies and many moths are among the beautiful _ things of this earth, when they are mature, but still “And what’s a butterfly? At best, He’s but a caterpillar, drest.” and, until you get the right viewpoint, caterpillars are not so pretty. Personally, I think the craze for Lepidoptera is overdone. Compared with many other insects, they are uninteresting; the adults are not given to doing things much more exciting than flitting about, mating, and laying eggs in a relatively common-place way. However, it is only in comparison with some of the other insects that Taey are uninteresting— “How happy could I be with either, {” Were t’other dear charmer away! and, as this little book aims to obey vox populi, I have given Lepidoptera what seems to me relatively large— but all too small—consideration. Unless otherwise stated, the descriptions of larve refer to full-grown specimens, ' younger ones differ somewhat; and ‘‘food’’ means the food of larve. The scientific name of this Order means ‘‘scaly-winged”’ and refers to the fact that the hairs which cover the wings are flattened or scale-like. It is these scales which give © color to the wing, as may be seen in Plate I which shows the wings of one side denuded. { We may accept two sub-, orders: Rhopalocera and Heterocera. The ‘‘cera’’ in. these names means ‘‘horn’’ and refers to the antenna; the ‘‘Rhopalo’”’ means ‘“‘club,”’ and the ‘‘Hetero’’ means ‘otherwise, ’’ in the same sense as when we say ‘‘ Orthodoxy is my doxy and heterodoxy is another kind of doxy.” \ Butterflies have club-shaped antennze, a knob at the ¥ extreme end, and belong to the Rhopalocera. Moths are Heterocera: some of them, especially the males, having feathered antennz; some having thread-like antenne; 115 s FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. some having a swelling in their antennez near, but not at, the end; while a few rare tropical species have orthodox butterfly clubs. \ The pupez of butterflies are not protected by cocoons as are those of some moths and are usually called ‘‘chrysalids’’ (singular: “ chrysalis””). N Butterflies, as a rule, fly only by day when but few moths are stirring. Butterflies usually hold their wings erect, when at rest, while moths hold them flat or fold them against the body. RHOPALOCERA ) V Butterflies of the United States are grouped in five _ families: Nymphalide, Erycinide (p. 130), Lycenide \ (p. 131), Papilionide (p. 134), and Hesperiide (p. 142). NYMPHALID& “\ The adults of both sexes in the Brush-footed Butterflies have the front pair of legs so small as to be useless for walking and often quite inconspicuous. YThe chrysalids /hang head-down with the tail fastened in a pad of silk. “ The Monarch (Plate’ XXVII) is the species which gathers in large flocks at the end of summer and together they move south, coming back in the spring as stragglers.) The male has a small black patch on one of the veins on the upper side of each hind wing; this is a pocket containing scent- scales, a sachet bag. \The adult is ‘‘mimiced” by Basil- archia archippus. “The easily recognized larva feeds on milkweeds, fearless of birds because of its acrid taste. \ The pupa inits ‘‘green house with golden nails” is to be found hanging on the same plants or on some near shelter. This strong flier is rapidly becoming world-wide in dis- tribution. Some authors use Danais for the generic name and a formerly used name for the species, archippus, is apt to be confused with the specific name of the mimic. Anosia berenice (The Queen), somewhat like plexippus but with the ground-color a rich brown, occurs in the Southwest and southward. Anosia plexippus \ The Anosias belong to the subfamily Euploeine, In the Gulf States there is a narrow-winged species (The 116 RT — — > ~ ma fq F SI < -] Ay Anosia plexippus THE FRITILLARIES. _\ Zebra, Heliconius charithonius), brownish-black striped . with yellow, belonging to the subfamily Heliconiine. » This interesting group abounds in the American tropics; its members are supposed to be very distasteful to in- sectivorous vertebrates, and therefore to be models for numerous mimics. The following (to p. 127) belong to the subfamily Nym- phaline. Dione vanille (Gulf Fritillary) comes as far north as Virginia; its wing expanse is about three inches; reddish brown ‘above with black spots, of which a row along the margin of each hind wing are circles enclosing brown, and three near the middle of the front margin of the front wing are circular, each enclosing a white dot; aos it is gioriously spangled with silver. The upper side of the Variegated Fritillary a og is shown in Plate XXVIII; the under side is not silver-spotted. » The larve feed on _ pansies, violets, mandrake, passion-flower, Portulacca, _ and other things. \ The chrysalis is white and black, with ‘slightly gilded tubercles. The Regal Fritillary usually prefers swampy meadows. The male differs from the female (Plate XXVIII) in having the submarginal row of spots orange, instead of cream, and the black margin of the front wings less pronounced. Eggs » are laid in the fall and the young larve live over winter. * They feed on violets; are black and yellowish red; and have two rows of yellowish, black-tipped spines on the back, and black spines with orange bases on the sides. The chrysalis is brown, variously marked. Argynnis idalia Note (Plate XXVIII) the broad yellow- ish band near the edge of the under side of the hind wings of the Great Spangled Fritillary. The larve feed on violets and hibernate while still young, frequently having eaten nothing but their egg shells. When full grown, they are a rather velvety black with black, sometimes orange-based, spines. Ths -chrysalis is a mottled dark brown. Argynnis “cybele 117 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. Note (Plate XXVIII) the absence of a broad yellowish submarginal band on under- side of hind wing, but usually there is a narrow one and it is often difficult to tell aphrodite from cybele; they may hybridize. The life history, immature stages, and range, much like cybele., Argynnis aphrodite The Mountain Silver-spot is much like the preceding species but is smaller, and darker at the base of the wings both-above and below. On the upper side there usually is present a narrow black border to all the wings and on the hind pair the black spots in the middle are connected to form a very narrow irregular band. Below, the submarginal band of yellow on the hind wings is paler, The males have a decided odor of sandal-wood. In early stages and life history it is similar to aphrodite but it is more confined to mountainous regions especially in the Southeast. There are many other species of this genus in the West, all rather difficult to identify correctly; and Brenthis (q. v.) is often united with it. A. diana of the Southeast is interesting because the male has the outer third of the upper side of the wings orange while the female is black with blue spots. Asa rule, larve of this genus have the front spines the longest; they feed chiefly at night. The chrysa- lids have a forked head. Argynnis atlantis Although the upper side of the Silver-bor- dered Fritillary is tawny with black mark- ings and resembles B. bellona, the species are easily distinguished by the fact that myrina is rich in silver spots on the under side of the wings (Plate X XIX). Its larve feed on violets, and after hibernating get to be about an inch long; they are dark olive brown with lighter markings and are covered with fleshy spines. Chrysalis: dark with darker spots and somewhat curved forward. Brenthis myrina See Plate XXIX and the description of myrina, The Mesedow Fritillary has no silver underneath. Its life-history is much like that of myrina. The chrysalids of Brenthis have twe rows of conical Brenthis bellona 118 PLATE XXVIII me Sn Argunnis aphr Argynnis idalio i r. a THE CRESCENTS. tubercles on their backs. B. montinus is interesting be- | cause it is found only on, or near, the summits of the White Mountains; the underside of the hind wings is much darker than in myrina and the silver spots are not so large or so numerous. See Plate XXIX and discussion concern- ing Melitea harrisi. \ The wings of the Silver Crescent are tawny-orange, lighter on the under side, and marked with black; the hind wing, below, is largely silvery white; the usually imperfect ‘“‘crescent”’ is along the margin. The larve, which feed on sunflowers and other Composite, are brownish-black with a rather conspicuous orange stripe along each side; many rather short, black, hairy spines. V Although the larve hibernate, they do not seem to construct a shelter; probably they crawl into a ‘“‘ready-made.”’ Phyciodes nycteis The variable Pearl Crescent has two broods: those adults which come from over-wintered larve are (among other differences) brighter and with more distinct light markings on the under side (variety marcia, Plate X XIX) than those which develop during the summer... By chilling the pupe we can cause some of the summer brood to be marcia, The larvee feed on asters and are black with yellow spots above, yellow side-stripes,-and yellowish spines. The slightly angulated chrysalis has brownish creases on a light ground-color, and, on the middle of the abdomen, a slight transverse ridge. Phyciodes batest differs from tharos by having heavier black markings above and by the lack of conspicuous dark markings on the lower side of the hind wings, these being almost uniformly pale yellow. There are many other species in the West. Phyciodes tharos ~___\ Fsypmarginal ey pomarginal coll aes 269 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS, Plate LXIX. The squame are slightly dusky. Some, at least, American speci- mens lack the yellowish color which has been recorded for the European ones on the scutellum. The larve are said to live in excrement. Graphomyia maculata This species (Plate LXX) varies from 25 to .50 in. in length: Phe moral food of the larve is carrion. Pupation usually occurs in earth or moist debris. The mature larva is .75 in. long and is provided with a ring of bristles . between each pair of segments. ‘These and its pointed shape make it somewhat resemble a screw, hence the common name, Screw-worm. They occasionally feed on living animals, including man, the eggs being laid in open wounds or in the nose. In the latter case, the larve work their way into the cavities of the head and sometimes cause death. Chrysomyia macellaria Adults (Plate LXIX) range from .25 to .50in.inlength. The thorax is slaty-black, with indistinct stripes on the anterior portion. It is very difficult to cite good characters for separating this insect from Calliphora. However, common species of Calliphora do not usually have markings on the thorax; if they have, the markings are indistinct and not as described for this species. Furthermore, the bucca of cadaverina are grayish-black posteriorly and brown to reddish anteriorly; those of Calliphora are usually uni- colorous. Although the adults are captured about excre- ment, it is probable that the larve feed exclusively on decaying flesh. Cynomyia cadaverina Plate LXIX. The squame are yellowish. The larve live in excrement. Only a few (several dozen) eggs are laid by each female. The eggs have a black stripe on each side and, as continua- tions of these, a black curved appendage. This fly is common to both Europe and America. Myospila meditabunda 270 MOUSE-FLIES Except that the tip of the abdomen is brown with a hoary coating, there is little which need be added to the characters given in the key and Plate LXIX. The larve breed in excre- ment, often being abundant in human feces. The life history is completed in about three weeks. Morellia micans Both stabulans (Plate LXIX) and assimt- lis are a bit larger and more robust than M. domestica. The tip of the scutellum may be reddish. The larve feed on excrement and a variety of decaying substances, including fungii and vegetables. M. stabulans has been reared from the pupz of other insects but the pupz had probably died first, as it is not likely that the species is parasitic. Both species are widely distributed in Europe and America, stabulans usually being the commoner. Muscina In addition to the characters given in * eee the key and Plate LXIX, it might be said that the space between the eyes is white. On account of its habit of overlapping the wings when at rest, it often appears narrower than domestica. The exact date of its introduction from Europe is unknown. It has been bred from manure, but probably only when the manure contained earthworms as it has been bred from these common creatures. The adults are rather sluggish -and have been called Cluster-flies from their habit of congregating in masses, especially about the ceilings of rooms. They are looking for a place to hibernate and may find it in closets, behind curtains, or in other nooks. When mashed, these flies are very greasy and have an odor which has been described by some as like honey and by others as ‘‘very disagreeable.’’ It is even more sus- ceptible to attack by a fungus (Empusa) than is M. domestica. . Like most of the Muscide, the sexes of SOS the House- or Disease-fly (Plate LXX) may domestica be told apart by the fact that the eyes of the males are nearer together than they are in the females. 271 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. The sides of the abdomen of the males are brownish near the base and grayish elsewhere. The females are grayish over all the abdomen with a variable pattern of darker gray or black. It takes the egg about twelve hours, on the average, to hatch. In about five days the larve are full-grown and the pupal stage lasts from five days toa month or longer. The puparium is the old larval skin, hardened and brown. Each female usually lays from one to two hundred eggs in the garbage or manure which is the food of the larve. Adults may hibernate, but so also do pupe and larve. See Homalomyia. Pseudopyrellia cesarion (Plate LXIX) is easily recog- nized by the characters given in the key, especially those incouplet12. The brilliant blue larve are often abundant in cow dung. Other flies besides Calliphora ‘‘blow,”’ that is, lay eggs on meat, but the name Blow-fly is usually applied to members of this genus. The anatomy, physiology, and development of C. ery- throcephala are very well known, thanks to Lowne’s classic work and Portchinski’s careful observations. The other two species (see the key and Plate LXX) probably differ but little from it. It lays several hundred small eggs on meat and dead animals. These eggs hatch in about twenty-four hours or less, sometimes even hatching in the female, so that she lays living larve. It takes a week-or ten days to reach the pupal stage and then about two weeks for adults to emerge. The mature larva may be nearly or quite .75 in. long. Pupation usually takes place under the food-mass or slightly below the surface of the ground. « All three species occur also in Europe. Calliphora L. syluarum is the bluest Blue-bottle; cesar (Plate LXX) is more often greenish; and sericata usually has a bronzy gleam, especially on the abdomen. -See also Phormia, p. 273. Carrion is their chief larval food but L. cesar has been reared from excre- ment and garbage. The life-histories are completed in from three to four weeks and are about equally aides between larval and pupal stages. Lucilia PLATE LXX Stomoxys calcitrans Plicho}o vomitoria O96 Be are vodalis Ae | ? gee ~-Lulcilio “cesar Drosophila. melanogaster COMBATING DANGEROUS FLIES. Protophormia terre-nove is about .4 in. long; the eyes of the male are closer together than those of the female but not so close as in the male of Phormia regina; palpi, light brown or yellowish; prothoracal stigma, black; there are delicate spines along the proximal half of the first section of the third longitudinal vein. See also the next species. It is found about excrement but is not usually common. Phormia regina (Plate LXIX) is fairly common. Its larve live in carrion. The palpi are tipped with black; prothoracal stigma red or yellow; and the spines on the third vein are well developed. Both it and the preceding species are likely to be confused with Lucilia, but in that genus the front, between the eyes, is usually distinctly margined with white and it is not in these species. Methods of Combating Dangerous Muscide. The usual methods employed in fighting the dangerous Muscide are really of little avail. Sticky fly-paper, wire fly-traps, and poisons will undoubtedly kill a large number but infinitely more are breeding where these came from. Screening our windows and doors will undoubtedly keep many out but it is not pleasant to liveinacage. Further- more, the people from whom we buy our milk and other food-stuffs may not be so careful. The only thorough- going method is to stop the trouble at its source—prevent breeding. If we could do away with the breeding-places, or make them unfit for fly-larve, or keep adult flies away from them, the thing would be done. Nearly all the books and lecturers say that this is easy. It is well to be optimistic but better to recognize the whole truth.- It cannot be done easily. “The remedy is simple, effective, practicable, and inexpensive. Destroy their breeding-places and you will have no flies.’”’ The latter sentence is manifestly true. Stable manure should be kept in fly-proof bins; treatment with kerosene, chlorid of lime, etc., is not completely satisfactory. Cess-pools must also be made fly proof. Privies must be done away with, or all traces of excre- ment removed and buried deeply at least once a week. 18 273 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. Garbage must be buried or burned as often. Every bit of organic rubbish must either be kept dry or be destroyed. All these precautions can and should be taken. But— the author quoted above says also: “Of course your neighbor must keep his place clean too, for his flies are just as apt to come into your house [or to get on your food at the dealer’s] as his, so the problem becomes one for the whole community.”’ -This is the heart of the matter. A few earnest individuals or well-meaning Improvement Societies, acting by themselves, can do little more than cause a great deal of trouble and achieve very little good. Laws must be framed and enforced, so that the ignorant or careless may not make of little or no avail the work of the intelligent and careful. Dr. Howard has well said “Tt ts the duty of every individual to guard, so far as possible, against the occurrence of flies upon his premises. It is the duty of every community, through tts board of health, to spend money in the warfare against this enemy of mankind. This duty is as pronounced as though the community were attacked by bands of ravenous wolves.” We are now about to take up flies which are in the ACALYPTERATE division of some authors. The squame are small or vestigial; the first longitudinal vein is short; the eyes of the males never touch each other; and the thorax is without a complete transverse suture. For the most part, these flies are small. The following families are those most likely to be noticed. SCATOPHAGIDZE Several species of Scatophaga (Plate LXVIII) are com- mon about cow-dung; they are moderately large, yellow- haired flies, with rather slim bodies and longish legs. The adults are predaceous, even catching honey-bees. The larve live in excrement. BORBORIDS This is a small family of minute, active flies having no distinct auxiliary vein; the first (and sometimes the 274 ACALYPTERATE FLIES. second) joint of each hind tarsus is usually short and broad. The adults of Borborus and Spherocera are often seen in clouds about the excrement in which the larve . feed. The TETANOCERIDA (or Sciomyzide) are somewhat sluggish, usually brown or yellow flies, many of which have receding chins and marking on the wings. See Tetanocera (Plate LXVIII). They are usually found in moist places, the larve being aquatic. Sapromyza~ (Plate LXVIII) is fairly typical of the LAUXANID#. They are small flies whose larve live in decaying vegetation. ORTALIDIDZ The flies of this and the next family have prettily marked wings. The distinctions between the families are, for the most part, rather difficult to grasp; perhaps the easiest concerns the auxiliary vein. In the Conopide, Sepside, Ortalidide, and other families, it is present and ends dis- tinctly in the costa; in the Trypetide, Drosophilide, and other families it is absent or incomplete. In the three first-named families, the first longitudinal vein usually ends in the costa, near or beyond the middle of the front margin; in the two last-named ones, it usually ends before the middle. Numerous species of Ortalidide are usually found in meadows and some (e. g. Tritoxa flexa, Plate LXXI) have been bred from onions but the life-histories of most are unknown. The same plate shows Pyrgota undata. TRYPETID= The Peacock Flies spend much of their time strutting about with brown- or black-spotted wings elevated and waved back and forth. Some of the females have relatively long, horny ovipositors at the tip of the abdomens. See Euaresta, Plate LXXI. Most of the larve live in plant tissues. 275 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. Adults of the Apple Maggot (Plate LX XI) are to be found from July to September. By means of her sharp ovipositor the female punctures the skin of the apple and lays her eggs directly in the pulp. The white larvae, which taper some- what toward the front, make winding burrows through the pulp and attain a length of .25 in. or more. ‘They then bore out, usually after the apple has fallen, and go about an inch underground where they spend the winter and spring in a brownish puparium. The larve of similar flies, Rhagoletis cingulata and R. fausta, are the cherry-worms, known to us all. The currant and gooseberry worm is the larva of Epochra canadensis. Several species make galls on goldenrod stems (see p. 457), others mine leaves, live in roots, berries, and fruits of numerous kinds, but practically all have wing-patterns which are distinctive of the species. Rhagoletis pomonella PIOPHILIDE Ever see Cheese Skippers? Probably not unless you have lived moderately long or quite near to Nature. The acrobats are larve of Puophila casei (Plate LXXI]). They are about .2 in. long, smooth, and tapered toward the front. The leap is accomplished by holding the tail with the mouth, pulling hard, and then letting go. Why, I do not know. They live also in bacon or other fatty material. DROSOPHILID The little red-eyed Pomace-fly (Plate LXX)—also called Sour Fiy and Vinegar- fly—is sometimes common about the fruit basket on our sideboard, but it is in the study of heredity and sex that it has become famous,-under the name of D. ampelophila. Its larve feed on ripe, or over-ripe, bananas and other fruit, also on vinegar, stale beer, and the like. The average duration, at living-room tempera- tures, of the egg period is about 2 days; of the larval period, about 6 days; and of the pupal period, about 5 r 270 Drosophila melanogaster Piophila a casel Olfersia americana Meloph gus OVINUS FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. days. I have kept unmated adults alive, under the same conditions, for about three months. A bit of banana in a milk bottle is all the apparatus one needs to breed this creature and twenty generations a year are easily reared. These facts and its other virtues make it an ideal labora- tory animal. Not only have simple cases of Mendelian inheritance been conveniently studied but more complex ones and also the relations between body-characteristics, including sex, and the chromosomes in the germ-cells have been analyzed by its aid. The adults are perfect slaves to light (heliotropic). Put a number of them in a bottle and they wil! all crowd to the part which is nearest the window, no matter how much you may turn the bottle about. The males are a trifle smaller than the females and have the hind part of the abdomen more largely pigmented. The males have relatively immense “sex combs”’ on their front legs. These may be for the sake of appearing more attractive to the females, as the males go. through their courtship dance, but, on numerous occasions, I cut them off without thereby noticeably decreasing the success of the combless males in the rivalry, which I then staged, with normal males. The “sex combs’ may be to clean his antennz, but how does she keep hers clean? They may just happen to be. In this brief review of the Acalypterates the following, | among other, families have been skipped. HETERONEURI- D#: the larve live in decaying wood, etc., and “skip” like Piophila. Srpstpe: Piophila has been put here; they often swarm about the decaying vegetables and excre- ment in which their larve live. Diopsip&: our only species is Sphyracephala brevicornis, which occurs on skunk- cabbage and may be recognized by its eyes being on stalks. ErHyDRID#: these small or even minute flies are usually found about moist places; the aquatic larve of some species have ‘‘rat-tails’’ like Eristalis but the tail is forked; some larvee live in salt or alkaline water, others in the sap of trees and in leaves. AGROMYZIDA: numerous small flies; some larve are leaf-miners, others live in plant-galls; others feed on plant-lice, creeping like leeches or Geometrid larve. 278 TICKS AND FLEAS. PUPIPARA This group is sometimes given the rank of Suborder. Its members are all ectoparasites, that is, they live on, but not in, their hosts. -They are called Pupipara because the larve live inside the mother until they are ready to pupate or have already done so. The wings are often vestigal or wanting. They are probably degenerate Acalypterates. The Hipposposcip& (Plate LX XI) are parasitic upon birds or mammals. The more commonly observed of the winged species belong to Olfersia and live on hawks and owls. A wingless species is the sheep-tick, Melophagus OvINKS. BLID&, usually have no wings, although the halteres are retained. Almost without exception, they are parasitic on bats. Members of the family NyYCTERIBIID&, also of STRE- SUCTORIA The adult Fleas are small, wingless, laterally com- pressed, jumping, sucking insects which are parasitic upon warm-biooded animals including man. The larve (Plate LX XI) are worm-like; they live in rubbish and dust, such as accumulates at the edges of carpets and in the folds of ' upholstery. The pupz are enclosed in cocoons. The family PULIcID& contains the common Dog-flea, Cteno- cephalus canis; the usually rare (with us) Human-flea, Pulex irritans (thorax and head shown in Plate LX XI); and a Rat-flea, Ceratophyllus fasciatus, which transmits plague in temperate regions. The Jigger-flea or Chigoe, Dermatophilus. penetrans, of the DERMATOPHILIDA&, is coniused with the Jigger or Chigger, which is a small red Mite and also burrows into human skin. It infests domes- tic animals and birds, as well as man. The male feeds externally but the female works her way under the skin, causing a serious ulcer through which the eggs are released. 279 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. COLEOPTERA Beetles may usually be recognized, when adult, by the fact that their front wings (‘‘elytra’’) are hardened. The elytra usually do not overlap but meet in a line (the “‘su- ture’’) along the middle of the back; in all Staphylinide, and in some other groups, they do not, however, com- pletely cover the abdomen. They have chewing mouth- parts. Metamorphosis is complete. The larve have no abdominal legs except (often) on the last joint. Twelve or fifteen thousand species are known from North America. The student who desires to specialize is referred to the following two books, from which many of the concise descriptions given here have been copied: Blatchley, W.S. Ax illustrated descriptive catalogue of the Coleoptera or Beetles (exclusive of the Rhynchophora) known to occur in Indiana, Blatchley, W. S. and Leng, C. W. Rhynchophora or Weevils of North-Eastern America. Coleoptera are divided by Sharp into the following six series, not counting Strepsiptera (p. 405). For the con- venience of American students, I have followed the order of arrangement which is in general use in America. After some familiarity with the various groups has been gained by matching specimens with the pictures, the student will be able to assign most beetles to their proper family on ““general appearance.”’ ADEPHAGA. Tarsi 5-jointed, the fourth quite dis- tinct; antenne thread-like or nearly so, never lamelli- form; abdomen with one more exposed segment at the sides than along the middle, the numbers usually being five and) Six.) /“aee pi 2ols POLYMORPHA. Antennz frequently with either a club, 7. e., the terminal joints broader than the others (the Clavicorns), or the joints from the third onwards more or less saw-like, the serrations being on the inner face (the Serricorns); but these and all other characters, including the number of joints in the feet, very variable. See Pp. 292. 280 TIGER-BEETLES. LAMELLICORNIA. Tarsi 5-jointed; antennz with the three, or more, terminal joints leaf-like (or at least broader than the others), forming a club, the leaves of which are movable and, in repose, fit together so as to appear to be one piece. See p. 324. PHYTOPHAGA. Tarsi apparently 4-jcinted, the three basal joints usually densely set with cushion-like pubescence beneath; the third joint different from the others in form, being divided into two lobes, or grooved on its upper surface so as to allow the fourth joint to be inserted near its base instead of at its extremity; sometimes the tarsus is distinctly 5-jointed, a very small fourth joint being apparent. Head not forming a definite prolonged beak. Seep. 336. HETEROMERA. Front and middle tarsi 5-jointed, hind tarsi 4-jointed; other characters variable. See p. 380. RHYNCHOPHORA. Head usually more or less pro- longed in front to form a snout or beak; tarsi apparently 4-jointed but with a very minute additional joint at the extreme base of the last joint, usually at least the third joint broad and densely pubescent beneath. See p. 393. ADEPHAGA These are typically carnivorous, both as larve and as adults. The larve, which are usually very active, have two claws on each tarsus. The Cicindelidz and Carabidz are terrestrial and bear numerous fine, erect, bristle-like hairs, especially beneath; the others are aquatic and very smooth. CICINDELID& The adult Tiger-beetles have their eleven-jointed antennz fastened to the front of the head above the base of the mandibles. These beetles have much recumbent hair, as well as erect bristles; the eyes are prominent; the head is held vertically and is wider than the thorax. ‘‘They are long-legged, rather slender, active beetles, predatory in habit, living usually in open sandy places, and flying readily when disturbed. The larve are uncouth creatures, with large head and prominent jaws, that live in vertical 281 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. burrows [usually] in sandy soil, watching at the mouth for such unwary creatures as may come their way’’ (Smith). The larve have a hump on the fifth abdominal segment; this hump is provided with forward-pointing hooks that help the larve to hold back if their prey should try to get away. See Plate LXXII. The burrow, which is often a foot or more deep and within which the larva pupates, may be recognized by the smooth, circular depres- sion, worn by the larva’s feet, surrounding the opening. Tetracha of the South and Omus of the West live more like Carabidez but Cicindela is the largest genus of the family and the one whose habits have just been described. The following are some of the common species in the Northeast. C. dorsalis (Plate LXXII) is white with variable black markings; along the sea-shore in July. Plate LX XIII shows generosa, which lives on sandy plains, and sexguttata (the number of white dots is variable) of sunny, woodland paths. C. repanda, of pond and river banks, is bronzy-brown above with three white marks on each elytron: one (the ‘‘ humeral lunule’’) at the shoulder, one (the ‘‘apical lunule’’) at the apex, and one, which is somewhat like an eighth-note in music, in the middle. C. Mrticollis is like it but hairier and the humeral lunule is upturned at the tip. C. tran- guebarica is larger (about .6 in. long), the tip of the humeral lunule is down-turned; frequents sandy roads. The last three are most commonly found in spring and fall. C. punctulata, which is dark above (greenish-blue beneath) except for white dots, is abundant on roads, garden paths, and even city streets, flying freely to light in midsummer; each elytron has a row of green punctures along the suture in addition to densely placed, uncolored ones. C. modesta is black and C. rugifrons is green, each with three large white spots; found in pine barrens. Cicindela CARABID Most of the many Ground-beetles are plain black or brown. The antenne of the adults start from the side of the head between the base of the mandibles and the eyes, which are usually of moderate size; ornamental hairs are ~ 282 pans Harpalus Carabus Coliginosus vinctus elevatus ies Pterostichus hi : Dicaelus — lucublandus Pasimachus elongatus depressus 283 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. found only in Brachynus and Chlenius but erect setz are present and are important in technical classification; the head is held horizontally or slightly inclined and is usually narrower than the thorax. Although some bright-colored Lebiini hunt by day on plants, the majority hide under stones or other cover. If disturbed, they run rapidly but rarely fly except at night, when some species swarm about lights. They ate beneficial because of their predaceous habits; the musky odor of many species telling of their diet of flesh. The larve are relatively long, and rather flat; they have sharp, projecting mandibles and a pair of posterior bristly appendages; they usually live in under- ground burrows, pupating in small earthen cells. Cychrus is a genus (late authors divide it into several genera) which is usually rather rare and, since the violet or brownish-purple beetles are of good size, they are often sought by collectors. The pronotum is more or less turned up at the edges. The head and mandibles are long, narrow, and straight, so that they may be thrust into snail-shells in order to draw out the owners; the palpi are shaped like a long-handled spoon. As might be guessed, they are to be found only where snails are common: in moist woods and similar places. See Plate LX XII. Carabus may be separated from Calosoma by the fact that the former has the third joint of the antennz cylindri- cal and the latter has it compressed. The species of Carabus are black or brown- ish-black, and about an inch long. C. syluosus: margins of the turned-up pronotum and of elytra blue; striz on elytra very fine; usually in sandy woods. C. serratus: margins of pronotum (slightly turned up) and of elytra violet; elytra with two or three slight notches in the margin near the base; usually in damp places. C. limbatus: bluish margins; pronotum a half wider than long; elytra deeply striate; usually in moist upland woods. C. vinctus (Plate LX XII): bronzed, prono- tum with a greenish tinge at borders; usually under bark in low, moist woods. All may be caught by sinking bottles or cans, baited with molasses, in the soil. Carabus 284 CATERPILLAR=-HUNTING BEETLES. These are usually found, under cover, in gardens, fields, and open woods. They are often abundant at light. Their common name, Caterpillar Hunters, should recommend them, as it is well given. Plate LX XIII gives sufficient help in identify- ing calidum and scrutator. C. externum is about 1.25 in. long; margins of pronotum and elytra blue; pronotum with the sides rounded, flattened, and turned up behind. Mr. Davis told of a “‘specimen which was found under an electric light and squirted its acrid fluid into my face at a distance of about a foot.”” They will do that sometimes. C. willcoxt is similar to scrutator but only about .75 in. long; the thorax is relatively narrower, and the margins of the elytra are sometimes green. C. frigidum: about .8 in. long; black above, greenish-black below; pronotum and elytra with narrow, green margins; spots on elytra, green. C. sayi: similar, but found from N. Y. southward while frigidum occurs from N. Y. northward. C. syco- phania has recently been introduced from Europe to aid in fighting the Brown-tail Moth. Calosoma Even after I was supposed to know something about Entomology I tried to place E. ruscarius in Cicindela. All of the genus have the general form of Tiger-beetles, but they are smaller and lack the ornamental hairs. They inhabit sand-bars and mud-flats. E. ruscarius is about .25 in. long; dull brassy above, metallic green beneath; the numerous, circular impressions on the elytra are purplish; legs, reddish-brown. Adults have been taken at Christmas time as far north as Indiana. Elaphrus A black Carabid, which is an inch or so long and whose pronotum seems too big for it (suggesting a collar that has come loose and moved up the neck), probably belongs to this genus. They occur especially where the soil is sandy, and are caterpillar hun- ters. P. depressus (Plate LX XII) is blue-margined, but often faintly. P. sublevis occurs on the beach; the pronotum and elytra are margined (often faintly) with Pasimachus 285 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. blue; pronotum squarish but pushed in at the front and somewhat bulged at the sides; tip of closed elytra rounded. Species of Scarites are narrow; the pro- notum is rounded behind and somewhat “too big”; the wide, flat front tibiz are toothed. The common species of our gardens is subterraneus. It is usually less than .8 in. long; the southern substriatus may be only a large variety of it (an inch or more in length). These species are shiny biack; the head has two, deeply indented, parallel lines; the sides of the squarish pronotum are nearly straight and it is separated from the elytra by a neck; the eltrya are distinctly striate. They are often turned up in gardens and feign death by holding the body rigid for a time, but soon run off to shelter. Scarites Circular, yellow beetles, tessellated with dark green, that live by day in the damp sand of brook and pond shores and come out at night to seek their prey. O. americanum is our common species. Omophron Numerous, small species of Dyschirius and Chivina live in damp soil, especially sandy or muddy banks, and may be collected by throwing water on the banks, forcing the beetles out of the ground for air or to satisfy their curiosity as to the state of the weather. They are usually less than .4 in. long and have two bristle-bearing punctures above each eye and at each hind angle of the pronotum. Pasimachus and Scarites have only one at each of these places. The pronotum of Dyschirius is globular or oval and that of Clivina is squarish. Other, less common, genera may be distinguished from Dyschirius and Clivina by the fact that their front tarsi are dilated, while those of D. and C. are slender, and by the absence of a neck be- tween the thorax and the elytra. Bembidium and Tachys are remarkable for the speed with which they move and are easily recognized by the short, sharp, needle-like last palpal joint. Bembidium quadrimaculatum, less than .15 in. long, with four conspicuous yellow spots, is common in gardens. TJachys nanus, all black, and Tachys flavi- cauda, brown with a yellow tip, both less than .12 in. long are common under the bark of dead trees. 286 Leng. grandis Cicindela sexguliata generosa ‘calidum. / scrutator \ | Calosoma ir oe | \ Agonoderus Platynus poets Cupripennis am ase Ae Brachinus fumans BRACHINUS, THE BOMBARDIER. The members of this large genus are among the most common of the Carabidae, but it is difficult to describe, without technicalities, even lucublandus, which lives in tilled fields. Plate LXXII shows its general form; its color is greenish or bluish. Amara and Platynus (Plate LX XIII) are related and also large genera. All thespeciesaresmall. Amara angusiata, shining bronze, is common in gardens, running rapidly on paths in midsummer, especially when weeding operations disturb its shelter. Pterostichus Similar to the preceding, but differing sufficiently in form to be recognized from the illustration on Plate LXXII is Dicelus elongatus, a black, shiny beetle often found under stones. Dicelus A slender Carabid, .75 in. long, with blackish head and elytra, and a narrow, reddish-brown pronotum, is fairly certain to be this genus; if the head is strongly rounded behind the eyes, it is probably janus. G. bicolor-is similar but has the back of the head tapering, rather than rounded. They are often abundant about lights but their home is in fence rows or open woodlands. The larve are bluish and yellow. Galerita Plate LX XIII shows a species, grandis, which is credited with feeding on the eggs and young larve of potato beetles. It is fairly typical, although one of the largest, of its genus, the members of which live under stones and leaves but often climb plants to feed on injurious insects. Their tarsi are comb-like, a feature which probably helps them in climbing, and the elytra are square-cut at apex. Lebia The beetles mentioned from Bembidium (p. 286) to this point have two bristle-bearing punctures above each eye. The Carabide which follow have but one. These beetles (Plate LX XIII) have the tip of the elytra square-cut; the head is tapering behind and both it and the thorax are very Brachinus 287 | FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS narrow, as compared with the abdomen. They occur on the ground under things, usually in damp places. Many Carabidz, when disturbed, give off a defensive fluid from a gland at the end of the abdomen but species of Brachi- nus do it with a distinct “pop.” For this reason, they are called Bombardier Beetles. The discharged fluid is either volatile or it is shot out in a fine spray, so that it looks like smoke. Under stones and logs in damp places are often found Carabide with a pro- nounced musky odor and brilliant, bronzed or green, backs, very finely clothed with short hair. C. sericeus is all green, .6 in. long, with yellow legs, while other species of the genus are smaller and variously colored. Chlenius Plate LXXII shows one of the largest and commonest species, caliginosus. It is black with reddish-brown antenne and tarsi. H. pennsylvanicus is also common and is, superficially much like caliginosus except that it is rarely more than .7 in. long. For that matter, there are a dozen or more species of Harpalus, in almost any region, for which our figure would do except as to size. It might also pass for related genera such as Selenophorus, Stenolophus, and Anisodactylus. Unlike their relatives, some species of Harpalus are said to feed, when adult, largely on seeds. Harpalus viridieneus, with shining, greenish-bronze back, is common under boards in farmyards. Harpalus Agonoderus pallipes (Plate LX XIII) is a small relative of Harpalus that often enters houses at night, attracted by the lights. The next three families are aquatic (see also Hydrophili- dz), although the adults may leave the water to seek mates and new abiding places. The compound eyes of the Gyrinide (series Polymorpha) are divided so that they seem to have four such eyes; the abdomen has seven segments; the middle and hind legs form short broad pad- dles; the antennz are short. The eyes of Haliplide and Dytiscidze are not divided; the antennz are thread-like; 288 PREDACEOUS DIVING BEETLES. and the abdomen has six segments. MHaliplid antennz are 10-jointed and none of the legs are modified for swim- ming. Dytiscid antenne are II-jointed and the hind legs have fringes of long hairs, acting as oars. HALIPLID These beetles are small, oval, brown or yellow, more or less spotted with black, and have very much rounded backs. They are widest near the front of the elytra. They crawl about aquatic plants, usually in shallow water, but do not swim well. The larve are slender and each of the body-segments has a fleshy lobe on the back, the hind one being long and tapering. Matheson states that they feed on filamentous alge; if this be so, they are an excep- tion to the carnivorous habits of the Adephaga. DYTISCIDZ See above for the characteristics of these Predaceous Diving Beetles. Their larve (Plate LX XIV) are called Water-tigers. The adults are said to hibernate in under- water earth but they come out from time to time, especially in early spring. During the summer they are frequently attracted to lights. The males of certain genera, e. g. Dytiscus, have the three basal segments of the front (and, to a lesser extent, of the middle) tarsi modified to form cup-like suckers, which may help them to cling to the females while mating. Some females have furrowed elytra. The adults have large spiracles near the hind end and smaller ones along the side. When at rest, they hang head-down with the tips of the elytra sticking out of the water. In this way, the spiracles have access to the upper air. When the beetle dives, a supply of air is carried along under the elytra. Adults discharge, from behind the head and also from anal glands, fluids which differ somewhat from species to species but all of which are probably defensive against fish and other enemies. The mature beetles live for a long time, Harris having kept a Dytiscus ‘“‘three years and a half in perfect health, in a glass vessel filled with water, and supported by morsels of raw meat.’”’ Eggs of Dytiscus, as far as known, are 289 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS, laid singly in slits made by the females in underwater plant stems. It is said that Acilius lets the eggs drop upon the mud while swimming about and Colymbetes arranges its eggs upon leaves. Miall remarks that many a raw naturalist has put these beetles into his collecting- bottle or aquarium, to find after a few hours that they ~ have destroyed or mutilated almost his whole live stock. When the larva swims about in a leisurely way, the legs are the chief means of propulsion, but it can also make a sudden spring by throwing its body into serpentine curves. It may also be seen to creep on submerged leaves, and to cling to them when resting or lying in ambush. The tip of the tail carries two small appendages. ‘These, as well as the last two segments of the abdomen, are fringed with hairs, which no doubt increase the effect of a stroke given to the water. But these appendages are chiefly used to buoy up the tail, when the larva requires to breathe. At length the larva ceases to feed, creeps into moist earth near the edge of the water, makes a roundish cell there, and changes to a pupa. The species of some genera, e. g. Bide are less than .I2in. long. The following are among the largest species. Colymbetes sculptilis: about .7 in. long; top of head black, with two small, pale spots; pronotum, front of the head, and margins of elytra, dull yellow; a black, transverse, median bar on pronotum; elytra dark. The general color of Dytiscus is greenish black. Dytiscus fasciventris: length, an inch or slightly more; abdominal segments reddish-brown with darker margins; pronotum margined with yellow only on the sides, or with a faint trace of yellow at base and apex; each elytron of female with ten grooves, which reach beyond the middle. D. hybridus: a trifle more than an inch long; abdominal segments uniform black; pronotum like fasciventris but shorter; yellow margin of elytra of nearly equal width throughout, a narrow yellow bar near apices; elytra of female smooth. D. verticalis: length usually at least 1.4.in.; abdominal segment uniform black; pronotum margined with yellow only on the sides; marginal yellow stripes on elytra narrowing behind; narrow, oblique, yellow cross-bars, near apices, often indistinct; elytra of females smooth. D. harrisii: 290 PLATE LXXIV FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. length usually at least 1.5 in.; all edges of the pronotum” distinctly margined with yellow; elytra marked much like verticalis but cross-bar more distinct; females usually have the elytra grooved. Cybister fimbriolatus is about 1.3 in long; brown with a faint greenish tinge; pronotum and elytra broadly margined with yellow; front of head, two. front pairs of legs, and spots at sides of the third to sixth, inclusive, abdominal segments yellow; pronotum and elytra of female, except along the suture, with numerous, fine, short grooves. POLYMORPHA The following family has also been put in the Adephaga. GYRINID All who observe have seen the steel-blue or black Whirligig Beetles (Plate LX XIV, and p. 288) gyrating in crowds on the surface of relatively still water or basking like turtles on logs and stones. When disturbed, Whirligig Beetles squeak by rubbing the tip of the abdomen against the elytra. They also give off a fluid which is sometimes ill-smelling but in other cases rather pleasantly suggests apples. Although they spend most of their active time on the surface of the water, they can fly well, if they can climb out of the water so as to get a start, and they dive freely, carrying down a bubble of air at the tips of, and under, their elytra. The front legs are long and grasping. Adults are, apparently, not very predaceous, but the larvee seem to be. The female lays a number of elongate, oval eggs, end to end, upon the leaves of plants, usually beneath the surface of the water and sometimes at a considerable depth. The general appearance of the larva is that of a small Centipede. The pupa of Gyrinus is so well hidden that few have ever seen it. Probably about the beginning of August the larva creeps out of the water by climbing up the water-plants, and then spins a grayish cocoon pointed at both ends, the adult emerging towards the end of the same month. Adults hibernate, coming out during mild weather for mid-winter dances. 292 ‘¢WATER-SCAVENGER ”’ BEETLES. The two principal genera are Gyrinus (length less than 35 in.; the triangular piece, scutellum, between the bases of the closed elytra distinct) and Dineutes (length .4 in., or more; scutellum hidden). Dzneutes vittatus: .5 in. or longer; sides of pronotum and elytra with an in- distinct, bronzed, submarginal stripe. D. discolor: about .5 in. long; above very dark, almost black, bronze, shining; below, yellowish. D. emarginatus: less than .5 in. long; above and below black, slightly bronzed, and not very shiny; middle and hind legs, narrow margin, and tip of the abdomen, paler. D. assimilis: length a trifle under .5 in.; above black, strongly bronzed; beneath black, very shining; abdominal segments often tinged with brown; legs brownish yellow; is a common species with an apple odor. The CLAVICORN series starts here and includes the families to, but not, the Elateride. Only Hydrophilide are aquatic. HYDROPHILIDZ These are called Water-Scavenger Beetles. The adults do feed on decaying material but they also eat water-plants and living animals, and, furthermore, not all are aquatic; the larve are largely predaceous. The adults have five joints in each tarsus, but the first joint is _ often very small. The eggs of Hydrophilus are usually ‘laid in a floating silken case with a handle-like mast (see Plate LXXIV). The silk comes from glands at the hind end of the female. The larve are much like those of Dytiscus but clumsier and their tarsi never have more thana _ single claw, while those of the Dytiscide and the Gyrinide have two. Pupation occurs in very moist earth at the water’s edge; the pupa being kept from touching its cell’s bottom by projecting hook-like spines. Unlike Dytiscus, the largest spiracles are well forward and air is taken in through the notch between the head and the thorax, the velvety hairs keeping out the water and the hairy club of the antennz helping to break the surface film. These antennz, which are less than 11-jointed and broadened at the tip, are sometimes overlooked by the inexperienced, 293 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. who mistake the long palpi for antenne. One of the main groups in the family, the Helophorini (Helophorus and IZydrochus are the principal genera), is made up of small species which usually have the pronotum narrowed behind, so that it is not as wide as the two elytra. The others have it narrowed in front, the base being as wide as the elytral base. Of these, the Hydrophilini and Hydrobiini have the tarsal joints short. The metasternum of an insect may be described as its breast-bone; it is just in front of the bases of the hind legs. The meta- sternum of the Hydrophilini is prolonged into a distinct spine and that of the Hydrobiini is not. Finally, the Spheridiini (late authors make them a separate family) have the first joint of each middle and hind tarsus elon- gated. Some Spheridiini, living in manure, decaying sea-weed, and the like, have a wide distribution. aA As might be guessed from its generic Spheridium —_ name, this insect belongs to the Spheridiini; g p scarabzoides : the specific name was suggested by the fact that it resembles the Scarabezide in looks and habits. It is a European insect which was introduced in the latter part of the last century and is rapidly extending its range. It lives in dung. The adult is about a .25 in. long; has a very convex back; shining black above except that the elytra have a reddish spot near the base and the apical | fourth is yellowish. This genus (Plate LXXIV) contains the two largest species (as well as some smaller ones) of the family. They are both shiny black. WZ. ovatus is about 1.25 in. long; the abdomen, which is unmarked, is pubescent except for a narrow, smooth streak down the middle of the last three segments. JH. triangularis is larger, even reaching 1.5 in.; the under side of the abdomen is pubescent except for a broad, smooth streak down the middle of all but the first segment; the abdominal segments have more or less distinct, triangular, yellow spots at the sides. They are at times common under electric lights. Hydrocharis is a related genus; obtusatus is quite convex Hydrophilus CARRION BEETLES. in cross-section, regularly oval in outline, and .6 in. long. It is common in brackish pools. SILPHIDZ Plate LXXV is sufficient help for the identification of Silpha and Necrophorus, the only two genera of this family which ordinarily attract notice as Carrion Beetles, although there are not only numerous small species which feed on carrion but some on decaying fungi and a few are found only in ants’ nests. There are six ventral abdominal segments; the front coxz are conical, prominent, and, : except in eyeless species found in caves, nearly or quite touch each other. Species of Necrophorus are called Burying Beetles. Somany have testified, either from hearsay or from observation, to their burying small car- casses and feeding on them under ground, that it must be true. Probably I have been unfortunate: I have fur- nished them with numerous carcasses but they ate them all on top of even loose sand. Perhaps the right species did not come tomy feast. The sensory pits in the enlarged portion of the antennz are doubtless olfactory ° and expiain the insects’ quickness in locating their particu- lar kind of food. They are all black, usually marked with red or yellow. The following three species of Necrophorus have their hind (and, to a lesser extent, their middle) legs bowed. N. americanus: an inch or more long; Necrophorus ee pronotum rounded; orange-red on vertex of the head, central part of pronotum, two irregular spots on each ely- tron, and club of antenne. It usually feeds on reptiles. N. sayi: less than an inch long; pronotum rounded; orange- red in a cross-bar near base and a spot near apex of each elytron. Not usually common. WN. marginatus: (Plate LXXV) the elytral spots are sometimes connected along the margin, the basal spot sometimes divided. One of the commonest. The following three have straight legs. N. orbicollis: marked much like say. N. pustulatus: pronotum transversely oval, very little narrowed behind; orange-red on antennal club and two spots, the apical one sometimes double, on each elytron. Wholly black 295 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. individuals have been recorded.. N. tomentosus: not over .8 in. long; pronotum broader than long, very little narrowed behind; the disc clothed with yellow hairs; elytral markings resemble those of marginatus but are narrower. These beetles are extremely flattened. S. surinamensis: .6°-to I in. long; rather elongate; eyes prominent; hind femora of males quite stout; black, usually with a narrower orange-red cross-bar (often broken into spots) near apex of each elytron. The following are oval in shape, the eyes are not prominent, and the hind femora are not enlarged. S. inequalis: about .5 in. long; all black. .S. noveboracensis: see Plate LXXV. S. americana: about .75 in. long; pronotum yellow with a black central spot; elytra brownish with the crinkly eleva- tions slightly darker; pronotum nearly twice as wide as long; much narrowed in front. It occurs on toadstools and in dung, as well as on carrion. Silpha The ScyDM2NID# are usually less than .12 in. long; shining; oval; convex; brownish or blackish; and usually ‘having erect hairs on the upper surface. They occur beneath bark or stones in moist localities, also in ant’s nests. They differ from the Silphidz in having coarser eye-facets. The hind coxe do not touch. Brathinus, which is found in the North about mossy springs, has been put in this family but its coxe nearly touch and a separate family, BRATHINID&, is justified. The PsSELAPHID are also very small. They agree with the Staphylinide in having short elytra, but the abdomen is relatively shorter and not flexible. The head and thorax are usually narrower than the combined elytra. Some species ‘‘excrete from small tufts of hairs a sub- stance of which ants are very fond, and they are therefore tolerated in numbers in the nests of these insects. They are even said to be fed by the ants and to ride about on the backs of their hosts when so inclined.’’ In general, they are found with Scydmenide, and both families are best obtained by sifting. 296 Necrophorus marginatus Staphulinid larva NUS mbriatus Creophilus ia Villosus a Coccinella 9-notata Megillo Ms pe pe aucs * | — Adalia ee HI ppodamia convergens ———4 ———_—_ 44 oe “Epilachne.. Anatis |5-punctata P borealis ROVE BEETLES. STAPHYLINIDZZ The Rove Beetles may be known by their long, narrow form and elytra, which rarely half cover the abdomen. The number of tarsal joints varies from 3 to 5 and is not always the same in the different feet of the seme insect; the abdomen has 10 dorsal segments, fewer below. Sharp says that “it is probable that one-hundred thousand species or even more of Staphylinide are at present in ’ existence.” About 2,000 have already been described from the United States and the number is rapidly increas- ing. Probably fully 200 species can be found in almost any region but their identification is rather technical and no differentiation will be attempted here. ‘They live _ on decaying animal or vegetable matter, in excrement, fun- gi, or fermenting sap, and are among the most universally distributed of all beetles. Many of them are predatory, and some have been accused of feeding on living plants; but on the whole they are of importance to the agriculturist only as scavengers, and as they aid in reducing the dead animal and vegetable matter into shape for assimilation by plants” (Smith). Creophiius villosus (Plate LXXV) is common about carrion and excrement. When adults are disturbed/ they raise their tails as though they would sting, but all the species are perfectly harmless. Tachinus jfimbriatus (Plate LX XV) is often found in mushrooms. We now skip a number of families of very small beetles: TRICHOPTERYGID&, in decaying vegetable matter; SCAPHI- DIIDZ, generally shining black, sometimes marked with red or yellow spots, living in rotten wood, fungi, and the like; PHALACRID&, shiny black, very convex, living on flowers or under bark; and CoryLopHIpD&, black or brown, marked with yellow, in fermenting sap, fruits, and other vegetable matter, on dead branches, and under bark. COCCINELLIDE I suppose it is a relief to the reader also when we reach, as now, a family whose habits we like. Many of us have quoted 20 me i | FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. Lady-bird, lady-bird! Fly away home. Your house is on fire. Your children do roam. Some of us add Except little Nan, who sits in a pan — Weaving gold laces é As fast as she can. And a few of us know what it is all about. Many Lady- bird (Coccinellid) larve live on aphids and this rhyme started in the Old Country, where they burn the hop- vines after the harvest. These vines are usually full of aphids and Coccinellid children. A Nan who can not roam but sits in a pan weaving gold laces is shown on Piate LXXV. Sheistheyellow pupa. ‘“‘Why ‘Lady-bird’ or ‘Lady-beetle’?’’ That goes back still further: to the Middle Ages when these insects were dedicated to the Virgin and were the “Beetles of Our Lady.” There area lot of superstitions about them. The most distinctive characters of the family are the (apparently) 3-jointed tarsi and the broad, hatchet-shaped terminal joint of the maxillary palpi. They have the antenne I1I-jointed, terminating in a more or less distinct 3-jointed club; head deeply immersed in the thorax, which is transverse, rather small, and strongly emarginate in front; elytra convex, not truncate at tip. Plate LXXV shows a number of common species, some of which are rather variable with respect to color and markings. Smith says that ‘in a very general way, and subject to many exceptions,’’ those which are red or yellow, with black spots, feed on plant-lice (aphids), and those which are wholly black, or black with red or yellow spots, feed on scale-insects. The larve are often prettily marked with black, blue, or orange, and are even more greedy feeders on pests than are the adults. Some species have the curious habit of congregating, as adults, in great masses on mountain tops to spend the winter. Horticulturists of California collect these masses ‘‘by the ton,’’ put them in cold storage until wanted, and distribute them among the farmers at the proper season for controlling aphids. 