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REVISED. EDITION 


Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2008 with funding from 
Microsoft Corporation 


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FIELD, FOREST, AND GARDEN BOTANY 


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FIELD, FOREST, AND GARDEN 


BOTANY 


A SIMPLE INTRODUCTION TO THE. COMMON 
PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES EAST 
OF THE 100Th MERIDIAN, BOTH 
WILD AND CULTIVATED 


BY 


Y / 
ASA GRAY 
LATE FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN 
HARVARD UNIVERSITY 


REVISED AND EXTENDED BY 


iL, . ,.BALLEY. 


. ba 
yy 
wi 
io 


NEW YORK -:. CINCINNATI -:. CHICAGO 
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 


. 
f 


GRAYS BOTANICAL SERIES 


Gray’s How Plants Grow 
Gray’s How Plants Behave 
*Gray’s Lessons in Botany 


Gray's Field, Forest, and Garden Botany 
(Flora only) 


*Gray’s School and Field Book of Botany 


(Lessons and Flora) 
Gray’s Manual of Botany. (Flora only) 
*Gray’s Lessons and Manual of Botany 
Gray’s Botanical Text-Book 


I. Gray’s Structural Botany 
Il. Goodale’s Physiological Botany 


Coulter’s Manual of Botany of the Rocky 
Mountains 

Gray and Coulter’s Text-Book of 
Western Botany 


EDITIONS OF go! 


*Leavitt’s Outlines of Botany 

(Based on Gray's Lessons) 
*Leavitt’s Outlines of Botany with Flora 
(Outlines and Gray’s Field, Forest, and Garden Botany) 
*Leavitt’s Outlines and Gray's Manual 


CopyRiGcurT, 1895, 


BY THE PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE. 


GRAY'S F. F. & G. BOTANY. 


Ww. P. 23 


Made In U.8. A, 


PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. 


Turis book is intended to furnish botanical classes and beginners 
generally with an easier introduction to the plants of this country 
than the Manual, and one which includes the common cultivated as 
well as the native species. It is made more concise and simple, first, 
by the use of somewhat less technical language ; second, by the omis- 
sion, as far as possible, of the more recondite and, for the present 
purpose, less essential characters; and also of most of the obscure, 
insignificant, or rare plants which students will not be apt to meet 
with or to examine, or which are quite too difficult for beginners ; 
such as the Sedges, most Grasses, and the crowd of Golden Rods, 
Asters, Sunflowers, and the like, which require very critical study. 
On the other hand, this small volume is more comprehensive than 
the Manual, since it comprises the common herbs, shrubs, and trees 
of the Southern as well as the Northern and Middle States, and all 
which are commonly cultivated or planted, for ornament or use, in 
fields, gardens, pleasure grounds, or in house culture, including even 
the conservatory plants ordinarily met with. 

It is very desirable that students should be able to use exotic as 
well as indigenous plants in analysis; and a scientific acquaintance 
with the plants and flowers most common around us in garden, field, 
and greenhouse, and which so largely contribute to our well-being 
and enjoyment, would seem to be no less important than in the case 
of our native plants. If it is worth while so largely to assemble 
around us ornamental and useful trees, plants, and flowers, it is cer- 
tainly well to know what they are and what they are like. To stu- 
dents in agricultural schools and colleges this kind of knowledge will 
be especially important. 

One of the main objects of this book is to provide cultivators, 
gardeners, and amateurs, and all who are fond of plants and flowers, 


with a simple guide to a knowledge of their botanical names and 
5 


6 PREFACE. 


strueture. There is, I believe, no sufficient work of*this kind in the 
English language, adapted to our needs, and available even to our 
botanists and botanical teachers — for whom the only resource is to a 
botanical library beyond the reach aud means of most of these, and 
certainly quite beyond the reach of those whose needs I have here 
endeavored to supply, so far as I could, in this small volume. The 
great difficulties of the undertaking have been to keep the book within 
the proper compass, by a rigid exclusion of all extraneous and unneces- 
sary matter, and to determine what plants, both native and exotic, are 
common enough to demand a place in it, or so uncommon that they 
may be omitted. It is very unlikely that I can have chosen wisely in 
all cases and for all parts of the country, and in view of the different 
requirements of botanical students on the one hand and of practical 
cultivators on the other—the latter commonly caring more for 
made varieties, races and crosses, than for species, which are the 
main objects of botanical study. 

But I have here brought together, within less than 350 pages, brief 
and plain botanical descriptions or notices of 2650 species, belonging 
to 947 genera; and have constructed keys to the natural families, and 
analyses of their contents, which I hope may enable students, who 
have well studied the First Lessons, to find out the name, main char- 
acters, and place of any of them which they will patiently examine in 
blossom, and, when practicable, in fruit also. If the book answers 
its purpose reasonably well, its shortcomings as regards cultivated 
plants may be made up hereafter. As to the native plants omitted, 
they are to be found, and may best be studied, in the Manual of the 
Botany of the Northern United States, and in Chapman’s Flora of the 
Southern United States. 

This book is designed to be the companion of the First Lessons in 
Botany, which serves as grammar and dictionary; and the two may 
be bound together into one compact volume, forming a comprehensive 
School Botany. 

For the account of the Ferns, and the allied families of Cryptoga- 
mous Plants I have to record my indebtedness to Professor D. C. 
Eaton of Yale College. These beautiful plants are now much cul- 
tivated by amateurs; and the means here so fully provided for 
studying them will doubtless be appreciated. 


HARVARD UNIVERSITY HERBARIUM, Cambridge, Mass., 
August 29, 1868. 


PREFACE TO THE REVISION. 


THREE motives have dominated the course of this revision; First, 
to preserve, so far as possible, the method of the original; it is still 
Asa Gray’s botany, and the reviser has attempted nothing more 
than to bring it down to date. Second, it is a companion to the 
Manual, and, therefore, the nomenclature is made to conform strictly 
with that volume ; and the authorities have been added for the purpose 
of identifying the names, and to distinguish them from other systems 
of nomenclature which are now advocated. Third, it is primarily a 
school book, and there has been no attempt to include either all the 
wild or all the cultivated plants of its territory, but rather to consider 
those species which are most readily accessible for demonstration, 
and which are most likely to attract the attention of a beginner in 
botany. If it is said that many conspicuous wild plants are omitted, 
the reviser will answer that all such plants are described in the 
Manual, and Chapman’s Flora of the Southern States, while there is no 
other account of our domesticated flora. Therefore, in cases of doubt 
as to the relative importance, to this volume, of wild and cultivated 
species, the cultivated rather than the native plants have been inserted. 

A preliminary draft of this revision, through the family Legumi- 
nose, was made by Professor Charles R. Barnes, of the University of 
Wisconsin, of which I have been glad to avail myself. 


L. H. BAILEY. 


CORNELL UNIvERsITY, Ithaca, New York, 
January, 1895. 
v4 


Cuts in Leavitt’s Outlines of Botany which correspond to the 
cuts in Gray’s Lessons referred to in this Flora. 


Gray LEAVITT GRAY LEAVITT Gray LEAVITT Gray LEAVITT 


10 182 207 247 274 
36 10 208 248 276 
37 10 226 129 a 277 
39 12 227 129 a 278 
42 11 228 159 279 
43 11 231 175 280 
56 5 232 175 281 
57 5 233 176 284 
73 17 234 177 286 
74 19 235 178 287 
86 37 236 179 288 
89 30 237 154, 180 290 
90 38 238 154, 181 292 
91 44 245 133 293 
93 40 246 189 296 
97 45 247 155 297 
100 47 248 190 298 
101 48 249 191 299 
107 51 250 192 300 
108 51 251 193 301 
110 43 252 194 302 
112 55 253 195 303 
113 62 254 196 304 
115 83 255 197 305 
159 127 256 198 307 
160 128 257 199 308 
161 129 258 200 320 
164 46 259 201 328 
165 46 261 203 329 
170 21 262 204. 331 
171 69 266 205 341 
172 70 269 206 342 
174 17 270 182 343 
176 78 271 130, 183 344 
ily 241 272 162, 184 345 


205 246 273 185 346 


CONTENTS. 


—— +e 
PAGE 
ANALYTICAL Key To THE NATURAL FAMILIES : : : ne ls 
Signs AND EXPLANATIONS : : ¢ : : : : sao 
STATISTICS . : . : : C é ; : ; : ee 743) 
NOMENCLATURE . : : : : : : . : : - 29 
SERIES I. FLOWERING OR PH/NOGAMOUS PLANTS. 
Crass I. ANGIOSPERMS. 

Subclass I. Dicotyledons or Exogens, pp. 33 to 401. 
I. Potypetatovus Division . : : ‘ : : : . 38 
I. Ranunculacee (Crowfoot Family) : 2 ; 1 LOe 
II. Magnoliacee (Magnolia Family) . : : ; Peto. 
III. Anonacez (Custard Apple Family) ; : 2 +1 eto 
IV. Menispermacee (Moonseed Family)  . : : = 48 
V. Berberidacee (Barberry Family) . : : , . 49 
VI. Nympheacee (Water Lily Family) : C : Sal 
VII. Sarraceniacee (Pitcher Plant Family) . ; : wos 
VIII. Papaveracee (Poppy Family) 5 : : a cue mod: 
IX. Fumariacee (Fumitory Family) . : A : = wo 
X. Crucifere (Mustard Family) . : ° A : OS 


XI. Capparidacee (Caper Family) 5 ; 3 3 ce GS 
XII. Resedacee (Mignonette Family) . : : i a (aks! 


XIII. Pittosporacee (Pittosporum Family) . : : > 69 
XIV. Cistacee (Rockrose Family) . : ; : ‘ . 69 
XV. Violacee (Violet Family) . : : : 3 a «(il 
XVI. Caryophyllacee (Pink Family) . 2 ; 3 = ld 
XVII. Portulacacee (Purslane Family) . : : 5 Be th) 
XVIII. Tamariscinee (Tamarisk Family) i ; ; 2 Soll 
XIX. Hypericacee (St. John’s-Wort Family) 2 ; Ol 
XX. Ternstrceemiacee (Camellia or Tea Family) . é . 84 
XXI. Malvacee (Mallow Family) . é . . : oD 
“XXII. Sterculiacee (Sterculia Family) . : 3 ‘ - 90 
XXIII. Tiliacee (Linden Family) . : : . 4 1 Ol 
XXIV. Linacee (Flax Family) . ; : . 5 : soe 
XXV. Geraniacee (Geranium Family) . : : - - 98 


XXVI. Rutacee (Rue Family) . ; :° - - 98 
9 


LO 


XXVII. 
XXVIII. 
XXIX. 
XXX. 
XXXI. 
XXXII. 
XXXIII. 
XXXIV. 
XXXV. 
XXXVI. 
XXXVI. 
XXXVIII. 
XX XIX. 
XL. 
XLI. 
XLII. 
XLITI. 
XLIV. 
XLV. 
XLVI. 
XLVII. 
XLVIII. 
XLIX. 


LViz 


CONTENTS. 


Simarubacee (Quassia Family) 
Meliacee (Melia Family) 

llicinexe (Holly Family) 

Celastracee (Staff Tree Family) . 
Rhamnacee (Buckthorn Family) 
Vitacee (Vine Family) : 
Sapindacez (Soapberry Family) . 
Anacardiacee (Cashew Family) . 
Polygalacee (Polygala Family) 
Leguminose (Pulse Family) 

Rosacee (Rose Family) : F . 
Calycanthacez (Calycanthus Family) . : 
Saxifragacee (Saxifrage Family) 
Crassulacee (Orpine Family) 
Droseracee (Sundew Family) : 
Hamamelideze (Witch-Hazel Family) . 
Haloragee (Water Milfoil Family) 
Myrtacee (Myrtle Family) . 
Melastomacee (Melastoma Family) 
Lythracee (Loosestrife Family) . 
Onagracee (Evening Primrose Family) 
Loasaceze (Loasa Family) 
Passifloraceee (Passion Flower Family) 


. Cucurbitacee (Gourd Family) 
. Begoniacee (Begonia Family) . é : 


Cactacee (Cactus Family) . . : 5 
Ficoidee (Fig Marigold Family) . A ° 
Umbelliferee (Parsley Family) . . . 
Araliacee (Ginseng Family) : : . 5 
Cornacee (Dogwood Family) 


Il. Monopetatous Division 


LVII. 
LVIII. 
LIX. 
LX. 
LXI. 
LXII. 
LXIII. 
LXIV. 
LXV. 
LXVI. 
LXVII. 
LX VIII. 
LXIX. 
LXX. 
LXXI. 


Caprifoliacee (Honeysuckle Family) . 
Rubiacee (Madder Family) 
Valerianacee (Valerian Family) . 
Dipsacew (Teasel Family) . 
Composite (Composite Family) . 
Lobeliacee (Lobelia Family) 
Campanulacee (Campanula Family) . 
Ericacee (Heath Family) 
Diapensiacee (Diapensia Family) 
Plumbaginacee (Leadwort Family) 
Primulacez (Primrose Family) . ‘ . ° 
Sapotaceze (Sapodilla Family) 
Ebenacee (Ebony Family) . 
Styracacez (Storax Family) 

Oleacee (Olive Family) . . ‘ 


PAGF 


101 
101 
102 
103 
104 
106 
108 
112 
114 
116 
141 
165 
164 
170 
178 
174 
175 
175 
176 
177 
179 
187 
189 
190 
198 
195 
199 
200 
204 
205 


208 
208 
214 
218 
219 
220 
260 
261 
262 
271 
271 


a, aie 


276 
277 
277 
279 


LXXII. 
LXXIII. 
LXXIV. 
LXXV. 
LXXVI. 
LXX VIL. 
LXXVIII. 
LXXIX. 
LXXxX. 
LXXXI. 
LXXXIl. 
LXXXIII. 
LXXXIV. 
LXXXV. 
LXXXVI. 
LXXXVILI. 
LXXXVIII. 
LXXXIX. 
XC. 


XCI. 
XCII. 
XCIII. 
XCIV. 
XCV. 
XCVI. 
XCVII. 
XCVIII. 
XCIX. 
C. 

CI. 

CII. 
CII. 
CIV. 
Ve 
CVI. 
CVII. 
CVIII. 
CIX. 
CX. 


Subclass II. Monocotyledons or Endogens, 


I. Peravoipeous Division 

Hydrocharidacee (Frogbit Family) 
Orchidacee (Orchis Family) 
CXIII. Scitaminee (Banana Family) 


CXxI. 
CXIl. 


CONTENTS. 


Apocynacee (Dogbane Family) . 
Asclepiadacee (Milkweed Family) 
Loganiacee (Logania Family) 

Gentianacee (Gentian Family) 

Polemoniacee (Polemonium or Phlox Family) 
Hydrophyllacee (Waterleaf Family) . 
Borraginacee (Borage Family) 
Convolvulacee (Convolvulus Family) . 
Solanacez (Nightshade Family) . 
Scrophulariacee (Figwort Family) 
Orobanchacee (Broom Rape Family) . 
Lentibulariacee (Bladderwort Family) 
Gesneracee (Gesneria Family) 

Bignoniacee (Bignonia Family) . 

Pedaliacee (Sesamum Family) 

Acanthacee (Acanthus Family) . 
Verbenacee (Vervain Family) 

Labiatz (Mint Family) 
Plantaginacee (Plantain Family) 
Ill. Aperatous Division 

Nyctaginacee (Four-o rolock Rasy 
Illecebracee (Knotwort Family) . 
Amarantacee (Amaranth Family) 
Chenopodiacee (Goosefoot Family) 
Phytolaccacee (Pokeweed Family) 
Polygonacee (Buckwheat Family) 
Aristolochiacez (Birthwort Family) 
Piperacee (Pepper Family) . 
Lauracee (Laurel Family) 
Thymeleacee (Mezereum Family) 
Eleagnacee (Oleaster Family) 
Loranthacee (Mistletoe Family) . 
Santalacee (Sandalwood Family) 
Euphorbiaceze (Spurge Family) . 
Urticacee (Nettle Family) 
Platanacee (Plane Tree Family) . 
Juglandacee (Walnut Family) 
Myricacee (Sweet Gale Family) .« 
Cupulifere (Oak Family) 
Salicaceze (Willow Family) . 


pp. 402 to 476. 


11 


PAGE 


283 
286 
290 
291 
295 
298 
301 
306 
311 
318 
332 
338 
334 
337 
337 
339 
342 
356 
358 
358 
359 
360 
3638 
367 
367 
372 
374 
375 
376 
377 
378 
378 
379 
384 
389 
390 
392 
392 
399 


402 
402 
4038 
410 


12 CONTENT. 


CXIV. Bromeliacee (Pineapple Family } - 
CXV. Hemodoracee (Bloodwort Family) 
CXVI. Iridacee (Iris Family) 
CXVII. Amaryllidacee (Amaryllis Hamily) 
CXVUI. Dioscoreacee (Yam Family) 
CXIX. Liliacee (Lily Family) 
CXX. Pontederiaceze (Pickerel Weed Fania 
CXXI. Commelinacee (Spiderwort Family) . 
CXXII. Alismacee (Water Plantain Family) . 
CXXIII. Xyridacee (Yellow-eyed Grass Family) 
CXXIV. Mayacee (Mayaca Family) G 
CXXV. Eriocaulonacee (Pipewort Family) 
CXXVI. Juncacee (Rush Family) 
II. Spapicgeous Division . 
CXXVII. Naiadacee (ondiecd FAmily) 
CXXVIII. Lemnacee (Duckweed Family) 
CXXIX. Aracee (Arum Family) 
CXXX. Lyphacee (Cat-tail Family) 
CXXXI. Pandanacee (Screw Pine Family) 
CXXXII. Palmacee (Palm Family) 
ill. Giumacrous Division 
CXXXIII. Cyperacee (Sedge Family: 
CXXXIV. Graminez (Grass Family) 


Crass II. GyYMNOSPERMS. 


CXXXV. Coniferz (Pine Family) 
CXXXVI. Cycadacee (Cycad Family) 


PAGE 
414 
414 
415 
424 
430 
431 
452 
453 
454 
456 
456 
456 
456 
457 
457 
457 
457 
461 
462 
463 
465 
465 
467 


476 
485 


SERIES II FLOWERLESS OR CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS. 


Crass III. AcCROGENS. 


CXXXVII. Equisetacee (Horsetail Family) . 
CXXXVIII. Filices (Fern Family) . 


CXXXIX. Ophioglossacee (Adder’s-tongue aieenn Rarallgail 


CXL. Lycopodiacee (Club Moss Family ) 
CXLI. Selaginellacee (Selaginella Family ) 


486 
486 
501 


AN ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE NATURAL 
FAMILIES. 


A. FLOWERING or PHENOGAMOUS. Plants producing true fiowers and 
seeds. (B, page 25.) 
ANGIOSPERMS, those plants bearing the ovules in a closed ovary ; coty- 
ledons normally 2 or 1 (includes all but the Pine and Cycad families). 
(II, page 24.) 
+ DicoTyLEDONS OR EXOGENS, with wood in a circle or in concentric 
annual circles or layers around a_central pith; netted-veined leaves ; 
and parts of the flower mostly in fives or fours. Cotyledons typically 2. 
(++ page 23.) 

O. Polypetalous Division, typically with both calyx and corolla, the latter of 
wholly separate petals. (OO, page 17. OOO, page 21.) 

* More than 10 stamens, more than twice the number of the sepals or divi- 


_ 
. 


sions of the calyx. (* * page 15.) CAGE 
Stamens monadelphous, united with the base of the corolla: anthers kid- 

ney-shaped, one-celled s 5 - . MALLOW FAMILY, = 85 
Stamens monadelphous at base: anthers two-celled: leaves twice 

pinnate. ; . MIMOSA SUBF. 122 


Stamens monadelphous at base: anthers two-celled : leaves not pinnate — 
Leaves with joint between petiole and blade, which is translucent- 
dotted . : . . c é . (Citrus)RUE F. 98 
Leaves without a joint and not translucent-dotted CAMELLIAF, 84 
Stamens not monadelphous — 
Pistils numerous, but imbricated over each other and cohering in a 
mass on a long receptacle . A - 5 MAGNOLIA F. 45 
Pistils several, immersed in hollows in a top-shaped receptacle, 
(Nelumbo) WATER LILY F. 51 
Pistils numerous and separate, at least their ovaries, but concealed 
in a hollow fleshy receptacle — . 
Which bears sepals or bracts over its surface: leaves simple, 
_ Opposite . = ~ : : CALYCANTHUS F. 163 
Which is naked and imitates an inferior ovary: leaves alternate, 
compound : : 5 . a . (Rosa) ROSE F. 141 
Pistils numerous or more than one, separate, on the receptacle — 
Stamens borne on the calyx . A : : : - ROSE F. 141 
Stamens borne on the receptacle — 
Leaves centrally peltate: aquatic herb (Brasenia), 
WATER LILY F. 51 
Leaves peltate near the margin: woody climber, 
MOONSEED F. 48 
Leaves not peltate, quite entire : trees or shrubs — 
Spicy anise-scented: petals numerous: seed solitary, 
(licium) MAGNOLIA F. 45 
Unpleasantly scented when bruised: petals 6 in 2 ranks: 
seeds several . . . CUSTARD APPLE F. 48 
Leayes not peltate: herbs, or if woody-stemmed the leaves 
arecompound. . . » «  CROWFOOT F. 3& 


18 


14 ANALYTICAL KEY. 


Pistils (as to ovary) one below but 3-several-lobed or horned at the top— PAGE 


Not fleshy plants: petals unequal, cut or cleft: pod 1-celled, 
many-seeded . : MIGNONETITE F. 
Not fleshy: pod several- celled, sev eral-seeded, 
(Nigella) CROWFOOT F. 
Fleshy plants: petals equal, narrow, entire FIG MARIGOLD F. 
Pistil one, completely so as to the ovary, which is — 
One- celled, and with one parietal placenta, or otherwise showing 
that the pistil is of a single carpel — 
Shrubs or trees: leaves twice PuUnAte or else phyllodia: fruit 
a pod : ; (Acacia) PULSE F. 
Shrubs or trees : leaves simple : ‘stone fruit (Prunus) ROSE F. 
Herbs; with 1-flowered 1-2-leaved stems: leaves peltate, 
(Podophyllum) BARBERRY F. 
Herbs; with flowers in racemes, &c.: leaves not peltate, 
CROWFOOT F. 
One-celled, with tivo or more parietal placente — 
Calyx free from the ovary : stamens on the receptacle — 
Leaves punctate with pellucid and dark dots, opposite, 
entire : . : . ST. JOHN’S-WORT F. 
Leaves not punctate — 
Calyx persistent, of 5 unequal sepals ROCKROSE F. 
Calyx deciduous, of 4 sepals: petals 4, 
(Polanisia) CAPER F. 
Calyx falling when the corolla opens or before: 
petals more numerous than the (mostly 2) 
sepals . ls : : POEBYeir. 
Calyx coherent with the ovar y- — 
Fleshy and leafless, often prickly plants CACTUS F. 
Leafy herbs, rough or bristly, the hairs sometimes 
stinging . 3 LOASA F. 
Two-several-celled, or when 1-c elled the ovules not parietal — 
Leaves punctate with both dark and _pellucid dots, opposite: 
ovary superior : . ST. JOHN’S-WORT F. 
Leaves punctate with pellucid dots, not jointed with their 
stalk: ovary inferior . . MYRILE F. 
Leaves punctate with pellucid dots, alternate, jointed with 
their stalk: ovary superior . ‘ - RUEF. 
Leaves not punctate with pellucida dots, and — 
All at the root, in the form of pitchers or tubes, 
PITCHER PLANT F. 
All at the root, bearing a flytrap at the end. 
SUNDEW F. 
All from prostrate rootstocks or tubers under water, 
mostly peltate or rounded, equal-sided, 
WATER LILY F. 
On the rootstock or tuber, or alternate on stems, unequal- 
sided, succulent: flowers monecious BEGONIA F. 
On herbaceous stems, succulent: pod 1-celled, 
PURSLANE F. 
On woody stems (trees or shrubs), of ordinary confor- 
mation — 
Stamens on the receptacle, mostly in 5 clusters: calyx 
valvate in the bud: stipules (often deciduous), 
LINDEN F. 
Stamens in 5 clusters, one on the base of each petal: 
calyx imbricated in the bud: no stipules — 
Ovary superior, 5-celled CAMELLIA F. 
Ovary partly inferior, becoming one-celled and 
one-seeded . . STORAX F. 
Stamens separate: leaves alternate, mestly with 
stipules , : . PEAR SUBF. 
Stamens separate : leaves opposite or some of them 
scattered: no stipules — 
Calyx tube or cup wholly adherent to the 3-5- 
celled ovary ; . SAXIFRAGE F. 
Calyx cup extended beyond the free or adherent 
few-many-celled ovary LOOSESTRIFE F. 


173 


193 


277 
143 


164 
177 


ANALYTICAL KEY. 


15 


« = Not more than 10 stamens, or if so not more than twice the number of PAGE 


the sepals or divisions of the calyx. 
Calyx free from the two or more separate or nearly separate 


ovaries. 
Woody twiners, with dicecious flowers, separate stamens opposite as 
many petals, and few pistils : : - MOONSEED F. 


Woody twiners, with moncecious Hlowers, united stamens, and many 
pistils in a head, in fruit scattered in a spike M AGNOLIA F. 
Trees, with diecious or polygamous flowers, pinnate leaves, and few 
winged fruits ; - QUASSIA F. 
Trees, with dicecious flowers, or herbs with perfect flowers: leaves 
pinnate, pellucid-dotted, strong-scented or aromatic RUE F. 
Herbs or shrubs: leaves not pellucid-dotted: flowers chiefly 


perfect — 
Succulent or fleshy plants: pistils, petals, and sepals all equal in 
number . ; . ORPINE F. 


Not succulent nor fleshy thickened — 
Stamens inserted on the Rae leaves alternate, 
ROSE F. 141, & SAXIFRAGE F. 
Stamens inserted on a disk adhering to ‘pottom of the calyx: 
leaves opposite, compound, 
(Staphylea) SOAPBERRY F. 


Stamens inserted on the receptacle . . CROWFOOT F. 
++-Calyx free from the single (simple or compound) ovary ; i.e. ovary 
superior. 


Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them — 
Anthers opening by uplifted valves: ovary simple, 1-celled, 
B 


ARBERRY F. 
Anthers opening lengthwise — 
Ovary 1-celled, 1l-ovuled: styles5 . . LEADWORT F. 
Ovary 1- celled, with several ovules on a central placenta — 
Style and stigma only one: calyx Persishellts 
RIMROSE F. 
Style or stigma cleft orlobed . : PURSLANE F. 
Ovary 5-celled, with several ovules in each cell, 
STERCULIA F. 
Ovary 2-celled, with a pair of erect ovules in each cell, 
VINE F. 
Ovary 2-4-celled, with one erect ovule in each cell, 
BUCKTHORN F. 
Stamens when of the saine nunber as the petals alternate with them, 


sometimes more numerous, sometimes fewer — 
Leaves punctate with pellucid and dark dots, opposite, entire: 


calyx persistent ST. JOHN’S-WORT F. 
Leaves punctate with large pellucid dots: leaves alternate or 
compound : - RUETE: 


Leaves not punctate ‘with pellucid dots — 
Ovary simple, as shown by the style, stigma, and as perk 
etal placenta . 
Ovary seemingly simple, 1-celled, 1-seeded : style 1, 
(Fumaria) FUMITORY F. 
Ovary compound, as shown by the number of cells, placente, 
styles, or stigmas — 
With 2 parietal placente, but 2-celled by a partition be- 
tween: stamens tetradynamous MUSTARD F. 
With 2 parietal placentz, and 1-celled: stamens 6, sepa- 
rate, not tetradynamous . : ; CAPER F. 
With 2 parietal placentz, and 1-celled: stamens 6 in 2 sets, 
FUMITORY F. 
With 3 (rarely 5) parietal placente, and 1-celled: 
stamens not 6— 
Stamens inserted on the calyx, or with 5 clusters of 
gland-tipped stamen-like bodies, 
SAXIFRAGE F. 
Stamens on the long stalk of the ovary: tendril 
climbers ; PASSION-FLOWER F. 
Stumens on the receptacle — 
Flower irregular: style1l  . . VIOLET F. 


108 


164 
189 
71 


ANALYTICAL KEY. 


Flower regular: styles various — 


Styles or their divisions twice as many as PAGE 


the placentz : leaves glandular-bristly, 
SUNDEW F. 
Styles as many as the placente: leaves awl- 
shaped or scale-shaped, 

TAMARISK F, 
Style and stigma one: stamens 5: leaves 
coriaceous. PITTOSPORUM F. 
Style and stigma one, or sessile stigmas 3: 
stamens notS =. ROCKROSE F. 
With one cell, one erect ovule, and 3 styles or stigmas, 
CASHEW F. 

With one cell and many ovules on a central prc 


With two cells and several or many ovules in the center, 

but becoming 1-celled: stamens 4-12, on the calyx, 

LOOSESTRIFE F. 

With two cells and a single hanging ovule in each cell — 

Flowers i:regular: stamens 6 or 8, diadelphous or 

monadelphous: anthers opening at the apex, 

POLYGALA F. 

Flowers regular, with narrow petals: shrubs or 
trees — 

With alternate simple leaves and 4 stamens 

with anthers .  WITCH-HAZEL F. 

With opposite leaves and 2 (rarely dor fe Seen 


With more than two cells, or when only two cells with 2 
or more ovules in each cell— 
Seeds very numerous in each of the 3-5 cells of the 
pod: style 1: stamens on the receptacle, 
EATH F. 


Seeds numerous, or few on a stalk bursting out of 
the pod: style 1: stamens on the calyx, 
LOOSESTRIFE F. 
Seeds indefinitely numerous: styles 2 or more, or 
splitting into 2: stamens on the calyx, 
SAXIFRAGE F. 
Seeds several or few, at least the ovules 3-12 in each 
cétt — 
Shrubs, with opposite leaves of 3 or5 leaflets, and 
a bladdery pod BLADDERNUT SUBF. 
Herbs, with alternate or radical leaves of 3 or 
more leaflets: flower regular, 
(Oxalis) GERANIUM F. 
Herbs, with simple alternate leaves: flower 
irregular (Impatiens) GERANIUM F. 
Shrubs, with simple leaves: seeds in a pulpy aril, 
STAFF TREE F. 
Seeds and ovules only one or two in each cell— 
Tree, with twice pinnate leaves, and anthers 
within the tube of united filaments, 
MELIA F. 
Shrubs or herbs, with stamens monadelphous only 
at base, and aromatic-scented leaves, 
GERANIUM F. 
Herbs, with alternate leaves, mostly of pungent 
taste and odor, no tendrils when climbing: 
stamens separate . . GERANIUM F. 
Herbs, with alternate and compound insipid 
leaves, climbing by a hook or tendril in the 
flower cluster, 
(Cardiospermum) SOAPBERRY F. 
Herbs (or one species shrubby), with simple and 
entire scentless leaves, and stamens often 
slightly monadelphous at the base, 
FLAX F. 


173 


81 
69 
69 
112 
73 


177 


114 


101 


93 


93 


108 


ANALYTICAL KEY. 17 


Shrubs or trees, leaves not aromatic-scented : PAGE 
stamens separate — 
Leaves simple, not lobed : fruit a small berry, 
HOLLY F. 102 
Leaves simple, not lobed: fruit a colored 
pod: seeds in a red pulpy aril, 
STAFF TREE F. 103 
Leaves simple, palmately-lobed or cleft, 
opposite . MAPLE SUBF. 109 
Leaves compound, pinnate or digitate, 
SOAPBERRY F. 108 
--++ Calyx with tube adherent to the ovary, i.e. ovary inferior. 
Tendril-bearing herbs, with mostly monecious or dicecious flowers: 
stamens ‘commonly Cubs) Soe a se - '.« GOURD F. 190 
Not tendril-bearing — 
Pod many-seeded, 4-celled: anthers i-celled, openiig by a pore: 


leaves 3-Sribbed TELASTOMA F. 176 
Pod or berry many-seeded : anthers 2-celled, ae lengthwise — 
Styles 2-5, or one and 2-cleft . SAXIFRAGE F. 164 


Style1: stigma 2-4 lobed or entire, EVENING PRIMROSE F. 179 
‘Pod with 1-4 seeds, and ovary with more than one ovule in each 
cell, the seed inclosed in a pulpy aril . STAFF-TREE F. 103 
Fruit with one seed, and ovary with only one ovule in each cell — 
Stamens just as many as the petals, and opposite them, 
BUCKTHORN F. 104 
Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or 
sometimes twice as many — 
Style only one, slender: stigma notched or 4lobed : calyx 
with its tube mostly prolonged more or less beyond 
the ovary: herbs . EVENING PRIMROSE F. 179 
Style only one, thick: stigmas 5: calyx not at all con- 
tinued beyond the ovary . A GINSENG F. 204 
Style and stigma one: trees or shrubs, or if herbs the 
head of flowers with corolla-like involucre, 
DOGWOOD F. 205 
Style none: sessile stigmas 4: aquatic herbs, 
WATER MILFOIL F. 175 
Styles 2-5 — 


Petals 4: styles 2: flowers in axillary clusters in 
late autumn: shrub: pod 2-lobed, 
WITCH-HAZEL F. 174 
Petals 5: styles 2-5: flowers corymbed: shrub or 
trees ; : PEAR SUBF. 143 
Petals 5: styles 2- 5; mostly 5: flowers umbelled: 
fruit berry-like ; GINSENG F. 204 
Petals 5: styles 2: flowers in (mostly compound) 
umbels: fruit dry, splitting into 2 closed 
pieces . PARSLEY F. 200 

OO Monopetalous Division, typically with both calyx and corolla, the lat- 
ter united more or less into one piece. 

* Calyx with its tube adherent to the ovary, i.e. superior, or ovary 
inferior. 

Flowers collected in a head which is provided with a calyx-like involucre: 
anthers Syngenesious, i.e. united into a tube or ring around the 
style, only4or5 . = - COMPOSITE F. 220 

Flowers not involucrate, or “when in an involucrate head having the 
anthers separate — 

Tendril-bearing herbs: leaves alternate: flowers usually moncecious 
or dicecious  . GOURD F. 190 

Not tendril-bearing: ‘flowers commonly perfect, at most polygamous — 

Stamens free from the corolla, or lightly cohering with its base — 

Flowers irregular: stamens with the 5 anthers and some- 
times the filaments also united : . LOBELIA F. 260 

Flowers regular: herbs, with some milky juice: stamens only 
as many as the lobes of the corolla CAMPANULA F. 261 

Flowers regular: shrubs, or evergreen and trailing: stamens 

twice as many as lobes of corolla, 

WHORTLEBERRY SUBF. 262 


GRAY’S F. F. & G. BOT, —2 


18 ANALYTICAL KEY. 


Stamens borne on the tube of the corolla and fewer than its lobes, Paz 
viz. — 
One to three: ovary sometimes 3-celled, but the fruit only 
1-celled and 1-seeded 3 ; ° VALERIAN F. 218 
Four, two of them shorter: ovary 3-celled, but two cells 
empty: fruit 1-seeded (Linnw2a) HONEYSUCKLE F, 208 
Four, one longer and one shorter parr ovary 1-celled: fruit 
very many-seeded , : GESNERIA F, 334 
Stamens borne on the corolla, twice or more than twice the num- 
ber of its lobes, more or less monadelphous or Sad elunaust 
leaves alternate. STORAX F. 277 
Stamens borne on the tube of the corolla, just as many as its 
lobes: leaves opposite, ee crowded, or radical — 
With stipules entire . qi : 5 - MADDER F. 214 
Without true stipules — 
Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded: flowers in an involucrate head, 
TEA 


Ovary 2-5-celled — 
2-celled, the fruit twin: leaves entire, in whorls, 
MADDER F. 214 
2-5-celled: flowers not in a proper head; leaves 
chiefly opposite, often toothed or compound, 
HONEYSUCKLE F. 208 
3-celled: leaves mossy-crowded, or radical, 
DIAPENSIA F. 271 
* * Calyx free from the ovary, i.e. inferior, or ovary superior — 
+ Corolla more or less irregular — 
Stamens 10 or 5, distinct: anthers ppeules by a hole at the apex of 
H 


each cell: ovary 5-celled EATH F. 262 
Stamens 10, diadelphous or monadelphous: " anthers opening dente 

wise: ovary l-celled  . PULSE F. 116 
Stamens 8 or 6, diadelphous or Jnonadelphous: anthers opening by a 

hole at the apex: ovary 2-celled . POLYGALA F. 114 


Stamens 6, diadelphous: the middle anther of each set 2-celled, the 
other two 1-celled: ovary l-celled F FUMITORY F. 57 
Stamens (with anthers) 5— 
Ovary deeply 4-lobed, making 4 seed-like fruits or pieces, 
(Echium, etc.) BORAGE F. 301 
Ovary not divided : fruit (mostly a pod) many-seeded — 
Calyx urn-shaped, inclosing the pod, which is 2-celled, the 
top separating as a lid, 
(H yoscyamus) NIGHTSHADE F. 311 
Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted: pod 2-valved, 
(Verbascum) FIGWORT F. 318 
Stamens (with anthers) 4 or 2— 
Ovary 1-celled with a central placenta, bearing several or many 
seeds: stamens2 . BLADDERWORT F. 332 
Ovary 1-celled with 2 or 4 parietal placentz : stamens 4, didyn- 
amous — 
Leafiess plants, brownish or yellowish, never green, with 
scales in place of foliage . » BROOM RAPE F. 332 
Leafy plants, with ordinary foliage — 
Not climbing: seeds minute, wingless GESNERIA F. 334 
Climbing: seeds winged . BIGNONIA F. 335 
Ovary 2celled, many-ovuled: pod containing very many flat and 
winged seeds: woody climbers or trees BIGNONIA F. 335 
Ovary 4-celled (but stigmas only 2): many flat and wingless large 
seeds, filled by the embryo: herbs. - SESAMUM F. 337 
Ovary 2-celled, many-seeded or few-seeded, the placenta in the 
axis — 
Seeds few or several in each cell, flat and borne on hook-like 
projections of the placentz, or globular on acartilagi- 
nous ring: no albumen . : ; ACANTHUS F. 337 
Seeds many or few in each cell, not borne on hooks, &c. - 
embryo in albumen — 
Corolla 2-lipped or very irregular , 
FIGWORT F. 318 (Also SCHIZANTHUS, 318) 
Corolla regular or very nearlyso . NIGHTSHADE F, 311 


ANALYTICAL KEY: 19 


Ovary 244 celled, rarely 1-celled, with only a single ovule or seed PAGE 
in each cell, not lobed . : z ; . VERVAIN F. 339 
Ovary 4parted, making 4 seed-like pieces or nutlets around the 
single style : : ; 5 A A . MINT F. 342 
»-+ Corolla regular. 
Stamens more numerous than the divisions of the corolla. (Here, 
from the cohesion of the bases of the petals, some of the follow- 
ing, ranked as polypetalous, may be sought) — 
Leaves twice pinnate, or else phyllodia: ovary one, simple, 
t-celled . - : ; : A . MIMOSA SUBF. 122 
Leaves simply compound, of 3 leaflets: ovary 5-celled: stamens 
10, monadelphous at the base (Oxalis) GERANIUM F. 93 
Leaves simple, in one compound, fleshy, very thick: anthers 2- 
celled: pistils as many as lobes of the corolla ORPINE F. 170 
Leaves simple or lobed or divided: stamens indefinite, monadel- 
phous: anthers kidney-shaped, I-celled . MALLOW F. 85 
Leaves simple, not lobed or divided, nor fleshy : anthers 2-celled : 
pistil compound, more than 1-celled — 
Anthers commonly opening at the end: stamens on the re- 
ceptacle, free or nearly free from the corolla, 
HEATH F. 262 
Anthers opening lengthwise: stamens on the corolla or 
mainly so: trees or shrubs— 
Flowers polygamous or dicecious: stamens separate: 
styles 4, each 2lobed . - EBONY F. 277 
Flowers perfect : stamens more or less monadelphous or 
5-clustered — 
Base of the calyx coherent with the base of the ovary, 
STORAX F. 277 
Calyx wholly free from the ovary CAMELLIA F. 8 
Stamens fewer than the lobes or divisions of the corolla— 
Four, mostly didynamous — 
Ovary 2-celled, with usually many ovules in each cell, 
FIGWORT F. 318 
Ovary 2-celled, with few or several ovules in each cell: 
seeds flat on hooks . 2 . ACANTHUS F. 337 
Ovary 2-4-celled, with a single ovule in each cell, 
VERVAIN F: 339 
Two only with anthers, and two abortive ones: ovary deeply 
4lobed . . 4 Z : (Lycopus) MINT F. 342 
Two, exserted: herbs, or some exotic species are low shrubby 
plants. 4 5 . (Veronica) FIGWORT F. 318 
Two or three: shrubs, trees, or woody twiners OLIVE F. 279 
Stamens (with anthers) as many as the lobes or divisions of the 
corolla and opposite them — 
Styles or stigmas 5: ovary 1-celled: ovule and seed solitary, 
LEADWORT F. 271 
Style and stigma only one — 
Herbs: ovary 1-celled with a central placenta: seeds few or 
many - : : A 5 . PRIMROSE F. 273 
Trees or shrubs: ovary 5-celled: fruit 1-few-seeded: petal- 
like scales alternate with the anthers SAPODILLA F. 276 
Stamens (with anthers) as many as the lobes or parts of the corolla 
and alternate with them — 
Pistil one and simple, with one parietal placenta: fruit a legume 
or loment: leaves twice pinnate . . MIMOSA SUBF. 122 
Pistils as many as the lobes of the corolla, separate : fleshy plants, 
ORPINE F. 170 
Pistils several or many as to the ovary, or ovaries deeply lobed, 
the lobes or pieces making so many separate little 1-seeded 
fruits or akenes, but all around one common style — 
Akenes or lobes rumerous in a heap or several in a circle, 
(Nolana) CONVOLVULUS F. 306 
Akenes or lobes only 4 around the base of the common style — 
Aromatic plants, with opposite leaves, 
(Mentha, ete.) MINT F. 342 
Not aromatic, with alternate and commonly rough leaves, 
BORAGE F, 301 


20 ANALYTICAL KEY. 


Pistils 2 as to their ovaries, these making many-seeded pods, but vAGE 
stigmas and often styles also united into one — 
Pollen powdery and loose, as in ordinary plants, not in 
masses. ¢ DOGBANE F. 283 
Pollen all in waxy or granular masses, usually 10, and fixed 
in pairs to 5 glands of the stigma . MiILKWEED F. 286 
Pistil one, with a single compound ovary which is not divided 
nor "deeply lobed — 
Stamens on the receptacle, or lightly cohering above with 
what seems to be the corolla: ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded, 
(Mirabilis) FOUR-O’ CLOCK F. 358 
Stamens on the receptacle, or nearly so: ovary 5-celled: pod 
many-seeded . HEATH F. 262 
Stamens borne on very base of the 4-8-parted corolla: the 
cells of the ovary just as many, one ovule in each: no 
style: berry-like fruit containing as many little stones, 
HOLLY F. 102 
Stamens plainly borne on the corolla — 
Leaves all radical, 1-7-ribbed: flowers in a spike: co- 
rolla thin and becoming dry: stamens 4: style and 
stigma one: pod 2-celled, pb eely. 3-celled, opening 
transversely . 5 PLANTAIN F. 356 
Leaves on the stem — 
All opposite and entire, their bases or petioles con- 
nected by small stipules or a transverse stipu- 
lar line : ovary and pod 2-celled, several-seeded, 
LOGANIA F. 290 
All opposite or whorled and entire, without stipules: 
ovary and pod 1-celled, several-many- seeded : 
placente parietal — 
Juice milky: leaves short-petioled, 
(Allamanda) DOGBANE F. 283 
Juice not milky, bitter: stem leaves sessile, 
GENTIAN F. 291 
Alternate or some opposite, without stipules: ovary 
and pod 1-celled with 2 parietal placente — 
Smooth marsh or water plants: leaves round- 
heart-shaped, entire, or of 3 entire leaflets, 
GENTIAN F. 291 
More or less hairy plants: leaves mostly toothed 
or divided: style 2-cleft, 
WATERLEAF F. 298 
Opposite, no stipules: ovary 4-celled, 4-ovuled: 
stamens 4: style not 35-cleft, 
VERVAIN F. 339 
Opposite or alternate, simple or compound, without 
stipules, not twining: ovary and pod 38-celled: 
stamens 5: style S-cleft at the apex, 
POLEMONIUM F. 295 
Alternate, pinnate and tendril-bearing, lowest leaf- 
lets imitating leafy stipules, 
(Cobeea) POLEMONIUM F. 295 
Alternate, at least not opposite, without stipules: 
stamens 5, rarely 4: ovary. 2-5-celled — 
Four cells of the ovary 1-ovuled: fruit splitting 
into little nutlets: flower-clusters coiled, 
(Heliotrope) BORAGE F. 301 
Two or three 2-ovuled or four 1-ovuled cells: 
seeds large: mostly twiners, 
CONVOLVULUS F. 306 
Two or rarely more many-ovuled cells: seeds 
numerous — 
Styles 2, or rarely 3, or 2-cleft, 
WATERLEAF F. 298 
Style and stigma only one, 
NIGHTSHADE F.. 311 
Leaves none: leafless parasitic twiners, destitute of 
green herbage . ~. .  . DODDER SUBF. 730 


ANALYTICAL KEY. 21 


OOO Apetalous Division, with only one series of true floral envelopes PAGE 
(corolla absent), or no envelopes. 
* Flowers not in catkins. (* * bottom page 22.) 
Ovary 2-6-celled, its cells containing numerous ovules — 
Six-celled, the tube of the calyx coherent with its surface or the 
lower part of it: lobes of the calyx3.. BIRTHWORT F. 372 
Four-celled, the tube of calyx coherent with its surface: lobes of 
caly xand stamens 4 (Ludwigia) EVENING PRIMROSE F. 179 
mieeeeticds five-horned, free from the calyx: stamens 10, 
(Penthorum) ORPINE F. 170 
Three-celled, free from the calyx of 5 sepals white inside: 
stamens 3 . (Mollugo) FIG MARIGOLD F. 199 
Two-celled or four-celled, free from but inclosed in the cup- 
shaped calyx: stamens 4, 
(Rotala Ammannia) LOOSESTRIFE F. 177 
Two-celled, many pistils in a head: no calyx: flowers mone- 
cious. Tree . . _(Liquidambar) WITCH-HAZEL F. 174 
Ovary 1-2-celled, several-ovuled on one side of a basal placenta, 
(Cuphea) LOOSESTRIFE F. 177 
Ovary or ovaries 1-celled, with numerous or several ovules, on parietal 
placente ; calyx free — 


Calyx of 2 sepals: placente 2 : - (Bocconia) POPPY F. 53 
Calyx of 3 sepals: ovules scattered. (Akebia) BARBERRY F. 49 
Calyx of 4 or more sepals: placental . - CROWFOOT F. 34 


Ovary 1-celled, with several or many ovules from the bottom or on a 
: central placenta, free from the calyx — 
Flowers surrounded by dry scarious or colored bracts — 
Pod opening transversely above the base AMARANTH F. 360 
Pod splitting from the top ; - KNOTWORT F. 359 
Flowers not surrounded by dry or color ed bracts — 
Stamens inserted at the base of the ovary, 
CHICKWEED SUBF. 73 
Stamens inserted on the calyx - KNOTWORT F. 359 
Ovary or separate (or separable) ovaries 1-celled, with one or some- 
times two or three ovules — 
Woody plants, parasitic on trees, dicecious . MISTLETOE F. 378 
Woody or partly woody climbers by their leafstalks, 
(Clematis) CROWFOOT F. 34 
Trees or shrubs, not climbing — 
Leaves pinnate, aromatic, their stalks mostly prickly: pis- 
tils more than one . - (Xanthoxylum) RUE F. 98 
Leaves pinnate, not aromatic nor prickly: pistil one, 
(Fraxinus) OLIVE F. 279 
Leaves simple, beset with silvery eey coppery) scurf or 
seurfy down . : OLEASTER F. 377 
Leaves simple, not silvery-scurfy — 
Aromatic or spicy-tasted: calyx mostly corolla-like: 
anthers opening by uplifted valves LAUREL F. 375 
Aromatic-scented: no proper calyx: anthers not open- 
ing by valves . ; SWEET GALE F. 392 
Not aromatic: juice milky: stipules deciduous: flowers 
in a closed receptacle, which becomes pulpy, 
(Fig) FIG SUBF. 385 
Not aromatic, and juice not milky: the leaves — 
Palmately lobed and veined, with sheathing stipules: 
mo evident calyx : . PLANE TREE F. 389 
Mostly toothed, feather-veined, sometimes also with 
ribs from the base: calyx free from the ovary, 
ELM SUBF. 384 
Entire: calyx corolla-like and free from the ovary: 
flowers perfect . F . MEZEREUM F. 376 
Entire (rarely toothed) : tube of calyx coherent with 
ovary : flowers dieciously polygamous — 
Ovary and fruit pear-shaped: stigma terminal, 
SANDALWOOD F. 378 
Ovary globular or oval: stigma running down 
one side of the awl- shaped style, 
Nyssa) DOGWOOD F. 205 


22 ANALYTICAL KEY. 


Herbs, with sheathing stipules above the tumid joints of the pack 
stem: leaves alternate . ; - BUCKWHEAT F. 367 
Herbs, with the stipules (if any) not in the Sorm of sheaths — 
Pistils numerous or several: calyx commonly corolla-like : 


stipules none. . CROWFOOT F. 34 
Pistils 3 or 4: calyx and corolla none: flowers perfect, ina 
spike . : . PEPPER F. 374 


Pistils 1+, inclosed by the persistent calyx: leaves alter- 
nate, pinnate or lobed, with stipules, 
(Poterium, ete.) ROSE F. 141 
Pistil 1, with 2 hairy styles or stigmas: leaves palmately 
compound or cleft: flowers dicecious. HEMP SUBF. 385 
Pistil only one : leaves simple — 
Calyx corolla-like (white), its tube coherent with the 
ovary: flowers perfect: leaves alternate, 
SANDALWOOD F. 378 
Calyx corolla-like, free from the ovary, but the base of 
its tube hardening and persistent as a covering to 
the thin akene, making a sort of nut-like fruit: 
style and stigma simple - FOUR-O’CLOCK F. 358 
Calyx greenish, s ometimes colored or corolla-like: seed 
solitary — 
Style or stigma one and simple: flowers monecious 


or dicecious . . NETTLE F. 384 
Styles or stigmas 2 or 3, or 2-3-cleft : flowers mostly 
perfect — 


Flowers crowded with dry and scarious bracts, 
AMARANTH F. 360 
Flowers without imbricated and scarious bracts — 
Leaves chiefly alternate, often toothed, cleft, 
or lobed . : - GOOSEFOOT F. 363 
Leaves opposite, entire, 
CHICKWEED SUBF. 73 
Calyx none, except as an adherent covering to the ovary, 
without lobes: aquatic . WATER MILFOIL F. 175 
Calyx none, the flowers in catkin-like spikes, 
(Piper, etc.) PEPPER F. 374 
Ovary 2-10-celled, with one or two ovules in each cell — 
Aquatic herbs, with 3-4-celled nut-like little fruits in the axils of 
the leaves or bracts”. : : . WATER MILFOIL F. 175 
Herbs, shrubs, rarely trees, with moncecious flowers, 3-celled 
ovary and 3-lobed pod: the ovules and seeds single or a 
pair hanging from the summit of the cell: juice milky, 


except in the Box, ete. . 2 SPURGE F. 379 
Herbs, with stout hollow stems, perfect flowers, and 10-celled 

ovary, becoming berry-like . ‘ . POKEWEED F. 367 
Bhraits or trees, with 2-celled ovary, and winged ;ruit (samara or 

cey ) — 


Of two keys, joined at their base and winged from the apex, 
MAPLE SUBF. 109 
Of a single key, winged from the apex or almost all round: 
leaves pinnate ‘ (Fraxinus) OLIVE F. 279 
Of a single key, thin- winged all round: leaves simple, 
ELM SUBF. 384 
Shrubs or trees with wingless 2-9-celled fruit, no milky juice, 


and — 
Perfect or sometimes diwcious flowers : stamens 4-9— 
Ovule hanging. : . . HOLLY FE. “102 
Ovule erect . ’ BUCKTHORN F. 104 


Perfect flowers : stamens about 24, white: seeds hanging, 
(Fothergilla) WITCH-HAZEL F. 174 
* « Flowers (all monwcious or diwcious) one or both sorts in catkins or 
catkin-like heads. 
Twining herb, with sterile flowers panicled, and fertile in a short 


scaly catkin (strobile) . ; .  (Humulus) NETTLE F. 384 
Climbing and woody, or low herbs, with mostly perfect flowers in 
slender spikes. é : > : : B . PEPPER F. 374 


Parasitic shrub, on trees: fruit a berry . MISTLETOE F 378 


ANALYTICAL KEY. 


Trees or shrubs — 
With resinous juice, needle-shaped or scale-like leaves, and a 
cone (strobile) for fruit . : : : ; PINE .F. 
With milky or colored juice, sterile flowers in spikes or ra- 
cemes and fertile in catkin-like heads or short spikes, 
forming a fleshy mass in fruit, inclosing the akenes, 
FIG SUBF. 
With colorless juice, often strong-scented resinous-aromatic bark, 
pinnate leaves, and only sterile flowers in catkins, 
WALNUT F. 
With colorless juice and simple leaves — 
Both kinds of flowers in short catkins or heads: fruit waxy- 
coated, berry-like or nut-like: leaves aromatic, 
SWEET GALE F. 
Both kinds of flowers in scaly catkins: the fertile with 2 or 3 
flowers, forming winged or sometimes wingless akenes 
or small keys, under each scale or bract, 
(Betula, Alnus) OAK F. 
Both kinds of flowers in catkins, dicecious, one under each 
scale or bract: pod filled with downy-tufted seeds, 
WILLOW F. 
Both kinds of flowers in heads, monecious, without calyx: 
leaves palmately-lobed — 
Fruit of many two-beaked hard pods in a head: stipules 
deciduous . : : . WITCH-HAZEL F. 
Fruit a head of club-shaped hairy-based nutlets: stipules 
sheathing . : : E PLANE TREE F. 
Both kinds of flowers or commonly only the sterile in cat- 
kins: fruit a nut ina scaly cup, or bur, or sac, or leafy- 
bracted involucre . : : ; : . OAK F. 
++MonocoTyLEDONS OR ENDOGENS, with wood in separate threads scat- 
tered through the diameter of the stem, not ina circle, no annual 
circles or layers ; leaves mostly parallel-veined ; and parts of the 
flower almost always in threes, never in fives ; cotyledon 1. 
O Petaloideous Division, with flowers not on a spadix, and perianth or 
part of it more or less corolla-like. 

Pistils more than one, mostly numerous, separate or nearly so: peri- 
anth of 3 green sepals and 3 colored petals: leaves mostly 
netted-veined between the ribs. WATER PLANTAIN F. 

Pistil only one as to the ovary — 

Perianth adherent to the ovary, or superior, i.e. ovary inferior — 
Flowers dicecious: stem twining: leaves with distinct petiole 
and blade, the veins or veinlets netted . SAE 
Flowers diwcious or polygamous: aquatic herbs: flowers 
from a spathe : ; : : . FROGBIT F. 
Flowers perfect — 
Anthers only one or two, borne on or united with the 
style or stigma: flowerirregular . ORCHIS F. 
Anther only one, embracing the slender style but not 
united with it, 2-celled: flower irregular, 
GINGER SUBF. 
Anther only one, free from the style, 1-celled: flower 
irregular. : : . ARROWROOT SUBF. 
Anthers 5 (one abortive filament without any anther): 
flower somewhat irregular : . BANANA F. 
Anthers 3, turned outwards: filaments either separate 
or monadelphous : : Z . IRIS F. 
Anthers 3, fixed by the middle: flower woolly outside, 
(Lachnanthes) BLOODWORT F. 
Anthers 6, all the stamens being perfect — 
Epiphytes or air plants, except the Pineapple, 
PINEAPPLE F. 
Terrestrial plants, chiefly from bulbs or corms, some 
from tubers, fibrous roots, or rootstalks — 
Perianth woolly or much roughened outside, 
BLOODWORT F. 
Perianth not woolly or roughened without, 
AMARYLLIS F. 


23 


PAGE 


476 


392 


392 


399 


174 


389 


392 


410 
410 
410 
415 
414 


414 


414 
424 


24 ANALYTICAL KEY. 


Perianth free from the ovary or very nearly so — PAGE 

Epiphytes or air plants, with dry and often scurfy leaves, 

(Tillandsia) PINEAPPLE F. 414 

Stout aquatic herbs: flowers irregular as to the (corolla- 

like) perianth or stamens, or both, 

PICKEREL WEED F. 452 
Moss-like aquatic herb, with regular flowers . MAYACA F. 456 

Terrestrial herbs or sometimes woody plants, not rush-like 

or grass-like — 
Perianth of green sepals and colored petals which are 
distinctly different — 

Styles or sessile stigmas 8, separate: petals 3, not 
ephemeral: leaves netted-veined, 

(Trillium) LILY F. 481 

Style and stigma one: petals 3 or 2, ephemeral, 

SPIDERWORT F. 453 
Perianth with all 6 (in one instance only 4) parts colored 
alike or nearly so— 

Anthers 1-celled: plants mostly climbing by tendrils 
on the petiole : . SMILAX SUBF. 431 

Anthers 2-celled . s : : : . LILY F. 431 

Terrestrial or aquatic rush-like or grass-like plants, with 
small regular flowers — 
Not in a simple scaly-bracted head: perianth gluma- 
ceous; .% *: : : : : : RUSH F. 456 
In a simple spike or raceme: flowers bractless, perfect: 
perianth herbaceous . WATER PLANTAIN F. 454 
In a simple scaly-bracted head on a scape: leaves all 
Jrom the root — 

Perianth yellow, the inner divisions or petals with 
claws: flowers perfect: pod 1-celled, many 
seeded, the placente parietal, 

os YELLOW-EYED GRASS F. 456 
Perianth whitish: flowers moncecious or diccious: 
pod 2-8-celled, 2-3-seeded . PIPEWORT F. 456 
OO Spadiceous Division, with flowers on a spadix or fleshy spike, peri- 
anth none or not corolla-like, and no glumes. 
Trees or woody plants with simple trunk, caudex, or stock — : 
Leaves persistent, long-petioled, fan-shaped and plaited or pinnate: 
spadix branched: floral envelopes of 3 or 6 parts . PALM F. 468 
Leaves undivided, long-linear and stiff . : . SCREW PINE F. 462 
Immersed aquatics, branching and leafy _. : . PONDWEED F. 457 
Small or minute free-floating aquatics, with no distinction of stem and 
foliage . : : : : 5 4 - DUCKWEED F. 457 
Reed-like or Flag-like marsh herbs, with linear and sessile nerved leaves — 
Flowers naked in the spike: no distinct perianth CAT-TAIL F. 461 
Flowers with a 6-parted perianth : : (Acorus) ARUM F. 457 
Terrestrial or marsh plants, with leaves of distinct blade and petiole, the 
veins netted . f ; ; : : A : : ARU 
OOO Glumaceous Division, with flowers enveloped by glumes (chaffy 
bracts), and no manifest perianth. . 

Ovary 3-celled or 1-celled with 3 parietal placentz, becoming a pod, 
3-many-seeded: flowers with a regular perianth of six glumaceous 
divisions. In structure of the flower most like the Lily Family; 
but the glumaceous perianth and the herbage imitate this division, 

RUSH F. 456 
Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, in fruit an akene or grain. True gluma- 
ceous plants ; the glumes being bracts — 
Glumes single, bearing a flower in the axil . . SEDGE F. 465 
Glumes in pairs, an outer pair for the spikelet, an anne for 


457 


each flower : . : é ‘ : 467 
II. GyMNOSPERMS, without proper pistil, the ovules naked on a scale or 
on the end of a short axis: cotyledons often more than two in a 
whorl. - ' 
With palm-like columnar trunks or corn-like stock, and pinnate 
palm-like foliage . : : : : : . CYCAD F. 485 
With branching trunks, and simple, mostly needle-shaped, linear, or 
seale-like entire leaves . ; : : z : PINE F. 476 


ANALYTICAL KEY. 25 


B. FLOWERLESS or CRYPTOGAMOUS. Plants not producing flow- race 
ers, propagated by spores. 

With many-jointed stems and no leaves, except the united scales or 
teeth that form a sheath or ring at each joint: spore cases in a 
terminal head or spike . : . : . HORSETAIL F. 486 

With ample leaves often compound, all from a rootstock or trunk, 
and bearing the minute spore cases — 

Herbage circinate, or rolled upin the bud. é FERN F. 486 
Herbage erect (not rolled up) as it unfolds, 
ADDER’S TONGUE FERN F. 501 

With scale-shaped, linear, or awl-shaped and wholly simple leaves 
nligebly set on the leafy stems; spore cases in the axil of some 
of them — 

Spores all of one kind 2 7 : : . CLUB MOSS F. 501 
Spores of two unlike kinds. : -  SELAGINELLA F. 503 


APPARENT EXCEPTIONS TO THE CLASSIFICATORY SCHEME. 


1. Key to those exogens which from their foliage might perhaps be mis- 
taken for endogens. 
Pistils indefinitely numerous: herbs, polypetalous, 
Myosurus and some species of Ranunculus) CROWFOOT F. 34 
Pistils 3-12, separate — 
Leaves peltate or round heart-shaped: aquatic, polypetalous, 
WATER LILY F. 51 
Leaves heart-shaped : marsh plants, apetalous, also destitute of 
calyx : : : : C : ; . PEPPER F. 374 
Leaves thick and fleshy: polypetalous or some few_monopeta- 
lous: flowers completely symmetrical . . ORPINE F. 170 
Pistil one, but the ovary deeply 3-20-lobed or horned and style sepa- 
rate: leaves thick and fleshy: polypetalous, 
FIG MARIGOLD F. 199 
Pistil one, the ovary 4-lobed, and sessile stigmas separate: leaves 
slender: aquatics . : : : . WATER MILFOIL F. 175 
Pistil one: ovary not lobed : polypetalous — 
Petals usually very numerous: ovary many-celled, many-seeded : 
aquatics . : : : ; 2 . WATER LILY F. 51 
Petals with the sepals usually very numerous: style 1: ovary 
1-celled, many-ovuled: fleshy, leafless plants, 
CACTUS F. 195 
Petals and styles, also the stamens 5: ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, 
LEADWORT F. 271 
Petals 5: styles 2 or 3: ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled, free from 
the calyx: leaves opposite . (Dianthus, etc.) PINK F. 73 
Petals 5: styles 2: ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled: teeth of the calyx on 
its summit: leaves alternate, 
(Eryngium, etc.) PARSLEY F. 200 
Petals 5 or 3: style only one, not lobed — 
Calyx free from the l-celled simple ovary : stamens 
numerous 
(Acacias with phyllodia) MIMOSA SUBF. 122 
Calyx adherent to the several-celled ovary: stamens 8 or 10, 
MELASTOMA F. 176 
Pistil only one, both as to ovary and style: monopetalous — 
Stamens 5: style 3-cleft at the apex: pod 3-celled, 
POLEMONIUM F. 295 
Stamens 4: style and stigma one: corolla 4-cleft, dry and scari- 


ous: pod 2-celled: leaves ribbed . c PLANTAIN F. 356 
Stamens 8 or 10: style and stigma one: corolla becoming dry 
and searious: leaves narrow . (Heaths) HEATH F. 262 


Pistil, if it may be so called, an open scale, or none, 
GYMNOSPERMS, 476 


26 ANALYTICAL KEY. 


2. Key to those endogens which from their foliage might be mistaken for PAGE 


exogens. 
Flowers spiked on a spadix, and with a prominent spathe ARUM F. 
Flowers not on a spadix: nistils several or many: calyx and corolla 
distinctly different - : ; WATER PLANTAIN F. 
Flowers not on a spadiz : pistil only one — 
Calyx coherent with the ovary : flowers diwcious or polygamous — 
Terrestrial plants, twiners: smal] flowers in racemes, spikes, 
or panicles ; , : : : : - YAM F. 
Aquatic plants: flowers from a spathe . . FROGBIT F. 
Calyx free from the ovary — 
Aquatic herbs: flowers more or less irregular, from a sort 
of spathe. : . : . PICKEREL WEED F. 
Terrestrial herbs, not climbing: anthers 2-celled 
(Trillium, ete.) LILY F. 
Terrestrial and mostly twining shrubs or herbs, with tendrils 
on the petiole: anthers 1-celled . SMILAX SUBF. 


457 
454 


430 
402 


452 
431 
431 


SIGNS AND EXPLANATIONS. 


Tue Siens anD ABBREVIATIONS employed in this work are few. The 


signs are: — 
@ for an annual plant. 


@ for a biennial plant. 
2/ for a perennial plant. 


The signs for degrees, minutes, and seconds are used for feet, inches, 
and lines, the latter twelve to the inch. Thus 1° means a foot in length 
or height, &c. ; 2’, two inches ; 5/’, five lines, or five-twelfths of an inch. 

The dash between two figures, as 5-10 means from five to ten, &c. 

The character «0 means many. 


Fl. stands for flowers or flowering. 

Cult. stands for cultivated. 

Nat. stands for naturalized. 

N., E., S., W. stand for North, East, South, and West. 


The geographical abbreviations, such as Eu. for Europe, and the com- 
mon abbreviations for the names of the States, need no particular expla- 
nation. 

Species printed in heavy-faced Roman type are indigenous to some 
part of our territory (the U. S., East of the 100th meridian). 

Those in heavy-faced Italic type are not indigenous to this territory, and 
they exist in our region only in cultivation or as introduced weeds. 

The species and varieties in sMALL CAPITAL ROMAN LETTERS are hor- 
ticultural forms or hybrids. When in parenthesis, they are simply 
synonyms. 

Pronunciation. —In accordance with the usage in Gray’s botanies, it 
is intended that the Latin names in this volume shall be pronounced after 
the English method. The accent marks designate both the accentuation 
(or most emphatic syllable), and the length of the vowel. The grave (‘) 
designates a long vowel, and the acute (/) a short one. The letters oi, 
like to, representing the Greek ending -oetéys, should properly be pro- 
nounced separately. If the 7, in this case, is the penultimate syllable 
(next to the last), it should be pronounced long, as in prino-tdes, usneo- 
ides ; but if it is the antepenultimate (third syllable from the end), it is 
pronounced short, as rhombo-idea. In names derived from dioicus ané 
monoicus (dicecious and monescious), 07 is a true diphthong, as in choice. 

27 


28 STATISTICS. 


The diphthong aw is given its customary English sound. The pupil should 
bear in mind that the final e in the names of plants should always be 
pronounced (taking the sound of short 7), as in officina-le, vulga-re, 
commu-ne. 


STATISTICS OF THE REVISION. 


Number of families F : j ‘ - ; : . | a 
Number of genera , : ; : : ; : . 1029 
Number of indigenous species. . : ; . 7) 1784 
Number of extra-limital species (or ropitedl saesieay : ’ ee 
Total species . : : , : ; : ; ‘ jo) 932038 


Making a total gain over the first edition of 82 genera and 553 species. 


NOMENCLATURE. 


204+ 


Tue first part of the name of a plant designates the genus to 
which it belongs, or is generic; the second part belongs to the 
particular species, or is specific; but both words are necessary 
for the designation of the plant or species. The literature of 
systematic botany is so voluminous, however, that, in order to 
identify the plant names and to aid in tracing them to their 
origins, it is necessary to cite the author of the name along with 
the name itself. In accordance with the method in Gray’s 
botanies, this author is understood to be the one who first used 
the two names together; that is, he is the author of the com- 
plete name or combination and not necessarily of either part 
of it. The full names of the authors most frequently cited in 
this book are here given: 


Apans. — Michel Adanson, 1727-1806. France. 

A. DC. — Alphonse De Candolle, 1806-1893. Switzerland. (See DC.) 

Air. — William Aiton, 1731-1793. England. 

Arr. f. — William Townsend Aiton, the son, 1766-1849. England. 

Atv. -——Carlo Allioni, 1725-1804. Italy. 

Anpr. — Henry C. Andrews, author of The Botanist’s Repository at the 
opening of the century. England. 

Arn. — George Arnold Walker Arnott, 1799-1868. Scotland. 

Baker. —John Gilbert Baker, 1834- , keeper of the Herbarium of 
the Royal Gardens, Kew, England. 

Barr. — William P. C. Barton, 1787-1856. Pennsylvania. 

Barrr., Barrram. — William Bartram, 1739-1823. Pennsylvania. 

Beauv. — Ambroise Marie Frangois Joseph Palisot de Beauvois, 1755- 
1820. France. 

Beck — Lewis C. Beck, 1798-1853. New York. 

Brenru. — George Bentham, 1800-1884. England. 

Bentu. & Hoox. — Bentham (George) and “Hooker (J. D.), authors of 
Genera Plantarum. England. 

Bernu. — Johann Jacob Bernhardi, 1774-1850. Prussia. 

Bres. — Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein, 1768-1826. Ger- 
many. 

BicEev. — Jacob Bigelow, 1787-1879. Massachusetts. 

Buiume — Karl Ludwig Blume, 1796-1862. Holland. 

Boiss. — Edmond Boissier, 1810-1886. Switzerland. 

Boser — W. Bojer, 1800-1856, author of a Flora of Mauritius. Austria. 

Brirron — Nathaniel Lord Britton, Professor in Columbia College. New 
York. 

Bronce, — Adolphe Théodore Brongniart, 1801-1876. France. 

29 


30 NOMENCLATURE. 


BuckLey — Samuel Botsford Buckley, 1809-1884. United States. 

Bunce — Alexander von Bunge, 1803-1890. Russia. 

Carr. — Elie Abel Carriére, a contemporaneous botanist and _horti- 
culturist. France. 

Cass. — Alexandre Henri Gabriel Cassini, Comte de, 1781-1832. France. 

Cav.— Antonio José Cavanilles, 1745-1804. Spain. 


C. DC. —Casimir De Candolle, 1836- . Switzerland. (See DC.) 

Cerv. — Vicente Cervantes, 1759(?)-1829. Mexico. 

Cuam. — Adalbert von Chamisso (poet and naturalist), 1781-1838. Ger- 
many. ; 

Cuapm. — Alvan Wentworth Chapman, a contemporaneous botanist of 
Florida, 1809- . Massachusetts. 


Cuors. — Jacques Denys Choisy, 1799-1859. Switzerland. 

Curt. — William Curtis, 1746-1799. England. 

Curtis. — Moses Ashley Curtis, 1808-1873. North Carolina. 

DC. — Augustin Pyramus De Candolle, 1778-1841. Switzerland. Pro- 
jector of the Prodromus, and head of a renowned family. A\l- 
phonse De Candolle, the son, and Casimir De Candolle, the grandson, 
are quoted in this book. 

Decne. — Joseph Decaisne, 1809-1882. France. 

Desr. — René Louiche Desfontaines, 1750-1833. France. 

Desv. — Augustin Nicaise Desvaux, 1784-1856. France. 

Don — George Don, 1798-1856. England. 

D. Dox — David Don, brother of George, 1800-1841. Scotland. 

Donn — James Donn, author of Hortus Cantabrigiensis. England. 

Doucias — David Douglas, 1799-1854; collector in N. W. America. 
Scotland. 

DucHEsNE — Antoine Nicolas Duchesne, 1747-1827. France. 

Dumort. — Barthélemy Charles Dumortier, 1797-1878. Belgium. 

Dunat — Michel Felix Dunal, 1789-1856. France. 

Enru.— Friedrich Ehrhart, 1742-1795. Germany. 

Ei. — Stephen Elliott, 1771-1830. South Carolina. 

Ertis — John Ellis, 1711-1776. England. 

Enceitm. — George Engelmann, 1809-1884. Missouri. 

Fer — Antoine Laurent Apollinaire Fée, 1789-1874. France. 

Fiscu. — Friedrich Ernst Ludwig von Fischer, 1782-1854. Russia. 

Forst.— Johann Reinhold Forster, 1729-1798. Germany. (Also Georg 
Forster, the son). 

Frev.—Joseph Aloys Freelich, 1766-1841. Germany. 

GarErtTN. —Joseph Gaertner, 1732-1791. Germany. 

Gaup. — Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré, 1789-1864. France. 

GMEL. — Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin, 1745-1774. Russia. 

Gray — Asa Gray, 1810-1888. Harvard University. Massachusetts. 

GriseB., Gris. — Heinrich Rudolph August Grisebach, 1814-1879. Ger- 
many. 

Hassx.—Justus Karl Hasskarl, 1811- . Germany. 

Haw. — Adrian Hardy Haworth, 1772-1833. England. 

HBK. — Friedrich Alexander von Humboldt, 1796-1859. Germany. 
Aimé Bonpland, 1773-1858. France. Karl Sigismund Kunth, 
1788-1850. Germany. 

Hers. — William Herbert, 1778-1847. England. 

Horrm. — Georg Franz Hoffmann, 1761-1826. Germany. 

Hook. — William Jackson Hooker, 1785-1865. England. 

Hook. f. — Joseph Dalton Hooker, the son, 1817- . England. 

Hort. — Used to designate names of horticultural or garden origin. 

Jacq. — Nicolaus Joseph Jacquin, 1727-1817. Austria. 

Juss. — Antoine Laurent Jussieu, 1748-1836, the first to introduce the 
natural families of plants. France. 


NOMENCLATURE. OL 


Ker—John Bellenden Ker (or Gawler) ? -1871. England. 

Krarr — Friedrich Wilhelm Klatt, a contemporaneous botanist. Ger- 
many. 

Kocu — Karl Koch, 1809-1879. Germany. 

Kountu — See HBK. 

Lam.—Jean Baptiste Antoine Pierre Monnet Lamarck, 1744-1829, 
author of the Lamarckian philosophy of organic evolution. France. 

Le Conte —John Eaton Le Conte, 1784-1860. Pennsylvania. 

Lepes. — Karl Friedrich von Ledebour, 1785-1851. Russia. 

Leum. — Johann Georg Christian Lehmann, 1792-1860. Germany. 

Lem. — Charles Lemaire, 1800-1871. Belgium. 

L’ Her. —C. L. L’Heritier de Brutelle, 1746-1800. France. 

LinpDEn — J. Linden, 1817-— . Belgium. 

Lrypu. — John Lindley, 1799-1865. England. 

Link — Heinrich Friedrich Link, 1767-1851. Germany. 

Linn. —Carolus Linneus (Carl von Linné), 1707-1778, the ‘‘ Father of 
Botany,’’ and author of binomial nomenclature. Sweden. 

Linn. f. — Carl von Linné, the son, 1741-1783. Sweden. 

Lovp. — Conrad Loddiges, nurseryman near London, in the early part of 
this century. 

LorsEL.—Jean Louis Auguste Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, 1774-1849. 
France. 

Lour. — Juan Loureiro, 1715-1796, Missionary in China. Portugal. 

Marsn. — Humphrey Marshall, 1722-1801. Pennsylvania. 

Maxim. — Karl Johann Maximowicz, 1827-1891. Russia. 

Meisn. — Karl Friedrich Meisner (or Meissner), 1800-1874. Switzerland. 

Mey. — Ernst Heinrich Friedrich Meyer, 1791-1851. Prussia. 

Micnx. — André Michaux, 1746-1802. France, but for ten years a resident 
in North America, 

Micux. f. — Francois André Michaux, the son, 1770-1855. France. 

Mict. — Phillip Miller, 1691-1771. Garden-author of Chelsea, England. 

Mia. — Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel, 1811-1871. Holland. 

Moencu — Konrad Moench, 1744-1805. Germany. 

Mog. — Alfred Moquin-Tandon, 1804-1863. France. 

Mout. — Henry Ludwig Muhlenberg, 1756-1817. Pennsylvania. 

Morr. — Johann Andreas Murray, 1740-1791. Germany. 

Ners. — Christian Gottfried Nees von Esenbeck, 1776-1858. Prussia. 

Nurr.— Thomas Nuttall, 1786-1859. Massachusetts. 

Orte@a, Ort. — Casimiro Gomez Ortega, 1740-1818. Spain. 

Orro — Friedrich Otto, 1782-1856. Germany. 

Pau. — Peter Simon Pallas, 1741-1811, professor and explorer in Russia. 
Germany. 

Paxt. — Joseph Paxton, 1802-1865. England. 

Pers. — Christian Hendrick Persoon, 1755-1837. Germany. 

Priancu. — Jules Emile Planchon, Professor at Montpellier. France. 

Porr. — Jean Louis Marie Poiret, 1755-1834. France. 

Presi — Karel Boriwog Presl, 1794-1852. Bohemia. 

Pursa — Fredrick T. Pursh, 1774-1820. Siberia, but for twelve years 
a resident in the United States. 

Rappi — Giuseppe Raddi, 1770-1829. Italy. 

Rar. — Constantino Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1784-1842, Professor 
of Natural History at Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky. 

R. Br. — Robert Brown, 1773-1858. England. 

Reicu. — Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach, 1793-1879. Germany. 

Ricw. — John Richardson, 1787-1865. Scotland. 

RicuHarp — Louis Claude Marie Richard, 1754-1821. France. 

Rippetit — John Leonard Riddell, 1807-1865, Professor of Chemistry in 
Cincinnati and New Orleans. Massachusetts. 


32 NOMENCLATURE. 


Roem. —Johann Jacob Roemer, 1763-1819. Switzerland. Also M. J. 
Roemer. 

Roscor — William Roscoe, 1753-1831. England. 

Roxse. — William Roxburgh, 1759-1815. India. 

Ruiz & Pav. — Hipolito Ruiz Lopez, 1764-1815, and José Pavon, authors 
of a Flora of Peru and Chile. Spain. 

Ruer. — Franz J. Ruprecht, 1814-1870. Russia. 

SaBrinE — Joseph Sabine, 1770-1837. England. 

Saxiss. — Richard Anthony Salisbury, 1761-1829. England. 

Scuiecut. — Diedrich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal, 1794-1866. 
Germany. 

Scurap. — Heinrich Adolph Schrader, 1767-1856. Germany. 

Scuw., Scuwern. — Lewis David von Schweinitz, 1780-1834. Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Scor. — Johann Anton Scopoli, 1723-1788. Italy. 

Sisru. —John Sibthorp, 1758-1796, author of a Flora of Greece. England. 

Sires. & Zucc. — Philipp Franz von Siebold, 1796-1866, and Joseph Ger- 
hard Zuccarini, 1797-1848. Germany. 

Sims — John Sims, 1792-1838. England. 

Smirn — James Edward Smith, 1759-1828. England. 

Sox., Soranp. — Daniel Solander, 1736-1782. England. 

Spacu — Eduard Spach, 1801-1879. France. 

Sprenc. — Kurt Sprengel, 1766-1855. Germany. 

Sreup. — Ernst Gottlieb Steudel, 1785-1856. Germany. 

Sr. Hirt. — Auguste de Saint-Hilaire, 1779-1853. France. 

Swartz — Olof Swartz, 1760-1818. Sweden. 

Sweet — Robert Sweet, garden-author of the early part of the century. 
England. 

THunsB. — Carl Peter Thunberg, 1743-1822. Sweden. 

Torr. —John Torrey, 1796-1873. New York. 

Tuckm. — Edward Tuckerman, 1817-1886. Massachusetts. 

Vani — Martin Vahl, 1749-1804. Denmark. 

Veitcu — John Gould Veitch, 1839-1867, and successors, horticulturists 
at Chelsea, England. 

Vent. — Etienne Pierre Ventenat, 1757-1808. France. 

Vixti. — Dominique Villars, 1745-1814. France. 

Wau. — Georg Wahlenberg, 1780-1851. Sweden. 

Warp. — Wilhelm Gerhard Walpers, 1816-1853. Germany. 

Warr. — Thomas Walter, about 1740-1788, author of Flora Caroliniana. 
South Carolina. 

Wane. — Friedrich Adam Julius von Wangenheim, 1747-1800. Germany. 

Wats. — Sereno Watson, 1826-1892. Harvard University. Massachusetts. 

Wenpt. — Johann Christoph Wendland, 1755-1828; and Hermann Wend- 
land. Germany. 

WI..p. — Karl Ludwig Willdenow, 1765-1812. Germany. 

Wirs., Wirner. — William Withering, 1741-1799. England. 


SERIES I. 


FLOWERING OR PHANOGAMOUS PLANTS. 


Plants bearing true flowers; that is, having stamens and 
pistils, and producing seeds containing an embryo. 


Cuass I. ANGIOSPERMS. 


Plants having a closed ovary which contains the ovules: 
includes all but the Pine and Cycas families. 


Susciass I. DICOTYLEDONS (or Exocens). 


Distinguished by having the woody strands of the stem 
in a circle around a pith; the wood often increasing by 
yearly layers when the stem is more than one year old; 
the embryo with a pair of cotyledons or seed leaves; 
leaves generally net-veined; parts of the flower seldom 
in threes, most commonly in fives or fours. See Lessons, 
pp. 28, 139. This class includes all our ordinary trees and 
shrubs, and the greater part of our herbs. 


I. PoLYPETALOUS DIVISION. 


Includes the families which have, at least in some 
species, both calyx and corolla, the latter with the petals 
not united with each other. Yet some plants of almost all 
these families have apetalous flowers, and in some species 


the petals are more or less united. 
ARAY’S F. F. & G. BOT. —3 33 


34 CROWFOOT FAMILY. 


I. RANUNCULACEA, CROWFOOT FAMILY. 


Not perfectly distinguished by any one or two particular 
marks, but may be known, on the whole, by having numerous 
stamens, and usually more than one pistil, all the parts of the 
Hower distinct, and inserted on the receptacle. The calyx is 
often colored like a corolla, when the latter is wanting. The 
bulk of the seed is hard albumen, the embryo being very small. 
The plants are herbs with an acrid watery juice (not milky o1 
colored), or a few barely shrubby. Many are cultivated for 
ornament. 


§ 1. Sepals valvate, or with their edges turned inward in the bud. Petals none, o 
minute. Leaves opposite, the plants mostly climbing by their leaf-svacks. 


1. CLEMATIS. Sepals commonly 4, sometimes several, petal-like. 


§ 2. Sepals imbricated inthe bud. Not climbing, nor woody except in 22 and one of 21. 
x Pistils several or many in a head, ripening into 1-seeded akenes. 
+ Petals none; sepals petal-like. 
++ All but lower lecyves opposite or whorled, often simulating an involucre, Pediincles 
~ 1 flowered. 


2. ANEMONE. Involucre of 2 or more leaves much below the flower. Pistils very many 
in a close head (or fewer in one species), forming pointed or tailed akenes. 
8. HEPATICA. Involucre close to the flower, exactly imitating a 3-leaved calyx. 
Pistils 12-20. 
4, ANEMONELLA. Involucre at the base of an umbel of flowers. Pistils 4-15. 
++++ Leaves alternate. Flowers in panicles or corymbs. 
5. THALICTRUM. Leaves 2-3-ternately compound (Lessons, Fig. 161). 
6. TRAUTVETTERIA. Leaves simple. Flowers perfect. 
+ + Petals and sepals both conspicuous, 5 or more. 
7. ADONIS. Petals and sepals with no pit or appendage at the base. Akenes in a head 
or short spike. 
8. MYOSURUS. Sepals with a spur at the base underneath. Petals on a slender claw, 
which is hollow at its apex. Akenes in a long, tail-shaped spike. 
9. RANUNCULUS. Sepals naked. Petals with a little pit or a scale on the short claw 
Akenes in a head. 
« » Pistils few, rarely single, ripening into few- to many-seeded pods or berries, 
+ Ovules, and commonly seeds, more than 2. Herbs, 
++ Flowers regular, not racemose ; sepals petal-like. 
= Petals 0 in our species. 
10. ISOPYRUM. Sepals 5, broad, white. Leaves compound. 
11. CALTHA. Sepals 5-9, broad, yellow. Leaves simple. 
== Petals 5 or more inconspicuous nectar-bearing bodies, usually very much smailer 
than the sepals. 


| Leaves palmately parted or divided. 


12, TROLLIUS. [Petals with a little depression near the base. 
13, HELLEBORUS. Petals hollow and 2-lipped. 


1 Leaves distinctlu conpound. 


CROWFOOT FAMILY. 30 


14. COPTIS. Leaves of 3 leaflets. 
15. NIGELLA. Leaves finely dissected. 


=== Petals large hollow spurs projecting between the sepals. 
16. AQUILEGIA. Pistils usually 5. Leaves compound. 
++++ Flowers irregular and unsymmetrical, racemose or panicled. 


17. DELPHINIUM.. Upper sepal spurred. 
18. ACONITUM. Upper sepals in the form of a hood or helmet. 


++++++ Flowers regular, racemose; sepals falling when the flower opens, petal-like. 


19. ACTAZA. Pistil only one, becoming a berry. Flowers in a short and thick raceme 
or cluster. 
20. CIMICIFUGA,. Pistils 1-8, becoming pods in fruit. Flowers in long racemes. 


t+3+4+++ Flowers very large, regular, not racemose; sepals herbaceous and per- 
sistent. 
21. PHONIA. Pistils 2 or more, becoming leathery pods. 


++ Ovulesasingle pair. Flowers regular, solitary, orin compound racemes. Herbs 
or shrubs. 


22. XANTHORRHIZA. Petals 5, small. Little pods 1-seeded. Undershrub, with yellow 
wood and roots. 
23. HYDRASTIS. Petals none. Fruit berry-like. Low perennial. 


1. CLEMATIS, VIRGIN’S BOWER. (The Greek name of a climb- 
ing plant.) Akenes numerous, in a head, the persistent style forming 
naked, hairy, or plumose tails to the fruit. Many garden hybrids and 
forms. 2/ Ornamental climbers, with somewhat woody stems; afew 
are erect herbs. (Lessons, Figs. 278, 279, 378.) 


§ 1. Flowers solitary ; climbers. 
* Sepals thin, spreading, 6 or more. 


C. flérida, Thunb. Flowers 3/4! across, sepals broad-ovate, white, 
purplish, or with a purple center of transformed stamens (var. SIE- 
BOLDII) ; leaves usually twice compound. Japan. 

C. lanuginédsa, Lindl. Cult. from China. Flowers 6/-10! across, 
lavender. Leaves thick, usually simple (rarely ternate), cordate, acute, 
smooth above, hairy below; buds woolly. 

C. JackmAnni of gardens is a hybrid between this species and C. Viti- 
cella. 

C. patens, Morr. & Dene., also called C. ca@rtrea, and various 
names for varieties. Flower 5/-7! across, with 6-9 or more oblong or 
lance-shaped sepals of various colors; leaflets simply in threes. Japan. 


x * Sepals thin, spreading, 4 only. 


C. verticillaris, DC. Flowers about 3/ across, sepals bluish-purple, 
acute ; leaflets mostly entire; akenes with feathery tails. Rocky woods 
or ravines N. and in mountainous parts. 

C. Viticélla, Linn. Vine Bower C. From Eu.; a hardy climber, 
with flower 2'—3’ across; the widely spreading sepals obovate, either pur- 
ple or blue; akenes with short, naked points. 

C. orienta/is, Linn. Heavy-scentep C. Cult. from Central Asia; 
flowers yellow, 1 ' across, sepals ovate, bluntish ; long and feathery tails 
to the akenes. In cult. as C. GRAVEOLENS. 


x * «x Sepals thick, leathery, erect. 


C. Viorna, Linn. Learner Frowrr. Wild from Penn. and Mo., S., 
in rich soil ; sepals purple or purplish, 1’ long or more, erect, and with the 
narrow tips only spreading or recurved ; akenes with very feathery tails. 


36 CROWFOOT FAMILY. 


C. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray. Wild from S. Ind. to Kans. and Tex., 
has a flower much like the preceding, but the tails of the akenes are fili- 
form and naked, or slightly hairy, but not feathery. 

C. crispa, Linn. Calyx cylindraceous below, upper part bluish ; sepals 
with broad, thin wavy margins; tails of akenes silky or smooth. Va. 
and S.; also cult. 

§ 2. Flowers solitary ; low, erect herbs. 


C. ochroletca, Ait. Pare C. Wild from Long Island §S., but 
scarce ; has ovate silky leaves and dull silky flowers on long stalks ; tails 
of akenes very feathery. 

C. Fremonti, Wats. Leaves thick and often coarsely toothed ; sepals 
purple, woolly on the edge ; tails short, hairy, orsmooth. Mo. and Kans., 
the western representative of the preceding. 