298 PLANT-EATING LADY-BEETLES. Epilachna should be disowned by its family but it can not be. Except for Epilachna borealis, all of our species are distinctly beneficial because of their food habits, although the ignorant often accuse them of being the authors of the damage done by the Aphids and Coccids upon which they are feeding. Some Coccinellide take a bit of pollen by way of a change, but borealis, larva and adult, eats nothing but the leaves of pumpkin, squash, and allied plants. The larva is yellow and armed with six rows of forked, black spines. The adults hibernate. In the West the Mexican E. varivestis eats the leaves and green pods of beans. Here we skip a number of families which are not well represented in the United States. The ENDOMYCHIDZ are something like Coccinellide but the tarsal claws are simple instead of being dilated or toothed at the base. They live in fungi. The ERoTYLID& also live in fungi; “elongate or oval in form, and of medium or small size. Many of them are very prettily bicolored, possessing a red thorax, with black or black and red elytra, or the reverse. A number, however, are of one hue.” The tarsi are 5- jointed, the fourth joint being small; antenne distinctly clubbed. The CoLyp1IpD@ are slender, rather cylindrical, usually brown, often with ridged wing-covers. They live under bark, in fungi, or in the ground. Some, at least, are predaceous. Up to several years ago only four North American species of Ruyssopipz had been described. They live under bark; and are narrow, elongate, somewhat flattened, brown beetles; head and thorax deeply grooved (‘‘wrinkled’’); head constricted to form a pronounced neck; scutellum wanting; first three ventral segments of the abdomen solidly united to each other. CucujIpz Most of these also live under bark and the last sentence would fit them fairly well except for the last three clauses. The Cucujid head does not taper behind to form a neck; the scutellum is distinct; and the abdomen has five free ventral segments. Cucujus clavipes is all-red in color, .5 in. long, and flat as a piece of cardboard. Some Cucujid 299 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS larve are predaceous but the following, among others, unfortunately is not. Silvanus The enlarged figures on Plate LXXVI surinamensis are sufficiently descriptive except as to color; the adult is chestnut-brown and the larve are dirty white with darker areas. It is one of the most abundant beetles in all kinds of stored grains, especially in the South, and it is sometimes destructive to dried fruits. It is not a weevil, but two of its nicknames are Grain- weevil and Saw-toothed Weevil, the latter referring to its thorax. ‘‘The larva, when living in granular material, like meal, usually builds a thin case out of the particles and the whitish pupa may be found within. When the insect is living in substances like fine flour it does not build a case”’ (Herrick). It is cosmopolitan in its distribu- tion. Several other Cucujids also feed on stored grain, fruits, and nuts, e. g. Catharius advena, which is particu- larly fond of such as are stale. It is about the same size and color as surinamensis but the pronotum is straight- edged and nearly square. Sharp states that the “‘Colydiidz, Cucujidz, and Rhysso- didz, exhibit relations not only with other families of Coleoptera Polymorpha, but also with most of the great series; Adephaga, Rhyncophora, Phytophaga, and Hetero- mera, being each closely approached.” The CRYPTOPHAGID# are usually less than .1 in. long and ‘‘often of a light yellowish-brown color, with a silken lustre produced by a very fine pubescence. Their habits are exceedingly variable, some living in fungi, others about wood and chip piles or in cellars, beneath dead leaves, in totten logs, or on flowers.’’ The last three of the eleven antennal joints are enlarged, loosely forming a club. Some of the males have only 4 joints, instead of 5, in each hind tarsus; the front and middle coxze are very small and deeply imbedded. To the MycEToPHAGID& ‘belong a limited number of small oval, slightly convex beetles which live on fungi and beneath bark. They have the upper surface hairy and 300 PLATE LXXVI Kd SS piceus scrophularide 301 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS, densely punctured and the elytra are brown or blackish, usually prettily marked with yellow spots or bands, or yellow with black spots.’’ The tarsi are thread-like and 4-jointed, except that the front ones of the males are 3- jointed, more or less dilated and pubescent beneath. DERMESTID& The name means “‘skin-devouring’’ and the species mentioned in detail below are fairly typical of the family. The hind coxe are dilated into plates, which are grooved for the reception of the femora; the under side of the thorax is hollowed to receive the usually short, clubbed antenne; tarsi 5-jointed. D. lardarius is the common Larder- or Bacon-beetle. The light areas (Plate LXXVI) are pale yellowish. The larva is brown, some- what hairy, and has two curved spines on the top of the last segment. It feeds on animal substances such as smoked meats, cheese, hoofs, horn, skin, feather, and hair. There may be four or five generations a season. The adult of D. vulpinus, the Leather-beetle, is like that of lardarius except that the elytra have no light areas, being sparsely and uniformly clothed with a mixture of black and grayish-yellow hairs; the last abdominal segment has two white spots below. Its food habits are much like those of lardarius but it prefers skins. Herrick says that certain London merchants offered a prize of £20,000 for a “‘practi- cal and effectual remedy’’ but he does not say whether it was awarded or not. There are other species outdoors that seldom do indoor damage. Dermestes This is the Black Carpet-beetle. In the males the last antennal joint is about as long as all the remainder of the antenna. The larva (Plate LX XVI) is reddish-brown. Like most of the Dermestids the adult does but little damage to our ~ goods; it much prefers pollen as food. The larva goes in for almost anything of animal origin, especially woolens, feathers, and the dried specimens of entomological collec- tions. Attagenus piceus 302 BUFFALO-BUGS. These are the Buffalo-moths or -bugs and some are the worst enemies of entomological collections. A. musgorum has only 8 joints in each an- tenna, including the two-jointed club, and the outline of the eyes is not indented. It is found on flowers but is not a frequent visitor in houses. The following species haye II joints in each antenna, including a three-jointed club, and, except for verbasci, the outline of eyes is in- dented. The pronotum of A. verbascz is black, the central part sparsely clothed with yellow scales, the sides more densely with white ones; elytra black, with a large basal ring and two transverse, zigzag bands of white scales bordered by yellow ones; under surface of abdomen clothed with fine, long, grayish-yellow scales. It is the common museum pest. A. scrophularie is the Bufialo Moth. The elytra have brick-red, or dull yellow, markings as shown in Plate LXXVI. Ido not know why this genus is connected, by name, with the buffalo, unless the larva has a fancied resemblance to that animal. Possibly it got its nickname by being destructive of buffalo-robes in the days when there were such things. The species frequently injure carpets, but are also found on flowers. They breed in organic matter, presumably in outbuildings or outdoors as well as within, fly to the flowers and may then, in the case of the Carpet-beetle at least, be carried into dwellings before eggs are deposited. Infested carpets should be taken up, thoroughly cleaned, and, if badly infested, sprayed with benzine. Local injury. can fre- quently be stopped by passing a hot iron over a damp cloth laid on the affected part of the carpet. Anthrenus The habits of this creature are not those Sao of other Dermestide but, in view of the fact that adults of most of the other species mentioned here regularly leave hides and hair for a sojourn among flowers, it may be retaining the ancestral activities. The adult is about .14 in. long, reddish-yellow or reddish- brown, and covered with a thick coat of pale, tawny hairs. It appears about the middle of May and feeds on the flower-buds and tender foliage of red raspberries. The larva is plump, white, with tawny cross-bands and numer- FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. ous short white hairs. It feeds in the cup of the berries. Pupation and hibernation occur in an earthen cell just beneath the surface of the ground. HISTERID It has been suggested that Linnzeus, in naming the type genus of this family Hister, had in mind a filthy Mr. Hister of Juvenal’s Satires. I have not looked up the original but, if the Roman was very bad, the name is not appropri- ate for all the Histeridz, as some of them live in a fairly cleanly manner under bark and in ants’ nests. Even those which take to carrion and excrement probably do not eat it but feed on the other more Hister-like insects. They are ‘‘small, usually black, shining beetles having the elytra truncate behind, leaving two segments of the abdomen uncovered. In form they are variable, either oblong and flat or, more usually, round, oval, globose, or cylindrical. All are very compact, have a very hard surface, and the elytra are usually marked with a number of striz.”” The antennze are elbowed and have a short compact club. NITIDULIDZ Some adults are much like the Histeride in form but the antennz are straight; others suggest Staphylinida; and, all in-all, it is difficult to tell them ‘‘at a glance.” In most species the pronotum has wide, thin sides. Some feed on fungi or carrion, others are found chiefly in flowers, but the majority feed on the sap of trees and juices of fruits. Dury tells of trapping hundreds of specimens by laying chips on top of a freshly cut maple stump. They are also attracted to a mixture of vinegar and molasses. Some of the species are prettily marked with yellow or red. The genus Ips is often common under fallen, decay- ing fruit as well as about flowing sap. J. obtusus is .3 1n., or more, in length and J. quadriguttatus is less than .3 in. long; both are black with two reddish-yellow (obiusus) or yellow (quadriguttatus) spots on each elytron. J. sanguinolentus is less than .25 in. long; head and thorax 304, THE CADELLE, black; abdomen and elytra red, except for tip and two black spots on each elytron. Carpophilus hemipterus is an introduced species which is found in grocery and bakery shops. It is about .17 in. long; black, except for the pale legs, a dull yellow shoulder-spot and an irregular area of the same color covering the distal half of each elytron. Omosita colon is often seen on greasy bones in the back yard. The LATHRIDIIDZ are tarely more than .1 ir. long. They are usually reddish-yellow or brownish. Most of the species occur under bark and stones, or in decaying leaves; some are found on plants and some, e. g. Corticaria ferruginea, in dried products such as drugs. TEMNOCHILIDZ There are not many species and most of them live under bark. Two species, mauretanica (the Cadelle) and corticalis, are found in granaries Emon nout the world. The eighth antennal joint of mauretanica is equal to the ninth; in our other species it is smaller. Plate LXXVII is sufficient additional descrip- tion of the blackish adult Cadelle. The dark areas shown in the illustration of the larva are reddish brown. It feeds on wheat, flour, and other foodstuffs. The fact that it has been found in milk has been used to help prove that milkmen enrich their goods with cornstarch. This larva seems to be rather hardy as Webster recorded its feeding on hellebore. It is said also to feed on other insects and it has been known to bore into the wood of grain bins. Tenebrioides The PARNID& are small (less than .25 in.) beetles which cling with their long tarsal claws to sticks and stones in water, often even in swift streams. The flat, circular larve occur in the same places, clinging tightly to their support. Neither stage swims. It may be of some use to name the families we now skip. It would be of little use to describe them, as the 20 395 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. small and not numerous species are rarely noticed. They are the Monotomip&, DERODONTID2, BYRRHID&, GEO- RYSSIDA, and HETEROCERID&. The remainder of the Polymorpha are known as SERRI- CORNIA. “This series is primarily distinguished, as its name indicates, by the serrate or saw-tooth character of the antennze. The serrate antenna is, like the filiform, usually slender and of nearly the same width throughout, but differs in having each joint project more or less in- wards, this projection being sometimes so long as to form what is called the pectinate, or comb-toothed antenna”’ (Blatchley). However, Nature is not clear-cut in any of her divisions. Apparently she does not use a card catalog. “System ’”’ is a human invention. Passing by the DAscyYL- LIDZ and RHIPICERID& we come to a large family some members of which most people have noticed. ELATERID& With the exception of the subfamily Eucnemine, which is considered by some authorities to be a separate family, these beetles have a unique method of getting on their feet if, by chance, they are on their back. They spring into the air and turn over as they go. ‘This trick has won them various names such as Skip Jacks, Click Beetles, Spring Beetles, and Snapping Bugs. Once, in Arizona, I had a guide who had never noticed them before. I made some of the species, which came to the camp light, perform. He immediately christened them Break-backs and began to count up how much he would win, after he got back to Tucson, by betting on ‘“‘whether they would or wouldn’t land right side up.’”’ I advised him to put his money on ‘‘would”’ and for nights, thereafter, he hung around my moth-tent, turning Elaterids on their backs to see whether they would or wouldn’t. J do not know how he made out. Break-backs is really not a bad name, as their pronotum is very loosely joined to the rest of the body. Its hind angles are prolonged backward but the elytra slope so that the back can be bowed. This is done when the beetle finds itself wrong side up and then the body is 306 PLtaTteE LXXVII ~ DR = Corymbites enebrigides mauretanica hieroglyphicus See a> es fonats communis * Showing the click opparatus Alaus oculatus 397 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. suddenly a little more than straightened, causing the beetle to bounce into the air. The body is kept from bending too far ventrally by a spine on the hind edge of the pro- sternum. The antenne fit, when at rest, in grooves in the prosternum. Most of the species are brown or black and ° of medium or small size. The larve are commonly called Wire-worms. ‘They are long, narrow, cylindrical, hard- shelled, brownish or yellowish-white creatures. Some live in the ground, feeding on the roots of grasses and other plants; some, especially the larve of the snapless Eucnemine, live in dead wood and under bark; and some, at least, are predaceous. Two species occur in the Northeast (and elsewhere) but oculatus (Plate LXXVII) is the more common. ‘The black-and-white adult flies throughout the season. The larva, which lives in decayed trunks of apple and other trees, reaches a length of nearly 2.5 inches. Lugger concluded that this larva “largely subsists upon other insects”’ as all that he kept in decaying wood soon died if they were not provided with living in- sects, ‘‘which were soon discovered by these cannibals and devoured.” If this be so, it is curious that myops is found only in pine, for we would expect that it would be predace- ous also and so not particular as to woods. The adult myops averages somewhat smaller than oculaius and the — eye-like spots are not only narrower and smaller but their gray margins are indistinct. Alaus In the South, there are Elaterids which have a pair of very luminous spots on the pronotum. Several years ago some enterprising individual secured a large number of the Cuban Pyrophorus noctilucus and sold living specimens at Coney Island. They were probably purchased as curiosities but, in the tropics, ladies wear them as orna- ments. The following United States species occur at least in the Northeast and have relatively conspicuous characters which help in their identification, but which should not be considered conclusive. 308 ELATERID.. Adelocera discoidea is from .3 to .5 in. long; black except for the yellow head and margins of the pronotum. Hiber- nates under bark. Elater nigricollis (Plate LXXVII): head and thorax black; elytra all dull yellowish; occurs under bark and in rotten wood, usually in damp woods. See Corymbiies. E. linteus, similar, but usually smaller, and the elytra are black along the suture and at the apex. Under bark, usually in dry situations. In E. discoideus the black covers ail the elytra except for the yellow outer margins. Under the bark of hickory, beech, and other trees. LE. rubricollis is .5 to .7 in. long; pronotum, except the apex and hind angles, red; otherwise black. Under bark and on flowers. E. collaris is similar but is about .3 in. long and has no black on pronotum. FE. sanguintpennis is about .3 in. long; pronotum black, elytra all red. E. xanthomus is about the same size but only the bases of the elytra are red; otherwise black. Pityobtus anguinus is an inch or so long but narrow; black; antennz feathered in male. Usually on pine. Corymbites pyrrhos is about .75 in. long; dark reddish- brown; narrow; pronotum relatively long and narrow. C. tarsalis is about the size and color of Elater nigricollis. They belong to different groups of genera, the Elaterini having the hind coxal plates suddenly dilated about the middle, the outer part much narrower than the inner, and the Corymbitini having them gradually, sometimes scarcely, dilated on the inner side. It is such technical differences which make untechnical catch-characters little more than hints. C. hieroglyphicus (Plate LXXVII) is found northward, especially on pine. Melanactes piceus is 1 to 1.4 in. long and polished black. It occurs under stones and rubbish in dry situations. Melanotus communis (Plate LX XVII) is found under the loose bark of fallen trees and is widely distributed. With a strong lens its claws are seen to be comb-like. The family THroscip# ‘‘contains only a few small, oblong, black or brownish beetles which resemble the Elaterids and the next family, the Buprestids, in form and in having the prosternum prolonged behind into a spine 309 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. which fits into a cavity in the mesosternum. They differ from the Elateride in having the pro- and meso-sterna firmly joined, and so without the power of leaping possessed by most click beetles. From the Buprestide they are distinguished by having the ventral abdominal segments all free’’ (Blatchley). They are usually found on dead wood or on flowers, and are inconspicuous as well as small. BUPRESTIDE These are usually elongate, usually stout (but some- times cylindrical) beetles, with broad thorax, and elytra tapering back from the shoulders; the prothorax closely united to the mesothorax.- A large proportion of them are bronzed or metallic in color or reflection, and others are gaudily marked with red or yellow bands or spots. Many of them have the upper surface deeply grooved or pitted, and, altogether, they are very characteristic in appearance. Most of them are very active and fly readily. Square-heads is a local name for them, coined in recog- nition of their broad, flat, square-cut front. The larve are wood-borers, usually living under bark and making broad, rather shallow furrows, galleries, or chambers. In shape they are very much elongated, some- what flattened, the body segments well defined, head small, the anterior segments much enlarged so as, apparently, to form part of the head, giving rise to the common names -Hammer-head or Flat-head borers. Adults are fond of basking in the sunshine, usually on their own food-plant, and may best be collected by holding an umbrella under branches and then jarring them. Since a «taxonomic key involves numerous technicalities, the species to be mentioned will be grouped by their principal food-plants. Orchard Trees This (Plate LXXVIII) is called \the Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer, the name referring to the larva, which, however, attacks numerous other trees such as pear, plum, cherry, peach, oak, sycamore, chestnut, hickory, maple, mie Cy,s¢sobothris femorata 310 PuATE LXXV HI # Photuris “, An Vo pennsylvanica scintillans Calopteron : reticulaium Chauliognathus Phengodes pennsylvanicus FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. chesnut, mountain ash, linden, boxelder, and beech. Adults appear about May, or later, and are given to sitting on tree trunks where they are somewhat difficult to see on account of their dull metallic brown color and roughened elytra. When flying, the bright metallic greenish-blue abdomen is quite conspicuous. The young’ larve make shallow galleries in the sapwood, but as they get older they form somewhat dilated, irregular, flattened burrows in the heartwood, where they hibernate. In the spring they excavate a pupal-cell near the surface, completing the life-history in one year. The larva of this species bores in peach, cherry, beech, maple, and other deciduous trees. The adult (Platem aye coppery or brassy above; the size and the spreading tips of the elytra, whence the specific name, help to identify it. The males have a little tooth on the under side of each middle femur, Dicerca divaricata Small Fruits The Red-necked Cane-borer causes the swellings, usually with numerous slits, which have been called “gouty galls,”’ on raspberry and blackberry. Adults emerge in May and June; they are not over .3 in. long; head short but wide, black; pronotum coppery-red; elytra bronzy-black. ‘The young larva enters the bark at the axil of a leaf-stem, and eats around the stem in a long spiral. By early August the galls commence to form where the bark has been girdled, though sometimes no gall results frorh the injury, and the larve mine into the pith. The larve probably become practically full grown in the fall and remain in their burrows over winter, in which they transform to pupe in late April’’ (Sanderson). Agrilus ruficollis Coniferous Trees Buprestids are very fond of conifers and, although this division is quite restricted botanically, relatively few species (all occurring on pine) can be mentioned here. 412 BUPRESTID~. Chalcophora virginiensis is one of our largest Buprestids, attaining a length of 1 or 1.25inches. Much larger Bupres- tids occur in the tropics, the family home, and many of them are brilliantly colored. In this genus the hind tarsi have the first joint elongated and the males have a distinct sixth ventral segment. ‘This species is dull black, feebly bronzed, the impressions of the thorax and elytra often brassy; head with a deep, median groove, which is broader and deeper in front; pronotum one-third wider than long, sides rounded on apical third, disk with a broad median impression and two others each side, in the regions of the front and hind angles; elytra each with four to six elongate impressed spaces which are finely and rather densely punctate. Buprestis lineata is .5 in. or more, long. Each elytron has, typically, two longitudinal, yellowish stripes. ‘The general color, above, is metallic black; beneath, dull bronze; head and prosternum, yellowish. Buprestis ultramarina is about .5 in. long; brilliant green with the sutural and outer margins of the elytra coppery ted. Dicerca punctulata is superficially much like D. dzvaricata (p. 312) but smaller (about .5 in.), and has a pair of promi- nent, shining, longitudinal ridges on the middle of the pro- notum and parts of a second pair outside of these. Melanophila acuminata (also called longipes) is often nearly .5 in. long and all black. It is found on various conifers. MM. fulvoguitata is about the same size, and has three yellow dots on each elytron; found on spruce and hemlock. M. eneola is rarely longer than .25 in.; prono- tum bronzy; elytra metallic black. The males of Chrysobothris floricola have a single, acute tooth on each front tibia; those of dentipes have none, but the tibiz are dilated at the tip (those of femoraia, p. 310, have numerous fine teeth on the inner edge). Deciduous Forest Trees The following are among the more easily recognized: Buprestis fasciata about .6 in. long; brilliant metallic green, often with blue iridescence; a wavy yellow band 313 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. across each elytron, back of the middle, a yellow spot back of this and sometimes one in front. On maple and poplar. Chrysobothris azurea is usually a little more than .25 in. long. Its color varies from blue to greenish, coppery, and violet. Each elytron has the following brilliant blue or green markings, which appear to be depressed: a somewhat variable streak or combination of spots at the base, one circular spot near the middle, and one two-thirds of the way to the apex. On birch, sumac, and dogwood. ~ Brachys—The several species of this genus are leaf- miners and abundant. The adult larva makes a curious noise, within the mined leaf, by switching his body rapidly. Herbaceous Plants Pachyscelus purpureus mines in the leaves of the bush- clover (Lespedeza). The adult is usually less than .2 in. long and the shoulders are so broad that, from above, it looks hunched up. The head and pronotum are black; elytra, purple. LAMPYRID& Nearly all Americans who are blessed with eyes have seen Fireflies and many have seen Glowworms. ‘These insects belong to this family but most of the Species of Lampyride are not luminous. 373 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. in impressed rows separated by ridges. These insects are found on dead wood and under bark. LYMEXYLONID2 The name of the typical genus, Lymexylon, means “‘to run wood,” and the long (about .5 in.), slender, brown with silky pubescence, L. sertceum, may occasionally be found, particularly under the bark of oak logs. The very slender larvee make small, irregular galleries. CIOIDAz These are somewhat cylindrical, black or brownish beetles, which rarely are more than .13 in. long. They are usually found under the bark of trees and in dry, woody fungi. Some species have been accused of making small, round holes in woodwork and books, but they are not usually injurious. SPINDIDZ Similar to the Cioide in appearance and habits. Not common. LAMELLICORNIA See p. 281. The front tibiz are dilated and strongly toothed or scalloped on the outer edge. LUCANIDZ These are the Stag-Beetles and Pinching Bugs par excellence. ‘The terminal joints, or lamellz, of the antennz of this family are not decidedly flattened but are pro- langed on the inner side to form a pectinate club, the joints of which can not be brought closely together. Some of the species come freely to lights. The larvae are fat, white grubs, living in decaying wood. x1. Elytra with longitudinal grooves... |... 4. Elytra without longitudinal grooves............... 2s 2. Antenne elbowed at end of first joint, which is nearly or quite as long as all the others united... ...,..s¥ samme 3- Antenne straight, first joint not so long; length, less than .§ in... ce ese ce eres oe a Nicagus, LUCANID-Z: STAG-BEETLES. SeMRE SE 7 11), OL TMIOTS.. - . )e,. - e es eee nee Lucanus. Length, usually not more than .5 in.; elytra with traces of longitudinal grooves. ay eee . .Platycerus. 4. Antenne elbowed ak bad a igus fata tate is nearly Srauiteaslong’as all the others umited................. 5- SE ELL GS QZ 11a epee ae Ph 6. 5. Length, more than .5 in.; eyes strongly notched by the RerO TAS CAG... sc ek et be ee Se le Dorcus. Length, less than .5 in.; eyes not strongly notched. Platycerus. 6. Length, more than 1 in.; front of head with a short 25 Lh Oia Cin 1a 16 Ee eee Passalus. Length, less than I in.; no horn on head... .Ceruchus. Ricans It is only the males which have abnor- mally long mandibles. L. elaphus is a southern species which gets as far north as New Jersey and Indiana. The mandibles of the male are as long as the abdomen. The female may be separated from the other two species mentioned by her black legs and chestnut-brown elytra. Length of male (not including mandibles), 1.3 to 1.6 inches; of female, about 1.2 inches. JL. dama (Plate LXXIX), the common species near New York: like placidus, the mandibles of the male are only about as long as the thorax; each mandible has but one tooth on the inner side; the head of the male is broader than the thorax; femora, light brown; length, 1 to 1.4 in. The mandibles of the male placidus, a species said to be common in the Mississippi Valley but rare along the coast, are straight and have several teeth on the inner side; the head of the male is not broader than the thorax; the femora are dark brown. Dorcus parallelus: brownish black; male’s head nearly as broad as the pronotum, female’s narrower. Platycerus quercus: blackish or dark reddish-brown; male’s mandibles as long as the head, longer than the female’s, and with about six teeth at the tip; grooves on elytra usually reduced to three or four faint ones near the suture. Found most frequently under bark of, as: its name indicates, oak. 325 EO ee ee ne FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS, Ceruchus piceus: black or dark reddish-brown; male’s mandibles as long as the head, with a large median tooth; female’s mandibles about half as long as the head, with three or four blunt teeth on inner side; elytral grooves shallow. Passalus cornutus (Plate LX XIX) can make a creaking or a hissing noise by rubbing the elytra. The third pair of larval legs are aborted but in some species, at least, are used to make a noise by scratching the roughened middle legs. Some authors put this genus in a separate family, PASSALIDA. Nicagus obscurus (Plate LXXIX) occurs under drift in damp, sandy places. SCARABAIDA This large family (nearly 20,000 species and ‘increasing by the discovery of about 300 new species every year’’) contains such forms as the May Beetles (June Bugs), the “‘shard-borne beetle with his drowsy hum”’ of Shakespeare, and the Sacred Scarab of Egypt. The larve are usually yellowish-white, with a brown, chitinized head bearing prominent mandibles; they are wrinkled, fat (especially at the hind end) ‘‘grubs’’ which live in excrement, in decaying wood, or in the ground, and normally lie on their side with the hind end almost, or quite, touching the legs, Several methods of classifying the members of this family are in use, of which the following is about as convenient as any. Coprinz Most of these differ from the rest of Lamellicorns by living in dung and other animal matter. The abdominal spiracles (breathing holes) are placed in a line on the membrane connecting the dorsal and ventral plates and are covered by the elytra when the wings are closed; upper surface of the head usually much dilated on the front and sides. All except the Acanthocerini and Trogini have six visible, ventral, abdominal segments. 326 i 1 co = nm a as Q. YO = S&S j—_ wa a ls (ax (=) cs te (= (=) >) <2 ind Copris carol ala Pelidnota punc VY pam ) Bee => acs yo3 YD oOo a = >} - wo oS Ss a , S ics fee [) = <= Q. FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS, Clgotus is the only genus of the Acanthocerini (rounded, smooth, shining; scutellum relatively large; five visible, ventral, abdominal segments) that is likely to be found in our region. The species are less than .25 in. long, and live under bark and in rotten wood. Their body is partly contractile so that it can be rolled up into a somewhat hemispherical mass. Of the Coprini (hind tibie usually with a single terminal spur; tip of abdomen not covered by elytra), Canthon may be recognized by the slender, somewhat curved, middle and hind tibie being but little enlarged at the tip; the males never have horns. The others have these tibia much expanded at the tip and the males usually have horns on the head or pronotum. Of these, Cheridium and Onthophagus rarely exceed .3 in. in length. These black or bronzed beetles are the Tumble Bugs, which make balls of dung and industriously roll them about (Plate LXXX). Scara- be@us sacer is a related insect with similar habits; it occurs in the Mediterranean region and was considered sacred by the Egyptians. It seems that this creature, in its form and actions, was believed by them to be emblematical of such abstruse things as the planetary movements and future life, not to mention minor matters. As a matter of fact, we have a great deal to learn about the whys and the hows of the ball-rolling. Comstock wrote that “this is one of the instances, rare among insects, where the male realizes that he has some responsibility as a father, and assists the female in providing for the young.” On the other hand, Fabre, observing S. sacer, tells of females helping each other to the extent of stealing the ball. Canthon Species of this genus do not roll their food to some distant hole for burial but dig a hole in the ground under or near the source of supply, usually cow dung. This hole is then provisioned and a single egg is laid in it. Our three common species are plain black. C. carolina (Plate LX XX) is rarely less than .g in. long and each elytron has but seven longitudinal Copris 328 SCARABAEIDA.. striz. C. minutus is less than .5 in. long, while the size of anaglypticus is intermediate; they have eight strie on each elytron. These are brilliantly colored beetles. The males of our species have quite a horn on their heads and lack tarsi on their front legs. The first joint of the antennal club is hollowed out to receive the others. The male of carnifex is shown in Plate LXXXI. The female has a short, blunt tubercle in place of the male’s horn. Phanezus No attempt will be made here to give the genera of Aphodiini (hind tibiz with two spurs; abdomen covered by elytra; antennze 9-jointed) in detail. Aphodius is the largest, both as regards the number of species and by having the largest-sized species. They are dung-feeders which frequently fly in great numbers during warm autumn after- noons and, like their relatives, come freely to light. Apho- dius fossor is shiny black, nearly .5 in. long. Aphodius jimetarius has shiny black head and pronotum and brick- red elytra; it is about .3 in. long. There are many smaller species. The principal genus, in the Northeast, of the Geotrupini (antenne I1-jointed; mandibles prominent and visible from above) is Geotrupes (Plate LXXX). The antennal clubs are not very large and the plates are of equal thick- ness. Individuals of our common species range from .5 to .75 in. in length and vary from black to purple and dark metallic green. Some provision holes, as does Copris, with dung; others live in decaying ‘‘toadstools,”’ especially in the underground stem. Some, possibly all, of the species can make a faint sound by rubbing the hind coxe against the abdomen. As for the other genera, their antennal clubs are large, round, and convex on both sides. The eyes of Bolboceras are partially divided by a process from the side of the head, and those of Bolbocero- soma (black-and-brown beetles in which the process between the middle coxz has an erect tooth-like elevation) and of Odonteus (brown beetles without this ‘‘tooth’’) are entirely divided. 329 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. As far as we are concerned, Trox (Plate LX XX) is the only genus of Trogini. Its species are oblong, convex, dirty-looking, brown beetles, which occur under or about carrion, old hides, or feathers. The surface is usually roughly sculptured and covered with a crust of earth which is difficult to remove. Adults stridulate by rubbing the abdomen against the elytra, special areas being roughened “‘for this purpose.”’ Melolonthinz Here belong the June Bugs or Cockchafers. The adults are often very abundant about lights and feed chiefly on leaves. The abdominal spiracles are placed almost in a line but not more than the front three spiracles are on the membrane connecting the dorsal and ventral parts of the abdomen. The larve live inthe ground and feed chiefly on roots. Our principal genera may be separated as follows: 1. Middle and hind tibiz with only one spur, this some- times obsolete; hind tarsi with a single claw....... FHoplia. Middle and hind tibiz with two spurs; all tarsi with two equal claws... 2... es... 6 eke be 2. 2. Form elongate, slender; colors metallic green or bronzed or dull yellow... 2:0... . sae) oe a3 Form robust, heavy; color brownish, sometimes IPTIGESCENE. 6. os ae eee wa eb ee dig ouele ve a ae 4. 3. Elytra pubescent, not densely scaly; claws capable of being folded along the last joint of tarsi. ..Dichelonycha. Elytra densely covered with elongate, yellowish scales; tarsal claws notyas above.......... Macrodactylus. © 4. Five ventral, abdominal segments; elytra either uniformly and rather finely punctured or with punctured stitice Js euved.- wale G oak N ape « any ed oe Diplotaxis. Six ventral, abdominal segments. |. /. 7) eee 5. 5. Less than .5 in. long; elytra with indistinct but regular QYOOVES: kl asd ec aulelns bees J dew Sue ose Serica Usually more than .5 in. long; most of the elytra without strizor grooves...) ¥. 44.550. ee ili si JUNE BUGS, COCKCHAFERS. Hoplia. Adults are usually found on flowers during the day. The two sexes often differ in size and color. Dichelonycha. Adults are usually found on leaves of trees and shrubs. The eyes are rather large and promi- nent. The antennal club of males is nearly as long as the rest of the antenna. Wiscredactyins The name means “long fingered’? and . all who grow roses will agree that it fits, in both a literal and a figurative sense. There is little you can do to combat this pest unless you wish either ' to keep your roses, flowers and all, sprayed with poison when the beetles are around or to plow deeply your lawn and the lawns of all your neighbors every winter in order to turn the young of these Rose Beetles out into the cold. It is of some help to go out several times a day and knock the adults which have made their appearance in the intervals into a cup of kerosene. It is said that chickens die from eating them. The Rose Beetle (Plate LX XX) also feeds cn grage blossoms. Its specific name is sub- Spinosus. A much fess common species, angustatus, also occurs. It is more southern in its distribution and confines its attentions chiefly to oak and other wild plants. The specific distinctions are slight and technical. Puvilaphaca These (Plate LXXX) are. the beetles that buzz and bang about the room in the early summer evenings, usually going under the name of Lachnosterna. ‘There are numerous species but distinguish- ing them is a matter of considerable difficulty. The female is said to deposit her eggs, enclosed in a bail of earth, among the roots of grass. The larve are ‘‘white grubs”; they get to be about as thick as a man’s little finger and are frequently very injurious to the roots of various plants. Cases have been reported in which they were so numerous in lawns that they had completely cut the roots; the turf could be rolled up like a carpet. The larval stage of some species, at least, lasts for two or three years. Pupation occurs in an underground cell. FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. The remainder of the subfamilies have the abdominal spiracles placed in two lines on each side, the front three on the connecting membrane and the others on the ventral segments. Of the four genera of Rutelinz (claws on each tarsus unequal in size, the inner one much more slender than the outer) to be mentioned here, Anomala and Strigoderma have 9-jointed antenne, and mandibles, when closed, covered by the clypeus; Pelidnoia and Cotalpa have 10- jointed antenne and the mandibles are usually visible beyond the clypeus. The elytra of Anomala are convex, not notched at the base, shallowly striate, and with small holes (punctate); the thorax is not hairy. The elytra of Strigoderma are flattened, notched at the base, deeply striate but not punctate; the thorax is hairy and has impressed lines. Cotalpa lanigera, the Goldsmith Beetle (Plate LXXX]I), is found on willow and poplar, occasionally on oak, and at light. Its specific name refers to the whitish “‘wool’’ on the under side. Pelidnota punctata is, by day, common on grape, drawing the leaves together for shelter, and by night at lights. It is dull reddish-brown or brownish-yellow above, with spots as shown in Plate LXXX. The larve live in decay- ing stumps, especially of oak and hickory. Of our more common Dynastinz (claws on each tarsus equal in size; front coxe transverse, not very prominent; body usually convex above), Cyclocephala and Dyscinetus have the head and pronotum plain; the others have at least a ridge or a tubercle on one or the other or both. The color of our species of Cyclocephala is brownish- yellow; the mandibles are narrow and scarcely curved. Our species are about .5 in. long. The color of Dyscinetus trachypygus, our common species, is practically black; the mandibles are broad, rounded on the outer side, and curved. It is nearly .75 in. long and is found under rubbish along the shores of the sea, lakes, and larger streams, as well as at lights. Of the others: 332 ‘ i Phanaeus Ca Irn te x Desmocerus Dalliatus rustchus auraius Prate LXXXI nifida nigera Saperda Gullene candida .. robinige =~ sn si pees | Galerucella lufeola Allorhina Ll OX=-BEETLE AND RELATIVES. Dynastes tityus is over 1.5in.long. Itis usually greenish- gray with brownish or blackish spots scattered irregularly Over the elytra. The common name, Unicorn Beetle, is searcely correct, for the males have three horns on the pro- notum, the ones on the sides curved and very short, the median one with yellowish hair beneath, notched at the tip, and projecting forward to meet a long, curved horn arising from the head. The females have only a slight tubercle on the middle of the head. It is a southern insect, rarely seen even in southern New Jersey, for example; I have found larve, pupe, and adults abundant in rotten wood in southern Mississippi. Strategus anteus, the Ox-beetle, is an inch or more long; shiny, dark reddish-brown, the male’s pronotum almost black. The male has one stout horn on each side of the pronotum, and one on the front of the same Segment; the female has merely the front horn, much reduced. Xyloryctes satyrus is also-an inch or more long and rather stouter than the preceding species. Its color is also much like that of the preceding but the male, instead of horns on the thorax, has a long, stout one on the head. It is called the Rhinoceros Beetle, but this is confusing as that name is applied more aptly to certain tropical species. The Cetoniinz have the claws on each tarsus equal; coxe conical, rather prominent; body rather flattened above; the antenne are 10-jointed. In flying, these insects usually “‘do not raise the elytra as most beetles do, but the inner wings pass out from the side under the elytra, which are a little narrower at the tips than the base and do not at all embrace the sides of the body. The members of this subfamily differ from the other ‘leaf chafers’ in being for the most part flower beetles, the mouth organs being furnished with a brush of hairs with which they collect the pollen. They are therefore mostly diurnal, fiying about from flower to flower during the heat of the day. At night and in cloudy or rainy weather they are to be found beneath bark or other cover.” 29°79 perere) Se ee er ae = . FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. Plate LXXXI. In the South it is called the Fig-eater. When flying, it is easily ‘mistaken for a loudly buzzing bumble-bee. The head is deeply excavated, the front with a horizontal spine extending forward nearly to the upturned spine of the clypeus. The larve feed upon the roots of grass and other plants, sometimes being decidedly: injurious. Allorhina nitida The pronotum is triangular; scutelium not covered; side pieces of the mesothorax visible from above; elytra more or less wavy on the sides. Comstock calls znda the Bumble Flower-beetle—a name which covers its habits of humming, when flying, and of feeding in flowers. However, the name might well be applied to its relatives also. The adults often feed on fruit and green corn. The elevation between the middle coxe is transverse; head and pronotum dark, feebly ronzed, the latter often with yellowish spots; elytra brown- ish-yellow, mottled with black spots which often tend to form cross-bands; pronotum woolly; length somewhat over half aninch. £. fulgidus is similar in size and form but brilliant polished green in color. Euphoria This genus differs from Euphoria in Cremastochilus . +4 Ving the pronotum quadrate, with promi- nent angles. The species are uniformly blackish and, while not especially rare, they are not often seen, as they live in and about the nests of ants. Our species are not over .5 in. long. There are pubescent areas near the angles of the pronotum which are glandular and furnish agreeable food for ants, Sometimes even the angles are ° gnawed off. The beetles are sluggish and “seem to be held in captivity by the ants, which pull them back into the vicinity of the nests whenever they attempt to escape.” However, it is probable that, the advantages are not entirely one-sided. 334 ODOR-OF-LEATHER BEETLES. The name refers to the “‘odor of leather.”’ Both of our species are largely nocturnal and come to lights. O. eremicola is an inch, or more, long; shiny dark brown; head deeply excavated between the eyes in both sexes, the edge with a tubercle above the base of the antenne; elytra sparsely punctate. O. scabra is not more than an inch long; purplish-black, bronzed; head of male as in eremicola, of female nearly flat; elytra roughly sculptured. The larva of the latter, and probably of the former also, lives in the hollows of beech, cherry, and apple trees, feeding upon the rotten wood. In the autumn, it makes an oval cell of fragments of wood strongly cemented with a kind of glue. In this it pupates, emerging Osmoderma ‘the next summer. We have only two species of this genus. Their pronotum has a deep median groove, and the body is more or less covered with whitish scales instead of hairs. Adults hibernate in groups on the ground but under some shelter such as half-buried logs. V. canaliculatus is .25 in., or less, long; reddish-brown, feebly shining; sides of pronotum, and base, middle, and apex Valgus of elytra sparsely clothed with yellowish scales; front tibize with three or more slender, widely separated teeth on the outer side. V. squamiger is slightly larger and darker; front tibize with five or six closely placed, stout, rounded teeth. The hind coxe touch each other; the pronotum is rounded at base and has no median groove; elytra not longer than wide; body pubes- cent. Three of our more common species may be partially separated as follows, all being a trifle less than .5 in. long. Elytra reddish-brown, tinged with green, without trans- verse, whitish bands or velvety spots on the sides; head, thorax, body beneath, and legs, bright metallic green: bibens. Elytra reddish-brown, each with two short, oblique, whitish bars; head and thorax greenish-black: piger. T. affinis is much like piger but more shining and separated on technical characters. a5 Trichius o>) x y FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. PHY TOPHAGA The tarsi are really 5-jointed but are usually referred to as 4-jointed for the small nodule (‘‘true fourth joint”’) at the base of the long claw-joint is not usually counted. With this convention and excepting the Spondylide, we may say that the tarsi are “‘apparently four-jointed, the three basal joints usually densely set with cushion- like pubescence beneath; the third joint different in form, being divided into two lobes, or grooved on its upper surface so as to allow of the fourth joint being inserted near its base instead of at its extremity; head not forming a definite prolonged beak; labrum always visible.” Al- most without exception, the larve feed on some part or another of plants. Although the families are sufficiently distinct, once you know them, it is difficult to give a satisfactory elementary key. SPONDYLID These are called Aberrant Long-horned Beetles and, although apparently related to the Cerambycide, they do not fit in the system very well. The fourth tarsal joint is distinct, though not large, so that the tarsi are clearly 5- jointed; the tarsal joints are neither much dilated nor pu- bescent beneath; the antennz are short and inserted at the sides of the head near the bases of the mandibles. Only one genus, Parandra, and two species need be mentioned here. Both are oblong, reddish to mahogany brown, somewhat flattened, and varying from .4 to .75 in. in length. The antenne reach about to the back of the pronotum; the second joint about half aslong as the third. InP. brunnea the pronotum is distinctly wider than the head and punc- tured; in P. polita it is not wider than the head and is not punctured. Both breed in decaying deciduous and coni- ferous trees, the adults usually being found just under the bark. _LON G-HORNED D BEETLES. CERAMBYCIDZ The more than 13,000 species, in addition to the general characteristics of Phytophaga, usually have very long antenne, extending back of the pronotum and often back of the tip of the abdomen. For this reason, they are often called Longicornes or ‘‘Long-horns.’’ ‘Their form is usually oblong, with parallel sides; and they have istinct tibial spurs. When caught, the adults often make a peculiar, squeaking noise. Sharp says they do it “by rubbing a ridge inside the pronotum on a highly specialized, striate surface at the base of the scutellum, and therefore covered up when the Insect is contracted inrepose. Afewl[e. g., some of the Prionine] produce noise by rubbing the hind femora against the edge of the elytra, somewhat after the fashion of grasshoppers.”’ The larve are white, or yellowish, wood-borers and have powerful jaws; the body tapers slightly from the fore part backwards. They are called Round-headed Borers, in contrast with the larvee of Buprestidae. Although many of the adults come to light, the “good species’’ are usually obtained by the use of good eyes on felled timber or by beating branches, especially dead ones, above an upturned umbrella. Some are also to be found under bark. Large numbers, especi- ally of Lepturini, are attracted in early summer by flower- ing shrubs. The three? subfamilies may be separated as follows: 1. Pronotum ‘‘margined”’ (7. e., sides flattened and thin for almost the whole length) and usually toothed along the sides; body usually broad and flattened. Prioninz (p. 338). Pronotum not margined; body usually more or less cov thin altn Galo ply i Aa Aa Sen nee eno 2 2. Front tibiz not grooved; last joint of maxillary palpi not sharp at tip, oie more.or less) traneular.)>s. 2.4 a. Cerambycinz (p. 338). Front tibiz with a more or less distinct oblique groove on the inner side; palpi with the last joint cylindrical, (DUR COBH CR) OO ea Lamiine (p. 352). ‘Craighead, following studies of larva, makes five subfamilies. 22 ‘| FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. Prioninee These are among our large beetles, and some tropical species attain a length of six inches or more. The adults are nocturnal. 1. Form elongate; antenne I1-jointed, the joints not overlapping; width of pronotum more than twice its length, three sharp teeth on each side; length, from 1 to 1.7 in.; light chestnut-brown, shining. Larve in oak (and other?) Stumapsiand logs. icy. tok tos eee ee Orthosoma brunneum. Form, stout, broad; antennez (in our species) 12- to 20-jointed, the joints, especially in males, more or less overlapping each other. Prionus. Length from .g to 2 in.; Shining reddish-brown or black.) suc eee ra 2. Antenne with 16 to 18 joints in the female and 18 to 20 in the male; pronotum very short and broad, its teeth, especially the hind ones, not very distinct....7.2..... 4. Prionus imbricornis. Antenne with only 12 joints......... oes a 3% 3. Elytra, combined, at base not wider than the pronotum; all joints of the hind tarsi densely pubescent beneath; antennze of male longer than the body, of female about half the length. (Plate LXXXII.) The larve live in the roots of many trees and shrubs, including orchard trees and small fruits such as blackberry; they are three years in reaching maturity.. 0). Prionus laticollis. Elytra, combined, at base wider than the pronotum; basal joint of each hind tarsus nearly smooth. Middle and Southern States... lis. J. peas Prionus pocularis. Cerambycines Quite a few of the very many species are pretty and sure to attract attention. 1. Base of antenne not enveloped by the eyes. . ene cr Base of antennex partly enveloped by chew eyes; head inserted in the thorax 2°... vl cle teen +, oA aes 8. 2. Front coxze transverse, not prominent; antennze with second joint rather large, one-third or more the length of the third; head inserted in the thorax. (Division Callidioides). 0.0... .c%'s eve os 000 0% 510 ss gn a 338 re KEY TO THE LONG-HORNS. Front coxz conical (globose in Distenia), prominent; second joint of antennz small; head usually attached to thorax by a rather distinct neck, this appearance being caused by the head being narrowed behind the eyes and the thorax narrowed in front; elytra usually tapering behind themmadie: | (Division Lepturoides)... 2.45. 6.cee0).. 4. 3- Second joint of antennze more than one-third as long as the third; antennz, densely punctured and pubes- cent; scutellum rounded behind; fifth ventral, abdominal segment of the males transverse and the sixth visible, fifth segment of females prolonged and the sixth invisible. | Tribe Asemini (p. 341). Second joint of antennz not more than one-third as long as the third; eyes finely granulate (2. e., the lines be- tween the facets are feebly impressed) and deeply emargi- nate; pronotum and elytra not spined; antennz of males thicker at the base than those of females and usually longer MMGUNGIOORY AL. ee a ee. Tribe Callidiini (p. 342). 4. Front coxz globose; mandibles chisel-shaped, not fringed on the inner margin; pronotum spined on the sides, and elytra spined at tips; body elongate; head large; eyes large, feeble emarginate; antennze long, tapering, first joint as long as the head. Tribe Disteniini, of which only Distenia undata need be mentioned. It varies from .7 to I in. long; dark brown, densely clothed with short, gray pubescence; elytra marked with three serrate cross- bands of darker pubescence. It occurs beneath the bark of hickory, oak, and chestnut trees. ETHECORCEMICORM CE ci.) 3) sahare ss sa ci siecere 6 a hla ee auee 5. 5- Joints 3 to 5 of antennze much thickened at tips; mandibles simple, not fringed; eyes nearly rounded, suddenly and deeply emarginate. Tribe Desmocerini. Piate LX XXI shows Desmocerus palliatus. Its larve bore in the stems of elder (Sambucus). . Joints 3 to 5 of antenne normal, usually slender; mandibles acute, fringed on the inner margin; elytra not Sea Sua DON Gaysieh. «161 i ahs «lav ate inloos-dvarn, @ aud a8») /ayRteeeds « 6. 6. Elytra short, not covering the wings. Tribe Necy- dalini, of which only Necydalis mellitus is likely to be found by users of this book. The abdomen, front and middle 339 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. legs, and basal joint of antenne are dull yellow; elytra reddish-brown or yellow; otherwise black; .5 to .9 in. long. Elytra of normal length.:...;... ..3. ) 292 7. 7. Front of face nearly vertical; neck, very short; first joint of hind tarsi much longer than the other joints combined. Tribe Encyclopini. In Encyclops, the only genus occurring in eastern United States, the first, hind- tarsal joint is cylindrical. E. ceruleus is about .3 in. long; almost linear; shiny blue or green. Front of face oblique or horizontal; elytra usually tapering to the apex.......... Tribe Lepturini (p. 349). 8. Second joint of antennze small, not over one-fourth the length of the third; front cox not conical though sometimes prominent. (Division Cerambycoides)...... 9. Second joint of antenne about one-third the length of the third joint; front coxe globose, widely separated. Division Atimioides. Rare with us. Atimia confusa is about .3 in. long; dull black, clothed with rather long, } yellowish pubescence, with irregular, smooth, hairless spots; hind tarsi with the first joint equal to the second and third combined. On conifers. 9. Eyes coarsely granulated (7. e., the lines between the facets deeply impressed)... ...... ...). eee er 10. Eyes finelyjgranulated.. ... ..:... 92 eee II. to. Front coxal cavities open behind; abdomen normal in both sexes; antennz with the second joint small; scutel- lum rounded behind, except in Chion; eyes not divided, though always deeply emarginate...... Tribe Cerambycini (p. 344). Front coxal cavities angulated, closed behind; first segment of abdomen very long. Tribe Obriini. There are two genera: Phyton, pronotum much narrower at base than at apex; and Obrium, pronotum equally nar- rowed at base and apex. The species are less than .3 in. long. 11. Elytra either only about as long as the pronotum, or elongated and awl-shaped..Tribe Stenoptini (p. 345). Elytra normal... 0355. 5 :ars 5.0 6 0:0 sis s)s in oe 12. 12. Scutellum either rounded behind or broadly tri- @meutlar sok se aa wikiele elon de oisele w.o, 9.0 einen 13. KEY TO THE LONG-HORNS. Scutellum acutely triangular; front coxal cavities epee Behind: eyes finely granulated....7.............-- Tribe Trachyderini (p. 345). 13. Tibial spurs large; pronotum never with tubercles TO PDL ES. 2 2 = oi ee 14. Tibial spurs small; legs long and slender; femora very slender at base, strongly and suddenly club-shaped at apex. Tribe Rhopalophorini. Rhopalophora longtpes is about .3 in. long; bluish-black; pronotum red, with a small obtuse tubercle on each side. 14. Tibz strongly ridged; form slender; puncturation (pittings) sparse and coarse. Tribe Stenosphenini. Stenosphenus notatus, breeding in hickory, is black; prono- tum reddish with a central black spot; under side of head and thorax reddish; about .4 in. long. Tibiz not ridged; form rather stout; puncturation fine. Our species usually have the elytra banded with yellow, or white, and black pubescence; eyes finely granu- lated and deeply emarginate, the lower lobe always J 28... Ub eee Tribe Clytini (p. 346). Asemini. (See page 339.) 1. Color, black or dark brown; form, cylindrical, scarcely PT SEST EL. Oy 2 go Oe ee eee 2. Color, pale yellowish; form, depressed; length, about -3 in.; eyes coarsely granulated and very deeply emargi- nate. Occurs under unloosened bark of dead poplar, oak, (ll) Ait i eee Smodicum cucujiforme. 2. Eyes not wholly divided, often deeply emarginate... .3. Eyes divided, apparently four in number, rather finely granulated; length, about .5 in.; dull, sooty brown. S122 eee Tetropium cinnamopterum. 3- Eyes moderate in size, finely granulated and hairy; antennz finely pubescent; length, .5 in. or more; black. 7 ES eS es Sea ee Asemum mestum. Eyes large, coarsely granulated, not hairy; about MEME sat A ae Sa yd bg ws Criocephalus. FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. Callidiini. (See page 339.) 1. Elytra bluish-black, with narrow, raised, longitudinal, white lines on the middle; pronotum with very deep, median groove; femora distinctly club-shaped; general color, black; .5 to .7 in. long. Larve bore it) ela Physocnemum brevilineum. Elytra without distinct, raised, whitelines. ......... 2 2. Pronotum very short, strongly rounded on the sides, red; upper surface not shining; black; about .75 in. long. Rhopalopus sanguinicollis. Pronotum not very short, the width not much exceed- ing the length; upper surface more or less shining........3. 3. Front coxe at least moderately separated. Merium (pronotum with a broad, smooth, shining median space — on the basal half) and Hylotrupes (pronotum with a narrow median elevation and moderate or small ones on the sides). H. ligneus is usually not over .5 in. long; elytra yellow except for apical third and a circular spot on each, which portions are, together with the head and pronotum, bluish-black. Breeds in cedar. WH. bajalus is about’ .75 in. long; brown to black, with grayish-white pubescence that may form two irregular bands on the elytra. Breeds in pine and spruce. Front coxe touching.......Phymatodes and Callidium. Phymatodes varius is black to (especially thorax and basal part of elytra) reddish-brown; two slightly curved crossbars on elytra; about .3 in. long. The larve mine the inner bark of diseased oaks. P.variabilis (about .5 in. long; elytra blue, or yellow, or blue with yellow margins. Larve in oak bark.) and P. amenus (about .25 in. long; elytra bluish. Larve in dead grape stems.) have the pronotum reddish-yellow. P. dimidiatus has an almost black pronotum; elytra reddish-brown, lighter at the base. The larve are “bark-slippers’’ of cord-wood. Callidium antennatum (over .5 in. long; surface rough) and janthinum (about .5 in. long; surface shining) are dark blue. They breed in conifers. C. @reum is less than .5 in. long and brownish-yellow. Its larvz mine the inner bark of chestnut. 342 \\ oN TRY We See ™ Prionus loticollis ——— = Monohammus titillator Tetrdo nes tetraophthalmus Elaphidion villosum 343 —_ FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. Cerambycini. (See page 340.) 1. With six cross-bands of yellow pubescence, two on pronotum and four on elytra. West of the Alleghanies. Larve bore in dead beech and maple. Dryobius sexfasciatus. With not more than one yellow cross-band.......... 25 2. Scutellum acute, triangular, pronotum with a short spine on each side; antenne of female about the length of the body, of the male longer; brownish, with sparse, fine, gray pubescence; each elytron with two short spines at apex and usually with an oblique, yellow blotch in front of the middle; length varies from .6 to 1.3 in. Larve in hickory, cak, ands :plumc.. +... 5. Chion cinctus. Scutellam rounded behind ..... 7... 33eeee Le 3. Each elytron with two pairs of elliptical, elevated, ivory-like spots on each; pale brownish-yellow. Larve bore in hickory, ash, and honey-locustigia.s eee Eburia quadrigeminata. Elytra without pairs of ivory-like spots............. 4. 4. Femora not distinctly club-shaped; antennal joints and elytra with spines. .......... 2. : 4: 5- Femora distinctly club-shaped; elytra without spines at tip. Tylonotus bimaculatus (antenne grooved on the outer side; two rounded, yellow spots on each elytron; .5 in. long. Larve in ash.) and Heterachthes (antenne not grooved or hairy; less than .5 in. long). H. quadri- maculatus is brownish-yellow with pale spots (sometimes tip also pale) on each elytron. Larve in hickory. H. ebenus is dull black. 5. Not less than .75 in. long... .....’.. ole eee 6. Usually less than :75 in. long.. .. ..4. ..)ee vi 6. Dark brown, with irregular spots of short, grayish pubescence; pronotum without spines on sides. Occurs beneath the bark of walnut, hickory, and hackberry,. Romaleum aiomarium, Reddish-brown with uniform pubescence of the same color; pronotum with a small tubercle each side of the median line. Larvez bore in oak and probably other ETCOS I ish vsen bil ; see O. ruficollis. Pale, dull yellow with a dark brown elytral stripe of each. Side... eck. od od O. gracilis. 