§ 3. Flowers small, white, panicled. 
* Herbaceous, erect. 


C. récta, Linn. Upricur Virain’s Bower. 3°-4° high, with large 
panicles of white flowers in early summer ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets ovate 
or slightly heart-shaped, pointed, entire. Eu. 


* * Woody, climbing. 


C. Flammula, “inn. Sweer-scentep V. Flowers perfect, with 
copious sweet-scented flowers at midsummer in small and rather simple 
panicles; sepals woolly on outside near the edge only; leaflets 3-5 or 
more of various shapes, often lobed or cut. 

C. Vita/ba, Linn. Flowers perfect, greenish-white; sepals woolly on 
both surfaces ; leaves pinnate, of 5 ovate leaflets. S. Eu. 

C. Virginiana, Linn. Common Witp V. Flowers dicecious, late in 
summer ; leaflets 3, cut-toothed or lobed. 

C. paniculata, Thunb., from Japan, and now becoming popular, hardy 
N., has large panicles of small, white, fragrant, perfect flowers in mid- 
summer, and 3-7 small mostly cordate-ovate, acute leaflets. 


2. ANEMONE, ANEMONE, WINDFLOWER. (Greek, shaken by 
the wind, because growing in windy places, or blossoming at the windy 
season.) 2f Erect herbs. Sepals 4-20. (Lessons, Figs. 238, 343.) 


§ 1. Long hairy styles form feathery tails to the akenes. Flowers large, 
purple, in early spring. 


A. Pulsati/ia, Linn. Pasque Firower of Europe. Cult. in some 
flower-gardens, has the root-leaves finely thrice-pinnately divided or cut ; 
otherwise much like the next. 

A. patens, var. Nuttalliana, Gray. Witp P. Prairies, Ill., Mo., and 
N. W. The handsome purplish or whitish flower (1/-11! across when 
open), rising from the ground on a low, silky-hairy stem (3/-6! high), 
with an involucre of many very narrow divisions; the leaves from the 
root appearing later, and twice or thrice ternately divided and cut. 


§ 2. Short styles not making long tails, but only naked or hairy tips. 


* Cult. species, exotic, with tuberous or woody rootstocks and very large 
Jlowers. 


A. coronaria, Linn. Leaves cut into many fine lobes; sepals 6 or 
more, broad and oval; and 

A. horténsis, Thor., perhaps a var. of preceding, with leaves less cut 
into broader wedge-shaped divisions and lobes, and many longer and 
narrow sepals, are the originals of the spring-flowered, mostly double or 
semi-double, GAarpEN ANEMONES of many colors. 


CROWFOOT FAMILY. ot 


A. Japénica, Sieb. & Zucc. 2°-3° high, flowering in autumn ; flowers 
2!-3/ across, rose-color or white; leaves ternate, the leaflets variously 
cut and toothed. Hardy. China. 


* * Wild species, smaller-flowered. 
+ Akenes densely woolly and very numerous. 


+ Stems single, 3'-6' high, from a small tuber ; sepals 10-20 ; involucre 
sessile. 


A. Caroliniana, Walt. Involucre 3-parted, its wedge-shaped divi- 
sions 3-cleft, purple or whitish. N.C. west to Ill. and Neb. May. 


a+++ Stems branched, 2°-3° high; leaves of the involucre lony-petioled, 
compound ; sepals 5, small, greenish-white, silky beneath. 


A. cylindrica, Gray. Lone-rruirep A. Involucre several-leaved 
surrounding several long, naked peduncles ; flowers late in spring (in dry 
soil N. and W.), followed by a cylindrical head of fruit. 

A. Virginiana, Linn. Vireinian A. Involucre 3-leaved ; peduncles 
formed in succession all summer, the middle or first one naked, the others 
bearing 2 leaves (involucel) at the middle, from which proceed two more 
peduncles, and so on ; head of fruit oval or oblong. Common in woods 
and meadows. 


+ + Akenes not woolly, fewer; flower 1' broad or more. 


A. Pennsylvanica, Linn. Pennsytvanian A. Stem 1° high, bearing - 
an involucre of 3 wedge-shaped 3-cleft and cut sessile leaves, and a naked 
peduncle, then 2 or 3 peduncles with a pair of smaller leaves at their 
middle, and so on; flowers white in summer. (Lessons, Fig. 238.) Allu- 
vial ground, N. and W. 

A. nemordsa, Linn. Woop A. Stem 4/-10' high, bearing an invo- 
lucre of 3 long-petioled leaves of 3 or 5 leaflets, and a single short-pedun- 
cled flower ; sepals white, or purple outside. Woodlands, early spring. 


3. HEPATICA, LIVERLEAF, HEPATICA. (Shape of the leaves 

- likened to that of the liver.) Among the earliest spring flowers. 
Stemless low 2/, with 3-lobed leaves and 1-flowered scapes. The 
involucre is so close to the flower and of such size and shape that it is 
most likely to be mistaken for a calyx, and the six or more oblong, 
colored sepals for petals. 


H. triloba, Chaix. Rounp-topep H. Leaves with 3 broad and 
rounded lobes, appearing later than the flowers, and lasting over the 
winter; stalks hairy; flowers blue, purple, or almost white. Woods, 
common. Full double-flowered varieties, blue and purple, are cult. from 
Eu. Atlantic to Mo. and N. 

H. acutiloba, DC. Suarp-topep H. Has pointed lobes to the 
leaves, sometimes 5 of them, and paler flowers. Passes into the last; 
same range. 


4. ANEMONELLA, RUE ANEMONE. (Name diminutive of Ane- 
mone.) Petals 0. Sepals 5-10, white. Leaves compound, radical, ex- 
cept the involucral. Akenes 8-10-ribbed. Low, smooth, 2/ 


A. thalictroides, Spach. Rus Anemone. Smooth and delicate, some- 
what resembling Wood Anemone; stem-leaves none, except those that 
form an involucre around the umbel of white (rarely pinkish) flowers, 
appearing in early spring; leaflets roundish, 3-lobed at the end, long- 
stalked : stigma flat-topped, sessile ; roots‘clustered, very fleshy. 


38 CROWFOOT FAMILY. 


5. THALICTRUM, MEADOW RUE. (Old name of obscure deriva- 
tion.) (Lessons, Fig. 161.) 2/ 


+ Flowers mostly diecious, small, in loose compound panicles ; the 4 or 5 
sepals falling early; filaments slender; stigmas slender; akenes sev- 
eral-grooved and angled. 


T. didicum, Linn. Earty Meapow Rue. Herb glaucous, 19-2° 
high ; flowers greenish in early spring; the yellowish linear anthers of 
the sterile plant hanging on long capillary filaments; leaves all on gen- 
eral petioles. Rocky woods. 

T. polygamum, Muhl. Tart M. Herb 49-8° high ; stem-leaves not 
raised on a general: petiole ; flowers white in summer; anthers oblong, 
blent, not drooping; the white filaments thickened upwards. Low or 
wet ground. 

T. purpurascens, Linn. Purpiisu M. Later, often a little downy, 
2°-4° high ; stem-leaves not raised on a general petiole; flowers greenish 
and purplish; anthers short-linear, drooping on capillary and upwardly . 
rather thickened filaments. Dry uplands and rocky hills. 


x * Flowers all perfect, corymbed ; filaments strongly club-shaped er in- 
Jlated under the short anther ; stigmas short; akenes long-stalked. 


T. clavatum, DC., has the size and appearance of T. dioicum; 
flowers white, fewer, appearing in June or July ; mountains southward. 


6. TRAUTVETTERIA, FALSE BUGBANE. (For Trautvetter, a 
Russian botanist.) One species, with numerous 4-angled, capitate, in- 
flated akenes. 2/ 

T. palmata, Fisch. & Meyer, along streams of S. Central States. Stems 


2°-3° high ; root-leaves large, palmately 5-11-lobed, the lobes toothed and 
cut. 


7. ADONIS. (Adenis, killed by a wild boar, was fabled to have been 
changed at death into a flower.) Stems leafy ; leaves finely much cut 
into very narrow divisions. Cult. from Europe for ornament. 

A. estivalis, Linn. @ Stems about 1° high; flower deep crimson ; 
petals flat, half longer than calyx. 

A. autumnalis, Linn. PHeasant’s EYE A. @ Near 1° high, stem or 
its branches terminated by a small globose flower of 5-8 scarlet or crim- 
son petals, concave, commonly dark at base, scarcely larger than sepals. 
Sparingly naturalized. ; : 

A. vernalis, Linn. Sprinc A. 2f Stems about 6’ high, bearing a 
large, showy flower of 10-20 lanceolate, light-yellow petals in early spring. 


8. MYOSURUS, MOUSETAIL (which the name means in Greek). @ 


M. minimus, Linn. An insignificant little plant, wild or run wild 
along streams from Illinois S., with a tuft of narrow entire root-leaves, 
and scapes 1/-3! high, bearing an obscure yellow flower, followed by tail- 
like spike of fruit, 1/-2' long in spring and summer. 


9. RANUNCULUS, CROWFOOT, BUTTERCUP. (Latin name for 
a little frog, and for the Water Crowfoots, living with the frogs.) A 
large genus of plants, wild with the exception of the double-flowered 
varieties of three species cult. in gardens for ornament. (Lessons, 
Figs. 245, 341, 376, 377.) 


CROWFOOT FAMILY. 39 


§ 1. Aquatic; the leaves all or mostly under water, and repeatedly dis- 
sected into many capillary divisions ; flowering all summer. 


* Petals white, or only the claw yellow. 


R. circinatus, Sibth. Srirr Water Crowroor. Leaves sessile, stiff, 
and rigid enough to keep their shape (spreading in a circular outline) 
when drawn out of water. Rarer than the next. 

R. aquatilis, var. trichophyllus, Gray. Wuite W. Capillary leaves 
petioled, collapsing into a tuft when drawn out of the water ; petals small, 
white, or yellow only at the base, where they bear a spot or little pit, but 
no scale ; akenes wrinkled crosswise. Common. 


* * Petals bright yellow. 


R. multifidus, Pursh. Yrertow W. Leaves under water, much like 
those of the White Water Crowfoots, or rather larger; but the bright 
yellow petals 4/ long, with a little scale at the base. 


§ 2. Terrestrial, many in wet places, but naturally growing with the foliage 
out of water ; petals with a little scale at the base, yellow in all the wild 


Species. Akenes striate, or ribbed down the sides. @ 


R. Cymbalaria, Pursh. Sea sip—e Crowroor. A little plant of sandy 
shores of the sea and Great Lakes, etc., smooth, with naked flowering 
stems 2/-6’ high, and long runners; leaves rounded and kidney-shaped, 
coarsely crenate ; flowers small in summer. 


* * Akenes not prickly nor bristly nor striate on the sides. 2 


+ SPEARWORTS, growing in very wet places, with entire or merely toothed 
leaves, all, or all but the lowest, lancevlate or linear ; flowers all summer. 


++ Pistils flattened, pointed, or beaked. 


R. Aambigens, Wats. Water PLantTain SpEARWoRT. Stems ascend- 
ing, 1°-2° high ; leaves lanceolate, or the lowest oblong; flower fully } 
in diameter; akenes beaked with a straight and slender style. Common. 

R. Flammula, Linn. SmMaLtter SpeEarworr. Smaller than the last, 
and akenes short-pointed; rare N., but very common along borders of 
ponds and rivers is the 

Var. réptans, Meyer, or Creepine S., with slender stems creeping a few 
inches in length ; leaves linear or spatulate, seldom 1’ long; flower only }' 


broad. ++ ++ Pistils globular, pointless. Stems not rooting. 


R. oblongifdlius, Ell. Diffusely branched above and many-flowered ; 
leaves serrate or denticulate ; lower ovate or oblong, upper linear. II1., 
Mo., and So. States. 

R. pusfllus, Poir. Differs from the preceding chiefly in the broader 
entire leaves; the lower round, ovate, or heart-shaped, upper oblong or 
lanceolate. N. Y. and S. along the coast. 


+ + Crowroorts in wet or moist places, with all or at least the upper leaves 
3-parted or divided. 
+ Root-leaves roundish, crenate, or toothed, but not lobed or cleft. 

R. rhomboideus, Goldie. Hairy, 3’-8/ high ; petals large, deep yellow. 
Prairies, Mich. to N. Ill., Minn. and W. 

R. abortivus, Linn. Very smooth and slender (rarely pubescent = 
var. micranthus), 6'-2° high; petals shorter than sepals, pale yellow. 
Very common in shady moist places in spring. 

++ ++ Root-leaves variously lobed, cleft, or parted. 
= Pistils in oblong or cylindrical clusters. 

R. affinis, R. Br. Low or slender, 1° high or less ; root-leaves pedately 
many-cleft; styles recurved. Iowa, N., and W. 


40 CROWFOOT FAMILY. 


R. sceleratus, Linn. Cursep C. So called because the juice is very 
acrid and blistering ; very smooth ; stem thick and hollow; root-leaves 3- 
lobed ; styles very short, straight. In water or very wet places. 

R. Pennsylvanicus, Linn. f. Bristty C. Bristly, hairy, coarse, and 
stout, 2°-8° high; leaves all 3-divided; the divisions stalked, again 3- 
cleft, sharply cut and toothed; akenes tipped with a short straight 
style. Along streams. 


= = Pistils in globular clusters. 
|| Petals small, not exceeding the sepals. 


R. recurvatus, Poir. Hoox-stytep C. Hairy, 19-2° high; leaves all 
3-cleft and long-petioled, with broad, wedge-shaped, 2-3-lobed divisions ; 
akenes with long recurved styles. Woods. 


|| || Petals large, bright yellow, much exceeding the sepals. (BuTTERCUPS.) 
o Styles long and attenuate, stigmatose only at tip. 


R. fascicularis, Muhl. Earry B. Low, about 6/ high, without run- 
ners ; roots thickened; root-leaves much divided, somewhat pinnate ; 
petals rather narrow and distant; akenes scarcely edged, slender- 
beaked. On rocky hills in early spring. 

R. septentrionalis, Poir. Crerpinc B. Everywhere common in very 
wet or moist places, flowering in spring and summer; variable; stem 
soon ascending, sending out some prostrate stems or runners in summer ; 
leaves more coarsely divided and cleft than those of the last; petals 
obovate ; akenes sharp-edged and stout-beaked. 

R. bulbésus, Linn. Burisovus B. Stem about 1° high from a solid bul- 
bous base nearly as large as a hickory nut; peduncles grooved; calyx 
reflexed when the very bright yellow and showy large corolla expands in 
late spring. Abundant only in E. New Eng. ; rare W. 

R. acris, Linn. Tati B. Stem 2°-8° high, no bulbous base ; pedun- 
cles round, not grooved; calyx only spreading when the lighter yellow 
corolla expands in summer. Commoner than the last, except E. A full 
double-flowered variety is cult. in gardens, forming golden-yellow balls 
or buttons. 


oo Styles awl-shaped, stigmatose along the inner edge. 


R. répens, Linn. Creepinc B. In habit and foliage like R. septen- 
trionalis ; leaves frequently white-variegated or spotted ; calyx spreading, 
peduncles grooved. In low grounds, E. where it is probably nat. from 
Eu.; native W. A full double form in gardens. 


+ ++ GarDEN Ranuncutuses. Besides the double variety of R. 
repens, the choice Double Ranunculuses of the florist come from the 
two following : — 

R. AsiGticus, Linn., of the Levant; with 3-parted leaves and flowers 
nearly 2’ broad, resembling Anemones, yellow, or of various colors. Not 
hardy N. 

R. aconitifolius, Linn., of Eu., taller, smooth, with 5-parted leaves, and 
smaller white flowers, the full double called Farr Marps or FRANCE. 


10. ISOPYRUM. (Greek: ancient name of a Fumaria.) Sepals petal- 
like, deciduous; stamens 10-40; pistils 3-6; pods 2-several-seeded. 
24 Slender and smooth, with 2-3-ternately compound leaves, the leaf- 
lets 2-3-lobed. Flowers axillary and terminal. (Lessons, Fig. 292.) 

I. biternatum, Torr. & Gray. O.to Minn. and S. Much like Anemo- 


nella in general appearance, but the roots are fibrous, and tuberous- 
thickened here and there, 


CROWFOOT FAMILY. 41 


11. CALTHA, MARSH MARIGOLD. (A Latin name for the com- 
mon Marigold.) (Lessons, Figs. 325, 392.) 2f One common spe- 
cies N. 


C. palistris, Linn. Mars Marico.p, wrongly called CowstiP in the 
country. Stem 1°-2° high, bearing one or more rounded or somewhat 
kidney-shaped, entire or crenate leaves, and a few flowers with showy 
yellow calyx, about 1}! across; followed by a cluster of many-seeded 
pods. Marshes in spring; young plant boiled for ‘‘ greens.”’ 


12. TROLLIUS, GLOBEFLOWER. (German: froll, a globe, or 
something round?) Flower large, like that of Caltha, but the 5-many 
sepals not spreading except in our wild species ; a row of small nectary- 
like petals around the stamens, and the leaves deeply palmately cleft or 
parted. 2f Flowers spring. 


T. l4xus, Salisb. Witp G. Sepals only 5 or 6, spreading wide open, 
yellowish or dull greenish-white ; petals very small, seeming like abor- 
tive stamens. Swamps, N. H. to Del. and Mich. Also W. 

T. Europeus, Linn. Evrorman G. Sepals bright yellow (10-20), or 
white, broad, and converging into a kind of globe, the flower appearing 
as if semi-double; petals equaling the stamens. Eu. 

T. AsiGticus, Linn. Astatic G. Like the last, but flower rather more 
open, and deep orange, yellow, or white ; the petals longer than stamens. 
Siberia. 


13. HELLEBORUS, HELLEBORE. (Old Greek name of unknown 
meaning.) 2/ Sepals 5, persistent, enlarging, and becoming green after 
flowering. European plants, with pretty, large flowers, in early spring. 


H. viridis, Linn. Green H., has stems near 1° high, bearing 1 or 2 
leaves and 2 or 3 pale yellowish-green flowers ; run wild in a few places E. 

H. niger, Linn. Brack H., the flower called Curistmas Rose (because 
flowering in warmer parts of England in winter), has single large flowers 
(2'-3' across, white, turning pinkish, then green), on scapes shorter than 
the shining evergreen leaves in earliest spring. Garden varieties are more 
commonly cult. than the species. 


14. COPTIS, GOLDTHREAD. (Greek: to cut, from divided leaves.) 
Y Sepals 5-7, deciduous. The only common species is 


C. trifdlia, Salisb. Turer-reavep G. A delicate little plant in bogs 
and damp cold woods N., sending up early in spring single white flowers 
(smaller than those of Wood Anemone) on slender scapes, followed by 
slender-stalked leaves of three wedge-shaped leaflets; these become 
bright-shining in summer, and last over winter. The long, slender, bright 
yellow, underground stems are used as a popular medicine. 


15. NIGELLA, FENNEL FLOWER. (Name from the black seeds.) 
@ Garden plants from Eu. and Orient; stems leafy; the 5 ovaries 
united below into one 5-styled pod. Seeds large, blackish, spicy. One 
species has been used as a substitute for spice or pepper. 

N. Damascéna, Linn. Common F. or RaGeep Lapy. LoyrE-1n—-a- 
Mist. Flower bluish, rather large, surrounded and overtopped by a 
finely divided, leafy involucre, like the other leaves; succeeded by a 
smooth, inflated, 5-celled pod in which the lining of the cells separates 
from the outer part. 


42 CROWFOOT F/MILY. 


16. AQUILEGIA, COILUMBINE. (From Latin aguilegus, water. 
drawing, of obscure application.) 2f Well-known ornamental herbs, 
flowering in spring and early summer, with erect or dropping flowers of 
various colors. Sepals 5, colored ; petals 5, each produced into a long, 
slender, straight, or hooked spur; pistils 5, forming narrow pods. 
Leaves ternately compound or decompound. The species are much 
modified by cultivation, and garden forms are rarely typical. Often, 
but erroneously, called HonrYsucKLe. 

* Corolla with long straight spurs; North American species. 
+ Flowers pendulous, the spurs therefore ascending, often red. 


A. Canadénsis, Linn. Witp C. Flowers about 2! long, scarlet and 
orange, or light yellow inside, the petals with a very short lip or blade, 
and stamens projecting. Common on rocks. 

A. Skinneri, Hook. Mexican C.,, is taller, later, and considerably larger- 
flowered than the last, the narrower acute sepals usually tinged greenish, 
otherwise very similar. 

A. truncata, Fisch. & Meyer (also known as A. Catirérnica and A. 
eExfm1a), from California is 1°-2° high, with red, yellow-tinged flowers 
1/-23/ across, spreading or reflexed sepals, and petals truncate with a very 
short limb ; spurs 4/—3! long, thick, and blunt. 

A. formésa, Fischer. Flower carmine-red or scarlet, spurs about 
equaling the wide-spreading sepals, only about twice the length of the 
roundish yellow blade, the limb of the petals longer than in the last, and 
extending upwards on the outer side. Rocky Mountains. 

+ + Flowers erect or becoming so, never red. 

A. cerulea, James. Lonc-spurrep C., native of the Rocky Mountains, 
has blue and white flowers, the ovate sepals often 14‘, the very slender 
spurs 2’ long, the blade of the petals (white) half the length of the (mostly 
blue) sepals, spreading. 

A. chrysantha, Gray, from New Mex. and Ariz., has bright yellow 
flowers, the sepals lance-oblong and about equaiing the blade of the 
petals; spurs long (23/-3’). 

* * Corolla with hooked or incurved spurs ; Ovi World. 

A. vulgaris, Linn. Common GarpenC. Common in gardens, 19-8° high, 
many-flowered ; spurs rather longer than the blade or rest of the petal ; 
pods pubescent. Flowers varying from blue to purple, white, etc., greatly 
changed by culture, often full double, with spur within spur, sometimes 
all changed into a rosette of plane petals or sepals. 

A. glandulésa, Fischer. GLanpuLArC. A choice species, 6'-1° high, 
with fewer, very showy deep blue flowers, the blade of the petals white or 
white-tipped and twice the length of the short spurs; pods and summit 
of the plant glandular-pubescent. 

A. Sibirica, Lam. Stperian C. Equally choice with the last, and like 
it; but the spurs longer than the mostly white-tipped short blade, as well 
as the pods, ete., smooth. 


iby & DELPHINIUM, LARKSPUR. (Latin: dolphin, alluding to the 
shape of the flower.) The familiir and well-marked flower of this 
genus is illustrated in Wessons, Figs. 239-241 ; the seed in Figs. 421, 422. 
* Annuals, petals 2, united; pistil 1; the leares finely and much divided , 
lowers summer and fall. 
D. Cons6lida, Linn. Fietp L. Escaped sparingly into roadsides and 
fields, flowers scattered on the spreading branches, blue, varying to pink 
or white; pod smooth, Eu. 


CROWFOOT FAMILY. 43 


0. Ajacis, Linn. Rocker L. More showy in gardens, and with simi- 
lar flowers crowded in a long close raceme, and downy pods; spur shorter ; 
some marks on the front of the united petals were fancied to read AIAI 
= Ajax. Eu. 


x « Perennials, with 4 separate petals and 2-5, mostly 3, pistils. 
+ Flowers deep blue to white ; cultivated. 


D. grandiflérum, Linn. Great-ru L. (Known also as D. Cuinense and 
D. StnEnse). 1°-2° high, leaves cut into narrow linear divisions ; flowers 
14’ or more across ; sepals ample, oval ; the 2 lower petals rounded and en- 
tire. Various in color, also double-flowered ; summer. Siberia and China. 

D. cheilanthum, Fischer, commonly still larger-flowered, with lower 
petals also entire or nearly so; the mostly downy leaves have fewer and 
lanceolate or wedge-lanceolate divisions ; is now much modified by culti- 
vation. D. rormdsum, SHowy L., is one of the various garden forms. 
Summer. Siberia. 

D. eldtum, Linn. Ber Larkspur, from Eu., is very tall and somewhat 
pubescent, with leaves 5-7-cleft, and the long divisions lobed or toothed ; 
flowers many in a long wand-like raceme, the lower petals 2-cleft and 
yellowish bearded ; spur curved. 


+ + Flowers deep blue to white ; indigenous. 


D. exaltatum, Ait. Tart Witp L. 2°-5° high; leaves deeply 3-5- 
eleft, the divisions narrow, wedge-form, or wedge-oblong, diverging 
3-cleft at apex; flowers and panicled racemes hoary or downy ; spur 
straight ; pods erect; summer. Penn., W. and S. 

D. aztreum, Michx. Azure L. Often downy, 19-8 high°, with narrow 
linear divisions to the leaves, and a spike-like raceme of rather small 
flowers in spring; sepals and 2-cleft lower petals oblong; spurs curved 
up; pods erect. Var. with full double flowers in gardens; summer, 
Wis. to Dak. and 8S. 

D. tricérme, Michx. Dwarr Witp L. 6/-3° high, from a branched 
tuberous root ; leaves with broadly linear lobes and a loose raceme of few 
or several rather large showy flowers in spring; sepals and cleft lower 
petais oblong ; pods strongly diverging. Open woods from Penn., W. and S. 


+ + + Flowers scarlet and yellow; cult. from California. 


D. nudicadle, Torr. & Gray. 1°-2° high, few-leaved, leaves deeply cleft 
into obovate or wedge-shaped divisions ; racemes loose ; pedicels 2/-4' long. 


18. ACONITUM, ACONITE, WOLFSBANE, MONKSHOOD. (An- 
cient name.) 2 Root thick, tuberous, or turnip-shaped, a virulent 
poison, and used as medicine. Leaves palmately divided or cleft and 
cut-lobed. Flowers showy. The large upper sepal from its shape is 
called the hood or helmet. Under it are two long-stalked, queer little 
bodies which answer for petals. (Lessons, Figs. 242-244.) Flowers 


go tet * Leaves deeply cleft into 3-7 lobes. 

A. uncinatum, Linn. Witp A. or Monxsnoop. Stem slender, 3°-5°, 
erect, but weak and inclined to climb; leaves cleft or parted into 3-5 
ovate or wedge-lanceolate, cut-toothed lobes; flowers loosely panicled, 
blue; the roundish helmet nearly as broad as high, its pointed visor 
turned down. Low grounds from Penn., S. and W. 

A. reclinatum, Gray. Tratinec Wotrspane. Smooth, stems trailing ; 
leaves deeply 3-7-cleft ; flowers wnite ; helmet soon horizontal, elongated 
conical. Alleghany Mountains, S. 


44 _ CROWFOOT FAMILY. 


* * Leaves divided to very base. 


A. variegatum, Linn. Varincaren A. Erect, 19°-6° high; leaves 
divided into rather broad-lobed and cut divisions; flowers in a loose 
panicle or raceme, blue and often variegated with white, or whitish ; the 
helmet considerably higher than wide, its top curved forward, its pointed 
visor ascending or horizontal. Eu. 

A. Napé/lus, Linn. True Monxsnoop or OrricinaL Aconire, from 
Eu. Erect, 389-49 high, from a turnip-shaped root; divisions of leaves 
2-3 times cleft into linear lobes; flowers crowded in a close raceme, blue 
(also a white variety) ; helmet broad and low. 

A. Anthora, Linn. Erect, 19-2° high; leaves very finely divided into 
linear lobes ; crowded flowers yellow; helmet broad, rather high. Eu. 
Various garden forms. 


19. ACTHIA, BANEBERRY. (Greek name of the Elder, from some 
likeness in the leaves.) 2f Flowers in spring, ripening the berries 
late in summer; growing in rich woods. Leaflets of the thrice-ternate 
leaves ovate, sharply cleft, and cut-toothed. 


A. spicata, var. rubra, Ait. Rep Baneserry. Flowers in a very 
short, ovate raceme or cluster, on slender pedicels ; berries red. 

A. Alba, Bigel. Wuirr Baneperry. Taller than the other, smoother, 
and flowering a week or two later, with an oblong raceme; pedicels in 
fruit very thick, turning red, the berries white. 


20. CIMICIFUGA, BUGBANE. (Latin: to drive away bugs.) Y 
Like baneberry, but tall, with very long racemes (19-8°), and dry pods 
instead of berries ; flowers in summer. 


C. Americana, Michx. American B. Slender, 2°-4° high ; pistils 5, 
with slender style and minute stigma; pods raised from the receptacle 
on slender stalks, flattish, containing few scaly-coated seeds. Alleghanies 
from Penn., S. ; flowers, late summer. 

C. racemosa, Nutt. Tart B. or BLack SNAKEROOT. Stem with the 
long raceme 4°-8° high; pistil mostly single, with a flat-topped stigma ; 
short pod holding 2 rows of horizontally flattened seeds. Rich woods. 


21. PION IA, PEONY. (Ancient name, after a Greek physician, 
Peon.) Y Well-known large-flowered ornamental plants, cult. from the 
Old World. A fleshy disk at the base of the 2 or more pistils which form 
leathery pods in fruit. Seeds large, rather fleshy-coated. Leaves ternately 
decompound. Roots thickened below. Known in old gardens as Pinry, 


* Herbs with singlejlowered stems in spring, and downy pods. 


P. officinalis, Retz. Common P. Very smooth, with large, coarsely divided, 
green leaves ; the great flowers red, white, etc., single or very double. 

P. peregrina, Mill., including P. parapoxa. Leaves glaucous and 
more or less downy beneath, and smaller flowers than the last, rose-red, 
etc., generally full double, with the petals cut and fringed. 

P. tenuifolia, Linn. SLENDER-LEAVED P. Low, with early crimson 
red flowers, and narrow linear divisions to the leaves. Siberia. 


* * Herbs with several-flowered stems in summer, and smooth pods. 

P. albiflora, Pall. Wurre-rv. or FraGrant P., or CHINESE P. Very 
smooth, about 3° high, with bright green foliage, and white or rose-colcred, 
often sweet-scenved, rather small flowers, single, also double, and with 
purple varieties 


MAGNOLIA FAMILY. 45 


x x * Shrubby; flowers in spring and early summer. 


P. Moitan, Sims. Tree Peony of China. Stems 2°-3° high; leaves 
pale and glaucous, ample ; flowers very large (6’ or more across), white 
with purple base, or rose-color, single or double ; the disk, which in other 
species is a mere ring, in this forms a thin fleshy sac or covering, inclosing 
the 5 or more ovaries, but bursting and falling away as the pods grow. 


22. XANTHORRHIZA, SHRUB YELLOWROOT. (Greek: yellow, 
root.) Only one species. 


X. apiifdlia, L’Her. A shrubby plant, 1°-2° high, with deep yellow 
wood and roots (used by the Indians for dyeing), pinnate leaves of about 
5 cut-toothed or lobed leaflets, and drooping compound racemes of small, 
dark or dull purple flowers in early spring, followed by little 1-seeded 
pods; grows in damp, shady places. Penn., to N. Y., and Ky. ; S. along 
the mountains. 


23. HYDRASTIS, ORANGEROOT, YELLOW PUCCOON, GOLDEN 
SEAL. (Name of no application.) 2 


H. Canadénsis, Linn. Low, sending up in early spring a rounded 5- 
7-lobed root-leaf, and a stem near 1° high, bearing 1 or 2 alternate. 
smaller leaves above, just below the single small flower. The 3 greenish 
sepals fall from the bud, leaving the many white stamens and little head 
of pistils; the latter grow pulpy and produce a crimson fruit resembling a 
raspberry. Rich woods from New York, W. and S. 


II. MAGNOLIACEH, MAGNOLIA FAMILY. 


Trees or shrubs, with aromatic bitter bark, bud-scales formed 
of stipules (Lessons, p. 66, Figs. 179, 180), simple mostly 
entire alternate leaves, and solitary flowers; the similar sepals 
and petals (rarely 0) on the receptacle in three or more rows of 
three, imbricated in the bud; pistils 2-5, or numerous, the car- 
pels cohering and covering the elongated receptacle, forming a 
sort of cone in fruit; stamens numerous, with adnate anthers 
(Lessons, p. 101, Fig. 293); seeds only 1 or 2 in each carpel; 
embryo small. 

I. Stipules forming the bud-scales, and falling early. 
Flowers perfect and large, or smaller and dicecious in No. 3. 

1. LIRIODENDRON. Sepals 8, reflexed. Corolla bell-shaped, of 6 broad, greenish- 
orange petals. Stamens almost equaling the petals, with slender filaments, and 
long anthers opening outwards. Carpels thin and scale-form, closely packed over each 
other, dry in fruit, and after ripening separating and falling away from the slender 
axis ; the wing-like portion answering to style ; the small seed-bearing cell, at the base 
and indehiscent. Leaf-buds flat; stipules free from the petiole. 

2. MAGNOLIA. Sepals 3. Petals 6 or 9. Stamens short, with hardly any filaments: 
anthers opening inwards. Carpels becoming fleshy in fruit and forming a red or rose 
colored cone, each when ripe (in autumn) splitting down the back and discharging 1 or 
2 coral-red, berry-like seeds, which hang on extensile cobwebby threads. Stipules 
united with the base of the petiole, falling as the leaves unfold. 


3. CERCIDIPHYLLUM. Calyx and corolla 0. Stamens many, filaments capillary. Pistiis 
stalked, forming 2-6 narrowly vblong follicles, Seeds numerous. 


46 MAGNOLIA FAMILY. 


II. Stipules none. Flowers not very large, perfect or dice 
cious. Two Southern plants which have been made the repre- 
sentatives of as many small orders. 


4, ILLICIUM. Flowers perfect. Petals 9-30. Stamens many, separate. Pistils several 
in one row, forming a ring of almost woody little pods. 

5. SCHIZANDRA. Flowers monecious, Petals mostly 6. Stamens 5, united into a 
disk or button-shaped body, which bears 10 anthers on the edges of the 5 lobes. 
Pistils many in a head, which lengthens into a spike of scattered red berries. 


1. LIRIODENDRON, TULIP TREE (which is the meaning of the 
name in Greek), 


L. Tulipifera, Linn. <A tall, very handsome tree in rich soil, com- 
monest W., where it, and the light and soft lumber (much used in cabi- 
net-work), is called WuirEe-woop, and erroneously PopLar and WuHirTr 
Popiar; planted for ornament ; flowers late in spring, yellow with green- 
ish and orange. Leaves with 2 short side-lobes, and the end as if cut off 


2. MAGNOLIA. (Named for Magnol, professor of botany at Mont- 
pellier in 17th century.) Some species are called Umpreiia TREES 
from the way the leaves are placed on the end of the shoots; others, 
Cucumber Trees from the appearance of the young fruit. (Lessons, 
Figs. 179, 348-355.) 


* Native trees of this country, often planted for ornament ; flowers appear 
ing after the leaves. 


+ Leaves all scattered along the branches ; leaf-buds silky. 
++ Leaves coriaceous, evergreen (in the second only so at S.). 


M. grandiflora, Linn. Great-FLoweReD Macnoria of S., half-hardy 
in the Middle States. The only perfectly evergreen species; splendid 
large tree with coriaceous oblong or obovate leaves, shining above, mostly 
rusty beneath ; the flowers very fragrant, white, 6’/-9’ broad, in spring. 

M. glatica, Linn. Smaur or Laurer M.,Swerr Bay. Wild in swamps 
N. to New Jersey, Penn., and E. Mass.; a shrub or small tree, with oval, 
broadly lanceolate, obtuse leaves, glaucous beneath, and globular, white, 
and very fragrant flowers (2/-3’ wide) in summer. 


++ ++ Leaves thin, deciduous. 
= Green beneath. 


M. acuminata, Linn. Cucumsrer Tree. Wild from Western N. Y. 
to Ill. and S.; a stately tree, with the leaves thin, green, oblong, acute 
at both ends, and somewhat downy beneath, and oblong—bell-shaped pale 
yellowish-green flowers (2' broad), late in spring. 


= = Whitish, downy, or glaucous beneath. 


M. cordata, Michx. Yertow CucumsBer M. of Georgia, hardy even 
in New England; like the last, but a small tree with the leaves ovate or 
oval, seldom cordate ; flowers lemon-yellow. 

M. macrophylla, Michx. Great-Leavep M. of the S., nearly hardy 
N.to Mass. A small tree, with leaves very large (2°-8° long), obovate- 
oblong with a cordate base, downy and white beneath, and an immense 
open, bell-shaped flower (8'-12! wide when outspread), somewhat fra- 
grant in early summer; petals ovate, white, with a purple spot at the 
base, 


MAGNOLIA FAMILY. 4? 


«= » Leaves crowded in an umbrella-like cluster ; leaf-buds smooth. 


M. Umbrélla, Lam. Umsreriia Tree (also called M. TripeTara). 
Wild in S. Penn. and southward. <A low tree, with the leaves smooth 
and green both sides, obovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, 19-29 
long, surrounding a large white flower, in spring; the petals 4’-5’ long, 
obovate-lanceolate and acute, narrowed at the base; the ovate-oblong 
cone of fruit showy in autumn, rose-red, 4’-5’ long. 

M. Fraseri, Walt. Ear-rteavep Umpretia Tree (also called M. 
AauricuLATA). Wild from Virginia S., hardy as the last, and like it; 
but a taller tree, with the leaves seldom 1° long and auricled on each 
side at the base, the white obovate-spatulate petals more narrowed below 
into a claw; cone of fruit smaller. ; 


* * Chinese and Japanese species ; flowers appearing before the obovate 
leaves. 


M. conspicua, Salisb. Yutan. A small tree, with very large white 
flowers ; petals 6-9, obovate; leaves pointed, downy when young. Half- 
hardy in N. States. 

M. SouranceAna is probably a hybrid of this with M. obovata, more 
hardy, and the petals tinged with purple. 

M. Norserriana, @ like hybrid, has darker flowers and slenderer 
habit. 

M. speciosa, probably of like parentage, blooms a week later than M. 
Soulangeana, and has more durable, somewhat smaller and lighter colored 
flowers. 

M. Ltnnet, offshoot of M. obovata or hybrid with it, has very showy 
flowers, purple outside and pearl-colored within. 

M. obovata, Thunb. (or M. purPtrea). Purpite M. A shrub (5° high), 
the showy flowers pink-purple outside, white within ; leaves dark green, 
tapering gradually to petiole; petals 9, obovate. Japan, hardy N. 

M. stellata, Maxim. (or M. HAtttANA). A small tree; flowers white ; 
petals about 15, linear-oblong ; leaves varying to elliptic. Japan. 

M. Kobus, DC. (or M. Tutrzertr), is a small bushy tree, with leaves 
broadest at the top and green below; and very early, blush-white, fra- 
grant flowers. Japan. 


3. CERCIDIPHYLLUM. (Cercis-leaved, from the resemblance of 
the foliage to that of the Red Bud.) Two large trees in Japan, one of 
which is now becoming popular in this country as an ornamental tree. 
C. Japénicum, Sieb. & Zucc. Leaves round heart-shaped, or some- 


what kidney-shaped, with 8-5 main veins, crenate, glaucous beneath. 
Tree fastigiate in shape. 


4. ILLICIUM, STAR ANISE. (Latin: to entice.) Shrubs, aromatic, 
especially the bark and pods, with evergreen oblong leaves. 


I. Ploridanum, Ellis. Leaves oblong-lanceolate ; petals 20-30, narrow- 
widely spreading, dark purple, the flowers about 1’ in diameter. Shrub 
6°-10°, far S. 

I. parviflorum, Michx., S., sometimes cult., has lanceolate leaves, 6- 
12, ovate or roundish, yellow petals, and smaller flowers. 


5. SCHIZANDRA. (Greek: cut-stamens.) 


S. coccinea, Michx., a twining shrub of S. States, scarcely aro- 
matic, with thin ovate or oblong, alternate, deciduous leaves, and s 
crimson-purple flowers in spring, 


48 MOONSEED FAMILY. 


Ill. ANONACEH, CUSTARD APPLE FAMILY. 


Trees or shrubs, with 3 sepals and 6 petals in 2 sets, each 
set valvate in the bud, and many short stamens on the recep- 
tacle, surrounding several pistils, which ripen into pulpy fruits 
containing large and flat bony seeds. Embryo small; the 
albumen which forms the bulk of the kernel appears as if cut 
up into small pieces. No stipules. 


1. ASIMINA, PAPAW of U.S. (From the Indian name, assimin.) 
Petals greenish or yellowish, becoming dark purple as they enlarge ; 
the 3 inner small. Pistils few in the center of the head of anthers, 
making one or more large, oblong, pulpy fruits, sweet and edible. 
Flowers solitary, in early spring. 

A. triloba, Dunal. Common Papaw. Leaves obovate-lanceolate, acu- 
minate ; flower 1/-13! wide ; fruit yellowish, 3’-6' long. A shrub or small 
tree; wild W. and S., and sometimes planted. 

A. parviflora, Dunal. SMALL-FLOWERED P. Leaves oblong-obovate, 


abruptly pointed ; petals greenish-purple, twice as long as sepals ; flower 
3' wide ; fruit few-seeded. Shrub 2°-6° high. Fla. to N. C. and W. 


IV. MENISPERMACEH, MOONSEED FAMILY. 


Woody twiners, with small dicecious flowers; their sepals 
and petals much alike, and one before the other (usually 6 
petals before as many sepals); as many or 2-3 times as many 
stamens; and 2-6 pistils, ripening into 1-seeded little stone- 
fruits or drupes; the stone curved, commonly into a wrinkled 
or ridged ring. Leaves palmate or peltate; no stipules. 


1. COCCULUS. Sepals, petals, and stamens each 6. Pistils 3-6. 

2. MENISPERMUM. Sepals and petals 6-8. Pistils 24 in fertile fowers. Stamens, in 
sterile flowers, 12 or more. (Lessons, Figs. 231, 232, 296.) 

8. CALYCOCARPUM. Petals 0. Sepals 6, petal-like. Pistils3. Stamens in sterile flowers, 12. 


1. COCCULUS. (Latin: a little berry.) Flowers in axillary clusters. 


C. Carolinus, DC. Carorina C. Somewhat downy; leaves ovate 
or heart-shaped, entire or sinuate-lobed ; flowers greenish in summer; 
fruits red, as large as peas. From Virginia, 8S. and W. 


2. MENISPERMUM, MOONSEED. (Greek: moon, seed.) Stamens 
as long as sepals; anthers 4-celled; drupe globular, with a crescent or 
ring-like wrinkled stone ; flowers in axillary panicles. 

M. Canadénse, Linn. Almost smooth; leaves peltate near the edge; 
flowers white in late summer ; fruits black, looking like small grapes. 

3. CALYCOCARPUM, CUPSEED. (Greek: cup, fruit.) Anthers 
2-celled ; flowers greenish-white in long racemose panicles. 


C. Lydni, Nutt. Climbing high; leaves large, thin, 3-5-lobed, cordate 
at base ; fruit globular, 1' diameter, black. Ky.and S. Ill. to Kans. and S. 


BARBERRY FAMILY. 4$ 


V. BERBERIDACEZ, BARBERRY FAMILY. 


Flowers perfect, a petal before each sepal, and a stamen 
before each petal, anthers opening lengthwise or by a pair of 
valves like trap-doors, hinged at the top (Lessons, p. 103, Fig. 
308), pistil single, simple. (But No. 1 has moneecious apetalous 
3-sepaled flowers; No. 7 has numerous stamens; 6 and 7 have 
more petals than sepals.) Commonly bracts or outer sepals 
behind the true ones. All blossom in spring or early summer. 


«x Woody twiner ; flowers imperfect ; berry many-seeded. 


1. AKEBIA. Flowers purple in few-flowered axillary racemes ; petals 0; leaves digitate, 
of about 5 leaflets. 


* = Woody, erect ; flowers perfect ; berry few-seeded. 


2. BERBERIS. Flowers yellow or reddish tinted, in racemes ; petals with two deep colored 
spots at the base. Leaves simple, or simply pinnate. Wood and inner bark yellow. 
Leaves with sharp, bristly or spiny teeth. 

8. NANDINA. Flowers white, in panicles; anthers opening lengthwise. Leaves twice or 
thrice pinnate. 

«x x x Perennial herbs. 
+ With 1 to3 twice or thrice ternately compound leaves. 


4. EPIMEDIUM. Stamens 4. Petals 4 hollow spurs or hoods. Pod several-seeded. 
Leaflets with bristly teeth. 

5. CAULOPHYLLUM. Stamens 6. Petals 6 broad and thickish bodies much shorter 
than the sepals. Ovary bursting or disappearing early, leaving the two ovules 
to develop into naked, berry-like, or rather drupe-like, spherical seeds on thick 
stalks. 