9. Elytra black; head and pronotum red, the latter with a black spot. On alder. Tetrops monostigma (elytra with black hairs; western) and T. canescens (elytra with grayish hairs; eastern). Elytra red with black spots; head and pronotum red. Tetraopes, of which the following are the more common species. J. canteriator: pronotum with four round, black spots; black areas on elytra form, when elytra are closed, a heart-shaped space back of the middle; apex of elytra also black; .3 to .5 in. long. 7. tetraophthalmus: pronotum with four black spots near the middle and sometimes a blotch in front and behind; see Plate LXXXII. T. emoratus: a western species, resembles. tetraophihalmus, but the apex and base of each joint of antennz are nar- rowly ringed with gray; .5 in., or more, long. ‘They are usually found late in summer on milkweed, in the stems and roots of which they breed. ‘They stridulate loudly. The extent of the black markings varies somewhat. CHRYSOMELIDZE The Chrysomelide of the United States are never more than moderately long, as beetles go; their antennz are not very long, and their bodies are often chunky. Nearlya thousand species are known from North America, about a twentieth of the number known from the rest of the world. One way of looking at the food habits of beetles is that adopted by the celebrated Coleopterists, LeConte and Horn: ‘‘As the function of the Cerambycide is to hold the vegetable world in check by destroying woody fiber, the Bruchide effect a similar result by attacking the seeds and the Chrysomelide by destroying the leaves.” The potato-grower would have to be a philosopher in order to look at the Chrysomelid Leptinotarsa in that way. Not all Chrysomelide are leaf-eaters, however, as will be pointed out in the course of the discussion. No attempt will be made to enable the reader to identify a large proportion 362 LEAE-EATING BEETLES. of the species he may find, as was done with the Ceramby- cide. This is partly because of technical difficulties, including the large number of species, and partly because many of the species are small and not usually noticed. All of them are diurnal. The following hints may be useful. If the head is constricted or neck-like behind the eyes, and the prothorax is narrower than the combined elytra, the specimen belongs to one of the following tribes: Donaciini, Sagrini, or Criocerini. If the pronotum and elytra have broad, expanded margins, the head concealed from above, and the outline of the body ellipitical or nearly circular, see Cassidini (p. 376). If the beetle is wedge-shaped, broad, and square-cut behind, especially if the elytra are pitted or have a net-work surface, see Hispini (p. 375). If the hind femora are thickened, fitting the beetle for jumping, and the antenne are rather close together at the base, see Halticini (p. 372). As for the rest, the majority of those usually noticed are either Chrysomelini (antenne usually further separated at the bases than the length of the first joint; front cox transverse and widely separated; third tarsal joint rarely indented; see p. 368) or Galerucini (antennz rather close together at base, inserted on the front; front coxze conical and prominent; see p. 370). Donaciini In addition to the characters given above, this tribe may be recognized by the fact that the first ventral, abdomi- nal segment is about as long as all the others combined. They look very much like certain Cerambycide. Their larvee live on the outside of the submerged roots of water- tiles, skunk-cabbage, pickerel-weed, sedges, and other aquatic or semi-aquatic plants. They pupate in cocoons, a number of which. are often fastened in a row to the stems or roots of their food plants. The adults of Donacia are commonly seen on the. leaves of water lilies and other aquatic plants in early summer, and fly from leaf to leaf when disturbed. The color is usually more or less metallic greenish, bronze, or purple; they are coated beneath with a satiny piie of fine hair. Donacia has numerous species 363 od bebe eet A PN FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. — all of which have the tips of the elytra simple, and the tarsi dilated, spongy beneath. With the exception of this genus, the Northeast has only Hemonia nigricornis, which has narrow tarsi and a distinct spine at the outer angle of each elytron. - Adults of Donacia rarely enter the water, except to lay eggs, but those of Hemonia are more aquatic. : Sagrini In addition to the characters given above, members of this tribe may be recognized by their first ventral, abdomi- nal segment being not much longer, if any, than the two following; tarsal claws cleft or toothed and elytral punctures irregular (not in rows). Our only common species is Orsodacna atra. The sides of its pronotum are rounded and have neither tooth nor tubercle—in distinction from Zeugophora (outline of eyes indented) and Syneta (outline of eyes not indented). Its color is so variable that seven or more named varieties are recognized. It may be practically all black, or the pronotum and elytra may be reddish or yellowish, variously spotted or striped with black. It is about .25 in. long and is often abundant on willow and other very early blossoms. ; Criocerini Members of this tribe may be distinguished from the Sagrini by their simple claws and their elytral punctures being in rows. There are two genera: Lema, in which the pronotum is constricted at about the middle, and Crioceris, in which it is not. The most frequently noticed species is trilineata. It is sometimes called the Old- fashioned Potato-beetle because it was at work eating potato leaves before the Potato-beetle came north and east. It usually lays its eggs along the midrib of a leaf, not in a cluster but at random. Its larve have a curious, but not unique, habit of piling their excrement on their backs. Pupation takes place underground. The adult is shown 364 Lema PLATE LX XXIII ‘ ae UP tone l Lematrilineata # Crioceris asporagi “_ : ~® Leptinotarso a3 10-lineato — Diabrotica Diabrotica Phyllotreta I2-punctata Vitiata vitfata | | A Larvaoh Chalepus Cassida Coptocycla be rubra biviftata ~ bicolor ASPARAGUS-BEETLES. in Plate LXX XIII. In brunnicollis thé elytra are wholly dark blue; head and pronotum red. In collaris the elytra are wholly dark greenish-blue; head, black; pronotum, red. : We have two species; both are from Crioceris Europe and largely confined, as yet, to the East; and both attack asparagus. C. asparagi (Plate LXXXIII) was introduced about 1862 near New York. The three yellow spots are sometimes joined. Adults hibernate under rubbish. The dark-brown eggs are usually laid in rows. Pupation occurs underground; there are several generations a year. Crioceris 12-punctata is a trifle larger; red with six black spots on each elytron. It was introduced about 1881 near Baltimore. Adults emerging from hibernation eat the young shoots but the larve prefer the ripening berries to ‘“‘leaves."’ This species pupates underground. , | Clythrini Adults of this tribe, also of the Chlamydini and Crypto- cephalini, have ‘‘the basal ventral plates of the abdominal segments somewhat shorter in the middle than at the sides, the fourth one being often invisible in the middle, while tine fifth is very large.’ Sharp further says: ‘This character appears to be connected with a very remarkable habit, viz., the formation of a case to envelop the egg. The tip of the abdomen is somewhat curved downwards, and, in the female, bears a hollow near the extremity; when an egg is extruded the female envelops it with a covering said to be excrementitious. When the larva hatches, it remains within this case, and subsequently enlarges it by additions from its own body.’? The Cly- thrini have short, serrate antennz, which are not received in marginal grooves on the lower side of the thorax; the prosternum does not extend between the front coxe; the pronotum has thin side-margins and fits closely against the elytra. The larve of Coscinoptera dominicana are said to feed on vegetable debris in ants’ nests. 365 — RS a ee are Y str ~ FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. : Chlamydini See the discussion under Clythrini, from which tribe these beetles differ by having the upper surface of the elytra and pronotum covered with wart-like tubercles and - by having their short, serrate (‘‘saw-toothed’’) antennz received in grooves on the under side of the thorax. ‘‘The legs are closely contractile and when disturbed the beetles draw them and the antennz in and feign death. They then resemble the excrement of certain caterpillars so closely as to render their detection difficult, unless the collector is in especial search for them, and it is said that birds will not pick them up for the same reason.’”” The larvee are case-making leaf-feeders and pupate in their cases, which they first attach to twigs. We have two genera: Chlamys, whose antennze are serrate from the fourth or fifth joint; and Exema, whose antennal serrations begin at the sixth joint. Cryptocephalini See the discussion under Clythrini, from which tribe these beetles are distinguished by the antennez being usually long and slender, and by the prosternum extending be- tween the front coxe. We have six or eight genera and numerous species, most of which are “variegated with various combinations of spots or stripes which are some- times very inconstant, so that numerous varieties have been named.’’ One of the variable and common species is — Cryptocephalus venustus. As its generic name indicates, its head is hidden, the prothorax covering it above. It is nearly .25 in, long and, in the typical form, the head and pronotum is reddish-brown, the latter having a narrow edging and two oblique spots yellow; the elytra are yellow, each with two broad, oblique, black or brown stripes. It is found on potato and other garden, as well as wild, plants. Eumolpini The beetles of this tribe are usually of a uniform metallic color, although some are dull yellow or spotted. Their 366 CHRYSOMELIDZ: EUMOLPINI head is visible from above although the pronotum comes about to the eyes; the outline of the eyes is more or less indented; the antenne are usually thread-like and widely separated at their bases; the front coxe are globose and separated by the prosternum; the third tarsal joint is deeply bilobed; the claws, toothed or cleft. The following key will help to identify eight of the genera. For the most part our species are not over .25 in. long. 1. Front ventral margin of thorax curved, forming lobes behind or below the eyes. (Only those beetles, beionging here, whose elytra are not pubescent or scaly pire Mearis Gere WIT GINEE sts 0). aya ls ee a asl lard Behe edie elelee es 2s Brontyentral margin of thorax straight ..........:. Be 2. Elytral punctures in distinct, regular rows; middle and hind tibize indented on outer edge near apex. TJ ypo- phorus. T.canellus is quite common on a variety of plants and sometimes injurious to strawberries, raspberries, etc. It is exceedingly variable in color and markings, reddish- yellow and black being the usual elements. About all that can be said here is that it is not .2 in. long and bright blue (T. viridicyaneus), nor has it a saddle-shaped, black space on the elytra (7. sellatus). Elytral punctures irregular; tibie not indented. See Plate LXXXI. Usually common on dog-bane......... ; Chrysochus auratus. 3. Side-margins of pronotum not distinctly flattened. ...4. Side-margins of pronotum distinctly flattened.......6. 4. Not metallic above; head without a groove above Petree arene =) ed 2 Oe ks See Pas bs SA Re 5. Metallic green or bronzed above; head with a groove above the eyes. Graphops. The larve of G. nebulosus live in the roots of strawberries. 5. Front femora with a small tooth; third joint of antenne not longer than the second. On oak and other SRR EMME eS =, Rogie is. ahaa tik: aysthoa ave rwd dhs Bas « X anthonia. Femora not toothed; third joint of antenne longer than the second. On grape and Virginia creeper. ... Fidia. 6. Head with distinct grooves above the eyes; middle and hind tibiz indented near apex. On oak and other trees. . 4... POE MEM RRRG ERY. WORM AV MNNCIL AL Ay. Metachroma. > Head without grooves above the eyes.............. 7. 367 hehe eet A Pd ans ma AS a est A ~ ta . FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. 7- Pronotum about one-half wider than long, the sides rather broadly curved, angles prominent; dull brownish- or reddish-yellow; length usually not over .25 in. Adults on various garden plants; larve on roots of grape...... Colaspis brunnea. Sides of pronotum straight. Nodonota (third joint of antenne distinctly longer than the second, the last five joints not abruptly wider) and Chrysodina. Chrysomelini These oval, convex beetles are usually of moderate size and variegated in color. The antennz are of moderate length (see p. 363), the outer joints somewhat enlarged; the eyes are not prominent and their outline is feebly indented; the pronotum has well-defined side-margins; the elytra cover the abdomen. Phyllodecta is distinguished by the fone claws being toothed or bifid, and the tibiz neither dilated nor toothed. The genera mentioned in this paragraph have the third tarsal joint indented or bilobed. Species of Prasocuris are usually not over .25 in. long; upper surface brassy- green, or bronzed-black, with yellow stripes; pronotum without a thin margin at the base. Plagiodera (punctures of elytra in regular rows; tibiz not grooved on the outer side) and Gastroidea (punctures confused; tibiz grooved) have the sides of the pronotum thickened and unicolorous elytra. G. cyanea is uniform, brilliant, green or blue, and feeds on dock (Rumex) ; polygont is like it but the pronotum, legs, base of antenna, and tip of abdomen are reddish, and it feeds on knot-grass; both are about .2 in. long. The pronotum of Lina is thickened at the sides and the elytra are usually spotted; length, .25 to .4 in. The pronotum is dark metallic green, with yellow sides, in scripta and interrupta. The elytra are usually reddish in life, fading to yellow, with rounded black spots, which are some- times merged into transverse bands (interrupta) or are longitudinally elongate (scripta). Both feed on willow, and Populus, and both, sometimes, have the elytra wholly dark-colored. L. tremule is an introduced European species with a green pronotum and unspotéed, dull yellow 368 THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE. - elytra. The pronotum of L. obsoleta has reddish margins enclosing a rounded, black spot, or is reddish with 3 or 4 black spots at the center; elytra purplish-black with the margins, tips, and often two short, indistinct lines on basal half, reddish-yellow. The third tarsal joint of the following genera of this tribe is not, or scarcely, indented; the pronotum has a thin margin at the base; the insects are usually more than .25 in. long, robust, and convex. Labioderma clivicollis feeds on milkweed. It is dark blackish-blue; elytra orange-yellow with variable, broad, curved, black markings; mesosternum prominent, forming a blunt tubercle between the middle coxe; front femora of male strongly toothed. Leptinotarsa has simple femora and the mesosternum is not raised above the level of the prosternum. L. decem- lineata, the Colorado Potato Beetle (Plate LX XXIII), is probably the most known Coleopteron in America. The elytral punctures are confluent and in double rows. Until about 1855 it was confined to the Rocky Mountain region where it fed on the wild relatives of the potato. Then man introduced potatoes to it, and it did the rest, spreading over the entire East. Adults hibernate underground. Each female lays about -500 eggs and there are two genera- tions a year. In the South there is another species, juncta, which is somewhat similar but the third and fourth black bands on each elytron are usually united at the base and apex; the elytral punctures are regular and in single rows. . In Zygogramma the tarsal claws are parallel and united at the bases; claw-joint toothed beneath. The adults of suturalis, which occur on ragweed in the spring and on golden-rod in the fall, are brown, feebly bronzed; elytra yellow with dark brown stripes, or vice versa. The elytra of our Chrysomela are without spots and the sides of the pronotum are thickened. Like Calligrapha, the last palpal joint is not shorter than the next to last. The elytra of Calligrapha have dark markings and the sides of the pronotum are not thickened. To mention a few of the many variable species, first taking those with yellow and brown stripes on the elytra: Junata (chiefly on ia 369 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. _— Ca 0 Van) aL fy Well SCY cms vd = | — et TA ~ ta roses; median brown stripe of each elytron more or less divided by yellow) and similis (chiefly on ragweed; that stripe merely notched on the outer side) have the pronotum wholly brown; it is partly yellowish in precelsis (the median brown spot on pronotum reaching the base) and in elegans (this spot not reaching the base of the pronotum; chiefly on Bidens and Ambrosia). Of those with irregular spots on the elytra: the pronotum is wholly dark in philadelphica (suture pale but with, among other markings, a line each side of it; chiefly on dogwood), in scalaris (sutural stripe branched; a large crescentic shoulder-spot enclosing a small dot, and, back of it, 6 or 8 small dots, on each elytron; chiefly on elm and linden), and in rhoda (sutural stripe branched; each shoulder-crescent usually enclosing two spots; chiefly on hazel); the pronotum is yellow with reddish-brown spots in multipunctata (chiefly on Crategus), and olive-green or brown, with pale apical and side mar- gins, in bigsbyana (on maple, willow, and alder). Galerucini The beetles of this tribe are usually more oblong and have softer elytra than those previously considered (see also p. 363). The head is exposed; the third antennal joint usually smaller than the fourth; hind femora not unusually thick; hind tibie usually without terminal spurs. The » following are the genera most likely to be noticed. One of the ‘usuallies,’’ above, was for this genus; the third joint of the antennz is longer than the fourth. The antenne are at least half as long as the body; pronotum has a median and two lateral impressions; front coxal cavities open behind; tibize ridged on the outer side and without terminal spurs; first joint of hind tarsi not longer than the next two; tarsal claws bifid in both sexes. There are about a dozen species in New Jersey, for example, and different species, for the most part, live on different plants but the one which attracts attention is luteola, the Elm-leaf Beetle (Plate LXXXI). Yes. Itis another foreigner. Most injurious species are immigrants; the principal reason for their becoming injurious is that their special enemies, which 370 Galerucella THE ELM-LEAF BEETLE. — held them in check at home, did not come with them. G. luteola came in at Baltimore about 1834. The adult hibernates beneath bark, in cracks in buildings, and in other shelter. It may go into hibernation quite yellow and come out very dark green. The orange-yellow eggs are laid in clusters on the lower side of a leaf and the larvee feed on the lower side also, gradually skeletonizing the leaf. When two or three weeks old, they enter the ground and pupate, emerging as adults in about a week. Usually it is the adults of the second annual brood which hibernate. Hints as to some of the other species may be _ gained from their food-plants. The following have stripes (often narrow and indistinct, especially in americana) on their elytra: americana is found on golden-rod; notulata, on rag-weed (Ambrosia); and notata, on Eupatorium. The following have no elongate, dark markings on the elytra: cavicollis is found on peach, plum, and cherry; rufosanguinea, on Azalea; nymphee, on water-lilies; tuberculata and decora, on willow. Among others, Tvirhabda may be distinguished from Galerucella by having the third antennal joint shorter than the fourth; and the antennze of Monoxia do not reach the middle of the body, tarsal claws bifid only in males. Two species are familiar to gardeners. D. 12-punctata (Plate LX XXIII) is called the Southern Corn Root-worm because its larve live in the roots of corn (and other grasses) and are sometimes quite injurious in the South. It is called the Twelve-spotted Cucumber Beetle because the adults eat cucumber leaves, but they feed also on melons of various kinds. The hibernating adults are among the first insects to appear in the spring and the last to take shelter in the fall. The Striped Cucumber Beetle, which feeds also on all the melon family, is D. vittata (Plate LXXXIII). The larve live in the roots and in the base of the vine of cucumbers, melons, etc. Adults hibernate in the ground. D. airi- pennis (elytra black) and D. longicornis (elytra green or yellow, without black margins) have the outer edge of their tibie ridged. The latter species is called the Western Corn Root-worm. Diabrotica 371 e . An eet AN ete eet A OP nal “~~ ta ee FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. Head, scutellum, and under side of body black; pronotum and elytra dull yellow, rarely reddish; each elytron, usually but not always, with black basal and side margins, the latter extending nearly to the apex, and with three black spots close to the suture, the hind one the smallest; antennz and the legs yellow, the tibiz and often the femora, in. part, black; length about .17 in. Common on peas, beans, and other Legumes. Cerotoma trifurcata Halticini ‘““A large group of small or medium-sized leaf-eating forms, distinguished from the preceding tribe mainly by the fact that the hind thighs are greatly enlarged and thickened for leaping. As a consequence they are known as ‘flea-beetles’ or ‘jumping beetles,’ this term being especially applied to the small black species of Haltica and Epitrix, which are very injurious to vegetation in the mature or adult stage.” Gdionychis (last joint of hind tarsi globosely swollen). Haltica (a feeble transverse impression on basal half of pronotum; each hind tibia with a short, terminal spur), Disonycha (first joint of hind tarsus short as compared with the tibiz, and rather broad; beetles distinctly more than .17 in. long), and Phyllotreta have the frontal coxe open behind. The following two are the garden species. D. triangularis: black (with a faint bluish tinge on elytra) except for the pronotum, which is yellow with a pair of round, black spots and a small, linear one; length, about .25 in.; on a variety of plants, sometimes injurious to beets and spinach. JD. xanthomelena: re- sembles the preceding but, among other things, is usually smaller, has the pronotum entirely yeliow, the elytra with a greenish tinge, and the abdomen yellow; it feeds upon a number of wild plants but is known as the Spinach Flea- beetle. Disonycha 372 FLEA-BEETLES. The hind tibie are not grooved on the outer edge, but slightly excavated near the tip and with a spur at the middle beneath. FP. vitiata (Plate LX XXIII) is common all summer on cabbage and other Crucifere. The fifth joint of the antennz is longer than either the fourth or the sixth; the male has the fifth antennal joint thickened. Phyliotreta The two common, garden species are distinguished from the others by having no longitudinal fold along the sides of the elytra; by the antenne and legs being black; and by a deep groove which extends completely across the pronotum in front of the base. WH. chalybea is the Grape Flea-beetle. It is usually not less than .17 in. long; metallic blue, rarely greenish; pronotum distinctly narrowed in front. JH. ignita is usually not more than .17 in. long; color varies from a coppery-golden lustre, through greenish, to dark blue; pronotum only slightly narrowed in front. In addi- tion to feeding on a variety of wild plants it attacks straw- berries and roses. Halitica The following have the front coxal cavities closed behind; the last joint of the hind tarsi is not inflated, usually slender, although sometimes thickened in a side view. The antenne of Blepharida are 12-jointed, instead of 11; tarsal claws bifid. Chetocnema has the hind tibie sinuate near the apex and with a distinct tooth on the outer margin. Epitrix (elytra with rows of stiff hairs) and Crepz- dodera (elytra without hairs; antenne shorter than the body) have a distinct transverse impression in front of the base of the pronctum. The following lack such an im- pression: Dzbolia (hind tibial spur bread, emarginate, or bifid at apex), Mantura (pronotum with a short, deep longitudinal impression on each side near the base), and Systena (pronotum without any impression). C. confinis is the species likely to be noticed first. It feeds on sweet-potato, morning-glory, and other Convolvulacex. It is less than .07 in. long; black, slightly bronzed; antenne and legs, Chetocnema 373 Qs eet AS ete eet A a al “~ ta . FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. except hind femora, reddish-yellow; pronotum obliquely cut off at the front angles and with an angulation in front of the middle. C. pulicaria is locally common and some- times injurious to corn and millet. It is about the same size; black, with faint greenish or bluish-bronzed lustre; the base of antenne and tibie and tarsi yellowish; side of pronotum regularly curved and the front angles not cut off; head without punctures, but a row along the basal margin of the pronotum. Only rufipes need be mentioned here. It is about .1 in. long; head, pronotum, and legs dull reddish-yellow; elytra dark blue; there are no punctures on the pronotum. On locust (Robinia), and sometimes injurious to grape, peach, apple, and other fruit trees. Crepidodera Again we have two garden species. E. cucumeris is not over .08 in. long; shining black, with reddish-yellow antennz and legs, except the hind femora. ‘The pronotum is not densely punctate and the impression in front of the base is well marked. It is the Cucumber Flea-beetle but is not at all choice in its food, eating also the leaves of potato and other plants. In £. parvula the pronotum is rather closely punctate and the impression is scarcely visible. It is about the same size and dull reddish-yellow. The adults feed on the leaves of potato, tomato, and egg-plant, but do their greatest damage by eating holes in tobacco leaves. The larve feed on the roots of common weeds, such as the nightshade and Jamestown weed. Epitrix And, finally, we note this pair. S. Systena hudsonias: length, .17 in.; shining black except for the yellow third to fifth anten- nal joints. Common on many plants. 5S. teniaia: length, about the same; color variable, usually reddish-or brownish-yellow, shining; each elytron with a paler, median stripe; narrow side-margins of pronotum and under side of body usually black. Adults occur on various plants, including cultivated ones. 374 “4 LEAF=MINING BEETLES. Hispini See p. 363. Most of the larve live i leaves, feeding on the tissue between the two surfaces. See in this connec- tion the Micro-lepidoptera and Brachys. ‘The first three segments, back of the head, of a Hispine larva are wider than the rest of the body. Microrhopala (antenne either thread-like or the last 4 joints united into an oblong mass; elytra not, or only feebly, ridged) and Octotoma (the last 2 antennal joints enlarged; elytra with short, oblique folds) have 8 or 9 antennal joints. The others have 11, and some of them may be separated as follows. LE le UE. WIGS 6 BAAR a PA 2. Elytra not ridged; body elongate. Stenispa> S. metallica is a uniform, shining black, slightly bronzed; length .2 in. The pronotum of collaris is red; length slightly over .25 in. ge wiiddle tibizs’ strongly curved.......... Charistena. Middle tibiz straight. Chalepus, also called Odoniata. The following species are about .25 in. long, except as 3. Eachelytron with ten rows of punctures; ridged..... 4. Each elytron with eight rows of punctures; color varies from nearly uniform rose-red to nearly black, with a few indistinct reddish or yellowish spots; legs pale; length Point tide On IOCUSE. ss oso. es os Chalepus nervosa. 4. Each elytron with only three ridges......; RE Nc en eee 5. Each elytron with three ridges, and a fourth (at base and apex) between the second and third. See Plate LXXXIII. On locust (Robina), basswood, and other SO PR heats iva, Sx olan x Seb d ola ‘a ake Chalepus rubra. 5. Elytra wholly black; pronotum wholly red.......... Chalepus bicolor. Elytra black, with red shoulders; pronotum red, witha Cone CAC See ere Chalepus scapularts. Elytra and pronotum scarlet, fading to yellowish, with a black, sutural line which becomes gradually broader as it reaches the apex. The larva makes a blotch mine on RET IN ol Rua a's Since Coram, bok wit Ae Chalepus dorsalis. 375 As eet AS ee eet A fa ee al ~ ta . FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. Cassidin1i On account of their form, these are often called Tortoise eetles. Many of them are beautifully colored in life, but the golden hues rapidly fade after death. The oval, flattened, prickly larve feed upon the surface of leaves. ‘“The larve are almost as disagreeable as the adult beetles are attractive, but are nevertheless very interesting crea- tures. Each of them is provided with a tail-like fork at the end of the body which is almost as long as the body, . .. Upon this fork are heaped the excrement and cast skins of the larva, and when covered by this ‘umbrella’ it is with great difficulty that the larva is distinguished from a bit of mud or a bird-dropping. The manner in which this fork increases with the size of the larva is rather interesting. At each molt, the feci-fork of the last stage is held upon the new feci-fork, and in this way those of the different stages are telescoped, the one inside the other, and the stage of growth of the larva may be readily deter- mined by the number of cast skins held on the fork. From the likeness of this burden to a pack, the larve are often known as ‘peddlers.’ In order to more firmly bind the excrement and cast skins to the fork, the larve fasten them together by a fine network of silken threads, which are attached to the spines at the sides of the body. When fully grown the larva fastens itself to a leaf, its skin splits open along the back, and from it comes the pupa, which is held to the leaf by its caudal fork, which is securely incased in the feci-fork of the larval skin’’ (Sanderson). The adult hibernates. Unless otherwise stated, the following feed chiefly on sweet-potatoes and other Con- volvulacee. This has also been called argus. The front of the pronotum is incurved, partially exposing the head; upper surface red or yellow, with four or six black dots on pronotum, and six on each elytron in addition to a sutural one near the base; under surface black; length, about .4 in. The eggs are laid in bunches, each egg being supported by a long stalk or pedicle. When full-grown, the larva is about .5 in. long Chelymorpha cassidea 376 TORTOISE BEETLES. with the feci-fork half as long again, slightly convex, dirty yellowish, with numerous dark-brown tubercles and prominent lateral spines. The yellowish to black ground- color of the pupa is almost concealed by a bluish bloom er waxy excretion resembling mold. On milkweeds, Con- volvulus, and, sometimes, raspberries. In the following, the pronotum is rounded in front, covering the head; its side-margins are flattened (not thickened as in Physonota). The antenne of Cassida do not reach beyond the base cf the pronotum; those of Coptocycla extend beyond it. The names given are those in general use, as yet. Students interested in possible changes are referred to Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. XVill., page I13. C. nigripes is dull red or yellow after 7 death; each elytron with three obscure black dots near the middle; base of antennz, part of tibiz, and tarsi, reddish, rest of legs and antenne black. The eggs are laid in rows of three or more, so that several of the bright, straw-yellow larve, having two crescentic, black marks just back of the head and prominent, black-tipped spines, will be found together. The mass of excrement is usually much branched. The pronotum of C. bivitiata is yellowish, with a large, triangular, brownish-red space at the base; elytra dull yellow, with the suture and two stripes on each black or dark brown; under surface and les black. Eggs are usually laid singly. The cream-colored, with a longitudinal band along the back, larva (Plaic LXXXIII) does not carry excrement but merely cast skins and holds them at an angle from the body, instead of close over the back. Cassida C. purpurata is usually not common in the North. It is less than .25 in. long, with unspotted, brownish-red elytra. Coptocycla bicolor (Plate LXXXIIT) is common on bindweed. It is one of several “Gold-bugs.’’ Harris said: ‘When living it has the power of changing its hues, at one time appearing only of a dull yellow color, and at other times shining with the splendor of polished brass or gold, tinged sometimes also Coptocycla lobt mt AS hehe ot A Pad eS on a “~ ta . Tae ee maaan FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. with variable tints of pearl. The wing covers, the parts which exhibit a change of color, are lined beneath with an orange colored paint, which seems to be filled with little vessels; and these are probably the source of the changeable » brilliancy of the insect.”’ Freshly emerged adults are dull orange and have three black dots on each elytron but, as the golden color is assumed, these spots disappear. After death, the elytra become dull reddish-yellow. Thanks to Mr. Leng, who sifted several hibernating adults from the fallen leaves in his garden just as the publishers were calling for ‘‘copy,’’ Iam able to give a figure colored from life—the only one which has been published, as far as I know. The under surface and last four joints of the antenne are black; the flat margins of the pronotum and elytra are very thin and translucent. The egg has three spiny prongs; the larva’s ‘‘pack”’ is trilobed in outline; the pupa is hidden by the larval pack and has three dark stripes on the pronotum, with similar markings over the abdomen. The following two have dark markings on the elytra. In C. clavata the disk of the elytra is quite rough from the numerous tubercles or elevations; base of prono- tum and the elytra, except for the apices and the middle of the side margins, brown; under surface pale yellow; length, .3 in. The disk of the elytra of C. signafera is smooth; dull yellow; base of pronotum usually with a large, black spot, enclosing two pale ones; disk of elytra and shoulders black with irregular, yellow spots; length, not over .25 in. ‘The larva is a pale straw-yellow color during the first four stages when it carries excrement on the faeci-fork in a peculiar branched shape much like that of the’ black-legged tortoise-beetle larva, but after the last moult the color changes to a pea green, and all the ex- crement is removed from the feeci-fork, which makes the larva very difficult to recognize.on a green leaf. In as much as the larva does not feed and remains entirely motionless during this last stage, this change of color is very evidently of protective value. The pupa is also a bright green, marked only by a ring around each of the first pair of abdominal spiracles’? (Sanderson). The discal space on the elytra of C. plicata is shiny black, without spots. 378 PEA AND BEAN WEEVILS. BRUCHID There are, relatively, not many of these beetles and, for the most part, they are less than .25 in. long. They differ from most of the Chrysomelide by having short, saw-toothed antenne, and the tip of the abdomen is exposed. The larve live in seeds, especially of Legumes, and are often called ‘‘weevils’’—a term which is confusing because of its application to the Rhynchophora. We have, all of us, eaten hundreds of the larve with our peas and beans, but—what’s the difference? The eggs are usually laid upon the pod when the peas, for example, are quite small, and the young larve bore inside. Spermophagus has two slender, jointed spurs on each hind tibia. The only Northeastern species, robinie, breeds in the seeds of the locusts (Robinia and Gleditschia). The adult is about .3 in. long; dull reddish-brown, clothed with grayish-yellow pubescence; elytra with small, black spots arranged in five irregular, transverse rows. © This is the large and common genus. The hind tibiz are without jointed spurs and the prominent, front coxz touch each other. Only two species (Plate LXXXIV) will be mentioned, but many others may be obtained either in ordinary collecting or, better because it gives food habits, by breeding from seeds of wild plants. B. pisorum, the Pea Weevil, has a notch on the middle of each side of the pronotum and a tooth on the outer side of each hind femur. It is black, densely clothed with reddish-brown and whitish hairs; pronotum with a triangular, whitish space in front of scutellum; elytra with yellowish, grayish, and whitish hairs. There is but one generation a year and this species does not breed in dry peas. The adult hibernates. The newly-hatched larva has legs but it loses these when it becomes a fat, sedentary grub. Pupation occurs within the seed. JB. obtectus, the Bean Weevil, has no notch on the sides of the pronotum and each hind femur has two fine teeth in addition to a larger one near the tip. It is black, clothed with grayish-yellow pubescence; abdomen dull reddish-brown; antenne black, the apical and four basal 379 Bruchus as et As ee eet A Cad cat eet ~ ta . FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. joints reddish; legs reddish-brown, underside of hind femora black. In the field the eggs are laid upon, or are inserted in, the bean-pod, but eggs are also placed loosely among shelled beans. The larve and pupez are much like those of pisorum but, unlike that species, more than one (28 have been recorded) may be inside a single seed. The life-cycle takes from three to twelve, or more, weeks, depending on conditions. Breeding is continuous through- out the year, if it is warm enough. HETEROMERA The members of this series have five tarsal joints on each of the front and middle legs and only four on each of the hind legs. r. Front coxal cavities closed behind!;) 37s -.==)= ae 2s Front coxal cavities open behind. 1727) 92a As 2. Tatsal clawssimple.../.°......0%2 a5 Tarsal claws comb-like......... CISTELIDE (pi 3S). 3- Next to last joint of tarsi not spongy beneath...... ‘TENEBRIONID& (p. 381). Next to last joint of tarsi spongy beneath; front coxz prominent; last joint of antennz at least as long as the three preceding joints combined...... LAGRIID (p. 384). 4. Head not strongly and suddenly constricted behind THE EVES. ie. 5 6 os cie sw ene eed epee woh a eel er 5. Head strongly and suddenly eonstricted behind the CVES. vee cic cee seb ene eles om ele ot hon a pene 7 5. Middle coxz not very prominent ....2 2. sass 6. Middle coxze very prominent; pronotum narrower at base than elytra, its sides rounded and without a sharp edge; next to last tarsal joint broad, slightly bilobed; body-covering rather fliffisy in texture... .. <7 (nee CEDEMERID& (p. 385). 6. Pronotum margined at sides, broad at base, its disk (middle portion) with impressions near base; form usually elongate, loosely jointed; maxillary palpi usually long and pendulous, with the joints enlarged... .. +. s5 + ums MELANDRYIDZ (p. 385). Pronotum not margined, narrower behind, disk not impressed at base; form usually long and narrow; head sometimes prolonged into a beak...... PYTHID& (p. 385). 380 THE DARKLING BEETLES, 7. Pronotum with a sharp edge at sides, its base as wide memrcly aie SE ek aioe sv aso een is wale es 2 8. Sides of pronotum more or less rounded and without CRONIN I. od ani v wis s cua canis woes» 10. Sumenmrennce tiread-like .2 0. 0... ec ee ew ee wee Q. Antenne with long, flat processes folding like a fan (male), or somewhat saw-toothed (female)............ Pelecotoma of the RHIPIPHORIDE (p. 393). 9. Hind coxe with plates; head with vertex Iobed or ridged behind, so that, when extended, it rests on the front edge of the pronotum; abdomen usually ending in a POMIMCEETOCESS.«. 22... . 2! 0-0 ee MoORDELLIDZ (p. 385). Hind coxe without plates; length less than 25 in..... Tribe Scraptiini of the MELANDRYID& (p. 385). 10. Pronotum narrower at base thanelytra.......... ite Pronotum as wide at base as elytra; the abdomen not ending in a spinous process; elytra usually shorter than abdomen and narrowed behind; antennez comb-like in males, frequently saw-toothed in females............... RHIPIPHORIDE (p. 393). 11. Hind coxe not prominent; tarsal claws simple; antenne thread-like and simple; head with an abrupt, narrow neck; length less than .5 in., usually less than EL iho on pin cig tellin gis eee enn saa ANTHICID (p. 386). Haunercoxmlarce, Prominent... Gs. os. 6. Se wes 12 12. Tarsal claws simple; head horizontal; antenne usually branched in male, saw-toothed in female; next to last tarsal joints very broad....PyROCHROID (p. 386). Tarsal claws cleft or toothed; front vertical; at least RIPON Fees hy. he cs es ees we MELOID (p. 387). ‘TENEBRIONIDZ These are the Darkling Beetles. There are many species in the Southwest, where they occur like Carabidae, but they are by no means lacking in the East: New Jersey, for example, having more than sixty species. The eastern species are not usually found under stones, as are those in arid regions, but in dead wood, fungi, and dry vegetable products. The western Pinacate (Eleodes), ‘‘the bug that stands on his head,’’ ts a member of this family. 381 As et AS ee eet A fa tet ~ ta . eae aoe, FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. The larve of T. obscurus (Plate LX XXIV) and molitor are the large Meal-worms, which have the distinction of being, probably, the only insects injurious to man’s goods which are purposely bred on a large scale for commercial purposes. They destroy large quantities of flour, meal, cereals, and the like but are bred and sold for soft-billed birds to eat. The larve are hard, cylindrical, and strongly resemble wire-worms (Elateride). That of obscurus is about an inch long, when full-grown; yellow but shading off into yellowish-brown at each end and where the segments join. That of molitor is somewhat lighter. The pupeze are whitish and about .6 in. long; most of the abdominal segments have fringed side-expansions and the last one ends in two spines. The adults of both species are black or dark reddish-brown and about .6 in. long; molitor is shiny and obscurus is not. They are frequently attracted to lights. There seems to be, normally, but one generation a year, but in heated buildings this is not very definite. Related species occur under bark, Tenebrio Nyctobates pennsylvanica is a black beetle, nearly an inch long, which is often common under the loose bark of dead trees. The genus differs from Tenebrio by the tarsal pubescence being fine and silky. The antennze do not reach to the back of the pronotum, which is not narrowed at the base. We have two species of this genus which occur in meal, grain, and other vegetable products. To give them a common name different from that applied to Tenebrio, they have been called Flour Beetles, but neither name is very distinctive. Tvribolaum Tribolium ferrugineum is reddish-brown; its head is not expanded beyond the eyes at the sides; its antennal club is distinctly three-jointed; and its length is less than .2in. Its “cousin,” confusum (Plate LX XXIV), is darker; its head is expanded on each side in front of the eye; antennal joints gradually broader at tip. It has been recorded as breeding in pepper as well as in a variety of milder, starchy foods and it also eats the eggs and larve of other meal-feeding insects. PLATE LXXXIV Bruchus obtectus Bruchus pisorum Ss Tenebrio obscurus Boletotherus bifurcus Nacerdes melanura a® Mordella 8-punctata as mt 5 ee eet A Cay rh “~ ta . a LS FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS, The larve and pupe are much like Tenebrio in miniature. Under favorable circumstances, a generation may be completed in five or six weeks and there may be several generations a year. We have one species, bifurcus. It occurs, often in numbers, in woody, “‘bracket”’ fungi, such as grow on the sides of trees and stumps. The adults are black or brownish-black. What attracts attention are the horned males (Plate LXXXIV). A related genus, Boletophagus, is found with it, but more often under bark. In it each eye is completely divided and the antennz are I1-jointed. There are two species, each not over .3 in. long and black: in corticola the pronotum has numerous tubercles, its margin is scalloped and, in front of the hind — angles, deeply notched; in depressus the pronotum is merely coarsely punctured and its sides are evenly rounded. Boletotherus Diaperis maculata is also common in hard fungi and under bark. It is about .25 in. long, oval and convex. The head and most of the elytra are reddish, otherwise black. The species of CISTELID4 are like those of the Tene- brionidz in general structure, but see the key (p. 380). They have longer, more slender antenne and generally smooth, pubescent surface; they are usually brown in color with no, or only confused, maculation and often taper to a point posteriorly. They are found on leaves, flowers, and under bark, the larve, so far as known, living in rotten wood and somewhat resembling wire-worms in shape. None are of economic importance. Of the LAGRIID& (see p. 380) there are probably less than a dozen recognized species in the United States and only two genera. These species are black or bronzed, with rather thin, flexible elytra, and are found on flowers, leaves, or under bark of trees. For our purposes, we may say that our species of Arthromacra are about .5 in., and of Statira usually less than .3 in. long. 384 MORDELLIDAZ AND RELATIVES. MELANDRYID& (see p. 380) is ancther small family but it contains about ten times as many species as the preceding. They feed on fungi and dry vegetable matter, such as dead wood. Penthe obliquata, about .5 in. long, is velvety black with yellow on the scutellum; frequent under bark of dead trees. About two dozen species of PyTHID (see p. 380) have been described from the United States. They occur under bark, especially of pine. Of the EDEMERID&, Nacerdes melanura (Plate LXXXIV) should be mentioned. It is a cosmopolitan beetle which is rather common in cities about cellars, old boxes, and lumber yards. It varies from .3 to .5 in. in length; dull yellow above, elytra tipped with blackish purple; each front tibia with one spur; next to the last tarsal joints broadly dilated. Other species are found on flowers, leaves, and sometimes in crevices of logs, trees, or stumps. MoORDELLIDZ See p. 381. ‘‘This family includes a large number of small, wedge-shaped beetles having the body arched, the head bent downward and the abdomen usually prolonged into a style or pointed process. The hind legs are, in most species, very long and stout, fitted for leaping; the antennz long and slender and the thorax is as wide at base as the elytra. The body is densely covered with fine silky hairs, usually black, but often very prettily spotted or banded with yellow or silver hues. The adults occur on flowers or on dead trees and are very active, flying and running with great rapidity and in the net or beating umbrella jumping and tumbling about in grotesque manner in their efforts to escape. The larve live in old wood or in the pith of plants, and those of some species are said to be carnivorous in habit, feeding upon the young of Lepidoptera and Diptera which they find in the plant stems’’ (Blatchley). The genus which has the most species in our region is Mordellistena. They are usually not over .25 in. long; their hind tibie have a distinct ridge 25 385 As me AS bee eet A fay at eet “~ ta . FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS, near the apex and usually one or more oblique ones; their eyes are coarsely granulated. The two following genera agree with it in having the last abdominal segment pro- longed into a conical “‘style’’ and their tarsal claws comb- like, but their hind tibie have but a small ridge near the apex and their eyes are only finely granulated: in Tomoxia the style is short, obtuse, and the scutellum is usually indented behind; in Mordella (Plate LXXXIV) the anal style is long, slender, and the scutellum is triangular. Two other genera Pentaria and Anaspis (fourth joint of the front and middle tarsi smaller than the third) are not especially rare but they have few and small species; their abdomen is not prolonged at the tips and the tarsal claws are not cleft. ANTHICID Probably three hundred or more species are known from North America; more than a hundred new species were describedina single paper. They are, for the most part, small creatures with drooping heads; the key (p. 380) gives a number of technical points which distinguish them from related families. They are to be found on flowers, in rotten wood, and in burrows in sandy places near water. Some of them resemble ants and others have a prominent horn on the front part of the thorax. Of the latter sort: Notoxus has the hind tarsi not longer than the tibiz; they are much longer than the tibiz in Mecynotarsus. Our species of these genera are usually not over .25 in. long. PYROCHROIDA See p. 381. Only a dozen or so species are known from the United States and they are not usually very common. The individuals are usually of moderate size with elytra rather soft in texture, usually widened behind the middle, and relatively long. The head is almost horizontal and constricted behind the eyes into a rather slender neck, both head and thorax being much narrower than the elytra. Most of our species have a reddish pronotum and 386 » BLISTER-BEETLES. black or blue elytra. The antenne vary from simple in some species, through saw-toothed; to comb-like or branched in the males of others. The larve have a broad head, stout legs, and two spines on the tip of the abdomen. Dendroides may be distinguished from other genera by having very large eyes which nearly touch each other. MELOID-= Concerning this curious family, I take the liberty of quoting at some length from Sharp’s excellent account of insects in the Cambridge Natural History. “This distinct family consists of Heteromera with soft integument, and is remarkable for the fact that many of its members contain a substance that, when extracted and applied to the human skin, possesses the power of raising blisters. The life-history is highly remarkable, the most complex forms of hypermetamorphosis being exhibited. The species now known amount to about 1500.... There are two very distinct subfamilies, Cantharides and Meloides; the former are winged Insects, and are frequently found on flowers or foliage. The Meloides are wingless, and consequently terrestrial; they have a very short metasternum, so that the middle coxe touch the hind; and they also have very peculiar wing-cases, one of the two overlapping the other at the base; in a few Meloids the wing-cases are merely rudiments. “The post-embryonic development of these Insects is amongst the most remarkable of modern entomological discoveries. The first-steps were made by Newport in 1851, and the subject has since been greatly advanced by Fabre, Riley, and others. Asan example of these peculiar histories, we may cite Riley’s account of Epicauta vittata [See Plate LXXXV], a blister-beetle living at the expense of North American locusts of the genus Calopiernus [Melanopius]. The locust lays its eggs underground in masses surrounded byan irregular capsule, and the Epicauta deposits its eggs in spots frequented by the locust, but not in special proximity to the eggs thereof. In a few days the eggs of the blister-beetle hatch, giving rise to little larve [a] of the kind called triungulin, because each leg is 387 . A Beet OF ee et Se fy esti TH AN tA FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. terminated by three tarsal spines or claws. In warm, sunny weather these triungulins become very active; the run about on the surface of the ground exploring all it cracks, penetrating various spots and burrowing, till a egg-pod of the locust is met with; into this the triungulin at once eats its way, and commences to devour an egg. Should two or more triungulins enter the same egg-pod, battles occur till one is left. After a few days passed in devouring a couple of eggs, the triungulin sheds its skin and appears as a different larva [b], with soft skin, short legs, small eyes, and different form and proportions; a second moult takes place after about a week, but is not accompanied by any very great change of form, though the larva is now curved, less active, and in form like a larva of Scarabezide; when another moult occurs the fourth instar appears as a still more helpless form of larva, which increases rapidly in size, and when full grown leaves the remains of the egg-pod it has been living on, and forms a small cavity near by; here it lies on one side motionless, but gradually contracting, till the skin separates and is pushed down to the end of the body, disclosing a completely helpless creature [c] that has been variously called a semi- pupa, pseudo-pupa, or coarctate larva; in this state the winter is passed. In the spring the skin of the coarctate larva bursts, and there crawls out of it a sixth instar [d] which resembles the fourth, except in the somewhat reduced size and greater whiteness. It is worthy of remark that the skin it has deserted retains its original form almost intact. In this sixth instar the larva is rather active and burrows about, but does not take food, and in the course of a few days again moults and discloses the true pupa. As usual in Coleoptera this instar lasts but a short time, and in five or six days the perfect beetle appears. It is extremely difficult to frame any explanation of this complex development; there are, it will be noticed, no less than five stages interposed between the first larval instar and the pupal instar, and the creature assumes in the penultimate one a quasi-pupal state, to again quit it for a return to a previous state. It is possible to look on the triungulin and the pupal instars as special adaptations to external conditions; but it is not possible to account for 388 PVATe eX XV é é Epicaula a vitatfa — marginata ypermetamorphosis of Epicauta vittata Stylopiaae DB Strepsiptera Ef [a I ol ob TT tes et rH A tA FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. the intermediate instars in this way, and we must look on them as necessitated by the physiological processes going on internally. Nothing, however, is known as to these.” Fabre and others have described the European species of Sitar1s living in much the same way at the expense of bees of the genus Anthophora. This is our only genus of the subfamily Meloinz, or Meloides as it is called in the quotation from Sharp. The species are known as Oil- beetles; when disturbed, they give off a disagreeable, oily fluid. The short elytra do not nearly cover the over- sized abdomen. “The female Meloé is very prolific, — She lays at three or four different intervals, in loose irregular masses in the ground, and may produce from three to four thousand eggs. These are soft, whitish, cylindrical, and rounded at each end. They give birth to the triun- gulins, which a few days after hatching—the number depending on the temperature—run actively about and climb on to Composite, Ranunculaceous, and other flowers, from which they attach themselves to bees and flies that visit the flowers. Fastening alike to many hairy Diptera and to Hymenoptera which can be of little or no service to them, many are doomed to perish, and only the few fortunate ones are carried to the proper cells of some Anthophora”’ (Riley). It is probable that different species of Meloé are parasitic on different species or even genera of bees. Our species may be differentiated as follows: 1. Pronotum not longer than wide... ...)eescueunneeees 2. Pronotum longer than wide, sparsely and irregularly punctate; color deep bluish-black; elytra finely rugose; see Plate LXXIXV::. ...o... -s see eee angusticollis. 2. Color dull black; pronotum with an impression on basal half of median line... dec. gave vtec impressus. Color blue or bluish-black; pronotum not impressed. .3. 3. Pronotum rather densely punctate; elytra not roughly Sculptured... 0.0405 ss leteaie> «pie > oly one niger. Pronotum coarsely and deeply, not densely, punctured; elytra coarsely sculptured; color more decidedly blue and americanus, Meloé MOre Shining. i... 5-0 Vac « vos ele vee ole vee KEY TO CERTAIN MELOID-A:. Some of our other genera, and the more important species, may be separated as follows: 1. Front not prolonged beyond the base of the antenne; labrum (upper lip) small, scarcely visible. Tribe Horiini, of which Tricrania sanguintpennis should be looked for in sandy places. It is about .3 in. long; black, with brick- red elytra. Front prolonged; labrum distinct........0..6... 08. 2 2. Mandibles prolonged beyond the labrum, acute at Obs ves one 4 Sit 59S gee ae en Pan ee ee ae Mandibles not prolonged, obtuse; elytra entire; antenne straight, not thickened toward the apex. Tribe mane Ree cf. os Ue gad aed PP Db. obs 4. 3. Elytra rudimentary; no wings; tarsal claws not cleft. _ Tribe Sitarini, to which Hornia minutipennis belongs. It is reddish-brown; length about .7 in.; parasitic upon a ground-bee (Anthophora). Elytra entire; tarsal claws cleft. Tribe Nemognathini: Nemognatha has the outer lobe of the maxillz (accessory jaws below or behind the mandibles) prolonged; it is not so in Zonitis. 4. Second joint of antenne at least one-half as long as the third. Macrobasis. M. unicolor: .3 to .5 in. long; black, rather densely clothed with grayish hairs, which give it an ashy color; second joint of male’s antenne slightly longer than the next two and nearly twice as wide. The adults occur on various plants including potatoes and ironweed. Second joint of antennz much less than half the length aE ME OP R Te) 20 65 2s. SSS aie'e bio eid dals aide sia etal s woah Sean 5. E) wext to last joint of tarsi bilobed.......:. Tetraonyx. iwext £o last joint of tarsi cylindrical... . 25. ..5 seen 6. 6. Front femora with a silken, hairy spot on the under side; second joint of antennz very short; mandibles short. Larve, as far as known, feed on eggs of Brassope oe til 5 Gee RS) eC ee rh Front femora without a silken, hairy spot.......... ES: 7. Antennal joints of equal thickness throughout, cylin- drical, and closely united; eyes nearly as wide as long, Seepiy or not at all indented in front. ...........0 0.005 8. Antennal joints on apical half more slender, loosely 391 As ee 0s et res! A ty tet mt TH A ws _ behind the eyes, though often wholly black or with a small FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. united, and more or less compressed; eyes always longer than wide, indented in front........-.++++++- Pain Ce 10. 8. Head less densely punctured than pronotum, usually red red spot in front; otherwise black, clothed with short, rather dense, black or gray pubescence, which often forms a marginal stripe and rarely a sutural line on elytra; length about .4 in. Adults on various plants, especially Convolvulacese.. 2.4... 2 ede a ee eee Epicauta trichrus. Head and pronotum similarly punctured, the former always black; elytra clothed with dense gray or grayish- yellow pubescence... ...-. +--+ =+s a}: aie Q- g. Pronotum longer than wide, densely pubescent, with a dark line each side of the middle...... Epicauta strigosa. Pronotum as wide as long, moderately shining, rather coarsely and densely punctured.....- Epicauta ferrugined. 10. Elytra clay-yellow and black; see Plate LXXXYV. See above for its biology. The adult shares with Lema trilineata the name of Old-fashioned Potato-beetle but feeds also on tomatoes and various weeds. .Epicauta vittata. Elytra without stripes on their middle So Saemecae Il. 11. Body , beneath, clothed with gray pubescence; elytra in part or wholly pubescent. ..-.-+++++sssersssneseee ra. Body, above and beneath, wholly black; outer spur of hind tibia broader than the inner; length, .3 to .5 in. During autumn on goldenrod especially; sometimes injures garden asters.....--+-+++ Epicauta pennsylvanica. 12. Elytra wholly clothed with uniform, gray pubescence; length, .4 to .75 in. On potatoes and other plants...... Epicauta cinerea. Elytra black, with gray margins and suture; see Plate LXXXV. May be only a variety of cimered...... Epicauta marginata. 13. Antenne thread-like, the outer joints cylindrical. P yrota. Antenne thicker toward the apex, the outer joint ovalor rounded. ‘Two genera, which will probably not b noticed: Pomphopea, with a deeply indented labrum and Cantharis, with labrum only slightly indented. 392 SNOUT-=BEETLES AND RELATIVES. RHIPIPHORIDZ See p. 381. “‘A small family of wedge-shaped beetles resembling the Mordellide in general appearance... . The adults occur on flowers and are much less common than the Mordellids. The larve that are known are parasitic, some in the nests of wasps and others on cock- roaches’’ (Blatchley). See Rhipiphorus flavipennis on Plate LXXXV. RHYNCHOPHORA This suborder, or series, has never been very popular. Furthermore, the taxonomy is difficult (possibly one of the main reasons for the unpopularity), and these two facts are sufficient excuse for giving short treatment here. Measurements of length are from the front margin of the eye or head (not the tip of the beak) to the hindmost part of the body. In giving the key to families, which is pre- sented here in a slightly modified form, Blatchley and Leng say: ‘In using this key the student must remember that while the beak in many Curculionide is so long, slender, and curved downwards as to permit of immediately placing them in their family position, there are other species, especially in the Otiorhynchine, whose broader beaks would suggest their belonging to the Scolytide or Anthribide. In such cases, if the antenne are elbowed, he must find the serrate [saw-toothed] tibiz that character- ize the Scolytide, or if straight, the flexible palpi that characterize the Anthribide; otherwise the specimen does not belong to those families.”’ 1. Beak rarely absent, usually longer than broad; tibie never with a series of teeth externally.................. ae Beak absent or extremely short and broad; tibie witha series of teeth externally or, if these are wanting, with a prominent curved spine at apex; antennz short, but little longer than the head, always elbowed and with a compact club; palpi rigid; body short, more or less cylindrical, Se eee a SCOLYTID (p. 404). 2. Antenne straight, without a distinct club, though with the outer joints often more or less thickened; beak present, 393 e 08 ee 09 ee et aH ty) idal “o Lo FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. at least in female, and pointing directly forward; form usually very slender and elongate... . BRENTHID (p. 394). Antenne straight or elbowed, always with a distinct club: ok ee. oe athe ns Bic 3- Beak always short and broad; labrum (upper lip) present; antennal club rarely compact; palpi flexible; pronotum with a transverse, raised line at or near the Dae ac ea eee eee ANTHRIBID& (p. 395). Beak variable in length, often long and curved down- wards; labrum absent except in the subfamily Rhinom- acerine; antennal club usually compact; palpi rigid...... CURCULIONID& (p. 395). BRENTHID The only northern species seems to be Eupsalis minuta (Plate LXXXVI). It varies in length from about .25 to nearly .75 in. The color varies from reddish-brown to black; elytra with narrow, longitudinal, yellowish spots, which are often united to form two or three cross- bars. The length of the elytra is more than twice their combined width, and the pronotum is longer than broad. The mandibles of the male are curved, flattened, pointed, toothed on the inner edge; those of the female are small and pincer-shaped, at the end of a slender beak. The female uses this beak to bore deep holes in the wood be- neath the bark of dead trees and she frequently takes the better part of a day at each hole, afterwards laying one egg init. It is said that a male stands guard during the operation “occasionally assisting the female in extracting her beak; this he does by stationing himself at a right angle with her body, and by pressing his heavy prosternum against the tip of her abdomen; her stout forelegs serving as a fulcrum and her long body as a lever. When the beak is extracted, the female uses her antennez for freeing the pincers or jaws of bits of wood or dust, the antenna being furnished with stiff hairs and forming an excellent brush. Should a strange male approach, a heavy contest at once ensues, and continues until one or the other is thrown from the tree. The successful party then takes his station as guard’”’ (Howard). The larva make extensive 394 SNOUT-BEETLES AND RELATIVES. galleries in the solid wood of oak, also of chestnut, maple, and other deciduous trees. ANTHRIBIDZ Some recent authorities use the name Polystomide. These beetles are usually found on dead wood or on those fungi which grow on trees. Little is known of their life histories. Eurymycter fasciatus is about .3 in. long and has a conspicuous patch of white pubescence on the beak as well as a broad, white band across the elytra. Brachy- tarsus sticticus is not over .15 in. long, and breeds in the smut of corn and wheat. Euparius marmoreus, sooty brown mottled with gray, is very common on tough fungus on fallen logs, its color matching well with its surroundings. _ CuRCULIONIDZ This is a very large family, more than 20,000 species having been described to date. The maggot-like larve have no more than bristly elevations for legs; the front part of the body is usually the thickest and, when at rest, the larve are usually curled like a C. Pupation usually ‘occurs where the larve live but some species pupate in the ground. Thirteen subfamilies are recognized as follows: 1. Antenne straight, the beak not grooved to receive Sa NI 2 ao 6. old a aS Gstny pon en oegELS ya ld ©. Hela 2. Antenne more or less completely elbowed, the beak grooved to receive them when at rest; antennal club eR AR PAM MCC to oot ol ok ach a Tol Sw smile Bhca/dyehe Jes eld mule) eaten s Q- 2. Antennal ciub composed of completely separated RRP oe a Pr ie Latte lame ive Sw alana 3. Club composed of compactly united joints.......... 6. Sepmlotas without side margin. .........50.000see008 4. Thorax acutely margined and excavated beneath; three abdominal segments show beyond tip of abdomen. Pterocoline, of which only Pterocolus ovatus is known from the eastern United States. It is blue, less than .17 in, long. 899 As es 09 ee ree A ty et eet rh A ta ° wee as FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. 4. Labrum present; palpi well developed, flexible; form elongate-oval. Feed on the staminate flowers of conifers. Rhinomacerine. Labrum absent; palpi short, rigid’... 2. scssn eee 5. 5. Mandibles flat, toothed on inner and outer sides; tibie with short terminal spurs at tip; claws free, bifid or acutely toothed; form usually elongate-oval, somewhat depressed. Rhynchitine. Rhynchites bicolor (elytra, pro- notum and head, back of eyes, red, otherwise black; length -25 in.) breeds in the “‘hips”’ of roses. Mandibles stout, pincer-shaped; tibiz armed at tip with two strong hooks; claws united at base; form short- ONTO USE oases, ke dai kyo atten eens psn Attelabine (p. 398). 6. Tip of abdomen covered by elytra; trochanters large, femora attached to their apex; form pear-shaped; not over .2in. long. Apionine. ‘There are many species of A pion, one of which is abundant in late summer on Wild Indigo. Podapion gallicola makes rather spherical galls on pine twigs, and is rare. Tip of abdomen exposed; trochanters small......... VE 7. First joint of antennz longer than the second........ 8. First joint of antenne no longer than the second; beak short, broad; hind coxe very widely separated; legs elongate, clasping; length less than .13 in. Tachygonine, the only genus being Tachygonus. 8. Hind femora very broad, their outer margin strongly curved, wrinkled; beak very slender, cylindrical; length about .14 in. Allocorhyninz, Allocorhynus slossonit from Florida being the only known eastern species. Hind femora normal; beak short and broad; length .5 in.ormore. Ithycerine, the large Ithycerus noveboracensis being the only known eastern species. g. Antennal club usually ringed, not shining; tarsi usually dilated, third joint bilobed, brush-like beneath, though narrow and setose in some more or less aquatic species; abdomen of male with an extra anal segment........... 10. Antennal club with its basal joint usually enlarged or shining or both, feebly or not at all ringed; tarsi frequently narrow, not brush-like beneath. .;... |... .aaveleeeenne . 2. 10. Prosternum simple, or grooved to receive the beak, not forming a triangular plate in front of the coxe...... Il. 396 IZA H oped LD, 01 90 | Conotrachelus nenuphar Colandra larva He| Eupsalis | minuto os? te | Scolytus rugulosus 397 An eet 09 ee oe HM OD i} wet Th MY tA 8 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. Prosternum forming a triangular plate in front of the coxee; beak received in the breast in repose; tarsi narrow, not dilated. Thecesternine. Thecesternus humeralis of the Mississippi Valley is the most eastern, known species. 11. Beak never long and slender; mandibles with a decidu- ous cusp, Jleaving ascats 1. Sans: Otiorhynchine (p. 399). Beak usually elongate, slender or, if short and stout, received in the breast in repose... .Curculionine (p. 400). 12. Tip of abdomen covered by elytra. Cossonine. The shining, black species of Cossonus, about .25 in. long, are sometiines found in numbers under bark. Tip of abdomen not covered by elytrasa. eee Calandrinz (p, 403). Attelabinze This is a small family of small beetles. The larve feed on the inside of ‘‘houses’’ prepared for them by their mothers. Pupation is said to take place underground. I quote concerning Aftelabus rhots (Plate LXXXVI) from the Fifth Report of the U. S. Entomological Commission, a most excellent account of insects injurious to forest and shade trees by A. S. Packard. ‘The singuiar thimble- like rolls of this weevil may be found in June and July on the alder, and also occur on the hazel, according to LeConte [I have found them in large numbers on hazel]. When about to lay her eggs, the female begins to eat a slit near the base of the leaf on each side of the midrib, and at right angles to it, so that the leaf may be folded together. Before beginning to roll up the leaf she gnaws the stem nearly off, so that after the roll is made, and has dried for perhaps a day, it is easily detached by the wind and falls to the ground. When folding the leaf, she tightly rolls it up, neatly tucking in the ends, until a compact, cylindrical solid mass of vegetation is formed. Before the leaf is entirely rolled she deposits a single egg, rarely two, in the middle next to the midrib, where it lies loosely in a little cavity. While all this is going on her consort stands near by and she occasionally runs to him to receive his caresses, to again resume her work.’”’ As we have but a single genus, Aftelabus, and the habits are so interesting, 398 NEST-MAKING SNOUT-BEETLES. a modification of Blatchley and Leng’s key to our species is given. 1. Surface shiny; color, above, either mainly bright red MMIC NN fee 25 AT oe Ohaus) ec'sc'sse odd ond wisderer Maieseys Gress 2: Surface pubescent; dull red (rarely blackish in the melanic northern form); length about .2 in...... SaetHOES: 2uebPivtta bright red (except see analis)..........-.5.. 2: Black, faintly bluish, with a reddish spot on each shoulder; length usually not .17 in.; front femora with a small, acute tooth. Nests in April and May, on oak. hep asiaalue. 3. Front femora slender, not toothed in male; elytra, pronotum, base of head, prosternum, and abdomen bright red (variety similis is darker); rest of body, including appendages, blue-black; length rarely less than .2 in. It rolls the leaves of oak, possibly also of sumac, hickory, S02, RELIG Rt ge ee analts. Front femora stout, two-toothed in males; color like analis except that all of the under surface of the body is usually dull red; length usually less than .2 in. Sumac is probably its only food-plant although adults occur on oak S04, DES SRS CSE eee nigripes. Otiorhynchinze Some authors give these insects the rank of a family, Psallidiidea. The deciduous cusps of the mandibles, mentioned in the key to subfamilies, are teeth which are probably useful to the beetle in getting out of the pupal case. They are soon lost but leave a “‘scar,’’ often difficult to make out, on the front of each mandible. Of the numerous species, the following deserve special mention. Epicerus imbricatus is a little less than .5 in. long; greenish-brown; when fresh, there is a median, longitudinal stripe of white scales on the pronotum, two irregular, white cross-bands on the elytra; the under surface and legs are nearly white. The adult feeds on a variety of plants, sometimes defoliating strawberries. Species of Ottorhynchus have two short, fixed spurs on each hind tibia; the tarsi are dilated, spongy-pubescent beneath, the third joint deeply bilobed; the eyes are 399 qs et 05) et ret A ty Ta Lae FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. rounded or slightly oval; the beak is as long as the head, more or less dilated, and notched at the tip. O. sulcatus and ovatus have the hind femora distinctly toothed. O. sulcatus is brownish-black; about .3 in. long; the femoral tooth is small and acute; the prothorax is rather cylindrical; elytra with small, remote patches of short, yellowish hair; the tip of the beak has a forked ridge. The larva eats off the roots of strawberry and, in greenhouses, other plants. It is usually not so troublesome in this way as ovatus, which is shiny black with reddish-brown legs and antenna; length a trifle less than .25 in.; the femoral tooth large; tip of beak not ridged; prothorax rather globose; short, yellow- ish hairs on the prothorax and also on the elytra. Neither species have wings and both occur also in Europe. The adults have a troublesome habit, shared by some other weevils, of nibbling at tender shoots, causing serious damage at times to ornamental shrubs. Curculioninz This subfamily contains the great majority of the species, only a few of which can be mentioned here. Hypera [Phytonomous] punctata is the Clover-leaf Beetle. The larve hibernate in the stems and among the se leaves of clover. Many species of Listronotus and Hyperodes feed on aquatic plants. 3 The genus Balaninus contains the Nut and Acorn Wee- vils. The species have a bulky body and a long, slender beak, which is longer than the body in the females of some species. It is used for drilling holes in nuts or acorns in order that eggs may be placed in the kernel. The mouth parts at the end of the beak work vertically, instead of horizontally. Davis has noted that squirrels are fond of eating the larve, slightly opening many acorns, only to discard them if no larve are present. B. proboscideus (Plate LXX XVI) is .3 in., or more, in length (the beak is not included in these measurements) ; dark brown, densely ~ but irregularly clothed with yellowish, scale-like hairs; the second antennal joint longer than the third; the beak of the female often nearly twice as long as the body. The 4.00 NUT AND ACORN WEEVILS, female lays its eggs in chestnuts by drilling a hole through the burr. When the nuts fall, the larve leave to hibernate underground, pupating the next July. The Lesser Chest- nut Weevil, B. algonquinus, is rarely .33 in. long; black, with brownish scales; pronotum with a paler line near each side; elytra with numerous, pale, yellow spots, which sometimes form bands; second antennal joint shorter than the third; beak of female nearly twice as long as the body. It usually lays its eggs in the chestnuts after the burrs are opened and the larve remain there all winter, unless eaten. B. carye@ is the Hickory-nut and Pecan Weevil. The adult is about .3 in. long; brownish, with sparse, yellowish hairs. B. obtusus is the Hazel-nut Weevil. The infested nuts fall early. Most of our other species feed on acorns. B. rectus has a beak which, in the female, is nearly twice the length of the body but in the other acorn-eating species the beak is relatively shorter. B. rectus has ‘‘the habit, not known in the other species, of sealing the egg-hole with excrement, thus forming a whitish spot.” Tachypterus |Anthonomus] quadrigibbus is the Apple Curculio. It is dark red; about .17 in. long; pronotum with three lines of white pubescence; each elytron with two prominent tubercles toward the back. The larve feed for about three weeks in the flesh of green apples and pupate there. Even more damage is done by the adults which feed on tender shoots or puncture the ripening fruit in order to feed, causing it to become “dimpled and gnarled.’ Adults hibernate. Anthonomus signatus is the Strawberry Weevil. It is not over .13 in. long. The injury is done by the females, which lay their eggs in the strawberry buds and then cut the stems so that the buds fall tothe ground. Anthonomus grandis, the Cotton-boll Weevil, has cost Texas alone more than $150,000,000. It is a Mexican insect that spread northward throughout practically the whole of the cotton belt, due to the short-sightedness of legislatures in neither appropriating stifficient money nor passing stringent enough laws to control it at the start. Ampeloglypter sesostris is pale reddish-brown, about .12 in. long. It lays its eggs in grape canes, giving rise to galls about twice the diameter of the cane and an inch 26 401 as em 09) ee ot a GY — me Th MA lta * FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. or so long, with a deep scar on one side. There are usually a number of these gallsinarow. A. aier is much like it, but black. Its female also lays her eggs in grapevines but, instead of putting them in a longitudinal line, she deposits them in a circle around the cane, girdling the vine so that it breaks off. Trichobaris trinotata is about .14 in. long; black, with white, scale-like hairs, except on the scutellum and two spots on the pronotum. Its larva is the Be stalk Borer but it also lives in nettle. Craponius tnequalis, the Grape Curculio, is not over .13 in. long; dark brown, with scattered patches of whitish hairs. The hibernated adults feed or grape leaves until the berries are about a fourth grown when the female lays her eggs in them, the larve feeding on the seeds, and dropping to the ground to pupate under stones, and the like, or just below the surface. Ceutorhyncus rape larve live in the seed stalks of cabbage but more often in wild Crucifers. Conotrachelus nenuphar (Plate LX XXVI) is the Plum Curculio but it breeds also in peach, cherry, and apple, causing an annual loss in the United States of more than $8,000,000. It is about .25 in. long; dark brown, varied with black; pubescence brownish-yellow, forming a curved, forked line on each side of the pronotum; an elytral band of yellow and white hairs back of the middle. “The adults hibernate, and issue from their winter quarters about the time the trees are in bloom, feeding on the tender foliage, buds, and blossoms. Later they attack the newly set fruit, cutting small circular holes through the skin in feeding, while the females, in the operation of egg-laying, make the small, crescent-shaped punctures so commonly found on plums and other stone fruits. The egg, deposited under the skin of the fruit, soon hatches into a very small whitish grub, which makes its way into the flesh of the fruit. Here it feeds greedily and grows rapidly, becoming, in the course of a fortnight, the fat, dirty white ‘worm’ so well known to fruit growers. When the larva obtains full growth, which requires some twelve to eighteen days, it bores its way out of the fruit and enters the soil, where it forms an earthen cell in which to pupate,”’ 402 BILL=-BUGS AND GRAIN-WEEVILS, Strawberry plants are often dwarfed or killed by the larve of Tyloderma fragrarie, which mine out the interior of the crown. Calandrinz This rather small group, also called Rhynchophoride, of usually large (relative to other Curculionidz) beetles are the Bill-Bugs and Grain-Weevils. The larve of the larger species bore into the stems of plants; those of the smalier ones feed on seeds and grain. Rhynchophorus cruentatus is usually more than .75 in. long, shiny black or partly red, and lives in the cabbage palmetto of the Southern States. It is the largest of our species. The antennal club is wedge-shaped in Rhodobenus (third tarsal joint broad, spongy beneath, the brush narrowly divided) and Sphenophorus: (this joint smooth, at least in the middle); the species of each are .2 in., or more, long. The antennal club of Calandra is oval, and the species are smaller. Rhodobenus 13-punctatus is black beneath; above, red with five black spots on the pronotum and a number of more or less confluent ones on the elytra. It breeds in the stems of a variety of weeds. An allied species attacks sugar cane in the West Indies. There are a large number of species, and their differentiation is difficult. ‘“‘The corn bill-bugs (or ‘elephant bugs’), as the species of _Sphenophorus are commonly called, pass the winter in the imago [adult] stage among dead leaves and rubbish, and lay eggs early in the following summer, beginning probably in May. The larve hatch in June, feed on the bulbous roots of grasses and grass-like plants, including corn, pass into the pupal stage in July, and begin to emerge as imagoes late in July, continuing into August and possibly for some time thereafter. The normal food plants are wild grasses, especially those with bulbous roots’’ (Blatch- ley and Leng). Sphenophorus 403 C8) 6 es et ay ida} a“ tA . er i FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. Two cosmopolitan species may be men- tioned. C. granaria, probably the first beetle to attract man’s notice, is about .13 in. long; chest- nut-brown to black, moderately shining; the pronotum with coarse, oval punctures; the elytra with small punctures in the longitudinal grooves. It is wingless and is found about granaries or wherever grain goes. The larve live inside the kernels, a single grain of wheat being food enough for one. This does not sound very destructive, but the females are prolific and there are from three to probably more than six generations a year. Authorities have estimated that its food costs us about twenty million dollars a year. C. oryze (Plate LXXXVI) is called the Rice Weevil and is probably a native of India but now infests all sorts of stored grain in this country. It is less than .13 in. long; reddish-brown to black, not shining; each elytron with two reddish spots. It is more apt to be found in crackers and packages of cereals than is granaria. Calandra SCOLYTID The U. S. Department of Agriculture has stated that if the timber destroyed by Scolytide in the United States during the past fifty years were living to-day, its stumpage value would be more than $1,000,000,000. For the most part, these beetles live between the bark and the wood, making galleries which are often quite characteristic of the particular species that fashioned them and which cause the insects to be called Engraver Beetles. The insects are small and their taxonomy is difficult. The eyes are usually oblong (see Bostrychide). The following sub- families have been recognized. 1. Anterior tarsi with the first joint longer than the next three combined. Platypodine, of which our only genus is Platypus. They frequently come to light in the Southern States. Anterior tarsi with first joint shorter than the next three combined ...... 6.000050 000 0 06 0 ley 2. 2. Anterior tibize with a prominent process on the outer apical angle . wi... cs os eles cnn 2 0,2 Scolytinae. Anterior tibiz without such a process........- Tpine. 404 ENGRAVER BEETLES. Scolytus rugulosus (Plate LXXXVI), the Fruit-tree Bark-beetle, is typical of the Scolytine. The numerous small ‘‘worm-holes,’’ which make the outside of the bark look as if it had received a load of shot, are formed by the adults in boring out. Each female then burrows in at a new place and eats a vertical tunnel partly in the bark and partly in the sap-wood. Along the sides of this tunnel she makes small pockets and puts an egg in each. The young larve tunnel at right angles to the “broad burrow”’ and each pupates at the end of itsown burrow. When the adults emerge from these pupz, they bore straight out and so give the tree the ‘‘shot’’ appearance. If the insects are very numerous, their galleries girdle the tree and it dies, although it happens that this particular species usually works in trees that are dying from some other cause. S. 4-spinosus terribly damages the hickory trees near New York and its ‘‘bird-shot’’ emergence holes are a common sight. The subfamily Ipine contains most of our species. Their food-habits are various but they usually live in trees, some in the solid wood instead of just beneath the bark. It should be said that many, especially those living in diseased wood, seem to feed more on the fungus (“‘am- brosia’’) which grows in their galleries than they do on the wood. Probably emerging females carry, but not inten- tionally, the spores of these fungi when they leave their childhood homes to start new establishments. STREPSIPTERA These curious creatures are put in a separate order, as here, by some good authorities, while others class them as a family, Stylopide, of heteromerous beetles. They are all parasitic upon other insects. The females are wingless and Plate LX XXV shows one sticking out of the abdomen of a wasp. The same plate shows a typical winged male, greatly enlarged. 405 Oo eet 6 Re ee te eet TH FN tA tf FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. HYMENOPTERA To the layman these are the Saw-flies, Ants, Bees, and Wasps; the last-mentioned name referring principally to the Vespoidea and Sphecoidea, and only in a hazy way to the large number of other Hymenoptera which are neither ants nor bees. The State Geological and Natural History Survey of Connecticut has recently published a large Guide to the Hymenoptera of that State by H. L. Viereck and others. The more special students of taxonomy are referred to this and from it I have drawn freely for the few remarks on classification which space permits us. The notes on wing-venation refer to the front wings. The following names (see the text-figure) are the ones used here: A, stigma; B, costal vein; C, subcostal vein; D, marginal vein; E, transverse cubital veins; F, basal vein; G and H, first and second recurrent veins; J, subdis- coidal vein; J, discoidal vein; K, cubital vein; a, marginal cell; b, median cell; c, d, e, and f, first, second, third, and fourth submarginal or cubital cells; g, submedian cell; h, 1, j, first, second, and third discoidal cells. Hymenoptera are divided into a number of super- families, which may be roughly characterized as follows, the order not being natural but for convenience. 406 ee eae ANTS, BEES, AND WASPS. (a) TENTHREDINOIDEA.—No marked constriction between the thorax and abdomen, the abdomen being broadly joined to the thorax; trochanters (the part between the basal joint and the long femur) two-jointed. Saw- flies; see p. 408. In the groups 6 to 7 there is a marked constriction between the thorax and abdomen, the two being joined by a relatively thin stem (petiole or pedicel), which may be either very short or long. (6) CHALCIDOIDEA.—Usually less than an eighth of an inch in length and metallic in appearance; trochanters two-jointed; antennz elbowed, with one or more ring-like segments between the shaft and lash; wings, if any, with but few veins; wingless forms with indistinct or no ocell1; - female’s ovipositor issuing from the ventral surface of the abdomen some distance before the tip. See p. 414. (c) SERPHOIDEA.—The Pelecinide have one-jointed trochanters; abdomen, and also antennz, long and slender; black; front wings with no closed submarginal cells. The others have two-jointed trochanters; body not metallic, usually black with sometimes brown or red; antenne straight or, if elbowed, without the ring-like segments; the wingless forms with distinct ocelli; ovipositor issuing from the tip of the abdomen. See p. 415. (d) CYNIPOIDEA.—Trochanters two-jointed; antenne with not more than 16 joints; front wings, if present, without stigma (a thickening of the costal vein at about two-thirds of the way along the front margin of the front wing) but usually with one or more closed cells; antennz straight; body “‘flea-like.”” See p. 414. (ec) ICHNEUMONOIDEA.—Trochanters two-jointed (except in rare forms); antennz with more than 16 joints; front wings, if present, with a stigma and one or more closed cells; antennz straight. See p. 4II. In groups f to 7 the trochanters are always one-jointed. (f) CHRYSIDOIDEA.—Only three abdominal segments visible; bright green, bluish, or golden; antenne short and elbowed; front wings with no closed submarginal cells. See p. 424. (g) FORMICOIDEA.—First apparent abdominal seg- Ment (sometimes also the second) forming a lens-shaped 407 Mie tes > AS FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS, scale or knot, strongly differentiated from the rest of the abdomen. (In what follows I will leave off the word “apparent”’; really the first abdominal segment of all but the Tenthredinoidea is so closely fused to the thorax that it does not appear as part of the abdomen and may, for practical purposes, be forgotten.) The Formicoidea are the True Ants and the workers are always wingless. See p. 415. In groups h to7 the petiole is not scale-like or nodiform; body often hairy. I (hk) APOIDEA.—First segment of hind tarsus (basi- J or metatarsus) expanded, flattened, and usually very hairy; trochanters one-jointed; many of the hairs branched; adults always winged. Bees; see p. 439. In groups 7 and j (as well as in other Hymenoptera which are not bees), the basitarsus is not as described for bees and the body-hairs are not branched. (4) VESPOIDEA.—Pronotum extending back so that its hind angles or tubercles touch or reach above the tegule (scale-like bodies, one in front of the base of each wing); wingless forms are densely hairy; some of the winged forms fold the front wings longitudinally when at rest. See p. 425. (j) SPHECOIDEA.—Hind angles of pronotum remote from tegulz and on a lower level (this is true also of the bees); never wingless; front wings never folded. See p. 430. As ee (9 bbe et ot Cay 14 A Vf xn ee ON TENTHREDINOIDEA The ovipositor of the female Saw-fly consists of an external, flattened plate on each side (“saw-guides’’) and two flattened, pointed, yellowish plates (“saws”) between them. The larve either feed on the leaves of plants or within their stems, including tree-trunks; some of them make galls. Saw-fly larve have only one ocellus on each side of the head, whereas caterpillars have several; also their abdominal legs, if present, do not have the circles of hooklets possessed by Lepidoptera. The larve of Siricide and Cephide are practically legless; when saw- fly larvee have abdominal legs, there is always a pair on 408 ei ee eis: PLaTE LXXXVII Pteronidea Tremex columba Tibesi 409 QO. ee 49 Ue et Ss Oe — meet rh MF tA 8 - FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. the fifth segment; larve of some of the Tenthredinidze have as many as eleven pairs of legs, including those on the thorax. Our few species of XYELIDZ may be known by their antenne: the third of the more than three segments usually being longer than all the following segments put together. The larve feed externally on various trees. The hind margin of the pronotum of the PAMPHILIIDZ is scarcely indented. A common species is Neurotoma fasciata (Plate LXXXVII) whose larve web the leaves of wild cherry. In the following families the pronotum is frequently so indented that the middle portion seems absent. The anterior tibiae of the TENTHREDINID® have two apical spurs, while those of the following families have but one. This is a very large family, including most of the saw-flies. The following notes on larval food-habits are merely suggestive: Dzprion on conifers; Dolerus are grass-feeders; Endelomyia @ihiops is a common rose-leaf pest; Calichroa cerast is the cherry and pear “slug’’; Cimbex americana (Plate LXXXVII) is the big, white larva, common on willow, also found on elm, poplar, and linden; Cladius pectinicornis on roses in spring, also on clematis; Diphadnus appendiculatus is the Gooseberry Saw-fly; Euura and Pontania make galls on willow; Pteronidea ribest (Plate LXXXVII) is the common Cur- rant-worm, also on gooseberry; ‘ Monophadnoides rubi is the Raspberry Saw-fly; Erythraspides pygme@a on grape. The antennz of the ORyYSSID& are situated just above the mandibles under a transverse ridge which conceals their bases. The larva of Oryssus sayt bores in maple. The CEPHID# are slender saw-flies of rather soft texture. The larve of Janus integer tunnel the pith of currants; of Adirus trimaculatus bore in the stems of blackberry; and of Cephus pygma@us in wheat. 410 SAW-FLIES. PARASITIC WASPS, The XIPHYDRIIDZ are moderate-sized creatures with quite a long neck; the ovipositor is cylindrical; the last dorsal plate of the abdomen (see Siricidz) does not end ina triangular or lance-shaped process. The Srricip2 are the Horn-tails. The last dorsal plate of the abdomen ends in a triangular or lance-shaped process. These insects are wood-borers and sometimes emerge in our houses from fire-wood or even furniture. The adult Pigeon Tremex is well repre- sented in Plate LXXXVII. It is also called Horn-tail. The cylindrical larva, with three pairs of legs near its head and a “‘horn”’ near the other end, bores in the trunks of diseased maple, elm, and other trees. It pupates in the larval burrow after making a cocoon of silk and chips. On emerging, the adult leaves a hole about the diameter of a lead pencil. Tremex columba ICHNEUMONOIDEA This is one of the most important groups of insects, from an economic standpoint, but the classification of its species is no task for any but the specialist. Many millions of these ichneumon “‘wasps’’ are working every year, with the assistance of other parasitic insects, in keeping down insect pests and insects which might be pests. To be sure, others, as ‘‘secondary parasites,’’ prey upon the foes of our foes, and it is one of the problems of professional economic entomologists to know one from the other; but in this group so much depends on the general looks of a species, its ‘“‘habitus,’’ that experience and named ‘collec- tions are necessary to easy identification. The easiest family to recognize, in a general way, is the EvANiID#; the abdomen appears to be joined to the top, instead of to the end, of the thorax. Evania urbana and appendigaster (Plate LXXXVIII) have blunt abdomens and breed in the eggs of cockroaches. Plate XXXVIII shows the cocoons of one of the BRACONID2 on a Sphingid caterpillar. The larve live All ay mem 45) est eet aS OD a =e rh FY La * FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS, within the caterpillar but come out and pupate just before their host dies. Bunches of such cocoons are often found fastened on plants; these belong to species which leave their host before pupating. Other species live in plant- lice, pupating within their host’s dead body and cutting a neat, circular hole through the abdominal wall when emerging. Usually a member of the superfamily Ichneu- monoidea which has no more than two apparent, dorsal, abdominal segments is a Brachonid, especially if the cut- ting edge of the mandibles be turned inwardly. The family ICHNEUMONID& includes the largest and most frequently noticed species. The first abdominal segment is broadened or bulbous, not cylindrical. Fre- quently a promising Saturnid cocoon contains one oi these, Ophion macrurum (Plate LXXXVIII), instead of its rightful owner. The Ophion larva, which was feeding inside the caterpillar, allowed its host to live until the cocoon was made, then killed the maker, spun a dense, brownish cocoon of its own as an additional protection, and pupated. A more commonly used name is Thalessa. Most of the female Ichneumonoidea carry their ovipositors protruding from the tip of their body, but the ovipositors in this genus are long, even when compared with the large size of insects. They are parasi- tic upon wood-boring larve, such as Tremex, and are, in turn, parasitized by Jbalia. Delicate as the ovipositor seems to be, the female is able, with it, to pierce solid wood in order to deposit an egg in the burrow of the Tremex within the tree’s trunk (Plate LXXXVIII). I do not know how the females decide where to bore. The egg is not necessarily laid near the Tremex larva but the burrow must be reached and this is rarely, if ever, half an inch wide. Because of the popular interest in the subject, I assure you that the creature does not sting and give a modification of Mr. Viereck’s key to some of our species. z. ‘Wings without dark patches... .... sss) ee 2, Wings with dark patches; more than .75 in. long. .... 4. 2. More than .75 in. long; exserted portion of ovipositor usually at least twice the length of the body............ Hs. 3 Megarhyssa 412 PLATE LXXXVITI /Pelecinus polyturator 413 a ee OF Ue re Ss OOD ida) a“ tA ® ——E———E——————————e FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. Less than .75 in. long; thorax and abdomen entirely 3. Female mostly blackish, with fuscous (smoky) wings; male mostly dark brown, with a dark, median stripe or area, on the hind end of the thorax: /.2 7) =e atrata. Both sexes mostly pale brown; wings not fuscous; abdomen with yellow, lateral stripes, at least in the female; male without the dark marking on the end of the thorax. nortont. 4. Exserted portion of the ovipositor not much longer than the body; front wings not dark brown except in and near the marginal ‘cell... ....s.4 4. 72 ae greenet. Exserted portion of the ovipositor two times, or more, as long as the body; front wings dark brown along the basal vein and elsewhere. |. 2 eee lunator. CYNIPOIDEA There are several families in this group, the largest and most interesting being the Cynipide. They are largely gall- makers; see p. 457 and Amphibolips, Plate LXXXVIII. Some Cynipoidea, such as Ibalia, the largest of our Cyni- poids and parasitic on Megarhyssa, are parasitic; others, although breeding in galls, do not have any part in making them but merely feed on the plant tissue which grew be- cause of the activities of another insect. Some of the Cynipid gall-makers have an interesting alternation of generations: adults of generation A produce a certain kind of gall from which hatches generation B; adults of B differ from those of A and make a different kind of gall but their offspring are A, starting the cycle over again. This matter has not been worked out for the American species. CHALCIDOIDEA A few, such as Isosoma, the “joint-worms’’ of grain, are plant feeders. As a rule, they are parasitic, a large number of them being secondary parasites, that is parasitic upon parasitic insects. The fact that, in many instances, an individual gets its entire nourishment from a single 414 THE SMALLEST INSECTS. insect egg or a single scale-insect indicates the small size of many species. Others feed on larger prey as, for in- stance, Pteromalus puparum on the cabbage-worm. Only last week a small boy brought in numbers of the yellow Spilochalcis marie (Plate LX XXVIII) which had come out of cecropia cocoons he had gathered. SERPHOIDEA This superfamily is made up of the PROCTOTRYPIDZ and PELECINID& of the older system of classification and is now divided into a number of different families. Almost, or quite, all are parasitic. Although they are nearly all small, some being, in fact, the smallest of our insects and practically invisible to the naked eye, Pelecinus polyturator (Plate LX XXVIII) is quite large. It is the only species of Pelecinide within the geographic limits of this book, and is parasitic upon the larvee of May beetles, Phyllophaga. The elongate abdomen of the female enables her to reach the underground larve; the more normally shaped male is quite rare. The small Proctotrupide breed in the eggs of various insects, some even swimming with their wings under water to reach the eggs of aquatic forms. FORMICOIDEA There is only one family, Formicip&, of Ants. In addition to males and sexual females, nearly every species has ‘modified females, which rarely reproduce. These are the workers. There may be more than one sort of worker, in which case they are usually much alike except in size but some may be differentiated as ‘‘soldiers.”” It is the workers which we ordinarily see and, as they never have wings, many people think that all ants are wingless. However, the sexual forms, which are usually produced but once a year, are fully winged and indulge in a nuptial flight. After it, the males die but the females lose their wings and settle down to the stay-at-home task of produc- ing offspring. The rearing of all except the first of these offspring is attended to by the old-maid daughters unless 415 qs) eet 090 es et A te ms TH A tw * _ FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. the species has learned the trick of keeping servants (“‘slaves’’). The pupz of some species are enclosed in cocoons (the ‘‘ant’s eggs’’ of commerce); those of others are naked. Ants may be kept alive as pets. To do this, be sure that you secure a queen; many workers to take care of things are not required and, in fact, an unattended queen will often rear attendants, especially if she be young and fertile. Things go more smoothly if the workers have eggs, larve, and pupe to start with. The simplest formicarium is a goblet set in’a pan of water; in this case considerable earth is necessary and one can not well see. what is gaing on. Janet used a plaster box much like the one described on p. 16 except that he had several com- municating chambers; three covers are desirable: a glass one having a hole over each chamber (not strictly neces- sary), pieces of glass to cover each of these holes, and an opaque cover to all but one chamber (the feeding one). The Fielde nest is made from two pieces of glass, one for top and one for bottom; the walls are made from strips of glass (laid flat) or of heavy toweling, the feeding door being a plug of cotton; there should be an opaque cover for top and bottom of all but the feeding chamber; moisture is supplied by wetting a slice of sponge in the feeding chamber. A little soil (or rotten wood) may be put in the Janet nest and should be in the Fielde nest. Feed sugar, bits of meat, fruit, or something of the sort. The habits of ants are both interesting and diversified. Of the many books devoted wholly, or in large part, to them, by far the best is Prof. W. M. Wheeler’s, published by the Columbia University Press under the title of Ants: Their Structure, Development, and Behavior. ‘The following key to the principal genera of our region refers only to workers and, since it does not include all of the genera, no surprise need be felt if all of your specimens do not fit. I hope they will not fit in the wrong place, Following it are a few notes to serve as starters. The key and notes are largely extracts from Wheeler’s chapter in the Hymen- optera of Connecticut. 416 KEY TO GENERA OF ANTS. 1. Cloacal orifice ventral, slit-shaped...............6. Te Cloacal orifice terminal, circular, surrounded by a fringe of hairs; abdominal pedicel consisting of only a single segment; no consti:ction between the first and second gastric segments (The gaster is the swollen portion of the abdomen); pupz usually enclosed in a cocoon. MMe TOOT ifoy! oc. ve oitile WS pie “eyes $16 apy ce», Wate aver alee > lava woe) » 2. PeeabemMite O-jO1nted. ..). ad el aye ee Brachymyrmex. More tian Oantennal joints... 00) 264. 2. eiai ee es Se 3. Workers strongly polymorphic, 7 e., some large- headed, some small-headed, and some intermediate.... Guiponnus. Workers not poiymorphic ont often of variable 4. Clypeal depression (The clypeus is the lower part at the face; the labrum, or lip, is attached to it.) distinctly separated from antennal depression.......... Prenolepis. Clypeal depression confluent with antennal depres- SOUL, sun Ul Oe ae oe De baryev suey 51 thio clas ak Ree ame 5. &. Second to fifth joints of funiculus (the antenna beyond the first joint; the ‘“‘lash’’) not longer than succeed- ie yeimus: ocelli usually absent........6.0620-5- Lastus. These joints longer than the succeeding; ocelli distinct; fourth joint of maxillary palpia little longer than fifth... .6. 6. Mandibles with broad, dentate, apical border. Formica. Mandibles narrow, falcate, and pointed. .Polyergus. 7. Sting developed, sometimes very small but still exsertile; pedicel consisting of one or two segments (when of only one, a distinct constriction between first and SRM Cue as tiie SEOTMENTS) 6 Ms gui Sdurck see tele whee oe he Q. Sting vestigial; pedicel with one segment; no con- striction between first and second gastric segments; often - with a peculiar, rancid-butter odor; pupz naked. Doli- eee MMe rae. he ah oldie a calisial Qe Risin. vue oe Ew ange weet 8. 8. Chitinous integument hard and brittle, often strongly sculptured; thorax and petiole often spinose or angular. Dolichoderus. Integument thin and flexible, smooth or very finely sculptured; thorax and petiole unarmed; scale of petiole Semen Or LOSE 5's Ge bis ie aoa is dleial ois Ge Tapinoma. 27 417 as me a5 ee ret SM CD test mm TH A te FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. 9. Pupze naked; abdominal pedicel consisting of two SESMENTS. ea es aoe ea ooo Oe oe 10. Pupz enclosed in cocoons; pedicel with one segment; gaster with a distinct constriction between its first and second segments; frontal ridges separated or, if close together, dilated to form oblique or horizontal plates partly covering insertions of antenne: Ponerine, of which Ponera coarctata is our common species. It nests under stones and in rotten logs in open woods and along hedges. to. Frontal ridges very close together, almost vertical, not at all covering antennal insertions; eyes always very small or absent; tropical or subtropical. Doryline. Frontal ridges of a different conformation and cover- ing antennal insertions; eyes rarely vestigial or absent. Myrmicine. In the following, workers are developed and clypeus usually extends back between frontal ridges. ...11. 11. Postpetiole joined to upper surface of gaster, which is flattened above, more convex below, and pointed at tip. Cremastogaster. Postpetiole joined to front end of gaster, which is of the usual shape; antennal club consisting of several joints, or antenna not 11-jointed. .... .. a sansa 12. 12. Antenne 1o-jointed, witha 2-jointed club.. Solenopsis. Antennal club, when developed, with more than EWO JOINTS Mo... 2 vai wile» bu upe a ele 0s 0 oes tener 13. 13. Posterior margin of clypeus elevated in the form of a welt, bordering antennal depression in front; antenne of workers with 11 (sub-genus Xiphomyrmex) or 12 joints, Of male 1o-jomntedy. .n.cwoss vents = eset ae ee Tetramorium. Posterior border of elypeus not thus elevated.. ....14. 14. Antenne Li-jointed... :... ..... + «s/s. «inte 15. Antenne 12-jointed.............. 0: s+ si 16. 15. Thorax and petiole without any traces of teeth or spines; pronotum never angular; petiole distinctly pedun- CMlaterw UG cis Ce sawite nem: ane Monomorium. Epinotum (posterior part of thorax, above) armed with spines or teeth. Leptothorax (see 19); Symmyrmica, which fits here, may also be found. 16. Workers strongly dimorphic, usually without inter- 418 Puate: LXXxix #1 VY Al I y L : A] (li? | y / x \ A \\ i S \ ~— AN I! \ ress i SN y' NR Ne NMS 2-40 i. th WE Ra. \ Boars | u Monomorium ES pharaonis nt i ee no? ek) a. SD Wd OS eet, ~~ SN hind part of the abdomen is modified to form a retractile tube. The colors are extremely beautiful and well repay the use of a lens. We have but one family, CHRYSIDIDZ. The following key to certain genera is practically that of the Hymenoptera of Connecticut. ia Lonave not longer than thorax... . 0.5 ..00.6 000680. Zs Tongue longer than thorax, bee-like........ Parnopes. 2. Third abdominal segment with grooves or pits near the margin; head at least as broad as postscutellum.... Chrysis (Plate XC). Third abdominal segment without such grooves..... ee 3. Tarsal claw with 2 to 6 teeth besides apical one...... 4. PPO CR A CAN weil i dys ore end are can niga we 5. 4. Apical abdominal segment produced as if pinched; apical margin of third abdominal segment indented, the indentations more or less filled with a membrane. Nofozus. Apical segment not “pinched”; margin of third ecreanmem nerehed,). rounded... 2.2.6... e ee ee es Omalus. _§- One small, perpendicular tooth in middle of tarsal eer aia a-anin: 5. a) area's ewido 2-4 0h Hedychridium. Meee WS ClEEL as ons Aa ac Sa.) ojciere-s avvle Hedychrum. VESPOIDEA The typical ‘‘Wasps,’’ Hornets, and their relatives, belong here. NETIC IE Ci cs alta eta « Bae 2 Wingless, or with wings much reduced in size...... 10. 2. Hind wings without distinct venation, with no closed BREE ate Ls SNe Ae ty tie Sale Sani ce ee Oe 3. Hind wings with well-developed venation and closed APEC Oh eos tee Le es olan tas Rook hein Bare aisles ris ' 3. Head oblong, rather flat above; antennz inserted at the clypeus, at least 12 joints; small, usually black or bronzed; females often wingless; abdomen more or less ERE as he eee oi ta Ree Sk. LY. eral 2. BETHYLID&. Head transverse or somewhat squared; antennze 10-jointed; front tarsi of female usually pincer-shaped.... DRYINID&, 425 CO 0, oe el © | ida} Oo t . 4. Wings folded longitudinally when at rest (They are indistinctly so in the MASARID& of our West, which have the end joints of the antennz thickened and more or less fused); first discoidal cell much longer than the a antennz distinctly elbowed... ...5..... / eee Bs Wings not folded when at rest .\.. 1.222 ee eee 6. 5. Middle tibiz with one spur at apex; tarsal claws with ‘one’or more teeth ).>, '.. Cae, EUMENID (p. 428). Middle tibiz with two spurs at apex; tarsal claws Simaplertict. oe WS Oe See ee VESPID (p. 430). 6. Legs long, the hind. femora reaching to or beyond the apex of the abdomen; tibiz and tarsi nearly always spiny or serrate; middle tibiae with two spurs.......... PSAMMOCHARID (p. 428). Legs of usual length... 20...) 5. 2 7s 7. A strong constriction or transverse furrow between the first two segments of the abdomen, beneath......... 8. No such furrow; clypeus nearly, or quite, as long as wide; margin of eyes indented. SapyGipH. Sapyga is the only Northeastern genus; in centrata the yellow line on inner orbits extends beyond the top of the eyes, and in americana it does not. They are parasitic on bees and wasps. 8. Middle coxz usually widely separated by a bilobed or triangular prolongation of the mesosternum; tibiz usually flattened, with bristles exteriorly. . . SCOLIIDA: (p. 427). Middle coxz touching.............0. 205 oer 9. 9. Hind wings with an anal lobe, separated by a deep, narrow notch. With three submarginal cells and no upturned spine at apex of abdomen: male MyrRmosip&; the only species in the Northeast is Myrmosa umicolor. With two submarginal cells and an upturned spine at apex of abdomen: MeEtuHocip&, of which Methoca stygia is the only northeastern species. Hind wings without an anal lobe, at most obtusely indented; body hairy, the hairs often brightly colored. Male MUTILLID& (p. 427). 10. Back of thorax without visible sutures............ Female MUTILLID& (p. 427). Back of thorax with one suture, Female Myr- MOSID (see 9), 426 ‘VELVET « ANTS.” ack of thorax with two sutures... 2. ..0....0000- II. 11. Head long, usually distinctly longer than broad, flattened above, the front horizontal; legs stout. Some female BETHYLID& (see 3). Head transverse, squared or rounded............ 12. 12. Antenne 10-jointed; front tarsi usually pincer- shaped. Some DRYINID (see 3). Antennz 12-jointed; front tarsi normal. METHO- CID (see Q). Antenne 13-jointed; wings present as small pads. A few male MUTILLID& (see below). SCOLIIDZ These hairy wasps burrow in the ground in search of the larve of May-beetles (Phyllophaga, etc.), on which their larve feed. The confusion of names need not con- cern ushere. The following are some of the genera, named according to the Hymenoptera of Connecticut. I. Inner margins of eyes indented; with yellow mark- LEE Sco SE PE ne Per a Inner margins of eyes not. indented ........4........ 4. 2. Tarsal claws cleft; middle tibia with two spurs. Eliine. Elis (Plate XC) is our only genus. Tarsal claws simple; middle tibie with one spur. LEE... J cl AS SEE ana ec 3. 3. Front wings with two recurrent veins... Campsomerits. Front wings with one recurrent vein.......... Scolia. 4. Middle tibie with two spurs. Anthoboscine........ Sierolomorpha. Middle tibie withonespur. Tiphiine............. 5. 5. First transverse cubital present but incomplete. Para- tiphia, our only Eastern species being algonquina. First transverse cubital wanting. T7piia; a number of species. 3 MUTILLIDZ These are the Velvet Ants, pretty but the females certainly can sting. As far as the amateur is concerned, the Methocide and Myrmoside might as well be grouped 427 AS st C59 Bee re a tw a ee do ee oe © _ FIELD BOOK with them; they formerly were. The common name is well given. The wingless females of these wasps, scurrying about in open, especially sandy, places, look like ants covered with black, yellow, or red velvet. In the South- west some of the species have long, white hair. The winged males can not sting; those of some species are often found about flowers, others are nocturnal. The two sexes of a given species usually have dissimilar markings. Most of these insects are unkind guests in the nests of other wasps and of bees. The old genus Mutilla (Plate XC) is now divided into a number of subgenera, one of which is Dasymuttila. PSAMMOCHARID These are the Pompilide of older classifications. They are rather slender, long-legged, solitary wasps; usually black or blue, often with orange bands. The wings are usually black and kept jerking while the insect is running about. They prey chiefly upon spiders, the big Pepsis of the Southwest not stopping short of the “tarantula.” Most of our species burrow in the ground to form their nests but others make cells out of mud, placing them under stones, etc., while the larve of some live in the nests of other diggers. Ceropales has the last-named habit; the genus may be recognized by the claws of the hind tarsi being bent at a right angle. Plate XCII shows Psammochares atrox. EuUMENIDZ The Potter Wasps seem to ime to exceed their immediate relatives, at least the solitary ones, in interesting habits. The nest of Eumenes fraternus (Plate XC) justifies the com- mon name given to the group but all of the species seem to use clay more or less, even when their nests are burrows in the pith of plant-stems. This is an extensive family and, from an economic standpoint, of great importance to our farmers and fruit-growers, very few of whom know anything at all of the great benefit they are deriving every year from these brightly marked wasps, Their prey is 428 HORNETS AND YELLOW-JACKETS. destructive Lepidopterous and Coleopterous larve, of which they must destroy many thousands every year. As with most solitary wasps, the prey is first paralyzed by stinging and then packed in the nest as food for the larva which will hatch from the egg laid before the nest is sealed. Certain genera may be separated as follows: PURGE FICTIGIIGC.. 202. ok a ee ewe ee 2 Abdomen sessile, or nearly sO................0.005. 3. 2. Head large, quadrate, much expanded behind the eyes, making the cheeks broad; clypeus broader than long, concealing the mandibles, when they are closed... Zethus. Head not expanded behind the eyes, which almost entirely cover the chebks;. _clypeus longer than broad; mandibles, when closed, extending beneath the head REM es 8 SS dak Se Eumenes. 3. First abdominal segment funnel-shaped.....Nortonia. 1 Ef... Re ei pee en ee 4. 4. Maxillary palpi with 6 joints.....Odynerus (Plate XC). _ Maxillary palpi with less than 6 qomES. 2 Peess Sk Monobia (Plate XC). VESPIDZ This is the family which is usually concerned when people speak of Wasps, eer Patna ckets: They are all social creatures (among themselves) that make nests of “‘paper’’ formed from chewed wood. In the South there is Polybia, whose abdomen is short and ovate beyond the first, petiolate, segment; several mothers unite in producing the young of a colony. We may, for practical purposes, group our northern species in two genera: Vespa, first abdominal segment very broad and sharply truncate in front; and Polistes, this segment long and gradually narrowed in front to a more or less distinct petiole. In these, each colony is a single family in which unmarriageable daughters help to build the house, keep it clean, and feed the younger children. The food consists of chewed-up animal matter, such as caterpillars, but some species use honey and pollen also. The larve are fed from day to day, or oftener, no food being stored for them. 429 oo. PPT ae Fe RS mo et Of ny em eee —< Wed FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. This genus (Plate XCI) makes a broad, flat nest without a protecting cover. P. pallipes has an almost uniformly brown abdomen; annu- laris, a conspicuous, yellow margin on the first abdominal segment; and variatus, many yellow bands or spots. Polistes This genus makes a paper cover for the nests which are otherwise much like those of Polistes, except that there are a number of “floors.” The large, gray hornet’s nest, hanging on trees or from the eaves of houses, is that of V. maculata (Plates XC and XCI). At the start, this nest has a long, tubular entrance. An often equally large nest, but brown or yellow and usually placed in some protected spot such as in a hollow tree or under a porch-floor, is made by the European V. crabro (Plate XC), which was introduced, several years ago, near New York. The remainder of our species, the yellow- jackets, usually make smaller nests and place them either near or under the ground. In the latter case they usually start in a deserted field mouse’s burrow. We have the following “‘ Yellow-jackets’’ in the Northeast. 1. Eyes touching base of mandibles or separated from Vespa them only by a line... .. we. mena oa 2 stone Ze Eyes remote from the base of the mandibles......... 2 2.', Black ; and ~ white. . 9.0.4.2). «0 Sen ee arctica. Black. and. yellows" «. eaepeeeee sna diabolica. 3. Black and). white...) ds... ihe.h eee consobrina. Black and yellow. .communis (including what has been called, in America, germanica and vulgaris). Plate XC. SPHECOIDEA Dr. Bequaert kindly drew up the following key. It does not include the NITELIDa&; they are small species and if a specimen of this family runs to couplet 2, it may be recognized by the marginal cell having no appendix or the venation of the hind wings being almost absent; if it runs to couplet 10, note that it has but one apical spur on each middle tibia and the second submarginal cell is petiolate, The Peckhams have written both accurately 439 ) i %) M)) ! y) i maculata (much reduced) i a Y, S S gs ‘ i SZ yi Mud-daubers nest 431 On st Ne, Sak gy tot Or. ee FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. and entertainingly of The Instincts and Habits of the Solitary Wasps, as the Sphecoidea are called. 1. Inner margins of the eyes notched, eyes being kidney- shaped; one (rarely 2) distinct submarginal cells; marginal eell without an appendix; each middle tibia with a single apical, Spur): . Fees 2s an TRYPOXYLONIDE (p. 436). Inner margins of eyes not notched; when these are slightly indented, note 3 submarginal cells.............. oe 2. One submarginal cell; marginal cell with an appendix; one, or no, apical spur on middle tibia. Sig... (eee eens a. Two or 3 submarginal cells... ) 5725 eee 4. 3. First submarginal.cell separated from the first dis- coidal; scutellum and post-scutellum without spines or scales; eyes divergent above..... CRABRONID (p. 434). First submarginal and first cubital cells confluent; sides of scutellum with marginal lamellz; postscutellum with a spine or forked process; eyes not divergent above. OXYBELID& (p. 434). 4. Abdomen more or less constricted between the first and second segments; three submarginal cells; marginal cell without an appendix. PHILANTHID& (p. 435). The rare MELLINIDE may be distinguished from them by having two apical spurs on each middle tibia, no recurrent nervure going to the second submarginal cell, and eyes never in- dented on the inner margins. Abdomen not constricted between the first and second segments, but the first often shaped like a slender 10-15 (0) (enn 5: 5. Main part of the abdomen joined to the thorax by a more or less distinct, slender petiole, which may be short or long, cylindrical or flattened above...< 2. 2 eee 6. Main part of the abdomen directly joined to the thorax (although there is a deep constriction between them):.3 (rarely 2) submarginal cells... .. () ea 8. 6. Middle tibia with one apical spur; 2 or 3 submarginal cells; hind wings usually with two indentations in the basal half of the hind margin; small, black species...... PSENIDZ (p. 434)- Middle tibize with two apical spurs. ............... 7, 7. Mesosternum produced into a forked process posteri- orly; pronotum conically produced in front; 2 submarginal 432 KEY TO SOLITARY WASPS. cells; marginal cell with an appendix; small, black species. AMPULICIDZ. Rare. Our only genusis Rhinopsis; it may prey on roaches. Mesosternum not produced posteriorly; pronotum not conically produced; 3 (rarely 2) submarginal cells; marginal cell without an appendix; shining black or marked with reddish-brown......... SPHECID® (p. 438). 8. Labrum large, free, triangularly or semicircularly elongated beyond the clypeus; marginal cell rarely with an appendix; both recurrent nervures running to the second Of OPS LAD DELL: By aE ae ag en ree ae Q- Labrum small, not or. scarcely extending beyond EE ne oid 2 antares wea «fs Sale eye 10. 9. Middle tibiz with a single apical spur; labrum much longer than wide; ocelli more or less aborted............ BEMBECID (p. 437). Middle tibize with two apical spurs; labrum wider than long. Stizip#. The only eastern species is Sphecius. spectosus (Plate XCII). It is our largest Sphecoid and, because of the food with which it stocks its underground burrows, it is called the Cicada-killer. to. Second submarginal cell petiolate or triangular; marginal cell without appendix; middle tibie with two apical spurs; antenn@ arising well above the clypeus. ...11. Second submarginal cell broadly sessile, not tri- REIMPTCEIEOHES 5.2 2 wo ss sks wks a ctmde soe eee 12. “tz. Metathorax with the upper hind angles acute or produced as short spines; 3, rarely 2, submarginal cells. Nyssonip#&. Nest in sand; Nysson our only genus. Metathorax with the hind angles rounded or obtuse. ALYSONID#. A/yson our only genus. 12. Marginal cell usually with an appendix; antenne arising close to the clypeus; middle tibie with 1 or 2 apical spurs; hind ocelli frequently aborted. .LARRID# (p. 436). Marginal cell without appendix; antenne arising far above the clypeus; middle tibie with 2 spurs; ocelli normal. GoRYTID#&. Gorytes, variously divided, is our only genus. Its species nest in sand and provision with Homoptera, especially Cercopide. 38 433 ee et a et et com Ve FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. PSENIDZ 1. Three complete submarginal cells. Psenine. Our principal genus is Psen. They nest either in sand or in twigs and provision their nests with Homoptera. Two complete submarginal cells. Pemphredonine. .2. 2. Eyes large, their inner margins converging above. Plenoculus. Nests in sand. Eyes small, inner margins not converging above; head well developed behind the eyes.............20.-+:; 3. 3. Only 1 recurrent vein in front wings. So. seen 4. Two recurrent veinsy. ..... 5... 3.) Be 4. Abdomen with a distinct petiole. Siigmus. Our species, americanus, provisions its nests, in branches or stumps, with aphids. Abdomen without a petiole. Spilomena; our principal species is pusilla. 5. Abdomen with a petiole; head and thorax rather hairy. Pemphredon. As far as known, the species prefer to make their nests in decaying wood, provision- ing with aphids. Abdomen without a petiole; head and thorax not hairy. Passalecus. They nest in rotten wood, galleries of wood-boring insects, and hollow plant-stems, provision- ing with aphids and other small insects. OXYBELID In Notoglossa emarginata the process on the back of the thorax is broad and slightly forked at the tip. Our other species belong to Oxybelus, the process being acute at the tip. European observations indicate that they nest in sand, provisioning with small flies, which they crush with their mandibles but carry home on their sting. CRABRONID/E These wasps are usually much less than half an inch long and black, often marked with yellow. The head is large and rather square-cut. Anacrabro has the abdomen devressed, flat beneath; the second discoidal cell is much 434 PLATE XCII Psammochares atrox Sh ee -cementarium Chaly ibion eeailcum / Chistrion iohneumonea \ Spex 1, urnaria / Atte Cerceris Miapeato 4 Crabro USC. Soa ae Ophecius speciosus SOLITARY WASPS, longer than the first and pointed at the tip. Our only species, ocellatus, nests in sand banks and provisions with bugs of the genus Lygus. Our other genus is Crabro (Plate XCII), which is much split up in the recent classifica- tions, but some of the distinctions are rather technical. Different groups of species have different habits; nesting in wood, stems, and soil; provisioning with mites, spiders, flies, bugs, aphids, and moths. PHILANTHIDZ In the Hymenoptera of Connecticut they have widely separated Cerceris from Piulanthus because the latter has a suture on the sides of the thorax, below the front wings, which the former lacks. For our purpose the four genera accepted years ago seem sufficient. 1. Third submarginal cell very large, somewhat quadrate, scarcely narrowed towards the marginal cell and extending beyond it; first abdominal segment narrowed. Eucerceris. For the most part, western. Third submarginal cell much narrowed towards the marginal, leaving a broad deep sinus between them, the former not extending beyond the latter............. De 2. Basal segment of abdomen narrower than the second, all the segments more or less constricted; second sub- marginal cell petiolate; marginal cell rather obtuse at apex and rarely extending beyond the third submarginal cell. Cerceris (Plate XCII). Basal segment of abdomen nearly or quite .as broad at apex as the base of second segment, segments rarely constricted; second submarginal cell not petiolate; mar- ginal cell usually narrowed, pointed at apex, and extending Peyoua'the third ‘submarginal cell...) ).. 0.050.002... 3: 3- Inner margins of eyes indented; antennez arising from the middle of the face not far above the clypeus, not near each other; apex of marginal cell touching the menmmnroda 6 OS Les el IS Philanthus. Margins of eyes not indented; antennz arising from above the middle of the face, near each other or the clypeus; apex of marginal cell not touching the front margin..... A philanthops, 435 12 Vit i, conlies © \y J uma emin po Te a lc OY ere nh A OA FIELD BOU. ;° INSECTS. The Peckhams, in their ac:. it of Solitary Wasps, have called the members of this :.imily Grave Diggers. The name was probably not interdted to be distinctive; its appropriateness depends upon the viewpoint for, as is the case with other families, the grave of the victims is the nursery of the wasps.» Cerceris stocks up with beetles, especially weevils; while Philanthus uses bees, especially Halictus; and A philanthops, queen-ants. - TRYPOXYLONID Our only genus is Trypoxylon. ‘The abdomen is narrow and longer than the head and thorax. The species are either all black, or marked with red. They were formerly accused of being parasitic because they had been reared from nests made by other wasps. Then the charge was changed to laziness, but I contend that they do well to use perfectly good mud-daubers’ nests, and the like, which are no longer used by the original owners. Small species use the hollows of cut straws and wood-boring beetles’ burrows. Chinks in masonry are also used. If the chinks are too large, they may be made smaller by plastering them with mud, and the partitions between the cells, each containing an egg and sufficient food for one larva, are made of mud. The nests are usually provisioned with spiders. The male of Trypoxylon rubrocinctum is excep- tional among Hymenoptera in the interest he takes in household affairs. He stands guard at the nest while the female is out hunting food. LARRIDZ& These wasps usually nest in the ground. While fairly numerous, they are not very showy. The Larrinz usually take Orthoptera for larval food; and the Astatinze, Homop- tera, 1. Metasternum with a large process which is deeply indented ventrally; middle tibia with one apical spur; marginal cell withan appendage. Larrin@.......si.s5 2. Metasternum without a large, deeply indented pro- cess; middle tibiz with two apical spurs; marginal cel) 436 SOLITAF __ ASPS, ae truncate; back of abdoi flattened. Astatine. For the most part, they are Ids “Shan .5 in. long. Astata uni- color (abdomen black) ané* bicolor (abdomen red) are common species. » 4 2. Hind ocelli perfect; inner margins of eyes nearly parallel; pronotum trilobed. Lyroda triloba (wings dark all over) and subita (wings dark at tips). Larval food, Nemobius. Hind ocelli imperfect, flattened; inner margins of eyes converging above; pronotum simple............... 3- 3. Front of head strongly raised so that there is a trans- verse ridge below front ocellus; mandibles toothed (in Larra there are no teeth); hind ocelli narrow; tip of abdo- men with silver pile. Notogonidea argentata; larval food, ammature crickets. SRM SEROMOTY TAISEH . ccna beets eae eaee 4. 4. Hind (“side’’) ocelli oval or elongate-oval in outline; front not raised along inner margins of eyes; tip of abdomen without pile. Tachysphex. There are a number of species of these sand-loving wasps. Hind ocelli larger dorsally so that they appear oy ce bere oe wee ea cde wie's 5. 