+ +. With simply 2-9-parted leaves, and solitary white flowers ; sepals falling when the 
blossom opens. Seeds numerous, parietal. Pistils rarely more than one. 


6. JEFFERSONIA. Flower on a scape, rather preceding the 2-parted root-leavyes. Petals 
(oblong) and stamens mostly 8. Fruit an ovate pod, opening by a cross-line half-way 
round, the top forming a conical lid. Seeds with an aril on one side. 

7. PODOPHYLLUM. Flower in the fork between the two peltate 5-9-parted leaves ; root- 
leaf single and peltate in the middle, umbrella-like. Petals 6-9, large and broad. Sta- 
mens usually 12-18. Fruit an oval, large, and sweet, edible berry ; the seeds imbedded 
in the pulp of the large parietal placenta. 


1. AKEBIA. (Japanese: Akebi.) Flowers 3-sepaled, moncecious, the 
$ with 6 stamens and the 9 with 3-9 carpels, ripening (only occasion- 
ally) into oblong, purplish, mottled berries (4/-6’), which split open, dis- 
closing the black seeds. 

A. quindta, Decne. Leaflets 5, oval or obovate, notched at end, nearly 


or quite evergreen. An excellent hardy climber. Flowers, spring. 
Japan, 


2. BERBERIS, BARBERRY. (Medieval Latin name.) The 2 sec- 
tions have sometimes been regarded as distinct genera, (Lessons. Fig. 
308.) 

GRAY’S F. F. & G. BOT. —4 


50 BARBERRY FAMILY. 


§ 1. True Sarperry, with apparently simple (really compound with 1 
leajlet as shown by the joint in the short petiole) leaves clustered in the 
axil of branched spines. 


* Flowers m axillary racemes; leaves bristly or spiny-toothed, not 
pinnate. 


8. vulgaris, Linn. Common B. A shrub with drooping, many-flowered 
racemes, and entire petals, and oblong, red, and sour berries ; leaves obo- 
vate-oblong. The triple or multiple spines answer to leaves of the shoot 
of the previous season. (Lessons, p. 63, Fig. 171.) Naturalized in New 
Eng., planted and occasionally spontaneous elsewhere. There are cult. 
forms with fruits of divers colors and purple foliage. 

B. Canadénsis, Pursh., wild in mountains from Virginia, S., is a low 
bush, with few-flowered racemes ; repandly-toothed and less bristly leaves ; 
petals notched at the top; and oval red berries. Probably not in com- 
mercial cult., the plant sold under this name being B. vulgaris. 


* * Flowers solitary or in pairs ; leaves entire. 


B. Thunbérgii, DC. A low Japanese shrub; leaves 4/-1! long ; flowers 
on slender stalks, hardly longer than the small obovate leaves ; sepals red, 
and petals often tinged with red ; berries bright red. Foliage becomes red 
in fall. 


§ 2. Manonta, with pinnate, evergreen leaves and clustered racemes of 
early spring flowers; berries blue or black with a bloom. Planted for 


ornament. 
* Leaflets broad or rounded. 


B. Aquifolium, Pursh. Ho.try B. or Manonta from Oregon, etc., rises 
to 394° high ; leaflets ovate to oblong-taper-pointed, 5-9, shining, finely 
reticulated. 

B. répens, Lind]. Crrreprinc or Low M., Orecon Grape, is more 
hardy, rises only 1° or less, and has ovate, acute (not taper-pointed), 
usually fewer, pale or glaucous leaflets. Rocky Mountains. 

B. nervosa, Pursh. (or B. GLuMAceA). Has husk-like, long, and pointed 
bud-scales at the end of the stems, which rise only a few inches above 
the ground ; leaflets 11-21, along the strongly jointed stalk, lance-ovate, 
several-ribbed from the base. Also from Oregon. 


« * Leaflets distinctly oblong or lanceolate. 


B. Nepalénsis, Spreng. (B. Japonica of gardens). Tall, rising fully 
6° high, the rigid leaflets (6-25) obovate-oblong and repand-toothed, with 
only 3 or 4 strong spiny teeth on each side. India to Japan. 

R. Fortunei, Lindl. A dwarf species from China, the foliage turning 
red in the fall; leaflets 5-9, narrowly lanceolate and acuminate, with nu- 
merous shallow spiny teeth. 


3. NANDINA. (From the Japanese name.) A single species. 


N. doméstica, Thunb. Cult. in cool greenhouses, etc., from Japan ; 
very compound large leaves; the panicle of globular red berries of the 
size of peas, more ornamental] than the blossoms. 


4 EPIMEDIUM, BARRENWORT. (Old Greek name of uncertain . 
meaning.) Hardy. 2 Low herbs, with neat foliage; cult. for orna- 
ment; petals 4 hollow spurs or hoods; pods several-seeded. 


E. alpinum, Linn., odd-looking small flowers in panicles, the yellow 
petals not larger than the reddish sepals. Cent. Eu. 


WATER LILY FAMILY. 51 


E. macrénthum, Morr. & Decne. LarGe-FLOWERED B., with similar 
foliage, has large white flowers with very long-spurred petals. Japan. 
Several garden varieties are cult. 


5. CAULOPHYLLUM, BLUE COHOSH, PAPPOOSE ROOT. 
(Greek: stem, leaf; the stem seeming to form a stalk for the great 
leaf.) A single species. 2 
C. thalictroides, Michx., with usually only 1 stem-leaf, and that 

close to the top of the naked stem, and thrice ternate, but, having no 

common petiole, it looks like 3 leaves; and there is a larger and more 
compound radical leaf, with a long petiole. Albumen horny, the in- 
tegument forming a thin blue pulp. Glabrous (glaucous while young) 

from thick, knotty, matted rootstocks. In rich woods, commoner W. 

6. JEFFERSONIA, TWINLEAF. (For Thomas Jefferson.) 2 


J. diphylla, Pers., sometimes called Rueumatism Roor. Rich woods, 
W. and S., sometimes cult. ; the pretty white flower and the leaves both 
long-stalked from the ground, appearing in early spring. 


7. PODOPHYLLUM, MAY APPLE, or MANDRAKE. (Greek: 
foot, leaf, the 5-7-parted leaf likened to a webbed-foot.) (Lessons, Fig. 
326.) 2 


P. peltatum, Linn. Flower white, 13’ broad ; fruit ovoid, 1’-2' long, 
slightly acid, edible; but the leaves and long running root-stocks drastic 
and poisonous. Rich woods, common. 


VI. NYMPHZACEH, WATER LILY FAMILY. 


_ Aquatic, perennial herbs, from strong, horizontal rootstocks, 
with the leaves which float on the surface of the water or rise 
above it mostly peltate or roundish heart-shaped (dissected 
and immersed in No. 1), their margins in-rolled in the bud, 
long-petioled; axillary 1-flowered peduncles; sepals and petals 
hardly ever 5, the latter usually numerous and imbricated in 
many rows. The genera differ so widely in their botanical 
characters that they must be described separately. One of 
them is the famous Amazon Water Lily, VicrOr1a REGIA, with 
floating leaves, 3 feet or more in diameter, and the magnificent 
flowers almost in proportion; while the dull flowers of Water- 
Shield are only half an inch long. 


§ 1. Sepals and petals each3or4. Stamens and pistils 18 or less, the latter 1-3-seeded. 
Flowers smail. 


1. CABOMBA. Sepals and petals 3, the latter oval and short-clawed. Stamens 3-6, with 
extrorse anthers. Pistils 24, with 8 pendulous ovules. Immersed slender plants, 
with mostly opposite or verticillate, finely dissected leaves, or a few floating, linear, 
oblong, and peltate ones. Flowers single, on long axillary peduncles. 

2. BRASENIA. Sepals and petals each 3 or 4, narrow, and much alike, dull purple, linear. 
Stamens 12-18, with innate anthers. Pistils 4-18, forming indehiscent, 1-3-seeded 
pods. All the parts separate and persistent. Ovules commonly on the dorsal suture. 
Embryo, etc., as in Water Lily. 


52 WATER LILY FAMILY. 


§ 2. Sepals and petais numerous, in several rows and passing into each other. Sta- 
mens many. Pistils several, each sunken in the obconical and nearly flat-topped 
receptacle, the imbedded nut-like fruits appearing like seeds in separate open 
cells. 


8. NELUMBO. Upper part of the receptacle enlarged into a top-shaped body, bearing a 
dozen or more ovaries, each tipped with a flat stigma and separately immersed in as 
many hollows. (Lessons, p. 113, Fig. 362.) In fruit these form 1-seeded nuts, resem- 
bling small acorns. The whole kernel of the seed is embryo, a pair of fleshy and fari- 
naceous cotyledons inclosing a plumule of 2 or 3 rudimentary green leaves. 


§3. Sepals 4-6. Petals and stamens numerous in many rows. Pistil 1, compound. 


4, NYMPH#A. Sepals 4, green outside. Petals numerous, many times 4, passing some- 
what gradually into the numerous stamens (Lessons, p. 84, Fig. 228); both organs 
grow attached to the globular many-celled ovary, the former to its sides which they 
cover, the latter borne on its depressed summit. Around a little knob at the top of 
the ovary the numerous stigmas radiate as in a poppy-head, ending in long and narrow 
incurved lobes. Fruit like the ovary enlarged, still covered by the decaying persistent 
bases of the petals; numerous seeds cover the partitions. Ripe seeds each in an aril- 
lus, or bag, open at the top. (Lessons, p. 126, Fig. 418.) Embryo, like that of Nelumbo 
on a very small scale, but inclosed in a bag, and at the end of the kernel, the rest of 
which is mealy albumen. 

5. NUPHAR. Sepals usually 6 or 5, partly green outside. Petals many small and thickish 
bodies inserted under the ovary along with the very numerous short stamens. Ovary 
naked, truncate at the top, which is many-rayed by stigmas, fleshy in fruit ; the inter- 
nal structure as in Nymphea, only there is no arillus to the seeds. 


1. CABOMBA. (Name aboriginal ?) 


C. Caroliniana, Gray. Flowers 6//-8"’ broad on long axillary stalks, 
with yellow spots at base of petals. Ponds, S. Ill. and 8S. 


2. BRASENIA, WATER SHIELD. (Name unexplained.) One species. 


B. peltata, Pursh. In still, rather deep water; stems rising to the 
surface, slender ; leaves 2’/-3! long, long-petioled ; flowers small, produced 
all summer. 


3. NELUMBO. (The Ceylonese name for N. Indica.) 


N. lutea, Pers. Yettow N. or Warer Curnquarin. S. Conn. (in- 
troduced by Indians perhaps) to Lake Ont., Minn., E. Neb., and S. 
Flower pale dull yellow, 5/-8! across; anthers hook-tipped; leaf and 
flower-stalks sparsely warty roughened. The leaves are very large (1° 
2° across) and centrally peltate, with an ascending limb, and raised high out 
of the. water. 

N. Indica, Pers. (or NELUMBIUM sPECIOsUM), Fase Lotus, SacrEp 
Bean of the Orient, now commonly cult., has pink flowers and blunt 
anthers, and the high flower and leaf-stalks studded with prickly warts. 


4. NYMPHZA, WATER LILY, POND LILY. (Dedicated to the 
water nymphs.) Long prostrate rootstocks, often as thick as one’s 
arm, send up floating leaves (rounded and with a narrow cleft nearly 
or quite to the petiole) and large handsome flowers, produced all sum- 
mer ; these close in the afternoon ; the fruit ripens under water. 

» White-flowered ; native in N. States. 

N. odorata, Ait. Wuirre W. Flower very sweet-scented, white, or 
sometimes pinkish, rarely pink-red, variable in size. 2'/-6’ broad ; petals 
obtuse ; leaves 2/-9! broad; seeds oblong; rootstocks with few and per- 
sistent branches, Common in still or slow water, especially E. 


PITCHER PLANT FAMILY. 58 


N. renif6rmis, DC. (or N. ruperdsa). Flower nearly scentless 
(its faint odor like that of apples), pure white, 4/-9' in diameter ; petals 
proportionately broader and blunter; leaves 8/-15’ wide; seeds almost 
globular ; rootstock bearing copious tubers like ‘‘artichokes,”’ attached 
by a narrow neck and spontaneously separating. W.N. Y. and Penn., 
Mich. and W., probably also in S. States. 


* x Flowers colored; exotic or southern. 


N. stellata, Willd. (or N. carve), Brur W., cult. in aquaria; a ten- 
der species, with crenate-toothed leaves, and blue or bluish sweet-scented 
flowers, the petals few, narrow, and acute. ‘Trop. Africa, India, etc. 

N. ZANzIBARENSIS Of gardens is a form of this, with intense blue 
flowers, and free blooming habit. 

N. Lotus, Linn. Ecyrr1an Lorus, an Old World tropical species, has 
large red or whitish flowers, with red-margined sepals, and peltate, sharply 
serrate leaves which are pubescent below. N. rtUsra and N. DEvoNIEN- 
sis are forms of it; and from the latter garden form the variety known 
as N. SrurrevAntil originated. 

N. flava, Leitn. Yerrow W. Leaves broadly oval with wavy margins, 
the lobes at base of notch not pointed ; flowers bright, light yellow ; petals 
sub-acute. Florida. 


5. NUPHAR, YELLOW POND LILY, SPATTER-DOCK. (Ara- 
bic name?) Rootstock, ete., as in Nymphza; leaves often rising out 
of water; flowers by no means showy, yellow, sometimes purplish- 
tinged, produced all summer ; fruit ripening above water. 

N. Advena, Ait.f. Sepals 6 or more, unequal; petals truncate, 
shorter than the stamens and resembling them; stigma 12-24-rayed ; 
ovary and fruit not contracted above into a neck; the thickish leaves 
(6!-12! long) rounded or ovate-oblong. 

Var. minus, Morong, has smaller leaves (8/-8’ long), spatulate petals, 
stigmas 9-13-rayed ; fruit contracted above. Probably a hybrid between 
this species and the next. N. Vt. to Mich. and Pa. 

N. Kalmianum, Ait., has the floating leaves only 2/-4’ long, submersed 
leaves thin, round, kidney-shaped ; petals spatulate or obovate ; stigmas 
7-10-rayed ; fruit with a short neck. Me. to Penn., Minn., and N. 

N. sagittifdlium, Pursh. Arrow-Leavep N. Leaves sagittate, nar- 
rowly oblong to oblanceolate, obtuse (1° by 2’). ‘This and the last produce 
their earlier leaves under water and very thin. S. Ind. and Ill. and S. E. 


VIL SARRACENIACEA, PITCHER PLANT FAMILY. 


Bog plants with hollow pitcher-form or trumpet-shaped 
leaves; flowers with numerous hypogynous stamens. Only 1 
genus in the E. U.S. % There are many hybrids of the fol- 
lowing species in cult. : — 


1. SARRACENIA. (For Dr. Sarrasin of Quebec.) SIDESADDLE 
FLOWER. Leaves yellowish green or purplish, all radical from a 
perennial root, winged down the inner side, open at the top, where there 
is a sort of arching blade or hood; scape tall, naked, bearing a single, 
large, nodding flower in early summer ; sepals 5, with 3 bractlets at the 
base, colored, persistent ; petals 5; style with an umbrella-shaped, 5- 
angled top, a hooked stigma under each angle; ovary 5-celled; pods 
many-seeded, rough-warty. (Lessons, Fig. 174.) 


94 POPPY FAMILY. 


x Flower purple. 
+ Leaves ascending or reclined, short, wing broad. 


S. purptrea, Linn. Pircner Piant. Leaves with an erect round- 
heart-shaped hood and a broad side-wing, purple-veiny ; flower deep 
purple or greenish tinged ; petals fiddle-shaped, arched over the style. 
Common in bogs N. 

S. psittacina, Michx. Parror Pitcuer Puiant of S. States, and 
cult. Leaves short and spreading, with a narrow tube, a broad wing, 
and an inflated globular hood, which is incurved over the mouth of the 
tube, spotted with white. 


+ + Leaves erect, with long and narrow trumpet-shaped tube, the wing 
narrow. 

S. rubra, Walt. Rep-rLowereD Trumpet Lear of S. States; cult. 
in greenhouses. Leaves slender, a foot long, with an erect, ovate, pointed 
hood ; flower crimson-purple. 

S. Drumméndii, Croom. Great Trumpet Lear of Florida; some- 
times cult. Leaves much like the last, but 2° or 3° long, upper part of 
the tube and the roundish erect hood variegated and purple-veiny ; and 
the deep-purple flower very large. 


* * Flower yellow. 


S. variolaris, Michx. Sprorrep Trumprer Lear, S. States. Leaves 
erect, 6/-12! long, white-spotted above, longer than the scape, with a 
broad wing, and an ovate hood arching over the orifice ; flower 2! wide. 

S. flava, Linn. YeELLow Trumpet Lear of S. States; cult. more 
eommonly than the rest, as a curiosity, and almost hardy N. Leaves 2° 
long, erect, yellowish, or purple-veiny, with a narrow wing and an erect 
roundish, but pointed hood ; scape tall as the leaves; flower 4/—5! wide. 

Darlingtinia Califérnica, Torr., occasionally cult., may be known by 
the reddish or yellowish two-cleft appendage hanging at the mouth of the 
leaves which looks downward. 


VII PAPAVERACEH, POPPY FAMILY. 


Herbs with regular flowers, a calyx mostly of 2 sepals which 
fall when the blossom opens, petals twice or 3-5 times as 
many, numerous free stamens and a 1-celled ovary, with 2 or 
more parietal placente. Fruit a pod, many-seeded. Juice 
usually milky or colored, and narcotic, as in Poppy (opium), 
or acrid. (No. 4. has watery juice, with the odor of muriatic 
acid, and the calyx like a cap or lid; No. 1 has no petals and few 
seeds.) 

x Petals none; flowers in panicles ; flower-buds drooping. 
1. BOCCONIA. Sepals 2, colored. Stigma 2-lobed. Pod few-seeded. Juice reddish. 
* « Petals present. Flowers not panicled, the buds either erect or nodding. 
+ Pod strictly 1-celled, opening more or less completely by valves. 
++ Flower-bud erect. 


2. SANGUINARIA. Sepals 2; but the petals 8-12. Stigma 2-lobed, on a short style. 
Pod oblong, with 2 placente. Juice orange-red. 

3. ARGEMONE. Stigma 3-6-lobed, almost sessile. Sepals and oblong pod prickly; the 
iatter opening by valves from the top, leaving the thread-like placente between. Juice 
yellow. 


POPPY FAMILY. 55 


‘ 


4. ESCHSCHOL1ZIA. Sepals united into a pointed cap which falls off entire. Receptacle 
or end of the {lower-stalk dilated into a top: shaped body, often with a spreading rin. 
Stigmas 4-6, spreading, unequal; but the placente only 2. Pod long and slender, 
grooved. Juice colorless. 


++++ Flower-bud generally nodding. 


5. STYLOPHORUM. Stigma 3-+-lobed, raised on a style. Pod ovoid, bristly, opening 
from the top into 3 or 4 valves, leaving the thread-like placentw between them. Juice 
yellow. 

6. CHELIDONIUM. Stigma 2-lobed, almost sessile. Pod linear, with 2 placenta, split- 
ting from below into 2 valves. Juice orange. 


+ + Pod becoming 2-~ -celled. 
++ True herbs. 


7. GLAUCIUM. Stigma 2-lobed; style 0. Pod rough, linear, 2-celled by a spongy false 
partition. Sepals2. Petals4. Juice yellow. 

8. PAPAVER. Stigmas united into a many-rayed circular body which is closely sessile on 
the ovary. Pod globular or oblong, imperfectly many-celled by the projecting placente 
which are covered with numberless seeds, opening only by pores or chinks at the top. 


Juice milky. ++ ++ More or less woody. 


9. ROMNEYA. Stigmas many, free; the ovary setose, and more or less completely sev- 
eral-celled by the intrusion of the »-ovuled placentw, but becoming completely 7-11- 
celled and dehiscing to the middle. Sepals 3, with a broad, thin, dorsal wing. Petals 6 
white. Stamens numerous, with slender filaments. Juice colorless. 


a BOCCONIA. (Named for Bocconi, an Italian botanist.) 2 


B. cordata, Willd., from China, is a tall herb with leafy stems and 
round-cordate, lobed leaves which are thick, veiny, and glaucous, and 
long panicles of whitish or rose flowers in summer. 


2. SANGUINARIA, BLOODROOT. (Name from the blood-red 
juice.) 2 
6S. Canadénsis, Linn., the only species; common in rich woods. The 
thick red rootstock in early spring sends up a rounded-reniform and pal- 
mate-lobed, veiny leaf, wrapped around a flower-bud ; as the leaf comes 


out of ground and opens, the scape lengthens, and carries up the hand- 
some flower, from which the sepals soon fall. 


3. ARGEMONE, PRICKLY POPPY. (Greek: a disease of the eye, 
for which a plant called by this name was a supposed remedy.) 


A. grandiflora, Sweet. Hardy 2f Petals white, 1}/-2’ long; stems, 
sepals, and pod smooth and unarmed (the latter rarely with a few stiff 
bristles). Mexico. 

A. Mexicana, Linn. Mexican P. Stems, leaves, sepals, and pod 
prickly ; petals dull yellow or yellowish, 1/ or less long in summer. Var. 
ALBIFLORA has the flower larger, sometimes very large; white; 1°-2° 
high. Waste places S. and gardens. Cult. for ornament. @ 


4. ESCHSCHOLTZIA. (Named for one of the discoverers, Esch- 


scholtz.) @) 2 


FE. Califérnica, Cham. CatirorniaAn Poppy. Common in gardens ; with 
pale, dissected leaves, and long-peduncled large flowers, remarkable for 
the top-shaped dilatation at the base of the flower, on which the extin- 
guisher-shaped calyx rests ; this is forced off whole by the opening petals. 


ob POrRPY FAMILY. 


The latter are bright orange-yellow, and the ton of the receptacle is broau- 
rimmed. Var. Doug/dsii wants this rim, and its petals are pure yellow, 
or sometimes white ; but the sorts are much mixed in the gardens; and 
there are smaller varieties under different names. 


la} STYLOPHORUM, CELANDINE POPPY. (Greek: style-bearing ; 
a distinctive character.) 2 


S. diphyllum, Nutt. Low, with stems naked below, with usually 2 op- 
posite leaves above ; leaves whitish beneath, pinnately parted into 5-7 
sinuate-lobed segments ; flowers few in umbels, 2! broad. Damp woods, 
W. Penn. to Wisc. and Tenn. May. 


6. CHELIDONIUM, CELANDINE. (Greek: the swallow ; its flowers 
appearing with the swallows.) @ 


C. majus, Linn. 1°-4° high; branching, with pinnate or twice pinna- 
tifid and toothed or cut leaves, and small yellow flowers in a sort of umbel, 
all summer; old gardens and moist waste places. Eu. 


as GLAUCIUM, HORN POPPY. (Greek: referring to the glaucous 
herbage.) @ @ 


G. luteum, Scop. Stem 1°-5° high, stout, glaucous, and hairy ; leaves 
thickish, lower bipinnatifid, upper sinuate-lobed, clasping ; flowers soli- 
tary, terminal, golden yellow; pod 6’-1° long. Cult. and sparing nat. 
eastward. Eu. 


8. PAPAVER, POPPY. (Name obscure, ancient.) 
* Annuals, flowering in summer ; cult. and weeds of cultivation. 


P. somniferum, Linn. Opium Poppy. Cult. for ornament from the 
Old World (especially double-flowered varieties), and for medical uses. 
Smooth, glaucous, with clasping and wavy leaves, and white or purple 
flowers, which are often much doubled and fringed. Pod large, short- 
oblong. 

P. Rheas, Linn. Corn Poppy of Eu. Low, bristly, with almost pin- 
nate leaves, and deep red or scarlet flowers with a dark eye, or, when 
double, of various colors ; pod small, obovate. 


* * Perennial ; cult. for ornament ; flowering in spring. 


P. orjenta/e, Linn. Ortentat P. Rough-hairy, with tall flower-stalks, 
almost pinnate leaves, and a very large, deep-red flower, under which are 
usually some leafy persistent bracts. Var. BRACTEATUM has these 
bracts larger, petals still larger and deeper red, with a dark spot at the 
base. 

P. nudicau/e, Linn. Dwarr or Icktanp P. Rough-hairy, leaves all 
radical, oblong-spatulate or obovate in outline, pinnatifid ; petals yellow, 
orange, or white ; flower single on a hairy scape 6’-2° high. A widely 

distributed alpine species. 


9. ROMNEYA. (Named for 7. Romney Robinson, an Irish astron- 
omer.) A single species. 

R. Coulteri, Harvey. Smooth shrub, 69-8° high of S. California, or 
nearly herbaceous in cultivation E.; leaves petioled, glaucous, the lower 
ones pinnatifid, upper ones pinnately cut or toothed ; flowers very showy, 
4/6! across. 


FUMITORY FAMILY. 57 


IX. FUMARIACEH, FUMITORY FAMILY. 


Sepals 2, scalelike; petals 4, much larger, also irregular 
and closed, the 2 outer with spreading tips and 1 or both 
spurred or saccate at base, the 2 inner and smaller petals 
united by their spoon-shaped tips, which inclose the anthers 
of the 6 stamens in 2 sets along with the stigma; the middle 
anther of each set is 2-celled, the lateral ones being 1-celled. 
Delicate or tender and very smooth herbs, with colorless and 
inert juice, and much dissected or compound leaves. 


* Corolla heart-shaped or 2-spurred at base ; pod several-seeded. 
1. DICENTRA. Petals slightly cohering with each other. Seeds crested. 
2. ADLUMIA. Petals all permanently united into one slightly heart-shaped body, which 
incloses the small pod. Seeds crestless. Climbing by the very compound leaves. 
«x x Corolla with only one petal spurred at base. 
3. CORYDALIS. Ovary and pod slender, several-seeded. Seeds crested. 
4, FUMARIA. Ovary and small closed fruit globular, 1-seeded. 


1. DICENTRA (meaning 2-spurred in Greek). Often named DiciY- 
TRA or DigLytTRA. 2f Flowers in spring. 


« American species, luw, with delicate decompound leaves and few-flowered 
scapes sent up from the ground in early spring. 


+ Racemes simple, few-flowered ; divisions of leaves linear. 


D. Cucullaria, DC. Dvurcnmay’s Breecues. Common in leaf 
mold in woods N. Foliage and flowers from a sort of granular-scaly 
bulb ; corolla white, tipped with yellow, with the 2 diverging spurs at the 
base longer than the pedicel, the inner petals minutely crested. 

D. Canadénsis, DC. Canapran D. or Squirret Corn. With the 
last N. Underground shoots bearing separate yellow grains, like Indian 
corn, in place of a scaly bulb ; the corolla narrower and merely heart- 
shaped at base, white or delicately flesh-colored, sweet-scented ; inner 
petals prominently crested at tip. 

+ + Racemes compound, although small, clustered ; divisions of leaves 
broad-oblong. 


D. eximia, DC. A rare species in W.N. Y. and S. in Alleghanies, 
also cult., has reddish-purple, drooping, narrow flowers with short- 
hooked spurs ; underground shoots scaly. 

D. formésa, DC., of the Pacific coast, also cult., has broader flowers 
than the last and spurs not hooked. 

* « Cultivated erotic, taller and coarser, leafy-stemmed, many-flowered. 


D. spectébilis, DC. Snowy D. or BLEEDING Heart, very ornamental 
through spring and early summer, with ample Peony-like leaves, and long 
drooping racemes of bright pink-red (or white), heart-shaped flowers 
(1! long) 1; the 2 small sepals fall off in the bud. China. 


2. ADLUMIA, ADLUMIA or CLIMBING FUMITORY. (Named 
for John Adlum, of Washington, D. C., one of the earliest cultivators 
of native grapes, and author of the first American book upon the 
subject.) @ A single species. 


58 MUSTARD FAMILY. 


A. cirrhdsa, Raf. Wild in low, shady grounds, and cult., climbing 
over bushes to a height of 8°-12° by means of the slender, young leat. 
stalks ; leaves delicate and decompound ; flowers flesh-colored in summer. 


3. CORYDALIS. (Greek name for the crested lark.) Our species are 
leafy-stemmed, @) wild in rocky places; flowers spring and summer. 


* Stem strict ; flowers purplish or rose-color, with yellow tips. 


C. glatca, Pursh. Pate Corypatis. Common, 6/-2° high, very 
glaucous ; spur short, rounded ; pods erect, slender, elongated. 


* * Stem ascending ; flowers yellow. 
+ Outer petals wing-crested on the back ; corolla pale yellow, 3"'-4" tong. 


C. flA€vula, DC. Yeviowisu C. Pedicels slender, with conspicuous 
bracts; pods hanging or spreading; seeds sharp-edged, irregularly 
wrinkled ; petal-crest toothed. From Penn. 8. & W. 

C. micrantha, Gray. Pedicels short ; bracts small ; petal-crest entire ; 
pods ascending ; seeds blunt-edged, smooth, and shining. N. C., Mo., 
Minn., and S. 


+ + Outer petals merely keeled on the back, not crested; corolla golden 
yellow, 3' long. 


C. atrea, Willd. Gortpen C. Low and spreading ; petals with a 
spur }/’ long ; spreading or hanging pods, and smooth, blunt-edged seeds. 
From Vermont, W. and S. 

A western var. (occidentalis) has longer flowers, with spur as long as body. 


4. PUMARIA, FUMITORY. (Latin: fumus, smoke.) @ Low, 
leafy-stemmed, with finely cut compound leaves. 


F. officinalis, Linn. Common F. A delicate, small weed, with a close 
spike of small, pinkish, crimson-tipped flowers, in summer. Occasional 
in old gardens, waste places, and dung-heaps. 


X. CRUCIFERZ, MUSTARD FAMILY. 


Herbs, with watery juice, of a pungent taste (e.g. Horse- 
radish, Mustard, Water Cress, etc.) ; cruciferous flowers (of 4 
sepals, 4 petals, with their upper part generally spreading above 
the calyx in the form of a cross); tetradynamous stamens 
(i.e. 6, 2 of them shorter than the other 4; rarely 4 or 2); a 
single 2-celled pistil with 2 parietal placente, forming in 
fruit a silique, or when short a silicle. (See Lessons, Figs. 
235, 236, for the flower, Figs. 401-403 for the fruit, and Figs. 
425-428 for the seed.) The embryo fills the whole seed, and 
has the radicle bent against the cotyledons. Flowers in ra- 
cemes, which are at first short, like simple corymbs, but 
lengthen in fruiting ; no bracts below the pedicels. The blos- 
soms are all nearly alike throughout the family; so that the 
genera are inainly known by the fruit and seed, which are, 
therefore, indispensable and may usually be had before all 
the flowers have passed. 


MUSTARD FAMILY. 59 


$i. Fruit a true pod, opening lengthwise by two valves, which fall away ana leave the 
thin, persistent partition when ripe. 


« Pod flattened parallet to the partition ; the seeds flat or flattish ; seed-leaves edgewise 
to their stem. 


+ Pod broadly oblong or oval, lurge and very flat ; seeds 24 in each cell in 2 rows. 
1. LUNARIA. Seeds winged. Large pod stalked in the calyx. Flowers purple, rather 
large. + + Pod oblong or linear ; seeds in 1 row. 
++ Valves nerveless, 


2. LEAVENWORTHIA. Stems scape-like, 1-few-flowered. Seeds winged. Small 
annuals. 

3. DENTARIA. Stems nuked below, 2-3-leaved above, from a horizontal, fleshy, scaly root- 
stock. Seeds wingless. 

4. CARDAMINE. Stems leafy, from a fibrous root, or at least not from a scaly rootstock. 


Seeds wingless. ., .. Valves with a prominent midrib. 


5. MATTHIOLA. Stigma deeply 2-lobed. Seeds as broad as the partition, winged. 
Flowers large and showy, white to purple. 
6. ARABIS. Stigma only slightly, or not at all, 2-lobed. Seeds winged or margined. 


+ ++ Pod linear, oblong, or even round oval, but the seeds in 2 rows. [See, also, 
Arabis.| 


7. DRABA. Seeds wingless, numerous. Pods flat, various in shape. Flowers small and 
(in ours) white. 
8. ALYSSUM. Seeds winged, 2-4. Pods flat, roundish. Flowers small, yelluw or white. 


* x Pod globular, or cylindric, or 4-angled by the prominent mid-nerves ; seeds wing- 
less. [{Matthiola may be sought here. | 


+ Pod globular or cylindric. 
++ Vaives nerveless ; cotyledons accumbent. (Lessons, Figs. 425, 426.) 


9. LESQUERELLA. Pod about 4seeded. Low, hoary plants with mostly yeHow, 
small flowers. 
10. AUBRIETIA. Pod many-seeded. Stronger, hoary, with purple, rather large flowers. 
11. NASTURTIUM. Pod many-seeded. Aquatic or marsh plants, hairy or smooth, and 
small yellow or white flowers. 
++++ Valves nerved ; cotyledons incumbent. (Lessons, Figs. 427, 428.) 
12. CAMELINA. Pod turgid, obovate, or pear-shaped. Weed, usually in flax. 
+ + Pod linear. 
++ Cotyledons accumbent. 
_ (11. NASTURTIUM.) Valves nerveless. Marsh or aquatic plants. 


18. CHEIRANTHUS. Valves with a strong mid-nerve. Lateral sepals sac-like at base. 
Leaves entire and flowers showy. 

14. BARBAREA. Valves with strong mid-nerve. Sepals nearly equal and alike. Leaves 
lyrate or pinnatifid. 


++ ++ Cotyledons incumbent. (Lessons, Figs. 427, 428.) 
= Flowers purple or rose-colored, or, if white, large. 


15. HESPERIS. Stigma with 2 erect blunt lobes. Flowers pink-purple. Hairs glandular. 
16. MALCOLMIA. Stigma with 2 pointed lobes. Hairs glandless. 
17. THELYPODIUM. Stigma entire. 


== Flowers yellow, or, if white, very small. 


18. ERYSIMUM. Stigma rather large and 2-lobed. Leaves simple. 
19. SISYMBRIUM. Stigma small and entire. Leaves twice pinnatifid. 


++++++ Cotyledons conduplicate. 
20. BRASSICA. Pod more or less beaked. Flowers yellow. 


60 MUSTARD FAMILY. 


* x * Pod short, much flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the valves, there- 
Sore, deeply boat-shaped. Flowers white, small. 


+ Pod several or many-seeded. 
21. CAPSELLA. Pod triangular, or pyriform, with a notch at the top. Weeds. 
++ Pod with 2, or rarely more, seeds. 
++ Corolla regular and small. 


22. LEPIDIUM. Pod thin, smooth, and oval. Erect herbs. 
23. SENEBIERA. Pod thickish and wrinkled, or warty-roughened. Diffuse or prostrate 


herbs. ++++ Corolla irregular, the petals very unequal. 


24. IBERIS. Pod scale-shaped, roundish, or ovate. Flowers white or purple in flat-topped, 
or sometimes elongated, clusters. 


§ 2. Fruit indehiscent, wing-like, 1-seeded. [Senebiera may be sought here.] 


25. ISATIS. Flowers yellow. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded, resembling a small samara or ash- 
fruit. 


§3. Fruit fleshy, or when ripe and dry corky, not opening by valves, 2-many-seeded, 


26. CAKILE. Fruit jointed in the middle; the 2 short joints 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed 
oblong. 

27. RAPHANUS. Fruit several-seeded, with pithy matter, or with constrictions between 
the spherical seeds. 


iL: LUNARIA, HONESTY or SATIN FLOWER. (Latin: the moon, 
from the silvery persistent partition of the pods.) @ @ 2% 


L. Gnnua, Linn. (or L. Brénnis). Common Honesty. Cultivated in 
old-fashioned places, for the singular large oval pods, of which the broad 
white partitions of satiny luster, remaining after the valves have fallen, 
are used for ornament; leaves somewhat heart-shaped; flowers large, 
pink-purple, in early summer. Eu. 

L. rediviva, Linn. Prrenniat Honesty is a much rarer European 
sort, with oblong pods ; seldom met with here. 


2. LEAVENWORTHIA. (For the late M. C. Leavenworth.) Low 
winter annuals, with lyrate leaves. 


L. Michauxii, Torr. Leaves with 7-15 lobes; petals obtuse, purple, 
or nearly white, with yellowish claw; pods even. S. Ind. to Tenn. 
and Mo. 

L. toruldsa, Gray, similar to the preceding, but with notched petals 
and knotty pods, grows in the barrens of Ky. and Tenn. 

L. aurea, Torr., has leaves with 4-7 lobes, petals as in the last, but 
pods even and flowers yellow. N. Ala. and W. 


3. DENTARIA, TOOTHWORT. (Latin: dens, a tooth.) 2f Low 
plants with handsome flowers in early spring. 


D. diphylla, Linn. Two-Leavep T., Pepper Root, or CrinKLE Roor. 
Rootstocks fleshy, long (5/-10/), and toothed, edible ; stem-leaves 2, close 
together, each of 3 rhombic-ovate and toothed leaflets ; root-leaf similar ; 
flowers quite large, white, in spring. Rich woods, N. 

D. heterophylla, Nutt. Rootstocks near the surface, short, promi- 
nent, tubercled ; stem-leaves of 3-petioled leaflets which are oblong-!ance- 
olate to linear, entire or deeply crenate, rarely cut ; flowers in late spring. 
Penn. to Ky. and S. 

D. laciniata, Muhl. Rootstock deep in ground, short, necklace-form, 
or constricted in 2 or 3 places, scarcely toothed ; stem-leaves 3, often in a 


MUSTARD FAMILY. 61 


whorl, each 3-parted into linear or lanceolate leaflets, which are cut or 
cleft into narrow teeth, or the lateral ones 2-lobed; flowers white or rosy 
in spring. Banks of streams, N. 


4. CARDAMINE, BITTER CRESS. (Ancient Greek name.) 2% 
Mostly attractive little plants of spring or early summer. (Lessons, 


Hig, 401.) * Leaves simple. 2 

C. rhombofdea, DC. Stems upright from a small tuber, simple, 
bearing rather large, white, or rose-purple flowers in spring; and leaves 
simple, angled, or sparingly toothed, the lowest rounded or heart-shaped, 
the upper ovate or oblong ; seeds round-oval. In wet places northward. 

C. rotundifdlia, Michx. Mounrain WarerR Cress. Stems weak or 
decumbent, branching; root fibrous; leaves (all much alike) roundish, 
angled; flowers white; seeds oval-oblong. N. J. to Ky. and S. in the 
pecans. * « Leaves pinnate ; flowers showy. 2 

C. praténsis, Linn. Cuckoorrowrr or Lapies’ Smock. Stem as- 
cending from a short perennial rootstock ; leaves with rounded and stalked, 
entire, small leaflets ; flowers in spring, pink or white. Wild, but rare, 
in bogs at the N. A double-flowered variety is an old-fashioned plant in 


eeidens. * * * Leaves pinnate ; flowers small, white. @ or @ 


C. hirsita, Linn. Smavi B. A low and branching insignificant herb, 
usually not hairy ; root slender, fibrous ; leaflets angled or toothed; pods 
narrow, upright. Wet places. Common and variable; flowers spring 
and summer. 


5. MATTHIOLA, STOCK or GILLYFLOWER. (Named for the early 
naturalist, Matthioli.) Cult. garden or house plants, from Eu., 
hoary-leaved, much prized for their handsome and fragrant, pretty, 
large flowers, of which there are very double and showy varieties. 
Colors various, pure, or variegated, through crimson, purple, rose, and 
white. 

M. incdna, Br. Common Stock. 2 @ in cultivation. Stout stem 
becoming almost woody ; not hardy at the N. The source of the Bromp- 
ton and Queen stocks. Flowers many colors. 


M. Gnnua, Sweet. Ten Werxs and Intermeprate Stocks. An her- 
baceous plant, probably only a form of the last. @ 


6. ARABIS, ROCK CRESS. (Name from Arabia.) Flowers spring 
andsummer. Leaves mostly simple and undivided. 
§ 1. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, orbicular, somewhat winged. 
* Flowers not showy, white or whitish ; native. @ @ 
+- Low, spreading ; leaves pinnately parted. 


A. Ludoviciana, Meyer. Nearly smooth; pedicels very short. Open 
grounds, Va. to Mo. and S. 


+ + Erect, leafy-stemmed ; leaves simple; the slender pods ascending or 
erect ; seeds almost wingless. 


A. patens, Sulliy. Downy, 1°-2° high, stem-leaves, oblong-ovate with 
a clasping base ; pedicels spreading ; pods spreading or ascending, tipped 
with a distinct style. Penn. to Ohio and 8, 


02 MUSTARD FAMILY. 


A. hirstta, Scop. Harry R. Mostly rough hairy, 19-29 high ; stem- 
leaves many and sagittate ; pedicels of the small greenish-white flowers 
and the pods s.rictly erect ; style almost 0. Rocks, N. 


+ + + Erect, leafy-stemmed 1°-3° high; leaves simple ; pods 3/-4' long, 
recurved or hanging ; seeds broadly winged. 


A. levigata, Poir. Smoot R. Smooth and glaucous; upper leaves 
sagittate and clasping ; petals scarcely as long as calyx; pods very narrow 
and not very flat, recurving. 

A. Canadénsis, Linn. Sickie Pop. Stem-leaves pointed at both ends, 
pubescent ; petals twice as long as calyx; pods scythe-shaped, vury flat, 
hanging. 


* * Flowers showy, white in spring ; garden species from Eu. 2 


A. alpina, Linn. Axpine R. Low and tufted, hairy or soft-downy ; 
lower leaves oblong-obovate, sharply toothed ; petals gradually narrowed 
to a claw. 

A. G/bida, Stev. Leaves sparingly toothed ; petals abruptly narrowed 
into a claw. 


§ 2. Seeds in 2 more or less distinct rows, at least when young; strict 
and very leafy-stemmed. 


A. perfoliata, Lam. Towrr Mustarp. 2°-4° high, glaucous ; petals 
yellowish-white, little longer than calyx ; pods and pedicels strictly erect. 
N. Eng. to Minn., N. and W. 

A. confinis, Wats. Scarcely glaucous; petals white or rosy, twice 
length of calyx; pods loosely erect to spreading. Canada, 8. to Conn., 
W. to Minn. and Ill. @ 


§ 3. Seeds in 1 row, very small, wingless. 


A. lyrata, Linn. Low R. Delicate, low, nearly smooth, root-leaves 
lyrate ; stem-leaves few and narrow with a tapering base ; bright white 
petals rather conspicuous; pods slender, spreading. @) 

A. dentata, Torr. & Gray. Roughish pubescent; root-leaves oblong, 
toothed ; stem-leaves half-clasping and eared at base ; pods widely spread- 
ing. N.Y. to Mich., Minn.andS. @ 


7. DRABA, WHITLOW GRASS. (Greek: the name of some cress — 
meaning unknown.) Lowherbs, mostly with white flowers ; pods round- 
oval, oblong or linear, flat. Flowers early spring. Winter annuals. 


* Pods longer than their pedicels ; leaves obovate. 


D. Caroliniana, Walt. Leaves entire, hairy, on a very short stem, 
bearing a short raceme or corymb on as cape-like peduncle 1/—4! high ; 
petals not notched ; pods broadly linear, smooth ; in sandy waste places. 

D. cuneifdlia, Nutt. Leaves toothed ; raceme elongated (1/-3') in 
fruit ; petals notched ; pods oblong-linear, hairy. Ill. to E. Kan. and S. 

D. vérna, Linn. Leaves all radical, oblong or lanceolate ; scape 1/—3/ 
high ; petals white, 2-cleft ; pods oval or oblong ; in sandy waste places. 
Introd. from Eu. 


* * Pods equaling or shorter than their pedicels ; leaves oblong to lanceo- 
late. 


Db. brachycdrpa, Nutt. Stems leafy, 2’-4’ high; flowers yellow; 
petals minute or 0; pods smooth. Va, W. 


8. ALYSSUM. (Greek name of a plant.) Cult. for ornament. 


A. maritimum, Lam. Sweet Atyssum. Spreading, green or slightly 
hoary ; leaves lanceolate or linear entire, tapering at the base; flowers 


MUSTARD FAMILY. 638 


small, white, honey-scented, in at length elongated racemes, the round 
little pods with a single seed in each cell. A variety much used for 
borders has paler and white-edged leaves ; flowers all summer in gardens, 
or in the greenhouse in winter. 