5. Front slightly raised along inner margins of eyes; pygidium without pile. Larropsis distincta. Front not raised along inner margins of eyes; pygidium clothed with pile. Tachytes of which we have numerous species, all probably nesting in sand and stocking their nests with grasshoppers. BEMBECID All of this family nest in the ground. Bicyrtes seems to prefer Hemiptera as larval food and, after stocking the nest, seals it up. The other species, mentioned here, use flies and, unlike most solitary wasps, feed their larve from day to day. Sometimes a large number of individuals nest close to each other. t. Mandibles simple. Microbembex, monodonta being the specific name usually given to all from the Northeast; black with greenish-white markings. Mandibles having a tooth within.................. a 437 (i ob DA A tA FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. 2. Propodeum (apparently the hind part of the thorax) indented behind, Buzcyrtes (=Bembidula) quadrifasciata (length about .75 in.; metanotum black; abdominal spots much wider at the sides), and ventralis (about .5 in.; metanotum with yellow spots; abdominal spots but little, if any, wider at the sides). Propodeum not indented behind, straight or con- WOR SOR SR Ue eee lk TE ee ee 2 3- Front ocellus round or kidney-shaped. Stictia caro. lina is an inch long and marked with black and yellow. Front ocellus narrow. Bembex, of which spinole (Plate XCII) is our common species. . SPHECIDA® These are the Thread-waisted Wasps. There have been a number of unfortunate, but necessary, changes of scientific names. Most confusing of these is the use of Sphex for what had been called Ammophila, I fear the end is not yet. Chlorion is distinguished from the rest of the family by the second and third submarginal cells each receiving a recurrent vein; in the others, the second receives both. The females make burrows in the ground for nurseries. The following subgenera (or genera) occur in the Northeast and elsewhere. 1. Second submarginal cell wider than long..:........-. 2s This cell longer than wide........ 2.) aan 2, 2. Tarsal claws with one inner tooth. Chlorion, in a restricted sense. Provisions its nests with crickets. Our common bronze- or purplish-blue species is cyaneum. Claws with 3 to 6 teeth. Priononyx; abdomen of bifoveolatum is reddish or yellowish, that of atratum is dark brown or black. The latter, at least, provisions with grasshoppers. 3- Petiole of abdomen more than twice the length of the hind cox; marginal cell not extending beyond the third sibmarginal cell i... et aie ee Isodontia. Petiole of abdomen as long, or only a little longer than, hind cox; marginal cell extending beyond the third 438 BEES. submarginal cell. Ammobia (formerly called Sphex); pennsylvanicum has black abdomen and legs; for ichneu- moneum, see Plate XCII. The nests are stocked with grasshoppers. In Sphex (in a limited sense) the petiole is composed of the entire first and part of the second abdominal seg- ment. Species of this genus stock their underground nest with paralyzed caterpillars. S. abbreviata (abdomen black) and procera (abdomen partly red) usually have complete, transverse striz on the back between the wings. Plate XCII shows urnaria. Psammophila is considered by some to be a subgenus of Sphex, and, like it, has a U- shaped dorsal area at the hind end of the thorax, but the petiole is not especially long and is one-jointed, the second abdominal segment being bell-shaped. Chalybion and Sceliphron have a U-shaped area on top of the thorax at the hind end. See Plates XCI and XCII; both species provision their clay nests with spiders. The markings of S. cementarius, the Mud-dauber, vary con- siderably; its flat nests are to be found on the rafters of nearly every garret. APOIDEA Although wasps visit flowers, they usually do so in their individual interest: to secure food for themselves and not to provide for their offspring. Bees, on the other hand, _ not only eat pollen and nectar themselves but, except for the “‘cuckoos’’ which lay their eggs in other bees’ nests, store their nests with honey (modified nectar) and pollen. Although they thus take, in the aggregate, large quantities of pollen, they are of great benefit to the plants because they, incidentally and unconsciously, transfer this sub- stance from one flower to another, thus fertilizing the ovum, which develops into a seed. Male bees have 13- jointed antenne and 7 visible, abdominal segments; females, one less of each. Only the Bombidz and Apide have developed a ‘‘worker caste.”” In other families, the mother does the work of provisioning the nest, carrying 439 er FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. home pollen on her hind legs, on the hairs of her abdomen (e. g. Megachile), and in other ways, and regurgitating, as honey, the nectar she swallowed. In general, the PANURGIDE, PROSOPID&, STELIDIDZ, MEGACHILID&, and a few Nomapip& have but 2 sub- marginal cells, and the remainder have 3, but this rule is not without exceptions. Asa rule, the females and most males of HALICTIDZ to ANTHOPHORID (p. 444), inclusive, have a flat, triangular area on the last dorsal, abdominal segment, the other families lacking it. In the Honey-bee (p. 453) the marginal cell is very long and the posterior tibize have no apical spurs. ‘These and the following notes apply principally to Atlantic Coast species. Ls ERR soli) al mal ma ii ial tt =e rH A th al HALICTIDA — For the most part small bees; the first discoidal cell is not as long or scarcely longer than the marginal cell which is not square-cut at the tip; basal vein rounded posteriorly, first recurrent vein not meeting the first transverse cubital; second recurrent not sinuate; first submarginal cell con- spicuously longer than the third and often as long as the second and third combined; stigma well developed, lanceo- late; hind basitarsi narrower than tibie. The labrum is not free from the mandibles and not as large as the clypeus, which is hardly protuberant; tongue, acute, flat; no pubes- cent depressions in the face. See also Andrenide, There are two main divisions which may be classed as genera: Sphecodes (abdomen smooth, shining, naked, the chitin usually red and black, fifth segment of female’s without a furrow) and Halictus (abdomen usually not shiny, segments I to 4 or § usually fringed at apex with pale pubescence, fifth of female’s with a median longitudinal furrow). Augochlora (body entirely metallic blue or green; first recurrent vein usually ending at or near the apex of the second submarginal cell) and Agapostemon (males have only the head and thorax metallic colored; first recurrent vein received by the second submarginal cell near the middle; Plate XCIV) may be classed as sub- genera of Halictus, although other systems are used by good authorities, 440 BEES. Sphecodes, the Wasp-bees (so-called from their re- semblance to small wasps, Plate XCIII), have had cham- pions who opposed the charge that they lay their eggs in nests prepared by others, their young devouring the food and doubtless the young of their hosts, but there is strong evidence that they are supported by their relatives, Halictus, and possibly by other bees. The other Halictide usually nest in the ground, frequently making branched tunnels, many individuals selecting the same restricted area for their burrows. Some species of Halictus, in the limited sense, are very small and are called Sweat-bees because they seem fond of alighting on perspiring humanity. Some of the species are among the first bees to appear in the spring. The pupz are enclosed in transparent, skin- like cocoons. ANDRENIDZ _ These are usually black (with pale pubescence), medium- sized bees. They are closely related to the Halictide but the basal vein is almost, or quite, straight, and the face, at least of females, has pubescent depressions. In Melitta (apical joint of antenne obliquely truncate; ocelli placed in a curve) and Andrena (that joint not obliquely truncate; ocelli placed in a triangle) the first submarginal cell is conspicuously longer than the third but in the southern Nomia it is about the same length. Our only species of Melitta is americana. Andrena (Plate XCIII), our principal genus, is extremely well supplied with species. They all seem to nest in the ground but the sites chosen for their burrows vary greatly. Some species make simple tunnels, others branched, but none seem to do much more than smooth the sides and stock each tunnel or branch with a pill of pollen and an! egg, filling the opening, of course, with loose dirt. At least some of the species have two generations a year, and it is not unlikely that, in some cases, what we now call distinct species are merely the alternate generations of one. 441 As =m Ch) ee ret A fd ot OT lan & e FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. PANURGIDZ The marginal cell is sharply truncate at the tip and the lower corner has an appendicular vein except in Halic- toides. This genus is often put in a separate family, Dufouride. It differs from the other genera in also having the labrum free from the mandibles and as large as the clypeus. With the exception of Protandrena,there are only two submarginal veins. The stigma is large. The chitin often has yellow markings; the clypeus is hardly protuberant; and the tongue is acute and flat. Macropis (often put in a separate family, Macropidz) has the hind basitarsi as broad as the tibia. In Perdita (Plate XCIII) the marginal cell is not longer than the stigma; they are small bees with the head and thorax usually metallic dark green or blue, and the abdomen usually with light, chitinous markings. In Calliopsis (hairy bees, with hairy bands on the abdomen) and Panurginus (abdomen shiny black, unbanded) the marginal cell is relatively longer; the head and thorax are not metallic. NoOMADIDZE These bees are usually less than half an inch long; some are almost hairless, with yellow or red, chitinous markings. They are rather wasp-like in appearance and all are ‘“‘cuckoos,’’ lacking pollen-collecting apparatus and living in the nests of other bees. There are usually three submarginal cells; the first recurrent vein does not mect the first transverse cubital; the first discoidal cell is much longer than the marginal, which is rarely longer than the first two submarginal cells united and not trun- cate; first portion of subdiscoidal vein shorter than the third portion of the discoidal; clypeus protuberant; labrum large, free, convex; tongue elongate, slender; eyes extend- ing to, or nearly to, the base of the mandibles. In Nomada (Plate XCIV) the apex of the marginal cell touches the front wing-margin and the abdomen has chitinous bands or spots. In Epeolus (maxillary palpi 2-jointed) and Triepeolus (maxillary palpi 3-jointed; Plate XCIII) the apex of the marginal cell is obtuse and does not touch the 442 PLATE XCIII Xenoglossa pruimosa Emphor bombiformis Ceratina dupla Osmia lignaria gachile Dianthidium brevis notatum Sees Perdiia j 8-maculata. . rvensis Triepeolus = donatus Andrena Prosopis compactus vicina Z1z10e 443 as em 45) OR et A OD tt ee TH A tA FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. wing-margin; abdomen black with pale bands of scale- like hair. Neopasites has two submarginal cells; marginal cell very obtuse; maxillary palpi 6-jointed. ANTHOPHORIDE These are moderately large, hairy, pollen-collecting bees. The clypeus is protuberant and, in males, usually yellow. The males often have long antenne. The tongue is elongate and slender; the labrum large, free, and convex; eyes extending to, or nearly to, the base of the mandibles; marginal cell rarely longer than the first two submarginal cells united; first recurrent vein not meeting the first transverse cubital; first portion of the subdiscoidal vein distinctly longer than the third portion of the discoidal; stigma not well developed. There are usually 3 submargi- nal cells. In Anthophora (Anthophoride in a limited sense) the marginal cell is not bent away from the front wing-mar- gins; first discoidal cell longer than the marginal cell; third submarginal cell not narrower above than beneath. In our other bees of this group the first discoidal cell is not as long-.as, or scarcely longer than, the marginal cell, which is bent away from. the front. In Melitoma (pads between the tarsal claws; tongue reaching the base of the abdomen; first and third sub- marginal cells of about equal length) and Emphor (no such pads; first submarginal cells longer than the third, which is narrowed towards the marginal) the vertex is not crested; the males’ antennz are only slightly, or not at all, longer than the female’s and the clypeus is not pale. Of Melitoma we have only taurea (abdomen cross-banded with white), and of Emphor only bombiformis (Plate XCIII) or, in the North, its variety fuscojubatus (thorax evenly covered with pale hairs; abdomen black except, sometimes, for scattered, pale pubescence on the first segment). These genera have been put in a separate family, Emphori- dee. Most of the Eastern Anthophorids have been separated off as Eucerida. They differ from the Emphorida in having the vertex raised. ‘The male’s clypeus is more or 444 BEES. less yellowish and his antennz are noticeably longer than the female’s. In Tetralonia (maxillary palpi 6-jointed), Xenoglossa (max. palpi 5-jointed; tarsal claws cleft), and Cemolobus (max. palpi 5-jointed; claws toothed but not cleft) the lower anterior portion of the orbits have a large, somewhat triangular, space; the clypeus is remote from the eyes. T. atriventris, X. pruinosa (the name referring to the frosted bands on the abdomen; Plate XCIII), and C. ipomee are the Northeastern species. In Melissodes the orbital-malar space is small; clypeus nearly touching the eyes; maxillary palpi usually 4-jointed. There are numerous species. | The habits of all Anthophoride are much alike: burrows are made in the ground and stocked with a paste of pollen and honey for larval food. PROSOPIDA These small bees, black with yellow chitinous markings, have two submarginal cells, the second of which is squarish, slightly if any longer than high, and conspicuously shorter than the first; the first recurrent vein often meets the first transverse cubital; the marginal cell is elongate and not square-cut at the tip; tongue flat and bilobed; face pitted. Prosopis (Plate XCIIT) is our only genus. Perhaps we should use the names Hyleus and Hyleide. The Masked Bees have been accused of being lazy because they are even less hairy than such confirmed cuckoos as Nomada. However, their lack of hair may be correlated with the fact that, unlike other industrious bees, they do not carry pollen on the outside of their bodies. They first eat it and then, having reached their nest, regurgitate it, mixing it with honey, to prepare food for the babies they never live to see. They nest in raspberry stalks and the like. COLLETIDZ The first recurrent nervure is received by the second of the three submarginal cells; first discoidal cell is not as long or scarcely longer than the marginal; stigma well 445 As i 5 ee pee a Cae et TH AY tA et FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. developed; second recurrent nervure strongly bent out- ward in its lower half; tongue flat and bilobed; face pitted. The name of our only genus, Colletes (Plate XCIII), means Plasterer. The species are black, with light hairs but no yellow, chitinous markings. They nest in holes, made in the ground or in loose masonry, and often a number of females nest close to each other. They plaster the sides of these holes, and the cells which they make in them, with a secretion that dries rapidly to form ‘“‘a mem- brane more delicate than the thinnest goldbeater’s skin, and more lustrous than the most beautiful satin.” MEGACHILID In a broad sense, this includes bees having two sub- marginal cells; tip of marginal pointed; second recurrent vein not bent or directed outwardly before joining the first portion of the subdiscoidal vein; face not pitted; tongue long, rather thread-like. The under side of the female abdomen has pollen-collecting hairs, except in the cuckoo genera. The second submarginal cell is much longer than high and almost equal, in length, to the first. Stelis includes black bees with whitish margins on the dorsal, abdominal segments, and with cuckoo habits. The tarsal claws are cleft, having an inner tooth near the apex; male abdomen not toothed or lobed at the apex. Celioxys (Plate XCIII) is also a lazy genus. The abdomen is narrowed behind, and, in the males, armed with teeth or spines; scutellum usually toothed on the sides; tarsal claws simple or with a basal tooth; eyes with fine hairs. Both genera have been put in families of their own. The industrious members of our Megachilide have the tarsal claws as described for Celioxys. In Dianthidium (pads between tarsal claws; Plate XCIII) and Anthidium (no such pads) the chitin of the abdomen bears pale mark- ings and in the others it does not. The former makes nests of resin on rocks, etc.; the latter uses the down off of woolly-leaved plants for nests in burrows. Herzades (stigma lanceolate, well developed; head considerably extended behind the eyes) and Andronicus (stigma short, not well developed) are black bees with tarsal pads, Osmia 446 BEES. (Plate XCIII) includes metallic green, bluish, or purplish bees with tarsal pads. They are called Mason-bees because they construct small, earthen cells under stones, in burrows excavated in twigs and decaying wood, in deserted snail-shells, in plant-galls, and elsewhere. The last to be mentioned but richest in species is Megachile (Plate XCIII), moderately large bees without pads between the tarsal claws; stigma short, not well developed; tip of marginal cell obtuse and separated from the front wing- margins. The species of Megachile are called Leaf-cutters because the females snip more or less circular pieces out of leaves, especially of roses, and of petals. These pieces are fitted together and glued so skillfully that they form tight, thimble-shaped cells, snugly filling some suitable, ready-made space or burrows which the females make in wood or earth. Putnam estimated that the thirty cells, arranged in nine rows, under a board in his piazza roof contained at least a thousand pieces. Reed recorded nests made by one of our common species, brevis, in curled plum leaves. CERATINIDZ AND XYLOCOPIDZ The Carpenter-bees make nests in wood or in stems of plants. There are three submarginal cells; the first dis- coidal cell is not as long as or scarcely longer than the marginal cell; apex of sixth dorsal, abdominal segment of females with a spine. Ceratina (Plate XCIII) in- cludes small, dark blue-green bees with the first sub- marginal cell longer than the second and about as long as the third; stigma well developed, lanceolate. They dig out the pith of elder, raspberry, etc., so that they may have tunnels in which to nest. The large Carpenter-bees which make galleries in rather solid wood, such as porch- posts, are Xylocopa (virginica, Plate XCIV, is the only Northern species). The stigma is short and not well developed; first submarginal cell shorter than the second, third almost as long as the first and second combined. They are given to biting through the base of a flower instead of getting at the nectar in a more legitimate way. 447 As ee 65h) et eet ANA CD on lO A) “ tr . FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. BOMBIDZ The burly Bumble-bees are so conspicuous, abundant, and appealing, that I am giving them considerable space. The first discoidal cell is not as long or scarcely longer than the marginal, which is pointed at the tip and extends far beyond the apex of the third submarginal cell; the stigma is not well developed; second submarginal cell is rather longer than either the first or third, and strongly produced at the lower basal corner. Psithyrus is a lazy genus that lives with its relatives. There are no workers, the ‘‘queen’’ living ina Bombus nest and letting the Bombus workers bring up its young. Bombus is a social bee; that is, a family nest is made and the older daughters do not mate but give their attention to caring for the nest and feeding their younger brothers and sisters. The best book on their biology is by Sladen, The Humble-bee, its life- history and how to domesticate 1t. As might be guessed by the common name he uses, it is about English species, * but then we know very little about our own. The fertilized female (‘‘queen’’) passes the winter in some snug retreat and early in spring starts her nest, it may be in a deserted field-mouse’s burrow. After arrang- ing dried grass and the like to form the nest, she collects pollen and makes a pile of it, moistened with honey, on the floor of the nest. She also makes a honey-pot of wax near the doorway and fills it with rather liquid honey. Eggs are laid on the pollen-mass, covered over with wax, and more or less incubated by the queen, especially during inclement weather. At such times she feeds out of the honey pot. When the larve hatch, they feed on the pollen mass under the waxen coverlet, which the mother pierces from time to time in order to give them special meals of honey and pollen, chewed up together. When the larve have attained full size (it takes ten days or two weeks), each spins a thin, papery, but tough, oval cocoon and pupates, the queen brooding on the cocoons and sipping from her honey-pot. In a week or two the first workers emerge and take up the household duties. Workers are females but smaller than queens; males and queens are not born until late in the season, 448 KEY TO THE BUMBLE-BEES, The following key is to the species of the Atlantic Coast of the United States. The more western and extremely variable rufocincius is omitted. P. stands for Psithyrus; B. for Bombus; and B.B. for Bombias, a subgenus of Bombus. ‘“‘Occiput’’ is the top of the head. ‘“‘Pleura’’ refers to the side of the thorax especially in front, below the front wings. ‘“Scutellum’’ is the triangular hind part of the top of the thorax. ‘“Interalar band”’ is on the top of the thorax, between the wings. The “malar space’’ is between the eyes and the jaws. The “‘supra- orbital line’”’ is an imaginary line from the top of one com- pound eye to the top of the other. The notes on color refer to the color of the hairs, not to the chitin; and the upper side of the abdomen is all that is considered when giving its color. I. Divisions of tarsal claws very unequal; 12 antennal joints; 6 visible, abdominal segments (Females)......... 2. Divisions of tarsal claws subequal; 13 antennal joints; 7 visible, abdominal segments (Males)................ ES: Females (The female of P. tricolor is unknown unless fernalde be it.) 2. Outer face of hind tibie convex and hairy. Psithyrus. 3. Outer face of hind tibize concave and bare, except at ME eee mM OWS A). ches aw) o Sakis Pode ke ek Be 3- Occiput black with little or no yellow; lower portion Gigneura with dark hairs... 0. kee... es cee. P, ashtont, Sccmputwithimuch yellow... <6 ae AA 4. 4. Thorax without interalar, black hairs but disk bare; pleura light; little or no yellow on fourth abdominal seg- imembpeiaee largely dark. . 0.000006... !. P. laboriosus. Thorax with interalar, black hairs; pleura mostly light; no reddish on fifth abdominal segment but yellow, at least on the sides, on the fourth.......... P. insularis, Thorax with or without interalar, black hairs; lower pleura yellow or dark; fourth abdominal segment almost entirely covered with yellow; often with reddish on sides of fifth; apical, abdominal segment very pointed and MPU EC CULVER © SD Has ovate d oy ws oN ae P. fernalde. = 449 qs) et 090 ee rt A CD — TH A tH FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. 5. Nodistinct interalar, black band )] 22 eee 6. Black interalar band...) .:.. .. 232 9. 6. First to fourth abdominal segments largely yellow. B. fervidus dorsalis. Third and fourth segments largely black............ 74 Ocelli large, the lateral ones farther from each other tai from the margins of the eyes and below the supra- orbital line; occiput and face largely black; first abdominal segment yellow, the others black except- for (usually) brownish at the middle of the base of the second........ B. B. separatus. Ocellismall, >... 0.2.2 2... Se 8. 8. First abdominal segment yellow, second and following segments without yellow; occiput largely yellow; face wide and largely black........ B. impatiens (Plate XCIV). - First abdominal segment yellow, some yellow at basal middle of the second, otherwise the abdomen black; occiput largely yellow; face long, triangular, black...... B, bimaculatus. First abdominal segment largely yellow; the yellow which largely covers the second segment is notched in the middle behind and, in the workers, usually mixed with red; third to fifth black; frequently considerable interalar black; occiput largely black; face wide and black; pleura First and second segments largely yellow and re- mainder of abdomen largely black; disk of thorax not nude and without black; pleura usually black; occiput largely yellow; face largely black... ....>. S72 eyes B. perplexus. First and usually the second abdominal segments yellow, the remainder usuaily largely black; pleura yellow; disk nude and with scattered, black hairs; occiput largely yellow in queens and usually so in workers; face long and largely black 2. esi. ij. steele sis oe 8 Oe elegans B. vagans. 9. Second and third abdominal segments red, second and fourth largely yellow, the remainder black............ B. ternarius (Plate XCIV). Third and following segments black, the first two largely yellows... c0 cel ve ewes ene els os Win 10. Third segment yellow............% .. esse een ie 10. Ocelli large, separated from each other, and below 450 Prate XCry. Bombus Nomada luteola Agapostemon radiatus 1.) ie en | WwW eet WW . beat ~ VW pt 4 » ; rx r ai mid KEY TO THE BUMBLE-BEES. the supra-orbital line; yellow on second segment neither notched nor mixed with red; face and occiput black..... B. B. fraternus. Otherwise, see B. affinis (8). 11. First to fourth segments yellow, the remainder NEUPDELGY [DUGICIS 5 nee hia ae Pe eee ee oe vk 122 Fourth segment black, also pleura and often the Sea ABeNMU ME MrET TED. As taehes cs mite) g VSL) S Gala isles @ alee le aes 113. 12. Pleura black; face and occiput largely light........ , B. borealis. Pleura largely yellow; face (largely) and occiput UENTIR So ok Ue B. fervidus. 13. Ocelli large, separated, and below the supraorbital line; first abdominal segment largely black, second largely yellow, third yellow, the remainder black; occiput either Plackworyelllow; face black. ........ 2. <7: B. B. auricomus. (ONL ES RTS ORNATE eel ene ees a at cs ee 14. 14. Second and third abdominal segments yellow, the remainder black except that there is often considerable yellow on the fifth and sixth; face (largely) and occiput UBC. Ne Sn '5 SE es eal nee B. terricola,. First (largely), second, and third abdominal segments yellow, otherwise black; face and occiput black........ B.. pennsylvanicus (Plate XCIV). Males 15. Ocelli large, the lateral ones not much, if any, more than their diameter from the margins of the eyes, and below the supraorbital line; eyes bulging.............. 16. GS PeMMOuNeRWISe acct ).\sarse bok afeee.s Settle s Saphel oe 18. 16. First (usually), second, and third abdominal seg- ments yellow, the remainder largely black; sometimes interalar black; third antennal segment as long as the fotGuneanc ith combined. ...2. 0... 42. B. B. auricomus. Otherwise colored and third antennal segment at MMosmmot much longerthan the fifth..... 0.2.00 4.cce. ed. 17. 17. First abdominal segment yellow, the remainder black except for brownish on basal middle of the second and, sometimes, yellow at sides of third; face largely yellow. B. B. separatus, 451 As) et 05) ee eet A ty — = rh A ta FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. First and second abdominal segments yellow, the remainder largely black; face largely black. .B. B. fraternus. 18. Second and third abdominal segments red; first (largely) and fourth yellow; fifth and sixth black; interalar black; pleura, face, and occiput, yellow...... B, ternarius. Third segment not.red.......... . 1a 19. 19. Sixth and seventh abdominal segments largely red, the others variable; face largely black; occiput yellow... P. tricolor. Sixth segment not largely red....... "ean apse eee 20. 20. First and fourth abdominal segments black; second and third yellow; the remainder variable; interalar black; pleura black; face largely yellow... .s7o). seen B. terricola. First abdominal segment largely yellow.......... 21. 21. First to fourth, inclusive, abdominal segments largely VOHOW sdk ene ea ee ae le leer 22. THOUSOn esses ooo Ce 23 (and also B. perplexus, 22). 22. First abdominal segment usually with some black, fifth usually black; interalar, pleura usually, and scutellum sometimes, black; occiput black; .6'to 1 in. long.......... B. pennsylvanicus (Plate XCIV). No black on first or fifth abdominal segments; inter- alar sometimes, and scutellum, yellow; interalar usually, and occiput black; .4t0..7 in. long. 4 yan eee B. fervidus. No black on the first but usually on the fifth abdomi- nal segments; interalar and usually the pleura black; occiput and sometimes the pleura yellow....B. borealis. No black on the first abdominal segment, but the fourth and fifth usually black although the whole abdo- men may be yellow; interalar, occiput, and usually the face and pleura, yellow; face triangular, not long (asin fervidus and borealis). jue. cies. B. perplexus. 23. Second abdominal segment with little or no black. .24. This segment with considerable black............ 25. 24. Occiput, interalar, and pleura, largely yellow; face largely black; first abdominal segment, usually the second, and sometimes the third, yellow; abdomen otherwise place se aE Ce a P. laboriosus. Occiput (usually largely) and face black; interalar often with much black; pleura, and most of the first abdominal segment, yellow; yellow of the second segment 452 THE HONEY=BEE. usually mixed with red and notched behind; remainder of the abdomen without yellow............... B. affints. Occiput, pleura, and face (largely) yellow; very little, if any, interalar black; first two abdominal segments yellow, the remainder usually black........... B. vagans. 25. Face, occiput (usually), and pleura black; first (usually) and fourth abdominal segments yellow, the Bormlaner lareely black. ........0-.0cecenese P. ashtont. Face (largely), occiput, and pleura, yellow; first and part of the second abdominal segments yellow, the re- MeO ee ke eh tke eee es B. bimaculatus, Face (usually), occiput (largely), pleura, and first abdominal segment yellow; remainder of abdomen black. B. impatiens. APIDz Although the American tropics have several genera of Stingless Honey-bees, our only species of this family is the introduced and cultivated Honey-bee or Hive-bee, Apis mellifera (see p.440). The color of the abdomen is variable. It is probably the most written-about insect. Maeter- linck’s Life of the Bee is a classic. Beekeeping by Phillips and How to Keep Bees by Mrs. Comstock are both excel- lent. The individuals usually seen are workers, almost sexless females. As in other bees, and many other insects as well, the legs are not concerned solely with walking. Plate XCIII shows the device (a) on the front legs for cleaning antenne, and a part of the pollen-gathering appara- tus on the hind legs. The basitarsus (b) has pollen combs on the inner side which scrape the pollen from the abdomen - and the second pair of legs. This pollen is a sticky mass because of honey added from the bee’s mouth. It is removed from these pollen combs by a row of stiff hairs at the end of the tibia and then is pushed upward into the corbicula (c), or pollen basket, by means of the projection, which is just below the tibial combs, shown at the base of the basitarsus. The long hairs on each side of the corbicula prevent the load from slipping sideways. The notch between the tibia and tarsus has been called the wax-shears, but it has nothing to do with the manipulation of wax, 453 Co) oo oN ob on 8 it owt TH FAO tA 8 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. The swarming of the honey-bee brings about an increase in the number of colonies but it is the queen of the old colony, and not one of her daughters, which goes out to form the new colony. The stimulus to the act of swarm- ing is not understood; since a swarm sometimes starts without a queen, she can not be the instigator. In fact, if she is detained by a trap or in some other way, the bees may destroy her and swarm with a virgin queen. The swarming bees usually cluster on a branch or some other support before going to a cavity, such as a hollow tree, in which to start the new colony. The old-fashioned idea that ringing bells or beating tin pans will hasten this clustering is a mistaken one. If there be a delay in finding a suitable cavity, unprotected comb will be made on the branch where the bees have clustered. Shortly after the swarm has departed, a young queen which has been left behind in her sealed-up cradle eats her way out, takes her mating flight several days later, and settles down to her work at the old stand with the help of such of her unmarriageable sisters as have remained. 454 Notes on some of the GALLS MADE ON PLANTS BY INSECTS AND THEIR RELATIVES Plant Galls are interesting to the zodlogist because most of them are made by animals; to the botanist because of the unsolved problems of abnormal plant growth they present; and to all of us, not only because ornamental and useful plants are frequently damaged thereby, but also be- cause much of our food is dependent upon them. Potatoes are fungus root-galls, and the bacterial root-galls of legumes are Nature’s principal agents in making atmos- pheric nitrogen available for plant use. Of the galls caused by insects, the only ones of commercial benefit are the oak galls, which have been used in dyeing, tanning, and the manufacture of ink. As is the case with so many things in natural history, we must go back to Pliny for the first ideas concerning plant galls. This philosopher knew that a fly was pro- duced in them, but he did not associate this fly with the cause of the gall growth. He thought that galls sprang up in a night and that the fly larve merely devoured this growth. However, the interest of the early observers was not always entirely biological. Important prophecies were deduced as to the events of the coming year by observing whether galls contained spiders, worms, or flies. The constant occurrence of certain larve within certain galls at length aroused the suspicion that galls were formed by the larve. To account for the presence of the egg and larve, it was supposed that the female insect laid the egg in the ground and thence it was drawn up with the sap and carried to the outer parts of the plant, where it lodged and gall formation ensued. This theory soon met with opposition. Redi, a poet and physician of the seventeenth century, not having seen the eggs laid, as- sumed that the plant had a “vegetable soul’’ which pro- duced galls with their eggs, larve, etc., while at the same time, it gave birth to flowers, fruits, and seeds, 455 AS = 05 Bere S&S CD a oe a“ t& . FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. Sprengel, 1793, is credited with having been the first to point out cross-fertilization in plants, but this is a mistake. Thirty years before, Filippo Arena, an Italian, wrote rather fully on the subject and, noting the cross-polli- nation by insects, stated that galls were developed by the plants for the express purpose of having insects ready at hand for the sake of pollination. _ Malpighi, late in the seventeenth century, was the first to record the fact that the production of galls followed the puncture of vegetable tissues by insects, and he came to the conclusion that the insects inject a substance into the plant tissue which produces a swelling similar to that which the sting of a bee causes in animal tissue. Mal- pighi seems to have been correct. At least, we have, as yet, no better explanation of the origin of galls. The number of different galls caused by animal parasites runs into thousands. Almost no form of plant life is exempt. Although certain of the higher plants, such as the oak, willow, rose, and goldenrod, are preéminently the gall-bearing plants, still alge, fungi, ferns, and gym- nosperms come in for their share. Many of the galls of woody plants have been omitted here, but those of herbaceous plants, including grasses, have been, necessarily, almost ignored. ‘The most con- sistent work with these, chiefly Itonidide, has been done by Dr. E. P. Felt, State Entomologist of New York, to whose papers the student must be referred. The one in the Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. XXV., will be very helpful. The notes and illustrations given here are arranged according to the plants on which the galls oceur and with but little reference to the relationships of the makers. The illustrations are, for the most part, about half-size. The following list of genera will help to make the relation- ships clear. MITES: Acarus, Eriophyes, Phyllocoptes. HOMOPTERA; ApHIDIDA: Chermes, Colopha, Hamamelis- les, Hormaphis, Pachypsylla, Pemphigus, Phylloxera. 456 GALLS, LEPIDOPTERA; TORTRICIDZ: Eucosma. GELECHIIDZ: Gunorimoschema. DIPTERA; MYCETOPHILID#: Sciara. ITonIDIDZ, formerly called Cecidomyiide: Asteromyia, Caryomyia, Cecidomyia, Cuincticornia, Contarinia, Dasyneura, Hormomyia, Itonida, Lasi- optera, Oligotrophus, Retinodiplosis, Rhabdophaga, Rhopalomyia, Schizomyia, Thecodtplosis. TRYPETIDZ: Eurosta, Gtdaspis. AGROMYZIDZ: Agromyza. — HYMENOPTERA; SAW-FLIES: Euura, Pontania. Cynipip@: Acraspis, Amphibolips, Andricus, Aulax, Biorhiza, Callirhytis, Cynips, Dztastrophus, Disholcaspis, Dryophanta, Gonaspis, Holcaspis, Neuro- terus, Rhodites, Solenozopheria. If the galls are inhabited, a clue to the makers may be gained by a study of the inhabitants. Mites have four pairs of legs, at least when full grown; no wings; and are very small. Aphids have three pairs of legs and they sometimes have wings. Galls made by both of these groups are usually open. Saw-flies have thoracic, and usually distinct abdominal, legs; their galls usually have a lerge hollow on the inside. Gall-making Lepidopterous larve have thoracic but no abdominal legs. It is not so easy to distinguish Hymenopterous and Dipterous larve; and it should always be remembered that galls may be inhabited by creatures which did not make them—para- sites of the maker and also inquilines, ‘‘guests’’ which avail themselves of the abundant food but do not directly injure the maker of the gall. Some galls are complicated communities. We speak of creatures “‘making’”’ the galls; the plants really do this, acting on some (not understood) stimulus furnished by the animals. It is exceedingly curious that insects which are so similar that they may be distinguished only with difficulty cause such different and distinctive galls. In addition to the unknown chemics of the process, the gall-causing instinct is one of the most mysterious things in entomology. 457 A. ee 05) ee et A CD ht eet “ tr . FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. The orange-colored larva of Cecidomyia pini-rigide lives in a basal enlargement of shortened, deformed needles of pitch pine; and C. balsami- cola, of balsam. Thecodiplosis ananasst makes a brown, pineapple-like gall on cypress. Jtonida anthici makes a whitish, flower-shaped, fungus-like growth on cypress. Retinodiplosis resinicola larve are orange “grubs”’ living in clear or whitish masses of pitch on the under side of pitch-pine branches; R. imopis, in resinous masses on scrub-pine leaves. Conifers Pemphigus populicaulis makes globular Poplar and galls at the base of leaves (Plate XCV, Cottonwood 5 é Fig. 1); P. populi-transversus, oval, some- what elongated galls on the petioles; P. populi-vene, yel- low galls on midrib of leaf; P. vagabundus folds and crinkles the foliage. Agromyza aeniventris causes irregu- lar, somewhat globular enlargements of young twigs. More than fifty different galls have been Willow described. See Plate XCV. Twigs Phytophaga (also put in Rhabdophaga) rigide (Fig. 4); Rhabdophaga batatas (Fig. 3) and strobiloides (Fig. 5). R. strobiliscus is like strobiloides but all the leaves are pointed at the tip. R. rhodoides and others make more open growths, resembling small, double flowers. RR. brassicoides: bunches of oval, single-celled, sessile galls, each three-fourths to two and a fourth inches, “like the sprouts of a cabbage stump,’”’ usually not near tips of branches. R. triticoides: many-celled and resemble a wheat-head. R. nodulus: like batatas but smaller, more solitary, and only single- celled. For Euura ovum see Fig. 6; E. nodus, a smooth twig enlargement, one-fourth to twice normal diameter; E. orbitalis, enlarged, bud-gall. 458 Sa as i RASS —— 5 eV, 99 h Se." DM QXKY PLATE XCV 459 Lo \y Viet aco: road > WS rendition ue fh eS i ee rH A tA FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS, Leaves Hormomyia verruca: about .1 inch in diameter, on veins; about evenly divided by the leaf, the upper side flattish or with a minute nipple, the lower side wart-like. For Pontania pomum see Fig. 7, on midrib. P. pisum: pea- like, yellowish, on under side of leaves. P. desmodioides: smooth, flattish, sessile, yellowish-green, about equally divided by the leaf. P. hyalina: fleshy, reddish, in parallel rows on either side of the midrib. VP. borealis: solitary, smooth, reddish, pear-shaped, about one-third above the leaf. LP. consors: gregarious, hairy, rather spherical, near leaf-base, about one-third above the leaf. P. gracilis: spherical, smooth, near petiole to one side of midrib, about equally divided by leaf. P. terminalis: green swelling on upper surface; the leaf eventually rolls. Plate XCV. The principal twig-gall is Phylloxera caryecaulis (Fig. 13). Numerous other species of Phylloxera make galls on the leaves. Of these the petiole bears caryeren, kidney-shaped; sub- elliptica, elongate, nut-like; and spinosa, irregular, spiny galls. On the leaves, those of caryeyene are keel-like pleats along the leaf-veins; caryefallax crowded, conical, on upper surface; deplanata, reddish- or greenish-yellow, conical below; depressa, depressed, fringed; pzlosula, hairy, light green, flattened above, below convex and with a nipple. The galls of Caryomyia holotricha (Fig. 8) are pubescent; carye@cola (Fig. 9), smooth; sanguinolenta (Fig. 10), red; tubicola (Fig. 11); and persicoides (Fig. 12), brownish, downy. C. cynipsea makes a round, hard, midrib gall, about half an inch across. C. nucicola de- forms the husks. Hickory Dasyneura serrulate causes deformations, Alder with whitish ‘‘bloom,’’ of terminal buds (Plate XCV, Fig. 2). ' 460 As ee 05) ee eet AN C4) — — A a“ & . FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS, More than three hundred different galls Oak have been listed. Leaves Plate XCVI shows Amphibolips confluentus (Fig. 1), spongy inside; A. inanis (Fig. 2), merely larval cell and radiating threads inside; A. dlicifolie (Fig. 3); A. coelebs (Fig. 5); Callirhytis futilis (Fig. 4), somewhat flattened, projecting on both sides of the leaf, inside are kernels kept in position by white filaments; C. papillatus (Fig. 7), somewhat nipple-shaped, projects on both sidés, sur-. rounded by a reddish areola; C. capsulus (Fig. 9); C. palustris (Fig. 11), hollow inside except for a loose kernel; Andricus singularts (Fig. 6), something like a small tnanis; Andricus flocci, also called lana (Fig. 8), like a mass of wool with brown kernels; Andricus petiolicola (Fig. 10), many celled. On Plate XCVII: Andricus piger (Fig. 1), under side of midrib; Cyntps prinoides (Fig. 2), shiny, single-celled, under side of leaf; Cynips pisum (Fig. 3), surface finely netted, two cavities; Acraspis erinacet (Fig. 4), spines red when young; Dryophanta polita (Fig. 5), sometimes grows singly; Neuroterus floccosus (Fig. 6), with white hairs, under side of leaf; N. umbilicatus (Fig. 7), small nipple in deep, central depression, under side of leaf; Cincticornia pilule (Fig. 8), upper side of leaf; Cecidomyia poculum (Fig. 9), pale red to light lavender, under side of leaf; Cecidomyia niveipila (Fig. 12), fold lined with white pubescence. Cynips decidua makes galls about the size of wheat-grains on the under side of midrib, often 30 on a leaf. 462 Pirate XCVILI “Ss ee” Tit oe eee ee tae — i * OTN “ t- FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. Twigs and other paris Plate XCVII, Fig. 10, shows the white, shot-like catkin gall of Andricus pulchra and, Fig. 11, the acorn gall of Amplibolips prunus. Plate XCVIII shows Callirhytis cornigerus (Fig. 1); C. punctatus (Fig. 2) resembles cornigerus but without “horns”; C. seminator (Fig. 3), white or pinkish, woolly; C. similis (Fig.-4), usually on scrub-oak; C. clavula (Fig. 5), usually on white oak; Cynips strobilana (Fig. 6), hard and corky, with a single cell in each division; Disholcaspis globulus (Fig. 7); D. duricaria (Fig. 9), with sharp point at apex; Biorhiza forticornis (Fig. 10), pale yellow with reddish tinge when fresh, kernel of each division held by radiating fibers; Neuroterus batatus (Fig. 8), pale bluish bloom, corky, many larval cells; N. noxiosus (Fig. 11), hard, woody, many larval cells, 464 PLATE XCVIII [le Wath rath > Wiemann <2 | te OT “Oo t ° 7a FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. Plate XCIX, Fig. 1, shows galls of Colopha ulmicola. Pemphigus ulmifusus makes soli- tary, spindle-shaped galls on the upper surface of red elm leaves. Elm Plate XCIX shows Pachypsylla cucur- bite (Fig. 4) on under side of leaf, concave in the middle, with a small nipple; P. vesiculum (Fig. 5), flat, blister-like, convex with a small nipple; P. mamma (Fig. 6), nearly cylindrical, apex rounded bluntly; P. gemma (Fig. 7), variable in shape and size, woody, numer- ous cells; P. venusta (Fig. 8), on petioles, several compart- ments. Hackberry Plate XCIX: Hormaphis kamamelidis (Fig. 2), greenish or reddish, on upper side of leaf; Hamameltstes spinosus (Fig. 3), green or reddish bud-galls. Witch-hazel Plate XCIX: Cecidomyia tulipifera Bolin thee (Fig. 9); Thecodiplosis liriodendri (Fig. 10), brown spots with a yellow or greenish areola. Plate XCIX, Fig. 11: Cecidomyia (?; incorrectly classed in Sciara; probably not a Mycetophilid, according to Dr. Felt) ocellaris, light yellow or green, usually with a red, central dot; it has never been reared. Phyllocoptes acericola make slender, spindle-shaped galls on the upper surface of sugar-maple leaves; and P. quadripes, small, bladder-like galls on the upper surface of soft-maple leaves, Maple Plate XCIX, Fig. 12: Pemphigus rhois, Sumac yellowish-green tinged with red, hollow, on under side of leaf, 466 PEATE XCIX As m— ny hie wet A 4) — = TH AR tp FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. Plate CI: Schizomyia pomum (Fig. 1), Grape variable, with 8 or 9 ridges when mature, numerous longitudinal cells each divided by a partition; Cecidomyia viticola (Fig. 2), green or red; Lasioptera vitis (Fig. 3), yellowish-green or reddish, on stems and leaf- stalks. S. coryloides makes a rounded mass, about 2 inches in diameter, of from 10 to 50 opaque, woolly, rather spindle-shaped, green galls. Asteromyia petiolicola makes spindle-shaped swellings on the petioles. For Phylloxera vastatrix see page 88; the leaf-galls are hollow, fleshy swellings, which are rather wrinkled and hairy, on the under surface of leaves, opening above. Plate CI, Fig. 4: Cecidomyia impatientis, Touch-me-not succulent, semi-transparent, containing a number of cells, at base of flower of Impatiens. Lasi- optera impatienttfolia causes a swelling of the base of leaves. Plate CI, Fig. 5: Cecidomyia verrucicola, Linte rage wart-like, about a fifth of an inch in di- Basswood , 1 ameter, usually formed in July. Ceci- domyia citrina deforms young terminal buds; Eriophyes abnormis, top-shaped galls on the under side of leaves, Plate CI, Fig. 6: Lasioptera clavula, Dogwood contains an elongated channel inhabited by a single larva. Plate CI, Fig. 7: Solenozopheria vaccinit, Huckleberry = 6n stems of Vaccinium; the illustration shows an old gall with exit holes. Plate CI, Fig. 8: Awulax tumidus varies Wild Lettuce sreatly,on main stalk of Lactuca canadensis, often involving the flower-panicle. 470 PLATE C Trailing Blackberry Black Raspberry 469 Cb I oh i— meet TH FRY lap ft FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. Plate CI: Schizomyia pomum (Fig. 1), Grape variable, with 8 or 9 ridges when mature, numerous longitudinal cells each divided by a partition; Cecidomyia viticola (Fig. 2), green or red; Lastoptera vitis (Fig. 3), yellowish-green or reddish, on stems and leaf- stalks. S. coryloides makes a rounded mass, about 2 inches in diameter, of from 10 to 50 opaque, woolly, rather spindle-shaped, green galls. Asteromyia petiolicola makes spindle-shaped swellings on the petioles. For Phylloxera vastatrix see page 88; the leaf-galls are hollow, fleshy swellings, which are rather wrinkled and hairy, on the under surface of leaves, opening above. Plate Cl, Fig. 4: Cecidomyia impatientts, Touch-me-not cicculent, semi-transparent, containing a number of cells, at base of flower of Impatiens. Lasi- optera impatientifolia causes a swelling of the base of leaves. Plate CI, Fig. 5: Cecidomyia verrucicola, Lindenand = wart-like, about a fifth of an inch in di- Basswood ; : ameter, usually formed in July. Ceci- domyia citrina deforms young terminal buds; Eriophyes abnormis, top-shaped galls on the under side of leaves. Plate CI, Fig. 6: Lastoptera clavula, Dogwaye contains an elongated channel inhabited by a single larva. Plate CI, Fig. 7: Solenozopheria vaccintt, Huckleberry on stems of Vaccinium; the illustration shows an old gall with exit holes. Plate CI, Fig. 8: Awulax tumidus varies * Wild Lettuce — sreatly, on main stalk of Lactuca canadensis, often involving the flower-panicle. 470 PLATR”ED Goldenrod 471 MM ee) See S fy ee tee eh FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS, Plate CI: Eurosta solidaginis (Fig. 10 Geldemed shows galls from which the flies have emerged), pithy inside with a rounded cell in the Center on the main stalk; Rhopalomyia solidaginis (Fig. 11), caused | by the arrest of stalk; Gidaspis polita (Fig. 12), caused by the arrest of side branches. Lasioptera solidaginis makes a gall much like that of Eurosta. Galls made by two genera of moths are often confused with these but, if the larve are present, one can at least determine whether or not they are Lepidopterous; to mention two species: the gall of Gnorimoschema gallesolidaginis is about the size of Eurosta but is more tapering (adults emerge in September and hibernate), that of Eucosma scudderiana is merely an elongate thickening of the stem near the flower head (adults are found from June to August, larve or pupz hibernating). The aerial gall of Rhopalomyia hirtipes is a large swelling of a bud “resembling a dried prune in texture; hard center’’; it also makes a subterranean root- stalk swelling. R. fusiformis causes a ribbed, elongate structure, about a quarter of an inch in length, which occurs singly or in masses on the stem or foliage. Species of Asteromyia live mostly in galls, which are apparently affected with fungus; carbonifera causes a black blister and ros@, a rosy one; similar galls occur also on asters. About 150 kinds of galls have been recorded from American Composite. Plate CI, Fig. 9: Contarinia canadensis, ie . succulent, pale green and sometimes tinged with red, formed in May or June. Eriophyes fraxiniflora deforms the catkins; and E. fraxini makes numerous galls on a single leaf, wart-like, subdivided by irregular, hairy curtains within. Dasyneura tumidose causes a gall much like pellex but on the base of the midrib and apical part of the petiole, 472 APPENDIX 473 We An ee APPENDIX 473 APPENDIX Chitin Chitin is a definite organic chemical com- Pee} pound that is found in the skin of most Arthropoda (p. 32), as well as in some other invertebrates and in certain fungi. The parts of an insect’s skin which contain chitin are, for that reason, hard and tough, in contrast with other parts such as those between the seg- ments of the body or the joints of the appendages. Chitin is insoluble in water, alcohol, ether, acetic acid, dilute mineral acids, and dilute alkalies. It has become rather difficult for those not connected with scientific institutions to get cyanide of potassium and there is a ra- ther needless fear that cyanide bottles are dangerousin the hands of children. Several entomologists have reported good success with Carbona, a fluid that is sold for cleaning purposes. I have not used it myself and, therefore, can not vouch for its general adaptability. Cotton, saturated with Carbona, is kept in an olive bottle or something of the sort and specimens are killed by putting them into this bottle for a few minutes. Killing Bottles Page 16 eonirhi’ se Thoreau said: ‘‘We accuse savages of Injurious In- | worshipping only the bad spirit or devil. sects Though they may distinguish both a good Page 27 and a bad, they regard only the one which they fear, worship the devil only. We too are savages in this, doing precisely the same thing. This occurred to me yesterday as I sat in the woods admiring the beauty of the blue butterfly. We are not chiefly interested in birds and insects, for example, as they are ornamental to the earth and cheering to man, but we spare the lives of the former only on condition that they eat more grubs than they do cherries, and the only account of the insects which the State encourages is of the insects injurious to vegetation.” The appendix to the present book gives notes on introduced pests which, alone, would justify all the work that has been 475 APPENDIX. - done in economic entomology, but it should be remembered that less than half of one percent of the different kinds of insects are distinctly injurious to man or his crops and many times that number are distinctly beneficial, either directly or by controlling injurious species. Parasitic and predacious insects do much more in the latter field than do birds. Ticks are not insects but mites (p. 32). All but the very young have four pairs of legs; the ‘‘seed ticks’”’ have only three pairs. The abdo- men is neither distinctly segmented nor separated from the head-thorax. The distinctions between the various kinds of ticks are rather technical; see the bulletin of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology, Technical Series, No. 15, by Banks. Margaropus annulatus is the principal cattle tick of the Southern States and the dis- tributor of Texas Fever. Dermacentor venustus of the Northwest is guilty of carrying Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. The common eastern species, Dermacentor vart- abilis, has not been proved guilty of bearing diseases. Ticks Key TO THE ORDERS OF COMMONLY OBSERVED INSECTS. PAGE 39 No ‘‘key”’ (see p. 27) is necessary in order to place most of the commonly observed insects in their proper orders (see p. 5), provided we remember that the True Flies have no more than two wings and compose the order Diptera; Beetles usually have hard front wings and are the Coleop- tera; Butterflies and Moths are the Lepidoptera; Wasps, Bees, and Ants are the Hymenoptera; True Bugs have sucking mouth parts and are Hemiptera; and members of the Grasshopper group are Orthoptera. The following key is offered for the use of the increas- ingly large number of nature-lovers who wish to go more deeply into the details of insect classification. At the same time, I have tried to simplify the subject by omitting cer- tain forms that are almost certain not to be ars. by any but the specialist, 476 = APPENDIX Chitin Chitin is a definite organic chemical com- RegeG pound that is found in the skin of most Arthropoda (p. 32), as well as in some other invertebrates and in certain fungi. The parts of an insect’s skin which contain chitin are, for that reason, hard and tough, in contrast with other parts such as those between the seg- ments of the body or the joints of the appendages. Chitin is insoluble in water, alcohol, ether, acetic acid, dilute mineral acids, and dilute alkalies. It has become rather difficult for those not connected with scientific institutions to get cyanide of potassium and there is a ra- ther needless fear that cyanide bottles are dangerous in the hands of children. Several entomologists have reported good success with Carbona, a fluid that is sold for cleaning purposes. I have not used it myself and, therefore, can not vouch for its general adaptability. Cotton, saturated with Carbona, is kept in an olive bottle or something of the sort and specimens are killed by putting them into this bottle for a few minutes. Killing Bottles Page 16 Conivelof Thoreau said: ‘‘We accuse savages of InjuriousIn- | worshipping only the bad spirit or devil. sects Though they may distinguish both a good Raer27 and a bad, they regard only the one which they fear, worship the devil only. We too are savages in this, doing precisely the same thing. This occurred to'me yesterday as I sat in the woods admiring the beauty of the blue butterfly. We are not chiefly interested in birds and insects, for example, as they are ornamental to the earth and cheering to man, but we spare the lives of the former only on condition that they eat more grubs than they do cherries, and the only account of the insects which the State encourages is of the insects injurious to vegetation.” The appendix to the present book gives notes on introduced pests which, alone, would justify all the work that has been 475 / APPENDIX. done in economic entomology, but it should be remembered that less than half of one percent of the different kinds of insects are distinctly injurious to man or his crops and many times that number are distinctly beneficial, either directly or by controlling injurious species. Parasitic and predacious insects do much more in the latter field than do birds. Ticks are not insects but mites (p. 32). All but the very young have four pairs of legs; the ‘‘seed ticks’’ have oniy three pairs. The abdo- men is neither distinctly segmented nor separated from the head-thorax. The distinctions between the various kinds of ticks are rather technical; see the bulletin of the U. S. ‘Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology, Technical Series, No. 15, by Banks. Margaropus annulatus is the principal cattle tick of the Southern States and the dis- tributor of Texas Fever. Dermacentor venustus of the Northwest is guilty of carrying Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. The common eastern species, Dermacentor vari- abilis, has not been proved guilty of bearing diseases. ‘Ticks KEY TO THE ORDERS OF COMMONLY OBSERVED INSECTS. PAGE 39 No “‘key”’ (see p. 27) is necessary in order to place most of the commonly observed insects in their proper orders (see p. 5), provided we remember that the True Flies have no more than two wings and compose the order Diptera; Beetles usually have hard front wings and are the Coleop- tera; Butterflies and Moths are the Lepidoptera; Wasps, _ Bees, and Ants are the Hymenoptera; True Bugs have sucking mouth parts and are Hemiptera; and members of ' the Grasshopper group are Orthoptera. The following key is offered for the use of the increas- ingly large number of nature-lovers who wish to go more deeply into the details of insect classification. At the same time, I have tried to simplify the subject by omitting cer- tain forms that are almost certain not to be noticed by any but the specialist, 470 ee APPENDIX. 1. Winged insects Wingless insects, including the young of winged Macias PTH, xoiiloeraa o he Home | 08 20%: 23. 2. The front, or mesothoracic, wings (those on the same segment as the oon pair of legs) entirely membranous, except for the “‘veins,”’ and not bearing scales.......... 3- These wings bearing scales, usually enough to hide the veins. Butterflies and Moths. LEPIDOPTERA (p. II5). These wings not bearing scales but being in part, at least, horny, leathery, or parchment-like a. Ontyiene pair of wigs! Oy... es STA 4. Moapaparrsiar wines OL PFS) LO Neel ee eas. 6. 4. Abdomen with a pair of caudal filaments......... 5. Abdomen with no caudal filaments; a pair of knobbed structures (halteres or ‘‘balancers’”) where hind wings would be. True Flies. DIPTERA (p. 229). 5. Cross-veins between the long veins abundant in wings. Certain rare May-flies. PLECTOPTERA (p. 40). No cross-veins. Male Scale-insects. HOMOPTERA (p. 91). 6. Wings very narrow and almost veinless; the margins fringed with long hairs. Not more than two tarsal joints, ' the terminal one being swollen. Mouth fitted for sucking. Small insects. Thrips. THYSANOPTERA (p. 79). RemasOcir) S28. GIy, IOI BE 8 TW poTyy 7 7. Hind wings larger than the front ones and with the hind (when the wings are expanded) part folded like a fan mMnensbide ISEchiISativest 100. CCC OPOT. Ae Pe. 8. 8. Tarsi three-jointed. Body somewhat flattened and with prominent, jointed appendages at end of abdomen. Stone flies. PLECOPTERA (p. 50). MMR Neecs x. Juco ihe wie a ace ese cele a AOU, OQ) AAS 9. 9g. Front part of wings with but few, if any, cross-veins. The wings fairly well covered with very fine hairs. Pro- thorax small. Caddis-flies. TRICHOPTERA (p. 57). Not so. Dobson Flies, etc. MEGALOPTERA (p. 52). 10. Antenne short and inconspicuous. Wings with many cross-veins between the long veins 11, Long, thread-like appendages on end of abdomen. 477 APPENDIX. Hind wings much smaller than the front wings. May- flies. PLECTOPTERA (p. 40). : Not so. Dragon- and Damsel-flies. ODONATA (p. 42). 12. Head prolonged into a beak. Scorpion-flies. MECopP- TERA (p. 56). 13. Mouth-parts fitted for chewing................ 14. Not so. No abdominal appendages. Few cross-veins. HEMIPTERA. See p. 80 for the division into suborders, now frequently considered as orders. 14. Tarsi five-jointed. No abdominal appendages. . ..15. Tarsi with four or fewer joints. Wings with but few VEINS... . «.»dyaeals Jafhaags De nee Ae 17. 15. Prothorax very long and cylindrical. Antenne many- jointed. Wings with many cross-veins. RAPHIDIOIDEA. This order, including the Snake-flies, was not in the first edition of the Field Book as its members are not often noticed, even in the West, and are not found at all in the East. Both larve and adults are carnivorous, the former usually living under bark. The single family, Raphidiide, contains two genera, Raphidia (three simple eyes, ‘‘ocelli,” — between the compound eyes) and Inocellia (no ocelli). Wot-so..fosijis Aésiohd. .omatloeeniwe nek ae .16. 16. Wings usually with many veins and cross-veins (wings covered with a fine powder if veins are few); hind wings usually about the same size as the front ones. Ant-lions, etc. NEUROPTERA (p. 53). Veins and cross-veins not numerous and wings not powdered; hind wings smaller than the front ones. Abdo- men usually constricted at the base and, in females, ending in a sting or sting-like structure which is usually with- drawn into the body. Wasps, Bees, and Ants. HyMEN- OPTERA (p. 406). 17. Prothorax inconspicuous. Hind wings smaller than the front ones; wings held like the sloping sides of a roof when the insect is at rest. Book- and Bark-lice. CorRRo- DENTIA (p. 76). Not so. IsoprEeRA (tarsi apparently four-jointed) and the tropical Emprpina (tarsi three-jointed). Isoptera are White Ants; see p. 76. 18. Mesothoracic wings without apparent veins; hind 478 APPENDIX. wings, when present, folded crossways as well as lengthways. Mouth-parts fitted for chewing Not having this combination of characters 19. Movable forceps at end of abdomen. Earwigs. DERMAPTERA (p. 61). Not so. Front wings (‘‘elytra’’) usually very hard. Beetles. COLEOPTERA (p. 280). 20. Mouth-parts fitted for sucking. HEMIPTERA in a broad sense. See p. 80. Mouth-parts fitted for chewing. Mesothoracic wings of nearly uniform texture throughout and usually with many veins 21. Front wings about as wide as the hind ones; the hind ones not folded. White Ants. IsopTERA (p. 76). I Nees hyn oe vie 2 es ee ne Bae 22. Very small. Antenne short and few-jointed. Male STREPSIPTERA (p. 405). Not so. Roaches, Grasshoppers, ete. ORTHOPTERA (p. 62). 23. Legless, maggot like creatures, without distinct body parts. Larve of either Diptera, Hymenoptera, or (more rarely) Coleoptera; difficult to differentiate further. Sedentary forms not capable of much, if any, locomo- Neither of the above 24. Small; scale-like, or covered with powder or cottony tufts; with a beak for sucking sap. HOMOPTERA (p. 80). “0 SIS "Ra 2 0 oes aR te a PR nn AS eee .25. 25. The skin encasing the legs, wings, etc., holding these tightly against the body. Mouth-parts, if visible, a pro- RMR CAS Bere). TI Fail hs wie a Wf dik a Sw Satin a .26. MEO ECGS ON oc eT ha wath Ga Uhm einen dees 3 27 26. Proboscis, if any, long. Four wing-cases, if any. Sometimes in a silken cocoon. LEPIDOPTERA (p. II5). Not so. DIPTERA (p. 229). 27. Prothorax small, fixed into one piece with the meso- thorax. Sometimes enclosed in a cocoon. HYMENOPTERA (p. 406). [SSSA S/N REE SE RO ME ER men =e .28. 28. Wing-cases with few or no veins, COLEOPTERA (p. 280), 479 APPENDIX. Wing-cases with a number of veins. NEUROPTERA (p. 53) and related orders. 29. Parasites on man and other animals............ .30. pINOESO cee lg the ce ee so on .35- 30. Four pairs of legs. Not insects at all but mites or ticks. Acarina (pp. 32 and 476). Not more than three pairs of legs................ ai 31. Body flattened sideways. Mouth-parts a sharp beak, Jumping species. Fleas. SUuCTORIA (p. 279). Body flattened horizontally .. . >. 7a...) eee Rye 32. Mouth-parts fitted for chewing. Biting Bird-lice. MALLOPHAGA (p. 78). Mouth-parts fitted for sucking................ aa 33. Antennz inserted in pits, not visible from above. PUPIPARA (p. 279). Not so, although the antenne are short.......... 34. 34. Beak not jointed. Tarsi hook-like. Lice. SIPpHUN- CULATAI{D.“73). Beak jointed. Tarsi not hook-like. HEMIPTERA (p. 80). 35. Aquatic; larve, usually gill-bearing............ .36. Terrestrial (or on the surface of the water but not living below it); breathing through spiracles.......... 43. 36. Mouth-parts a strong, sharp beak. HEMIPTERA (p. 80). Mouth-parts, if any, fitted for chewing.......... 37- 37. Living in a case of sand, pebbles, sticks, or leaves. Caddis-worms. ‘TRICHOPTERA (p. (57). 38. Lower lip furnished with a pair of hooks and folded so that it can be extended forward. OpoNATA (p. 42). Wot SO BR 39 39. No gills along the sides of the abdomen.......... 40. With lateral gills on the abdomen.............. Ale 40. The three divisions of the thorax loosely united; antenne and caudal (usually two) filaments long and slender. PLECOPTERA (p. 50). Not so. Jointed thoracic legs. COLEOPTERA (p. 280). Not so. No jointed thoracic legs. Larve and pupz of Mosquitoes, etc. DIPTERA (p. 229). 41. No pupal stage, hence wing-pads frequently present. 480 APPENDIX. Lateral gills on abdomen. Usually three, sometimes only two, gills at end of abdomen. Tarsi with single claws PLECTOPTERA (p. 40). Lea ENG a oe PES AM GR re in 42. 42. The larve of Whirligig Beetles (Gyrinus, p. 292) have a single pair of gills on each of the first eight abdominal segments and two pairs on theninth; the tenth is armed with two pairs of long, sharp, curved hooks. Except for that genus, the aquatic larve of COLEOPTERA (p. 280) do not have ‘“‘proplegs’’ armed with hooks or claws on the last abdominal segment. Among the MEGALOPTERA (p. 52), Szalis has the last abdominal segment prolonged as a hairy or fringed tail- like process; Chauliodes (no fine gills at the base of each lateral filament) and Corydalis (a tuft of fine gills at the base of each lateral filament) have the last abdominal seg- ment forked, each prong bearing a pair of hooks anda small lateral filament. 43. Mouth-parts much reduced, drawn into the head and scarcely, if at all, visible. Appendages on under side of abdomen. Delicate, small insects. A number of orders which are briefly referred to on p. 39 as ‘‘ The Most Primi- tive Insects.” PRR 00 go fos a sed wn clad aa we woof Ae .44. 44. Mouth-parts fitted for chewing................ .45. Mouth-parts, if any, fitted for sucking.......... .55- 45. lLarve with fleshy “legs” on abdomen. Body cylin- drical; thorax and abdomen not very distinct. Butterfly and Moth caterpillars (LEPIDOPTERA, p. 115) have not more than five pairs of abdominal ‘“‘legs’’; Saw-fly larve (HYMENOPTERA, p. 408) have more than five pairs of such “Jegs.”” OREO Ree Ree PIM Soros avg taka ace sen uliene wags .46. 46. Antenne long and distinct.................... 47. Larve with short antenne.................... 54. 47. Strong, movable forceps at end of abdomen; prothorax not fused to mesothorax. Earwigs. DERMAPTERA (p. 61). PO mpGdaminal FOTCEDS wn ey. - « dsnpatepn te «anyerppeebbowel .48. 48. Abdomen strongly constricted at the base; prothorax fused to the mesothorax. Female Ants (p. 415), Velvet Ants (p. 427), etc. HYMENOPTERA. 31 481 APPENDIX, Abdomen not so; broadiy joined to thorax........ 49. 49. Head drawn out like a beak. MErcOPTERA (p. 56). NOt..SO..5 0. 6 ai seach 45) oe 50 50. About an eighth of an inch, or less, in length; louse- like. Prothorax inconspicuous. Book- and Bark-lice. CoRRODENTIA (p. 76). _ Wot Sn eee Foe da ob bos ne bel 51. 51. Hind legs with enlarged femora, fitted for jumping. Grasshoppers, etc. ORTHOPTERA (p. 62). NOE SO 52052 eo es isn 3 52. 52. Body white, or nearly so, and somewhat ant-like. Tarsi apparently four-jointed; no joint of the front tarsi swollen. White Ants. IsOPTERA (p. 76). 53. Either prothorax much longer than mesothorax and front legs fitted for grasping prey (Mantide, p. 64); or antennz usually with more than fifteen joints and ab- domen with appendages at the end, the body being either flattened (Blattidz, the Roaches, p. 62) or stick-like (Phas- mide, p. 65). ORTHOPTERA. Not so. Body often hard-shelled. Beetles. COLE- OPTERA (p. 280). 54. Body cylindrical, caterpillar-like. MECOPTERA (p. 56). Body more or less flattened. Usually larvz of COLEOP- TERA (Mandibles almost always separate from makxille. RAPHIDIOIDEA, see couplet 15, and STREPSIPTERA would also come here) but the specimens may be larve of NEv- ROPTERA (Mandibles united with the maxille to form suck- ing jaws). 55. Body densely clothed with hairs or scales. Proboscis, if any, coiled under the head. Moths. LEPIDOPTERA (p. 146). 56. Last tarsi joint swollen and without claws. Very small species. Thrips. THYSANOPTERA (p. 79). Tarst m0t' SO... sts be ces Ge 8 sp ee 57- 57. Prothorax distinct. HEMIPTERA in a broad sense. See p. 8o. Prothorax small and not plainly visible from above. DIPTERA (p, 229). 482 APPENDIX, Lateral gills on abdomen. Usually three, sometimes only two, gills at end of abdomen. Tarsi with single claws PLECTOPTERA (p. 40). IBS SOc, uno RMS ee eet ence eee ees Ue aaron 2 a Az. 42. The larve of Whirligig Beetles (Gyrinus, p. 292) have a single pair of gills on each of the first eight abdominal segments and two pairs on theninth; the tenthis armed with two pairs of long, sharp, curved hooks. Except for that genus, the aquatic larve of COLEOPTERA (p. 280) do not have ‘“‘proplegs’’ armed with hooks or claws on the last abdominal segment. Among the MEGALOPTERA (p. 52), Sialis has the last abdominal segment prolonged as a hairy or fringed tail- like process; Chauliodes (no fine gills at the base of each lateral filament) and Corydalis (a tuft of fine gills at the base of each lateral filament) have the last abdominal seg- ment forked, each prong bearing a pair of hooks anda small lateral filament. 43. Mouth-parts much reduced, drawn into the head and scarcely, if at all, visible. Appendages on under side of abdomen. Delicate, small insects. A number of orders which are briefly referred to on p. 39 as ‘‘ The Most Primi- tive Insects.” WOR e OP gat Fc boli ar 2). a Seis A eatecaho balm mde aloes 44. 44. Mouth-parts fitted for chewing................ .45. Mouth-parts, if any, fitted for sucking.......... .55- 45. Larve with fleshy ‘legs’ on abdomen. Body cylin- drical; thorax and abdomen not very distinct. Butterfly and Moth caterpillars (LEPIDOPTERA, p. 115) have not more than five pairs of abdominal ‘‘legs’’; Saw-fly larve (HYMENOPTERA, p. 408) have more than five pairs of such “legs.!! a OMEN Giri BSG Atal Sake, sg, «dandauy cée’ Saabs .46. 46. Antenne long and distinct................ ee AT. Larve with short antennz...................: 54. 47. Strong, movable forceps at end of abdomen; prothorax not fused to mesothorax. Earwigs. DERMAPTERA (p. 61). PEO wa DOGmMIisalTOTCS NS yo cut £54) o)adspnsons nop soreebbege .48. 48. Abdomen strongly constricted at the base; prothorax fused to the mesothorax. Female Ants (p. 415), Velvet Ants (p. 427), etc. HYMENOPTERA. 31 481 APPENDIX, Abdomen not so; broadly joined to thorax........ 40. 49. Head drawn out like a beak. MECOPTERA (p. 56). Notiso iy. ev es oe). Se 50. 50. About an eighth of an inch, or less, in length; louse- like. Prothorax inconspicuous. Book- and Bark-lice. CORRODENTIA (p. 76). NOt SOD eS ea aie err 51. Hind legs with enlarged femora, fitted for jumping. Grasshoppers, etc. ORTHOPTERA (p. 62). Notiso. or acu oe. wb oe 52. 52. Body white, or nearly so, and somewhat ant-like. Tarsi apparently four-jointed; no joint of the front tarsi swollen. White Ants. ISOPTERA (p. 76). 53. Either prothorax much longer than mesothorax wa front legs fitted for grasping prey (Mantide, p. 64); or antenne usually with more than fifteen joints and ab- domen with appendages at the end, the body being either flattened (Blattidez, the Roaches, p. 62) or stick-like (Phas- mide, p. 65). ORTHOPTERA. Not so. Body often hard-shelled. Beetles. CoLz- ‘OPTERA (p. 280). 54. Body cylindrical, caterpillar-like. MECOPTERA (p. 56). Body more or less flattened. Usually larve of COLEOP- TERA (Mandibles almost always separate from maxille. RAPHIDIOIDEA, see couplet 15, and STREPSIPTERA would also come here) but the specimens may be larvee of NEu- ROPTERA (Mandibles united with the maxille to form suck- ing jaws). 55. Body densely clothed with hairs or scales. Proboscis, if any, coiled under the head. Moths. LEPIDOPTERA (p. 146). NoteS0 5. 2.26 006 2 Oa 56. 56. Last tarsi joint swollen and without claws. Very small species. Thrips. THYSANOPTERA (p. 79). TOLsSt NOt SO... os cats > © ce aoe 57. 57. Prothorax distinct. HEMIPTERA in a broad sense. See p. 80. Prothorax small and not plainly visible from above. DIPTERA (p. 229). 482 APPENDIX. Since the first edition of this book was Sones prepared the unusual came to many people € . . . sila and Pediculus vestimentt was, unfortunately, not “‘rare.’”’ Cootie is another name for this disgusting, uncomfortable and, by reason of the disease it may carry, dangerous creature. Fortunately the return to sanitary, uncrowded living conditions, combined with the delousing measures taken by the army, will again make it usually tare. While it is probable that capitis and vestimentt are distinct species, they are difficult to differentiate. Tree-hoppers or Insect Brownies (Membracidz) Page 84 and Plate XXIII The Tree-hoppers or Insect Brownies are small, but they are so curiously shaped that they have attracted much popular notice. W. D. Funkhouser has published (Memoir 11, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Station) a pleasing paper on the species of central New York. In order to include a few species which may be noticed by the users of this book and were not covered by the statement under 4, p. 81, it would have been better to have said that Membracide have an enlarged pronotum that usually extends over the abdomen. The subfamily Centrotine is distinguished from the others by having a distinct scutellum not concealed by the enlarged pronetum; Microcentrus carye on hickory is our common species. The anterior tibiz of the subfamily Membracine are flattened, somewhat leaf-like. In Campylenchia the lateral ridges of the anterior horn on the pronotum are close to the upper margin; in Enchenopa they are about midway be- tween the upper and lower margins. C. latipes lives on grasses and has no yellow markings on its-back. E. bino- tata lives on trees, shrubs, and vines; its back is marked with yellow and it covers its egg masses with a frothy deposit. Most of our Membracids, including the five species shown on Plate XXIII, belong to the subfamily Smiliine, in which the anterior tibiz are simple. The genus Ceresa can usually be recognized by the horn 483 - APPENDIX, . on each shoulder, as is shown in the figure of bubalus (Plate XXIII). C. diceros has brown transverse bands; those species which follow do not have such bands. It is found chiefly on box elder. C. basalis has the under surface of the body strongly marked with black; those species which follow do not. It is sometimes common on garden plants. C. constans and palmeri are small species with the dorsal crest marked with brown or reddish. The horns of con- stans are long, sharp, much recurved, and elevated; it is usually on locust. The horns of palmer are shorter, little elevated, and only slightly recurved; it is usually rare and on hickory. C. borealis is much like bubalus but is smaller, darker, and has a very hairy pronotum; commonest on shrubs and low trees. C. bubalus (p. 84) has stout, nearly straight horns. C. taurina is about the same size; horns long, sloping upward, and recurved; common on fruit trees and bushes. Thelia bimaculata is frequently rather common on locust trees, Robinia pseudacacia. Telamona ampelopsidis is usually to be found on Virginia creeper. The numerous species of this genus are difficult to differentiate satisfactorily. Adults of Archasia belfraget occur on oak and locust. I do not know where its young live. As stated on p. 84, ants attend some Membracide for the sake of ‘“‘honey-dew.’’ It has been stated that ants assist Entylia sinuata to moult, but doubt has been cast on the accuracy of the observation. Incidentally, it may be that ‘‘honey-dew”’ is not the sole object of the ants’ visits; they seem to be interested also in the sap that flows from the wounds made by the Membracids’ beaks. 484 APPENDIX. Since the first edition of this book was prepared the unusual came to many people and Pediculus vestimenti was, unforturately, not “‘rare.’”’ Cootie is another name for this disgusting, uncomfortable and, by reason of the disease it may carry, dangerous creature. Fortunately the return to sanitary, uncrowded living conditions, combined with the delousing measures taken by the army, will again make it usually rare. While it is probable that capitis and vestimenti are distinct species, they are difficult to differentiate. Cooties Page 7 9 Tree-hoppers or Insect Brownies (Membracidz) Page 84 and Plate XXIII The Tree-hoppers or Insect Brownies are small, but they are so curiously shaped that they have attracted much - popular notice. W. D. Funkhouser has published (Memoir 11, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Station) a pleasing paper on the species of central New York. In order to include a few species which may be noticed by the users of this book and were not covered by the statement under 4, p. 81, it would have been better to have said that Membracide have an enlarged pronotum that usually extends over the abdomen. The subfamily Centrotinz is distinguished from the others by having a distinct scutellum not concealed by the enlarged pronotum; Microcentrus carye on hickory is our common species. The anterior tibize of the subfamily Membracine are flattened, somewhat leaf-like. In Campylenchia the lateral ridges of the anterior horn on the pronotum are close to the upper margin; in Enchenopa they are about midway be- tween the upper and lower margins. C. latipes lives on grasses and has no yellow markings on its back. E. bino- tata lives on trees, shrubs, and vines; its back is marked with yellow and it covers its egg masses with a frothy deposit. Most of our Membracids, including the five species shown on Plate XXIII, belong to the subfamily Smiliine, in which the anterior tibie are simple. The genus Ceresa can usually be recognized by the horn 483 APPENDIX. on each shoulder, as is shown in the figure of dubalus (Plate XXIII). C. diceros has brown transverse bands; those species which follow do not have such bands. it is found chiefly on box elder. C. basalis has the under surface of the body strongly marked with black; those species which follow do not. It is sometimes common on garden plants. C. constans and palmeri are small species with the dorsal crest marked with brown or reddish. The horns of con- stans are long, sharp, much recurved, and elevated; it is usually on locust. The horns of palmeri are shorter, little elevated, and only slightly recurved; it is usually rare and on hickory. C. borealis is much like bubalus but is smaller, darker, and has a very hairy pronotum; commonest on shrubs and low trees. C. bubalus (p. 84) has stout, nearly straight horns. C. taurina is about the same size; horns long, sloping upward, and recurved; common on fruit trees and bushes. Thelia bimaculata is frequently rather common on lopust trees, Robinia pseudacacia. Telamona ampelopsidis is usually to be found on Virginia creeper. The numerous species of this genus are difficult to differentiate satisfactorily. Adults of Archasta belfraget occur on oak and locust. I do not know where its young live. As stated on p. 84, ants attend some Membracide for the sake of ‘“‘honey-dew.’”’ It has been stated that ants assist Entylia sinuata to moult, but doubt has been cast on the accuracy of the observation. Incidentally, it may be that ‘‘honey-dew’’ is not the sole object of the ants’ ~ visits; they seem to be interested also in the sap that flows from the wounds made by the Membracids’ beaks. 484 APPENDIX. Hints for Identifying Caterpillars Page 115 No more is given here than the heading promises—hints. There are several extensive papers on the subject, such as the one by S. B. Fracker (I/linots Biological Monographs, vol. II., No. 1,1915), but they are necessarily both technical and incomplete. A very good hint is to make use of the plant index, page 525; it was prepared for this purpose. Another good hint is to rear the caterpillar; this means work but it will be both interesting and instructive. The other hints given here are from notes kindly furnished me by Mr. F. E. Watson, Assistant in charge of Lepidoptera at The American Museum of Natural History. They con- cern full-grown caterpillars and here we meet two diffi- culties: nothing but experience will tell when a caterpillar is full-grown and young caterpillars of a given species often, differ more in general appearance from full-grown speci- mens of the same species than do caterpillars of different species. This can not be helped; it is the way they are made. A “caterpillar’’ with only one ocellus on each side of its head and no circles of hooklets on its abdominal legs is not a caterpillar but the larva of a Saw-fly (p. 408). A caterpillar more than three inches long is certain to be one of the Sphingida, if it has either a ‘‘horn’’ or an eye- like spot on its eleventh body segment; otherwise it is likely to be either a Saturnid or a Ceratocampid. A very hairy caterpillar, unless very small, is almost certainly one of the Arctiidz, but see below. A caterpillar without legs on the sixth, seventh and eighth body segments and that moves by ‘‘looping’’ belongs to the Geometridez, but note that some Noctuide lack one or more pairs of legs from the middle of their body and also do a sort of a loop. Cater- pillars with a slit in the top of the first segment from which, when disturbed, they protrude a yellowish or reddish V- shaped scent organ are, in Eastern United States, those of some Swallow-tail butterfly, Papilio, 485 APPENDIX. BUTTERFLY CATERPILLARS NYMPHALIDZE On Milkweed.—A pair of thread-like appendages near each end of the body; see Plate XX VII. On pages 116 and 127 I used the name Anosia plexippus for this butterfly, calling attention to other names. Since then the subject has been passed upon by authorities and it is said that the name plexippus really belongs to an Asiatic species that is similar to ours but has a band of large white spots across each front wing. According to the rules, our species must now be called archippus and its genus is Danaus, not Danais. Let us hope that it will remain so; see page 4. Two southern species on Passion Flower, each about 1.5 in. long (page 117).—The larva of Heliconius chart- thonius is dead white, with blackish spots and long black spines. That of Dione vanille is brownish-red, with longi- tudinal dark brown bands and long blackish spines. Euptoieta claudia.—See p-ge 117 for foodplants; Passion Flower and Sedum are favorites. The larva, about 1.4 in. long, has a black head; body usually orange to brownish- red. There are two bands of white spots on each side and an indistinct one on top; two long, finely spined horns or tubercle on the first segment and six rows of shorter ones behind these. Argynnis and Brenthis larve feed by night and hide by day under pieces of bark, etc. To find them search for patches of Violets with irregular pieces eaten out of the ‘ leaves and then look carefully among the dead leaves near these plants. For A. idalia (about 2 in. long) and A. cybele (about 1.75 in. long), see page 117. A. aphrodite (page 118): about 1.5 in. long; blackish-brown with a velvety black spot at base of each spine; spines bl.ck, sometimes reddish-yellow at base. A. atlantis (page 118): about 1.5 in. long; dark velvety purple with grayish spines. The spines of B. myrina are blackish and those of bellona are dull grayish-yellow; see page 118. Phyciodes.—See descriptions of larve, page 119. For full-grown nycteis, about 1 in. long, look during early June on Woodland Sunflowers (Helianthus divaricatus), espe- 486 APPENDIX. cially along roads. P. tharos, about .75 in. long, on Asters. The spines of the rare batest are light purplish-brown; similar tg tharos and on Wavy-leafed Aster (Aster undula- tus). Meliteu.—See pages 119 and 120 for descriptions of larve. M. phaéton, about 1.5 in. long, feeds especially on Turtle-head (Chelone glabra). M. harrist, about 1.25 in. long, does not have the Baltimore’s black coloring at each extremity. Having rows of barbed spines Grapta, Junonia and Vanessa j-album have a pair of spines on the head. Pyramets and our other species of Vanessa do not have spines on the head. - Grapta tnterrogationis (page 120).—Head brown; body chestnut, flecked with yellow dots in more or less longitu- dinal lines; spines yellowish or reddish. Chiefly on Elm. Grapta comma (page 122).—Head blackish; body varying from green to brown; spines whitish (a good distinguishing character, but see faunus). Chiefly on Nettle. Grapta progne (page 122).—Head brown; body yellowish- brown; spines blackish. Chiefly on Currant and Goose- berry. Grapta faunus (page 122).—Head black; body brownish- yellow, with a large white patch back of the middle; spines white. Chiefly on Black Birch. Junonia cenia (page 126).—Head dark brown; body blackish-gray; spines metalic dark purple. Chiefly on Gerardia. Vanessa j-album (page 124).—Body varying from green to dull-red; spines mostly blackish. On White Birch. The following do not have spines on the head (see above). Vanessa antiopa (page 122 and plate XXX).—Head black; body with a row of orange-red spots on the back; spines black. Chiefly on Willow and Elm. Vanessa milbertt (page 124).—Head black; body black, lighter on the sides and with broken, yellow side-stripes; spines black. On Nettles; usually not over an inch long. Pyrameis atalanta (page 124).—Head black; body usu- 487 APPENDIX. ally reddish-gray with a broken, yellow stripe on each side; spines reddish. On Nettles. Pyrameis huntera (page 124).—Head black; body garnet with yellow rings, yellowish sides and two rows of white spots on the back;. anterior spines blackish, the others yellowish. On Everlastings. Pyramets cardut (page 126 and plate XXXI). —Head black; body brownish-gray with a somewhat broken, yellow stripe on each side and sometimes with two faint yellow lines down the middle of the back; spines yellowish. Chiefly on Burdock. Basilarchia.—Full-grown larve of the species mentioned on pages 126 and 127 are about 1.5 in. long and easily recognized by the pair of long, spiny, warty tubercles on the second segment and the humps along the back, es- pecially prominent on the fifth segment (see Plate XX VII). The tubercles on the second segment of astyanax are not clubbed, the spiny warts being slender; those of arithemis are conspicuously clubbed and short, the spiny warts being short and conical; those of archippus slightly clubbed and thickly covered with long, conical, spiny warts. All three feed on Willow and Poplar, but arthemis prefers Birch and astyanax feeds on Wild Cherry, both being sometimes found on other plants. Most of the caterpillars of the subfamily Satyrine have the last segment forked and the head usually angulate on top or even having a pairofhorns. See page 128 and Plate XXXII. The following notes are additional to the de- scriptions given there. All of these species feed on Grasses. Debis portlandia: about 1.25 in. long; head yellowish-green, the moderately high conical tubercles with red or pin tips; body green, with a dark green line on top and a fain yellow stripe on each side; anal forks long. Satyrode canthus: about 1.25 in. long; head green, with two ve nigh, red, conical tubercles; body green, with longitudina stripes of darker green; anal forks long. Neonymphi eurytus: about .75 in. long; head brownish and angulate almost tuberculate; body brownish-green, with a blackis line on top and obscure, brown, longitudinal markings anal forks short. NV. phocion: about 1 in. long; head pea 488 APPENDIX. green, with two small yellow-brown tubercles at the sum- mits; body yellowish-green, with a dark green line on top and five (two of which are indistinct) yellow lines on each side. Satyrus alope: about 1.25 in. long; head green and with no tubercles on the top; body dull, yellowish-green with two yellow stripes on each side; anal fork short and slender. Libythea bachmani.—Nearly an inch long; slender; dark green, with longitudinal yellow lines. These caterpillars look like Pierids and sometimes assume a somewhat Sphinx-like pose. The second and third segments are swollen, the former bearing two black tubercles in a yellow ring. On Hackberry (Celtis) and doubtfully on Wolf- berry (see p. 130). ERYCINIDZ AND LYCZNIDZ These larve usually have the head much smaller than the body, often completely retractile into the first segment of the body. They are shaped something like ‘‘sow-bugs’”’ or ‘‘wood-lice,”’ flat and with an oval outline. Their legs are so short that they seem to glide, rather than to walk. Erycinide (page 130).—The larva of our only species, Calephelts borealis, is unknown but, like other members of _ its family, its head is probably at least half as broad as the middle of its body, which is probably more cylindrical than among Lyceenide. Lycenide (page 131).—Head less than half as broad as the middle of the body. Many species have, on the back of the posterior segments, from one to three, minute, ex- tensible sacs from which exudes a secretion that is attrac- tive to ants. Therefore, these larvae may sometimes be found by noticing where ants are congregating (see page 132). Thecla melinus larve, about .5 in. long, are dark, dull, velvety brown. They are commonest in August on the buds, flowers, and pods of Hairy Bush Clover (Lespedeza). See page 131 for other food plants. The larva of T. damon is about .5 in. long; dark green, with three rows of whitish dashes on each side. Mr. Watson’s directions for finding 489 EEE Ee ~ APPENDIX. larve of T. titus, which get to be about .75 in. long and are bright green with each extremity bright rose color, are: “Look in June on small plants of Wild Cherry. First notice if the leaves are eaten in an irregular manner; then if there is an ants’ nest at the base of the main stem. The next step will be to remove carefully the earth around this main stem to a depth of one or two inches. The larva will be found resting on the stem with ants in attendance. It crawls up to the top of the plant to feed at night.” Fentseca tarquinius, about .5 in. long, grayish brawn and covered rather abundantly with short hairs. See page 132 for food-habits. Chrysophanus hypophleus larve, on Field Sorrel (Rumex acetosella), and those of C. thoé, on Curly Dock (R. crispus), are bright green and get to be about .6 in. long. See page naa. ‘ Lycena comyntas, about .4 in. long, are brownish green; chiefly on flowers of Bush Clover and Tick-trefoil. See page 133. L. pseudargiolus is a better name than /adon for our Common Blue. Its larva, about .5 in. long, varies from whitish to greenish and is sometimes tinted with rose. PIERINE These caterpillars are slender and usually not much longer than one inch. On Cruciferous Plants (pages 134 to 137).—Pueris rape (Plate XX XIV) is green, with three pale longitudinal stripes, one on the back and one on each side; on Cabbage, etc. P. protodice is green, striped with golden yellow and dotted with small, black ‘‘warts’’; not common; chiefly on Lepidium virginicum, a round-seeded Pepper-grass. P. napi is green, minutely dotted with black except for a narrow streak down the back. P. monuste, about 1.25 in. long, is yellow, longitudinally striped with dull bluish and bright yellow bands and studded with shiny black warts, the larger ones being spiny. Euchloé genutia is dark green, striped with dark blue, orange, yellow, and white, and dotted all over with minute black warts; June and late May, especially on flowers and pods of the Rock-cress, Arabis lyrata. 499 APPENDIX. On Leguminous Plants (pages 137 and 138).—Colias philodice is grass-green, with a pale rose-colored stripe on each side; chiefly on Clover. Eurytheme is like philodice but with two rose-colored bands on each side; on Clovers, especially Alfalfa. Meganostoma cesonia is yellowish- green, generally with narrow transverse bands of yellow or black or both, and dotted with small black warts; on false Indigo (Amorpha fruticosa). Catopsila eubule, about 1.75 in. long, is bluish-green, with a yellow stripe on each side, blue transverse bands, and dotted with minute black warts; on Cassia. Possibly all of our species of Terzas feed on Cas- sia. T.lisa is grass-green, with a white line on each side; nicippe is green, with a broad yellow band, edged slightly with blue, on each side. Nathalis tole, about .5 in. long, is green, with a purple stripe on the back and a double purple and yellow stripe on each side. On Fetid Marigold (Bebera papposa). PAPILIONINZ See above (page 485). Front Segments Much Larger Than Those Behind; Eye-like Spots on the Third Segment.—P. troilus (page 140) has yellowish patches in line with these eye-spots but on the fourth segment; it is common on Sassafras and Spice- bush. VP. glaucus (page 140) does not have such yellow patches and is usually found on either Wild Cherry or Tulip-tree. P. palamedes is much like troilus but the spot on the third segment is more distinctly an “‘eye spot’? and the pinkish spot behind this (on the fourth segment) has _ no black spot at its hind edge; on Magnolia and Lauracee. Front Segments Much Larger Than Those Behind, but Without Eye-spots.—P. cresphontes (page 138 and plate T) lives on Citrus Trees. P. marcellus (page 142) is green, with narrow yellow and black cross-bands, and lives on Papaw. Front Segments Not Much Larger Than Those Behind.— P. philenor (page 141) is blackish-brown, with fleshy fila- ments and orange tubercles; rare in the North but common southward on Artstolochia. P. polyxenes (page 141) is green, with black cross-bands; on Carrot, Parsnip, and allied plants, 491 APPENDIX. HESPERIIDZ “The larve are smooth and usually have a head, some- what rough and hairy, which looks too big and seems to be supported by a too slender neck. The appearance of many suggests moth larve, and nearly all of the species show a further resemblance to moths in that they spin a sort of a cocoon within which they pupate’’ (page 142; see Plate XXXVII). The first body segment of the caterpillars has a chitinized band back of the neck; this band is called the thoracic shield. The Hesperiine (page 143) make horizontal nests on a variety of plants (but not grasses), the young by folding over a leaf and the more nearly full-grown by fastening together several leaves. The Pamphilinze (page 144) make vertical, tubular nests by spining together blades of grass. | The following notes concern the Hesperiinez; the life histories of the Pamphilinze are but poorly known. — Epargyreus tityrus (page 143).—Head reddish-brown, with two bright orange-red spots; body yellowish-green but first segment red and thoracic shield brown. Chiefly on Locust. Eudamus proteus (page 144).—Like tutyrus but with orange longitudinal bands. Especially on Tick-trefoil (Meibomia). | Achalarus (misspelled Achlarus on page 144) lycidas, Thorybes bathyllus, and pylades.—Head black; body brown. On Tick-trefoil and Bush Clover. Thanaos brizo (two orange-red spots on the head), also (six such spots) juvenalis and horatius.—Head fawn-colored body whitish-green. Chiefly on Oak. Adults of horatius are distinguished from those of juvenalis (plate XX XVII) by their not having two whitish spots on the under side of each hind wing just back of the front edge. Thanaos lucilius (page 144).—Head black; body green. On Columbine. Pholisora catullus (page 144).—Head black; body green. On Chenopodium and Amaranthus. Hesperia tessellata (page 144).—Head black; body green, On Sida, 492 APPENDIX. SPHINGIDZ Hairless caterpillars from two to five inches long having either a horn or an eye-like tubercle on the eleventh seg- ment are sure to belong to this family (p. 146), if they as- sume a Sphinx-like attitude when at rest. The species which have an eye-like tubercle instead of a horn are Sphe- codina abbottt, Pholus pandorus and achemon; see below. The horn of Pachysphinx modesta is not well developed. A few species belonging to other families have small larvze with such a tubercle but they do not assume the Sphinx- like pose. Ceratomia amyntor on Elm sii White Birch may be recognized by the pair of tubercles on each of the third and fourth segments. Hemarts thysbe.—About 1.75 in. long. Head pale green; body pale green, whitish on top, with two longitudinal white stripes close together on top and two others which are close together on the second segment and meet at the base of the bluish horn. Commonon Viburnum. See page 147. Amphion nessus.—About 2.75 in. long. Chocolate- brown, flecked with black markings and brownish dots; brownish stripes on the sides; horn reddish. On Virginia Creeper and Grape. See page 147. Sphecodina abbott.—About 2.5 in. long. Sometimes nearly green owing to large green patches on the brown ground-color; with narrow dark lines and a shiny eye-like tubercle instead of a horn. Common on Virginia Creeper and Grape. See page 148. Deitlephila lineata.—Up to 3 in. ind Yellowish green or black, with two rows of eye-like spots along the back. See page 148. Pholus.—P. pandorus is about 3.5 in. long; robust; green or reddish brown, with six oval, cream-colored spots on the sides; black, polished, eye-like tubercle instead of a horn when full-grown, but the young have a recurved horn; see Plate XX XVIII. P. achemon is similar but the light spots are elongate and have an irregular outline. Both are on Virginia Creeper and Grape. See page 149. Ampelophagus.—A.myron is about 2.25 in. long. Body green or brown, with two white longitudinal lines on top 493 APPENDIX. from head to horn; also a row of yellow patches on top; pale oblique stripes on the sides; horn red to bluish; on Virginia Creeper and Grape (see page 149 and Plate XXXVIII). A. pholus is about 2 in. long; similar to myron but lacks the row of yellow patches on top; horn white, with a bluish base and green tip; on Viburnum. A. versicolor is up to 3 in. long; similar to pholus but the ar- rangement of the stripes is somewhat different and the horn is black with red sides; chiefly on Buttonball but not common. Phiegethontius or Protoparce.—Green or brown cater- pillars; 3 to 4 in. long; on Potato, Tomato, Tobacco, and allied plants. P. celeus has seven oblique yellowish-white side-stripes that curve backward around and below the spiracles. In P. carolina these stripes do not curve back- ward. See page 150 and Plate XX XIX. Sphinx jamaicensits geminatus.—About 2.25 in. long. Head triangular; green, with a yellow side-stripe. Body green, with seven oblique, yellowish bands on each side and a short white longitudinal stripe on each side on the ante- rior segments; horn usually blue but sometimes greenish or even pink. Body and head granular. Chiefly on Willow and Poplar. See page 152. Calasymbolus.—The following are about 2.5 in. long; head triangular and partly green; body green, with seven oblique side-stripes. C. excecatus has a yellow side-stripe on the head; two yellow longitudinal stripes on the back; horn green; head and body granular; on a great variety of plants. C. myops also has a yellow stripe on the head; usually four rows of bright red spots on the body; horn green; head and body not granular; on Cherry. C. astylus has yellowish- green head and body; head with pinkish sides and the seven yellow oblique bands on each side of the body are marked with pinkish above; two short pinkish stripes on the back of the anterior segments; horn yellow, with a pink base; chiefly on Huckleberry and rather rare. Pachysphinx modesta is about 3 in. long. Head and body light green, with white granulations; body with two yellow longitudinal lines above and seven oblique ones on each side; horn rudimentary. On Willow and Poplar, See page 150. 494 APPENDIX. Cressonia juglandis.—About 2.5 in. long. Green or brown, with white granulations; head triangular, pointed at the top; body with seven pale, oblique stripes on each side; horn brownish. Chiefly on Hickory, Walnut, and Butternut. Hyloicus.—H. eremitus is up to 3 in. long; dark reddish- brown, with seven pale, oblique stripes on each side; on the second segment is a tubercle-like projection, back of which is an oval black spot; on Pepper, Wild Bergamot, Salvia, and various species of the mint family. H. drupiferarum has seven white side-stripes bordered with purple; chiefly on Wild Cherry but also on Plum. H. kalmie has seven oblique white side-stripes bordered with blue-black and yellow. WH. chersis has a whitish-green body, with the oblique stripe pale yellow. The last three are up to 3.5 in. long and rather robust; the last two feed chiefly on Lilac, Privet, and Ash. See also page 153. _Chlenogrammajasminearum.—Up to 3.5in. long. Rather robust; green, with six oblique stripes white and the sev- enth red. On Ash, probably also Lilac and Privet. SATURNIID2 AND CERATOCAMPIDZ These two families are often grouped together in our minds because species of each are large and showy moths. Large, robust, hairless (except B. tmperialis) caterpillars with prominent paired horns. or tubercles are fairly certain to belong to one of them. Philosamia cynthia.—About 2.75 in. long. Pale green, covered with a whitish powder; six rows of bluish-green tubercles. Chiefly on Azlanthus. See page 153 and Plate XL. Samia cercropia.—About 3.5 in. long. Bright green; second and third segments each have a pair of large, coral- red tubercles; a pair of yellow tubercles on the fourth seg- ment and a single unpaired one on the eleventh segment. On almost any kind of tree and woody shrub. See page 154 and Plate XLI. Callosamia promethea.—About 2.25 in. long. Pale green; the second and third segments each have a pair of coral-red tubercles and there is an unpaired yellow one on the eleventh 495 APPENDIX. segment. On a great variety of trees and woody shrubs, See page 156 and Plate XLII. The rather rare C. anguli- fera is similar to promethea but has yellow side-stripes; on Tulip-tree. Telea polyphemus.—About 2.75 in. long. Bright apple- green; six rows of scarlet tubercles which are silvered on the sides. On a great variety of trees and shrubs, Oak and Maple being favorites. See page 158 and Plate XLIV. Actias luna.—Very similar to T. polyphemus but the tubercles are not silvered. Chiefly on Hickory and Sweet- gum. See page 158 and Plate XLIII. Automeris io.—This spiny caterpillar is easily recognized by reference to Plate XLV. A favorite food is Wild Cherry. See page 160. | Anisota.—About 2 in. long; three rows of short black spines on each side and a pair of long ones on the second segment; chiefly on Oak. A. stigma has a yellow head; body light brown, with white granules and three dark longitudinal stripes. A. virginiensis has a brown head with a greenish or yellowish tinge; body dark greenish, with four purplish stripes. A. senatoria has a black head; body dull black, with eight orange stripes. See pages 161 and 162 and Plate XLVIII. Dryocampa rubicunda.—Plate XLV is sufficient de- scription. On Mapleand rarely on Oak. As noted on page 162, it is really an Axisota. — Citheronta regalis.—About 5 in. long. Green; second and third segments each have a pair of very long horns and a pair of shorter ones, orange with black tips; a short horn on segment eleven. On Sweet-gum and Walnut, less com- monly on other trees. See page 162 and Plate XLVI. Citheronia sepulchralis is smaller than regalis and is brown- ish with yellowish horns; on Pine. Basilona imperialis—About 4 in. long. Color varying from green through brownish orange to black; second and third segments each have a pair of short yellow horns and another pair of still shorter ones; a short one on the eleventh segment; body covered with scattered, long hair. On a great variety of trees, Sassafras, Sweet-gum, and White Pine being favorites. See page 164 and Plate XLVII, 496 APPENDIX. Woolly Bears These are, typically, members of the family Arctiide. They are only moderately long and usually have dense hair. There are a large number of species, but the com- moner ones are described on pages 166 to 170 and figured on Plates XLIX and L. See also Acronycta americana, page 174 and Plate LI; Malacosoma, page 191 and Plate LVII; and Hemerocampa, page 186 and Plate LV. Unfortunately this pest has invaded New Jersey. Apparently it was a fresh introduc- tion on nursery stock imported by the Duke estate near Somerville. Owing to insufficient inspection of importations at the docks, it was allowed to come in and, owing to insufficient entomological service in New Jersey, it became established and spread before it was discovered. Both of these unfortunate oversights were due to insuffi- cient appropriations for important work. Now many times the cost of prevention must be spent for a cure. Gypsy Moth Page 188 A small Pyralid moth, Pyrausta nubilalis, pe has found its way to this country from Eu- Pape 209 rope, probably ina shipment of broom corn from Austria-Hungary about I9I0, and some of our best economic entomologists fear that it may become a very serious pest. It was discovered in 1917 infesting corn in the vicinity of Boston. The mature larva is about an inch long, flesh-colored, often somewhat smoky or reddish dorsally; head dark brown; each abdominal segment with a cross-row of four dark spots, in each of which is a short, stout spine, and behind each such row are two smaller spots. The insect has only one brood a year in some places; in others, adults not only appear in May from larve that have overwintered in old stalks and pu- pated in the Spring but there is another generation in midsummer. The larve bore almost anywhere in the corn plant: in the tassel-stalk, causing it to break; in the main stem, lowering the vitality of the plant; and in the ear, spoiling it forfood. Unfortunately, because this fact makes 497 APPENDIX. the insect more difficult to control, it also breeds in a great variety of weeds. Through an inexcusable laxness in lan- guage I said that the larve of these interest- ing and often troublesome insects cling by means of sucker-like hind legs. I should have said “each larva clings by suckers located at the posterior end of its body.”” Johannsen’s description (IV. Y. State Museum Bulletin 68) is: ‘‘At the caudal end, with its plane nearly at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body, are concentric circles of tiny hooks, the center of the circle being hollowed out, sucker-like. The rows of hooks, though arranged in concentric circles, are also arranged radially, so that about 100 radii may be counted, each radius with from eight to 20 hooks (varying with the species and, per- haps, also with the age).’’ These suckers are not true legs and neither are the “front pair, which they use when crawling,’’ true legs; what has apparently happened is that fleshy appendages, analogous to the proplegs of cater- pillars, have been modified to form these structures. Adults of Simulium have been accused of carrying pellagra to man and anthrax to cattle. Simuliide Page 243 Key to Some Families of Beetles Page 280 | In the general remarks about Coleoptera, I said: ‘After some familiarity with the various groups has been gained by matching specimens with the pictures, the student will be able to assign most beetles to their proper family on ‘general appearance’.’’ This is, as a matter of fact, the. way we usually work but there are even common species that are troublesome because they are not entirely typical of the family to which they belong. Mr. A. J. Mutchler, Assistant in charge of Coleoptera at The American Mu- seum of Natural History, has kindly drawn up the following ~ key (see page 27) in order to help with these species and also with families that do not have very striking character- istics. Only those who have attempted such a task can 498 APPENDIX. realize how difficult it is to make a key simple enough to be used by an amateur and also scientifically accurate. I believe that Mr. Mutchler has succeeded wonderfully well. The student should be careful when counting the tarsal joints. The claws are not joints but the segment that bears them is one, the last one. Where a joint is said to be small or inconspicuous, it is often very much so. The few neces- sary technical terms are explained either in the key or else- where in the book; see the index. Where more than one character is given, your specimen must have each of them, unless there is a clear qualifying statement such as ‘‘usu- ally.”’” If your specimen does not have that combination of characters, go on to the next step. 1. All of the tarsi three-jointed; second joint dilated and pad-like beneath. Antenne eleven-jointed, terminating in a more or less distinct three-jointed club. Lastjoint of the maxillary palpi broad, hatchet-shaped. Head nearly con- cealed by the thorax. Lady Beetles. COCCINELLIDA. See page 297 and Coccinella, Megilla, Adalia, Hippodamia, Anatis, and Epilachna, Plate LXXV. Not having this combination of characters.......... 2. 2. Antenne arising from the front of the head, above the base of the mandibles; eleven-jointed, thread-like, with at least the six outer joints pubescent. Head usually verti- eal, and usually wider than the thorax. Eyes usually | prominent (bulging). Legs slender. All tarsi distinctly five-jointed. They are usually of a metallic green or bronze color or, like lepida and dorsalis that live on white sand, grayish white. Tiger Beetles. CICINDELIDZ. See page 281 and Cicindella, Plates LX XII and LXXIII. Not having this combination of characters.......... 2 3- Antenne arising from the sides of the head, between the base of the mandibles and the eyes; eleven-jointed, usually distinctly thread-like (however, see Scarites, page 286), with at least the six outer joints pubescent. Eyes usually moderate in size (however, see Elaphrus, page 285). Head usually horizontal or slightly inclined, and usually narrower than the thorax. All of the tarsi distinctly five- jointed. The species are usually black, blue, green, or 499 _ APPENDIX. brown, and a few are spotted. CARABIDH. See page 282 and Plates LXXIT and LXXIII. Not having this combination of characters.......... 4. 4. First three and claw joints of all the tarsi plainly visible; the third one is usually deeply notched; hidden in this notch is a small fourth joint, which is immovably united with the fifth or claw joint, making the tarsi appear four-jointed. Sole of tarsi usually densely pubescent. Antenne usually either filiform (thread-like) or serrate (saw-toothed), rarely thickened towards the tip. (Where posterior tarsi are five-jointed and the third joint is not lobed, try 16. See also 6, '7, and 8 for species having the first or fourth joint of the tarsi very small)... ia... 5. Not having this combination of characters.......... 6. 5. Front of head prolonged into a broad quadrate beak. Antenne short, serrate, inserted in front of the eyes. Margin of the eyes more or less indented in front. Elytra short, leaving the last dorsal abdominal segment exposed. Front and middle legs of moderate length, their femora not dilated; ‘hind temora dilated and often toothed beneath. First tarsal joint elongate; this and the two following joints clothed beneath with spongy pubescence; third joint deeply bilobed; claws usually broadly toothed at the base. All but one species are less than .25 inch in length. BrucHIDA. See page 379. Certain Rhynchophora, such as Anthribidz (see 19) are difficult to separate from other beetles (see pages 394 and 395) and the student may have them, also, at this point. Antenne usually long (rarely very short); their points of insertion usually much embraced by the eyes and usually upon frontal prominences. Eyes usually transverse, with deeply indented margin or sometimes entirely divided. (Species with eyes slightly or not indented may be hard to separate from the next division and, in that case, other characters should be carefully compared.) Elytra usually covering the abdomen, but in a few species very short (those species which are long and narrow and have short elytra may superficially be mistaken for Staphylinide). Tibiz with more or less distinct spurs. Upper surface usually hairy, but sometimes glabrous and _ shining. CERAMBYCID&, See page 337. | 500 APPENDIX, Antenne either moderately long or short and either thread-like, saw-toothed, or clubbed; their point of inser- tion rarely, or not at all, surrounded by the eyes and not upon frontal prominences. Margins of the eyes not, or scarcely, indented. Elytra usually covering the abdomen, sometimes leaving the last dorsal segment exposed and rarely not nearly covering the enlarged abdomen of gravid females. Legs usually short; hind femora frequently en- larged; tibize never serrate and usually without spurs. Upper surface usually glabrous, often shining. CHRY- SOMELIDA. See page 362. 6. Tarsi very variable; usually five-jointed, with the first joint usually small and somewhat inconspicuous; some- times with fourth joint small; sometimes with the middle and hind tarsi four-jointed in the males. Antenne either thread-like or terminated by a slight club (usually the outer joints are but slightly thickened); first joint usually elongated, sometimes to a great degree. (Try also 7 and 8 which have the first joint of tarsi small or, if maxillary palpi are longer than the antenne, try 15 for some species with first tarsal joint small and inconspicuous.) Elytra usually flat, strongly margined, and usually covering the abdomen. Legs rather short. Femora large. Tibize slender. The species are generally flat and elongated, sometimes excessively so, and usually of sombre tint. CucujID&. See page 299. Not having this combination of characters.......... 7. 7, Antenne with eleven or rarely ten joints; rather short; usually serrate, the outer joints larger and forming an open _or less often a compact club. First and fourth tarsal joints often very small; all but the fifth furnished beneath with membranous appendages. The species are usually pubes- cent and more or less cylindrical in form. CLERIDE. See page 318. Not having this combination of characters.......... 8. 8. Antenne eleven-jointed, more or less thickened throughout, the outer joints being widest and forming a club of varied form. Elytra never shortened, always cover- ing the abdomen. Tarsi five-jointed, slender; first joint very short; second slightly longer; last joint very long; claws simple. Between the claws there is a short pad ter- 501 APPENDIX. minated with two hairs. Form oblong or oval, usually flattened. They are usually black, reddish-black or steel blue in color, and usually glabrous. TEMNOCHILIDA. See page 305. Not having this combination of characters.......... 9. 9g. Elytra short, usually leaving a greater part of the ab- domen exposed above. Abdomen flexible, capable of being turned upward, and with eight, or rarely only seven, seg- ments visible from below. Mandibles somewhat long, sharp, and sickle-shaped. Tarsi usually with five, or rarely with only four or three, joints. STAPHYLINID/. See page 207. Not having this combination of characters........ 10. 10. Prothorax loosely joined behind (the basal part fitting loosely to the elytra); hind angles prolonged backwards into more or less elongated points. None of the five ventral segments of the abdomen more closely united than the others. Middle of the prosternum with a spine-like pro- longation which projects into, but does not fill, the cavity at the middle of the mesosternum. Antennz more or less saw-toothed, rarely fan-like or comb-like. Tarsal claws either simple, toothed, or comb-like. ELATERIDA. See page 3006. Not having this combination of characters....... ris 11. Prothorax fitting closely to the elytra; hind angles of prothorax usually not, or at most slightly, prolonged. Middle of the prosternum prolonged and fitting rather tightly into the mesosternum. First and second ventral segments of the abdomen more closely united than the others. The junction of these segments may be (1) very indistinct, making the first and second segment appear as one large segment; (2) with a more or less distinct line indicating the point of contact; or (3) the junction may be distinct but not as markedly so as that between the other segments. Elytra nearly or entirely covering the abdomen. Antennz saw-toothed. All of the tarsi distinctly five- jointed. The surface of these beetles is usually bronzed or metallic and their bodies are hard and not flexible. Many of them resemble the Elateridz in general form, but the thorax and abdomen are more firmly united. BUPREs- TIDZ. See page 310. 502 APPENDIX. Not having this combination of characters........ £2: 12. Body and elytra softer than is usual for beetles. Seven or eight segments of the abdomen showing on ventral side. Often with light-giving apparatus, which is visible on the under side of one or more segments of the abdomen. Antennz usually eleven-jointed; usually saw-toothed, rarely comb-like, or with long flat processes folding like a fan. Elytra thin and flexible; sometimes short; never embracing the sides of the abdomen. Legs long, slender, and often compressed. Tarsi without appendages be- neath; the fourth joint more or less bilobed. For the most part, these are plain black, or brownish, or brownish- yellow species; some are black and yellow. LAMPYRIDA. See page 314. Not having this combination of characters...... fungi growing upon logs, although the members of one genus (Languria) are found upon oe and are more or less injurious.. See page 299. CoLyplIp#.—Small elongate species and so closely allied to the Cucujide that they have been included as one of.its subfamilies, but the tarsi are four-jointed and the first four ventral segments are firmly united. They are in part carnivorous, as the larve of certain genera are known to feed on small wood-boring insects. See page 299. RHYSSODIDZ.—See page 299. CRYPTOPHAGIDZ.—Oval or oblong oval; never very de- pressed. See page 300. MyYcETOPHAGIDZ.—See page 300. NITIDULIDZ.—See page 304. ( LATHRIDIIDZ.—These belong in the section with the three-jointed tarsi. See page 305. Monotomip#.—Probably none over .15 in. in length. They are much depressed and look like some of the smaller Cucujide, but they have three-jointed tarsi, and the an- tennz are ten-jointed. They live beneath the bark of trees and in the nests of ants. DERODONTIDZ.—Only four North American species. About .16 inch or lessin length. The tarsi are five-jointed and the antennez have the last three joints somewhat, but not suddenly, enlarged. The color is brownish yellow. The only species which is likely to come to notice is to be found on fungi and beneath the bark of fungus-covered logs. ByrrHip&.—The largest is probably less than .5 in. in length. They are oval and convex. The tarsi are five- jointed. The legs are retractile and the hind coxz grooved to receive the femora in repose. Found most commonly in sandy places, where they are usually upon the ground, either beneath cover or burrowing about the roots of the tufts of coarse grasses which grow in such localities. GEORYSSIDZ.—Represented in the United States by only two species, each less than .4 in. in length, which live on the margin of streams and cover themselves with a coat- ing of mud or fine sand, so that they can be detected only when they move. They are minute, rounded, and convex. The tarsi are four-jointed. The antenne short and nine- jointed, the last three joints forming an oval club. 508 APPENDIX, PARNIDZ.—The tarsi are five-jointed; the fifth, or last, joint is longer than the other four united and is armed with long simple claws. See page 305. HETEROCERIDZ.— Thelargest is not over .28 in. in length. The antenne are short, the seven outer joints broad. Tibie dilated and armed with rows of spines and fitted for digging. The labrum and mandibles project forward. Tarsi four-jointed. They are semi-aquatic and live in galleries which they excavate in the sand or mud, along the borders of streams and lakes. When disturbed, they run from these galleries and take flight. DASCYLLIDZ.—None more than .26 in. in length. The antennz are more or less saw-toothed. The tarsal claws are either simple or comb-like. They are oval, somewhat convex, and of rather soft texture and dull color. They usually occur on plants near water, although some are found on dead timber, others in rotten wood, and a few in cunning water. RHIPICERIDZ.—The largest of the three species likely to occur in the Eastern United States is less than I in. in length. The antenne are saw-toothed and in most males this is so pronounced as to be fan-like. The tarsal claws have a large hairy pad between them. They are usually found on or near dead trees. THROSCIDZ.—See page 309. Mavacuip@.—Although similar to the Lampyride, these do not have the fourth tarsal joint bilobed and the antennz of some male species are curiously knotted. See page 318. _ Prini#.—See page 320. BosTRYCHIDZ.—See page 322. CUPESIDZH,—See page 323. LYMEXYLONID2.—The three known North American Species vary from more than .4 in. to as small as .1 in. in length. The antennae are short and saw-toothed; the elytra nearly or quite as long as the abdomen. They are elongate, narrow, and are probably all wood-borers, the best known European species being called the ship-timber beetle. See page 324. Cioip&.—These differ from most of the other Serri- cornia in having four-jointed tarsi. See page 324. 599 APPENDIX. SPHINDID@.—The representatives of this family in the United States consist of only three species, the largest being about .1 in. in length. They belong to the Serri- cornia but are “‘heteromerus”’ (the front and middle tarsi being five-jointed and hind tarsi four-jointed). They occur in dry fungi on logs and the trunks of trees. SPONDYLID.—See page 336. It is pleasant to record that injurious insects are not the only introduced species to spread beyond their point of entry. Calosoma sycophania, introduced near Boston for control- ling the Gypsy Moth, is now to be found in the vicinity of New York City. It is about the size of scrutator; the pro- thorax and underside are dark blue; and there is no reddish margin on the elytra. Calosoma Page 285 Another introduced pest that has become Se am important since the first edition of this book Bech i is the Green Japanese Beetle, Popillia japomca. Itisa Scarabeid, of the subfamily Ruteline (page 332), about half an inch long, and may be recognized by its being almost entirely green, except for the brown elytra, which do not reach to the tip of the ab- domen. When Messrs. Weiss and Dickerson, inspectors for the New Jersey State Department of Agriculture, dis- covered it in 1916 in Burlington County, N. J., they could find only about a dozen beetles; a recent bulletin states that in 1919 it had increased to such an extent that 20,000 beetles could ‘‘be collected by hand by one person in a single day.’’ The first beetles probably came in with earth surrounding the roots of some ornamental plant such as iris or azalea. The adults skeletonize the leaves of trees and hardy shrubs, practically defoliating them. There is always great danger in making unqualified statements cover a wide field in entomology. It is for that reason I have put in ‘‘usually”’ and its various synonyms so often. There is a case in point on page 407, where I said that members of the superfamily Ichneumonoidea have 510 Antenne of Ichneumo- noidea APPENDIX. more than sixteen joints in each antenna. The very first genus, Evania, mentioned under this division on Eee A4II does — and there are others. As was pointed out on page 430, Polistes makes no envelope for its nest but Vespa does. Some authors consider that the in- troduced crabro (Plate XC), having the ocelli much below the level of the upper edges of the compound eyes and nearer to each other and to the compound eyes than they are to the back of the head, is our only true Vespa. The others are called Vespula. Vespula is then divided into. subgenera: Vespula, proper, has the compound eyes nearly touching the base of the mandibles and includes consobrina and communis (the numbers 2 and 3 were unfortunately transposed in the first edition of this book); Dolichovespula has the eyes remote from the mandibles and includes maculata, arctica, and diabolica. The markings of maculata are whitish (often not as yellow as shown on plate XC) and usually there are none on the first three segments; the under side of each antenna is reddish yellow. The so-called germanica and vulgaris, referred to on page 430, are se- parated from each other and from communzts as follows: V. germanica has the black spot on the first dorsal abdominal segrnent lozenge-shaped; this spot is triangular or trans- verse in vulgaris (base of the first dorsal abdominal seg- ment black and a black point in the middle of the yellow posterior margin) and communis (first dorsal abdominal seg- ment yellow, with a transverse black spot). Vespula (in the limited sense) vzdus was not mentioned on page 430. It has yellow markings like communis but the second ab- dominal segment is black, except for a narrow even band along the posterior margin, while in other species of the subgenus Vespula the yellow covers much of the second segment and the front edge of the yellow band is irregular. A southern Vespula that comes as far north as New Jersey is carolina. It has a pair of longitudinal, pale lines extend- ing to the posterior margin of the mesonotum. The worker and male have yellow markings, including bands on the abdomen; the light markings, including most of the abdomen, of the queen are somewhat reddish or orange. Paper-making Wasps 511 APPENDIX, Kev To BEES Page 439 In order to make certain that the specimen is a bee, run over the classification on pages 407 and 408. The wing veins and cells referred to here are those of the front wings; see p. 406 for their names and the figures on page 513 for rather typical examples x. Three closed submarginal cells. ).3 73333 2, Two closed submarginal cells. ... )) eae eee 22. Less than two closed submarginal cells. Phileremulus (small, western Nomadide, p. 442) and Stingless Honey- bees (p. 453) of the tropics. 2. Marginal cell very long, almost reaching the apex of the wing (Fig. 1); no apical spurs on the hind tibiz; eyes with hair visible under a lens. The ordinary Hive or Honey Bee. Apip& (p. 453). Not having this combination of characters........ re 3. First recurrent vein meeting the first transverse cubital.- Southern bees. Caupolicana (Megacilissa of some authors) in the Colletide. First recurrent vein received by thesecond submarginal cell near or beyond its middle, rarely uniting with the second transverse cubital vein. (One of thespeciesin which Explanation of Figures on Page 513 These figures are merely more or less typical examples; in some genera there are considerable variations from species to species (and sometimes even within a species) from the condition illustrated. 1. A wing of Apis mellifera, the ordinary Hive-bee. 2. A dia- gram of a side view of the head of a bee in which the posterior angle of the mandible is not farther forward (toward the left) than the posterior margin of the eye. 3. A similar diagram showing this angle farther forward than the posterior margin of the eye. 4. A wing of a Bumble-bee, Bombus. 5. A wing of a Carpenter Bee, Xylocopa. 6. A wing of Anthophora. 7. A wing of Melissodes. 8. A wing of Exomalopsis. 9. A diagram of tarsal claws with a pad, called pulvillus or empodium, between them. 10. A diagram of tarsal claws without such a pad. 31. A wing of Epeolus. 12. A wing of Nomada. 13. A wing of Ceratina. 14. A wing of Halictus. 15. A wing of Andrena. 16. A wing of Colletes. 17. A wing of Prosopis. 18. A wing of a Leaf-cutting Bee, Megachile. 19. A wing of a Perdita. 512 . APPENDIX, these veins meet is Protoxea gloriosa of our Southwest. This bee is nearly three-fourths of an inch long; has reddish yellow pubescence; its marginal cell is very narrow; and the submarginal cells increase in size from the first to the third. See also Xylocopa, Fig. 5)... so ee eee 4. 4. Submarginal cells all of about the same size at the second somewhat the longest and strongly produced to- ward the body; the first usually divided by a delicate, rather indistinct oblique nervure. Stigma not weil de- veloped. First discoidal cell not much longer than the marginal cell, which is pointed at the tip and extends far beyond the apex of the third submarginal cell. Fig. 4. Rather large and densely hairy bees. BomBiD (p. 448). Not having this combination of characters........ Ss 5. Third submarginal cell almost as long as the first and second combined; the second wedge shaped, narrowed and pointed toward the body; the third scarcely narrowed to- ward the marginal cell, which is long and narrow. First recurrent vein uniting with the second traverse cubital. Stigma not well developed. First discoidal cell not much longer than the marginal cell. Fig. 5. Large bees. Xylo- copa, XYLOCOPIDA (p. 447). Not having this combination of characters.......... 6. 6. Posterior angle of mandible farther forward toward the face than the posterior line of the eye (see Fig. 3). Body hairy. First portion of subdiscoidal vein distinctly longer than the third portion of the discoidai vein. Marginal cell not especially long or narrow, rarely longer than the first two submarginal cells united. Females and most males with a flat triangular area on the apical dorsal abdominal segment. Most Anthophoride in a broad sense. See p. 444, where, however, some of the following are not men- tioned. 2. fe SL ba cn vin os nee Fe _ Not having this combination of characters........ 13. 4%. First discoidal cell much longer than the marginal cell. See Pig. 6.00.0. 50.00 cc ce ee ose e's aise ea, an 8. First discoidal cell scarcely, if any, longer than the marginal. See Figs. 7 and 8.......... 20 cee 9. 8. Third submarginal cell almost quadrate, not, or scarce- ly, narrower above than beneath. Marginal cell obtuse at the tip, which extends beyond the apex ot the third sub- 514 APPENDIX. marginal cell only about as far as the marginal cell is wide. Anthophora (Fig. 6 and p. 444; mandibles with not more than two teeth) and Clisodon. C. terminalis nests in dead wood; its female has yellowish red hair on the apex of the abdomen. Third submarginal cell narrower above than beneath. Tip of marginal cell far beyond the apex of the third sub- marginal cell and touching the costal margin of the wing. First recurrent vein reaching the apical corner of the second submarginal cell. Largely western. Emphoropsis. A common eastern species is F. floridana, a moderate-sized black bee with grayish hair on the thorax and first ab- dominal segment. g. Stigma well developed, lanceolate. Second recurrent nervure not strongly sinuose. First submarginal cell about as long asthe third. Fig. 8. Southern bees. Exomalopsis. Not having this combination of characters.......... 10. to. Second submarginal cell rather longer than either the first or third, not narrowed above. Marginal cell obtuse at tip and not extending more than its width beyond the apex of the third submarginal cell, which is very much narrowed towards the marginal. Hind legs of female with long, dense pubescence. Southern bees. Ceniris. Second submarginal cell smaller than either the first DEER IPL fs ho Sas ee al", de a SS. LL t1. Vertex raised in the middie at the ocelli; male anten- nz usually conspicuously longer than the female’s; male clypeus with more or less yellowish markings. Tetralonia, Xenoglossa, Cemolobus, and Melissodes (see Fig. 7 and ' page 445). 12. Pulvilli (pads between the tarsal claws; Fig. 9) pres- ent. Melitoma (proboscis, when folded, extending be- neath the thorax as far as the base of the abdomen: page 444) and Diadasia (proboscis not so elongate; western bees). Pulvilli absent: (See Fig. 10.) Emphor (page 444). 13. First discoidal cell much longer than the marginal cell; first portion of the subdiscoidal vein shorter than the third portion of the discoidal vein. (See Figs. 11 and 12.) Posterior angle of mandible farther forward than the 515 APPENDIX. posterior line of the eye (see Fig. 3). Females and most males with a flat triangular area on the apical dorsal ab- dominal segment. Females without pollen collecting ap- paratus. Body usually with but few, if any, long hairs; often black or red with white or yellow markings or else nearly all red. Some Nomadide (p. 442); for three genera not mentioned there see.......... . ee 14. Not having this combination of characters. First discoidal cell not, or scarcely, longer than the marginal Cell. ba. .8 oe le i Oe 15. 14. Usually yellow and black or red and black bees; the light markings on the abdomen not due to hairs. Nomada (Figs. 12 and page 442). Abdomen with hairs and the light markings, if any, due to them. Bombomelecta (scutellum with two spines; abdomen without pale spots) and Pseudomelecia (scutel- lum sometirhes with merely two lobes or tubercles; usually spots of white pubescence on abdomen) are western bees with the marginal cell scarcely or not half the length of the first discoidal cell and not, or scarcely, extending be- yond the apex of the third submarginal cell. See Fig. 11 and page 442 for Epeolus and Triepeolus. Vuereckella has five-jointed maxillary palpi; our common species, pilosula, looks like a black Nomada with hair on its abdomen. 15. Head, thorax, and sometimes the abdomen with metallic bronze, blue, or green... ... 02. 3). 22 ee 16. Head and thorax not metallic, usually black, rarely with some red; in a few cases the abdomen with opalescent, meétallic bands... i)... 0004. oc). ae ce 16. Small bees. First recurrent vein joining the second submarginal cell near its apex; first submarginal cell about as long as the third, longer than the second. Fig. 13. Apex of last dorsal abdominal segment of female with a spine. CERATINID (page 447); Ceratina our only genus. Not having this combination of characters..1r7 (See also 18). 17. Basal vein forming, more or less perfectly, an are of a circle (Fig. 14); face without pubescent depressions. Some Halictide (page 440). Basal vein not greatly arched (Some Panurgide, page 442, recognizable by truncate marginal cell, would come 516 renee APPENDIX. here by reason of exceptionally having three submarginal cells. In that case go to 32); face of female, at least, with pubescent depressions. See Fig. 15. Some Andrenidze (page 441). 18. Stigma well developed, lanceolate.............. .I9. Stigma not well developed, short and often nearly 2 SU SUSee 5 5 25) Reais On, See pe en Try 4 again. Ig. Second recurrent vein strongly sinuose, the lower half bulging outwardly towards the apex of the wings. Second and third submarginal cells about equal in length. Fig. 16. Hairy bees; the females collect pollen on their hind legs. Colletes, COLLETIDA (page 445). Not having this combination.................. .20. 20. First submarginal cell conspicuously longer than the third and about as long as the second and third com- _ First submarginal cell about as long as the third. Some Andrenide (pages 441). Nomia, put by some au- thors near Halictus (page 440), would come here. In fact, . the Halictide probably should not be separated from the Andrenide. ; 21. Basal vein straight, or nearly so. Andrenidz (page 441); also Protandrena, which is put in Panurgide on page 442 and which has the apex of the marginal cell truncated. Basal vein arched. Some Halictide (page 440). 22. Second submarginal cell nearly quadrate; only slightly, if any, longer than high; and conspicuously smaller than the first. First recurrent vein often uniting with the first transverse cubital. Second recurrent vein bent or directed outward before joining the first portion of the sub- discoidal vein. Fig. 17. Small bees with very little hair; usually black with pale markings on the face. PROSOPIDE (page 445). Not having this combination of characters....... .23. 23. Second submarginal cell much longer than high and usually not conspicuously shorter than the first. Second recurrent vein not strongly bent or directed outward before joining the first portion of the subdiscoidal vein. Marginal cell not truncate at the tip. See Fig. 18. Many of the females have pollen-collecting hairs on the under side of 517 APPENDIX, the abdomen. No flat triangular area on the apical dorsal abdominalsegment. MEGACHILIDE (page 446). For further detailssee. asi. 2... Jk le ea er 24. Not having this combination of characters...... Bis 24. No pad between the tarsal claws (except in male Lithurgus; see below). Not metallic colored. Usually of medium or large size and with rather hairy thorax. Pollen- collecting hairs on under side of female’s abdomen. Apex of marginal cell more or less distinctly separated from the costal margin of the wings. Second submarginal cell re- ceiving both recurrent veins. Fig. 18. Abdominal pale markings, if any, caused by hairs. Megachile (page 447). The southern and western Lithurgus has the marginal cell sharply pointed, instead of obtuse, and the female’s face is protuberant. Not having that combination of characters...... .25. 25. Pale markings in the surface of the abdomen, and not merely, if at all, due to hairs. The last dorsal abdominal segment of male toothed or lobed. Female with pollen- collecting hairs on under side of abdomen. Abdominal markings usually yellow or red. Anthidium and Dianthid- tum (page 446). Not having this combination of characters........ 26. 26. Abdomen conical; pointed in female, armed with teeth or spines in male; pale markings, if any, caused by hairs. No pollen-collecting hairs on under side of female. No pad between claws. Fine hairs, visible only with a lens, on the eyes. Celioxys (page 446). A western genus, Dioxys, has much the same form but does not have hairy eyes; post-scutellum with a median tooth. Not having that combination of characters...... vas 27. Claws cleft, the inner tooth near the apex; a pad be- tween the tarsal claws. Second recurrent vein received beyond the tip of the second submarginal cell. No pollen- collecting hairs on under side of abdomen. Usually black with whitish markings on abdomen. Postscutellum not toothed. Stelis (page 446). The western Chelynia has the second recurrent vein received at or a little before the second transverse cubital; some of the species’ are dark green or blue. Not having that combination of characters. A pad 518 APPENDIX, between the tarsal claws. Frequently metallic blue or green. Sometimes rather small. Pollen collecting hairs on under side of female’s abdomen. Abdomen strongly con- foe neserarisly Osman (1/00. 2266 6 28. 28. Metallic green, bluish, or purplish (rarely not). Apex of marginal cell more or less distinctly separated from costal margin of the wing. Second submarginal cell narrowed not more than one-half towards the marginal. Stigma not well developed. Antennz similar in both sexes. Abdomen globose, or nearly so. Osmia (page 446). The rare Monu- metha would come here but it is rather large; black; with long, parallel-sided abdomen; male antennz somewhat asin Alcidamea (see below) but without an apical hook. Not having this combination of characters...... .29. 29. Stigma well developed; lanceolate. Head quadrate, considerably extended behind the eyes. Vein separating the stigma from the first submarginal cell not longer than that between stigma and marginal cell. Base of first ab- dominal segment with a flattened or concave, smooth, shining plate or basin, the edge of which is well defined. Heriades (page 446). Ashmeadiella has clear wings; male abdomen ending with four projections; second ventral segment with no prominent tooth or ridge. Not having this combination of characters...... .30. 30. Stigma not well developed. Apex of marginal cell reaching the costal margin of the wing. Second submar- ginal cell narrowed at least two-thirds towards the mar- ginal. Base of abdomen not as in Heraides. Southern and western. Chelostoma. ; Marginal cell more or less distinctly separated from the costal margin of the wing. Second submarginal cell nar- rowed not more than one-half towards the marginal. Vein separating the stigma from the first submarginal cell longer than that between stigma and marginal cell. First dorsal abdominal segment rounded and with a narrow longitudinal sulcus; first ventral segment bluntly pointed. Male flagellum (the ‘‘whip-lash”’ part of the antenne) broad at first but abruptly narrowed at the sixth joint; joints of unequal lengths, the terminal one simple. An- dronicus (page 446). In Alcidamea the male’s flagellum is thickened, the joints of about equal length, the terminal 519 APPENDIX. | | joint abruptly constricted into a slender curved spine. In Robertsonella the flagellum is long and thread-like. 31. Thorax and head black; abdomen red, with white markings due to hair; marginal cell long and obtuse or very slightly truncate at its tip. Small parasitic bees. Neo- pasites (page 444). 32. Posterior angle of mandible not farther forward than the posterior margin of the eye (See Fig. 2). Females and most males with a flat triangular area on the apical dorsal abdominal segment. Panurgide (page 442). Usually the apex of the marginal cell is somewhat truncate, often dis- tinctly so (see Fig. 19) but in Halictoides this cell is pointed and its apex reaches the costal margin of the wing. Our eastern H. nove-anghe visits pickerel-weed flowers; its thorax is hairy; second submarginal cell narrowed above 33. Not so. Usually rare genera which, although having only two submarginal cells, belong to families that typi- cally have three. 38. 33. Apex of marginal cell more or less remote from the costa or else broadly obliquely truncate, mandibles not toothed. (Perditella, largely yellow, has only one recurrent Vein). 0... os ables bldeeid:< O50 ene E On anno .34- Apex of marginal cell reaching the costa, rather pointeds 2c. joe eu... Jecpelow is He ene 37. 34. First submarginal cell not much, if any, longer than the second. Abdomen black, smooth, shining. Ocelli almost in line, not in a triangle. Scrapter. ' First submarginal cell distinctly longer than the SECOMGL!. ij Lis fc Wale v Mleelticle ale cane b 4c eo ann 35- 35- Marginal cell not longer than the well-developed stigma; truncate at the tip. Fig. 19. Hind metatarsus narrower than the tibia. Small bees with the head and thorax more or less metallic green or blue and the abdomen usually with light spots or bands. Perdita (page 442), and its subgenera. Marginal cell much longer than the stigma....... 36. 36. Abdomen with conspicuous light spots or bands in the surface (not caused by hairs). Spinoliella. Abdomen not so marked. Calliopsis has the ocelli in a triangle and has rather conspicuous light-colored ‘bands 520 APPENDIX, of hair on the abdomen. Panurginus (body delicately punctured; wings nearly clear) and Pseudopanurgus (coarsely punctured; wings very dark) have no such bands. Panurgus differs from these in not having the marginal cell distinctly truncate at the tip; female hind tibie and tarsi with long dense pubescence. 37. Abdomen short, rather globose; black or with white hair-bands. Hind tibia and metatarsus of equal breadth; female hind legs densely pubescent; male hind femora short and stout. Macropis. Abdomen usually rather long. Second joint of hind tarsus not angulate beneath. Halzctoides has the labrum as large as the clypeus; head and thorax sparsely pubes- cent; antennz longer than the thorax; male clypeus black. Parandrena has the head and thorax rather densely pubes- cent; antennz not longer than the thorax; male clypeus yellow; female abdomen at least partly reddish or brownish. Dufourea (or Hemthalictus) differs from these in that the transverse median vein joins the median vein before the basal vein. 38. Basal vein arched in the fashion characteristic of its family, Halictide (page 440). Dvalictus. Basal yein not strongly arched................ .39. 39. Short, compact, southern Anthophorids (page 444). Apex of marginal cell not touching the margin of the wing. Aunthophorula, practically Exomalopsis (9 and Fig. 8) with only two submarginal cells. Marginal cell extremely small. Very small parasitic bees (Nomadide, page 442). Neolarra. Marginal cell much longer than the stigma and obtuse at its tip, which does not touch the wing’s margin, second submarginal cell much longer than high and receiving both recurrent veins near each other at about its middle; third discoidal cell contracted above. Small parasitic bees (Nomadide, page 442), usually red and black with pale markings caused by scale-like hairs. Phileremus; has been put near Celioxys (page 446). . APPENDIX. Several whose opinions IJ value very highly have objected to my referring (p. 455) to potatoes as fungus root galls. My authority was Bernard, a Frenchman. I do not know whether he was right or wrong but I still believe that he was right. On page 414 the alternation of generations in Cynipoidea was mentioned and the confession made that the matter had not been worked out for the American species. The American Museum of Natural History has in press some papers on the subject by Mr. Kinsey. It is found that such a condition of affairs does exist in American species. Galls 522 FIELD BOOK OF INSECTS. In closing, permit me to request that, if errors are de- tected among the thousands of categorical statements made in this book, they be brought to my attention. if portions are not clear or if you desire further information, I shall be glad to do what Ican to help you. It is for such a service, among others, that the American Museum of Natural History, New York City, exists. 523 HABITAT AND PLANT INDEX It is hoped that the following index will be useful, but it gives only hints. For example, in the matter of food: Many larve feed on a wide variety of plants;it would be out of the question to list them all. Roughly grouping by habits and habitat the insects mentioned in this book, notice: On and in mammals, including man, 77, 231, 260, 268, 270, 279, 476, 507; birds, 77, 106, 279; frogs and turtles, 262; snails, 262, 284, 316; earthworms, Ap ile In ants’ nests, 132, 184, 253, 254, 206, 304, 334, 365, 507, 508. Feeding on plant-lice or scale-insects, 108, 132, 212, 242, 254, 255, 257, 278, 298. Under stones, boards, etc. hide in such places. Many insects, especially Carabidae, See, also, 107, II12, I13, 247, 305, 507. Under bark, 30, 61, 64, 79, 97, I12, 214, 236, 241, 242, 248, 297, 300, 304, 305, 308, 309, 323-325, 336, 337, 339, 342, 344, 350, 356, 357, 384, 385, 398, 404, 507, 508. In dry wood, 308, 323, 332, 337, 342, 411, 447, 508, 509. In decaying wood, 184, 226, 242, 247, 248, 278, 207, 308, 309, 321, 324, 326, 332, 335, 336, 381, 385, 507, 509. In decaying vegetables, etc., 236, 252, 268, 272, 276, 278. At sap, 241, 247, 278, 207, 304, 318. In or on fungi, toadstools, etc., 226, 236, 242, 2905-300, 304, 324, 329, 381, 384, 385,395, 405, 507, 508, 510. In books, food-stuffs, cereals, drugs, etc., 39, 77, 210, 212, 213, 222, 247, 300, 302, 305, 321, 322, 324, 381, 382, 400, 404. In dry animal matter, hair, feathers, ham, etc., 226, 272, 276, 392, 320, 330. In Carrion, 272, 273, 295-297, 304, 305; 320, 330. In and about excrement, 236, 247, 263, 264, 268, 270-274, 278, 294, 296, 297, 326, 329, 507. Aquatic insects, 40-53, 57-60, 96-104, 209, i 248, 256, 275, 278, 288-294, 305, 363, 400, 506, 509. On snow, 40, 57, 236. Galls. 455-472. 410, 414, 522. The main discussion, arranged according to plants, See, also, 218, 219, 223, 278, 312, 360, 396, 401, 408, For some of the general feeders on orchard trees see pp. 82, 85, 93, 105, 140, 168, 194, 201, 219, 310, and 338; on shade trees, 82, 93, 176, 194, and 219. The following are the principal references to special plants eaten by insects: Actinomeris, 134. Ailanthus, 153, 495. “ Alder, 132, 153, 174, 213, 221. 225, 360, 362, 370, 398. AMARANTACES, I44. Amaranthus, 492. Ambrosia, 176, 218, 353, 357; 369-371. Amelanchier, 224, 359. Amor pha, 137, 491. Anemones, 236. Apple branches, etc., 85, 88, 94, 308, 323, 335, 352, 353, 356, 358, 360. Apple fruit, 216, 276, 401, 402. Apple leaves, 88, 148, 152, 168, 172, 181, 184, 185, 190, Igtr, 196, 200, 201, 212, 218, 219, 222-226, 374. Aquilegia, 144. ', 925 Arabis, 490. ’ Arbor-vitez, 220, 221. Aristolochia, 141, 491. Ash, 153, 162, 168, 203, 344, 345, 348, 350, 495. Ash, Prickly, 140. Ash, Mountain, 312. Asparagus, 365. Asters, IIgy, 120, 221, 392, 487. Azalea, 149, 371. Balsam, 354. Barley, see Grasses. Basswood, 225, 375- Bayberry, 153, 219, 221. Beans, see Legumes. Beech, 213, 335, 344, 349, 350, 355, 357, 359- Beets, 175, 263, 372. Beggar-ticks, 218, HABITAT AND Benzoin, 14i. Bergamot, Wild, 153, 495. Bidens, 218, 370. Bindweed, see Convolvulacee. Binchs, 122.024 0270 L520 ass THO, LOO, Ll, TOO) 2a 225. 220, 314, 487, 488, 493. Blackberry, 185, 195, 201, 206, BIOs 224, 220. 263,032. 338, 361, 410. Black-eyed Susan, 194, 219. Bebera, 491. Bouvardia, 152. Box-elder, 312, 352, 357, 483. Burdock, 126, 220, 488. Butternut and Walnut branches, etc., 213, 344, 345, 347, 350, 354, 357, 359, 360. Butternut and Walnut hulls, 219. Butternut and Walnut leaves, 132. 153158) 1LO2, Lec, Lass 224, 399, 495, 496. Buttonball, 149, 494. Buttonwood, 152. Cabbage, see Crucifere. Carrots, I4I, 491. Cassia, 138, 491. Catalpa, 153. Cat-briar, see Smilax. Cat-tail, 209. > Cauliflower, see Crucifere. Ceanothus, 134. Cedar, I3I, 342. Celery, 179. Celtis, 489. Cephalanthus, 149. Chelone, 487. Chenopodium, 144, 492. Cherry branches, etc., 207, 214, S00), 3 02.182 3513. 55 Cherry fruit, 276, 402. Cherry leaves, 127, 132, 140, 152, 153, 156, 166, 181, 190, IOI, 195, 200, 212, 214, 218, 210, 221-224, 226, 371, 410, 488, 490, 401, 494, 405, 496. Chestnut branches, etc., 203, 208, 310, 339, 342, 347, 349, 355, 357, 395. Chestnut leaves, 132, 162, 196, 224. Chestnuts, 401. Chionanthus, 152, 153. Cimicifuga, 134. Citrus, 140, 491. Clematis, 410. Clover, 133, 137, 221, 225, 242, 400, 491. Clover, Bush, 144, 489, 490, 402. Columbine, 144, 492. COMPOSIT#, 110. Comptonia, see Sweet-fern. Conifers, 188, 198, 312, 340, 342, 396, 410. CONVOLVULACEA, 152, 153, 373, 3791 377) 392. 225, 314, PLANT INDEX. Corn, 96, 112, 160, 176, 178, 200, 220, 263, 334, 371,374, 403, 497. Cornus, 134, 223, 314, 345, 348, 358, 359, 370. Cotton, III, 178, 182, 401. Cottonwood, see Populus. Cranberry, 212, 219. Crategus, 219, 223, 360, 370. Crotalaria, 166. Croton, 218. | CRUCIFERA, II4, 134, 136, 137, 179, 220, 263, 373, 402, 490. Cucumber, 200, 371, 374. CUCURBITACE, 204, 209, 29C, 371. Currant, 105, 122, 148, 195, 208, 219, 276, 352, 410, 487. Cynoglossum, 131. 226, 359, Dahlias, 106. Daisies, 194,195, see Composite. Dangleberry, 152. Decodon, 149. Desmodium, 144. Dock, 133, 176, 368, 490. Doellingeria, 120. Dogbane, 367. Dogwood, see Cornus. Dutchman’s-pipe, 141. Egg-plant, 150, 374. Elder (Sambucus), 339, Elm branches, etc., 93, 124, 346, 348, 349, 353, 355, 360. Elm leaves, 120, 124, 153, 164, 166, 174, 222, 225, 370, 410, 487, 493. Epilobium, 149. Eupatorium, 221, 371. Euphorbia, 152. Everlastings, 124, 488. Ferns, 93, 200. Gerardia, 126, 487. Gleditsia, see Legumes. Golden-rod, see Solidago. Gooseberry, 122, 195, 213, 218, 352, 410, 487. Grape fruit, 215, 276, 402. Grape leaves, 88, 93, 147-149, 170, 202, -208, 204; ans, 223, 226; ©3392)" gOvmummas 374, 402, 410, 493, 494. Grape stems, etc., 88, 206, 323, 342, 345, 348, 349, 352, 368, 0) 40l. Grasses and Sedges, including Wheat, Oats, etc.: 85, 86, 88,'ITl, 128,. 030) maaan 164, 175, 184, 210, 220, 222, 223, 242; 308,392, gOS asi ay 403, 410, 414, 483, 488, 492. Hackberry, 130, 344, 355; 489, 526 HABITAT AND PLANT INDEX, Hazel, 162, 222, 224, 225, 370, 398. Hemlock, 164, 221, 313, 348. Hickory branches, etc., 213; 310, 323, 332, 339, 341, 344, aan 346, 348-360, 405, 483. Hackers hulls, 2109. Hickory leaves, 153. 158, EGA, °EZO. TSI, | 185, 222-225, 309, 495, 496. Hickory nuts, 401. Hollyhock, 126. Honeysuckle, 147, 225. Hop, 120, 122, 124, 131. Horn-beam, see Ironwood. Horse chestnut, 2109, 310. Huckleberry; 132, 152, 153, 210, 219, 225, 494. Hydrangea, 149. Hypericum, 131. 162, 213; Indigo, 137, 396, 491. Tris, 218. Ironweed, 3901. Tronwood, 153, 222-225, 355. Ivy, Poison, 225. Jamestown Weed, 374. Jasminium, 152: June-berry. 208, 224. Juniper, 164, 221. Kalmia, 132, 225. Knot grass, 368. Lamb’s-quarters, 144, 263. Larch, 222. LAURACEA, 142, 156, 491. Laurel, 153, 225. Legumes, 131, 133, 138, 144, 166, 219, 220, 299, 344, 357, 372, 379, 491. Lepidium, 490. Lespedeza, 144, 225, 314, 489. Lettuce, 247. Lichens, 164, 166, 209. Lilac, 153, 495. Linden, 153, 312. 349, 353, 358- 360, 370, 410. Ligquidambar, 156, 158. Liriodendron ,93, 156, 158, 218, 226, 491, 496. Locust, see Robinia. Locust, Honey, see Gleditsia. Lontcera, 225. Lotus, 200. Lupinus, 221. Magnolia, 142, 218, 491. Mandrake, 117. Maple branches, etc., 93, 310, 312, 314, 344, 347. 348, 395, 410. Maple leaves. 92, 162, 164, 190, 192, 196, 219, 203, | 345, 174, 224, 370, 496. | Marigold, Fetid, 491. 527 Metbomia, see Tick-trefoil. Melons, 204, 209, 290, 371. Milkweeds, 116, 169, 362, 377, 486 Millet, 374. Morning-glory, lacee. Moss, 247, 248. Mulberry, 192, 323, 354. Myrica, 213. 360, see Convolvu- Nettles, 122, 124, _ 488. Nightshade, 374 Nuts, 222, 400. 402, 487, Oak, acorns, 210, 222, 400, 401. Oak branches, etc., 92, 203, 310, 325, 332, 339, 342, 344-347. 352, 354-357; 395, 484. Oak leaves, 88, II0, 132, 144, 158, 160, 162, 164, 174, I8I, 190, I99, 209, 219, 22%, (223. 2545) "226653675 399, 402, 496. Oats, see Grasses. Onions. 79, 263, 275 Opuntia, 213. Orange, III. Osage Orange, 192, 354. Palmetto, 403. Palms, 93. Pansies, I17. Papaw, I42. 492. Parsley, 141. Parsnip, 401. Parsnip, Water, 221. Passtfiora, 153. Passion-flower, 117, 486. Peach, 93, 207, 310, 312, 323, 371, 374, 402. Pear | oe 86, 310, 323.353, 359. Pear fie 218, 242. Pear leaves, 86, 152, 190, 200, 410. Peas, see Legumes. Pepper, 153, 495. Pepper-grass, 490. Persimmon, 158, 162, 323. Pickerel-weed, 363. Pine branches, etc., 108, 213 25S, 308, 3060, +332, »342, 347, 350, 354, 356, 358, . 359, 396. Pine leaves, 132, 153, 164, 220, 221, 496. Pitcher plants, 218, 240. Plantain, 126, 169. Plum branches, etc., 207, 214, 226, 310, 344, 345, 353,358. Plum fruit, 402. Plum leaves, 132, 153, I8I, 212, 223, 371, 495- Poplar, see Populus. Populus branches, etc., 124, 203, 314, 355. 360, 361, HABITAT AND PLANT INDEX. Populus leaves, 124, 127, 150, 152, TSP, 227,225, 332) 306; 410, 488, 494. Portulacca, 117. Potato, 150, 176, 221, 247, 364, 366, 3609, 374, 391, 392, _ 402, 494. Prickly pear, 213. Primrose, evening, 223. Privet, 495. Ptelea, 140. Pumpkin, 204. 209, 299, 371. Pursley, 148. Quince, 218, 359. Radish, 263. Rag-weed, see Ambrosia. Raspberries, 113, 195. Raspberry leaves, 195, 201, 219, 303, 367, 377, 410. Raspberry stems, etc., 206, 263, 312, 361, 445. Rattle-box, 166. Red-bud, 345, 359. Rice, see Grasses. Robinia branches, etc., 203, 219, 346, 348, 352, 358, 483, 484, 402. Robinia leaves, 143, 182, 221, 225, 374, 375. Robinia seeds, 379. Rock-cress, see Crucifere. Rose, 90, 106, 152, 185, 218. 219, 224, 331, 370, 373, 396, 410. Rudbeckia, 194, 219. Rumex, 133. 176, 368, 490. Rye, see Grasses. Salvia, 153, 495. Sand-myrtle, 210. Sarracenia, 218, 240. Sassaffas, 141; 156, 219, 362, 491, 406. SCROPHULARIACES, II9. Sedum, 486. Shepherd's-purse, see Crucifere. Sida, 144, 492. Skunk-cabbage, 278, 363. Smart-weed, 90. Smilax, 175, 218, 226, 323. Snapdragon, 126. Snowberry, 147. SOLANACEA, 150. Solidago, 164, 218, 219, 221, 226, 276, 360, 371, 392. Sorghum, 220. Sorrell, 133, 490. Spice-bush, 141, 156, 491. Spinach, 263, 372. Spirea, 134, 218. Sprtice, 164, 219, 221, 313, 342, 348, 354. Squash, 204, 209, 299, 371. Strawberry, 105, 219, 367, 373; 399-401, 403. Sugar cane, 403. Sumac, 162, 210, 221, ata. 358, 359, 362, 399. Sunflower, 119, 126, 220. 486. Sweet-brier, 224. Sweet-fern, 153, 213. Sweet-gum, 158, 162, 496. Sweet-potato, see Convolvul- acee. Se £53, 210} 224, SEO; 350. Symphoricar pos, 147. Thistle, 126. Thorn, Black, 226. Tick-trefoil, 144, 490, 492. Tigridia, 218. Tobacco, 150, 178, semen 374 494. Tomato, 150, (L76y .028.03%740 392, 494. Trumpet vine, 153. Tulip-tree, see Liriodendron. Turtle-head, 487. Typha, 209. Vaccinium, see Huckleberry. Viburnum, 147, 149, 223, 493, 494. Violets, 117, 118. 236, 486. Virginia Creeper, 93, 147-149, 170, 202, 226, 359, 367, 484, 493, 494. Walnut, see Butternut. Walnuts, English, 218. Water-lily, 363, 371. Witch-hazel, 174, 225. Wheat, see Grasses. ; Willow branches, etc., 124, 203, 207, 226, 359, 360, 410. Willow catkins, 218, 364. Willow leaves, 122, 124, 127, 150, 152, 153) Lous 2eas 258 332, 368, 370, 371, 410, 487, 488, 404. Wolfberry, 130, 489. Yucca, 146, 228. 528 ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX abboti, Oiketicus, 190. abbotit, Sphecodina, 148, 493. abbreviata, Sphex, 439. Abdomen, 7. abdominalis, Cephenomyia, 260. abdominalis, Tipula, 236, LXIII1. ePerant Long-horned Beetles, 330. abnormis, Eriophyes, 470. abrupta, Bombyliomyia, 262, LX Vil. ACALYPTERZ, 258, 270. Acalypterate, 274. Acanalontia, 85. ACANTHIID&, 102. Acanthocephala, 113. Acanthocerini, 328. Acanthocinus, 356. Acanthoderes, 355. Acanthoderini, 353, 355. ACANTHOSOMINA, II4. Acanthus, 106. ACARINA, 480. Acarus, 456, 468. acericola, Phenacoccus, 92. acericola, Phyllocoptes, 466. acerielia, Phyllonoryter. 225. Achalarus, 144, 492. achemon, Pholus, 149, 493. Achlarus, 144, 492. Achrostical, 230. Acilius, 290. Acm@ops, 356. Acorn Weevil, 400. acrea, Estigmene, 168, XLIX. Acraspis, 457, 462. ACRIDID&, 66. ACRIDIN&, 68 Acritus, 504. Acrobasis, 213. Acronycta, 172, 497. Acrosternum, IT4. Acrydium, 66, 68. Actias, 158, 496. aculiferus, Lepticstylus, 356. acuminata, Melanophila, 313. acuminata, Strangalia, 351. Adalia, 499, LX XV. adeallis, Symphysa, 209. A delocera, 309. ADEPHAGA, 280, 281, 292. Adirus, 410. admirabilis, Syrbula, 68. Admiral, Red, 124. advena, Cathartus, 300. Aédes, 240. AZGERIID2, 203. AEGIALITIDZA, 505. Zé letes, 504. enea, Chetopsis, 263. e@enea, Tischeria, 226. eneola, Melanophila, 313. @eniventris, Agromyza, 458. erata, Synchlora, 195, LVIII. 929 ereum, Callidium, 342. ZESCHINA, 46. AESCHNIDE, 45. e@esculanum,\Proteoteras, 219. ethiops, Endelomytia, 410. afinis, Bombus, 450, 451, 453. affinis, Trichius, 335. afflictella, Salebria, 213. Agamic reproduction, 87. A gapostemon, 440. AGARISTID&, 170, 214. A gelena, 36, 248. AGELENID. 38. A geneotettix, 69. Agnopteryx, 221. A gonoderus, 288. Agrilus, 312. A grion, 45. A gromyza, 457, 458. AGROMYZID&, 278, 457. A grotis, 172. Ailanthus Silk-moth, 153. ajax, Papilio, 142. Alabama, 182. Alaus, 308. albilinea, Leucania, 176, LII. albipennis, Bibio, 243, LXV. albofasciatus, Clytanthus, 340. Alcidamea. 519. Alderfly, 52. ALEYRODID4, 81, 90. Aleyrodes, 90. algonquina, Paratiphia, 427. algonquinus, Balaninus, 401. alienus, Lasius, 422. ALLOCORHYNIN&, 396. Allocorhynus, 396. Allorhina, 334. alope, Satyrus,128,489, XXXII. alpha, Liopus, 358. Alsophila, 194. alternans, Temnostoma, LX VIII. alternatum, Dorcaschem4a, 354. Alule, 2209. Alydus, 113. Alypia, 170. Alyson, 433. ALYSONID&, 433. Amara, 287. AMATID, 164. Amber-wing, 48. Amblycor pha, 71, 72. Ambrosia, 405. Ambrysus, 96. Ambush Bugs, IIo. amelanchieriella, Stigmella, 224. americalis, Epizeuxis, 184. qicercaans Acronycta,.174, 497, americana, Cimbex. 410, LXX Ts americana, Galerucella, 371. americana, Harrisina, 202, LIX. americana, Heterina, 44, X. ‘ ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX. americana, Malacosoma, TOT. AVL, americana, Melitia, 441. americana, Notidobia, 57. americana, Olfersia, LX XI. americana, Periplaneta, 64, XVI. americana, Ranaira, 100, XXV. americana, Sapyga, 4206. americana Schistocerca, 70, XVI : 168, americana, Silpha, 296. americanum, Omophron, 286. americanus, Chrysophanus, 133. americanus, Lethocerus, 100. ° americanus, Meloé, 390. americanus, Necrophorus, 295. americanus, Stigmus, 434. americanus, Syrphus, LXVI. amica, Caiocala, 181, LIV. Ammalo, 169. Ammobia, 439. Ammopbphila, 438. amenus, Phymatodes, 342. Ampbeloglypter, 401. Ambelophagus, 149, 493. ampelophila, Drosophila, 276. ampelopsidis, Telamona, 484, XXIII. be He he Phyllocnistis, 226. mphiboltps, 414, 457, 462, 464, LXXXVIII. Amphicerus, 323. Amphion, 147, 493. Amphionycha, 361. AMPHIZOID, 506. AMPULICIDZ, 433. amyntor, Ceratomia, 1§3, 493. Anacampsis, 221. Anacrabro, 434. anaglyplicus, Copris, 329. Anal cell, 229. analis, Altelabus, 399. analis, Hydropsyche, 58. ananassi, Thecodiplosis, 458. Anasa, 113, 262. Anaspis, 386. Anatis, 499, LXXV. Anax, 46. Anaxipha, 76. eee Rhynchagrotis, 172 Ancylis, 219. Ancyloxypha, 144. ancylus, Aspidictus, XXIV. Andrena, 249, 441, 512. ANDRENID&, 441, 517. Andricus, 457, 4062, 464. Androconia, 143. Andronicus, 446, 519. Angle-wings, 120. Angoumois Grain-moth, 220, anguinella, Stigmella, 224. anguinus, Pilyobius, 309. angulata, Pyractomena, 316. angulifera, Callosamia, 158, 496. angusella, Acrobasis, 213, angusit, Datana, 185. angustata, Amara, 287. 539 anguslatus, Macrodaciylus, 331. angusticollis, Meloé, 390, LXXX Anisodactylus, 288. Anisolabis, 61. Antsoptera, 45. Antsopteryx, 194. Antsoia, 160, 496. annularis, Polistes, 430. annulaius, Margaropus, 476. mi Helicopsyche, 57, Anobium, 332. Anomala, 332. Anobheles, 238, LXIV. Anosia, 116, 127, 138, 486. anteus, Sirategus, 333. Antenna, 7, 32. antennata, Xylina, 172, LII. antennator, Chariesterus, 113. antennatum, Callidium, 342. anthici, Itonida. 458. ANTHICIDA, 382, 386. Anthidium, 446, 518. ANTHOBOSCINE, 427. ANTHOCORID&, 97. Anthomyia, 263. ANTHOMYIDZ&,-259, 263. Anthonomus, 401. Anthophora, 390, 391, 444, 512, S15. ANTHOPHORID, 440, 444, 514, 520. Anthophorula, 521. Anthrax, 249. Anthrenus, 303. AN EREEe 393, 394; 395, 500, 506. antiopa,. Vanessa, 122, 487, XXX. Antispila, 223. Ant-lion, 54, 478. Ant’s cows, 88. Ants, True, 88, 106, 132, 134, 184, 253, 254, 205, 304, 334, 365, 408, 415, 436, 478, 481. 484, 480. Ants, Velvet, 427, 481. Ants, White, 76, 478, 479, 482. A pantesis, 169. A patela, 172. A penogasler, 420. APHIDIDA, 82, 87, 122, 456. Aphids, 79, 87, 132, 222, 434, XRLVSs A philanthops, 435, 436. Aphis, 88. Aphis-lion, 54. Aphodiini, 320. A phodius, 329. aphrodite, Argynnis, 118, 486, XXVIII. apicitripunclella Recurvaria, 221 apiculaia, Nepa, 100. APIDZ, 439, 453, 512. A piomerus, 107. A pion, 396. APIONIN&, 396, ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX. A pis, 453, 512. APOIDEA, 408, 439, 512-521. A pocephalus, 253. appendiculatus, Diphadnus, 410. appendigaster, Evania, 411. Apple-borer, 360: Apple Curculiof aor. Apple Maggot, 276. Apple-worm, 216. APTERA, 39. Aquarius, 104. aquaticus, Sminthurus, 40, YL C3 1) ARACHINIDA, 322. ARADIDZ,.97, II2. Araned 34, 36. Archasia, 484, X XIII. Archimerus, 113. archippus, Basilarchia, 116, 127, archippus, Danaus, 486. Archips, 219. arctia, Hadena, 175, LI. arctica, Vespa, 430, 511. ARCTIID&, 166, 214, 497. Arctocorixa, 99. arcuata, Corythuca, 110, XXVI. argenitaia, Halisidota, 170. argentata, Notogonidea, 437. argentinotella, Phyllonoryter, 225. argillacea, Alabama, 182, LII. Argiope, 36. ARGIOPIDA, 33, 34. argus, Chelymorpha, 376. argus, Halesus, 57, XV argutanus, Episimus, 219. Argynnis, 117, 118, 486. Argyresthia, 220. Arhopalus, 347. Arilus, 108. Arista, 230. Arzstotelia, 221. Armored Scales, 92. armiger, Heliothis, 178, LII. Army maggots, 242. Army-worm, Beet, 175. Army-worm, Fall, 175. Army-worm, Wheat-head, 176. Arnly, 53. Arphia, 70. arthemis, Basilarchia, 127, 488, SeXV Arthromacra, 384. ARTHROPODA, 32. arvensis, S phecodes, me CETE: Asemini, 339, 341. Asemum, 341. Asexual reproduction, 87. Ashmeadiella, 5109. ashtoni, Psithyrus, 449, 453. ASILID&, 230, 234, 249, 250. Asilus, 250. ASOPINZ, ITI4. asparagi, Crioceris, 365, OCTET: aspersus, Hyper platys, 358. Aspidiotus, 93, XXIV. Assassin-bugs, 107. assimilis, Dineutes, 293. 531 assimilis, Muscina, 267; 271. A stata, 437. ASTATINZ:, 436. Asteromyia, 457, 470, 472. asterias, Papilio, 41. astyanax, Basilarchia, 126, 488, XXXII. astylus, Calasymbolus, 152, 494. oe Se 124, 487, aier, Ampeloglypter, 402. Atimia, 340. Atimioides. 340. Allanticus, 73. atlantis, Argynnts, 118, 486. atomarium, Romaleum, 344. atra, Orsodachna, 364. atrata, Megarhyssa, 414. atratum, Priononyx, 438. atratus, Tabanus, LXV atripennis, Diabrotica, 371. atriventris, Tetralonia, 445. ATROPID&, 76. Atropos, 78. atrox, Psammochares, 428, X CII. Airytone, 146. ATTACINA, 158. Attagenus, 302. ATTELABINZE, 396, 398. Attelabus, 398. ATTIDA, 38. Augochlora, 440. augustus, Thecla, 132. Aulax, 457, 470. aurantia, Miranda, 36. auratus, Chrysochus, 367, LXXXI. auricomus, Bombias, 451. auricularia, Forficula, 61. aurontiens, Phyllonoryter, 225. aurora, Eros, 310. qs Periplaneta 64, Autographa, 179. Automeris, 160, 496. . Auxiliary vein, 229, 2609. axillaris, Purpuricenus, 346. Axillary Cell, 220. azurea, Chrysobothris, 314. Baccha, 255. bachmani, Libythea, 130, 489, OXY, Back-swimmers, 100. Bacon-beetle, 302. baculus, Lipeurus, 78, X XI. Bag-worm, 108. bajalus, Hylotrupes, 342. Balancers, 229. Balaninus, 400. balsamicola, Cecidomyia, 458. Baltimore, 119. Barce, r08. Bark-beetle, 405. Bark-lice, 78, 91, 478, 482. Bark-slippers, 342. Basal cell, 220. Basal veins, 406, ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX, basalis, Celetes, 316. basalis, Ceresa, 484. Basilarchia, 116, 126, 127, 488. basilare, Sinoxylon, 322. Basilona, 164, 496. Basitarsus, 8, 408. bassettit, Diastrophus, 468. batatas, Rhabdophaga, 458. batatus, Neuroterus, 464. baiesi, Phyciodes, 119, 487. bathyllus, Tharybes, 144, 492, XXVII. Batrachedra, 223. Batyle, 346. Bean Weevil, 379. Beare-wormes, 166, 497. Bed-bug, 106, 112. Bed-bug, Big, 107. bedeguar, Cecidomyia, 468. Bee Fly, 2409. Bee-moth, 212. Bees, 249, 406, 408, 439, 478, 512-521. Beetles, 280, 479, 482, 498. Beetles of Our Lady, 208. belangerella, Telphusa, 221. belfragei, Archasia, 484, XXIII. bella, Euaresta, LX XI. bella, Utetheisa, 166, XLIX. Bellamira, 350. bellona, Brenthis, 118 486, XXIX. Belostoma, 90, 100. BELOSTOMID, 96, 99. Bembecia, 206. BEMBECID&, 433, 437. Bembex, 438. Bembidium, 286, 287. Bembidula, 438. Benacus, 100. berenice, Anosia, 116. BERYTIDZ&, II2. BETHYLIDA, 425, 427. betulella, Acrobasis, 213. betulivora, Phyllonoryter, 225. bibens, Trichius, 335. Bibio, 243. BIBIONIDZ, 232, 243. bicaudatus, Amphicerus, 323. bicolor, A stata, 437. bicolor, Chalepus, 375. bicolor, Coptocycla, XIII. bicolor, Galerita, 287. bicolor, Rhodites, 468. bicolor, Rhynchites, 396. bicolor, Strangalia, 351. bicornis, Bostrichus, 323. Bicyrtes, 437, 438. Bidessus, 290, bifasciata, Latreillimyia, LXVIII. 377: 262, bifoveolatum, Priononyx, 438. bifurcus, Boletotherus, 384, LX IV. bigsbyana, Calligrapha, 370. Bill-bugs, 403. bimaculata, Oberea, 361. 532 bimaculaia, Thelia, 484, XXIII. bimaculatus, Bombus, 450. 453. bimaculatus, Molorchus, 345. bimaculatus, Tylonotus, 344. . binotata, Enchenopa, 483. Biorhiza, 457, 464. bipunctata, Adalia, LXXV. bipunctata, Xabea, 76. bipustulatus, Attelabus, 390. Bird Lice, 78. Bird Locust, 70. birenimaculaius, Odynerus, Ps biselliella, Tineola, 227. Bittacomor pha, 236. Bitiacus, 56. ° biustus, Leptosiylus, 357. bivittata, Acanalonia, 85. XXIII. biviltata, Acm@ops, 350. bivittata, Cassida, LXXXIII. Black-bettle. 64. Blackberry, Crown-pborer, 2c6. blackburnii, Geotrupes, LX XX. Black-flies, 76, 243. Black-head of Cranberry, 2109. Black-wing, 45. BLASTOBASIDS, 222. blatchleyi, Manomera, 65. Blatia, 64. Blatteila, 62. BLATTIDA, 62, 482. Blepharida, 373. BLEPHAROCERID&, 231, 246. Blepharomasttx, 200. Blight, 87. Blissus, 111. Blister-beetle, 387. Blow-fly, 272. Blue-bottle, 272. Blue, Common, 134, 490. Blue, Eastern Tailed, 133. . Body-louse, 79. Bolboceras, 329. Bolbocerosoma, 329. Boletophagus, 384. Boletotherus, 384. bolii, Spharagemon, XVIII. Bombardier Beetles, 288. Bombtias, 449. BoMBID&, 439, 448, 514. bombiformis, Empbhor, BG Oni i i Bombomelecta, 516. Bombus, 4, 448, 449, 512. BOMBYCIDZ, 192. bombycoides, Lapara, 153. BOMBYLIID®, 230, 234, 249. ° Bombyliomyia, 262. Bombylius, 249. Bombyx, 192. Bone Beetles, 320. Book-lice, 78, 478, 482. Book Worm, 321. BORBORID&, 274. Borborus, 265, 275: borealis, Bombus, 451, 452. borealis, Calephelis, 130, XXXII 377: 444, 489, ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX. borealis, Ceresa, 484. borealis, Epilachna, 299, LX XV. borealis, Gryllotalpa, XX. borealis, Poniania, 460. Boreus, 57. Bostrichus, 323. BOSTRYCHID&, 322. Bot Flies, 259. Bots, 229, 259. bovis, Hypoderma, 260. Brachinus, 287 BRACHYCERA, 230, 231, 246. Brachymyrmex, 417, 421. Brachynus, 284. Brachypeplus, 71. Brachys, 314. Brachytarsus, 395. BRACONIDA, 4II. Brain, 7. Brand, 143- brassice, Autographa, 179, LI. brassice, Phorbia, 263. brassicoides, Rhabdophaga, 458. BRATHINID&, 296. Brathinus, 296. Break-backs, 306. Breeze Flies, 247, 259. Brenihis, 118, 486. BRENTID2, 394. brevicornis, Sphyracephala, 278. brevicornis, Truxalis, 68, XVIII. brevilineum, Physocnemum, 342. brevinodis, Myrmica, 421. brevipennis, Emesa, 108, XX VI. brevis, Megachile, 447, XCIII. breviviiella, Mompha, 223. brizo, Thanaos, 144, 492. Brochymena, 114. Brownies, 84, 483. Brown-tail Moth. 188, 190, 285. BRUCHIDA, 362, 379, 500, 506. Bruchus, 379. brunnea, Colaspis, 368. brunnea, Mantispa, XV. brunnea, Parandra, 336. brunneum, Orihosoma, 338. brunnicollis, Lema, 365. -Brush-focted Butterflies, 116. bubalus, See, 85, 484, XXIII. | Bucca, 258, 26 buccata, Peitercir a, 260, LXVIII. Bucculatrix, 224. Buckeye, 126. Bud-worm, False, 178. Bud-worm, True, 178. Buffalo-bugs, 303. Buffalo Gnats, 243. Buffalo-moths, 303. Buffalo Tree-hopper, 85. Bugs, True, 95. Bumble -bee, 448, 512. Bumble Flower- beetle, 334. BuPRESTID&, 310, 337) 502. Buprestis, 313. Burrowing-bugs, IT4. Burying Beetles, 205 buskiella, Gnorimoschema, 221. Butterflies, 115, 477: BYRRHID&, 306, 508. Byturus, 303. Cabbage-bug, 114. Cabbage-butterfly, Imported, 134. Cabbage-butterfly, Old-Fash- ioned, 136. Cabbage-butterfly, Southern, 1306. Cabbage-maggot} 263. cactt, Coccus, 91. cadaverina, Cynomyia, 266, 267, 270, LXIX z Caddice flies, worms, 57, 228, 477, 480. Cadelle, 305. Ceniella, 316. cenius, Calephelis, 130. ceruleum, Chalybion, XCII. cesar, Lucilia, 265, 268, 272, 1D.O-€ cesarion, Pseudopyrellia, 265, 267, 272, LXIX. c@sonia, eee 137, 491, X j cespitum, Tetramorium, 421, Eaxee > Calandra, 403, 404. CALANDRINZ, 398, 403. calanus, Thecla, 131. Calasymbolus, 152, 494. calcarata, Saperda, 360. calcittrans, Stomoxys, 266, 268, LxXX. Calephelis, 130, 489. Calichroa, 410. Calico-back, II4. calidum, Calosoma, 285, LXXIII. caliginosus, Harpalus, 288, LXXII. calignosellus, Crambus, 210. Callicera, 253. Callidiini, 339, 342. Callidioides, 338. Callidium, 342. callidus, Chrysops, LXV. Calligrapha, 369. Callimoxys, 345, Calliopsis, 442, 520. Calliphora, 265, 267, 270, 272. Callirhytis, 457, 462, he Calloides, 347. Callosamia, 156, 495. Calochromus, 316. Calopternus, 387. Calopteron, 315. Calopteryx, 45. calopus, Aédes, 240. Calosoma, 284, 285, 510. Calypterate Diptera, 258. Calyptrez, 220. Camberwell Beauty, 122. Camel crickets, 73. camelltfolia, Pterophylla, 72, XIX. CAMPONOTIN, 417. Camponotus, 417, 424. 933 ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX, Campsomeris, 427. Campylenchia, 483. canadensis, Aédes, 240. canadensis, Contarinia, 472. canadensis, Epochra, 276. canaliculatus, Valgus, 335. Cancer-worme, 196. candida, Saperda, 359, LXXXI. _canellus, Typophorus, 367. canescens, Tetrops, 362. canicularis, Homalomyia, 263, 265. canis, Ctenocephalus, 279, LX XI. Canker-worm, Fall, 194. Canker-worm, Spring, 196. canteriator, Tetraopes, 362. Cantharides, 387. Cantharini, 391. Cantharis, 392. Canthon, 328. canthus, Satyrodes, 128, 488, XXXII. COD Se Pediculus, 79, 483, capred, Neoclytus, 348. CAPSID4,1I05. rapsulus, Callirhytis, 462 cara, Catocala, 181, LIII. CARABID@, 281, 282, 381, 500, 506. Carabus, 284. carbonifera, Asteromyia, 472. cardui, Pyrameis, 126, 488, ODO carnifex, Phaneus, 329, LX . Carnivore, The, 132. carolina, Copris, 328, LX XX. carolina, Dissosteira, 69, XIX. carolina, Luteva, 108. carolina, Phlegethontius, 150, 494, XX XIX carolina, Stagmomantis, 65, XVII carolina, Stictia, 438. carolina, Vespa, 511. carolinensis, Monohammus, 354. Carpenter Ant, 424. Carpenter-bees, 447, 512. Carpet-beetle, 303. Carpet-beetle, Black, 302. Car pocapsa, 216, 218. Carpophilus, 305. Carrion Beetles, 295. Carteria, 91. carye, Acrobasis, 213. carye, Acrobasis, 213. carye, Balaninus, 401. carye, Cyllene, 346. carye, Halisidota, 170, L. carye, Microcentrus, 483. caryecaulis, Phylloxera, 400. caryecola, Caryomyia, 460. caryefallax, Phylloxera, 460. caryefoliella, Coleophora, 222. caryefoliella, Phyllonoryter, 225. caryefoliella, Stigmella, 224. caryeren, Phylloxera, 460. caryeyen@,Phylloxera, 460. caryana, Laspeyresia, 219. Caryomyia, 457, 460. Case-makers, 222. casei, Piophila, 276, LXXI. Cassida, 377. cassidea, Chelymor pha, 376. Cassidini, 363, 370. Castianeira, 30. cataclystiana, Eucosma, 218. catalpe, Ceratomia, 153. Caterpillar Hunter, 285. Caterpillars, 481, aa Cathartus, 300. Catia, 144. Catocala, 179. CATOCALIN&, 180. Catopsilia, 137, 491. Cattle Tick, 476. catullus, Pholisora, I44, 402. Caupolicana, 512. Cave crickets, 73. cavicollis, Galerucella, 371. Cecidomyia, 457, 458, 462, 466, 468, 470. CECIDOMYIID&, 242, 457. ae Samia, 154, 415, 495, cecrops, Thecla, 131. celer, Chrysops, LXV. Celerio, 148. Celery Looper, 179. Celetes, 316. celeus, Phlegethontius, 150, 494. Celithemis, 50. cementarius, Sceliphron, 4309, XCII, Cemolobus, 445, 515. Cenopis, 219. Centipede, 32, 38. centrata, Sapyga, 426. Centris..515. Centrodera, 350. CENTROTINA, 483. ceparum, Phorbia, 263. - cepetorum, Phorbia, 263. CEPHALOIDZ, 506. Cephalothorax, 33. Cephenomyia, 260. CEPHID, 408, 410. Cephus, 410. CERAMBYCID@, 337, 362, 500. CERAMBYCINA, 337, 338, 352. Cerambycini, 340, 344. Cerambycoides, 340. cerasi, Caliroa, 410. Ceratina, 447, 512, 516. CERATINID&, 447, 516. CERATOCAMPID&, 100, 262, 405. Ceratographis, 356. Ceratomia, 153, 493. Ceratophyllus, 279. Cerceris, 435, 436. CERCOPIDA, 81, 86, 433. cerealella, Sitotroga, 220, Ceresa, 85, 483. Ceria, 253+ 534 ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX. cerisyi, Sphinx, 152. Ceropales, 428. Cerotoma, 372. Ceruchus, 325, 326. CETONIINA, 333. Ceuthophilus, 73, XX. Ceutorhyncus, 402. Chetocnema, 373. — Chetopsis, 263. CHALCIDID&, 90. CHALCIDOIDEA, 407, 414. Chalcomyia, 254. Chalcophora, 313. Chalepus, 375. chalybea, Haltica, 373. Chalybion, 439. Changa, 74. Chariesterus, 113. Charistena, 375. charithonius, Heliconius,117,486. Chauliodes, 52, 481. Chauliognathus, 317. Checkered Beetles, 318. Checkered White, The, 136. Cheese Skippers, 276. Chelostoma, 519. ‘Chelymor pha, 376. Chelynia, 518. Chermes, 456. CHERMIDZ, 81, 86. Cherry-worms, 276. chersis, Hyloicus, 153, 495- Chestnut Weevil, Lesser, 401. Chicken-louse, 78. Chigger, 279. Chigoe, 270. Chilo, 210. CHILOPODA, 22, 38. Chilosia, 254. Chinch-bug, 111. Chion, 340, 344. Chionaspis, XXIV. Chionea, 236. chionosema, Olethreutes, 218. CHIRONOMID, 232, 241, 252. Chironomus, 241, 244. _ Chitin, 6, 475. Chlenius, 284, 288. Chlenogramma, 153. 495. Chlamydini, 365, 366. Chlamys, 366. Chlealtis, 69. Chloeon, 40. ».- Chloridea, 178. Chlorion, 438. : chloris, Euclea, 200, LIX. Chlorochroa, 114. Cheridium, 328. Cherocampa, 152. CHG@ROCAMPIN, 147. Chorthippus, 609. Chortophaga, 70. Chrysalis, 116. CHRYSIDID&, 425. CHRYSIDOIDEA, 407, 424. Chrysis, 425: Chrysobothris, 310, 313, 314. Chrysochus, 397. ’ Chrysodina, 368. Chrysogaster, 254. Chrysomela, 369. CHRYSOMELID&, 362,379, 501. Chrysomelini, ‘363, 368. + Chrysomyia, 266, 270. Chrysopa, 56, XIV. Chrysophanus, 133, 490. CHRYSOPIDZ, 54, 90. Chrysopila, 248. Chrysopbs, 247. chrysorrhea, Euproctis,190,L VI. Chrysotoxum, 254. Cicada, 84. Cicada, 82. Cicada-killer, 433. CICADELLIDZ, 81, 86. CICADID&, 80, 82. Cicindela, 249, 282, 285, 499. CICINDELID&, 281, 499. Cigarette Beetle, 322. Cimbex, 410. cimbiciformis, Hemaris, 147. Cimex, 106. CIMICID2, 97, 106. cincinnatiella, Phyllonoryter, 224. cincta, Odontomyia, LX VI Cincticornia, 457, 462. cinctipes, Halisidota, 170. cinctipes, Podops, 114. cinctus, Chion, 344. cinctus, Pseiliopus, 108. cinerea, Epicauta, 392. cinerea, Hetemts, 354. cinerea, Molanna, 57, XV. cinerea, Piesma, 110. cinereocostella, Despressaria, 221. cingulata, Oncideres, 353. cingulata, Phlegethontius, 152. cingulata, Rhagoletis, 276. cinnamopterum, Tetropium, 341. CIOID2, 324, 509. Circotettix, 70. circumscriptella, Mompha, 223. CISTELID, 380, 384. Citheronia, 162, 164, 496. CITHERONID&, 160. citrit, Pseudococcus, 92. citrina, Cecidomyia, 470. citripennella, Tischeria, 226. Cladius, 410. Cleéotus, 328. clandestina, Noctua, 172, LI. @lass,.5. claudia, Euptoieta, 117, 486, XXVIII. clavata, Coptocycla, 378. clavatus, Mydas, LXVII. Clavicorns, The, 280, 293. clavipes, Bittacomorpha, 236. clavipes, Cucujus, 299. Clavula, Callirhytis, 464. clavula, Lasioptera, 470. clavulo, Lasioptera, 479. CLERID&, 318, 501. Click Beetles, 306. Clisiocampa, I9t, Clisodon, 515. 535 ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX. clivicollis, Labioderma, 36¢. Clivina, 286. Clothes-louse, 79. Clothes-moths, 226. Clover-hay Worm, 210. Clover-leaf Beetle, see CLUBIONIDA&, 36. Cluster-flies, 271. clymene, Habloa, 168, XLIX. clypeata, Cerceris, XCII. Clypeus, 417. Clytanthus, 349. Clythrini, 365, 366. Clytini, 341, 346. c-nigrum, Noctua, 172, LI. coarctata, Ponera, 418. Coccid, XXIV. CoccID&, 81, oI. coccidivora, Letilia, 212. COccIN&, 92. coccinea, Graphocephala, 86, xXOKGaT, Coccinella, 499, LX XV. COCCINELLIDA, 90, 297, 499, 507. Coccus, Ol. Cochineal Insect, or. COCHLIDIIDA, 200. Cockchafers, 330. Cocoon, 116. : Codling-moth, 212, 216. celebs, Amphibolips, 462. Celioxys, 446, 518, 521. : cenia, Junonia, 126, 487, XX XI ceruleans, Chrysis, XC. ceruleus, Encyclops, 340. Colas pis, 368. Coleophora, 222. COLEOPTERA, 2, 280, 479- 482, 408. Colias, 137, 491. collaris, Elater, 309. collaris, Lema, 365. collaris, Leptostylus, 357. collaris, Stenispa, 375. COLLEMBOLA, 39, 40. Colletes, 446, 512, 517. COLLETIDA, 445, 512, 517. Collops, 318. colon, Omosita, 305. colonus, Xylotrechus, 348. Colopha, 456, 466. Colorado Potato Beetle, 360. columba, Tremex, Ar Vil. columbia, Samia, 156. COLYDIIDA, 299, 300, 508. Colymbetes, 290. comma, Grapta, 122, 487, XXX. Comma, Gray, 122. communis, pila 300, communis, Vespa, 430, SII, XC compactus, Colletes, XCIII. comptana, Ancylis, 219. 536 Compton Tortoise, 124. combine a ee 273: comyntas, yc@nad, 133, 490 XXX LE, concavus, Cyrtophyllus, 72. concinna, Schizura, 185, LV. concolor, Cupes, 323. concolor, Saperda, 359. concumbens, Catocala, 181, LIV. confinis, Chetocnema, 373 confluentus, Amphibolips, 462 confusa, Atimia, 340. confusor, Monohammus, 354. confusum, Tribolium, 382 LXXXIV. conglomeratella, Phyllonoryter 224. coniferarum, Lapara, 153. CONIOPTERYGID, 54. connecta, Saperda, 359. Conniption-bug, 53. Conocephalus, 72, XX. CONOPIDE, 235, 257, 275. Conorhinus, 107. Conotrachelus, 402. consobrina, Vespa, 430, 511. consors, Pontania, 460. conspersa, Chlealtis, 69. conspicuella, Ornix, 226. constans, Ceresd, 484. Contarinia, 242, 457. 47 convergens, Hippodamia, LXXV. Cooties, 483. Copper, American, 133. Copper, The Bronze, 133. Coppers, The, 131. CoPRIN®, 326. Coprini, 328. Copris, 328. Coptocycla, 377+ Coptodisca, 223. coquus, Tragidion, hed coras, Polites, 144, XX XVII. Corbicula, 453. CORDULINA, 48. COREID&, 98, I12, 113. CORETHRIDA, 241. CoRIMELANIDA, 98. Coriscus, 98. Corium, 95. Corixa, 99. CORIXID, 96, 99. Corn bill-bugs, 403. Corn-borer, European, 497. Corn Ear-worm, 178. cornifoliella, Antispila, 223. cornigerus, Callirhytis, 404. Corn-root ay: hise 90. cornuta, Corydclis, 53, XIII. cornutus, Passalus,326,L XXIX. CORRODENTIA, 2, 76, 478, 482. cortialis, Tenebrioides, 305. Corticaria, 305. corticola, Boletophagus, 384. CORYDALID&, 52. Corydalis, §2, 53, 481. corylifoliella, Coleophora, 222. ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX. corylifoliella, Stigmella, 224. coryliselia, Phyllonoryter, 225. coryloides, Schizomyia, 470. CORYLOPHID, 297, 507. Cory mbttes, 309. Corymbitini, 309: Coryihuca, 110. Coscinoptera, 365. COSSID2, 202. COSSONIN&, 398. Cossonus, 398. Costal cell, 229, 269. Costal vein, 229, 269, 406. costalis, Hybsopygia, 210. Coialpa, 332. Cotton Boll-worm, 178. Cotton-boll Weevil, 401. Cottony Cushion Scale, III. Cotiony Scale, 93, 212. Cotton-stainer, III. Cottonwood-borer, 360. “Cow sheds,’’ 420. Coxa, 8. Crab-louse, 79. Crabro, 435, XCII. crabro, Vespa, 430, 511, XC. Crabs, 32. Crab-spider, 36.” CRABRONIDZ, 432, 434. CRAMBINZ&, 210. Crambus, 210. ; Cranberry Fire-worm, 219. Cranberry Fruit-worm, 212. Cranberry Vine-worm, 219. Crane-flies, 112, 236. Craponius, 402. crassipes, Apitomerus, 107. crategifolia, Hormomyia, 468. erate gifoliella, Ornix, 225. _ Crawier, 53. Crayfish, 32. _ Cremastochilus, 334. Cremastogaster, 418, 420. Creophilus, 297. Crepidodera, 373, 374. Crescent, Pear], 110. Crescent, Silver, I19. - eresbhonies, Papilio, 138, 491, I. Cressonia, 153, 495. creiata, Sdperda, 360. Crickets, 73, 74, 438. Criocephalus, 341. Criocerini, 363, 364. Crioceris, 364, 365. crispaia, Megalopyge, 201. cristatus, Arilus, 108, XXV. cristifasciella, Paralechia, 221. Croton-bug, 64. cruentaius, Rhynchophorus, 403. Crustacea, 32. Cryptocephalini, 365, 366. Cryptocephalus, 366. CRYPTOPHAGID, 300, 505, 508. Ctenocephaius, 279. Ctenucha, 164. Cubital cell, 406. Cubital veins, 406. Cuckoo-bees, 439, 442. Cuckoo wasps, 424. \CUCUIIDE, 299, 300, 501,505, 508. cucujiforme, Smodicum, 341. Cucujus, 299. cucumeris, Epttrix, 374. cucurbite, Pachypsylla, 466. Culex, 238, LXIV. CULICIDA, 232, 238. Culicoides, 241. cunea, Hybhaniria, 168, L. Cuneus, 95. Cubes, 323. CUPESIDZ&, 323. cupripennis, Plaiynus, LX XIII. CURCULIONIDZ2:, 393,394, 395. CURCULIONIN2:, 398, 400. Currant-worm, 276, 410. Currant Span-worm, 195. curtipennis, Chorthippus, 69. curvispinosus, Leptothorax, 421. cuscuteformis, Diasirophus, 468. Cuterebra, 260. Cut-worms, 172, 175. cvanana, Olethréutes, 218. cyanea, Gasiroidea, 368. cyaneum, Chlorion, 438: cyanipennis, Gaurotes, 350. cybele, Argynnis, 118, 486, XG ERE Cybister, 292. Cychrus, 284. Cyclocephaia, 332. CYCLORRHAPHA, 230, 253. Cyenta, 169. Cydia, 219. CYDNID&, 98. CYDNIN&, II4. cylindrica, Spherophoria, LXVIE-. cylindricollis, Toxotus, 349. Cylindroioma, 236. Cyllene, 346. Cymatophora, 195. Cymolomia, 218. CYNIPIDA, 414, 457- CYNIPOIDEA, 407, 414, 522. Cynips, 457, 462, 464. cynipsea, Caryomyia, 460. Cynomyia, 266, 267, 270. oe Philosamia, 153, 495, CyRTID&, 233,-248. Cyrtinini, 352. C yrtinus, 352. Cyrtophorus, 349. Cyrtophyllus, 72. DACTYLOPIN, 92. Daddy-long-legs, 32, 236. daeckeana, Olethreutes, 218. Dagger-moths, 172. dama, Lucanus, 325, LX XIX. damnifica, Schistocerca, 70. damon, Thecla, I3I, 489, x NET, Damsel-bugs, 98. Damsel-flies, 42, 44, 478. 537 ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX: Danais, 116, 486. Dance Flies, 252. Dancing insects, 42, 241, 252. Darkling Beetles, 381. Darning-needles, 42. DASCYLLID&, 306, 509. dasycerus, Ecyrus, 359. Dasyllis, 250. Dasymutilla, 428. Dasyneura, 242, 457, 460, 472. Datana, 184. daunus, Papilio, 142. Death-watch, 78, 322. debilis, Goes, 355. Debis, 128, 488. decimlineata, Leptinotarsa, 369, XXIII. decidua, Cynips, 462. decipiens, Acanthoderes, 355. decoloraia, Centrodera, 350. decora, Galerucella, 371. decorus, Cyllene, 346. Dectes, 357. Deer Flies, 247. Deilephila, 148, 493. delia, Terias, 138. Deltoids, 184. demotella, Acrobasis, 213. Dendroides, 387. dentipes, Chrysobothris, 313. deplanata, Phylloxera, 460. depressa, Phylloxera, 460. depressus, Boletophagus, 384. depressus, Pasimachus, 285, XXII. derhami, Tegenaria, 38. Dermacentor, 476. DERMAPTERA, 2,601,479, 481. DERMATOPHILIDA, 279. Dermatophilus, 279. Dermestes, 302. ~DERMESTID&, 302, 503. DERODONTID, 306, 508. descripta, Castianeira, 36. desertana, Eucosma, 219. Desmia, 208. Desmocerini, 339. Desmocerus, 339. desmodioides, Pontania, 460. Despressaria, 221. destructor, Mayetiola, 242, LXV. - devastatrix, Hadena, 175, LI Devil’s Rearhorse; 65. DEXIIDZ, 258, 260. diabolica, Vespa, 430, 511. Diabrotica, 371. Diachlorus, 248. Diacrisia, 169. Diadasia, 515. diadema, Sinea, 108. Dialictus, 521. diana, Argynnis, 118. Dianthidium, 446, 518. Diaperis, 384. Diaphania, 209. Diapheromera, 65. DIASPIN@, 92, 93. Diastrophus, 457, 468. Dibolia, 373. Dicelus, 287. Dicerca, 312, 313. diceros, Ceresa, 484. Dichelonycha, 330, 331. dichlocerus, Rhodiies, 468. Dicromorpha, 69 Dictyna, 34. DICTYNIDA&, 34. Didea, 255. difficilis consocians, Formica,423. difinis, Hemarts, 147. - Dilophonota, 152. dimidiata, Ceniella, 316. dimidiatus, Phymatodes, 342. Dineutes, 293. Dione, 117, 486. DIOPSID&, 278. Dioxys, 518. Diphadnus, 410. DIPLOPODA, 32, 38. Diplosis, 242. Diplotaxis. 330. Diprion, 410. DIPTERA, 2, 229, 457, 477; 479, 480, 482, | dipterum, Chloeon, 40. directa, Acm@ops, 350. Discal cell, 229, 269. discalis, Stratiomyia, LXV. Discoidal cell, 406. ° Discoidal vein, 406. discotdea, Adelocera, 309. discoidea, Saperda, 360. discoideus, Elater, 309. discolor, Dineutes, 293. Disease-carrying Fly, 264. Disease-fly, 278. Disholcaspis, 457, 464. disippus, Basilarchia, 127. Disonycha, 372. dispar, Porthetria, 188, LVI. Dissosteiva, 69, 70. dissiria Malacosoma, IQI, 192, LVII. Distenia, 339. Disteniini, 339. distincta, Larropsis, Anas divaricata, Dicerca, 312, 313; XXVIII. s divinatorius, Trocies, 78. DIxID&, 232, 236. Dobson-fly, 53, 477. Dodgers, 8 Dog-face, 137. Dog-flea, 279. Dolba, 153. Dolerus, 410. DOLICHODERIN&, 417. Dolichoderus, 417, 421. DOLICHOPODID, 230, 235, 250. Dolichovespula, 511. domestica, Lepisma, 39, VIII. domestica, Musca, 263, uke 207, 268, 271, LXX. domesticus, Gryllus, 74. dominicana, Coscinoptera, 365. domitia, Perithemis, 48, 538 f ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX. Donacia, 363, 364. Donaciini, 363. donatus, Triepeolus, XCIII. Dorcaschema, 352, 354. Dorcus, 325. dorsalis, Chalepus, 375, dorsalis, Cicindela, 282, 499, LX 2 dorsisignatana, Eucosma, 218. Dorso-central, 230. DoRYLINA4, 418. Dragon-flies, 42, 45, 478- Drake, Gray, 42. ‘ DRILIN&, 315, 318. Drone Flies, 257. Drosophila, 265, 276. DRGSOPHILID2, 275, 276. Drug-store Beetle, 321. drupiferarum, Hyloicus, 153, 495. druryi egeremei, Catia, 144, xXxXXV dryas, Grapta, 122. DRYINIDA, 425, 427. Dryobius, 344. Dryocampa, 162, 496. Dryophania, 457, 462. dubitata, Celioxys, XCIII. Dufourea, 521. DUFOURIDE, 442. Duns, 57. duodecim-punctata, Crioceris, 365. duodecim-punctata, Diabrotica, B77 Lee LET. dupla, Ceratina, XCIII. duricaria, Disholcaspis, 464. Dynastes, 333. — DYNASTINZ, 332. Dyschirius, 286. Dyscinetus, 332. Dysdercus, III. ar 288, 2890, 293, 505, 5006. Dytiscus, 289, 290, 292, LX XIV. Eacles, 164. Bar, 7, 66, 71, 73. Ear Flies, 247. Earwigs, 61, 479, 481. ebenus, Heterachthes, 344. Eburia, 344. Ecdytolopha, 219. ecostata, Pyractomena, 316. Ecyrus, 359. egeremet, catia, 144. egle, Euchetias, 169, XLIX. eglenensis, Pareucheies, 169. ELACHISTIDA, 222. Elaphidion, 345. Elaphrus, 285, 499. elaphus, Lucanus, 325. Elater, 309. ELATERID&, 306, 382, 502. Elaterini, 300. elathea, Terias, 138. Electric-light Bugs, 99. elegans, Calligrapha, 370. Eleodes, 381. Elephant Bugs, 403. elevatus, Cychrus, LX XII. ELIIN#, 427. Elis, 427. elisa, Celithemis, 50. ello, Dilophonota, 152. Ellychnia, 316. Elm-borer, 360. Elm-leaf Beetle, 370. eloisella, Mompha, 223. elongatus, Dicelus, 287, LX XII. Elytra, 280. emarginaia, Leptura, 351. emarginata, Notoglossa, 434. emarginatus, Dineutes, 293. EMBIIDINA, 478. emersont, Leptothorax, 421. Emesa, 108. EMESIDZ&, 97, 108. Emphor, 444, 515. EMPHORIDA, 444. Emphorobsis, 515. EMPIDIDA, 233, 235, 252. Empis, 252. > Enarmonia, 219. Enchenopa, 483. Encopiolophus, 70. Encyclopini, 340. Encyclops, 340. Endelomyia, 410. ENDOMYCHID, 299, 507. Engraver Beetles, 404. Ennomos, 196. Entylia, 484, XXIII. Epalpus, 262. Epuargyreus, 143, 492. Epeira, 34. Epeiride, 32. Epeolus, 442, 512, 516. Ephemera, 42, VIII. ephemereformis, Thyridoperyx, 198, 201, LIX. EPHEMERID&, 2, 40. Ephestia, 212. EPHYDRID&, 278. Epieschna, 46. Epicerus, 399. Epicauta, 387, 391, 392. Epicordulia, 48. Epilachna, 299, 499, LX XV. epimensis, Psychomorpha, 214. Episimus, 219. Epitrix, 372, 373, 374- Epizeuxis, 184. Epochra, 276. eponina, Celithemis, 50, XII. equt, Gastrophilus, 259. equinus, Borborus, 265. Erax, 250. Erebus, 182. eremicola, Osmoderma, 335. eremitus, Hyloicus, 153, 495. erinacei, Acraspis, 462. Eriophyes, 456, 470, 472. Eristalis, 256, 278. Eritettix, 68. Eros, 316. evosa, Phymata, 110, XXVI, 539 ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX. EROTYLIDZ, 209, 507. errabunda, Ploiariola, to8. ERYCINIDZ,1I16,130,131,134,489. Erynnis, 144. Erythraspides, 410. erythrocephala, Calliphora, 265, 267,272. erythrocephalus, Neoclytus,-348. Estigmene, 168. Euaresta, 275. eubule, Catopsilia, 137, 491. Eucerceris, 435. EUCERID&, 444. Euchetias, 1609. Euchloé, 137, 490. Euclea, 200. EUCNEMINZ&, 306, 308. Eucosma, 218, 457, 472. Eudamus, 144, 492. Euderces, 349. Eulecanium, 93. Euxlia, 220. Eumenes, 428, 429. ‘EUMENIDZ, 426, 428. Eumeyrickia, 221. Eumolpini, 366. Euparius, 395. Euparthenos, 182. Euphoria, 334. EUPLEXOPTERA, 61. EuPLG@IN&, 116. Eupogonius, 358, 359. Euproctis, 190. Eupsalis, 394. Euptoieta, 117, 486. European Corn-borer, 497. Eurosta, 457, 472. Eurymycter, 395. Euryopthalmus, Itt. eurytheme, Colias, 137, 491. eurytus, Neonymbha, 488, XXXII. Euschistus, 114. Euthochtha, 113. Euura, 410, 457, 458. Euxoa, 172. Euzophera, 214. Evania, 411, 511. EVANIIDA, 4II. evecta, Volucella, 256, LXVI. excacaus, Calasymbolus, 152, 494. Exema, 366. exigua, Anaxipha, 76. exigua, Laphygma, 175, LI. alias = Sanninoidea, 207, 208, 128, exoleta, Cymolomia, 218. Exomalopsis, 512, 515, 521. Exoprosopa, 249. exsectoides, Formica, 422, 423. externum, Calosoma, 285. Eye, 8 fabricti, Grapta, 120. facetus, Lepturges, 358. False gid, 260. False, vein, 253. famelica, Strangalia, 35%. Family, 5 farinalis, Pyralis, 210. farinosa, Lasioptera, 468. fasciata, Buprestis, 313. jfasctata, Neurotoma, AIO. L VII. ‘fasciata, Stegomyia, 240. fasciata, Volucella, 256. fasciatus, Ceratophyllus, 279. fasciaius, Eurymycter, 395. fasciatus, Graphisurus, 356. fasciatus, Oncopeltus, 112. fascipennis, Exoprosopa, LX VII. fasciventris, Dytiscus, 290. faunus, Grapta, 122, 487. fausta, Rhagoletis, 270. favonius, Thecla, 131. fayi, Saperda, 360. femorata, Chrysobothris, 313, LX XVIII. femorata, Diapheromera, 65. femoratus, Pelecoris, 96. femoratius, Tetraopes, 362. 