A. saxGtile, Linn. Rock A. Low, hoary-leaved, with abundant bright yel- 
low flowers, in spring ; a variety with white-edged leaves is also grown. 2 


). LESQUERELLA. (For the late Leo Lesquereux.) @ @ or Y 
with stellate hairs or scales, and globular, inflated pods. 


L. globdsa, Wats. @or@ Stems spreading; petals bright yellow ; 
style longer than the pod. Ky., Tenn., Mo. Two other species occur in 
our territory W. and S. W. 


10. AUBRIETIA. (For Aubriet, a French botanical draughtsman. ) 
2 Pods cylindric, inflated ; seeds globular. Flowers purple. 


A. deltoidea, DC. Leaves rhombic, with 1 or 2 large teeth. Racemes 
few-flowered. A pretty plant from 8. Eu. for rockeries. Several garden 
varieties. 


11. NASTURTIUM, WATER CRESS, HORSE-RADISH, ete. (Latin: 

nasus tortus, convulsed nose, from the pungent qualities.) Pods short- 

ish or short (from oblong-linear to almost spherical). Here are com- 

bined a variety of plants, widely different in appearance. The following 
are the commonest : 

* Petals white, twice length of calyx; leaves pinnate. 2 Nat. from Eu. 


N. officinale, R. Br. Water Cress. Planted or run wild in streamlets, 
spreading and rooting, smooth ; leaflets 3-11, roundish or oblong ; flowers 
all summer ; pods broadly linear, slightly curved upwards on their spread- 
ing pedicels. Young plants eaten. 


_«* * Petals yellow, little exceeding the calyx ; leaves pinnatifid. O©@ 


N. sessilifldrum, Nutt. Leaves obtusely incised; flowers minute, 
nearly sessile ; pods oblong. Common from Illinois S. 

N. obtisum, Nutt. Leaves pinnately parted or divided; flowers 
minute ; pods longer than the short pedicels. Ill., S. and westward. 

N. paltistre, DC. Marsu Cress. Erect, 19-3° high, with pinnatifid 
or lyrate leaves of several oblong, cut-toothed leaflets ; small yellowish 
flowers ; and small oblong or ovoid pods, mostly shorter than the pedicels. 
A very common homely weed in wet places. 


*« * * Petals white, much longer than the calyx ; leaves undivided or the 
lower pinnatifid. 2 


N. lactistre, Gray. Lake Cress. Aquatic; immersed leaves dissected, 

others entire, serrate, or pinnatifid. Lakes and rivers, N. Y. to Minn., 
and S. W. Detached leaves produce new plants, like leaf-cuttings. 
' WN. Armoracia, Fries. Horse-rapisH. Leaves very large, oblong, or 
lanceolate, chiefly from the ground, crenate, rarely cut, or pinnatifid ; 
pods globular, but seldom seen. Planted or run wild in moist soil. The 
long deep root is a familiar condiment. 


12. CAMELINA, FALSE FLAX. (Greek: dwarf flax; the common 
species was fancied to be a degenerate flax.) @ 

C. sativa, Crantz. Common F. 19-2° high; leaves lanceolate, the 
upper ones sagittate and clasping the stem; the small pale yellow flowers 
followed by obovate turgid pods in a long loose raceme ; style conspicu- 
ous. A weed in grain and flax fields. 


64 MUSTARD FAMILY. 


13. CHEIRANTHUS, WALLFLOWER. (Greek: hand, flower.) 
Slightly, if at all, hoary ; the showy flowers orange, brown-reddish, or 
yellow; seeds flat. 2 


C. Cheiri, Linn. Common WaALiFLower. Stem woody, crowded with 
the narrow and pointed, entire leaves. Cult. from S. Eu., not hardy N., 
a much-prized house-plant. Double varieties are especially ornamental. 


14. BARBAREA, WINTER CRESS. (Anciently called the Herb of 
Santa Barbara.) Seeds oval. Leaves used by some as winter salad, but 
bitterish. (Lessons, Figs. 425, 426.) @ 2 


B. vulgaris, R. Br. Common W. or YELLow Rocket. Smooth, with 
green, (sometimes variegated) lyrate leaves, and bright yellow flowers in 
spring and summer; pods erect, crowded in a dense raceme much thicker 
than their pedicels. Common in old gardens and other rich soil. Cult. 
as a salad ; leaves closely resembling taste of Water Cress. 

B. pracox, R. Br. Earrty W. or Scurvy Grass. Probably a. variety 
of the last, with more numerous and narrower divisions to the leaves ; the 
less erect pods scarcely thicker than their pedicels. Cult. from Penn., S., 
for early salad ; beginning to run wild. 


15. HESPERIS, ROCKET. (Greek: evening, the flowers being fragrant 
then.) Pods long and slender, with a single row of marginless seeds 
in each cell (as broad as the partition) ; flowers rather large. 2 


H. matronalis, Linn. Common or Dame R. Tall and rather coarse ; 
leaves oblong or lanceolate, toothed ; flowers in summer, followed by (2/— 
4’) long and slender yous. Gardens, from Eu., inclined to run wild in 
rich shady soil. 


16. MALCOLMIA. (Named for W. Malcolm, an English gardener.) 
Pods somewhat thickened at the base. Otherwise much like Hesperis. 


M. maritima, Br. Manon Srocx, called Virernra Srock in England, 
but comes from the shores of the Mediterranean ; a garden annual not 
much cult., a span high, with pale green, oblong, or spatulate nearly 
entire leaves, and pretty, pink-red flowers changing to violet-purple ; also 
a white variety (much smaller than those of true Stock) ; pods long and 
slender. 


17. THELYPODIUM. (Greek: female, foot, the ovary in some 
species stalked.) Flowers pink-purple, rather showy. @ 2 
T. pinnatifidum, Wats. (or ARABIS HESPERIDOIDES). Smooth, erect, 
1°-8° high; with rounded or heart-shaped long-petioled root-leaves, 
ovate-lanceolate stem-leaves (2/6! long), the lower on a winged petiole 
or with a pair of small lateral lobes ; petals long-clawed ; pods spreading, 
narrow ; seeds wingless. Banks of the Ohio and W. 


18. ERYSIMUM. (Greek : to draw blisters, from the acridity.) Seeds 
oblong ; sepals nearly equal and alike at the base. 


* Flowers orange. 


E. A4sperum, DC. Wesrern Watitrrower. Wild from Ohio W. & 
S.; like the wild state of the Wallflower, with bright orange-yellow 
flowers, but the seeds are different, and the (3/-4’) long pods quite square 
in the cross-section ; the leaves somewhat toothed and hoary. @ 2 


MUSTARD FAMILY. bd 


E. Perofskidnum, Fisch. & Mey. Stem simple ; leaves lance-spatulate, 
remotely toothed ; flowers showy ; pods about 1’ long, obtusely 4-angled. 
Cult. from Caucasus. ek es 

* * Flowers yellow. 

E. cheiranthoides, Linn. ‘‘TrREAcLE Mustarp or WorMSEED Mustarp. 
Annual; branches slender; leaves lanceolate, almost entire; flowers 
small, yellow; stigma small. Along streams, N. 

E. pulchéllum, Boiss. (or CHEIRANTHUS PULCHELLUS). 2f Compact 
growing, much branched at base ; lower leaves oblong-spatulate, dentate, 
or lyrate, upper oblong or lanceolate, sharply pectinate-dentate ; stigma 
broad as the pod; flowers showy, sulphur-yellow in spring. Cult. from 
Caucasus. 


19. SISYMBRIUM, HEDGE MUSTARD. (An ancient Greek 
name.) Pod either flattened or 4-sided, or the cross-section nearly 
circular; in the common species shortish, lance-awl-shaped, close- 
pressed to the stem; seeds oval, marginless. Flowers small. (Les- 
sons, Figs. 427, 428.) 


S. canéscens, Nutt. Hoary H.or Tansy Mustarp. @ Hoary; leaves 
finely cut, twice-pinnatifid ; flowers minute yellowish ; pods oblong-club- 
shaped, 4-sided on slender horizontal pedicels. Pa. and N. Y. to Ill. and 
S. W. Common W. 

S. officinale, Scop. Common H. @) Stems branching; leaves run- 
cinate ; flowers very small, pale yellow, followed by awl-shaped, obscurely 
6-sided pods close-pressed to the axis of the narrow spike. Coarse weed 
in waste places. Eu. 

S. Thalidna, Gaud. Mousr-kar Cress. @) Leaves obovate or oblong, 
entirely or barely toothed; flowers white; pods linear on spreading 
pedicels. Mass. to Kans. Eu. 


20. BRASSICA, CABBAGE, MUSTARD, &c. (Ancient Latin name 
of Cabbage.) @@ _ Pod oblong or linear, beaked or pointed beyond 
the summit of the valves, by the enlarged and persistent style base ; 
seeds spherical. Cult. from Eu., or run wild as weeds. (Lessons, 
Fig. 235.) 


* Whole plant glaucous-blue when in flower; leaves of the flower-stems 
clasping ; flowers various. 


+ Leaves from the first more or less fleshy throughout, and glaucous-blue 
even when young ; flowers creamy yellow. 


B. oleracea, Linn. Cassacre Trise. ‘The original is a seacoast plant 
of Europe, with thick and hard stem, and pretty, large, pale yellow flowers ; 
upper ones entire, clasping the stem, not auricled at the base; cult. asa 
biennial — the rounded, thick, and fleshy, strongly veined leaves collected 
into a head the first year upon the summit of ashort and stout stem. Cau- 
LIFLOWER and Brocco. have the nourishing matter mainly concentrated 
in short, imperfect, flower-branches collected into a flat head. Kount-rapi 
has the nourishing matter accumulated in the stem, which forms a turnip- 
like enlargement above ground, at the origin of leaves. Kar is more 
nearly the natural state of the species, the fleshy leaves not forming a 
head. Brussets Sprouts has numerous small heads along the stem 
Yelow the top leaves. 

B. Napus, Linn. Rare. Leaves smooth from the first, more deeply 
scalloped than in the last, not forming thickened parts above ground. 

B. campéstris, Linn. Ruva-Baca or SwepisH Turnip. First leaves 
hairy ; the root usually tuberous. 


GRAY’S F. F. & G. BOT. —b 


ae MUSTARD FAMILY. 


+ + Leaves (except upon the flower-stem) thin and green; flowers smatt 
and bright yellow. 


8B. Pé-Tsdi, Bailey. Cuinese CappaGce, Pr-Tsat. Leaves repand- 
sinuate or only rarely somewhat lyrate, smooth or very nearly so, the 
petiole thick and broadly winged ; root annual, fibrous; leaves form a 
loose head, resembling Cos Lettuce. China. 

B. Rapa, Linn. Turnip. Leaves prominently lyrate or interrupted 
below, hairy ; the root tuberous. 


* * Plant green or but slightly glaucous when in flower; leaves of the 
Jlower-stem not prominently clasping ; flowers smail and yellow. 


B. nigra, Koch. Buack Mustarp. Leaves somewhat hairy and divided ; 
pods erect in the raceme or spike, smooth, short, 4-sided (the valves having 
a strong midrib), and tipped with the short, empty, conical base of a 
slender style; seeds dark brown, small, pungent. Cultivated and in 
waste places. Eu. 

B. alba, Boiss. Wuirr Mustarp. Leaves all pinnatifid and rough- 
hairy ; pods spreading in the raceme, bristly hairy, the lower part 
thick and few-seeded; seeds large, pale brown. Run wild, from 
Eu. @ 

8. Sinapistrum, Boiss. Cuartock. Pods knotty, nearly smooth, 
fully one third comprised in a stout 2-edged beak which is either 
empty or 1-seeded ; upper leaves barely toothed. Weed in grain fields. 
Eu. @ 


21. CAPSELLA, SHEPHERD’S PURSE. (Name means a little pod.) 
(Lessons, Figs. 402, 408.) @ 


C. Bursa-Pastéris, Moench. Common S. The commonest of weeds, in 
waste places ; root-leaves pinnatifid or toothed, those of the stem sagit- 
tate and partly clasping; small white flowers followed by the triangular 
and notched pods, in a long raceme. 


22. LEPIDIUM, PEPPERGRASS, CRESS. (Greek: little scale, from 
the pods.) Our common species have incised or pinnatifid leaves, and 
wery small white or whitish flowers. @ 


* Plant green. 
+ Leaves large, clasping ; hairy. 


L. campéstre, Br., has run wild (from Eu.) eastward. Known by its 
strict habit, entire or only toothed leaves, and ovate winged rough pod. 


+ + Leaves small, tapering at base, the lower ones at length falling ; 
smooth. 


L. Virginicum, Linn. Wiip P. Cotyledons accumbent; petals pres- 
ent, and usually only 2 stamens; the little pods scarcely margined at the 
notched tops ; seeds flat. A common weed by roadsides. 

L. intermédium, Gray. Cotyledons incumbent as in the following ; 
pod minutely wing-margined at top; petals minute or0. W.N. Y. and 
N. Ill., N. and W. in dry places. 

L. rudera/e, Linn., introduced from Europe, is much less common, more 
branched, with no petals, the smaller scarcely notched pods and turgid 
seeds marginless. * * Plant very glaucous. 

L. sativum, Linn. GArpEeN Cress. Cultivated as a salad plant, has 
petals, and the larger ovate pods are winged and slightly notched at 
the top; leaves (except the very uppermost) compound or much divided. 
Lu. 


MUSTARD FAMILY. 67 


23. SENEBIERA, WART CRESS, SWINE CRESS. (For. Senebier, 
a distinguished physiologist.) Prostrate @ and @, with minute whit- 
ish flowers. Weeds from Eu. 


S. didyma, Pers. Pods rough-wrinkled, notched at apex. Waste places. 
Mass. and S. near seacoast. 

S. Coronépus, DC. Pods warty, not notched at the apex. R. I. to 
Va. at seaports. 


24. IBERIS, CANDYTUFT. (Jberia, an old name for Spain.) The 
2 petals on the outer’ side of the flower much larger than the others. 
Pods scale-shaped, roundish or ovate, notched at the wing-margined 
top. Low garden plants, from Europe, much cultivated for orna- 


ment. * Perennial, woody at the base. 

I. sempérvirens, Linn. EverGreenC. Rather woody-stemmed, tufted, 
with bright green, lanceolate or linear-spatulate, thickish, entire leaves, 
and flat clusters of pure white flowers, in spring. 3 

1. Gibraltérica, Linn., with large, rose-purple flowers in early spring, and 
wedge-shaped leaves, is occasionally seen ; not hardy N. 


* * Annual. 


/. umbellata, Linn. Common C. Lower leaves lanceolate, the upper 
linear and entire; flowers purple-lilac (or pale), in flat clusters in sum- 
mer. Eu. 

!. coronaria, Don. Rocker C. Leaves lanceolate, coriaceous, sparingly 
toothed. Flowers pure white in dense, spike-like racemes in summer. 
Nativity uncertain. 


25. ISATIS, WOAD. (Name of obscure derivation.) @) One com- 
mon species of Eu. 


/. tinctéria, Linn. Dyrer’s Woap. Rather tall, glabrous and glaucous, 
the stem-leaves lanceolate and entire, sessile and somewhat sagittate ; 
racemes of small yellow flowers panicled, succeeded by the hanging 
samara-like closed pods ; flowers in early summer. Old gardens ; formerly 
cult. for a blue dye. 


26. CAKILE, SEA ROCKET. (Anold Arabic name.) @® 


C. Americana, Nutt. American S. A fleshy herb, wild on the shore 
of the sea and Great Lakes, with obovate wavy-toothed leaves, and pur- 
plish flowers. 


27. RAPHANUS, RADISH. (Greek: to appear quickly, referring 
to the very rapid germination of the seeds.) @ @) From the Old 
World. 


R. Raphanistrum, Linn. Witp R. or Jointep Cuartock. Leaves 
rough lyrate ; petals yellow, changing to whitish or purplish, and pods 
narrow, long-beaked, divided across between the several seeds, so as to 
become necklace-form. Troublesome weed in cult. fields. 

R. sativus, Linn. Ravpisn. Lower leaves lyrate; flowers purple and 
whitish, and closed pods thick and pointed ; the seeds separated by ir- 
regular fleshy false partitions ; cult. for the tender and fleshy pungent 
root ; inclined to run wild. 

R. caudatus, Linn. Rart-rart RavisH. Probably a form of the last. 
with small woody root and pods (used for pickles) 6’—12’ long. 


63° MIGNONETTE FAMILY. 


XI. CAPPARIDACEH, CAPER FAMILY. 


Herbs (in our region) resembling Crucifere, but with sta- 
mens not tetradynamous and often more than 6, no partition 
in the pod (which is therefore 1-celled with two parietal pla- 
cent), and kidney-shaped seeds, the embryo rolled up instead 
of folded together; the leaves commonly palmately compound, 
and the herbage bitter and nauseous instead of pungent. But 
in warm regions the cress-like pungency sometimes appears, 
as in capers, the pickled flower-buds of CApPARIS SPINOSA of 
the Levant. This and its near relatives are trees or shrubs. 


1. CLEOME, Calyx 4-cleft. Petals4. Stamens 6, ona short, thickened receptacle. Ovary 
and many-se@ded pod in ours raised above the receptacle on a long stalk. Style very 
short or none. Usually an appendage on 1 side of the receptacle. 

2. POLANISIA. Sepals 4. Stamens 8-32. Ovary and pod sessile or short-stalked on the 
receptacle. Style present. Otherwise nearly as in No. 1. 

8. GYNANDROPSIS. Sepals 4. Stamens borne on the long stalk of the ovary far above 
the petals. Otherwise as in No. 1. 


1. CLEOME. (Name of uncertain derivation.) @ 


C. pingens, Willd. Tall (2°9-4° high), clammy-pubescent, with little 
spines or prickly points (whence the name) in place of stipules, about 7 
broadly lanceolate leaflets, but the bracts simple and ovate or heart-shaped, 
and a raceme of large and handsome flowers, with long-clawed, pink or 
purple petals and declined stamens. Cult. from 8. A., and run wild S. 

C. integrifolia, Torr. & Gray, much smaller, smooth, with 3 leaflets 
and the pink petals without claws, is wild in Minn. to Kans., and cult. in 
gardens, also for bees under the name Rocky Mountain BEE PLANtT. 


2. POLANISIA. (Greek: many unequal, referring to the stamens.) 


P. gravéolens, Raf. A heavy-scented (as the name denotes), rather 
clammy, low herb, with 3 oblong leaflets, and small flowers with short 
white petals, about 11 scarcely longer purplish stamens, and a short style ; 
flowers summer. Wild on gravelly shores from Vt. to Md. and W. 


3. GYNANDROPSIS. (Greek: meaning that the stamens appear to 
be on the pistii.) (Lessons, Fig. 357.) 


G. pentaphylla, DC. Clammy-pubescent weed, with 5 leaflets to the 
leaves and 3 to the bracts; the white petals on claws. West Indies; 
naturalized from Carolina, S. 


XII. RESEDACEH, MIGNONETTE FAMILY. 
Herbs, with inconspicuous flowers in spikes or racemes. 


Id. RESEDA, MIGNONETTE, etc. (Latin: to calm, from supposed 
sedative properties.) Calyx 4-7-parted, never closed even in the bud; 
petals 4-7, unequal, cleft or notched, those of one side of the flower ap- 
pendaged within; stamens 10-40, borne on a sort of disk dilated on 
one side of the flower ; ovary and pod composed of 3-6 carpels, united not 
guite to the top into a 3-6-lobed or 3-6-horned, 1-celled pistil which 


ROCKROSE FAMILY. 69 


opens at the top long before the seeds are ripe ; the seeds are numerous, 
kidney-shaped, on 3-6 parietal placent ; leaves alternate. 


* Leaves not compound; flowers yellowish. 


R. odorata, Linn. Common Micnonette. @ Anthers orange; petals 
6, the posterior ones cut into several fine lobes; stems low; some leaves 
entire and oblong, others 3-lobed. N. Africa. Cult. for the delicious 
scent of the yellowish-white flowers. 

R. Lutéofa, Linn. Dyrer’s Weep or We Lp. ‘Tali, with lanceolate, entire 
leaves, and a long spike of yellowish flowers; petals 4. Nat. along road- 
sides. Eu. 

* * Leaves compound, or essentially so ; flowers white. 


R. Giba, Linn. Wuire or Upricnt M. @ or @, 29-3° high, with 
long, dense spikes of white flowers with brown anthers, and leaves all 
pinnate or pinnatifid, the divisions lanceolate. Cult. from 8. Eu. 


XIII. PITTOSPORACE#, PITTOSPORUM FAMILY. 


A small family of shrubs and trees, belonging mostly to 
the southern hemisphere, a few in common cultivation: 


1. PITTOSPORUM. (Greek: pitch, seed; the seeds are generally 
covered with a sticky exudation.) Flowers regular, of 5 sepals, 5 
petals, and 5 stamens; the claws of the petals sometimes slightly 
united; ovary l-celled with 3 parietal placente; a single style and 
stigma ; fruit a globular woody pod, many-seeded. Greenhouses. 


P. Tobira, Ait. Common P. Leaves obovate and retuse, evergreen, 
crowded at the end of the branches, which are terminated by a small, 
sessile umbel of white, fragrant flowers, produced in winter. Japan. A 
low tree cultivated as a house-plant N., hardy S. 

P. undulatum, Andr., from Australia, has oval-lanceolate undulated 
leaves tapering at both ends, and white flowers in close panicles. 

P. viridiflorum, Sims (or P. Srvénse), from the Cape of Good Hope, 
has obovate and retuse leaves and greenish-yellow jasmine-scented flowers 
in somewhat globose panicles. 


XIV. CISTACEH, ROCKROSE FAMILY. 


Shrubby or low herbaceous plants, with regular flowers; a 
persistent calyx of 5 sepals, two of them exterior and resem- 
bling bracts; the petals and stamens on the receptacle; the 
style single or none; ovary 1-celled with 3 or 5 parietal pla- 
cente (Lessons, Fig. 334), bearing orthotropous ovules. 


1. HELIANTHEMUM. Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious (falling at the close of 
the first day), or none. Stamens and ovules many in the complete flower ; placents 3. 
Style none or short. Low, yellow-flowered ; in sandy or gravelly soil. 

2. HUDSONIA. Petals 5, fugacious, much larger than the calyx. Stamens 9-30. Style 
slender. Ovyules 2-6. Heath-like shrubs, 6'-12' high; leaves minute, downy, closely 
covering the branches ; flowers small, yellow, opening in sunshine in spring and sum- 
mer. Near the coast and Great Lakes. 


70 ROCKROSE FAMILY. 


3. LECHEA. Petals 3, persistent, not longer than the calyx. Stamens 3-12. Style none 
Pod partly 3-celled, 6-seeded. Small homely herbs, with inconspicuous, greenish, or 
purplish flowers, and pods about the size of a pin’s head, whence the popular name. 
Flowers summer and autumn in sterile soil. 


1. HELIANTHEMUM, ROCKROSE. (Greek: sun, flower; the 
blossoms opening only in sunshine.) (Lessons, Figs, 334, 430.) 2 


H. Canadénse, Michx. Frostwrerep. Lance-oblong leaves, hoary 
beneath ; flowers produced all summer, some with showy corolla 1! broad 
and many stamens ; others small and clustered along the stem, with in- 
conspicuous corolla and 3-10 stamens; the latter produce small, few-seeded 
pods. The only one common N. Popular name from the formation of 
crystals of ice in late autumn about the cracked bark of the root. 

H. corymboésum, Michx. Downy all over, with smaller flowers clus- 
tered at the top of the stem, and larger ones long-peduncled. Along the 
coast from N. J., S. 

H. vulgare, Gertn. The Rockrossr, of the Old World; with yellow, 
whitish, or red flowers in racemes and procumbent stems; occasionally 
grown in gardens. 

H. Carolinianum, Michx. Hairy, with green leaves, the lower obvate 
and clustered ; flowers all large-petaled and scattered, in spring. S. States. 


2. HUDSONIA. (For an English botanist, William Hudson.) 2 


H. ericoides, Linn. Greenish; leaves awl-shaped ; flowers peduncled. 
From Va., N. 

H. tomentosa, Nutt. Hoary with soft down ; leaves oblong or oval 
and close-pressed ; peduncles short or hardly any. From Md. to Me. 
and about the Great Lakes. 


3. LECHEA, PINWEED. (For Leche, a Swedish botanist.) 2 


* Hairs long and soft, spreading; leaves oblong; flowers in small 
cymose Clusters. 


L. major, Michx. Larcer P. Stem upright, hairy, 1°-2° high ; leaves 
elliptical, mucronate ; flowers densely clustered. Borders of sterile wood- 
lands. 

* * Hairs appressed ; leaves mostly narrower ; flowers paniculate. 
+ Leaves thin, cauline ones, oval or oblong ; panicles leafy. 


L. thymifdlia, Michx. Erect, about 2° high; pod obovate-globose. 
Atlantic coast. 


+ + Leaves firm, cauline ones linear to slender awl-shaped; panicles 
rather naked and raceme-like. 


++ Pod nearly globose. 


L. minor, Linn. SmaLiter P. Stems low, 12’-18! high, rather strict ; 
flowers loosely clustered. Open sterile ground. 

Var. maritima, Gray, is stouter and stitfer, with linear, hoary, radical 
leaves. In sandy soil, Mass. S., near the coast. 

L. tenuifodlia, Michx. Low, slender and diffuse ; leaves very narrow 
and small. E. Mass. to Mo. and 8S. 


++ ++ Pod ellipsoidal. 


L. racemuldsa, Lam. Erect, leaves oblong-linear ; inflorescence loose. 
Dry places, Long Island to Ky. and 8S. 


VIOLET FAMILY. Vie! 


XV. VIOLACEH, VIOLET FAMILY. 


Herbs. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, more or less un- 
equal, the lower one with a sac or spur at the base. (Lessons, 
Figs. 237, 238, 276, 347, 420, 429.) Stamens 5, short; the 
very broad flat filaments conniving or cohering around the 
pistil. Style usually clubshaped; stigma 1-sided. Ovary 
and pod 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentz, containing several 
rather large seeds. Herbs, with stipules to the alternate 
leaves, and 1-flowered peduncles. 


1. VIOLA. Sepals eared at base; stamens distinct, the two lower bearing spurs which 
extend into the spur of the corolla. Cleistogamous blossoms are common and highly 
fruitful, especially among stemless species. (See Lessons, p. 115.) 

2. SOLEA. Sepals not eared at base; stamens united into a sheath having a broad gland 
below instead of spurs. 


qi: VIOLA, VIOLET, HEART’S-EASE. (The ancient Latin name. ) 


* STEMLEsS VIOLETS, with leaves and peduncles all from creeping or sub- 
terranean rootstocks, there being no proper ascending stems ; all flower- 
ing in spring. 

+ Garden species, from Europe ; fragrant. 


V. odorata, Linn. Sweet Vioret. Tufts spreading by creeping run- 
ners ; leaves rounded heart-shaped, more or less downy ; flowers violet- 
blue, varying to white; single, or in cultivation commonly full double. 
Hardy. 

+ + Wild species; only slightly sweet-scented or scentless. 


++ Flowers blue or violet-color. 


= Rootstock short and thick; stigma not beaked; lateral petals not 
bearded. 


V. pedata, Linn. Birp-roor V. Leaves all cut into linear divisions 
or lobes; the flower large, beardless, usually light violet-color, sometimes 
whitish, sometimes the two upper petals deep dark violet, like a pansy ; 
sandy or light soil. 


= = Rootstock fleshy and thickened ; stigma beaked; spur short and sac- 
like ; lateral petals bearded. 


V. pedatftida, G. Don. (or V. perniniroria). Leaves all palmately 
divided or parted ; segments 2-3-cleft ; lobes linear. Prairies, Il. W. 

V. palmata, Linn. Common Brive V. Rootstocks matted, scaly- 
toothed; leaves erect and heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, obscurely 
serrate, the later ones, 3-7-cleft or parted, with the sides at the base 
rolled in when young, on long petioles ; flowers sometimes pale or varie- 
gated with white. 

The var. cucullata, Gray, has the later leaves merely crenate, not 
lobed. Both forms very variable and common. 

V. sagittata, Ait. Arrow-Leavep V. Leaves varying from oblong- 
heart-shaped to ovate and often rather halberd-shaped, toothed near base, 
the earlier ones on short and margined petioles ; flower large in propor- 
tion ; common. 


te VIOLET FAMILY. 


= = = Rootstock long and slender, extensively creeping ; spur almost as 
long as the beardless petals. 


V. Selkirkii, Pursh. Sevkirx’s V. Small, only 2’ high, the rounded, 
heart-shaped leaves spreading flat on the ground; the flower large in pro- 
portion ; on shady banks, only N. 


++ ++ Flowers (small) white, the lower petal purplish-veined. 


V. blanda, Willd. Sweer Wuire V. Very common, with faintly 
sweet-scented flowers; petals mostly beardless ; leaves rounded heart- 
shaped or kidney-shaped. 

V. primulefodlia, Linn. Primrose-Lpavep V. Between the last and 
next, has oblong or ovate leaves, abrupt or cordate at base; petals spar- 
ingly bearded. ‘Toward the coast. 

V. lanceolata, Linn. Lancre-Leavep V. Leaves lanceolate, tapering 
into long petioles; petals beardless. Commonest E. and S. 


a+ ++ ++ Flowers yellow ; lateral petals with brown veins. 


V. rotundifdlia, Michx. Rounp-LEAvEp V. Leaves roundish, heart- 
shaped, flat on the ground, becoming large and shining insummer ; spreads 
by runners ; flowers small. In cold woods N., and §. in Alleghanies. 


* * LEAFY-STEMMED VIOLETS, wild, perennial; flowering in spring and 
summer ; stipules not leaf-like. 


~ Stipules entire; spur very short. 
++ Stems 2-4-leaved above, naked below ; flowers yellow, short-spurred. 


V. pubéscens, Ait. Downy Yettow V. Soft-downy, also a rather 
smooth variety; leaves broadly heart-shaped; stipules large. Woods, 
common. 

V. hastata, Michx. Hatserp-LeEAvEDV. Smoother; leaves halberd- 
shaped or oblong-heart-shaped ; stipules small. Scarce W. and 8S. 


++ ++ Stems more leafy ; flowers white and violet. 


V. Canadénsis, Linn. Canapa V. Common in rich woods N. and 
W.; 1°-2° high, large-leaved; flowers all summer; the petals white or 
purplish above, the upper ones violet-purple underneath ; spur very short 
and blunt. 


+ + Stipules fringe-toothed ; spur oblong to cylindrical; flowers white 
or violet. 


V. striata, Ait. Pare V. Low; flowers creamy-white, with lower petal 
purple-lined ; spurshort; stipules large in proportion. Not rare N. and W. 

V. rostrata, Pursh. Lonc-spurrep V. 6’ high, and slender spur 
longer than the pale violet, beardless petals. Fields N. and W. 

V.canina, Linn. Doc V., the Amer, variety (var. Muhlenbergit, 
Gray). Low, with creeping branches or short runners ; spur cylindric, 
half the length of the violet flower; lateral petals slightly bearded ; com- 
mon in low grounds. 


* * * Pansy Viovtets, from Europe, with leafy and branching stems and 
large, leaf-like stipules ; flowering through the spring and summer. 


V. tricolor, Linn. Pansy or Hearr’s-Ease. Cult. or running wild in 
gardens, low, with roundish leaves or the upper oval and lowest heart- 
shaped ; stipules lyrate-pinnatifid ; petals of various colors, and often 
variegated, and under cultivation often very large and showy, the spur 
short and blunt. Var. arvéns/s, is a field variety, slender and small- 
flowered, thoroughly naturalized in some places. @ @) 2 

¥. cornuta, Linn. Hornep V. Sometimes cult. in borders ; has stipules 
merely toothed, and light violet-purple flowers with a very long and 
slender spur. 2{  Il’yrenees, 


PINK FAMILY. 73 


2. SOLEA, GREEN VIOLET. (For William Sole, author of an essay 
on British Mints.) 2 


S. céncolor, Ging. 1°-2° high; stems leafy, with 1-3 small, greenish, 
axillary flowers; leaves oblong, entire. N. Y. to Kan. and S. 


XVI. CARYOPHYLLACEH, PINK FAMILY. 


Bland herbs, with opposite, entire leaves, regular flowers with 
‘not over 10 stamens, a commonly 1-celled ovary with the ovules 
rising from the bottom of the cell or on a central column, and 
with 2-5 styles or sessile stigmas, mostly separate to the 
base. (Lessons, p. 108, Figs. 331, 332.) Seeds with a slender 
embryo on the outside of a mealy albumen, and usually curved 
into a ring around it. Calyx persistent. Petals sometimes 
minute or wanting. Two great divisions or tribes, viz. the true 
Pink Famity and the CuickKWEED FAMILY. 


I. PINK SUBFAMILY. Sepals (5) united below into a 
tube or cup. Petals with slender claws, which are inclosed in 
the calyx tube, and commonly raised within it (with the 10 
stamens), on a sort of stalk, often with a cleft scale or crown 
at the junction of the blade and claw. (Lessons, p. 90, Fig. 
248.) Pod mostly opening at the top, many-seeded. 

« Calyx with a scaly cup or set of bracts at its base; seeds attached by their face; 
embryo nearly straight. 
1. DIANTHUS. Calyx cylindrical, faintly many-striate. Petals without a crown. Styles 2. 


* x Calyx naked at base; seeds attached by the edge; embryo curved. 
+ Styles 2. 
2. SAPONARIA. Calyx cylindrical, pyramidal, or oblong, often angled, 5-toothed. Pod 
4-valved at the top. 
8. GYPSOPHILA. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, or thin and delicate below the sinuses. Pod 
4-valyed. Flowers small and panicled, resembling those of Sandwort, etc. 


+ + Styles3 or more. 


4. LYCHNIS. Styles 5, rarely 4. Calyx opening by 5 or more teeth. 
5. SILENE. Styles 3. Calyx opening by 3-6 teeth. 


Il. CHICKWEED SUBFAMILY. Petals spreading, 
without claws, occasionally wanting. Sepals (4 or 5) separate, 
or united only at base, or rarely higher up. Flowers small, 
compared with the Pink Family, and the plants usually low 
and spreading or tufted. 

* Without stipules ; generally with petals ; pod several-seeded. 


+ Styles opposite the sepals, or when. fewer, opposite those which are exterior in the bud. 


6. ARENARIA. Petals entire. rarely none. Stylescommonly 3. Pod globular or oblong, 
splitting into as many or twice as many valves as there are styles. 


T4 PINK FAMILY. 


7. STELLARIA. Petals white, 2-cleft, or sometimes none. Styles usually 8, sometimes 
4. Pod globular or ovoid, splitting into twice as: many valves as there are styles. 

8. CERASTIUM. Petals longer than the calyx, notched at the end or 2-cleft, rarely none. 
Styles 5. Pods cylindrical, opening at the top by 10 teeth. 


+ + Styles 4 or 5, alternate with the 4 or 5 sepals. 


9. SAGINA. Petals entire or none. Pod splitting into 4 or 5 valves. Small plants, 1'-6' 
high, tufted. 


«x x With scarious stipules between the leaves, rather conspicuous and entire petals, 
and a many-seeded 3-5-valved pod. 


10. BUDA. Leaves opposite. Styles usually 3. Flowers reddish, produced all summer. 
11. SPERGULA. Leavesin whorls. Styles 5, as many as the sepals and alternate with 
them. Flowers otherwise as in Buda. 


1. DIANTHUS, PINK. (Greek: Jove’s flower.) All but the first 
species cultivated for ornament ; flowers summer, 


* Flowers sessile and many in a close cluster ; bracts lance-awl-shaped. 


D. Arméria, Linn. Derrrorp Pink. @ A rather insignificant plant ; 
leaves hairy, linear; flowers very small, scentless ; petals rose-color with 
whitish dots. Eu. Nat. eastward. 

D. barbatus, Linn. Sweer Wixviam or Buncu Pink. Leaves oblong- 
lanceolate, green; various colored flowers in a very flat-topped cluster ; 
the petals sharply toothed. Abounds in all country gardens; many 
double-flowered choice varieties. 2/ Eu. 


x * Flowers single at the ends of the branches; leaves narrow and often 
grass-like, rather rigid, glabrous and glaucous, usually without any evi- 
dent veins. 

+ Bracts linear, acute, as long as the calyx. @ @ 


D. Chinénsis, Linn. (or D. Heppewferr). Curna or InpIAN Pink. 
Leaves lanceolate, short, and broad, less rigid than any of the following ; 
the large petals toothed or cut, of various colors, red predominating. Nu- 
merous garden varieties, —dwarf, double and single-flowered, some with 
deeply cut petals. 

++ Bracts short and mostly broad. 2 


++ Petals deeply fringed. 


D. plumarius, Linn. Common Pryx of old gardens. A low, hardy 
species, making broad tufts, with small, very glaucous leaves, sending up 
flower-stems in early summer, the white, or pink, or variegated petals 
cut into a fringe of slender lobes. Eu. 

D. supérbus, Linn. ‘Taller, less tufted, and later-flowered; the large 
petals entirely dissected into delicate, almost capillary divisions. Eu. 


++ ++ Petals dentate or entire. 


D. Caryophyllus, Linn, Carnation, Clove Pryk, PicoTer, GRENA- 
DINE, etc. Stems hard or almost woody below ; long-linear, very glaucous 
leaves ; the bracts very short and broad. Various colors, as white, pink, 
red, yellow, and variegated. In this country grown mostly indoors, but 
there are many hardy border varieties. Eu. 

D. deltoides, Linn. A low plant (1° or so high) growing in mats; 
leaves short, narrowly lanceolate, roughish ; bracts sharp and half as long 
as calyx-tube ; petals rose-color or white. Cult. from Eu. and occasion- 
ally naturalized. 


2. SAPONARIA, SOAPWORT. (Latin and common names from 
the mucilaginous juice of the stem and root forming a lather.) From 
Eu. (Lessons, Fig. 248.) 


PINK FAMILY. 75 


* Petals notched ; plants smooth. 


S. officinalis, Linn. Common S. or Bouncine Bet. 1°-2° high; leaves 
ovate or oval; flowers rather large, rose-color or white, single or double, 
in dense clusters; the petals crowned; calyx not angled. Cult. and 
along roadsides. 2 

S. Vaccdria, Linn. Cow Hers. Leaves lanceolate and pale, partly 
clasping ; flowers pale red in loose open cyme ; calyx becoming strongly 
winged. Cult. and runs wild. @ 


x * Petals entire; plant hairy. 


S. ocymoides, Linn. Basti S. Profusely branched ; leaves ovate-lance- 
olate acute ; calyx purplish, cylindric ; petal-limb not narrowed. Cult. 2 


3. GYPSOPHILA. (Greek: loving gypsum, because preferring cal- 
careous soil.) 


G. paniculata, Linn. Basy’s Brearu. Very smooth, pale, 19-2° high ; 
with lance-linear leaves and branches repeatedly forking into very loose 
and light cymes, bearing innumerable very small and delicate white 
flowers. Cult. 2f Eu. 

G. 6legans, Lieb. Exvecant G. 19-2° high, loosely spreading ; with 
lanceolate leaves much larger (4/ broad) and fewer flowers, white or 
slightly rosy. Cult. @ Caucasus. 

G. muralis, Linn. Low, leaves very narrowly linear; flowers purplish 
on slender pedicels solitary in the forks. Sparinglv naturalized from Eu. 
and cult. (@) 


4. LYCHNIS. (Greek: lamp, an old name applied to some flame- 
colored species.) All from the Old World; flowers summer. 


§ 1. Calyx with long, leaf-like lobes ; petals not crowned. @ 


L. Githago, Lam. Corn Cocxie. Hairy, with long, linear leaves, and 
long-peduncled, showy, red-purple flowers ; in fruit the calyx-lobes fall- 
ing off. A weed in grainfields, the black seeds injurious to the grain. 


§ 2. Calyx without long, leaf-like lobes ; petals crowned with a 2-cleft little 
scale or pair of teeth on the base of the blade or at the top of the claw. 2 2) 


* Flowers in dense cymes, 1! or less broad. 


L. Chalced6nica, Linn. ScarterL. Very common in country gardens ; 
tall, rather hairy, and coarse, with lance-ovate, partly clasping green leaves, 
and a very dense, flat-topped cluster of many smallish flowers ; the bright 
scarlet or brick-red petals deeply 2-lobed. 

L. Viscaria, Linn. Occasional in gardens; smooth, but the slender 
stem glutinous towards the top ; leaves linear ; flowers many, in a narrow, 
raceme-like cluster, rather small; calyx tubular or club-shaped ; petals 
pink-red, slightly notched ; also a double-flowered variety. 

L. alpina, Linn. Dwarf, 6’ high, tufted ; quite smooth ; leaves crowded ; 
flowers in a round-topped cluster, petals deeply notched. Perhaps a var. 
of the preceding. Eu. 


* * Flowers few or single, very large (2! or more). 


L. grandifléra, Jacq. Smooth; leaves oblong, tapering to both ends; 
flowers short peduncled ; the red or scarlet petals fringe-toothed at the 
end. Cult. from China. 

L. falgens, Fischer. Hairy, 1°-2° high; leaves ovate-lanceolate ; 
flowers bright vermilion ; petals deeply cleft, with 2 linear, awl-shaped, 
lateral lobes. Siberia. 


76 PINK FAMILY. 


* « * Flowers smaller, scattered or in ioose clusters. 
+ Petal limb slightly notched. 


L. coronaria, Lam. Mutvein Lycunis, Dusty Mitcter or MuLiein 
Pink. Cult. in gardens; the flower crimson and like that of Corn 
Cock Le ; teeth of the calyx short and slender ; plant white-cottony ; leaves 
oval or oblong. @) 2, 


a- + Petal limb cleft intv 4-linear lobes. 


L. Flos-cucul/, Linn. Cuckoo L. RaGGep Rosin is the double-flowered 
variety, in gardens. Slightly downy and glutinous, with lanceolate leaves, 
and an open panicle of pink-red flowers. 


+ + + Petal limb 2-cleft. 


L. diirna, Sibth. Day-sioomine L. Double-flowered form also called 
RaGGeEp Rosin in the gardens; smoothish or soft-hairy, slightly sticky ; 
leaves oblong or lance-ovate, the upper ones pointed ; flowers scattered 
or somewhat clustered on the branches, rose-red or white, opening in 
morning. 

L. vespertina, Sibth. Evrninc-BLoomine L. Sticky pubescent ; calyx 
ovate, enlarging; the flowers commonly dicecious, white, and open after 
sunset ; the root biennial. But a full, double, day-flowering perennial 
variety in gardens, is a white sort of Raccep Roxsin. A weed in some 
waste grounds. (@Q) 


5. SILENE, CATCHFLY. (Greek, saliva; both names refer to the 
sticky exudation on stems and calyx of several species, by which small 
insects are often caught.) Flowers mostly all summer. (Lessons, 
Figs. 259, 356.) 


* Calyx inflated or bladdery; petals rather small, white, crownless or 
nearly so; not sticky. 2 


S. stellata, Ait. Srarry Campion. Smooth; stem slender, 2°-3° 
high ; leaves in whorls of 4, lance-ovate, pointed ; flowers in a long and 
loose panicle ; petals cut into afringe. Wild on wooded banks. 

S. Cucubalus, Wibel. (or S. i1nFLATA). BiappER Campion. Glaucous 
or pale and very smooth, 1° high ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, oppo- 
site ; flowers loosely cymose; the bladdery calyx veiny ; petals 2-cleft. 
Nat. from Eu., N. Eng. to Il. 


* * Calyx inflated; sticky pubescent; petals red or white, crowned. Q@) 


S. péndula, Linn. Whole plant reddish. Leaves oval-lanceolate, op- 
posite ; calyx obovate, purplish, the nerves darker ; petals deeply notched. 
Cult. from S. Eu. 


* * « Calyx not inflated, oblong, tubular, or club-shaped ; somewhat sticky 
pubescent ; wild species with crowned pink or red petals. 2 


S. Pennsylvanica, Michx. Prnnsytvanran C. or Witp Pixx. Stems 
4/_8' high, bearing 2 or 3 pairs of lanceolate leaves and a cluster of short- 
stalked middle-sized flowers in spring; petals pink-red, wedge-shaped, 
slightly notched. Gravelly soil. N. Eng. to Ky. and S. 

S. Virginica, Linn. Virei1an C. or Fire Pink. 1°-2° high; leaves 
spatulate or lanceolate; flowers few, peduncled ; the pretty, large, bright, 
crimson-red petals 2-cleft. Open woods W. and S. 

S. régia, Sims. Royart C. Like the last, but 3° high, with lance- 
ovate leaves, numerous short-peduncled flowers in a narrow panicle, and 
narrower, scarlet-red petals, scarcely cleft. Prairies, etc., Ohio to Mo. 
and S, 


~PINK FAMILY. 17 


* * * * Calyx not inflated; petals crowned. Weeds or cult. @ @ 


+ Smooth, a part of each of the upper joint of stems glutinous; flowers 
small. 


S. Arméria, Linn. Swerer Witiiam C. Stem about 1° high; flowers 
showy in flat-topped cymes ; calyx slender, club-shaped ; petals notched, 
bright pink, or a white variety, opening only in sunshine; leaves lance- 
ovate, glaucous. Eu. Cult. and esqaped. 

S. compacta, Fischer. 12'-18’ high; flowers in dense cymes (almost 
fascicled) ; petals with an obovate, entire, or erose limb. @) Cult. from 
Caucasus. 

S. antirrhina, Linn. Svteery C. Stem slender, 8/-30! high, rather 
simple ; flowers very small, panicled ; calyx ovoid; petals rose-color, ob- 
cordate, opening only at midday in sunshine ; leaves lanceolate or linear. 
Dry soil; common. 


+ + All over sticky-hairy ; naturalized from Eu. 


S. noctiflora, Linn. Nicur-FLOWERING C. Tall coarse weed in cult. or 
waste grounds; lower leaves spatulate, upper lanceolate and pointed; 
flowers single or in loose clusters terminating the branches, with awl- 
shaped calyx-teeth and white or pale rosy 2-parted petals, opening at night- 
fall or in cloudy weather. 


6. ARENARIA, SANDWORT. (Latin: sand, in which several species 
grow.) Plants of various habit, usually low and tufted. All the follow- 
ing are wild, also some others less common. Flowers spring and sum- 
mer. (Lessons, Figs. 215, 531, 332.) 


* Petals inconspicuous, white. 


A. serpyllifolia, Linn. 2'-6' high ; stems erect, roughish, much branched ; 
leaves ovate, pointed ; flowers in leafy cymes ; petals scarcely longer than 
the 3-5-nerved pointed sepals. @ Sandy or gravelly waste places. Eu. 

A. difftisa, Ell. Spreapinc S. Plant soft-downy; stems diffusely 
branched, prostrate, 1° or more long; leaves lanceolate ; peduncles lat- 
eral, 1-flowered; petals shorter than the sepals or none. 2f Shady 
grounds 8. 


* * Petals conspicuous, longer than the calyx, white. 2 
+ Leaves small, rigid, awl-shaped or bristle-shaped ; 3'-6' high. 


A. Caroliniana, Walt. (or A. squarrdsA). PrNe-BARREN S. Densely 
tufted from a deep root; leaves imbricated but spreading, obscuring the 
internodes ; sepals obtuse. In sand, coast of N. J. and S. 

A. Michatxii, Hook.f. Usually diffuse from a small root; inter- 
nodes evident; leaves with many others, clustered in the axils; sepals 
acute. Rocks and wooded banks N. and W. 


+ + Leaves soft and herbaceous, filiform-linear ; petals retuse or notched. 


A. patula, Michx. Minutely pubescent, diffusely branched filiform 
stems, 6/-10’ long; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 3-5-nerved. Va., W. 
to Kansas. + + + Leaves oval, oblong, or ovate. 

A. lateriflora, Linn. Sipe-rLtowrerine S. Plant minutely downy ; 
stem erect, 3/-10’ high, sparingly branching; peduncles few-flowered, 
soon becoming lateral by the farther growth of the leafy stem; leaves 
oval or oblong. Gravelly shores and banks, N. and W. 

A. peploides, Linn. Sea 8. 6/-10' high; leaves very fleshy, ovate ; 
flowers axillary. Sands of seashore N. 


78 PINK FAMILY. 


7. STELLARIA, CHICKWEED STARWORT. (Lain: stella, a 
star.) Flowers spring and summer. (Lessons, Figs. 345, «31, 432.) 


*« Stems weak and spreading, marked with pubescent lines ; leaves broad. 


S. média, Smith. Common CuickwerEp. Leaves ovate or oblong, the 
lower on hairy petioles ; petals shorter than the calyx, 2-parted ; stamens 
3-10. @ Inall damp cult. grounds. 

S. pubera, Michx. GrearC. Leaves oblong or oval, sessile ; petals 
longer than the calyx, 2-cleft. 2 Shaded rocks, Penn., S., and W 


* x Wholly glabrous ; stems erect or spreading ; leaves narrow, sessile. 2 
+ Petals 2-parted, equaling or surpassing calyx; bracts scale-like. 


S. longifélia, Muhl. Lone-Leavep S. or Srircuworr. Stem weak 
with rough angles, 8/-18/ high; leaves linear, widely spreading, acutish at 
both ends ; flowers numerous on slender, spreading pedicels, in a very loose 
cyme; petals 2-parted, longer than the calyx; seeds smooth. Common 
in damp grassy places N. 

S. léngipes, Goldie. Very smooth; leaves ascending, lanceolate, or 
linear-lanceolate, broadest at base ; flowers on long, strictly erect pedicels ; 
seeds smooth. Rare in N. U. S.; commoner in Canada. 

S. graminea, Linn. Like the last; leaves broadest above the base ; 
pedicels widely spreading ; seeds wrinkled. Nat. from Eu. A yellow- 
leaved variety is sometimes used in carpet bedding. 


+ + Petals shorter than calyx or 0; bracts leaf-like. 


S. borealis, Bigel. Norruern S. Stem 3/-10! high, forking repeatedly 
and with flowers in the forks of the leafy branches ; leaves broadly lan- 
ceolate or narrow-oblong. Wet grassy places N. 


8. CERASTIUM, MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED. (Greek: horn; 
referring to the pod of some species. Popular name from the shape 
and soft hairiness of the leaves of the common species. ) 


* Flowers inconspicuous, the deeply 2-cleft petals being shorter or little 
longer than the calyx ; flowering all summer, white. 


C. viscésum, Linn. An insignificant soft-hairy weed; stems erect, 
4'_9! high, slightly clammy ; leaves ovate or obovate, small ; pedicels in 
fruit and petals shorter than the acute sepals. @ E.and §.; not common. 

C. vulgdtum, Linn. Larcer M. Stems spreading, 6/15! long, clammy- 
hairy ; leaves oblong ; pedicels becoming longer than the calyx ; petals as 
long as the obtuse sepals. (@) 2 Common in grassy places. 

C. nutans, Raf. Clammy-pubescent, erect, 6/-18’ high, becoming 
very loosely many-flowered and branched; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; 
petals longer than calyx ; pods thrice the length of the calyx, nodding on 
the slender flower-stalk and curved upwards. In moist grounds. (@ 


* x Flowers conspicuous, the snowy white petals 2 or 3 times the length of 
the caiyx ; plants forming matted tufts. 2 


C. arvénse, Linn. Fietp M. Downy but green; leaves linear to 
narrowly lanceolate; flowering stems 4/-6/ high, few-flowered ; petals 
notched at the end; pod scarcely longer than calyx. Dry fields, etc. 

The var. oblongifdlium is larger, with oblong leaves and pod twice as 
long as calyx. — Var. villdsum is densely villous. European forms are 
sometimes grown tor ornament. 

C. tomentésum, Linn. Corrony M. Shoots spreading, crowded with 
oblong or linear white-woolly leaves making dense silvery mats ; flower- 
buds and pedicels densely woolly ; petals deeply 2-cleft. Cult, from Eu. 


PURSLANE FAMILY. 79 


9. SAGINA, PEARLWORT. (Latin: sagina, fattening; of no appli- 
cation to these plants.) Small and insignificant plants, only two 
common. 


S. proctimbens, Linn. Smooth; parts of the flower in fours as a 
rule ; the petals (sometimes 0) shorter than the ovate obtuse sepals. 
Moist places. N. @ or 2 

S. dectimbens, Torr. & Gray. Pedicels, calyx, and margins of upper 
leaves at first glandular pubescent ; parts of the flower in fives; pod 
nearly twice length of acutish sepals. Mass. to Mo.,and common S. @ 


10. BUDA, SAND SPURREY. (After the city of this name prob- 
ably.) Small herbs with scaly-membranaceous stipules, with red or 
white flowers, mostly near the seacoast. Known also as Spergularia 
and Tissa. (@) 2/ ? 


B.rwbra, Dumort. Smoothish, prostrate in tufts ; leaves thread-shaped ; 
pod and pink-red corolla hardly equaling or exceeding the calyx ; seeds 
rough, wingless, half-obovate. Common in sand or gravel, along roads 
and paths, E., quite away from salt water. 

B. manna, Dumort. Larger and more fleshy, only in brackish sands ; 
with short pedicels, pale corolla; pod longer than the calyx, and rough, 
obovate-rounded (narrow-winged or wingless) seeds. Variable. 


aa SPERGULA, SPURREY. (Latin: spargo, scatter, ie. its 
seeds.) @ 
S. arvénsis, Linn. Corn S. Stems 1° or so high, bearing several 
thread-shaped leaves in the whorls, and terminating in a panicle of white 


flowers. A weed in grainfields; cult. in Eu. as a forage plant for 
sheep. 


XVII. PORTULACACEA, PURSLANE FAMILY. 


Sueculent-leaved herbs, with 2 sepals and 5 petals, the 
stamens sometimes many, sometimes few and then one before 
each petal; ovary 1-celled, becoming a pod, with many or few 
kidney-shaped seeds on a central placenta, or on slender seed- 
stalks from the base. Seeds as in the Pink Family. 


* Stamens more numerous than the petals ; flowers opening only once, in sunshine. 


1. PORTULACA. Style cleft into several slender divisions. Lower part of the ovary and 
many-seeded pod united with the bottom of the calyx; the upper part when mature 
falling off as a lid. Leafy and branching, low and spreading, with fleshy, sessile leaves. 

2. TALINUM. Style 3-lobed at the summit. Calyx free from the ovary, deciduous. Pod 
3-valved, many-seeded. 

3. CALANDRINIA. Style 3-cleft at the summit. Calyx free from the ovary, persistent, 
inclosing the 3-valved many-seeded pod. 


* x Stamens 5, one attached to the base of each petal; flowers opening for more than 
one day. 


4. CLAYTONIA. Style 3-cleft at the summit. Calyx persistent, free from the few-seeded 
pod. Low smooth herbs, ours producing only a pair of stem leaves and a short 
ruceme of flowers. Stem simple, often from a round tuber. 


80 PURSLANE FAMILY. 


1. PORTULACA, PURSLANE. (Old Latin name of unknown mean- 
ing.) Flowering all summer. (Lessons, Figs. 272, 404.) @ 


P. oleracea, Linn. Commom P. Very smooth, with prostrate stems, 
obovate or wedge-shaped leaves, and small, sessile flowers opening only in 
bright sunshine and for a short time; the petals pale yellow. The com- 
monest garden weed, sometimes used as a pot-herb. There is a cultivated 
form with much stronger and erect stems, and larger and lighter-colored 
leaves, excellent as a pot-herb. Eu. 

P. grandiflora, Lindl. Rose Moss. Cult. from S. Amer. and thriving 
in the hottest sand, bearing large and handsome red, yellow, or white 
flowers, single or double, and short terete leaves. 


2. TALINUM. (Name unexplained.) One wild species in some 
places. 


T. teretifolium, Pursh. TrRETE-LEAVED T. Low and smooth, with 
thick and fleshy root; stems short ; leaves crowded, linear, terete ; peduncle 
slender, naked, many-flowered; petals pink; style equaling stamens. 
Rocks or sands Penn., W. and 8. Flowering all summer. 2 


3. CALANDRINIA. (Named for a Swiss botanist, Calandrini.) 
Cultivated for ornament in gardens; flowering all summer. 


* Erect (19-119 high). 


C. discolor, Schrad. Very glabrous, making a rosette of fleshy spatu- 
late leaves at the root (these glaucous above and tinged with purple 
beneath), and sending up a naked flower-stem, bearing a raceme of large, 
rose-purple flowers, 2/ in diameter. Cult. as an annual, from Chile. 

C. grandiflora, Lindl. Somewhat woody ; leaves mostly radical, fleshy, 
rhomboid ; rosy flowers, 2! diameter, in a loose, naked, raceme. A _ half- 
hardy annual from Chile. 


* * Low (6! or less) and spreading. 


C. Menziésii, Hook. Menzirs’ C. Leafy-stemmed; leaves bright 
green and tender, lance-spatulate ; crimson flowers nearly 1! broad, ina - 
short, leafy raceme. Oregon and California. @ 

C. umbellata, DC. Leaves mostly radical, linear, acute, hairy ; flowers 
purple-crimson, in a close corymb, 1! diameter. @) Chile; half-hardy. 


4. CLAYTONIA, SPRING BEAUTY. (Named for John Clayton, 
an early botanist in Virginia.) Low herbs, in rich land. 


* Stem simple from a round tuber; leaves separate. 2 


C. Virginica, Linn. Sprinc Beauty. Leaves linear-lanceolate ; 
flowers rose-color with pink veins. One of the prettiest of early spring 
flowers. 

C. Caroliniana, Michx. Broaprer-LEAvED S. Smaller than the pre- 
ceding, with oblong-spatulate or lance-oblong leaves only 1/ or 2! long. 
In rich woods ; commonest N. and along the Alleghanies. 


* * Root fibrous; leaves connate under the cluster of small, whitish 
Jlowers. 


C. perfoliata, Donn. From the Pacific Coast and Mexico and Cuba, 
with long-spatulate root-leaves, is grown somewhat as a salad plant. 


ST. JOHN S-WORT FAMILY. Sl 


XVIII. TAMARISCINEA, TAMARISK FAMILY. 


Shrubs or small trees of the Old World, represented in orna- 
mental grounds by 


als TAMARIX, TAMARISK. (From the Tamaris, now Tamobre, 
a small river of Spain.) Sepals and petals 4 or 5, persistent, or the 
latter withering, and stamens as many or twice as many, all on the 
receptacle. Ovary pointed, 1-celled, bearing many ovules on three 
parietal placente next the base ; styles 3. Seeds with a plume of hairs 
at the apex. Shrubs or small trees of peculiar aspect, with minute and 
scale-shaped or awl-shaped, alternate leaves, appressed on the slender 
branches, and small white or purplish flowers in spikes or racemes. 
The one chiefly seen in this country is 
T. Gallica, Linn. Frexcnu T. Barely hardy N., often killed to the 
ground, a picturesque, delicate shrub, rather Cypress-like in aspect, 
glaucous-whitish, the minute leaves clasping the branches, nearly ever- 
green where the climate permits ; parts of the flower in 5’s ; in spring. 


XIX. HYPERICACEA, ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY. 


Leaves opposite, entire, simple, chiefly sessile, punctate with 
translucent and commonly with some blackish dots; perfect 
flowers with many or few stamens (usually in 3 or 5 clusters) 
inserted on the receptacle, and a pod either 1-celled with pari- 
etal placentz or 3-7-celled (Lessons, p. 108, Figs. 335, 336), 
filled with many small seeds. Juice resinous and acrid. 


* No glands between the stamens, Petals convolute in the bud. 


1. ASCYRUM. Sepals 4; the outer pair very broad, the inner small and narrow. Petals 
4, yellow. Stamens many. Ovary 1-celled. Leafy-stemmed, woody at base, with 
2-edged branches. 

2. HYPERICUM. Sepals and petals 5. Stamens many, rarely few, often united in 3-5 
clusters. Herbs or shrubs, with cymose yellow flowers. 

x » Large gland between each of the 3 sets of stamens. Petals imbricated in the bud. 


8. ELODES. Sepals erect and flesh-colored. Petals 5. Stamens 9 to 12, united in 8 sets. 
Ovary 3-celled. Flowers in close, axillary clusters. Leaves pale, often purple-veined 
oblong or ovate, and produced all summer. Petals pale purple or flesh-color, equal- 
sided, erect. In water or wet bogs. 


1. ASCYRUM, ST. PETER’S-WORT. (Greek: without roughness.) 
Wild in pine barrens, etc., chiefly S. Flowers summer. 2/ 


* A pair of bractlets on the pedicel ; styles short. 


A. std4ns, Michx. Common Sr. Perer’s-worr. Stems 2°9-3° high ; 
leaves thickish, somewhat clasping, oval or oblong; flowers large, with 
obovate petals and 3 or 4 styles. From Long Island, 8. 

A. Crux-Andree, Linn. Sr. AnpREw’s Cross. Low; stems spread- 
ing; leaves thinnish, narrow-oblong and tapering to the base ; flowers 
rather small, with linear-oblong, pale yellow petals; only 2 styles. From 
New Jersey to Illinois, W. 


GRAY’S F. F. & G. BOT. —6 


82 ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY. 


* * Pedicels bractless; styles longer than the ovary; in Ga. and Fia. 


A. amplexicatle, Michx. Shrub 2°-8° high, with cordate-ovate 
clasping leaves. 
A. pumilum, Michx. 6’ or less high, with oblong-ovate leaves. 


2. HYPERICUM, ST. JOHN’S-WORT. (Greek: of unknown mean- 
ing.) Flowers in summer, mostly yellow. (Lessons, Figs. 828, 329, 
335, 336, 396, 423.) 

* Stamens very numerous, in 5 clusters; styles 5. 2 


H. Ascyron, Linn. Grear Sr. Jonn’s-Wort. Strong woody herb 
(2°-5° high) with angled branches; leaves ovate-oblong and somewhat 
clasping ; petals narrowly obovate, withering before they fall, 1’ long, 
showy. River banks. N. and W. 

H. MoseriAnum, a recent introduction to gardens, said to be a hybrid 
of the European species H. calycinum and H. patulum, is a very hand- 
some woody herb, with large golden-yellow flowers 2! across, the petals 
broad and more or less notched at the end, and the yellow stamens red- 
tippea 


* «x Stamens very numerous, scarcely clustered ; styles 3 (except in the 
Jirst), more or less united. 2 


+ Bushy shrubs, 19-6° high, leafy to the top. 
++ Leaves deciduous ; Northern and Southern. 


H. Kalmianum, Linn. Katrm’sS. Low shrub, with glaucous, linear 
to oblanceolate leaves, and flowers 1 wide; stamens almost distinct ; 
stigmas nov capitate ; pod }' long. Wild at Niagara Falls and northern 
lakes. Also cult. 

H. prolificum, Linn. Surupsy 8. Like the last, but leaves scarcely 
glaucous, lance-oblong or linear; pod 4/-3! long. From N. J., west to 
Minn., and south. 

H. densiflorum, Pursh. Tali, 5°-6° high, very much branched above ; 
flowers 4/-3' wide; pods }/-1/ long. N. J. to Tex. 


++ ++ Hvergreen or nearly so; Carolina and 8. 


H. fasciculatum, Lam. Fascictep S. Leaves narrow-linear and 
small, and with shorter ones clustered in the axils; pod narrow. Wet 
pine barrens. 

H. myrtifolium, Lax. Myrrie-Lteavep 8. Leaves heart-shaped and 
partly clasping, thick, glaucous ; pod conical. Wet pine barrens. 

H. atreum, Bartram. Goipren 8. Leaves oblong with a narrow base, 
glaucous beneath ; thick; flowers mostly single, very large (2! broad), 
orange-yellow ; pod ovate. River banks towards the mountains. Also 
cult. 

H. nudiflorum, Michx. Nakep-cLtusrprep 8. Shrubby and ever- 
green S., less so in Virginia, etc., has 4-angled branches, oblong pale 
leaves, and a peduncled, naked cyme of rather small flowers ; pods conical. 


+ + Herbs, sometimes a little woody at the base. 
++ Pod incompletely 3-4-celled. 


H. galioides, Lam. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, narrowed downward 
and almost petioled ; flowers small, in terminal and axillary cymes. Del. 
to Ga. and E. Tenn. 

H. adpréssum, Barton. 1° high; leaves ascending, lanceolate, often 
acute ; flowers few; stem angled. Low grounds, R. I., Penn., and Ga. 


ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY. 83 


++ ++ Pod plainly 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae. 
= Leaves very narrow. 


H. dolabrif6rme, Vent. Branched from decumbent base 6/-20! high ; 
leaves linear-lanceolate, mostly acute ; cyme few flowered, leafy ; sepals 
oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 3! long ; pod ovate-conic, pointed. Ky. and 
Tenn. 

H. cistifolium, Lam. Cuisrus-teavep S. Nearly simple, 1°-2° high ; 
leaves diverging, oblong-linear (2! long), mostly obtuse ; flowers numerous, 
small, in a naked flat cyme ; sepals ovate ; pod globular. Rocky banks, 
O.tolowaandS. _ _ 7 ats ? 

= = Leaves elliptic or nearly ovate. 

H. ellipticum, Hook. Exuipricat-Leavep S, 10/-20! high ; leaves 
spreading, oblong, thin ; flowers rather few, pale ; sepals oblong; the pod 
purple, ovoid, very obtuse. Wet soil, N. 

H. virgatum, Lam. Brancuy 8S. Wet pine barrens from New Jersey 
S. Stem sharply 4-angled (19-2° high), smooth ; leaves ovate or lance- 
oblong; flowers scattered along the ascending branches of the cyme, 
small, copper-yellow ; styles slender. 

H. pildsum, Walt. Harry S. Wet pine barrens S. Stem terete, 
and with the lance-ovate leaves roughish-downy ; styles short. 


* * x Stamens many in 5 or 5 clusters ; styles 3, not united; petals with 
black dots. 


H. perfordtum, Linn. Common 8S. Upright stems branching ; leaves 
oblong or linear-oblong, with pellucid dots ; flowers rather large, in open 
leafy cymes; the deep yellow petals twice the length of the lanceolate, 
acute sepals; juice very acrid. Nat. from Eu., a troublesome weed in 
fields, etc. ; spreads by runners from the base. 

H. maculatum, Walt. SrorrepS. Stem 2° high, sparingly branched ; 
leaves oblong, slightly clasping, having black as well as pellucid dots; 
flowers rather small, crowded ; petals light yellow and black-lined as well 
as dotted ; sepals oblong; styles not longer than the pod. Common. 


* * * * Stamens definite (5-12), distinct or in 3 clusters; styles 3, not 
united ; stems 4-angled. (@ 


+ Leaves conspicuous and spreading ; flowers in cymes. 


H. mutilum, Linn. SmarxiS. Slender, much-branched and leafy up 
to the flowers, 6/-20’ high ; leaves partly clasping, thin, 5-nerved, ovate 
or oblong; petals pale yellow. Common in low grounds. 

H. gymnanthum, Engelm. & Gray. Stem almost simple, strict, 1°-3° 
high ; leaves clasping, the floral ones reduced to awl-shaped bracts. 

H. Canadénse, Linn. Stem and branches strictly erect ; leaves linear 
or lanceolate, 3-nerved at the base ; petals copper-yellow. Wet sandy soil. 


+ + Leaves erect, auwl-shaped or scale-like and minute; flowers very 
small and scattered along the numerous bushy and wiry slender branches. 


H. Drumméndii, Torr. & Gray. Leaves linear-awl-shaped ; flowers 
short-pediceled ; pods not longer than the calyx. Ill., W. and S. 

H. nudicatle, Walt. Orance Grass or PINEWEED. Leaves reduced to 
minute, awl-shaped, appressed scales ; flowers sessile on the wiry branches ; 
slender pods much exceeding the calyx. Common in dry, sterile soil. 


3. ELODES, MARSH ST. JOHN’S-WORT. (Greek: marsh.) WY 


E. campanulata, Pursh. 1°-2° high; leaves closely sessile or clasp- 
ing by a broad base ; filaments united below the middle. Swamps. 

E. petiolata, Pursh. Taller; leaves tapering into a short petiole ; 
filaments united beyond the middle. Va., S. and W. 


84 CAMELLIA OR TEA FAMILY. 


XX. TERNSTREMIACEA, CAMELLIA or TEA FAMILY. 


Trees or shrubs, with alternate, simple, feather-veined leaves, 
and no stipules; the flowers large and showy, mostly axillary, 
regular, with both sepals and petals imbricated in the bud; 
the very numerous stamens with filaments more or less united 
at the base with each other and with the base of the corolla; 
ovary 5-00-celled, with one or more seeds in each cell. Petals 
5 or 6 or even more, commonly more or less united at their base. 


* Woody climber ; styles many ; fruit a berry. 
1. ACTINIDIA. Ovary many-celled; the styles as many and divergent from their base. 
Seeds small. Leaves bristly hairy, thin. 
«x x Erect shrubs or trees; styles 1-5; fruit a woody dekiscent pod. 
+ Some of the inner stamens distinct. 


2. CAMELLIA. Style 3-5-cleft. Seeds large, usually single in each cell of the thick and 
woody pod. Leaves smooth, evergreen, serrate. 
+ + Stamens all united at the base. 
38. STUARTIA. Stamens uniformly united by a short ring at the base of the filaments. 
Seeds 2in each cell, wingless. Leaves thin and deciduous. Flowers white, 2'-4' wide. 
4. GORDONIA. Stamens in 5 clusters, on a cup on the white petals. Style columnar; 
stigma 5-rayed. Seeds several, more or less winged. Leaves coriaceous or thickish. 


1. ACTINIDIA. (Greek: a ray, from the radiate styles.) 


A. poljgama, Planch. Leaves elliptic, acuminate ; flowers solitary or 
as many as 3 together, white, fragrant, 1! wide; berry edible. Japan. 


2. CAMELLIA. (For G. Camellus, or Kamel, a missionary to China 
in the 17th cent.) 


« Numerous separate inner stamens within the ring formed by the united 
bases of the outer. 


C. Jap6nica, Linn. Japan Cameiia. With oval or oblong, pointed, 
shining, sharply serrate leaves, and terminal or nearly terminal flowers, 
simple or double, red, white, or variegated, of very many varieties. The 
only common species ; flowers through the winter, hardy only S. 

C. SasGngua, Thunb. Leaves obtusely serrate, and flowers smaller. 

C. reticulata, Lindley. Differs from the preceding in having acuminate, 
veiny leaves, not shining, and flowers rose-red, to 9! wide. 


* * Separate inner stamens, as many as the petals (5 or 6). 


C. Théa, Link. Tra Piant. Leaves oblong or broadly lanceolate, 
much longer than wide; the white flowers (1! or more broad) nodding 
on short stalks in their axils. Includes T. viripis and T. Bonéa. 


3. STUARTIA. (Named for John Stuart, the Lord Bute at the time 
of the American Revolution.) Ornamental shrubs. 
* Style 1; pod not sharply angled. 


S. Virginica, Cav. Shrub 8°-12° high, with finely serrate leaves soft- 
downy underneath, pure white petals, purple stamens; pod globular. 
Low country, from Va., S. 


MALLOW FAMILY. tots) 


S. Pseudo-Camél/lia, Maxim. (or S.GRANDIFLORA). Leaves smooth, 2/—3! 
iong ; flowers 2! wide ; the serrate sepals and erose petals densely silky-hairy 
outside; anthers orange; pod ovoid. Japan. Hardier N. than the native 
SPECIES. * « Styles 5; pod sharply 5-angled and pointed. 

S. pentagyna, L’Her. Leaves smooth, 5/-6’ long, and very handsome 
flowers, their petals (often 6) jagged-edged and tinged with cream-color, 
the sepals often reddish outside; orange anthers. Mts. of Ky., Car., and 
S. Cult. Hardy N. 


4. GORDONIA. (Named for Dr. Gordon and a London nurseryman 
of the same name. ) 

G. Lasidnthus, Linn. Losrorry Bay. Usually a small tree, but 
reaching 60°-75° ; leaves evergreen and smooth lance-oblong, tapering to 
the base and minutely serrate ; flowers 2/-3/ across, white, in summer on 
slender peduncles ; stamens short, on a 5-lobed cup ; pod pointed. Swamps 
near the coast from Va., S., rarer W. Also cult. 

G. pubéscens, L’Her., also called Frankvfnia, after Dr. Franklin. 
A tall, ornamental shrub or small tree, with thinner and deciduous lance- 
obovate leaves, whitish-downy beneath ; flowers on short, stout peduncles 
in autumn; stamens directly on the petals; pod globular. Native of Ga., 
but no longer known wild. 


XXI. MALVACEZ, MALLOW FAMILY. 


Known by the monadelphous numerous stamens, their tube 
connected with the base of the petals, kidney-shaped, 1-celled 
anthers (Lessons, Figs. 286, 298), the calyx valvate, and the 
corolla convolute in the bud. Herbs or shrubs, with alternate, 
palmately veined and often lobed leaves, evident stipules, and 
regular flowers, the true sepals and the petals 5. There is 
commonly an involucre of several bracts resembling an outer 
calyx. Seeds kidney-shaped; the leafy cotyledons crumpled 
or doubled up in some mucilaginous albumen. Innocent 
plants, mucilaginous, with a very tough fibrous bark. 


§ 1. Anthers all borne in a cluster at the top of the short tube of filaments. 


* Ovaries numerous and separate, crowded in a head, in fruit becoming little 1-seeded 
pods or akenes. Involucel conspicuous as a sort of outer calyx. Herbs, 


1. MALOPE. Involucel of 3 ovate or heart-shaped leaves. Annuals. 


4 x Ovaries several or many united in a ring around an axis, in fruit commonly fall- 
ing away separately, each 1-seeded. Ours are all herbs. 


+ Stigmas running down the side of the slender styles. 


2. ALTH AA. Involucel of 6-9 bracts united at the base. Axis of the fruit not project- 
ing or enlarged. 

3. MALVA. Involucel of only 3 separate bracts. Petals. obcordate, otherwise entire. 
Carpels beakless. 

4 CALLIRRHOE. Involucel of 1-3 bracts or none. Petals wedged-shaped and truncate, 
denticulate, or cut-fringed at the end. Carpels with a sort of beak at the summit. 
Flowers crimson, mauve, or red-purple, very showy. 

& NAPA. Involucel none. Flowers diecious. Carpels beakless. 


86 MALLOW FAMILY. 


+ + Stigmas capitate or truncate at the apex of the styles. 
6. MALVASTRUM. Involuce!] of 2-8 bractlets or 0. Seed ascending. Otherwise as Sida 


=a 


. SIDA. Inyolucel none. Fruit separating into 5 or more closed earpels, or each 2- 
valved at the apex; seed hanging. Mostly rather small-flowered or weedy herbs, 
with 5-12 styles and carpels. 

x x * Ovaries and cells of the fruit 2-several-seeded. 
8. ABUTILON. Invyolucel none. Carpels each 3-several-seeded. Flowers mostly large. 
9, MODIOLA. Involucel of 3 bractlets. Carpels each 2-seeded, with a cross-partition 
between the upper and lower seed. 
§ 2. Anthers borne along the outside of the tube of filaments. Ovary and fruit 3-sev- 
eral-celled ; stigmas capitate. Involucel present. _ Herbs, shrubs, or trees. 
x Involucel of several or many bracts. 

10. KOSTELETZKYA. Branches of the style and stigmas 5, Pod 5-celled; the cells 

single-seeded. 

11. HIBISCUS. Branches of the style or stigmas and cells of the ovary 5. Pod 5-celled, 

loculicidal ; the cells many-seeded. 

* x Involucel of 3 large and heart-shaped leaf-like bracts. 


12. GOSSYPIUM. Styles united into one; stigmas 3-5, as many as the cells of the pod. 
Seeds numerous, bearing cotton. 


1. MALOPE. (Ancient Greek name for some kind of Mallow.) Herbs, 
resembling Mallows, cult. from the Mediterranean region; flowers 
summer. 


M. trifida, Cay. Turer-Lopep M. Smooth, with rounded leaves, the 
upper ones 3-lobed ; the handsome flowers 2’ or more broad, rose-color, 
veined with purple or rose-red, also a white variety. @ Cult. as M. 
GRANDIFLORA. 


2. ALTHZA. (Greek: to cure; used as an emollient.) Tall herbs 
(the Shrubby Althea belongs not to this genus, but to Hibiscus), na- 
tives only of the Old World ; flowers summer and autumn. 


A. officindlis, Linn. Marsu Matiow. Rather coarse, downy ; leaves 
ovate, sometimes a little heart-shaped or 3-lobed, with clusters of short- 
peduncled flowers in their axils; corolla 1! broad, rose-color. The thick 
root is used for its mucilage, and for making Marsh Mallows. 2{ Rarely 
cult., but has run wild. 

A. résea, Cay. Horztynock. Stem tall and simple, hairy; leaves 
rugose, rounded, and heart-shaped, angled, or 5-7-lobed ; large flowers on 
very short peduncles, forming a long spike; corolia of all shades of rose, 
purple, white, or yellow, single or double, 3/-4/ broad. @ 2f Cult. from 
the Levant. 


3. MALVA, MALLOW. (Latin alteration of Greek: soft or emollient.) 
All from Europe or the Orient, but several have run wild in fields and 
along roadsides ; flowers all summer and autumn. (Lessons, Fig. 346.) 


* Flowers small, white or whitish, not conspicuous or handsome. 


M. rotundifolia, Linn. Common M., Cueeses. Weed in cult. grounds ; 
stems procumbent from a strong deep root ; leaves rounded kidney-shaped, 
crenate on very long petioles; peduncles rather slender. @) 2 

M. crispa, Linn. Curtep M. Cult. for foliage and sparingly in waste 
places ; stem erect (4°-6° high), leafy to the top ; leaves rounded 5-7-lobed 
or angled, very much crisped round the margin; flowers clustered and 
almost sessile in the axils. (@) 


MALLOW FAMILY. 87 


* * Flowers larger, more or less showy, 14'-2’ in diameter; the purple, 
rose-color, or sometimes white petals much exceeding the calyx; stem 
erect. 


M. sylvéstris, Linn. Hicu M. Stem 2°-3° high, rough-hairy, branch- 
ing, with rather sharply 5-7-lobed leaves and purple-rose-colored flowers ; 
fruit wrinkled-veiny. @ 2{ Gardens and roadsides. Var. Mauritiana, 
sometimes called TREE Mattow. Cult. ; taller, smoother, with obtusely- 
lobed Jeaves. 

M. Alcea, Linn. 2°-4° high, hairy ; stem leaves parted almost to the 
base into 3-5 divisions, which are again 3-5-cleft or cut-toothed ; corolla 
deep rose-color, 14/2’ broad; calyx densely stellate-pubescent ; fruit 
glabrous, minutely wrinkled-veiny. 2f Gardens, and escaped. 

M. moschata, Linn. Musk M. 1°-2° high, rather hairy ; leaves aboyt 
thrice parted or cut into slender linear lobes ; corolla 13! broad, rose-color 
or white ; calyx with simple hairs ; fruit downy, not wrinkled. Gardens, 
and escaped to roadsides. 


4. CALLIRRHOE. (A Greek mythological name.) Flowers al] summer. 
* Root thick, fusiform or napiform, farinaceous. 2 (some @)?) 


+ Calyx 5-lobed to middle; involucel 3-leaved; short peduncles umbel- 
lately few-several-flowered ; stipules small; carpels plain. 


C. triangulata, Gray. Stems erect, 2° high; leaves triangular, hal- 
berd-shaped, or the lowest heart-shaped, the upper cut-lobed or 3-5-cleft ; 
corolla 13/ or less in diameter. Dry prairies, Minn. to Ind. and S. 


+ + Calyx 5-parted ; involucel 3-leaved; peduncles long, 1-flowered ; 
stipules conspicuous, ovate ; carpels wrinkled. 


C. involucrata, Gray. Stems spreading on the ground, 1°-8° long ; 
leaves rounded, 5-parted or cleft and cut-lobed ; corolla 2’ or more broad. 
Wild, Minn. to Tex. ; cult. for ornament. 


+++ Calyx 5-parted; involucel 0 (or 1-3-leaved in the second), and 
stipules small ; carpels rugose or wrinkled. 


C. alczoides, Gray. Stems 1° high; lower leaves triangular-heart- 
shaped, upper 5-7-parted or divided into linear segments; flowers co- 
rymbose. Ky. and Tenn., W. 

C. Papaver, Gray. Stems short, ascending, few-leaved ; leaves 3-5- 
parted with lance-linear divisions, or the lowest rather heart-shaped and 
cleft into oblong lobes ; flowers solitary ; peduncles very long (often 1°). 
Ga. to Tex., and sparingly cult. 


C. digitata, Nutt. 1° high; leaves mostly from the root, 5-7-parted 
into long, linear, sometimes 2-3-cleft divisions ; flowers solitary on long 
and slender peduncles ; petals fringe-toothed at the end. Wild Kans. to 
Woe * * Root slender or tapering ; involucel 0 ; carpels even. @) 

C. pedata, Gray. Stem erect, 1°-5° high, leafy; leaves rounded, 
3-7-lobed or parted, and the wedge-shaped divisions cleft or cut; pedun- 
eles slender, longer than the leaves; petals minutely eroded at the end. 
Texas ; not rare cult. 


v. NAPZA, GLADE MALLOW. (Greek: glade or nymph of the 
groves.) 
N. didica, Linn. A rather coarse, roughish herb; stem 4°-7° high ; 
jeaves 9-11-parted and their lobes cut and toothed, the lowest often 1° in 


diameter ; flowers small, in panicled corymbs, in summer. Penn., Va., 
and W. to Iowa. 


88 MALLOW FAMILY. 


6. MALVASTRUM, FALSE MALLOW. (Name altered from 
Malva.) 


M. angtistum, Gray. Erect; leaves lance-oblong or linear; flowers 
yellow, on axillary peduncles. @ ‘Tenn. and Ill., W. 

M. coccineum, Gray. Low, hoary ; leaves 5-parted or pedate ; flowers 
red in short spikes or racemes. 2/ Minn. to Tex. and W. 


7. SIDA. (A name used by Theophrastus.) Flower summer and autumn. 


« Peduncles bearing a corymb of several white flowers from the upper 
axils. 


S. Napza, Cav. Smooth; stem simple, 4°-7° high ; leaves rounded, 
Scleft, the lobes toothed and taper-pointed ; corolla about 1’ broad; 
styles and cells of the pod 10. Rocky banks, Penn. and Va. Rare, but 
cult. in old gardens. 2 


* * Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered ; corolla yellow. 


S. spinésa, Linn. Stems much branched, 10/-20 high ; leaves lance- 
ovate, serrate, minutely soft-downy ; peduncles very short; flower very 
small; pod ovate, of 5 carpels, each splitting at top into 2 points. A 
common weed 8.and W. @ @_ Tropics. 

S. Bllié6ttii, Torr. & Gray. Nearly smooth, 19°-4° high ; leaves linear 
or lanceolate, serrate, short-petioled ; flower 1’ broad, on a short pedun- 
cle; fruit of 10-12 nearly blunt carpels. Woodlands S. 2 

S. rhombifdlia, Linn. Leaves usually lance-oblong, short-petioled, 
serrate, pale and whitish downy beneath; stems 1°-3° high, much 
branched ; peduncles rather long; flower small; fruit of 10 or 12 one- 
pointed carpels. A weed, only S. 

S. stipulata, Nutt. Weed far S., has leaves and branches 2-ranked; 
leaves lance-oblong and acute, linear-subulate, stipules longer than the 
petioles, and yellow flowers at midday, single or clustered on peduncles 
3-4 times as long as the petioles. (@ or 2 


8. ABUTILON, INDIAN MALLOW. (Origin of name obscure.) 
x A naturalized weed ; petals small, widely spreading. 


A. Avicénne, Gertn. Verver Lear. 3°-5° high; leaves roundish, 
heart-shaped, taper-pointed, soft-velvety ; peduncles shorter than petiole, 
1-3-flowered ; corolla orange-yellow ; fruit of 12-15 united hairy carpels 
with spreading beaks ; flowers autumn. (@)_ India. 


* * Tender cultivated shrubs ; flowers large. 
+ Corolla not spreading open widely ; plant smooth. 
++ Leaves lobed or parted. 


A. striatum, Dicks. Srrieep Asutiton. Leaves rounded, heart- 
shaped, 3-lobed, the lobes very taper-pointed ; flowers solitary, hanging 
on a very long and slender peduncle ; corolla orange-colored, with deeper ~ 
cr brownish veining or stripes. Leaves often spotted. Brazil. 

A. vendsum, Lem. ‘Tall shrub; leaves palmately 7-9-parted, the lobes 
distantly toothed ; flowers solitary, 3/ long, hanging on stalks a foot long, 
orange with red veins. Mexico. 


++ ++ Leaves not lobed. 


A. vexillarium, Morren. Leaves long-ovate and cordate, coarsely 
toothed ; flowers rather small, cylindrical, pendulous, the calyx dark red, 
projecting petals pale yellow, and column of stamens dark brown, very 
handsome. Probably from tropical America. 


MALLOW FAMILY. 89 


+ + Corolla spreading, bell-shaped; plant pubescent. 
++ Leaves lobed. 


A. Darwini, Hook. Densely velvety-pubescent ; leaves 5-9-ribbed, 
{ower palmately 5-7-lobed to the middle; flowers 1-3 in the axils, dark 
orange-red with blood-red veins. Brazil. 


++ ++ Leaves not lobed. 


A. insigne, Planch. Young branches and calyx reddish-brown with 
stellate hairs; leaves broad, cordate, coarsely serrate, with prominent 
veins ; flowers in axillary, few-flowered racemes, purplish-crimson with 
darker veins. New Granada. 


9. MODIOLA. (The shape of the depressed fruit likened to the Roman 
measure modiolus.) Procumbent or spreading, small-flowered, weedy 
plants. 


M. multffida, Moench. Va. and S., in low grounds; leaves 3-7-cleft 
and cut, or the earlier ones rounded and undivided ; flowers red, }! broad ; 
fruit hairy at the top. @ 4 


10. KOSTELETZKYA. (For Kosteletzky, a Bohemian botanist.) 


K. Virginica, Gray. Vireinian K. Roughish-hairy, 2°-5° high ; 
leaves heart-shaped or mostly 3-lobed, often halberd-shaped ; flowers (in 
summer) somewhat racemed or panicled, rose-purple, 2’ broad. Salt 
marshes, N. Y.,S. 2 


11. HIBISCUS, ROSE MALLOW. (Ancient name, of obscure 
origin.) Flowers showy, usually large, in summer and autumn. 


* Tall shrubs or even trees ; exotics. 


H. Syriacus, Linn. Suruspsy AttH#aA. Leaves nearly smooth, wedge- 
ovate, and 3-lobed ; flowers short-peduncled in the axils, in autumn, about 
3’ broad, purple, rose-color, white, etc., often double. Levant; common 
in gardens and grounds. 

H. Rosa-Sinénsis, Linn. Cutnese H. or Rose or Cuina. Very smooth ; 
leaves bright green, ovate and pointed, somewhat toothed; flowers on 
slender peduncles, very showy, 4/ or 5! broad, scarlet-red (rarely rose- 
purple or even white), often double. Cult. in conservatories from China. 


* * Herbs, with persistent and regular, 5-lobed calyx, and a short pod. 
4- Wild species, but sometimes cultivated; tall and large. 2 
++ Entirely glabrous. 


H. coccineus, Walt. Great Rep H. or R. 49-7° high; leaves 5- 
parted or deeply cleft into long, lanceolate and taper-pointed divisions ; 
bright-red corolla 6/-11! broad; petals narrow below. Wild in swamps 
near coast, Ga. and Fla. ; cult. 

H. militaris, Cav. Hatprerp-LeEAveD R. 3°-4° high ; leaves ovate or 
heart-shaped, toothed or 3-lobed, some of them halberd-shaped ; peduncles 
slender ; calyx inflated ; corolla flesh-colored, 4’-5! broad. Penn. to Minn. 
ie ++ ++ Leaves downy beneath, often also on top. 

H. aculeatus, Walt. Prickry R. In swamps, 8. C.,S. and W., has 
the involucel leaves lobed, round-cordate 3-5-lobed leaves, hoary beneath, 
yellow purple-centered flowers, and hispid stems. 