310, ‘Femur, 8. femur- rubrum, Melanoplus, 71. fenestralis, Psinidia, 70. ifenestralis, Scenopinus, 249, LXVII. | Feniseca, 132, 490. fernalde, Psithyrus, 449. ferruginea, Corticaria, 305. ferruginea, Epicauta, 392. ferruginzum, Tribolium, 382. fervidana, Archips, 219. fervidus, Bombus, 451, 452. fervidus dorsalis, Bombus, 450. Fidia, 367. Fig-eater, 334. Filiform, 500. jfimbriatus, Tachinus, 297, XXV. fimbriolatus, Cybister, 292. jfimetarius, Aphodius, 329. Fire-brat, 30. Fire-bug, I14. Fire-flies, 314, 317. Fish-flies, 52., Fish-moth, 30. ‘flammata, Amphionycha, 361. ‘Flannel-moth, Crinkled, 201. Flappers, 240. Flat-bugs, 112. Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer, \ 310. Flat-head Borers, 310. flavicauda, Tachys, 286. flavipennis, Rhipiphorus, 393, EXO | flavipes, Leptogaster, LX VIT. flavipes, Termes, 76, XXI. Flax-seed, 242. Flea-beetles, 372. Fleas, 279, 480. Flesh Flies, 262. fletcherella, ake 222,LXI. flexa, Tritoxa, 275, LXXI. Flies, 220, 477. flocci, Andricus, 462. 540 ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX, floccosus, Neuroterus, 462. floricola, Chrysobothris, 313. flovridana, Emphoropsis, 515.- Flour Beetles, 382. Flour-moth, 212. Flower Flies, 253. Footman Moths, 166. florbest, Aspidiotus, XXIV. forceps, Scutigera, 38, VII. Foresters, 170. Forficula, 61. Formica, At7, 422. FORMICIDA, 4i5. FORMICOIDEA, 407, 415. forticornis, Biorhiza, 464. fossor, Aphodius, 329. Four-lined Leaf-bug, 105. Foveola, 68. fragilella, Phyllonoryter, 225. fragarie, Tyloderma, 403. fraternus, Bombias, 451, 452. fraternus, Eumenes, 428, XC fraxini, Eriophyes, 472. fraxinifiora, Eriophyes, 472. frigidum, Calosoma, 285. Fritillary, Great-Spangled, 117. Fritillary, Gulf, 117. Fritillary, Meadow, 118. Fritillary, Regal, 117. Fritillary, Silver-bordered, 118. Fritillary, Variegated, I17. Frog-hoppers, 86. Front, 230. frontalis, Photuris, 317. frontalis, Psilotreta, 57. Frosted Scale, 93. frugiperda, Laphygma, 175, Li. Fruit-fly, 276. Fruit-tree Po beetle; 405. be ucosa, ypboprepia, 166, i XLVIII. fulgidus, Euphoria, 334. Fulgora, 85, XXIII. FULGORID&, 81, 85. fulminans, Arhopalus, 347. fulvicollis, Scepsis, 164, XLVIII. fulvoguttata, Melanophila, 313. fumans, Brachinus, LX XIII. funeralis, Desmia, 208. fungivorella, Aristotelia, 221. Fungus Gnats, 242. Funiculus, 417. fur, Ptinus, 321, UX XIX. furfura, Chionaspis, XXIV. fusca, Formica, 423. fusca subsericea, Formica, 423, 424. fusciceps, Phorbia, 263. fuscilabris, Megilla, LX XV. fuscojubatus, Emphor, 444. fusiformis, Rhopalomyia, 472. fuiilis, Callirhytis, 462. Gad Flies, 247, 2509. galeator, Euthochtha, 113. Galeriia, 287... Galerucella, 370. Galerucini, 363, 370. 541 GALGULID&, 95. Galgulus, 95, 102. gallesolidaginis, Gnorimoschema, 219; 220,472). gallesteriella, Gnorimoschema, 22%. Galleria, 212. GALLERIINA, 212. gallicola, Podapion, 396. Galls, 221, 222, 243, 276, 278, 352, 4555522000 Gaster, 417. Gastroidea, 368. Gastrophilus, 259. Gaurotes, 350. Gelastocoris, 95, 102, XXV. GELASTOCORID&, 95, 96. Gelechia, 221. GELECHIID, 220, 457. geminata, Tillomorpha, 349. geminatus, Sphinx, 150, 494, XOCKEX, ‘ gemma, Pachypsyla, 466. generosa, Cicindela, 282, LX i Geniculate, 504. Genus, 5. genutia, FEuchloé, 137, 490, XXXIV. GEOMETRID&, 192. GEOMETRIN&, 195. GEORYSSID&, 306, 508. Geosargus, 247. Geotrupes, 329. Geotrupini, 320. germanica, Blattella, 62, XVI. germanica, Vespa, 430, 511. _GERRID4&, 96, 103, 104. Gerris, 103, 104. Ghost-moth, 228. Giant Water-bugs, 99. Gibbium, 322. glandulella, Valentinia, 222. glaucus, Papilio, 140, Agt, XXXVI. globulus, Disholcaspis. 464. globulus, Rhodites, 468. gloriosa, Protox@a, 514. gloveri, Samia, 156. Glow-worms, 314. Gnats, 220. Gnorimoschema, 219, 221, 457, 472. Goat-moths, 202. Goes, 354, 355- Gold-bugs, 377. Goldsmith Beetle, 332. GOMPHIN2, 45. Gonaspis, 457, 468. Goniops, 248. Gooseberry Saw-fly, 410. Gooseberry Worm, 276. gordius, Hyloicus, 153. Gorytes, 433. GORYTID&, 433. Gossamer, 33. Gouty Galls, 312. Gracilaria, 225. ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX. gracilis, Hemaris, 147. gracilis, Micrathena, 36, VII. gracilis, Oberea, 362. gracilis, Pontania, 460. Grain-weevil, 300, 403. granaria, Calandra, 404. Grandfather-graybeard, 32. grandis, Anthonomus, 401. > grandis, Lebia, 287, LX XIII. Grape Curculio, 402. Grape Flea-beetle, 373. Grape Leaf-folder, 208. Grape-vine Plume, 214. Graphisurus, 356. Graphocephala, 86. Grapholitha, 218. Graphomyia, 266, 270. Graphops, 367. GRAPHOSOMIN#, IT4. Grapta, 120, 122, 124, 487. Cipeieoeners; 66, 71, 438, 479, 2 462. . Grass-nymphs, 128. Grass-spider, 248. Grave Diggers, 436. Gray-back, 79. Gray drake, 42. Green Flies, 87. Green-headed Monsters, 247. greeneit, Megarhyssa, 414. Green Japanese Beetle, 510. griseus, Benacus, 100, X XV. grossularie, Zophodia, 213. Ground-beetles, 282. Ground-pearls, 91. Grouse Locusts, 66. Grub-in-the-head, 260. Grubs, White, 172. GRYLLID&, 715-732 Gryllotalpa, 73. Gryllus, 73, 74, XX. grynea, Catocala, 181, LIV. gultea, Ornix, 225. guttifinitella, Phyllonoryter, 225. Gypsy Moth, 188, 497, 510. GYRINIDZ&, 288, 202, 293, 505. Gyrinus, 293, 481, LX XIV. Hadena, 175: Hematobia, 266, 268. Hematopinus, 79. Hemotopota, 248. Hemonia; 364. Heamorrhagia, 147. hemorrhoidalis, Psilocephala, AD, CAVA Me hemorrhoidalis, Sarcophaga, LXX, Hag-moth, 200. Hair-streaks, 131 Hlalesus, 57. halesus, Thecla, 131. HALICTIDA, 440, 516, 517. Halictotdes, 442, 520, 521. Halictus, 436, 440, 512, 517. HALIPLID, 288, 280, 506. Halisidota, 170. Halteres, 2209. 542 Haltica, 372, 373. Halticini, 363, 372. Halticus, 106. Ham-beetle, Red-legged, 320. hamamelidis, Hormaphis, 466. hamamelis, Acronycta, 174. hamamelis, Phyllonoryter, 225. Hamamelistes, 456, 466. Hammer-head, 310. Habloa, 168. Harlequin Cabbage-bug, 114. Harlequin caterpillar, 169. Harpalus, 288. harrisit, Dytiscus, 290. harrist, Grapta, 122. harrisi, Melitea, 120, 487. Harrisina, 202. Harvester, The, 132. Harvest-flies, 82. Harvest-man, 32. hastulifera, Acronycta, 174. Hawk Moth, 146 Hazel-nut Weevil, 401. Head-louse, 79. hebesana, Olethreuies, 218. Hebride, 96. Hebrus, 96. Hedgehog, 168.) Hedychridium, 425. Hedychrum, 425. heert depilis, 421. HELICONIINA, I17. Heliconius, 117, 486. Helicopsyche, 57. Heliophila, 175. Heliothis, 176, 178. Hell-diver;-devil, 53. Hellgrammite, 53. Helophilus, 256. Helophorini, 294. Helophorus, 294. Hemaris, 147, 203, 493. HEMEROBIIDA, 54, 56. Hemerocampa, 186, 497. hemidesma, Olethreutes, 218. Hemthalictus, 521. HEMIPTERA, 2, 80, 95, 478- 480, 482. ved hemipterus, Carpophilus, 305. HEPIALIDA, 228. Hercostomus, 252. herculeanus pennsylvanicus,Cam- ponoltus, 424. Heriades, 446, 519. Hermetia, 247. heros, Epieschina, 46, XI, Hesperia, 144, 492. HESPERIID&, 116, 142, 402. HESPERIINA, 143, 492. hesperius, Metrobates, 104. Hesperotettix, 71. Hessian Fly, 242. Heterina, 44. Heterachthes, 344. HETEROCERA, II5, 146. 4 HETEROCERID&, 306, 509. os H&TEROMERA, 281, 380, 505, Brachymyrmex, ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX, HETERONEURIDZ, 278. HETEROPTERA, 2, Hetemis, 354. hexadactyla, Orneodes, 215. Hexapoda, 32. Hickory Horned Devil, 162. Hickory-nut Weevil, 401. hteroglyphica, Cicada, 84, XXII. hieroglyphicus, Corymbiies, 309, LXXVII. Hilara, 252. Hippiscus, 70. HIPPOBOSCID, 279. Hippodamia, 499, LX XV. Hippopsini, 353. Hippopsis, 353. hirticollis, Cicindela, 282. hirttpes, Rhopalomyta, 472. hirundinis, G2ciacus, 106. Hispini, 375. 80, 95, Hester, 304. HISTERID2, 304, 504. hisirtonica, Murgantia, 114, Hive-bees, 2 453- ea a cain 146, Holcaspis, te holotricha, Caryomytia, 460. Homalomyia, 263, 265. HOMOPTERA, 2, 80, 456, 477, 479. Honey. 420, 440. Honey-ants, 421. Honey-bee, 257, 440, 453, 512.! Honey-dew, 84, 86, 88, 91, 93, 420, 484. Hobisa, 330, 331. Hoblosta, 350. Hop-merchants, 122. horatius, Thanaos, 492. Hortini, 391. Hormaphis, 456, 466. Hormomytia, 457. 460, 468. Horn-blowers, 150. Horned Devil, 162. Hornets, 425, 429. Horn-fiy, 268 Hornia, 391. Horn-tails, 411. Horse Bot Fly, 259. Horse Flies, 247. Horseshoe Crab, 32. Horse-stingers, 42. House-flies, 264. House-fiy, Biting, 268. House-fiy, Common. 264, 271. House-fly, Lesser, 264. hudsonias, Systena, 374. Human-flea, 279. Humble-bee, 448. humeralis, Purpuricenus, 346. humeralis, Thecesternus, 398. Humming-bird Moths, 147. humuli, Hypena, 184. huntera, Pyramets, 124, 488, Hunter's Butterfly, 124. * hyalina, Pontania, 460. hyalinaia, Diaphania, 209. hybridus, Dytiscus, 290. Hydria, 195. HYDROBATID2, I03. Hydrobiini, 294. Hydrocharts, 294. Hydrochus, 294 Hydrecia, 176. Hydromeira, 104. HYDROMETRID2, 96, 103, 104. HYDROPHILID, 293, 505. Hydrophilini, 294. Hydrophilus, 293, 294, LX XIV. Hydrophorus, 252. Hydropsyche, 58, XV. HYDROPSYCHID&, 60. HYDROPTILID&, 60. HYDROSCAPHID&, 507. Hygrotrechus, 103. HYL2ID&, 445. Hyleus, 445. hyleus, Dolba, 153. Hylephila, r4.. Hyloicus, 153, 495. Hylotrupes, 342. HYMENOPTERA, 2, 406, 457, 478, 479, 481. Hypena, 18a. HYPENID, 184. Hypera, 400. hyperboreus, LXVIII. Hyperchiria, 160. Hyperodes, 400. Hyper platys, 358. Hyphaniria, 168. Hypoderma, 260. hypobhleus, Chrysophanus, 133, 490, XX XIII. Hypopleura, 258. Hyboprepia, 166. Hypsopygia, 210. Platychtrus, Ibalia, 412, 414. tcelus, Thanaos, 143. ichneumonea, Chlorion, XCII. tchneumoneum, Ammobia, 439. ICHNEUMONID, 412. ICHNEUMONOIDEA, 510. idalia, 407, Att, EE one Ir7, 486, VIII. tgntia, Haitica, 373. tgnota, Rhodiies, 468. ilictfolie, Amphibolips, 462. imbricatus, Epicerus, 399. tmbricornis, Prionus, 338. imitans, Saperda, 360. immaculaia, Pieris, 134. imparts, Prenolepis, 421. impatiens, Bombus, 450, Mery. im patientifolia, Lastoptera, 470. impatientis, Cectdomyia, 470 Imperial Moth, 164. impertalis, Basilona, 164. 496, XLVII. 453, 543 { ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX. impressus, Meloé, 390. inequalis, Craponius, 402. tnequatis, Silpha, 296. inanis, Amphtbolips, 462. incertum, Elaphidion, 345. Inch-worms, I94. inda, Euphoria, 334. indentanus, Phthinolophus, 219. Indian-meal Moth, 213. indiginella; Mineola, 212. inguinalis, Phthirius, 79, X XI. inimicella, Pseudogalleria, 218. innocuella, Anacampsis, 221. innumerabilis, Pulvinaria, 92. Inocellia, 478. inopinatus, Euche@tias, 169. tnopis, Retinodiplosis, 458. tnornata, Mecas, 3061. tnornatana, Cymolomia, 218. insectella, Setomorpha, 226. insiticiana, Ecdytolopha, 219. insularis, Psithyrus, 449. integer, Janus, 410. integerrina, Datana, 185. integra, Formica, 423, 424. Interalar band, 4409. intermedia, Deilephila, 148. intermedius, Prodoxus, 228. interpunctella, Plodia, 213. interrogationis, Grapta, 487, XXX. interrupta, Arctocoria, XXV. interrupta, Lina, 368. interrupta, Phryganea, 57, XV. 10, Automeris, 160, 496, XLV. tole, Nathalis, 138, 491. IpPINZ, 404, 405. tpomee Cemolobus, 445. Ips, 304. irritans, Hematobia, 266, 268, LIX. ivvitans, Pulex, 279, LX XI. isabella, Isia, 168, XLIX. Ischnoptera, 64. Isia, 168. | Tsodontia, 438. ISOPTERA, 76, 482. Isosoma, 414. ITHYCERIN&, 396. Ithycerus, 396. Itonida, 457, 458. ITONIDID@, 232, 242, 457. 120, 478, 479, j-album, Vanessa, 124, 487. Jalysus, 12. jamdaicensis geminatus, Sphinx, 150, 404. janthinum, Callidium, 342. Janus, 410. janus, Galerita, 287. Japanese Beetle, 510. aponica, Popillia, 510. jasminearum, Chlenogramma, I53, 495. JASSIDH, 86. JASSINZ, 81. Jerusalem Cricket, 73. | Jigger, 279. Ligene flea, 279. Joint-worms, 414. jorulla, Rothschildia, I54. jucunda, Terias, 138. juglandifoliella, Stigmella, se juglandis, Cressontza, 153, 495- Jumping-beans, 218. Jumping- beetles, 37:2. Jumping Spiders, 38. juncta, Leptinotarsa, 369. juncticiliana, Eucosma, 218. - June Bugs, 326, 330. - juniperella, Recurvdria, 221. junius, Anax, 46, 1X Junonia, 126, 487. juvenalis, Thanaos, xX It: 144, 492, kalmie, Hyloicus, 153, 495- kalmieila, Ornix, 225. kalmit, Lygeus, Ir2, XXVI. Katydid, 72. kearfottella, Phyllonoryter, 244. Kermes, 92. Key, How to use, 27. King Crab, 32. Kissing Bugs, 107. kuehniella, Ephestia, 212. Labella, 252, 266. Labia, 61. Labiodermu, 360. Labium, 8. Laboriosus, Psithyrus, 449, 452. Labrum, 417. lacca, Carteria, 91. Lace-bugs, IIo. Lachnosterna, 331. * LACOSOMID, 199. ladon, Lycena, 134, > ah g ie Lady-beetle, 298, 499. Lady-bird, 298. Lettlia, 212. . levis, Canthon, LXXX. LAGRIID, 380, 384. LAMELLICORNIA, 281, 324. LAMIINA, 337, 352. LAMPYRIDA, 314, 315, 503. LAMPYRIN#, 315, 316. Lampyrini, 316. lana, Andricus, 462. Languria, 508. lanigera, Cotalpa, 332, LXXXI. lanigera, Schizoneura, 88, XXIV. Lantern-flies, 85. lanternaria, Fulgora, 85. Lapara, 153. lapella, Metzneria, 220. Laphygma, 175. lardarius, ‘Dermestes, LX 490, 302, Larder-beetle, 302. Largus, ttl. laricella, Coleophora, 222. Larra, 437. LARRID&, 433, 436. 544 ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX. LARRINA&, 436. Larropsis, 437- Larva, 7. LASIOCAMPID2, IOI. Lasioderma, 322. lasiophthalmus, Tabanus, LXV. Lastoptera, 457, 408, 470, 472. Lasstus, 88,417, 421. Las peyresia, 219. lateralis, Anthrax, LXVI. lateralis, Lycostamus, 315, 316. lateralis, Saperda, 359. LATHRIDIID&, 305, 508. laticollis, Prionus, 338, LX é latiferreana, Mellisopus, 210. latipes, Campylenchia, 483. Laireillimyia, 262. Latrodectus, 34. LAUXANIID&, 275. Leaf-chafers, 333. Leaf-crumplers, 2E2- Leaf-cutters, 447. Leaf-folder, 214. Leaf-hoppers, 86. Leaf-miners, 220, 223, 224, 225, 276, 278, 375. Leaf-rollers, 215. Leather-beetle, 302. Leather-jackets, 236. Lebia, 287. Lebiini, 284. lectularius, Cimex, 106. leguminicola, Dasyneura, 242. Lema, 364, 365, 392. lemniscata, Hippopsis, 353. LEMONIID, 130. lentella, Phyllonoryter, 225. lenticularis, Rhodites, 468. Leopard-moth, 202. lepida, Cincindella, 499. LEPIDOPTERA, 2, 60, 457, 477, 479, 481, 482. Lepidosaphes, 94. Lepisma, 39. LEPTIDZ, 230, 233, 248. LEPTINID&, 506. Leptinotarsa, 362, 369. Leptis, 248.- LEPTOCERID&, 60. Leptogaster, 259. Leptoglossus, 113. Leptostylus, 356, 357. Lepiothorax, 418, 420, 421. Leptura, 351, 352. Lepturges, 358. Lepturini, 337, 340, 340. Lepturoides, 339. lespedezefotella, Parectopa, 225. Lesies, 44, 1X Lethocerus, 99, 100. Leucania, 175. 115, leucobterus, Blissus, III, XXVI. a allan Hemerocampa, 186, leucostoma, Ophyra, 263, 265. Leucozona, 255. Libellula, 48. LIBELLULIDA, 46. LIBELLULINZ2, 48. Libythea, 130, 489. LIBYTHEINZ, 130. Lice, 78, 79, 480. lignaria, Osmia, XCIII. ligneus, Hylotrupes, 342. LIMACODID2, 200. limata, Blepharomastix, 209. limbatus, Carabus, 284. Limenitis, 127. Limnobates, 104. LIMNOBATID2, 104. LIMNOPHILID&, 58, 60. Limnoporus, 104. Limnotrechus, 103. limosipennella, Coleophora, 222. Lina, 368. _ Linden-borer, 360. lineata, Bubrestis, 313. lineata, Deilephila, 148, XXXVIII. lineata, Hydromeira, 104. lineata, Hypoderma, 260. lineatum, Rhagium, 350. chs Pecilocapsus, 493, 105, lineola, Leptura, 351. lineolata, Cremastogaster, LX XXX. linteus, Elater, 300. Liopus, 357, 358. LIPARID&, 170, 186. liparops, Thecla, 132. Lipeurus, 78. lirtodendrana, Polychrosis, 218. lirtodendrella, Phyllocnistis, 226. liriodendri, Thecodiplosis, 466. lisa, Terias, 138, 491, XXXV. Listronotus, 400. Lithocolletis, 224. LITHOSIID&, 166. Lithurgus, 518. Lobster, 32. LOCUSTID&, 7I. LOCUSTIN2&, 70. Locusts, 66, 82. Locust, Seventeen-year, 82. LONCHOPTERID, 234. Long-horns, 337. Longicornés, 337- longicornis, Diabrotica, 371. longipes, Emesa, 110. longipes, Melanophila, 313. longipes, Rhopalophora, 341. Longitudinal vein, 229, 269. Loopers, 179, 194. Loxostege. 209. Lubber Grasshopper, 71. lubricalis, Epizeuxis, 184, LV. LUCANID&, 324, 504. Lucanus, 325. lucetiella, Phyllonoryter, 225. lucidicostella, Phyllonoryter, 224. Lucidota, 316. 4 lucidus, Polycentropus, 58, XV. luctdus, Polyergus, 424, xX IX, 420, 945 ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX. lucifluella, Coptodisca, 223. Lucilia, 258, 265, 267, 268, 272. lucilius, Thanaos, 143, 144, 492. luctuosa, Libellula, 48, XII. lucublandus, Pierostichus, 287, GIT: : lugens, Mormidea, 114, XXVI. ‘lugubris, Typocerus, Bite Luminous insects, 243, 308, 314. luna, Actias, 158, 496, XLIII. Luna Moth, 158. lunata, Calligrapha, 360. lunator, Megarhyssa, 414. Lunule, apical, 282. Lunule, frontal, 230. Lunule, humeral, 282. lupinella, AnacampSis, 221. lusciliosa, Hyloicus, 153. luscus, Neoclyius, 349. luteicornis, Strangalia, 351. age oe elie luteola, Nomada, XCIV. Luteva, 108. Lyc@na, 133, 134, 490. LYCANID4&, I16, 131, 134, 489. lycidas, Achalarus, T44, 492. LYCINA, 315. Lycomor pha, 164. Lycosa, 33, VII LYcOsID&@, 38. Lycostomus, 315, 316. LYCTID&, 323. Lyctus, 323. LYGAID, 98, III, 112. Lyg@us, I12. Lygus, 105, 435. Lymexylon, 324. LYMEXYLONIDZ, 324, 500. Lyroda, 437. 379, macellaria, Chrysomyia, 266, 270, LXX macer, Systropus, LX VII. Macrobasis, 391. macrocar pella, 224. Macrocephalus, 110. Macrodactylus, 330, 331. MACROGLOSSINA&, 147. MACROPID&, 442. Macropis, 442, 521. Macros, 198. macrurum, Ophion, 412, LXXXV ILI. mactans, Latrodectus, 34. macula, Lepiostylus, 357. maculata, Calopteryx, 45, X. maculata, Diaperis, 384. maculata, Graphomyia, 266, 270, LXIX Phyllonoryter, maculata, Halisidota, 170. inate Vespa, 430, 511, XC., maculipennis, Anopheles, 238. nC EET: Platycentropus, 57, 546 maculipennis, Plutella, 220. maculiventris, Podisus, XX VI. Maggots, 2209. magnarius, Ennomos, 196, LVIII. magnoliana, Polychrosis, 218. magnus, Brachypeplus, 71. maidi-radicis, Aphis, 90. - major, Bombylius, LXVI. MALACHIIDA, 318, 509. Malacosoma, 168, 191, 192, 497. m-album, Thecla, 131. Malar space, 449. Malaria, 238. mali, Aphis, 88. malifoliella, Tischeria, 226. malimalifoliella, Phyllonoryter, 225. malivorella, Coleophora, 222. MALLOPHAGA, 2, 78, 480. Mamara, 226. Mamestra, 172. mamma, Pachypsyila, 466. Mandibles, 8 Manomera, ag XVII. MANTID42, 64, 482. Mantis, 65. MANTISPID&, 54. Mantura, 373. Maple-moth, Rosy, 162. marcelius, Papilio, 142, 491. March Flies, 243. marcia, Phyciodes, IT9Q. Margarodes, 91. Margaropus, 476. Marginal cell, 229, 260, 406. Marginal vein, 229, 406. marginata, Bembecia, 206, 207. mar ginata, Epicauia, 392, LXXXV. mar ginata, i Mesogramma, LXVIIL. marginatus, Chauliognathus, 317. marginatus, Gerris, 103, 104. marginatus, Necrophorus, 295, LXXV. marginatus, Spirobolus, VII. marginellus, Photinus, 316. marie, Dolichoderus, 421. maria, S pilochalcis, LXXXVITII. maritima, Anisolabis, 61. ° maritima, Satyrus, 130. maritima, Trimerotropis, 70. marmorata, Scirtetica, 70. marmoreus, Euparius, 395. Marsh-treaders, 104. martini, Hydrometra, 104. Marumba, 150. MASARID2, 426. Masked Bed-bug Hunter, 107. Masked Bees, 445. Mason-bees, 447. mauretanica, Tenebroides, X XVII. Maxille, 8. May Beetles, 326, 415, 427. Mayetiola, 242. 415, 395, ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX. May-flies, 40, 477, 478. Meadow-browns, 128. Meal Snouth-moth, 210. Meal-worms, 382. Mealy-bugs, 91, 92. Measuring-worms, 179, 194. Mecas, 361. MECOPTERA, 2, 56, 478, 482. Mecostethus, 69. Mecynotarsus, 386. Medeterus, 252. Median cell, 406. meditabunda, Myospila, 266, 267, 270, LXIX. Mediterranean Flour-moth, 212. Megzgachile, 440, 447, 512, 518. MEGACHILID&, 440, 446, 518. Megacilissa, 512. eee 5205 As ADT. 481. Megalopyge, 201. MEGALOPYGIDZ&, 201. Meganostoma, 137, 491. Mezgarhyssa, 412, LXX XVIII. MEGATHYMINA2, 146. Megathymus, 146. _ Megilla, 499, LX XV. Melanactes, 309. MELANDRYID&, 380, 381,385. melanogaster, Drosophila, 265, 276, LXX. Melanolestes, 107. Yelanophila, 313. Melanoplus, 66, 71, 387. Melanostoma, 255. Melenotus, 309. melanura, Nacerdes, LxXxX Thecla, III. 265, melinus, pO. 4 531, Melissodes, 445, 512, 515. Melitea, 119, 120, 487. Melitara, 213. Melitoma, 444, 515. Melitta, 441. een 204. mellifera, Apis, 453, 512, CLIT: F MELLINID&, 432. Mellisopus, 219. mellitus, Necydalts, 339. mellonella, Galleria, 212,L XI. Meloé, 390. MELOID2, 381, 387. Meloides, 387, 390. MELOIN2, 390. MELOLONTHIN2, 330. Melophagus, 279. MEMBRACID2&, 81, 84, 483. Membrane, 95. Memythrus, 204. Menopon, 78. Mermiria, 68. Merium, 342. Mesogramma, 255. Mesothorax, 8. Mesovelia, 97. MESOVELIID&, 97, 103. messoria, Euxoa, 172, LI. Metachroma, 367. Metal-marks, 130. metallica, Stenispa, 375. Metamorphosis, 6, 40. Metarziope, 36. Metatarsus, 8, 408. Metathorax, 8. Methini, 352. Methoca, 426, METHOCID&, 426, 427. Metopina, 253. Metrobates, 104. Meizneria, 220. Miastor, 242. micans, Morellia, 266, 271, LXIxX. Micrathena, 36. Microbembex, 437.- Microcentrus, 483. Microdon, 254. Micro-lepidoptera, 198, 220. microptera, Romalea, 71. MICROPTERYGIDZ, 228. MICROPTERYGOIDEA, 228. Microrhopala, 375. Micros, 198. Midges, 241. milberti, Van2ssa, 124, 487. Milesia, 256. Milliped, 32, 38. Milyas, 108. Mimicry, 127, 203, 250. Mineo Mine, blotch, BIBS Mine, community, 224. Mine, linear, 223. Mine, serpentine, 223. Mine, tentiform, 223. Mine, tract, 223. Mine, trumpet, 223. miniata, Hypoprepia, 166. minimum, Monomorium, 420. minimus, Diastrophus, 468. ministra, Datana, 185, LV minor, Labia, 61, XVI. minuta, Eupsalis,394,L XXXVI. minuta, Peronea, 219. minutipennis, Hornia, 391. minutus, Copris, 329. Miranda, 36. MIRIDZ2, 98, 105. Misumena, 36. Mites, 32, III, 279, 456, 476, 480. Mixogaster, 254. mixtus, Pogonocherus, 359. modesta, Cicindela, 282. modesta, Pachysphinx, 150, 493, 494, XX XIX. modestus, Podabrus, 317. mestum, Asemum, 341. Molanna, 57. Mole cricket, 73. molesta, Solenopsis, 420. molitor, Tenebrio, 382. Molorchus, 345. Molt, 6, 547 ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX. Mompha, 223. Monarch, 116. Monobia, 429. monodonia, Microbembex, 437. Monohammini, 352, 353. Monohammus, 354. MONOMMID&, 505. af Monomorium, 418, 420. Mononyx, 95. Monophadnoides, 410. monostigma, Tetrops, 362. MONOTOMIDZ, 306, 508. Monoxia, 371. montinus, Brenthis, 119. Monumetha, 519. monuste, Pieris, 136, 490 Mordella, 386. MORDELLID&, 381, 385, 393. Mordellistena, 385. Morellia, 266, 271. mort, Bombyx, 192. Mormidea, 114. Mosquito, 229, 238, 480. Moth Flies, 236. Moths, 115, 146, 477, 482. Mourning Cloak, 122: mucronatum, Elaphidion, 345. Mud-dauber, 436, 439. Mule-killer, 65. mulsanti, Mesovelia, 97. multipunctata, Calligrapha, 370. Murgantia, 1T4. museorum, Anthrenus, 303. Musca, 263, 264, 265-268, 271." MuscID&@, 258, 259, 264. Muscina, 258, 265, 267, 271. Mustard White, 136. mutabilis, Leptura, 351. mutica, Saperda, 360. Mutilla, 428. MUTILLIDA, 426, 427. MYCETOPHAGIDA, 300. MYCETOPHILID&, 232, 242,457 MYDAID&, 234, 250. Mydas, 250. Myiasis, 263. Myiochrysa, 247. Myiolepta, 254. MyoODOCHID@:, III. Myodochus, 112. myops, Alaus, 308. myops, Calasymbolus, 152, 494. Myospila, 265-267, 270. myrina, Brenthis, 118, 486, EXOT Ok, Myrmecocystus, 421. MYRMELEONIDZ&, 53, 54, XIV. Myrmica, 420, 421. MyrRmMiIcin&, 418. Myrmosa, 426. MyYRMOSID&, 426, 427. myron, Ampelophagus, 149, 493, >. @,@.4'400 5 mystacea, Leptis, LXVII. mystic, Thymelicus, 144. M ytilaspis, 94. NABID&, 98. 548 Nabdis, 98. Nacerdes, 385. nevia, Agelena, 36, 248. nais, A pantesis, 169, XLIX. nanus, Tachys, 286. napi, Pieris, 136. napt oleracea, Pieris, XXXIV. Nathalis, 138, 491. NAUCORIDZ, 96. nebulifera, Prionapteryx, 210. nebulosa, Panorpa, ’ nebulosus, Diastrophus, 468. nebulosus, Graphops, 367. Necrobia, 320. Necrophorus, 295. Nectar, 440. Necydalini, 339. Necydalis, 339. Negro-bugs, 114. NEIDIDA, 98, II2. NEMATOCERA, 230, 231, 236. Nemobius, 73, 74, 437. Nemognatha, 391. Nemognathini, 301. nenuphar, Conotrachelus, 402, XXXVI. Neoascia, 255. Neoclytus, 348, 349. Neoconocephalus, 72. Neolarra, 521. neoniger, Lasius, 422. Neonympka, 128, 488. Neopasites, 444, 520. Neotettix, 68. Nepa, 100. nephele, Satyrus, 130, XXXII. NEPID&, 96, T0O. Nervthra, 95. nervosa, Chalepus, 375. nessus, Amphion, 147, 493. NETHRIDA, 95. Neurigona, 252. NEUROPTERA, 2, 52, 53, 478, 479, 482. Neuroterus, 457, 462, 464. Neurotoma, 410. Nicagus, 324, 326. nicippe, Terias, 138, 491. niger americanus, Lasius, 421, niger, Chrysops, LXV. niger, Diastrophus, 468. niger, Lasius, 90. niger, Meloé, 390. niger neoniger, Lasius, 422. nigricana, Laspeyresiad, 219. nigricollis, Elater, 3090, LX XVII. nigricornis, Hemonia, 364. nigripes, Attelabus, 309. nigripes, Cassida, 377. nigrofasciatum, Fulecanium, 93. nigroviltatus, Tabanus, LX V1. nigrum, Dorcaschema, 354. niphon, Thecla, 132. nisella, Eucosma, 218. nitela, Papaipema, 176, LII. NITELIDA, 430. nitens, Leptura, 351. ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX. nitida, Allorhina. 334, LX XXI. nitida, Megarhyssa, A414. nitidalis, Diaphania, 209. NITIDULID&, 304, 505. nitidus, Xylotrechus, 347. Nits, 220. niveipila, Cecidomyia, 462. nobilis, Calloides, 347. noctilucus, Pyrophorus, 308. Noctua, 172. NOcTUIDA, 172. Nodonota, 368. nodulosa, Lasioptera, 468. nodulus, Rhabdophaga, 458. nodus, Euura, 458. Nomada, 442, 445, 512, 516. NOMADID&, 440, 442, 512, 516, 521. Nomia, 441, 517. Nomoitettix, 68. Northern Metalmark, 130. Norionia, 4209. nortont, Megarhyssa, AI4. No-see-tums, 2Al. notata, Galerucella, 371. notatum, Dianthidium, XCIII. notatus, Monohammus, 354. ‘notatus, Stenosphenus, 341. Notched-wing Geometer, 196. Notidobia, 57. NOTODONTIDZ&, 184. Noteglosse, 434. Notogonidea, 437. Notonecia, 102. NOTONECTIDZ2, 96, 99, I00. Notoxus, 386. Notozus, 425. Notum, 8. notulata, Galerucella, 371. nove-anglie, Halictotdes, 520. noveboracensis, Ithycerus, 396. noveboracensis, Silpha, 296, LXXV novem-notata ,Coccinella, LX XV. noxiosus, Neuroterus, 464. nubila, Hoplosia, 359. nubilis, Euparthenos, 182, LIV. nubilalis, Pyrausta, 497. nucicola, Caryomyia, 460. numitor, Ancyloxypha, I44, MSY TF, Nut Weevil, 400. nuttalli, Trichodes,320, LX XIX. nycteits, Phyciodes, 119, X XIX. NYCTERIBIIDA, 279. Nyctobates, 382. nymphee, Galerucella, 371. NYMPHALID&, I16, 130, 486. NYMPHALIN&, II7. Nymph (young insect), 40. Nymphs, 128 Nymphula, 200. NYMPHULIN #, 209 Nysson, 433. NYSSONID&, 433. ) berea, 361, 362. obesa, Rhagovelia, 103. obesa, Volucella, 256. obfuscana, Eucosma, 219. obliqua, Saperda, 360. obliquata, Penthe, 385. obliquistrigella, Recurvaria, 221. obliteralis, Nymphula, 209. eee One, Amblycorypha, 72, Obriini, 340. Obrium, 340. — obscuriocostella, 225. obscurus, Nicagus, 326, LX XIX. obscurus, Tenebrio, 382, LXXXIV. obsoleta, Heliothis, 178. obsoleta, Lina, 369. obsoletus, Acanthocinus, 356. obtectus, Bruchus,379, L XXXIV. obtusatus, Hydrocharis, 294. obtusus, Pee 4ol. obiusus, Ips, 3 occidentalis, Enailia. EC. occidentalis, Pachysphinx, 150. Occiput, 440. ocellana, S pilonota, 219. ocellaris, Cecidomyia, 466. ocellata, Oberea, 361. ocellatus, Anacrabro, 435. Ocellus, 8. OCHTERIDE, 905. Ochterus, 95. octomaculaia, Alypia, 170, L. octomaculata, Perdita, XCIII1. octopunctata,Mordella,LX XXIV. Octotoma, 375. oculata, Goes, 354. oculatus, Alaus, 308, LX XVII. oculatus, Gelastocoris, XXV. ODONATA, 2, 42, 478, 480. Odontaia, 375. Odonteus, 329. Odontomyia, 247. odora, Erebus, 182, LIV. Odynerus, 429. Ccanthus, 74, XIX. Cciacus, 106. CECOPHORIDA, 22T. Cedaspis, 457, 472. (EDEMERID&, 380, 385. Cedionychis, 372. CEDIPODIN4, 69. Phyllonoryter, ' CHSTRIDA, 258, 250. Cstrus, 260. ° Oiketicus, 199. Oil-beetles, 390. Okanagana, 84. Old-fashioned Potato-beetle, 364, 392. oleracea, Pieris napi, XXXIV. Olethreutes, 218. OLETHREUTIN&, 215. Olfersia, 279. Oligotrophus, 457. Omalus, 425. Ommatidium, 8. Omopbhron, 286. Omosita, 305. 549 ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX. _ Omus, 282. Oncideres, 353. Onciderini, 353. Oncopeltus, PED. Onion-maggot, Imported, 263. Onion-thrips, 79. Onthophagus, 328. opalescens, Sanninoidea, 207. operculella, Phthorimea, 221, Ophion, 412. Ophyra, 263, 265. Opsebius, 248. Orange-dog, 138. Orange-tip, Falcate, 137. orbicollis, Necrophorus, 295. orbitalis, Euura, 458. Orchelimum, 72. Order, 5, 476 (Key). orientalis, Blatta, 64, XVI. orizaba, Rothschildia, 154. Orl-fly, 52. ornata, Celithemis, 50, XII. ornatus, Acrydium, 66, XVIII. ornatrix, Utetheisa, 166. Orneodes, 215. ORNEODID&, 215. Ornix, 225. Orphuleila, 60. Orsodachna, 364. ORTALIDIDA, 263, 275 ORTHOPTERA, oh 62, 482. ORTHORRHAPHA, 230. Orthosoma, 338. ORYSSID&, AIO. Oryssus, 4106. oryze@, Calandra, 404, LXXXVI. Osmia, 446, 519. OSMIIN&, 519. Osmoderma, 335. ostensackenella, 225. ostreeformis, Aspidiotus, XXIV. ostry@, Coleophora, 222. ostryefoliella, Coptodisca, 223. ostryefoliella, Phyllonoryter, 225. ostryefoliella, Stigmella, 224. ostryarella, Phyllonoryter, 225. OTHINIDZ, 505. OTIORHYNCHIN&, 393, 398, 399. Otiorhynchus, 399. otiosana, Eucosma, 218. ovatus, Hydrophilus, 294. ovatus, Otiorhynchus, 400. ovatus, Pterocolus, 395 ovinus, Melophagus, 279, LXXI. Ovipositor, 72. ovis, Gesirus, 260. ovum, Euura, 458. Owlet-moths, 172. Ox-beetle, 333, OXYBELIDA, 432, 434. Oxybelus, 434. Oxyplilus, 214. Oyster-shell Scale, 94. 479, Phyllonoryter, pachycondyle, Metopina, 253. Pachygaster, 243. 550 Pachypsylla, 86, 456, 466. Pachyscelus, 314. Pachysphinx, 150, 493, 494. Painted Beauty, 124. Painted Lady, 126. Palamedes, Papilio, 142,491. Paleacrita, 195, 196. palliatus, Desmocerus, 339, LXXXI. pallide-fulva, Formica, 423, 424. pallidum, Menopon, 78, XXII. pallipes, Agonoderus, 288, LXXITI. pallipes, Polisies, 430. palmeri, Ceresa, 484. Palmer-worms, 166. Palps, 8, 33 palustris, Callirhytis, 462. PAMPHILIID&, 410. PAMPHILINA, 142, 143, 144, 492. Panchlora, 64, XIX. pandorus, Pholus, 149, 493, XXXVIII. Pangonia, 248. panicea, Sitodrepa, 321, LX XIX. Panor pa, 56. PANURGID&, 440, 442, 516, 517, 520. Panurginus, 442, 521. Panurgus, 521. Paonis, 152. Papaipema, 176. Papilio, 138, 140, 141, 142, 485, 4901. PAPILIONID&, 116, 134. » PAPILIONINE, 138, 491. papillatus, Callirhytis, 462. Parandra, 336. Parandrena, 521. Paragus, 254. Paralechia, 221. parallelus, Dorcus, 325 PARASITA, 79. Parasitica, 2. Paratenodera, 65. Paratettix, 68. Paratiphia, 427. Parectopa, 225. Pareuchates, 169. Parnassius, 138. PARNID&, 305, 500. Parnopes, 425. Paroxya, 71. parvula, Epitrix, 374. parvus, Leptostylus, 357. Pasimachus, 285, 286. PASSALID&, 326. Passalecus, 434. Passalus, 325, 326. patibulatus, Psilopodinus, LX VI. Pea Weevil, 379. Peach-tree Borer, 207. Peacock Flies, 275. Pear Midge, 242. Pear Psylia, 86. Pearly Eye, 128. Pecan Weevil, 401. Pectinate, 504. _ ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX. pectinicornis, Cladius, 410. Peddlers, 376. Pedicel, 407. Pediculus, 79, 483. Pegomyia, 263. Pepsis, 4, 8. PELECINIDE, 407, 415. Pelecinus, 415. Pelecocera, 253. Pelecotoma, 381. Pelidnota, 332. pellex, Dasyneura, 472. pellionella, Tinea, 226, LXII. Pelocoris, 96. Pemphigus, 456, 458, 466. Pempbhredon, 434. PEMPHREDONINZE, 434. penetrans, Dermatophilus, 279. penitalis, Pyrausta, 209. pennies, Trichopoda, 262, LXVIII. pennsylvanica, Epicaula, 392. pennsylvanica, Nyctobates, 382. pennsylvanitca, Photuris, 317, LXXVI pennsylvanicum, Ammobtia, 439. pennsylvanicus, Bombus, 451, 452, XCIV pennsylvanicus, Camponetus, LXXXIX. bennsylvanicus, Chauliognathus, 317, LX XVIII. pennsylvanicus, Harpalus, 288. Pentaria, 386. PENTATOMID2, 98, I1I3. PENTATOMIN&, II4. Penthe, 385. Pepsis, 428. Perdita, 442, 512, 520. Perditelia, 520. Peridroma, 172. Periplaneia, 64. Pena MONS, Oxyptilus, 214, Perithemis, 48. PERLID&, 50. perniciosus, Aspidiotus, 93, XXIV. Peronea, 219. perplexus, Bombus, 450, 452. persicoides, Caryomytia, 460. personatus, Reduvius, 107, XXV. Petiole, 407. petiolicola, Andricus, 462. peticlicola, Asteromyia, 470. phaéton, Melitea, 119, 487, > B.8 BB PHALACRIDZ, 297. Phaneus, 329. Phantom Larva, 241. pharaonis, Monomorium, 420, LXX XIX. PHASMIDZ, 65, 482. -Pheidole, 420. Phenacoccus, 92. Phengodes, 317, LX XVIII. philadelphica, Calligrapha, 370. philadelphica, Sapromyza. LXVIII. PHILANTHID, 432, 435. Philanthus, 435, 436. philenor, Papilio, 141, 491, XXXVI. Phileremulus, 512. Phileremus, 521. philodice, Colias, 137, 491, XXXV. Philosamia, 153, 495. Phlegethontius, 150, 152, 493. Phobetron, 200. phocion, Neonympbha, 128, 488. Pholisora, 144, 492. Pholus, 149, 493. pholus, Ampelophagus, 149, 494. pholus, — Lycomorpha, 164, XLVIII. Phorbia, 263. PHORIDZ, 233, 253. Phormia, 268, 273. Photinus, 314, 316. Photogenic plate, 314. Photuris, 316, 317. Phryganea, 57. PHRYGANEID&, 60. Phthinolophus, 219. Phthirius, 79. Phthorimea, 221. Phyciodes, 119, 120, 486. PHYCITINZ, 212. phyleus, Hylephila, 144, XXXVII. Phyllocnistis, 226. Phyllocoptes, 456, 466. Phyllodecta, 368. Phyllonoryter, 224. Phyllophaga, 330, 331, 415, 427, LXXX. Phyllotreta, 372, 373. Phylloxera, 88, 456, 460, 470. Phymata, 110. _ PHYMATID&, 95, 97, IIO. Phymatodes, 342. Physocephala, 257. Physocnemum, 342. Physonota, 377. Phytoeciini, 353, 361. Phyton, 340. Phytonomus, 400. PHYTOPHAGA, 281, 336, 458. biceaella, Recurvaria, 221. piceafoliana, Enarmonia, 219. piceus, Attagenus, 302, LX XVI. piceus, Ceruchus, 326. piceus, Melanactes, 309. picipes, Euderces, 349. pictpes, Melanolestes, 107. picta, Centrodera, 350. picta, Mamestra, 172, LI. pictipes, Synanthedon, 208. pictus, Cyllene, 346. pictus, Trepobates, 104. PIERIN2, 138, 490. Pieris, 134. > 136; _ 490. Piesma, 110, 137, 179, 55! ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX. PIEMIN&, II0, Pigeon Louse, 78. Pigeon Tremex, 411. biger, Andricus, 462. piger, Trichius, 335. pilifera, Pheidole, 420. pilosula, Phylloxera, 460. 5 pilosula, Viereckella, 516. pilule, Cincticornia, 462. pilumnus, Papilio, 142. Pinacate, 381. pinatubana, Eulia, 220. Pinching Bugs, 324. Pine-devil, 164. pinifoliella, Paralechia, 221. Pintpestis, 213. pini-rigid@, Cecidomyia, 458. Pink Insects, 72, 85. . Piophila, 276, 278. PIOPHILAD, 276. pipiens, Culex, 240, LXIV. Pipiza, 254. PIPUNCULID&, 235. | pisorum, Bruchus, 379, LxXxX . pisum, Cynips, 462. pisum, Pontania, 460. ' pithecium, Phobetrom, 200. Pityobius, 309. placidus, Lucanus, 325. plagiatus, Dolichoderus, 421. Plagiodera, 368. Plagionotus, 347. Plant Galls, 455; see, also, Plant Index. Plant-lice, 86, 87, 132. Plasterer, 446. platanana, Ancylis, 219. pblatanella, Stigmella, 224. pblatea, Stigmella, 224. Plateros, 316. Plathemis, 48. Platodora, 220. Platycentropus, 57. Platycerus, 325. Platychirus, 255. Platynus, 287. PLATYPEZID, 235. PLATYPODIN&, 404. PLATYPSYLLID&, 507. PLATYPTERA, 2. Platupus, 404. Pleqo5, 202. plebeius, Hyloicus, 153. PLECOPTERA, 2, 50, 477, 480, XIII. PLECTOPTERA, 40, 477, 478, 481. plejadellus, Chilo, 210. Plenoculus, 434. Pleura, 440. plexip pus, Anosia, 116, 127, 486, XXVII. plicata, Coptocycla, 378, Plodia, 213. Ploiariola, 108. Plum Curculio, 402. plumbea, Rhagovelia, 103, Plume Moths, 214. blumosa, Tetanocera, LX VIII. Plusia, 179. Plutella, 220. pocahontas, Atryione, ~ 146, XXXVII. ; pocularis, Prionus, 338. poculum, Cecidomyia, 462. Podabrus, 317. Podapion, 396. Podisus, 114. Podops, 114. Pecilocapsus, 105. Pogonocherini, 353, 358. Pogonocherus, 359. Poison bait, 172. Polistes, 144, 204, 420, 430, 511, xCCIe pol Se Memythrus, 204, polita, Dryophanta, 462. polita, Mesogramma, 255. bolita, Gidaspis, 472. pelita, Parandra, 336. Pollenia, 265, 267, 271. Polybia, 420. Polycentropus, 58. Polychrosis, 215, 218. Polyclasis, 316. polydamas, Papilio, 142. Polyergus, 417, 424. polygoni, Gastroidea, 368. polyphemus, Telea, 158, 4096, XLIV. POLYMORPHA, 280, 202. POLYSTOMID&, 395. pbolyturator, Pelecinus, AIS, LXXXVIII. tolyxenes, Papilio, 141, 491, XXXVI. Pomace-fly, 276 pometarvia, Alsophila, 194, LVIII. pomivorella, Stigmella, 224. pomonella, ’ Carpocapsa, 216, LXII. pomonella, Rhagoleiis, 276, EX Xt bomorum Mytilaspis, 94. Pomphopiea, 392. POMPILID&, 428. pomum, Pontania, 460. pomum, Schizomyia, 470. Pond-skaters, 103. ' Ponera, 418. PONERIN&, 418. Pontania, 410, 457, 460. Pontia, 137. Popillia, 510. Poplar-borer, 360. populicaulis, Pemphigus, 458. populiella, Phyllonoryter, 225. populi-transversus, Pemphigus, 458. populi-vene, Pemphigus, 458. Porthetria, 188. porilandia, Debis, 128, 488, XXX Posterior cell, 220, 269, 55? ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX. Potato Beetle, Colorado, 364. Potato Beetle, Old fashioned, 364, 392. Potato-stalk Borer, 402. potentille, Gonaspis, 468. Potter Wasps, 428. Powder-post Beetles, 323. precelsis, Calligrapha, 370. Prasocuris, 368. atensis, Lygus, 105, XXV. raying Mantis, 64, 108. preciosella, Ornix, 225. Predaceous Diving Beetles, 289. Prenolepis, 417, 421 princepds, Epicordulia, 48, XII. prinoides, Cynips, 462. Prionapteryx, 210. PRIONINZ, 337, 338. Priononyx, 438. Prionoxystus, 203. Prionus, 338. proboscideus, Balaninus, 400, LXXX procera, Sphex, 439. PROCTOTRYPID#, 415. prodenialis, Melitara, 213. _Prodoxus, 228. progne, Grapta, 122, 482, XXX. Proleucoptera, 226. promethea, Callosamia, 495, XXX. Pronotum, prosternum, etc., 8. Pronuba, e238 Prop legs, 8. PROSOPID, 440, 445, 517. Prosopis, 445, 512. Protandrena, 442, 517. Proteoteras, 219. proteus, Eudamus, 144, 492. Prothorax, 8. Protocalliphora, 266. protodice, Pieris, XXXIV. 156, 136, 490, Protoparce, 150, 152, 494. Protophormia, 268, 273. Protox@a, 514. proxima, Lepiura, 351. prudens, Trypanisma, 22%. pruiniella, Coleophora, 222. pruintfoliella, Stigmella, 224. Bees CIPtel nT ao Adee 226. pruinosa, enoglossa, 445, XCIII pruinosum, Eulecanium, 93. Pruner, 345. prunivora, Laspeyresia, 219. prunivorella, Ornix, 226. runus, Amphibolips, 464. SALLIDIID, 399. Psammochares, 428. PSAMMOCHARID&, 426, 428. Psammophila, 439. PSELAPHID, 296. Pselliopus, 108. . Psen, 434. PSENID&, 432, 434. PSENIN&, 434. Psenocerini, 352. Psenocerus, 352. pseudargiolus, Lycenad, 134, 490. Pseudococcus, 92. Pseudogalleria, 218. Pseudomelecta, 516. Pseudopanurgus, 521. Pseudopomala, 68 Pseudopyrellia, 265, 267, 272. Pseudoscorpion, 32. Psilocephala, 249. Psilopodinus, 250. Psilotreta, 57. Psinidia, 70. Psithyrus, 448, 449. PsociD&, 76. PSYCHID&, 198. PSYCHODIDZ, 232, 236. Psychomor pha, 214. Psylla, 86. psylloides, Gibbium, 322. PTEROCOLIN&, 395. Pterocolus, 395. pterodontinus, Opsebius, 248. Pteromalus, 415. Pteronidea, 410. PTEROPHORIDE, 214. Pterophylla, 72. Pterostichus, 287. Ptilinum, 230. PTINIDZ, 320. Ptinus, 321. pubera, Leptura, 352. pubescens, Chrysotoxum, 254. pulchella, Libellula, 48, X. pulchra, Andricus, 464. pulchra, Goes, 355. Pulex, 279. pulicaria, Chetocnema, 374. PULICID&, 279. pulsatoria. Atropos, 78. pulverulenta, Goes, 355. Pulvinaria, 92. pulvipennella, Agnopteryx, 221. punctata, Pelidnota, 332, L XXX. punctata, Hypera, 400. punctatus, Callirhytis, 464. punctatus, Liopus, 358. puncticollis, Saperda, 359. punctiventris, Myrmica, 421. punctulata, Cicindela, 282. punctulata, Dicerca, 313. Punkies, 24r. Pupa, 6 Puparium, 230. puparum, Pteromalus, 415. PUPIPARA, 231, 279, 480. Purple, Banded, 127. Purple, Red-spotted, 126. purpurata, Coptocycla, 377. purpureus, Pachyscelus, 314. Purpuricenus, 346. pusilla, Spilomena, 434. pustulatus, Necrophorus, 295. pyemea, Erythraspides, 410. pygmeus, Cephus, 410. pygemeus, Cyrtinus, 352. pylades, Thorybes, 144, 492. Pyractomena, 316, 953 ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX. PyYRALIDZ&, 208. PYRALINZ&, 210 Pyralis, 210. Pyrameis, 124, 126, 487, 488. Pyrausta, 209, 497. 5 PYRAUSTIN&, 208. Pyrgota, 275. pyricola, Psylla, 86. byricolana, Enarmonia, 219. pyrina, Zeuzera, 202, LX pyrivora, Contarinia, 242. PYROCHROID, 381, 386. PYROMORPHID, 202. Pyrophena, 255. Pyrophorus, 308. Pyropyga, 316. Pyrota, 392. PYRRHOCORID, 98, III. pyrrhos, Corymbites, 309. PYTHIDZ, 380, 385. quadridens, Monobia, XC. quadrifasciata, Bicyrtes, 438. quadrigeminata, Eburia, 344. quadrigibbus, Acanthoderes, 355 quadrigibbus, Tachypterus, 401. quadriguitatus, Ips, 304. awadhigeneulolils Bembidium, 286. quadrimaculatus, Anopheles, 238, LXIV quadrimao ulatus, Collops, 318, KOXGTERG quadrimaculatus, Heterachthes, 344. quadrimaculatus, X ylotrechus, 347. quadripes, Phyllocoptes, 466. quadripunctella, Ornix, 226. quer papiaieta. Brochymena, IT4. quadri-spinosus, Scolytus, 405. Queen, The, 116. querci, Lepturges, 358. querciella, Coleophora, 222. quercitella, Tischeria, 226. quercus, Platycerus, 325. uercus, Phylloxera, 88. uestion Mark, 120. quindecim-punctata, Anatis, LXXV. quinque-cincta, Elis, XC. quinque-maculatus, Phlegethon- tius, 150. vadiatus, Agapostemon, XCIV. radicum, Anthomyia, 263. radicum, Diastrophus, 468. radicum, Pipiza, 254. radicum, Rhodites, 468. Radish-worm, 263. Ranaira, 100, rape, Ceutorhyncus, 402. rape, Pieris, 134, 136, 179, 490, noe e Raphidia, 478. RAPHIBIOL DEA, 478, 482. Raspberry Root- borer, 206, Raspberry Saw-fiy, 410. Rat-flea, 279. Rat-tailed Maggot, 257. Rat-tails, 278. ratzeburgiana, Enarmontia, 219. rectangularis, Lestes, IX rectus, Belaninus, 401. Recurrent veins, 406. Recurvaria, 221. Red Admiral, 124. Red-bugs, 111. Red-necked Cane-borer, 312. REDUVIID&, 67, 107, 108. Reduviolus, 98. Reduvius, 107. a regalis, Cuitheronia, 162, 496, XLVI. regina, Phormia, 268, 273,L XIX. relicta, Catocala, 180, 181, LIII. religiosa, Mantis, 65. remigis, Aquarius, 104. remigis, Gerris, 103, X XV. repanda, Cicindela, 282. resinicola, Retinodiplosis, 458. reticulatum, Calopteron, 315, LXX Retinodiplosis, ‘457, 458. Rhabdophaga, 457, 458. Rhagium, 350. Rhagoletis, 276. Rhagovelia, 103. Rhingia, 255. Rhinoceros Beetle, 333: RHINOMACERINZ, 396. Rhinobsis, 433. RHIPICERIDH, 306, 500. RHIPIPHORID, 381, 303. Rhipiphorus, 393. Rhizophagus, 505. rhoda, Calligrapha, 370. Rhodites, 457, 468. Rhodobenus, 403. rhodoides, Bhat ocphage, 458. 399, rhois, Attelabus, 308, LXXXVI. rhois, Pemphigus, 466. RHOPALOCERA, IT5, 116. Rhopalomyia, 457, 472. Rhopalophora, 341. Rhopalophorini, 341. Rhopelopus, 342. Rhopobota, 219. Rhyacionia, 218. RHYACOPHILIDA, 60. Rhynchagrotis, 172. Rhynchites, 396. RHYNCHITINA, 396. RHYNCHOPHORA, 283, 379, 393, 500, 506. RHYNCHOPHORID, 403. Rhynchophorus, 403. RHYPHIDA, 231. RHYSSODID&, 299, 300. ribearia, Cymatophora, 195, LVIII. ribest, Pteronidea, 410, L With Rice Weevil, 404. 554 rigide, Phyiophaga, 458. riparia, Argiope, 3 Roaches, 62, 479, 482. \ Robber Flies, 250. Roberisonella, 520. robinia, Cyllene, 346, LX XXI. robinie, Prionoxystus, 203. robinie, Spermophagus, 379. robiniella, Agnopteryx, 221. robiniella, Recurvaria, 221. Rocky Mt. Locust, 66. Rocky Mt. Spotted Fever, 476. Romalea, 71. Romaleum, 344. ros@, Asteromyia, 472. rose, Rhodites, 468. vrosefoliella, Stigmella, 224. rosana, Archips, 219, LXII. | Rose Beetles, 331. roseosuffusella, Aristotelia, 221. Rothschildia, 154. votulata, Galerucelia, 371. rotundicollis, Telephorus, 317. Round-headed Apple-borer, 359. Round-headed Borers, 337. Rove Beetles, 297. vudis, Pollenia, 267, 271. vubi, Monophadnoides, 410. ‘rubicunda, Dryocampa, 496, Vv. rubtfoliella, Stigmella, 224. rubivora, Phorbia, 263. rubra, Chalepus, 375, LUX XXIII. rubra, Samia, 156. rubrica, Leptura, 351. rubricollis, Elater, 309. rubrifasciella, Acrobasis, 213. rubrocincitum, Trypoxlon, 436. Ruby-spot, 44. Ruby Wasps, 424. vudis Pollenia, 265, 271, LXIX. rufa, Formica, 184. rufibarbus, Erax, LXVII. ruficollis, Agrilus, 312. vuficollis, Necrobia, 320. ruficollis, Oberea, 362. rujipes, Crepidodera, 374. rufipes, Necrobia, 320, LX XIX. rufocinctus, Bombus, 449, rufosanguinea, Galerucella, 371. rufoscutellatus, Limnoporus, 104. rufulum, Romaleum, 344. rugifrons, Cicindela, 282. vugulosus, Scolyius, LXXXVI. 162, 495, ryuricola, Clytanthus, 349. ruscarius, Elaphrus, 285. rustica, Phlegethontius, 152. RUTELINA, 332, 510. saccharella, Pa nlenar ster, 225. saccharina, Lepisma, 39, VIII. sacer, Scarabeus, 328. Sacred Scarab, 326. Saddle-back, The, 200. saginella, Stigmella, 224. sagt phere hats, 257. Mi ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX. sagittatus, Xylotrechus, 347. Sagrini, 363, 364. Saissetia, 93. SALDID&, 97, 102. Saldula, 102. Salebria, 213. saliciella, Coptodisca, 223. - salicifoliella, Phyllonoryter, 225. salicipomonella, Batrachedra, 223. salictella, Mamara, 226. Salmon-fly, 50. Salticus, 38. saltitans, Carpocapsa, 218. Salt-marsh Caterpillar, 168. Samia, 154, 495. Sand-flies, 241. sanguinea, Formica, 422, 424. sanguinea rubicunda, Formica, A22. Sanguinea subintegra, Formica, 422. sanguineus, Thaneroclerus, 320, LXXIxX. sanguinicollis, Callimoxys, 345. Sanguinicollis, Rhopalopus, 342. Sanguinipennis, Elater, 309. Sanguinipennis, Tricrania, 391. sanguinolenta, Caryomyia, 460. sanguinolentus, Ips, 304. sanguisuga, Triatoma, 107. San José Scale, 93. Sanninoidea, 207. Saperda, 353, 359, 360. Saperdini, 353, 359. Sapromyza, 275. Sapyga, 426. SAPYGIDZ, 426. saracans, Cenopis, 219. Sarcophaga, 262. SARCOPHAGID, 258, 262. sarracenie@, Sarcophaga, 265. sassacus, Erynnis,144, XX XVII. satellitia, Pholus, 149. SATURNIID, 153, 495. SATURNIIN&, 158. SATYRIN&, 128, 488. satyriniformis, Melittia, 204, LX. Satyrodes, 128, 488 Satyrs, 128. Satyrus, 128, 480, satyrus, Xyloryctes, 333. saucia, Peridroma, 172. Saw-flies, 406, 407, 408, 457, A481, 485 Saw- tobehea “Weevil, 300. Sayt, Calosoma, 285. sayi, Necrophorus, 295. sayt, Oryssus, 410. sayi, Tibicen, XXII. scabra, Osmoderma, 335. scabrionodis, Myrmica, 421. scalaris, Bellamira, 350. -scalaris, Calligrapha, 370. Scale-insects, True, 91, III, 212, 477. SCAPHIDIIDA, 297, 507. scapularis, Chalepus, hie 599 ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX. scarabe@oides, Spheridium, 294. Scarabeéus, 328. Scarce Bordered Straw, 178. Scarites, 286, 499. Scar on mandible, 399. Scatophaga, 252, 274. SCATOPHAGID&, 274. Sceliphron, 439. SCENOPINIDZ, 234, 249. Scenopinus, 249. Scent-scales, 141, 143. Scepsis, 164. schaufussi,Formica,424,LX XIX. Schaufussi incerta, Formica, 423. schaumzii, Oberea, 361. Schistocerca, 70, 71. Schizomyia, 457, 470. Schizoneura, 88. Schizura, 185. Sctara, 242, 457, 466. Scintillans, Photinus, 316, LXxX I. SCIOMYZID, 275. Scirtetica, 70. sclopetaria, Epeira, 34. Scolia, 427. SCOLIIDZ, 426, 427. Scolops, 85 SCOLYTID, 252, 393, 404, 506. SCOLYTINZ, 404, 405. Scolyius, 405. Scorpion, 32. Scorpion fly, 56, 478. Scrapter, 520. Scraptiini, 381. Screw-worm, 270. scripia, Lina, 368. ‘scrophulariea, Anthrenus, 303, LXXV scrutator, Calosoma, 285, 510, LXXIII Scudderia, 71. scudderiana, Eucosma, 219, 472. sculptilis, Colymbetes, 290. scutellaris, Neoclytus, 348. scutellaius, Monohammus, 354. SCUTELLERID&, 98. SCUTELLERIN&, II4. Scutellum, 230, 449. Scutigera, 38. SCYDMANID, 296. sebastianie, Grapholitha, 218. Selenophorus, 288. sellatus, Typophorus, 367. cilia = as Sympetrum, 50, semifasciata, Libellula, 48, XI. semifuneralis, Euzophera, 214. Semi-loopers, 179. seminator, Callirhytis, 464. senatoria, Anisola, 160, 162, 496, XLVIII. senicus, Salticus, 38, VII. separatus, Bombias, 450, 451. SEPSID&, 275, 278. septendecim, Tibicina, 82, XXII. sepulchralis, Citheronia, 164, 496. Serica, 330. sericata, Aranea, 34, VI. sericata, Lucilia, 272. sericeum, Lymexylon, 324. sericeus, Asilus, LXVII. sericeus, Chlenius, 288. Sericomyia, 255. SERICOSTOMATIDZ&, 60. seroting, Acarus, 468. serotine, Cecidomyia, 468. serotinella, Gelechia, 221. SERPHOIDEA, 407, 415. Serrate, 366, 393, 500. serratus, Carabus, 284. serricaia, Lucilia, 268. serricorne, Lastoderma, 322; LXXIX. SERRICORNIA, 306. Serricorns, 280, 306. serripes, Myodochus, Ir, SEX serrulaie, Dasyneura, Aho. Sesia, 208. SESIIDZ, 203. sesostris, Ampeloglypier, 401. sessile, Tapinoma, 421. Setomorpha, 226. sexfasciatus, Dryobius, 344. Ssexgutiaia, Cicindela, 282, Lee: sexguttatus, Leptostylus, 356. sexta, Phlegethontius, 150. Sharpshooters, 86. Sheep-bot, 260. Sheep-tick, 279. Shellac, 91. Shield-bugs, I%3, I14. Shining Amazon, 424. Shining Slave-maker, 424. SIALIDID&, 52. Sialis, 52, 481. Sibine, 200. Sierolomor pha, 427. signatana, Cydia, 219. signatus, Anthonomus, 401. signatus, Lepiurges, 358. signifera, Coptiocycla, 378. wey Epalpus, X VIG Silk, 3 Silk- ets Spice-bush, 156. Silk-worm, Commercial, 192. Silk-worm, Moths Giant, 153. Silpha, 295, 296. SILPHIDZ, 295, 504, 505. Silvanus, 300. Silver-fish, 30: Silver-spot, Mountain, 118. Silvius, 247. similalis, Loxostege, 200. similiella, Platodora, 220. similis, Attelabus, 399. similis, Calligrapha, 370. similis, Callirhytis, 464. simson, S pogostylum, LXVII. simplex, Autographa, 179, LI. SIMO 232, 243 498, 262, 550 ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX. Simulium, 244, 498. Sinead, 108. sinensis, Paratenodera, 65. singularis, Andricus, 462. Sinoxylon, 322. sinuata, Entylia, 484, XXIII. SIPHONOPTERA, 2 SIPHUNCULATA, 78, 80, 480. SIRICID#, 408, 411. Sitarini, 391. Sitaris, 390. Sitodrepa, 321. Sitotroga, 220. Skimmers, 46. _ Skip Jacks, 306. Skippers, 142. Slaves, 416. slossoni, Allocorhynus, 396. “‘Slug,’’ 410. Slug-moth, Green, 200. SMERINTHINA, I50. smilactella, Proleucoptera, 226. Smiliine, 483. Sminthurus, 40. smithit, Wyeomyia, 240. Smodicum, 341. Snake-doctors; feeders, 42. Snake-flies, 478. : Snapping Bugs, 306. Snipe-flies, 248. Snout-butterfly, 130. Snout-moths, 184. Snowiella, 248. Social Bees, 448. Soft Scales, 92, 212. Soldier Beetles, 317. Soldier Flies, 246. Soldiers, 415. Solenopsis, 418, 420. Solenozopheria, 457, 470. solidaginella, Gnorimoschema, 221 solidaginifoliella, Tischeria, 226. solidaginis, Eurosta, 472s soldidaginis, Lasioptera, 472. solidaginis, Rhopalomyia, 472. Solitariella, Ornix, 225. Solitary Wasps, 432. sollicitans, Aédes, 240. Soothsayer, 65. sordidus, Encoptolophus, 70. Sour Fly, 276. Southern Corn Root-worm, 371. Sowbug, 32. Span-worms, 194. Species, 5. Speciosus, Plagionotus, 347. speciosus, Sphecius, 433, CII. Spermophagus, 379. Spheridiini, 294. Spheridium, 294. Spherocera, 205, 275. Spherophoria, 255. Spharagemon, 70. SPHECIDA, 433, 438. Sphecius, 433. S phecodes, 440, 441. Sphecodina, 148, 493, SPHECOIDEA, 408, 430, 432. Sphecomyia, 2506. Sphegina, 255. Sphenophorus, 403. Sphex, 438, 439. SPHINDID&, 505, 510. SPHINGID&, 146, 202, 485, 493. SPHINGINA, 150. Sphinx, 146, 150, 153, 494 Sphinx, Hog, r49. Sphinx, Modest, 150. Sphinx, Purslane, 148. Sphinx, Striped, 148. Sphinx, Twin-spot, 150. Sphyracephala, 278. Spice-bush Silk-moth, 156. Spider, 32, I10. Spider Beetle, 321. Spider’s Bite, 107. S pilochalcts, 415. S pilomena, 434. Spilomyia, 250. S pilonota, 219. Spilosoma, 169. Spinach Flea-beetle, 372. SPINDID&, 324. Spinnerets, 33. spinole, Bembex, 438, X CII. S pinoliella, 520. spinosa, Phylloxera, 460. spinosus, Dectes, 357. spinosus, Hamamelistes, 466. spinosus, Jalysus, 112. Spiracle, 7, 150. S pirobolus, 38. Spittle-insects, 86. splendoriferella, Coptodisca, 223 Spogosiylum, 249. SPONDYLIDZ, 336. Spotted Fever, 476. spretus, Melanoplus, 66, 71. Spring Azure, 134. Spring Beetles, 306. Spring-tails, 40. Squame, 229. squamiger, Valgus, 335. Square-heads, 310. Squash-bug, 113, 262. Stable-fly, 268. stabulans, Muscina, 265, 271, LXIX. Stag Beetles, 324. Staggers, 260. Stagmomantiis, 65. STAPHYLINID&, 61, 502. Statira, 384. . Stegomyia, 240. STELIDID&, 440. Stelis, 446, 518. Stem mother, 87. Stenispa, 375. Stenolophus, 288. Stenoma, 221. STENOMATIDZ, 221. Stenopelmatus, 73. Stenoptini, 340, 345. Stenosphenini, 341. 267, 297, 304, 097 ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX. Stenosphenus, 341. stercoraria, Scatophaga, LXVIII. Sternum, 8. Stick Insect, 65. Stictia, 438. sticticus, Brachytarsus, 395. Stigma, 406. stigma, Anisota, 162, 496. Stigmella, 224. Stigmus, 434. Stiletto Fies, 249. Stilt-bug, 112. stimulea, Sibine, 200, LIX. Stingless Honey-bees, 453, 512. Stink-bugs, I13. STIZIDZH, 433. Stomoxys, 265, 266, 268. Stone-fly, 50, 477. Storm-fly, 268. Strangalia, 351. Strate@gus, 333- Stratiomyia, 247. STRATIOMYID, 230, 233, 246. Strawberry Weevil, 401. STREBLIDZ, 279. strenuana, Eucosma, 218. STREPSIPTERA, 405, 482, LXXXV. striatum, Anobium, 322. striatus, Lyctus, 323, LX XIX. Siriogoderma, 332. strigosa, Epicauta, 392. strigosus, Bittacus, XV. striola, Plea, 102. Striped Cucumber Beetle, 371. strobilana, Cynips, 464. strobiliscus, Rhabdophaga, 458. strobiloides, Rhabdophaga, 458. sty gia, Methoca, 426. Style, 230. STYLOPID@, 405, LXXXV. subarmatus, Eupagonius, 358. Subcostal Cell, 2209. Subcostal vein, 406. Subdiscoidal vein, 406. subelliptica, Phylloxera, 460. suberosus, Trox, LX XX. Subfamily, 5. subita, Lyroda, 437. sublevis, Pasimachus, 285. sublata, Dictyna, 34. Submarginal cell, 229, 269, 406. Submedian cell, 406. Suborder, 5. subs pinosus, LXXX. 479, Macrodactylus 33, substriatus, Scarites, 286. subsultans, Spherocera, 265. subterraneus, Scarites, 286. succinctus, Euryophthalmus, 111. SUCTORIA, 279, 480, LXXI. suffusana, Eucosma, 218. * sulcatus, Otiorhynchus, 400. sulcipes, Scolops, 85, XXIII. Sulphur, Common, 137. Sulphur, Little, 138. supernotatus, Psenocerus, 352. Supra-orbital line, 449, surinamenstis, Silpha, 206. surinamensis, Silvanus, 300, LXXVI. suturalis, Batyle, 346. suturalis, Zygogramma, 369. Suture, 280. Suture, transverse, 230. suturellus, Dysdercus, 111. Swallow-tails, 134, 485. Swallow-tail, Giant, 138. Swallow-tail, Green-clouded,140. Swallow-tail, Pipe-vine, 141. Swallow-tail, Spice-bush, 140. Swallow-iail, Tiger, 140. Sweat-bees, 441. sycophanta Calosoma, 285, 510. sylvarum, Lucilia, 258, 267, 272. sylvosus, Carabus, 284. symmetricus, Lepturges, 358. Symmyrmica, 418. Sympetrum, 50. Symphysa, 200. Synanthedon, 207, 208. Synchlora, 195. Syneta, 364. SYNTOMID&, 164. Syrbula, 68. Syritta, 255. SYRPHID, 90, 235, 253. Syrphus, 255,257. Systena, 373, 374. Systropus, 249. tabact, Thrips, 79. TABANIDA, 230, 233, 247. Tabanus, 247, 248. TACHINIDA, 258, 260. Tachinus,°297. TACHYGONIN, 396. Tachygonus, 396. Tachypterus, 401. Tachys, 286. Tachysphex, 437. Tachytes? 437. Tachytrechus, 252. tentata, Sysiena, 374. tapetzella, Trichophaga, 227. Tapinoma, 417, 421. Tarantula, 33. Tarantula-hawk, 428. Tarnished Plant-bug, 105. tarquinius, Feniseca, 132, 490, XX XIII. tarsalis, Corymbites, 300. Tarsus, 8. : taurea, Melitoma, 444. taurina, Ceresa, 484. Taxonomy, 5. Tegenaria, 38. Tegmina, 66. Tegula, 229, 408. Telamona, 484, X XIII. Telea, 158, 496. Telegeusis, 318. TELEPHORIN, 315, 317. Telephorus, 317. Telphusa, 221. TEMNOCHILIDA, 3095, 502, 558 ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX. Temnostoma, 256. tenax, Eristalis, 256, LX VIII. Tenebrio, 382. T enebrioides, 305. TENEBRIONIDZ, 380, 381, 384. Tent-caterpillar, 191, 192. Tent-caterpillar, Forest, 192. TENTHREDINID&, 410. TENTHREDINOIDEA, 407, 408. tepidariorum, Theridion, 34. Terias, 138, 4Q1. Termes, 76. terminale, Calopteron, 315 terminalis, Clisodon, 515. terminalis, Pontania, 460. tenarius Bombus, 450, 452 KCI terre-nove, Protophormia, 208,273. Terrapin- bug, II4. Terrapin Scale, 93. terricola, Bombus, 451, 452. tersa, Theretra, 152. tesselata, Goes, 355. tessellaris, Halisidota, 170. tessellata, Hesperia, 144, XX XVII. testulana, Cenopis, 219. Setanocera, 275. ' TETANOCERIDS, 275. Tetracha, 282. Tetralonia, 445, 515. Tetramorium, 418, 421. Tetraonyx, 391: Teiraopes, 362. teiraophthalimus, Teiraopes, 362, LXXXITI. 492, Tetropium, 341. Tetrops, 362. Tettigia, 84. Teitigidea, 68. TETTIGIN&, 66. TETTIGONIIDA, 71. Texas Fever, 476. Texas Fly, 268. Thalessa, 412. Thanaos, 143, 144, 492. Thaneroclerus, 320. tharos, Phyciodes, 119,487, XX1X. THECESTERNINZ&, 398. Thecesternus, 398. Thecla, 131, 489. Thecodiplosis, 457. 458, 466. Thelia, 484, XXIII. Theretra, 152. THEREVIDA, 234, 249. THERIDIIDA, 34. Theridion, 3 theseusalis, Pyrausta, 209. Thinophilus, 252. Thirteen-year Locust, 82. Thistle Butterfly, 126. thoas, Papilio, 140. thoé, Chrysophanus, 133. THOMISID&, 36.- thoracica, Chrysophila, LX VI. thoracica, Dasyllis, LX VII. Thorax, 7. Thorybes, 144, 492, Thread-legged Bugs, 108. Thread-waisted Wasps, 438. Thrips, 79, 477, 482. THROSCID &, 309. thuiella, Argyresthia, 220. thujaella, Recurvaria, 221. Thymelicus, 144. THYREOCORIN&, 98, II4. Thyridopteryx, 198. THYSANOPTERA, 2, 79s 477, 482. THYSANURA, 2, 39. thysbe, Hemaris, 147, 493, XX XVIII. : Tibia, 8. Tibicen, 84. tibicen, Cicada, 84. Tibicina, 82. Ticks, 476, 480. Tiger-beetles, 281, 285, 499. Tiger, Hickory, 170. Tiger Moth, 166 tigrina, Goes, 355- tilieacella, Phyllonoryter, 225. Tillomor pha, 349. timidella, Cydia, 219. Tinea, 226. TINEIDZ, 223. TINEOIDEA, 198. Tineola, 227. _TINGIDIDZ, 97, I10. Tiphia, 427. TIPHIINE, 427. Tipula, 236. TIPULID&, 231, 236. tipuliformis, Synanihedon, 207. Tischeria, 226. titillator, Monohammus, 354, LX I titus, Thecla, 132, 490. | tityus, Dynastes, 333. 143, 492, tityrus, Epargyreus, XIOX VL: Toad-bugs, 95. Tobacco Bud-worm, 178. Tobacco Worms, 150. Tomato Fruit-worm, 178. Tomato Worms, I50. tomeniosus, Eupogonius, 358. tomentosus, Necrophorus, 296. Tomoxia, 386. Tortoise Beetles, 376. Tortoise, Compton, 124. Tortoise-shell, American, 124. TORTRICIDA, 215, 457. TORTRICINZ, 219. Toxotus, 349. Trachea, 7. Trachyderini, 341, 345. trachypygus, Dyscinetus, 332. Tragidion, 346. tranquebarica, Cicindela, 282. Trap-door nests, 34. tredecim-punctatus, Rhodobenus, 403. Tree crickets, 74. Tree-hoppers, 84, 483. Tremex, 411, 412, 909 ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX. tremula, Lina, 368. Trepobates, 104. triangularis, Disonycha, 372. triangularis, Hydrophilus, 294 Triatoma, 107. Tribolium, 382. Trichius, 335.- Trichobaris, 402. Trichodes, 320. Trichophaga, 227. Trichopoda, 162. TRI CHOPBERA,S 2,157) 228, 477, 480. TRICHOPTERYGIDA, 297, 507. trichrus, Epicauta, 392. tricolor, Psithyrus, 449, 452. Tricrania, 391. Tridactylus, 74. tridentata, Saperda, 360. Triepeolus, 442, 510. trifasciata, Metargiope, 36 trifurcata, Cerotomda, 372. trilineata, ge 364} “302); triloba, Lyroda, 437. trimaculata, Plathemis, 48, XI. trimaculatus, Adirus, 410. trimaculella, Eumeyrickia, 221. Trimerotropis, 70. trinotata, Trichobaris, 402. tripartitana, Eucosma, 219. tvipartitus, Sphinx, 152. tripunctata, Oberea, 361. Trirhabda, 371. tristis, Anasa, 113, X XVI. tritenianella, Phyllonoryter, 225. tritict, Diplosis, 242. triticoides, Rhabdophaga, 458. Tritoxa, 275. Triungulin, 387. Trochanter, 8, 407. Troctes, 78, X XI. Trogini, 330. troilus, Papilio,140,491,XX XVI. Trox, 330: truncicola integra, Form ica, 423. TRUXALINZ, 68. Truxalis, 68. Trypanisma, 221. TRYPETIDA, 275, 457. Trypoxylon, 436. TRYPOXYLONIDZ, 432, 436. tuberculata, Galerucella, 371. tubicola, Caryomyia, 460. tubiferella, Phyllonoryter, 224. tulifera, Cecidomyia, 466. tulipipifere, Eulecanium, 93. Tumble Bugs, 328. tumidosa@, Dasyneura, 472. tumidus, Aulax, 470. turbulenta, Hadena, 175. Turkey Gnats, 243. turnus, Papilio, 140, XXXVI. Tussock Moth, 170. Tussock Moth, White-marked, 186 Twelve- spotted Cucumber Bee- tle, 371. Tyloderma, 403. Tylonotus, 344. typicum, Calopteron, 315. Typocerus, 351. Typophorus, 367. uhleri, Chorochroa, 114. uhleri, Halticus, 106. ulmella, Phyllonoryter, 225° ulmi, Lepidosaphes, 94, XXIV. ulmicola, Colopha, 466. ulmifusus, Pemphigus, 466. uliramarina, Buprestis, 313. ultronia, Catocala, 181, LIII. umbilicatus, Neuroterus, 462. umbrosa, Grapta, 120. undata, Distenia, 239. undata, Pyrgota, 275, LXXI. Under-wings, 180. undulata, Hydria, 195, LVILII. undulata, Notonecta, XXV undulatus, Xylotrechus, 348. unguiculata, Lestes, 45. unicolor, Astuta, 437. unicclor, Byturus, 303. unicolor, Elaphidion, 345. unicolor, Macrobasis, 391. unicolor, Myrmosa, 426. Unicorn Beetle, 333. unipuncta, Leucania, 175, LII. univittaius, Chrysops, LXV. urbana, Evania,4r1, LX XXVIII. urnaria, Sphex, 439, XCII. ursula, "Basilarchia, 1270 Utetheisa, 166. vacciniana, Rhopobata, 219. vaccini1, Mineola, 212. vaccinii, Solenozopheria, 470. Vagabond, 210. vagabundus, Pemphigus, 458. vagans, Bombus, 450, 453. vagans, Coleophora, 223. Valentinia, 222. valga, Chionea, 236. Valgus, 335. Vanessa, 122, 124, 487. vanilla, Dione, 117, 486. ages Aleyrodes, 90, Vaporer, 186. varia, Ephemera, 42, VIL. variabilis, Dermacentor, 476. variabilis, Phymatodes, 342. variatus, Polistes, 430. variegatus, Liopus, 357. Variety, 5. variolarius, Euschistus, X XVI. varius, Phymatodes, 342. varivestis, Epilachna, 299. vastatrix, Phylloxera, 88, 470. vatia, Misumena, 36, VELIID, 96, 103. velutinus, Ty pocerus, 351. Velvet Ants, 427. Venation of Diptera, 229. Venation of Hymenoptera, 406, ventralis, Bicyrtes, 438, 560 ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX. venusta, Pachypsylla, 466. venustus, Cryptocephalus, 366. venustus, Dermacentor, 476. verbasct, Anthrenus, 303. verne, Rhodites, 468. vernalis, Pieris, 136. vernata, Paleacrita, 195, 196, LVIII. verruca, Hormomyia, 460. verrucicola, Cecidomyia, 470. verrucosus, Cyrtophorus, 349. versicolor, Ampelophagus, 149, verticalis, Dytiscus, 290. vesiculum, Pachypsylla, 466. Vespa, 429, 430, SII. VESPID2, 426, 429. VESPOIDEA, 408, 425. Vespula, 511. vestimenti, Pediculus, 79, 483, .©:.6m vestita, Saperda, 360. vestttus, Eupogonius, 359. viburnella, Coleophora, 223. vicarius, Giciacus, 106. Viceroy, 127. vicina, Andrena, XCIII. ' vicina, Pegomyia, 263. vidua, Catocala, 181, LIII. vidus, Vespa, SII. Viereckella, 516. villosella, Stigmella, 224. villosum, Elaphidion, 345, LX eT villosus, Creophilus, 297, LX XV. vinctus, Carabus, 284, LX XII. Vinegar-fly, 276. violecea, Necrobia, 320. Violet-tip, 120. virescens, Chloridea, 178. virginica, Ctenucha, 164. virginica, Diacrisia, 169, XLIX. virginica, Xylocopa, 447, XCIV. virginiella, Stigmella, 224. virginiensis, Anisota, 496, XLVIII. virginiensis, Calephelis, 130. virginiensis, Chalcophora, 313 virginiensis, Milesia, LX VI. viridescens, Calliphora, 267. virdteneus, Harpalus, 288. viridicyaneus, Typophorus, 367. viridifasciata, Chortophaga, 70. vttdis, Dichromor pha, 69. viteana, Polychrosts, 215. viticola, Cecidomyia, 470. viticordtfoliella, Antispila, 223. vitifoliella, Phyllocnistis, 226. vitis, Lastoptera, 470 160, vittala, Diabrotica, 371, LX XXIII. vittata, Epicauta, LXX 3875 302; vittata, Leptura, 352. viitaia, Fe vtttatus, Chrysops, LXV. vittatus, Dineutes, 293. 373, 561 vittiger, Toxotus, 349. Volucella, 255, 2506. vomitoria, Calliphora, 267, LXX. vulgaris, Vespa, 430, 511. vulpinus, Dermestes, 302. vulvivagellus; Crambus, 210, LXI. Walking Stick, 65, 110. . Walnut-moth, Royal, 162. Wanderer, The, 132. Warble-flies, 260. Wasp-bees, 441. Wasps, 406, 425, 429, 478, 510. Water-boatmen, 99. Water-prince, 48. Water-scavenger Beetles, 293. Water-scorpions, 100. Water-striders, 103. Water-tigers, 280. Web, Spider’s, 34. Web-worm, Fall, 168. Web-worm, Garden, 209. Weeping trees, 86. Weevils, 379. Western Corn Root-worm, 371 .Wheat-midge, 242. Wheel-bug, 108. Whirligig Beetles, 292, 481. White Ants, 76. White, checkered, 136. White, Common, 130. - White, Gray-veined, 136. White, Mustard, 136. White-fly, 90. White-grubs, 172, 331. White-tail, 48. wildit, Dorcaschema, 354. willcoxt, Calosoma, 285. Window Flies, 249. Wire-worms, 308; 382. wittfeldi, Thecla, 131. Wolf Spiders, 38. Wood-nymph, Common, 128. Woods-satyr, Little, 128. Woolly Alder-aphis, 132. Woolly Apple-aphis, 88. Woolly Bears, 166, 214, 497. Workers, 415. Wrigglers, 229, 238, 240. Wvyeomyia, 240. Xabea, 76. X anthogramma, 255. xanthomelena, Disonycha, 372. xanthomus, Elater, 309. Xanthonia, 367. Xenoglossa, 445, 515- Xtphidium, 73. Xtphomyrmex, 418. XIPHYRID, 4II. XYELID&, 410. X ylesthia, 226. Xylina, 172. Xvylocopa, 447, 512, 514. XYLOCOPID, 447, 514. XYLOPHAGID, 233, X ylophasia, 175. - ENTOMOLOGICAL INDEX. X yloryctes, 333. Zebra, 117. X ylotrechus, 347,348. zebratus, Typocerus, 351. Zerene, 137.. Yellow-bear, 169. Zethus, 429.- Yellow fever, 240. Zeugophora, 364. Yellow-head of Cranberry, 219. Zeuzera, 202. Yellow-jackets, 429, 430. zimmermannt, Pinipestis, 213. YPONOMEUTID, 220. ; 21z1e@, Prosopis, XCIII. ypsilon, Agrotis, 172, LI. Zonitis, 391. yuccasella, Pronuba, 228. Zophodia, 213. Zygogramma, 369. Zaitha, 99. ZYGOPTERA, 44. 562 AA Selection from the Catalogue of G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS w Complete Catalogues sent on application —_——o-eweea—eeeeee—e Field Book of American Trees and Shrubs By F. Schuyler Mathews Author of “ Field Book of American Wild Flowers,” “Field Book of Wild Birds and Their Music” 16°. With 120 Illustrations, 16 in Color, and 43 Maps Uniform with the volumes on “Wild Birds”’ and “Wild Flowers” Mr. Mathews’s earlier books, dealing with American Wild Flowers and Wild Birds, are a sufficient guaranty that his volume on American Trees and Shrubs will be not only artistic in form but also will possess scientific accuracy and value. The book covers the entire terri- tory of the United States. Animportant feature is a series of maps showing the habitat of the various species. New York G, P. Putnam’s Sons London _Field Book: of American Wild Flowers By F. Schuyler Mathews New Edition. 12° Being a Short Description of their Character and Habits, a Concise Defi- nition of their Colors, and Incidental References to the Insects which Assist in their Fertilization. With 24 Repro- ductions in Water-Color, and Numer- ous Pen-and-Ink Studies from Nature by the Author. G. P. Putnam’s Sons New York London Field Book of Wild Birds and Their Music By F. Schuyler Mathews A Description of the Character and Music of Birds, Intended to Assist in the Identification of Species Common in the Eastern United States. With 53 Reproductions in Water-Color, and Numerous Pen-and-Ink Studies of Bird- Songs by the Author. G. P. Putnam’s Sons New York London ‘Ee N~ oO. e }