H. Moscheittos, Linn. Swamper R. 3°-7° high; the ovate, pointed, 
and often 3-lobed leaves hoary beneath, generally smooth above ; pedun- 


90 STERCULIA FAMILY. 


cles slender; corolla 4!-6! broad, pale rose or white, with or without a 
darker center; pod smooth. Swamps, mostly brackish, near the Great 
Lakes E. and coastwise to Tex. 

H. lasiocdrpus, Cav. Hairy-rruitep R. Like the last, but leaves 
soft-downy both sides, and pod velvety-hairy. Swamps, Ill. to Tex., E. 
to Ga. 

H. Califérnicus, Kellogg. Carirornian R. Has large white flowers 
with a purple center on jointed peduncles, young leaves and growth 
velvety, and cordate-acuminate rarely obscurely 3-lobed, crenate or dentate 
leaves, longer than the petiole. Cult. 


+ + Exotic low species, in gardens or escaped. () 


H. Triénum, Linn. Buapper Keri or FLowrER-oF-AN-HOUR. Rather 
hairy, 1°-2° high; leaves toothed, or the upper 3-parted into lanceolate 
lobes, the middle lobe longest ; calyx inflated and bladdery ; corolla about 
2! broad, sulphur-yellow with a blackish eye, open only in midday sunshine. 


* * * Herbs, with calyx splitting down one side, and generally falling off 
at once, and with long or narrow pyramidal or angled pod; native of 
East Indies. 


H. esculéntus, Linn. Oxra or Gomso. Nearly smooth ; leaves rounded 
heart-shaped, 5-lobed, toothed ; greenish-yellow flowers on slender peduncle 
(involucel falling early); pods narrow, 3! or 4 long, very mucilaginous, 
and when green cooked and eaten, or used to thicken soups. Cult. @ 


12. GOSSYPIUM, COTTON. (Name given by Pliny, from the 
Arabic.) Plants now diffused over warm countries, most valuable for 
the wool on the seeds ; the species much confused. 

G. herbdceum, Linn. Common Corron. Leaves with 5 short and 
roundish lobes ; petals pale yellow or turning rose-color, purple at base. 
@ Cult. S. 

G. Barbadénse, Linn. Barsapoes or Spa-Isranp C. Inclining to be 
shrubby at base; branches black-dotted; leaves with 5 longer lance- 
ovate and taper-pointed lobes; leaves of the involucre with very long and 
slender teeth ; petals yellowish or whitish, with purple base. Cult. on the 
coast and upland S. 

G. arboreum, Linn. Tree C. Leaves with 5-7 nearly lanceolate and 
taper-pointed lobes of involucre, slightly toothed ; corolla purple with a 
darker center. Cult. 8. as a curiosity. 


XXII. STERCULIACEA, STERCULIA FAMILY. 


Chiefly a tropical family, to which belongs the THEOBROMA 
or CHOCOLATE TREE; in common cultivation known here only 
by a single species of 


1. MAHERNIA. (Name an anagram of Hermannia, a genus very 
like it.) Calyx, corolla, etc., as in the Mallow Family ; but the stamens 
only 5, one before each petal ; the filaments monadelphous only at the 
base and enlarged about the middle, and the anthers with 2 parallel 
cells. The edges of the base of the petals rolled inwards, making 4 
hollow claw. Ovary 5-celled, with several ovules in each cell ; styles &, 
united at the base. 


LINDEN FAMILY. Y| 


M. verticillata, Linn. (Sometimes called M. oporArta.) Cult. from 
Cape of Good Hope, in conservatories, producing a succession of honey- 
yellow, sweet-scented small blossoms, on slender peduncles, all winter and 
spring ; a sort of woody perennial, with slender and spreading or hang- 
ing roughish branches and small irregularly pinnatifid leaves ; the specific 
name given because the leaves seem to be whorled ; but this is because 
the stipules, which are cut into several linear divisions, imitate leaves. 


XXIII. TILIACEH, LINDEN FAMILY. 


Trees (rarely herbs) with the mucilaginous properties, 
fibrous bark, valvate calyx, etc., as in the Mallow Family; but 
sepals deciduous; petals imbricated ; stamens in several clus- 
ters, and.anthers 2-celled. Chiefly a tropical family, repre- 
sented here only by an herbaceous CorcHorus on our 
southernmost borders, and by the genus of fine trees which 
gives the name: 


1. TILIA, LINDEN, BEE TREE, BASSWOOD. (The old Latin 
name.) Sepals 5; petals 5, spatulate-oblong. Stamens numerous: 
their filaments cohering in 5 clusters or with a petal-like body before 
the true petal. Ovary 5-celled with 2 ovules in each cell; fruit rather 
woody, globular, 1-2-seeded. Style 1. Stigma 5-toothed. Trees with 
tough inner bark (bast), soft white wood, alternate roundish and serrate 
leaves more or less heart-shaped, and commonly oblique at the base, 
deciduous stipules, and a cyme of small, dull cream-colored, honey- 
bearing flowers, borne in early summer on a nodding axillary peduncle 
which is united to a long and narrow leaf-like bract. (Lessons, Figs. 
~ 181, 277, 289, 414.) 
* Stamens united with a petaloid body. 
+ Fruit even, not ribbed or lobed; native species. 


T. Americana, Linn. Large leaves of rather firm texture and smooth 
or smoothish both sides; bract tapering at base; fruit oval. N. B.to N. 
Dak., S. to Ga. ‘The common species. 

T. pubéscens, Ait. Under side of the leaves and the young shoots 
covered with reddish pubescence ; bract rounded at base; fruit globular. 
IND Ys to’ Blas, W. to Tex: 

T. heterophylla, Vent. Leaves smooth and bright green above, 
silvery white with a fine down underneath ; bract tapering at base ; fruit 
globose. Penn., S. and W. 


+ + Fruit ribbed or lobed; planted, from Eu. 


T. argéntea, DC. Sirver Linpen. Leaves smooth above, white- 
downy beneath, 2-4 times as long as the petiole; fruit ovoid, acute, 5- 
ribbed, or angled. Many forms. Commonly known as T. ALBA. 


* * Stamens not attached to petaloid scales. Natives of Eu. 


T. Europea, Linn. Evrorran L. Glabrous except for tufts of pale 
hairs in the axils of veins on the under side of leaves ; fruit oval or necrly 
round, densely tomentose. 

T. gasysty/a, Stev., with dark green shining leaves, fruit obovoid, 
prominently 5-ribbed, is beginning,to be planted. 


92 FLAX FAMILY. 


XXIV. LINACEA, FLAX FAMILY. 


Herbs (rarely shrubs) with regular and symmetrical flowers ; 
sepals 5, imbricated; petals 5, convolute; stamens 5, their fila- 
ments united at the base; ovary with as many cells as there 
are styles; pod with twice as many, through the growth of a 
false partition. 


1. LINUM. Seeds with a mucilaginous coat and a large, straight, oily embryo; styles and 
cells of the ovary 5; leaves simple, nearly sessile, narrow, and entire; stipules 0, or 
gland-like; flowers (Lessons, p. 11, Figs. 14, p. 14, Figs. 9 and 10, p. 95, Fig. 270, 
and p. 98, Fig. 281) usually opening for only one day and in sunshine, all summer. 
Hardy. @or 2 

2. REINWARDTIA. Styles and cells of the ovary 3-4; leaves broad; stipules minute, 
awl-shaped, falling early. Greenhouse shrubs, with showy yellow flowers, 


a LINUM, FLAX. (The classical name.) Ours are slender herbs, 
with flowers (often minute) of short duration. 


* Wild species, annuals or scarcely perennials, with yellow flowers. 
a- Sepals and bracts entire. 


L. Virginianum, Linn. The commonest Witp Frax in dry woods, 2° 
high, spreading or recurving branches, terete and even ; leaves oblong or 
lanceolate, only the lower spatulate and opposite ; flowers scattered ; 
styles distinct ; pod little larger than a pin’s head. 

L. Floridanum, Trelease. Found in Ill., Va., and S., is more strict, 
with broadly ovate and obtuse pods. 

L. striatum, Walt. Like the first; but has the branches short and 
sharply 4-angled, with intermediate grooves (whence the name) ; most of 
the stem-leaves opposite and oblong; flowers more crowded. Wet 
grounds, Mass. and Can., 8. 


+ + Sepals and bracts conspicuously serrulate with glandular-bristly 
edges. 


Ju. sulcatum, Riddell. Branches upright, grooved ; leaves linear and 
scattered ; a pair of dark glands in place of stipules ; sepals sharp-pointed, 
3-nerved ; styles united half-way up. Dry soil, Mass. to Minn. and 8. W. 

L. rigidum, Pursh. Usually low, glaucous; branches rigid; calyx 
finally falling off; the flowers rather large. Miss. River, W. 


* * Cultivated, hardy, herbaceous, with largish handsome flowers. 


L. usitatissimum, Linn. Common Fiax. Leaves narrow-lanceolate ; 
flowers corymbose, rich blue; sepals pointed, ciliate; stigmas slender, 
club-shaped. @) Old World, and inclined to run wild. Extensively 
cult. for the seeds and fiber. 

L. perénne, Linn. PrrenNnIAL Fiax. Narrower leaved ; sepals blunt, 
sometimes erose, but not ciliate ; petals sky-blue, but there are pink and 
white forms ; stigmas oblong-capitate. 2f Cult. from Eu. in some vari- 
eties for ornament; a variety also native beyond the Mississippi. 

L. grandiflérum, Desf. Rep Frax. 19° high, with linear or lanceo- 
late leaves and showy, crimson-red flowers ; sepals and bracts ciliate-ser- 
rulate. @ 2% Cult. as a hardy annual; from North Africa. 


2. REINWARDTIA. (For K. (. K. Reinwardt, a botanist of Leyden 
in the early part of this century.) 2 


GERANIUM FAMILY. 93 


R. trigyna, Planch. Leaves mostly obtuse, elliptic-obovate, entire or 
serrulate; styles 3. R. rerTRaGyna, with acuminate leaves and 4 styles, 
is probably a variety of the preceding. India. 


XXV. GERANIACEH, GERANIUM FAMILY. 


As now received, a large and multifarious order, not to be 
characterized as a whole in any short and easy way, including 
as it does Geraniums, Nasturtiums, Wood Sorrels, Balsams, 
etc.,which have to be separately described. 


§1. Flowers regular ; leaves simple, variously lobed or even dissected ; glands of the 
disk 5, alternate with the petals. Herbs. 


* Sepals imbricate; ovary 5-celled, 10-ovuled; fruit dehiscent, the \-seeded carpels 
splitting elastically from a prolonged axis. (Lessons, Figs. 308, 399.) 


i. GERANIUM. Flowers 5-merous; sepals usually slender-pointed; stamens with 
anthers 10 (rarely 5); the recurving bases of the styles or tails of the carpels in fruit 
naked inside. Leaves with stipules. Herbage scented. 

2, ERODIUM,. Stamens with anthers only 5. Styles when they split off from the beak, 
bearded inside, often twisting spirally ; otherwise as Geranium. 


« x Sepals valvate ; ovary 5-celled, 5-ovuled ; the carpels fleshy and indehiscent, break 
ing away from a very short axis ; leaves pinnately divided. 


8. LIMNANTHES. Sepals and petals 5, the latter convolute in the bud. Stamens 10, 
separate at the base. Style 1, 5-lobed at the apex, rising from the center of thé 
5 ovaries, which in fruit become thickish and warty nutlets. 

4, FLGERKEA. Sepals, small petals, stigmas, and lobes of the ovary 3; and stamens 6; 
otherwise like Limnanthes. 


§ 2. Flowers regular ; leaves compound, of 3 obcordate leaflets ; disk glands ). Herbs. 


5. OXALIS. Sepals and petals 5, the former imbricated, the latter convolute in the bud. 
Stamens 10, monadelphous at base, the alternate ones shorter. Styles 5, separate on 
a 5-celled ovary, which becomes a membranaceous several-seeded pod. Juice sour 
and watery. Flowers usually open only in sunshine. 


§ 3. Flowers somewhat irregular, Geranium-like, the base of one sepal extending down 
ward on one side of the pedicel, forming a narrow tube or adherent spur. 
Shrubby or fleshy stemmed. 


6. PELARGONIUM. Sepals and petals 5; the two petals on the upper side of the flower 
differing from the rest more or less in size or shape. Stamens with anthers fewer than 
10, commonly 7. Pistil, ete.,as in Geranium. Herbage scented. Leaves with stipules. 


§ 4. Flowers very irregular, and unsymmetrical ; spur free. Tender herbs. 


7. TROPAOLUM. Sepals 5, united at the base, and on the upper side of the flower ex- 
tended into along, descending spur. Petals 5, or sometimes fewer, usually with claws 4 
the two upper more or less different from the others and inserted at the mouth of the 
spur. Stamens 8, unequal or dissimilar; filaments usually turned downwards and 
curving. Ovary of 3 lobes surrounding the base of a single style, in fruit becoming 
8 thick and fleshy closed, separate carpels, each containing a single large seed. Herbs, 
often climbing by their long leafstalks ; the watery juice with the pungent odor and 
taste of Cress. Leaves alternate ; stipules none or minute. Peduncles axillary. 1% 
flowered. 

8. IMPATIENS. Sepals and petals similarly colored, the parts belonging to each not 
readily distinguished. There are 2 small outer pieces, plainly sepals, on the sides of 
the flower; then below (as it hangs, but really on the upper side) a third sepal form: 


94 SERANIUM FAMILY. 


ing a large sac contracted at the bottom into a spur or little tail; opposite the sac 
is a notched petal, and within are 2 small, unequally 2-lobed petais, one each side of 
the sac; these each represent 2 united petals. Stamens 5, short, conniving or lightly 
cohering around and covering the 5-celled ovary, which in fruit becomes a several- 
seeded pod ; this bursts elastically, flying in pieces at the touch, scattering the seeds, 
separating into 5 twisting valves and a thickish axis. Style none. Seeds rather large. 
Erect, branching, succulent-stemmed herbs, with simple leaves and no stipules. 


1 GERANIUM, CRANESBILL. (Greek: crane, alluding probably 
to the long beak in fruit.) The so-called Geraniums of cultivation 
belong to Pelargonium. Flowers spring and summer. 


* Flowers large (1’ or more across) and snowy ; perennial. 
+ Peduncles 2-flowered and more or less clustered at the top of the stem. 


G. maculatum, Linn. Witp Cranessiti. Stem erect from a stout 
rootstock, hairy, branching, and terminating in long peduncles bearing 
a pair of flowers ; leaves palmately parted into 5-7 wedge-shaped divisions 
cut and cleft at the end, sometimes whitish-blotched ; petals wedge- 
obovate, light purple, 4! long, bearded on the short claw ; calyx sparsely 
hairy. Common in woodlands and open grounds. 

G. Ibéricum, Cav. Isertan or Spanish C. Leaves firm and lighter 
below, roundish and cut into 5-7-toothed or lobed divisions ; flowers blue 
or violet, with notched or trifid petals, and villous calyx. Cult. from 
Spam: + + Peduncles 1-flowered, axillary. 

G. sanguineum, Linn. Broop C. Stems diffuse (19-2° high) with 
many opposite rounded leaves which are divided into 5-7 parts, these 
again 3-lobed into linear divisions; flowers red, on long solitary bracted 
peduncles, pretty. Cult. from Eu. 


x * Flowers small, pink; annual or biennial. (Besides the two below, 
which are native, several European species are sparingly introduced as 
weeds. ) 


G. Robertianum, Linn. Hers Roserr. Diffusely spreading, very 
strong-scented, loosely hairy; leaves finely cut, being divided into 3 
twice-pinnatifid divisions; flowers small; petals pink or red purple. 
Common N. in shady rocky places. 

G. Carolinianum, Linn. Stems erect or soon diffusely branched from 
the base, 6’/-18! high ; leaves palmately parted into 5 much cleft and cut 
divisions ; peduncles and pedicels short ; flowers barely half as large as 
in the foregoing, the pale, rose-colored petals notched at the end. 
Common in open and mostly barren soil. 


2: ERODIUM, STORKSBILL. (Greek: a heron.) 


E. cicutarium, \.Her. Common S.- Low, hairy, and rather viscid ; 
the leaves mostly from the root, pinnate ; the leaflets finely once or twice 
pinnatifid ; peduncle bearing an umbei of several small pinkish flowers in 
summer. (@) Nat. from Eu., N. Y., Penn., etc., but not common. 


3. LIMNANTHES. (Greek: marsh flower; but in fact the plant 
flourishes in merely moist soil.) @ 


L. Douglasii, R. Br. Low and spreading, mostly smooth, and slightly 
succulent ; leaves divided into 5-7 oblong or lanceolate and often 3-5- 
cleft leaflets ; flowers (in summer) solitary on slender axillary peduncles ; 
petals white with a yellow base, wedge-oblong, notched at the end, twice 
the length of the calyx, about 3! long. Cult. from California. 


GERANIUM FAMILY. Y5 


4. FLOSRKEA, FALSE MERMAID. (For Flerke, a German bot- 
anist.) @ 


F. proserpinacoides, Willd. A small and insignificant plant; leaf 
segments 3-5, lanceolate and entire, or rarely 2-3-cleft ; the axillary and 
peduncled flower inconspicuous (in spring and summer), the oblong petals 
shorter than the calyx and entire. Marshes and river banks, N. and W. 


5. OXALIS, WOOD SORREL. (Greek: sour, from the acid juice.) 
An attractive genus of small herbs, with many cultivated species. 


* Peduncles 1-flowered ; petals white, red, or variegated. 


O. Acetosélla, Linn. Trur W. The leafstalks and 1-flowered 
scapes 2/—4! high from a creeping, scaly-toothed rootstock ; flower rather 
large, white, with delicate reddish veins. Commonin mossy woods N. 2 

0. varidbilis, Jacq. Is more hairy; leaflets obovate and scarcely 
notched, commonly crimson beneath, only 1’ long ; scapes short, 3! ; petals 
14! long, white, or pink-red with a yellowish base. Cape of Good Hope. 

0. versicolor, Linn. From small bulbs, sends up slender stems, 2/-3' 
high ; leaflets almost linear, notched at the end; petals 1! long, white or 
tinged with rose, with bright, pink-red margins outside, so that the blos- 
som is red when rolled up in the bud or closed in shade, but white above 
when it opens in sunshine. Cape of Good Hope. 

0. flava, Linn. From a strong bulb, sends up to the surface a short 
scaly stem, bearing thick flattish leafstalks and short scapes; the leaflets 
6-10 and linear; petals nearly 1’ long, yellow, often edged with reddish. 
Cape ot Good Hope. x * Peduncles 2—x» -flowered. 

+ Leaflets 4 or 7-10; flowers crimson to purplish; stemless, hairy. 2% 


0. tetraphy/la, Cav. Leaflets 4, obcordate, with a brownish blotch or 
band when young. Mexico. O. DEppri of gardens. 

0. lasi@ndra, Graham. Leaflets 7-10, oblanceolate, 3/ long by 1! broad, 
obtuse and entire at apex; scapes 9’-18! high, with a many-flowered 
ihe Mexico. + + Leaflets 3. 
++ Flowers yellow. 


O. comiculata, Linn. YreLttow W., Lapies’ Sorrer. 1° high, pu- 
bescent, with sharp, oppressed hairs ; stipules round or truncate, ciliate ; 
peduncles 2-6-flowered ; pods long, erect. Rare eastward, indigenous 
Mo. and S.W.; but 

Var. stricta, Sav., is extremely common ; stems erect, nearly smooth to 
very villous ; leafy ; stipules 0. 

Var. rubra is a purple-leaved form in cultivation. 

O. rectirva, Ell. Like the first variety of the preceding ; leaflets larger 
($'-13! broad), usually with a brownish margin; flowers larger (6//-8/' 
long). Penn. to S. Ill. and S. 

0. Ortgiési, Regel. Stems purplish-red, erect, 1° high, rather fleshy, 
becoming tough or woody below; leaflets obovate, with-2-pointed lobes, 
the notch broad, olive-green above, purple beneath; flowers small, in 
cymes on long axillary peduncles. Peru. 

0. Valdiviénsis, Barn. Stem smooth, 1° high, branching at base; 
leaflets obcordate, the lobes very round ; petals deep yellow, with reddish 
veins, especially outside. Chile. 


+++ Flowers violet, purple, or rose-red. 


O. violacea, Linn. VioLter W. Leafstalks and slender scape from 
a scaly bulb, the flowers several in an umbel, middle-sized, violet. 2, 
Common §., rarer N., in rocky or sandy soil. In common cultivation. 


96 GERANIUM FAMILY. 


0. Bowiedna, Lodd. Whole plant finely pubescent ; leafstalks and few- 
flowered scapes 6/-10! high from a sinall bulb on a spindle-shaped root ; 
broad obcordate leaflets almost 2’ long; petals deep rose-color, 1’ long. 
Cape of Good Hope. 


6. PELARGONIUM, the GERANIUM, so-called, of house and sum~. 
mer-garden culture. (Greek: stork, from the beak of the fruit, which 
is like that of Geranium.) 2/ Natives of the Cape of Good Hope; in 
cultivation so much modified that it is often difficult to distinguish the 
original species. A synopsis of the chief groups is given. 

I. Ivy Geraniums. Stems trailing ; leaves peltate and fleshy, the 5 lobes 


entire, generally smooth, with or without a darker zone. Now crossed 
with the next for the sake of the larger flowers. 


P. peltatum, Ait. Ivy-LeaAvep P. Generally smooth, the leaf fixed 
towards the middle, with or without a darkish zone; flowers pink or 
varying to white. 


II. Scartet, Horsesnor, Fisu, Beppinc or ZONAL GERANIUMS. Stems 
erect, obscurely lobed with large scallops or irregularly cut ; leaves round 
and crenate, and with a deep narrow sinus, often with a horseshoe-shaped 
dark zone, many forms (TricoLors) with bronzy-golden or silver-edged 
or variegated leaves ; petals all of one color or variegated (scarlet, pink, 
or varying to white) ; stems erect, shrubby, and succulent. 


P. zonadle, Willd. Horsesnor P. So called from the dark horseshoe 
mark or zone on the leaves, which, however, is not always present ; 
petals smoothish, narrowish. 

P. inguinans, Ait. Sraryine or Scarier P. In the unmixed state is 
soft-downy and clammy, the leaves without the zone; petals broadly 
obovate, originally intense scarlet. 


Ill. Lapy Wasuincron GERANIUMS; PELARGONIUMS; DECORATIVE, 
Suow or Fancy P. of gardeners. Leaves usually moderately lobed, 
but sometimes rather deeply cut, mostly sharply toothed: flowers very 
large (2' or more), usually decidedly irregular, the 2 upper petals larger 
and streaked or spotted ; stem decidedly shrubby. 


* Leaves more or less hairy or pubescent. 


P. cucullatum, Ait. Cow ep P.  Soft-hairy, the rounded kidney- 
shaped leaves cupped, soft-downy. 

P. corddtum, Ait. Hrart-LeEAvep P. Like the last or less hairy, with 
flat, ovate-heart-shaped leaves. 

P. angulésum, Ait. Maprie-Leavep P. Harsher-hairy; the leaves 
rigid, inclined to be lobed, truncate or even wedge-shaped at the base 
(scarcely ever heart-shaped), sharply toothed. 


* * Leaves smooth and pale or glaucous, rounded, palmately 5-7-cleft. 


P. grandiflorum, Willd. Great-FLOWERED P. Shrubby ; peduncles 
bearing about 3 large flowers, with white petals 1}/ long, the two upper 
larger and elegantly veined or variegated with pink or rose-color. 


IV. Rose Geraniums. Leaves hairy, roundish, often rough, lobed or 
deeply pinnatifid (rarely only crenate), or in the last one palmately 3- 
parted, balsamic or strong-scented ; plants cult. chiefly for the fragrant 
foliage; the small rather sparse flowers rose-colored or purple, petals 
often darker-veined. 


* Velvety or soft-hairy ; leaves moderately or not at all lobed. 


P. capitatum, Ait. Rosr-scentep P. Softly hairy, with the rose- 
scented leaves moderately lobed, the lobes short and broad; peduncle 


GERANIUM FAMILY. 97 


bearing many sessile flowers in a head; petals rose-purple, barely 3}! 
long. 

P tomentosum, Jacq. PrePPpERMINT P. Densely soft-hairy ; branches 
long and thickish ; leaves rather large, round-heart-shaped and with 5-7 
open lobes, velvety-hairy both sides ; flowers on long pedicels in panicled 
umbels, insignificant ; petals white, the 3 lower a little longer than the calyx. 

P. odoratissimum, Ait. NutmMrG-scENTED P. Branches slender and 
straggling, from a very short, scaly stem or base; leaves rounded and 
crenate, soft-velvety, small ; flowers on short pedicels, very small ; petals 
white, scarcely exceeding the calyx. 


* * Hairy, roughish, or occasionally downy ; leaves more or less pinnat- 
yid or pinnately compound or the main lobes or divisions pinnatifid. 


P. quercifolium, Ait. Oax-LEavep P. Shrubby, hairy, and glandular ; 
leaves deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, with wavy-toothed blunt lobes (the low- 
est ones largest, making a triangular-heart-shaped outline), often dark- 
colored along the middle, unpleasantly scented; petals purple or pink, 
the two upper (1! long) much longest. 

P. gravéolens, Ait. Hravy-scenrep P. Shrubby and hairy like the 
last ; leaves palmately 5-7-lobed or parted, and the oblong lobes sinuate- 
pinnatifid ; petals shorter. 

P. rddula, Ait. Rovucu P. Shrubby, rough and hairy above with 
short bristles ; the balsamic or mint-scented leaves palmately parted and 
the divisions pinnately parted or again cut into narrow linear lobes, with 
revolute margins ; peduncles short, bearing few small flowers; petals 
rose-color, striped or veined with pink or purple. 

P. filgidum, Ait. Brivirant P. Shrubby and succulent-stemmed, 
downy ; leaves mostly 3-parted, with the lateral divisions wedge-shaped 
and 3-lobed, the middle one oblong and cut-pinnatifid; calyx broad in 
the throat ; petals obovate, scarlet, often with dark lines, 3! long. 

P. triste, Ait. Sap or Nicut-scenteD P, Stem succulent and very 
short from a tuberous rootstock, or none ; leaves pinnately decompound, 
hairy ; petals dull brownish-yellow with darker spots, sweet-scented at 
night. 

P. exstipulatum, Ait. Pennyroyat P. Low, rather shrubby ; leaves 
(with no stipules) with the sweet scent of Pennyroyal or Bergamot, 3! 
wide, the 3 palmate lobes wedge-shaped and cut-toothed ; flowers small 
and insignificant, white. 


7. TROPHIOLUM, NASTURTIUM or INDIAN CRESS. (Greek : 
a trophy, the foliage of the common sort likened to a group of shields. ) 
Cult. from South America, chiefly Peru, for ornament, and the pickled 
fruits used as a substitute for capers, having a similar flavor and pun- 
gency ; flowers all summer, showy. @ 


* Leaves obscurely, if at all, lobed. 


T. majus, Linn. Common N. Climbing high, also low and scarcely 
climbing variety ; leaves roundish and about 6-angled, peltate towards the 
middle ; spur straight, attenuate, petals much longer than calyx, all shades 
of yellow and red, from cream-white to nearly black, pointless, entire or a 
little jagged at the end, and the 3 lower and longer-clawed ones fringed at 
the base ; also a full double variety. 

T. minus, Linn. Smatter N. Smaller; petals with a bristle-like 
point. Much less common than the preceding, but mixed with it. 

T. Lobbianum, Veitch. Pilose all over except the petals and upper side 
of the leaves; leaves obscurely lobed, the lobes mucronulate; spur 
straight, thickish, three lower petals long-clawed, deeply toothed, fringed 
at base ; shades of red chiefly, to nearly black. Colombia. 


GRAY’s BF. ¥. & G. BOT. —7 


98 RUE FAMILY. 


* x Leaves 5-7-lobed or parted. 


T. peregrinum, Willd. Canary Birp FLrower. Climbing high; lobes 
of the leaves mucronate and cut; spur hooked or curved; petals light 
yellow, the 2 upper cut into slender lobes, the 3 lower small and 
fringed. 


8. IMPATIENS, TOUCH-ME-NOT, JEWELWEED, BALSAM. 
(Name from the sudden bursting of the pod when touched.) 


* Native, in low places. (@ 


I. pallida, Nutt. Pare T. 1°-4° high, branched; leaves alternate, 
oval; flowers panicled, pale yellow dotted with brownish-red (rarely- 
spotless), the sac broader than long and tipped with a short, incurved 
spur. Wet ground and moist shady places, commonest N. 

I. filva, Nutt. Sporrep T. Has smaller orange-colored flowers 
spotted with reddish-brown, sac longer than broad and tapering into a 
strongly inflexed spur (spots and spur rarely wanting). Common, espe- 
canye. * * Garden species. 

/. BalsGmina, Linn. GarpEN Batsam, from India. Low, with crowded 
lanceolate leaves, the lower opposite, a cluster of large and showy short- 
spurred flowers in their axils, on short stalks, of very various shades 
(from white to red and purple) ; the finer sorts full double. 

/. Sulta@ni, Hook. Erect, leaves acuminate at both ends, serrate with 
a bristle at each tooth ; flowers solitary or 2-8 together, on slender axil- 
lary peduncles ; petals scarlet, quite flat, the lateral ones cleft to the base, 
the lobes somewhat larger than the third; blade of spurred sepal not 
half the length of petals, spur long, slender, up-curved. Zanzibar. Cult. 
in greenhouses. 2/ 


XXVI. RUTACEH, RUE FAMILY. 


Known by the transparent dots or glands resembling punc- 
tures (wanting in No. 4) in the simple or compound leaves, 
containing a pungent or acrid bitter-aromatic volatile oil; and 
stamens only as many or twice as many as the sepals (or in 
Orange and Lemon more numerous), inserted on the base of 
a receptacle (or a glandular disk surrounding it) which some- 
times elevates more or less the single compound pistil or the 
2-5 more or less separate carpels. Leaves either opposite or 
alternate, in ours mostly alternate, without stipules. Flowers 
only in No. 2 irregular. Many species are medicinal. 


§ 1. Perennial, strong-scented, hardy (exotic) herbs ; flowers perfect; stamens 8 or 
10; ovary 4-5-lobed, 4-5-celled ; seeds several. 


1. RUTA. Sepals and petals 4 or 5, short, the latter roundish and arching. Stamens twice 
as many as the petais. Style 1. Pod globular and many-seeded. Leaves decompound. 

2. DICTAMNUS. Sepals and petals 5; the latter long and lanceolate, on short claws, the 
lower one declining, the others ascending. Stamens 10; the long filaments declining 
and curved, partly glandular. Styles 5, nearly separate. Ovary a little elevated, 
deeply 5-lobed, in fruit becoming 5 flattened, rough-glandular, 2-3-seeded pods, each 
splitting when ripe into 2 valves, which divide into an outer and an inner layer. 
Leaves pinnate. 


RUE FAMILY. 99 


$2. Shrubs or trees, hardy, with polygamous, diewcious, or sometimes perfect, small 
(greenish or whitish) flowers ; stamens 4-6, as many as the petals; seeds single 


or tn pairs. «x Leaves compound, deciduous. 


8. XANTHOXYLUM. Flowers diecious. Pistils 2-5; their styles slightly cohering; the 
ovaries separate, ripening into rather fleshy at length dry and 2-valved little pods. 
Seed black, smooth, and shining. Prickly trees or shrubs; leaves pinnate ; these and 
the bark and pods very pungent and aromatic. ; 

4, PHELLODENDRON. Flowers dicecious, greenish, inconspicuous; stamens 5-6; ovary 
5-lobed, rudimentary. Drupes berry-like, black, the size of a pea, with 5 stones, in 
flat corymbs, hanging all winter. Leaves opposite, leaflets oblong-lanceolate, long- 
acuminate, serrulate, not pellucid-punctate. 

5. PTELEA. Flowers polygamous. Pistil a 2-celled ovary tipped with a short style, form- 
ing a2-celled, 2-seeded, and rounded wing-fruit or samara, in shape like that of the Elm. 
Not prickly ; leaflets 3. 


«x x Leaves simple and entire, evergreen. 


6. SKIMMIA,. Flowers polygamous or perfect. Ovary 2-5-celled, with a single ovule from 
the top of each cell, in fruit becoming a red berry or drupe. 


§ 3. Shrubs or trees, exotic (only one hardy), with sweet-scented foliage and conspicuous, 
white, fragrant and perfect flowers. 


7. CITRUS. Petals 4-8, usually 5, thickish. Filaments irregularly united more or less. 
Ovary many-celled, encircled at the base by a conspicuous disk (Lessons, p. 113, 
Fig. 363), in fruit becoming a many-seeded, large berry with a thick rind. Branches 
usually spiny. Leaves evergreen, compound or apparently simple, but with a 
joint between the blade and the (commonly winged or margined) petiole, showing 
that the leaf is a compound one reduced to the end-leaflet. Flowers white, very 
fragrant, rather showy. 

8. AAGLE. Stamens fewer, and all distinct and free. Parts of the flower in 3’s or 5’s. 
Leaves trifoliate. 


1. RUTA, RUE. (The ancient name.) Natives of the Old World. 


R. gravéo/ens, Linn. Common Rue. A bushy herb, woody or almost 
shrubby at the base; leaflets small, bluish-green and strongly dotted, 
oblong or obovate, the terminal one broader and notched at the end, 
corymbs of greenish-yellow flowers produced all summer; the earliest 
blossom has the parts in 6’s, the rest in 4’s. Plant very acrid, sometimes 
even blistering the skin. Cult. in country gardens. 


2. DICTAMNUS, FRAXINELLA, GAS PLANT. (Ancient Greek 
name. ) 


D. G/bus, Linn. (or D. Fraxtyétia.) Herb with an almost woody base, 
viscid-glandular, and with a strong aromatic scent; the leaves likened to 
those of Ash on a smaller scale (whence one of the common names) of 
9-13 ovate and serrate leaflets; the large flowers in a terminal raceme, in 
summer, in one variety pale purple with redder veins, another white. 
S. Eu. 


3. XANTHOXYLUM, PRICKLY ASH. (Greek: yellow wood.) 


XX. Americanum, Mill. Norruern P., or ToorHacue TREE. Leaves 
downy when young, of 9-11 ovate or oblong leaflets ; the greenish flowers 
in axillary clusters, in spring, preceding the leaves, the sepals wanting ; 
pistils 8-5 with slender styles; pods about the size and shape of pepper- 
corns, lemon-scented, raised from the receptacle on thickish stalks. 
Rocky woods and banks, N. 

X. Clava-Hérculis, Linn. Soutnern P. A small tree, the bark with 
warty and the leafstalks with very slender prickles, smooth, with 7-9 
ovate or lance-ovate leaflets, and whitish flowers in a terminal cyme, in 


100 RUE FAMILY. 


early summer, later than the leaves, petals and sepals both present, 3 or 2 
short-styled pistils ; pods not stalked. Sandy coast S. 


4. PHELLODENDRON, CORK TREE. (Greek: cork tree.) 


P. Amurénse, Rupr. <A spreading, hardy tree with ash-gray, deeply 
furrowed corky bark, the inner bark lemon-yellow ; leaflets 2-6 pairs ; 
general aspect ef Ailanthus. Amur region. 


5. PTELEA, HOP TREE. (The ancient Greek name for the Elm, 
from the resemblance in the winged fruit.) 


P. trifoliata, Linn. THrree-teavep H. A tall shrub, with ovate 
pointed leaflets, and a terminal cyme of small, greenish-white, unpleasantly 
scented flowers, in early summer ; the orbicular winged fruit bitter. Rocky 
woods from L. I. to Minn. and 8. Also planted, as vars., with variegated 
or yellow leaves. 


6. SKIMMIA. (Japanese : skimmi, the local name of the first-known 
species.) Not fully hardy in the Northern States. 


S. Fortune/, Masters. (S.Jaronica of gardens.) A low, quite hardy shrub, 
smooth, with oblong and entire, dark green, evergreen leaves, crowded on 
the end of the branches, which in spring are terminated with a close panicle 
or cluster of small and white sweet-scented, perfect flowers, of no beauty, 
but followed by dull crinison, obovoid berries which last over winter. China. 

S. Jap6nica, Thunb. (S.opiAta and 8S. rrAcRans of gardens). Taller; 
flowers polygamous; leaves pale yellowish-green; berries bright red, 
truncate or depressed, but rarely produced. Japan. 


Zh CITRUS, CITRON, ORANGE, LEMON, etc. (Ancient name for 
citron.) Small trees, native to eastern Asia, grown in conservatories 
in the north for ornament, and in Florida and California extensively 
planted for fruit. (Lessons, Fig. 363.) 


* Lemons, Etc. Glabrous. Flowers (and young shoots) usually tinged 
with red; fruit mostly elongated and rough, with a nipple or projection 
at the tip, the rind closely adherent to the flesh, which is usually acid. 


C. Médica, Linn. Citron. Leaves oblong or oval, acute, the petiole short, 
winged or not; fruit large, the rind very aromatic and covered with humps; 
the juice not abundant nor very acid. Named for the country Media. 

Var. Limon, Linn. Lemon. Petiole narrowly winged ; fruit distinctly 
elongated, the rind not lumpy, with an abundant and acid juice. 

Var. acris, Martyn. Sour Lime. Flowers smaller; fruit small, vari- 
able in shape, the juice very acid. 


* * ORANGES. Glabrous. Flowers white ; fruit mostly roundish, without a 
nipple, the skin much thinner and smoother, and separating from the 
Jlesh, which is usually sweetish. 


C. Auréntium, Linn. Orance. Tree, with ovate, large leaves, and 
petiole either winged or naked; fruit globose, usually 3/4! in diameter, 
golden-yellow, with a sweet edible flesh. China. 

Var. vulgaris, Wight & Arn. Bitter or SevirLte ORANGE. Petiole 
usually broadly winged; fruit small, with a thin roughish rind and bitter 
pulp. Run wild in Florida and other parts of the world; a deteriorated 
form of the Orange. 

C. nobilis, Lour. Manparin, TANGERINE, K1p-GLOVE ORANGE, OON- 
suiu. ‘Tree small or bushy and much spreading; leaves smaller and 
narrower, the petioles not winged; fruit small, flattened, the very thin 
golden-russet rind parting readily from the loosely cohering, dryish, and 
sweet carpels. Hardier than the Orange. Japan and China, 


MELIA FAMILY. 101 


* * * SHappock. Young growth pubescent. Flowers white; fruit very 
large, often borne in clusters, roundish, with a smooth rind and no 
nipple; the flesh acid and very juicy. 


C. Decumana, Lour. SHApvocK, PoMELO, GRAPE Fruit. Leaves very 
large and broad, often emarginate, pubescent beneath; petioles much 
winged ; fruit pale with distinct bitterish acid vesicles. Polynesia. 


8. ZIGLE. (Name of one of the Hesperides.) 


, sepiadria, DC. (or Cirrus Triroviita). A shrub with strong 
thorns, 3 elliptic-crenulate leaflets, solitary flowers in the axils of the 
thorns, and a light yellow, many-seeded, austere fruit, 1/ in diameter. 
Hardy in protected places as far N. as Washington. Grown for orna- 
ment, hedges, and as a stock upon which to dwarf oranges. Japan. 


XXVIII. SIMARUBACEH, QUASSIA FAMILY. 


May be regarded as Rutacee without transparent dots in 
the leaves. (Phellodendron may be sought here. See the last 
faruily.) Here represented by a single tree, the 


1. AILANTHUS, CHINESE SUMACH or TREE OF HEAVEN. 
(Ailanto, a native name.) Flowers polygamous, small, greenish, in 
terminal branched panicles, with 5 short sepals and 5 petals, 10 stamens 
in the sterile flowers, and few or none in the fertile flowers; the latter 
with 2-5 ovaries (their styles lateral, united, or soon separate), which 
in fruit become linear-oblong, thin, and membranaceous, veiny samaras 
or keys, 1-seeded in the middle. 

A. glandulésus, Desf., the only species known here, from China, is a 
common shade tree, tall, of rapid growth, with hard wood, very long pin- 


nate leaves, and many obliquely lanceolate, entire, or sparingly sinuate 
leaflets ; flowers in early summer, the staminate ill-scented. 


XXVIII. MELIACEH, MELIA FAMILY. 


Trees, chiefly with pinnately compound dotless leaves, sta- 
mens twice as many as the petals and united up to or beyond 
the anthers into a tube, and a several-celled ovary with a single 
style; almost all tropical. 


1. MELIA. (Old Greek name of the Ash, transferred to a widely dif- 
ferent tree.) Calyx 5-6-parted; petals 5 or 6, linear-spatulate ; fila- 
ments united into a cylindrical tube with a 10-12-cleft mouth, inclosing 
as many anthers; fruit a globose berry-like drupe, with a bony 5-celled 
stone, and a single seed in each cell. Flowers in large compound 
panicles. 

M. Azédarach, Linn. Prive oF Inpra or Cutya TREE. A _ favorite 
shade tree at the S., 30°-40° high; leaves twice pinnate, smooth ; leaflets 


ovate and pointed-toothed, of a deep green color ; flowers numerous, fra- 
grant, lilac-colored in spring, succeeded by the yellowish fruit. 


102 HOLLY FAMILY. 


XXIX. ILICINEA, HOLLY FAMILY. 


Trees or shrubs, with leaves alternate, simple; stipules 
sinall, usually falling early; small, mostly polygamous, or 
dicecious, axillary flowers, having divisions of the free calyx, 
petals (these almost or quite distinct), stamens (alternate 
with petals), and cells of the ovary of the same number (4-8 
or even 9), and fruit berry-like, containing 4-8 single-seeded 
little stones. Ovule solitary, hanging from the top of each 
cell. Sessile stigmas 4-8, or united into one. Flowers white. 


1. ILEX. Parts of the flower 4-6. Petals or corolla-lobes oval or obovate. Sterile flowers 
clustered in the axils; fertile, often solitary. Flowers early summer; fruit autumn. 

2. NEMOPANTHES. Parts of the flower 4or5. Petals linear. Calyx-teeth minute or 
obsolete. Flowers solitary on long, slender, axillary peduncles. 


1. ILEX, HOLLY. (Ancient Latin name of the Holly Oak.) 


§ 1. Trur Hoty, with thick and rigid evergreen leaves, red berries, and 
parts of the flowers in fours, rarely some in fives or sixes. 


* Leaves spiny-toothed. 


1. Aquifolium, Linn, Etrorean HO tty, is occasionally planted, but 
not hardy N.; tree with very glossy and wavy, spiny leaves; umbellate 
clusters of many flowers followed by many varieties in form and variega- 
tion of leaves and color of berries, in cultivation. Bright red berries. 

I. opaca, Ait. American H. Tree 20°-40° high, smooth, with gray 
bark, oval leaves, wavy-margined and spiny-toothed ; flowers one to few 
in a cluster, berries dull red. Low grounds from Maine and Ind. S. 
Also cult. * * Leaves not spiny. 

I. Cassine, Linn. Cassena, Yaupon. Shrub on the sandy coast S., 
with oblong or lance-ovate, crenate leaves only 1’ long, and flowers in ses- 
sile clusters. Leaves used for Yaupon tea. 

I. Dahdon, Walt. Danoon H. Shrub or small tree, of low pine 
barrens from E. Va. 8., a little downy, with obovate or oblong-linear, 
short-petioled leaves sparingly toothed above the middle ; or, var. myrti- 
fdlia, with narrower leaves barely 1! long and mostly entire. 


§ 2. Prinorpes. Parts of the flower 4, 5, rarely 6; nutlets striate on the 
back ; shrubs with deciduous, mostly thin leaves ; drupes red or purple. 


I. decidua, Walt. Leaves wedge-oblong or lance-obovate, obtusely 
serrate, downy on the midrib beneath, when old, glossy above ; calyx-lobes 
acute. Wet grounds S. and W. 

I. monticola, Gray. Leaves ovate or lance-oblong, 3/-5’ long, acumi- 
nate, thin, smooth, sharply serrate; fertile peduncles very short. N. Y., 
S. in the mountains. 

I. méllis, Gray. Like the last, but leaves, softy-downy beneath ; pedicels 
and calyx downy. Shady grounds along the Alleghanies from Penn. S. 


§ 3. Prinos. Parts of the blossom 6 (or sometimes 5-9) in the fertile, 
4-6 in the sterile flowers ; nutlets of the berry smooth and even; shrubs. 


* Leaves deciduous; flower-clusters sessile (or fertile flowers solitary) ; 
Sruit bright red. 


I. verticillata, Gray. Common WinTER Berry, BLack ALDER. Leaves 
(14/-2/ long) obovate or wedge-lanceolate serrate, acute or pointed at 


STAFF TREE FAMILY. 103 


both ends, downy on the veins beneath; flowers very short-peduncled, 
mostly clustered, very bright scarlet-red berries ripening late in autumn. 
There is nothing whorled in the leaves or flowers, so that the name is 
rather misleading. Common in low grounds. 

I. levigata, Gray. Smoorn W. Leaves mostly smooth, lanceolate or 
oblong-lanceolate, minutely serrate, glossy above, long-peduncled sterile 
flowers, and larger, less bright berries ripening earlier. Wet grounds 
Me. to Va. 


* * Leaves thickish, evergreen, glossy above, often blackish-dotted beneath; 
Sruit black. 


I. glabra, Gray. Ink Berry. 2°-4° high; leaves wedge-oblong, few- 
toothed near the apex; flowers several on the sterile, solitary on the 
fertile peduncles. Along sandy coasts from Mass. S. 


2. NEMOPANTHES. (Greek: flower stalk, a thread.) 


N. fasoicularis, Raf. Mounrars Hotty. A much-branched shrub ; 
leaves alternate, oblong, deciduous, nearly or quite entire, smooth. Cold 
damp woods Me. to Va. and Ind. N. W. 


XXX. CELASTRACEHA, STAFF TREE FAMILY. 


Shrubs, sometimes twining, with simple leaves, minute and 
deciduous stipules or none, and small flowers with sepals and 
petals both imbricated in the bud, and stamens of the number 
of the latter, alternate with them, and inserted on a disk 
which fills the bottom of the calyx and often covers the 2-5- 
celled, few-ovuled ovary; the seeds usually furnished with or 
inclosed in a fleshy or pulpy aril. 


1, CELASTRUS. Flowers polygamous or diecious. Petals and stamens 5, on the edge of 
aconcave disk which lines the bottom of the calyx. Filaments and style rather 
slender. Pod globular, berry-like, but dry, orange; aril scarlet. Leaves alternate; a 
woody twiner. 

2. EUONYMUS. Flowers perfect, flat; the calyx-lobes and petals (4 or 5) widely spread- 
ing. Stamens mostly with short filaments or almost sessile anthers, borne on the 
surface of a flat disk which more or less conceals or covers the ovary. Pod 3-5-lobed, 
generally bright-colored. Leaves opposite; branchlets 4-sided. Shrubs not twining, 
with dull-colored inconspicuous flowers, in small cymes on axillary peduncles, pro- 
duced in early summer ; the pods in autumn ornamental, especially when they open 
and display the seeds enveloped in their scarlet, pulpy aril. 


1. CELASTRUS, STAFF TREE. (Old Greek name for some ever- 
green, which this plant is not. ) 


C. scandens, Linn. Ciimpinc BITTERSWEET; Waxwork. Smooth, 
with thin ovate-oblong and pointed, finely serrate leaves, racemes of 
greenish white flowers (in early summer) terminating the branches, the 
petals serrate or crenate toothed, wild in low grounds, and planted for the 
showy, autumnal fruit. 

C. articulatus, Thunb., a Japanese species, with conspicuously warty 
branches, obovate or oval crenate leaves, and short peduncled axillary 
flowers, is hardy, and occasionally planted, but inferior to the native 
species. The fruit hangs long after the leaves have fallen. 


104 BUCKTHORN FAMILY. 


2. EVONYMUS, SPINDLE TREE, BURNING BUSH, STRAW- 
BERRY TREE. (Greek: of good repute.) 
* Leaves deciduous, ovate. 
+ Branches not winged. 
++ Native species; anthers nearly or quite sessile. 


E. atropurptreus, Jacq. Burninc Busy or SprnpLe Tree. Tall shrub, 
wild from New York W. and S., and commonly planted ; with short, 
small buds and oval or oblong, petioled, sharply serrate leaves ; flowers 
with rounded, dark, dull-purple petals (generally 4), and smooth, deeply 
4-lobed, red fruit, hanging on slender peduncles. 

EB. Americanus, Linn. AMERICAN STRAWBERRY Busu. Low shrub, 
wild from New York W. and S., and sometimes cult.; with thickish 
ovate or lance-ovate, almost sessile leaves, usually 5 greenish-purple 
rounded petals, and rough-warty, somewhat 3-lobed fruit, crimson when 
ripe. Var. obovatus, with thinner and dull obovate or oblong leaves, 
has long and spreading or trailing and rooting branches. 


++ ++ Exotic; anthers raised on evident filaments. 


E. Europeus, Linn. Evrorran Spinpie Tree. Occasionally planted, 
but inferior to the foregoing ; a rather low shrub, with lance-ovate or 
oblong, short-petioled leaves, about 8-flowered peduncles, 4 greenish 
oblong petals, and a smooth, 4-lobed red fruit, the aril orange-color. Eu. 

E. /atifolius, Bauh. Has long, pointed, large buds, many-flowered 
peduncles, whitish flowers and red-ariled fruit. Eu. 


+ + Branches strongly winged. 


E. Thunbergidnus, Blume. (In cult.as E. arArus.) Smooth branches 
with 4 corky wings (these rarely wanting) ; leaves elliptic, acuminate ; 
peduncles 1-3-flowered, capillary ; capsule 4-parted, smooth. Japan. 


x x Leaves deciduous or nearly so; linear. 


E. ndnus, Bieb. 2°-83° high; leaves coriaceous, linear (1/-2! long), 
on the young shoots alternate or apparently whorled, margin revolute ; 
pod pink ; aril orange, covering only half theseed. Caucasus. Hardy N. 


x * * Leaves evergreen, ovate or oblong. 


E. Japénicus, Thunb. Japan S. Planted S. under the name of Cur 
NESE Box, there hardy, but tender N.; leaves obovate, shining and bright 
green, also forms with white or yellowish variegation ; peduncles several- 
flowered ; petals 4, obovate, whitish ; pods smooth, globular. 

Var. radicans, climbing by rootlets, leaves varying from oval and very 
short-petiolate to ovate or elliptic and distinctly petiolate. Hardy N. to 
Mass. 


XXXI. RHAMNACEA, BUCKTHORN FAMILY. 


Shrubs or trees, of bitterish and astringent properties, with 
simple, chiefly alternate leaves, and small flowers ; well marked 
by the stamens of the number of the valvate sepals (4 or 5) and 
alternate with them, i.e. opposite the petals, inserted on a disk 
which lines the calyx-tube and often unites it with the base of the 
ovary, this having a single, erect ovule in each of the (2-5) cells. 
Branches often thorny; stipules ininute or none; flowers often 
apetalous or polygamous. Petal commonly hooded or invo- 
Jute around the stamen before it. (Lessons, Figs. 364, 365.) 


BUCKTHORN FAMILY. 105 


« Calyx free from the ovary. 


1. BERCHEMIA. Twining climbers, with alternate, straight-veined leaves. Petals 5, 
without claws, rather longer than the stamens. Disk thick, nearly filling the bottom 
of the calyx. Ovary 2-celled, becoming a 2-celled, small stone-fruit. 

2. SAGERETIA. Trailing shrubs, with opposite, persistent leaves. Petals 5, minute. 
Ovary 3-celled, becoming a 3-seeded stone-fruit. 

8. RHAMNUS. Erect shrubs or trees. Petals 4 or 5 or 0, notched, with short claws. 
Stamens short. Ovary 24-celled, becoming a black, berry-like fruit, containing 24 
cartilaginous seed-like nutlets. Flowers greenish, axillary, mostly in small clusters, 
in early summer. Berry-like fruit mawkish. 


x x Calyx with the disk coherent with the base of the ovary and fruit. 


4, CEANOTHUS. Erect or depressed shrubs or undershrubs. Petals 5, hood-shaped, 
spreading, their claws and the filaments slender. Ovary 3-celled, when ripe becom- 
ing a cartilaginous or crustaceous 3-seeded pod. Flowers in little umbels or fascicles, 
usually clustered in dense bunches or panicles, handsome, the calyx and even the 
pedicels colored like the petals and stamens. Ours are low undershrubs, with white 
flowers. 


1. BERCHEMIA, SUPPLE-JACK. (Probably named for some 
person. ) 


B. volubilis, DC. Climbing on high trees, smooth, with very tough and 
lithe stems (whence the popular name) ; leaves small, oblong-ovate and 
simply parallel-veined ; flowers greenish white, in small panicles termin- 
ating the branchlets, in early summer; drupe purple. Common in low 
grounds S. 


2. SAGERETIA. (Named for Sageret, an able French agriculturist. ) 


S. Michawtzii, Brongn. Stems vine-like and many feet long, trailing 
in the sands along the coast from N. C., South ; leaves an inch long and 
nearly sessile, finely serrate, shining ; spikes of flowers slender and inter- 
rupted, clustered ; drupe dark purple. 


3. RHAMNUS. BUCKTHORN. (The ancient name.) 


* Flowers usually diecious ; nutlets and seeds deeply grooved on the back; 
winter buds scaly. 


+ Flowers with petals, the parts in fours ; leaves minutely serrate. 


R. cathGrtica, Linn. Common Bucktuorn. Cult. from Eu., for 
hedges, run wild in a few places; forms a small tree, with thorny branch- 
lets, ovate or oblong leaves, and 5-4-seeded fruit. 

R. lanceolata, Pursh. Narrow-Leavep B. Wild from Penn. S. and 
W.; shrub not thorny, with lanceolate or oblong leaves and 2-seeded fruit. 


+ + Flowers without petals ; stamens and lobes of the calyx 5. 


R. alnifolia, L’Her. Atper-teavep B. Wild in cold swamps N.; a 
low shrub, with oval, acute, serrate leaves, and 3-seeded, berry-like fruit. 


* * Flowers perfect; nutlets and seeds not furrowed ; winter buds naked. 


R. Caroliniana, Walt. Inpian Cuerry. A thornless shrub or low 
tree, with oblong and almost entire, rather large leaves ; flowers solitary 
or in small clusters in the axils, in early summer on peduncles shorter 
than the petioles; the 3-seeded fruit at first crimson, finally black. Wild 
in wet grounds, from N. J. and Ky. 8. 

R. Purshiana, WC. From the N. W. coast, with peduncles much 
longer than the petioles of the serrulate leaves, and R. Frangu/a, Linn., 
from Eu., with the flower clusters sessile and leaves entire, are occasion- 
ally planted. 


106 VINE FAMILY. 


4. CEANOTHUS. {An ancient name of unknown meaning.) 


C. Americanus, Linn. New Jersey Trea or Reproor. 1°-2° high, 
from a dark red root ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, finely serrate, downy 
beneath, 3-ribbed and veiny, deciduous (once used as a substitute for 
tea) ; flowers crowded in a dense, slender-peduncled cluster, in summer. 
Wild in dry grounds. 

C. ovatus, Desf. Lower than the preceding and nearly smooth ; 
leaves smaller, narrow-oval, or lance-oblong ; flowers on a short peduncle 
in spring. Wild on rocks N., from Vermont to Minn., rare E. 

C. microphyllus, Michx. Smawui-LeEavep C. Low and spreading, 
much branched ; leaves evergreen, very small, obovate, 3 ribbed ; flower- 
clusters small and simple in spring. Dry barrens S. 


XXXII. VITACEH, VINE FAMILY. 


Woody plants, climbing by tendrils, with watery and often 
acid juice, alternate leaves, deciduous stipules, and small 
greenish flowers in a cyme or thyrsus; with a minutely 4-5- 
toothed or almost obsolete calyx; petals valvate in the bud 
and very deciduous; the stamens as many as the petals and 
opposite them; a 2-celled ovary with a pair of ovules rising 
from the base of each cell, becoming a berry containing 1-4 
bony seeds. Tendrils and flower-clusters opposite the leaves. 


* Climbing by naked-tipped tendrils ; ovary surrounded by a nectar secreting disk. 


1, VITIS. Petals and stamens 5, the former lightly cohering at the top and thrown off 
without expanding ; the base of the very short and truncate calyx filled with the disk, 
which rises into 5 thick lobes or glands between the stamens; leaves simple, rounded, 
and heart-shaped, usually 3-5-lobed. Fruit a pulpy berry. 

2. CISSUS. Flowers in an ovate panicle. Petals and stamens 4 or 5, the former opening 
regularly ; disk thick and broad, 4-5-lobed ; flowers mostly perfect ; berries not larger 
than peas, notedible. Tendrils in ours among the flowers, which are panicled or cymose. 


* * Climbing by the adhesion of the dilated tips of tendrils (Lessons, p. 41, Figs. 93, 
94); disk 0. 


8. AMPELOPSIS. Corolla expauding. Petals thick. Flowers cymose. 


1. VITIS, GRAPEVINE. (Classical Latin name.) Flowers in late 


a § 1. Bark loose, shreddy ; tendrils forked ; nodes solid. 


* A tendril (or inflorescence) opposite every leaf. 


V. Labrtisca, Linn. Nortuern Fox Grape, etc., furnishing most of the 
Américan table and wine grapes; leaves and young shoots very cottony, 
even the adult leaves retaining the cottony wool underneath, the lobes 
separated by roundish sinuses ; fruit large, with a tough musky pulp when 
wild, dark purple, or amber-color in compact clusters. Common in moist 
grounds N.and E. The original of the Concorp, Hartrorp, and many 
others. 

* * Tendrils intermittent (none opposite each third leaf). 


+ Leaves pubescent and floccose, especially beneath when young. 


V. estivalis. Michx. Summer Grape. Branches terete; leaves 
green above, and with loose, cobwebby, rusty down underneath, the lobes 


VINE FAMILY. 107 


with roundish open sinuses; clusters slender; fruit smaller and earlier 
than in the foregoing, black with a bloom, pleasant. Common from Va., 
S. Original of the HeErBemont, Norton’s VireGinia, and others. 

V. bicolor, Le Conte, represents the last in the N., has very glaucous 
wood, thin leaves, glaucous-blue and only thinly pubescent below, and 
late, austere, very small fruits. 

V. cinérea, Engelm. Downy Grape. Branches angular, pubescence 
grayish or whitish and persistent ; leaves entire or slightly 3-lobed on 
very long stalks; berries small, black, without bloom in long-stalked 
clusters. Ill. W. and S. 


+ + Leaves glabrous and mostly shining, or short-hairy beneath, cut-lobed 
or undivided. 


++ Flowers more or less polygamous (some plants inclined to produce only 
staminate flowers), exhaling a fragrance like that of Miynonette ; 
native species. 


V.cordifdlia, Michx. Frost orCuickenG. Leaves thin, heart-shaped, 
with a deep acute sinus, little lobed, but coarsely and sharply toothed ; 
stipules small; clusters loose ; fruit small, bluish, or black with a bloom, 
very sour, ripe after frosts. Common on banks of streams. 

V. riparia, Michx. (or V. vutpina). River G. Leaves usually 3- 
lobed, sinus broad, rounded, or truncate; stipules large (2//-3'’) ; fruit 
4/_5” diameter, acid, often juicy, ripening July to Sept. Stream banks 
N. and W. Original, in part, of CLtryron and others. 

V. rupéstris, Scheele. Sanp G., Sucar G. Low and bushy, often 
without tendrils; leaves broadly cordate or kidney-shaped, not acumi- 
nate, usually not lobed, but coarsely toothed; berries small in small 
bunches, sweet; ripe Aug. Wis. to Tenn. and Tex. 


++ ++ Flowers all perfect, somewhat fragrant ; exotic. 


V. vinifera, Linn. European Grape. Leaves circular and usually 
green and shining, thin, the teeth deep and sharp or rounded, when 
young 5-7-lobed. Cult. from immemorial time ; from the East, furnish- 
ing the principal grapes of our greenhouses. 


§ 2. Bark of stem close and smooth, pale; pith continuous through the 
nodes ; tendrils simple, intermittent. 


V. rotundifdlia, Michx. Muscapine, BuLtace, or SourTHERN Fox 
Grape. Leaves rather small, round, seldom slightly lobed, glossy, and 
mostly smooth both sides, margin coarsely toothed ; clusters small; fruit 
3/3! diameter, purple, thick-skinned, ripe in early autumn ; original of 
the ScupPpeERNONG Grape. River banks from Md. and Ky. and Kans., S. 


2. CISSUS. (Greek: Ivy.) Species often referred to Vitis. 
* Wild species S. and W., smooth, usually with 5 stamens and petals. 


C. Ampelépsis, Pers. A species with simple leaves like those of a true 
Grape, heart-shaped or ovate, pointed, coarsely toothed, but nof lobed ; 
flower-clusters, small and loose ; style slender. 

C. stans, Pers. A bushy or low-climbing plant, with few tendrils, and 
decompound leaves, the small leaflets cut-toothed. 


* x Exotic species, usually with 4 stamens and petals. 


C. discolor, Blume. Leaves lance-oblong, with a heart-shaped base, 
crimson underneath, velvety lustrous and dark-green, shaded with purple 
or violet, or often mottled with white ; on the upper surface the shoots 
reddish. Java; cult. in hothouses for its splendid foliage. 


108 SOAPBERRY FAMILY. 


3. AMPELOPSIS. (Greek: like the vine.) (WLessons, Figs. 98, 94.) 
Flowers much like Vitis. 


A. quinquefdlia, Michx. VirGinta CreErER, Woopsine. In all low 
grounds, climbing extensively, sometimes by rootlets as well as by the 
tendrils; leaflets 5, digitate, lance-oblong, cut-toothed, changing to crim- 
son in autumn ; flowers cymose in summer ; berries small, black or bluish. 
One form does not cling well. 

A. tricuspidata, Sieb. & Zuce. (or A. VkErrcni). Japan Ivy, Boston 
Ivy. Branching profusely and adhering tenaciously by much-branched 
tendrils; leaves very variable, roundish-ovate and crenate-serrate, or 
cordate, 3-lobed or even 3-foliolate, shining, thickish, finely colored in 
autumn ; cymes much shorter than petioles, inconspicuous. Japan. A 
handsome hardy climber for covering walls. 

A. heterophylla, Sieb. & Zucc. (or Viris HETEROPHYLLA). Has the 
small thin leaves variously 3—-5-lobed, often blotched or variegated, slender 
soft canes, and small, porcelain-blue berries. Hardy N. China and Japan. 
Does not cling. 


XXXIII. SAPINDACEH, SOAPBERRY FAMILY. 


Trees, shrubs, or one or two herbaceous climbers, mostly 
with compound or lobed leaves, and unsymmetrical flowers, 
the stamens sometimes twice as many as the petals or lobes 
ot the calyx, but commonly rather fewer, when of equal num- 
ber alternate with the petals; these imbricated in the bud, 
inserted on adisk in the bottom of the calyx and often coherent 
with it; ovary 2-3-celled, sometimes 2-3-lobed, with 1-3 (or 
in Staphylea several) ovules in each cell. A large and diverse 
order. 


I. SOAPBERRY SUBFAMILY. Flowers often polyg- 
amous or dicecious, mostly irregular or unsymmetrical, the 
embryo coiled or curved, without albumen. No stipules. 


x Leaves alternate, twice ternate and cut-toothed. Pod bladdery-inflated. 


1. CARDIOSPERMUM. Herbs, climbing by hook-like tendrils in the flower clusters 
Sepals 4, the inner pair larger. Petals 4, each with an appendage on the inner face, 
that of the two upper large and petal-like, of the two lower crest-like and with a de- 
flexed spur or process, raised on a claw. Disk irregular, enlarged into two glands, 
one before each lower petal. Stamens 8, turned towards the upper side of the flower 
away from the glands, the filaments next to them shorter. Styles or stigmas 3, short : 
ovary triangular, 3-celled, with a single ovule rising from the middle of each cell. Pod 
8-lobed ; seeds bony, globose, with a scale-like heart-shaped aril adherent to the base. 


* «x Leaves alternate, pinnate. 


2. KG:LREUTERIA. Small tree. Sepals 5. Petals 3 or 4 (the place of the others vacant), 
each with a small, 2-parted, scale-like appendage attached to its claw. Disk enlarging 
into a lobe before each petal. Stamens 5-8, declined; filaments hairy. Style single, 
slender; ovary triangular, 3-celled, with a pair of ovules in each cell. Pod bladdery, 
8-lobed, 3-celled. 

3. XANTHOCERAS. Shrub. Flowers regular. Sepals 5; petals 5, without a scale. Disk 
cup-like, with 5 curved, spreading horns alternate with the petals. Stamens 8. Style 


SOAPBERRY FAMILY. 109 


grooved, stigmas 3; ovary 3-lobed, 3-celled, with 8 ovules in each cell. Fruit a thick 
walled capsule tardily splitting into 3 valves. Seeds globular, 4' diam., purple 
brown. 

x x x Leaves opposite, of 5-9 digitate leaflets. Pod leathery, not inflated. 

4. AASCULUS. Trees or shrubs. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-toothed. Petals 4 or 5, more or less 
unequal, on claws inclosed in the calyx, not appendaged. Stamens 7, rarely 6 or 8; 
filaments slender, often unequal. Style single, as also the minute stigma; ovary 3- 
celled, with a pair of ovules in each cell. Flowers in a terminal crowded panicle, in 
late spring, or summer. Fruit a leathery pod, splitting at maturity into 3 valves, 
ripening 1-3 very large, chestnut-like, hard-coated seeds. (Lessons, p. 19, and Figs. 
38, 39.) 


Il. MAPLE SUBFAMILY. Flowers generally polyga- 
mous or dicecious, and sometimes apetalous, a mostly 2-lobed 
and 2-celled ovary, with a pair of ovules in each cell, ripening 
a single seed in each cell of the winged fruit. Embryo with 
long and thin cotyledons, coiled or crumpled. (Lessons, p. 15, 
Figs. 11-13, etc.) Leaves opposite ; no stipules. 

5. ACER. Trees or shrubs, with palmately-lobed or even parted leaves. Calyx mostly 
5-cleft. Petals as many or none, and stamens 3-8 or rarely more, borne on the edge 
of the disk. Styles or stigmas 2, slender. Fruit a pair of samaras or key-fruits, 
united at the base or inner face and winged from the back. Occasionally the ovary is 
8-celled and the fruit 3-winged. 


6. NEGUNDO. Trees, with pinnate leaves of 3-5 leaflets, and diccious, very small flowers, 
without petals or disk ; the calyx minute; stamens4or5. Fruit, etc., of Acer. 


III. BLADDER NUT SUBFAMILY. Flowers perfect 
and regular; stamens as many as the petals; several bony 
seeds with a straight embryo in scanty albumen, and opposite, 
compound leaves both stipulate and stipellate. 

7. STAPHYLEA. Erect sepals, petals, and stamens 5; the latter borne on the margin of 
a fleshy disk which lines the bottom of the calyx. Styles 2-8, slender, separate or 
lightly cohering; ovary strongly 2-3-lobed, in fruit becoming a bladdery 2-3-lobed, 


2-8-celled, and several-seeded, large, bladdery pod. Shrubs, with pinnately compound 
leaves of 3-7 leaflets. 


1. CARDIOSPERMUM, BALLOON VINE, HEARTSEED. (The 
latter is a translation of the Greek name.) 
C. Halicacabum, Linn. A delicate, climbing herb, or spreading ; 


flowers small, white, in summer. Wild in S. W. States, and cult. for the 
inflated pods. 


2. KGLR3UTERIA. (Named for Kelreuter, a German botanist. 


K. paniculata, Laxm. Leaves of numerous thin and coarsely toothed or 
cut leaflets, and a panicle of small yellow flowers (in summer) terminal, 
amply branched. China. 


3. XANTHOCERAS. (Greek : yellow horn ; the disk-horned.) 


X. sorbifolia, Bunge. Leaves large, leaflets 11-21 ovate-lanceolate, 
coarsely serrate ; flowers (1’ broad) in dense, raceme-like ciusters ; petals 
crumpled, white, marked with yellow. changing to purple. China. 


110 SOAPBERRY FAMILY. 


4. AISCULUS, HORSE-CHESTNUT, BUCKEYE. (Ancient name 
of an Oak or other mast-bearing tree, applied to these trees on account 
of their large, chestnut-like, but unedible or even poisonous, seeds. ) 
(Lessons, Figs. 38, 39, 159, 170.) 


* Petals 5, shorter than stamens ; fruit prickly. 


#. Hippocdstanum, Linn. Common H. Tall fine tree, with mostly 
7 leaflets, and large flowers of 5 petals, white, with yellow spots becoming 
crimson ; stamens 7, at first declined. There are double, variegated, and 
cut-leaved forms. x * Petals 4, shorter than the stems. 
+ Petals broad, spreading on slender claws. 


Z. rubicinda, Lois. Rep H. Compact, round-headed tree, flower- 
ing even as a shrub; leaves rather bright green, of 5-7 leaflets ; petals 
rose-red ; stamens mostly 8. Origin unknown; thought to be a hybrid. 

A: turbindta; Blume. Cutnese H. A tree, 30° high; leaflets 5-7 
obovate-cuneate ; panicle a span long, pubescent ; flowers whitish, calyx 
5-lobed ; petals repand-toothed, ciliate ; stamens 6 or 7; ovary densely 
reddish, pubescent. 

A. Califérnica, Nutt. CALirorNIAN H. Low tree; leaflets usually 5, 
small, oblong-lanceolate, slender-stalked; small, white or rosy-tinged 
flowers densely crowded in a long pubescent thyrse; calyx 2-lobed ; 
stamens 5-7, slender ; ovary hoary, pubescent. Cal. 


+ + Petals erect, and rather narrow, on slender claws. 


4. parviflora, Walt. Smartt Buckeye. Shrub 3°-9° high; leaflets 
5-7, soft downy underneath ; panicle slender, raceme-like, 1° long; stamens 
twice as long as the narrow white petals ; flowering N. as late as midsum- 
mer; fruit smooth; seeds small, almost edible. Wild in the upper 
country S., and planted N. 

4. glabra, Willd. Fetip or On10 Buckeye. Tall tree; leaflets 5, 
nearly smooth ; panicle short ; stamens moderately longer than the some- 
what uniform, pale yellow petals; fruit prickly roughened like that of 
Horse-chestnut. W. of the Alleghanies. 


* * * Petals 4, longer than the stamens. 


45. flava, Ait. YE LLow or Sweet Buckeye. Tree or shrub; leaflets 
5-7, smooth or smoothish ; panicle, short, dense; calyx oblong ; petals 
connivent, light yellow, these of two dissimilar pairs, the longer pair with 
very small blade ; fruit smooth. W. and S. 

Var. purpurascens, Gray. Purpiisu B. Has both calyx and corolla 
tinged with purple or reddish, and leaflets generally downy underneath. 
W. Va., S. and W. 

4). Pavia, Linn. Rep Bucxeye. Shrub or low tree, like the last, 
but leaves generally smooth ; the longer and tubular calyx and the petals 
bright red ; the several forms showy in cultivation. S. and W. 


5. ACER, MAPLE. (The classical Latin name from Celtic, hard.) 
(Lessons, Figs. 11-25, 79, 81, 82, 182, 391.) 


* Flower clusters terminating a shoot of the season, appearing after the 
leaves. 


+ Leaves undivided or 3-5-lobed, with as many palmate ribs. 
++ Flower clusters erect, rarely drooping. 


A. Tartéricum, Linn. Tartarian M. A small tree or shrub; young 
branches tomentose ; leaves ovate or oblong, mostly undivided, incised ser- 


SOAPBERRY FAMILY. 111 


rate ; clusters of white flowers short, thyrsoid ; wings of fruit diverging 
at an acute angle. Leaves very bright colored in autumn. Var. Ginnd/a. 
Leaves much longer than broad, mostly deeply 3-lobed. Mediterranean 
to E. Asia. 

A. spicatum, Lam. Movunrary M. Tallshrub or tree ; leaves slightly 
3-lobed and coarsely toothed, downy beneath ; spike-like clusters of small 
greenish-yellow flowers ; fruits with narrow wings diverging at an obtuse 
angle. Flowers June. N. 


++ ++ Flower clusters pendulous. 


A. Pseudo-Pidtanus, Linn. Sycamore M. A fine tree, with spread- 
ing branches, ample 5-lobed leaves, whitish and rather downy beneath, on 
long reddish petioles, the lobes toothed, elongated ; clusters of greenish 
flowers ; wings of the pubescent fruit moderately spreading. Eu. A great 
many forms, with golden, purple, or variegated leaves are cult. 

A. Pennsylvanicum, Linn. Srrirep M., Moosrewoop. Small tree ; 
bark light green, striped with darker lines; leaves large, thin, finely 
sharply serrate all round, and at the end with 3 short and very taper- 
pointed lobes ; racemes of rather large green flowers, slender and loose ; 
fruit glabrous with very divergent wings. Common N. 


+ + Leaves 7-11-lobed or parted (sometimes dissected), with as many 
ribs ; flowers in corymbiform clusters. 


A. circindtum, Pursh. Vixe M. Spyeading shrub or tree; leaves thin 
and rounded, moderately 7-9-lobed, the lobes serrate ; drooping clusters 
of 10-20 purplish flowers ; wings of fruit strongly diverging. Oregon. 

A. palmatum, Thunb. Japan M. A large tree; leaves 7-11-parted ; 
the segments narrow, often much laciniate; small purple flowers in 
erect clusters. A great number of forms with variously cut and colored 
leaves in cult. under many names: A. poLyMOrRPHUM, A. JAPONICUM (of 
horticulturists, not Thunberg), A. pissEcTuM, etc. 


* * Flower clusters corymbiform, terminating shoots of the season, or 
some from lateral buds, appearing with the leaves. 


+ Sepals distinct ; petals present. 
++ Leaves thin, with taper-pointed lobes. 


A. platanoides, Linn. Norway M. A handsome, round-headed tree ; 
leaves broad, smooth, bright green both sides, their 5 short lobes set with 
2-5 coarse and taper-pointed teeth ; flowers numerous ; fruit flat, smooth, 
with wings 2’ long diverging in a straight line. Juice milky ; leaves hold- 
ing green later than others. There are cut and variegated-leaved forms ; 
also with colored foliage. 

A. Lobélii, Tenore. A tree much resembling the preceding, except 
that the leaves are 5-7-lobed, with the lobes almost or quite entire. S. 
Eu. Forms with reddish or variegated leaves are most planted. 

A. pictum, Thunb., from Asia, with fruit wings, 1j-2 times the carpel 
(2-3 times in A, Lobelii), and diverging at a right angle, may be different. 


++ ++ Leaves thickish and firm, lobes blunt. 


A. campéstre, Linn. A low shrub or tree ; long-petioled, 5-lobed leaves ; 
lobes with a few, large blunt teeth ; fruit wings in a line or even recurved. 
Eu. + + Sepals united ; petals 0; leaf-lobes taper-pointed. 

A. saccharinum, Wang. Rock or Sucar M. Leaves rather deeply 
3-5-lobed, pale or whitish beneath, the sinuses open and rounded, and 
the lobes with one or two sinuate, coarse teeth; calyx bell-shaped and 
hairy-fringed; wings of fruit ascending, barely 1’ long. Large trees 
common, especially N., valuable for timber and for the sugar of their sap. 


112 CASHEW FAMILY. 


Var. nigrum, Torr. and Gray. Brack Sugar M. Has leaves green, 
often downy beneath, thicker and more coriaceous when old, the sinus at 
the base often closed. Stipules large, early deciduous. Also much planted. 


* * * Flowers in earliest spring much preceding the leaves, in umbel-like 
clusters from separate lateral buds. 


A. dasycarpum, Ehrh. Whuire or Sirver M. A handsome tree; 
branches long and spreading or drooping; leaves very deeply 5-lobed, 
silvery-white, and when young downy beneath, the narrow lobes coarsely 
cut and toothed ; flowers greenish; petals 0; fruit woolly when young, 
but soon smooth, 2/-3/ long, including the great diverging wings. River 
banks S. and W. Cut-leaved forms are grown. 

A. rubrum, Linn. Rep, Sorr, orSwamp M. Rather small tree ; twigs 
reddish ; leaves moderately 3—5-lobed, whitish beneath, the middle lobe 
longest, all irregularly serrate; petals linear-oblong; flowers scarlet, 
crimson, or sometimes yellowish ; fruit smooth, with the slightly spreading 
wings 1! or less in length, often reddish. 


6. NEGUNDO, BOX ELDER, ASH-LEAVED MAPLE. (Meaning- 
less name. ) 
N. aceroldes, Moench. Small tree, twigs light green ; leaflets ovate, 
pointed, coarsely toothed, very veiny. Sterile flowers fascicled on long 


hairy pedicels; fertile in drooping racemes, all appearing with the leaves. 
New Eng. S. and W, One form has variegated leaves. 


7. STAPHYLEA, BLADDER NUT. (Greek: a cluster.) 
* Leaflets 8, ovate, acuminate, serrate. 


S. trifdlia, Linn. American B. Shrub 8°-10° high, branches green- 
ish striped; stipules deciduous; raceme-like clusters of white flowers 
hanging at the end of the branchlets of the season, in spring; petals 
longer than sepals; fruit 3-celled. Low ground, common N. and W. 

S. Bum@lda, DC. Javan B. Leaf edges bristly-serrate ; panicled clus- 
ters of white flowers, erect or nodding ; petals equaling the serrulate sepals ; 
ovary and flattish fruit 2-celled. Japan. 


* * Leaflets mostly 5, rarely 3 or 7 ; frutt 3-celled. 


S. pinnata, Linn. European B. Leaflets broadly ovate; flowers in 
small pendulous clusters, 3//-4" long; sepals little spreading; fruit as 
broad as long. Eu. 


XXXIV. ANACARDIACEH, CASHEW FAMILY. 


Trees or shrubs, with resinous or acrid, sometimes poisonous, 
often colored or milky juice; alternate leaves without stipules ; 
small flowers (often polygamous) with sepals, petals, and 
stamens 5; and a 1-celled, 1-ovuled ovary, bearing 3 styles or 
stigmas ;-—represented by the genus 


1. RHUS, SUMACH. (Ancient name.) Flowers whitish or greenish ; 
stamens inserted under the edge or between the lobes of a flattened 
disk in the bottom of the calyx ; fruit a small dry or berry-like drupe 
the solitary seed on a curved stalk rising from the bottom of the cell. 


CASHEW FAMILY. 113 


§ 1. Leaves compound ; fruit symmetrical, with style terminal. 


« Flowers whitish, in large and very compact terminal panicles, in early 
summer, succeeded by a compact mass of crimson fruit, beset with red- 
dish acid hairs; not poisonous. Leaves pinnate. 


«+ Petioles not winged ; leaflets glabrous or hairy only on veins beneath. 


R. typhina, Linn. Sracuorn Sumacu. Shrub or tree, 10°-30° high ; 
juice resinous-milky ; branches and stalks velvety-hairy ; large leaves of 
11-31 lance-oblong, pointed, and serrate leaflets. Hillsides ; also planted. 
There is a cut-leaved form in cultivation. 

R. glabra, Linn. Smoorn S. Shrub 2°-12° high, like the last, but 
smooth, the leaflets whitened beneath. — Var. laciniata, in Penn., 
has the leaflets cut into narrow, irregular lobes; planted. Rocky 
places. 


+ + Petioles winged or margined; leaflets densely pubescent beneath. 


R. copallina, Linn. DwarrS. Shrub 1°-5° high, spreading by sub- 
terranean shoots; stalks and branches downy ; leaflets 9-21, oblong or 
lance-ovate oblique, entire or serrate, thickish and shining above ; panicle 
} as long as leaves; drupes sparsely pilose ; juice resinous. Rocky or 
sandy ground. 

R. semialata, Murr., var. Osbéckii, DC. Wixcep S. A small tree or 
shrub; leaflets 4-6 pairs, sessile, crenate-serrate; panicle very large, 
equaling the leaves ; drupes densely tomentose. Japan. 


* * Flowers in slender axillary panicles, in summer ; fruit smooth, white 
or dun-color ; leaves pinnate or trifoliate, poisonous to the touch for 
most people, the juice resinous. 


R. venenata, DC. Poison Sumacnu, P. Etprer, or P. DoGgwoopn. 
Shrub 6°-18° high, smooth, with pinnate leaves of 7-13 obovate, entire 
leaflets, and very slender panicles. More virulent than the next. Swampy 
ground. 

R. Toxicodéndron, Linn. Potson Ivy or Porson Oak. Climbing by 
rootlets over rocks, etc., or ascending trees; leaflets 3, rhombic-ovate, 
often sinuate or cut-lobed, rather downy beneath. A vile pest. Common 
in low grounds. Var. radicans is more erect, less poisonous, with more 
entire leaves. 


* * * Flowers light yellow, diccious, in small, scaly-bracted and catkin- 
like spikes, in spring before the leaves appear; leaves of 3 cut-lobed 
leajlets. 


R. Canadénsis, Marsh. Fracrant S. A straggling bush, with the 
small, rhombic-ovate leaflets pubescent when young, aromatic-scented. 
Rocky places from Vermont W. and 8. 

Var. trilobata, Gray, far westward, has smaller crenate leaflets. 


§ 2. Leaves simple, entire ; fruit gibbous, the remains of the style lateral ; 
flowers in loose, ample panicles; pedicels elongating and becoming 
feathery. 


R. Cotinus, Linn. Smoxe Tree or VeNeTIAN Sumacn. Shrub 5°-9° 
high, smooth, with obovate leaves on slender petioles ; fruits very few, 
half-heart-shaped ; usually most of the flowers are abortive, while their 
pedicels lengthen, branch, and bear long plumy hairs, making large and 
light, feathery, or cloud-like bunches, either greenish or tinged with red. 
In common cultivation. 

R. cotinoides, Nutt. Leaves thin, oval, 3-6! long. Otherwise as in 
the preceding. Mo., Tenn., aad 8. 

GRAY’S F. F. & G, BOT. —8 


114 POLYGALA FAMILY. 


XXXV. POLYGALACEA, POLYGALA FAMILY. 


Bitter, some of them medicinal plants, represented mainly, 
and here wholly, by the genus 


1. POLYGALA, MILKWORT. (Greek: much milk; from a notion 
that in pasturage they increased the milk of cows.) Flowers remark- 
ably irregular, in outward appearance as if papilionaceous like those of 
the next family, but really of a quite different structure ; calyx per- 
sistent, of 5 sepals; 3 of them small, viz. 2 on the lower, and 1 on 
the upper side of the blossom ; and 1 on each side called wings, which 
are larger, colored, and would be taken for petals. Within these, on 
the lower side, are 3 petals united into 1 body, the middle one keel- 
shaped and often bearing a crest or appendage. Stamens 6 or 8; fila- 
ments united below into a split sheath, separating above usually in 2 
equal sets, concealed in the hooded middle petal; style curved and 
commonly enlarged above or variously irregular ; ovary 2-celled, with a 
single ovule hanging from the top of each cell, becoming a small, flattish, 
2-seeded pod; seed with an appendage at the attachment (caruncle) ; 
leaves simple, entire, without stipules. Our native species are numer- 
ous, mostly with small or even minute flowers, and are rather difficult to 
study. 

§ 1. Low herbs, mostly smooth ; native species. 
* Perennial or biennial ; flowers purple or white ; leaves alternate. 


+ Flowers rose-purple, showy, also with cleistogamous flowers on sub- 
terranean branches. 


P. paucifolia, Willd. Frincep PotyGaLra, FLowertne WInNTER- 
GREEN. Stems 3/-4/ high, from long, slender, subterranean shoots ; leaves 
few and crowded at the summit, ovate, petioled, some of them with a 
slender-peduncled flower in the axil, almost an inch long, with a conspicuous 
fringed crest ; stamens 6; in spring. 2 Light soil in woods, chiefly N. 

P. polygama, Walt. Stems 5/-8/ high, tufted and very leafy ; leaves 
linear-oblong or oblanceolate ; flowers many in racemes, their crest con- 
spicuous. Flowers allsummer. @) Sandy soil. 


+ + Flowers white, smali (in late spring) in a close spike terminating 
simple tufted stems which rise from a perennial root, none subterranean ; 
leaves numerous, all alternate. 


P. Sénega, Linn. Seneca Snakeroor. 6/-12/ high ; leaves short, lance- 
olate, or oblong, or even lance-ovate ; spike cylindrical; wings round- 
obovate ; crest small. A medicinal plant; N. Eng. to Minn. and S. 

P. Alba, Nutt. 1° high, slender; leaves narrow-linear ; spike tapering, 
long-peduncled, and wings oblong-obovate. Common only far W.and 8. W. 


* * Annuals ; leaves all alternate; flowers purple or rose-color, in a ter- 
minal spike, head, or raceme all summer ; none subterranean. 


+ Keel conspicuously crested ; claws of the true petals united into a long 
and slender cleft tube, much surpassing the wings. 


P. incarnata, Linn. From Penn. W. and S.; stem slender, 6/—12' 
high ; leaves minute and awl-shaped ; the 3 united petals extended below 
into a long and slender tube, the crest of the middle one conspicuous. 


POLYGALA FAMILY. 115 


»~ + Keel minutely or inconspicuously crested; true petals not longer 
(mostly shorter) than the wings. 


P. sanguinea, Linn. Stem 4/-8/ high, leafy to the top; leaves oblong- 
linear; flowers bright rose-purple (sometimes pale or even white), in a 
thick, globular at length oblong head or spike, without pedicels. Sandy, 
damp ground. 

P. fastigiata, Nutt. Slender, 4/-10’ high, with smaller narrow-linear 
leaves, and oblong dense spike of smaller rose-purple flowers on pedicels 
as long as the pod; bracts falling off with flowers or fruits. Pine bar- 
rens from N. J., 8. 

P. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. Lower than the foregoing ; flowers rather 
looser in more cylindrical spikes, greenish-purple ; awl-shaped bracts 
remaining on the axis after the flowers or fruits have fallen. Sandy 
soil, coast of Mass., S. and W. 


* * * Annuals with at least the lower leaves in whorls of 4, sometimes in 
5’s; spikes terminal ; flowers summer and autumn. 


+ Spikes short and thick (4''-9" diameter) ; bracts persisting ; flowers 
rose or greenish-purple ; crest small. 


P. cruciata, Linn. Stems 3/-10/ high, 4-angled, and with spreading 
branches ; leaves linear or spatulate ; spike nearly sessile ; wings of the 
flower broad-ovate or heart-shaped, bristle-pointed. Low grounds. 

P. brevifdlia, Nutt. Stems slender; leaves narrower, those on the 
branches alternate; spike stalked; wings of the flower lance-ovate and 
nearly pointless. Sandy bogs R. L., 8. 


+ + Spikes slender (2" diameter) ; bracts falling ; flowers (all summer) 
greenish-white or scarcely tinged with purple, very small. 


P. verticillata, Linn. Stem 6/-10! high, much branched; all the 
leaves of the main stem whorled. Dry soil, common. 

Var. ambigua, Wats. More slender; only the lowest leaves whorled ; 
flowers more scattered and often purplish-tinged, in long-peduncled spikes. 
N. Y. to Mo. and 8. 


* * * * Biennials or annuals ; flowers yellow, some turning green in dry- 
ing, in dense spikes or heads; leaves alternate. Growing in low or wet 
places in pine barrens, S. E. Flowers summer. 


+ Short and thick spike or head single ; root leaves clustered. 


P. lutea, Linn. Yrttow Bacuetor’s Burton of S. Stem 5/-12' 
high ; lower leaves spatulate or obovate, upper lanceolate ; flowers bright 
orange. N.J. and S. 


+ + Numerous short spikes or heads in a cyme. 


P. ramodsa, Ell. Stem 6/-12’ high, more branched; lowest leaves 
obovate or spatulate, upper ones lanceolate ; a caruncle at base of seed. 
Del. and S. 

P. cymdsa, Walt. Stem 1°-3° high, branching at top into a compound 
cyme of spikes; leaves linear, acute, the uppermost small ; no caruncle 
to the seed. From Del. S. 


§ 2. Shrubby species of the conservatory, from the Cape of Good Hope. 


P. oppositifolia, Linn. Leaves opposite, sessile, heart-shaped and 
mucronate, of a pale hue; flowers large and showy purple with a tufted 
crest. 

P. myrtifolia, Linn. Leaves crowded, alternate, oblong or obovate, on 
short petioles ; showy purple flowers 1/ long, with a tufted crest. 


116 PULSE FAMILY, 


XXXVI. LEGUMINOSA, PULSE FAMILY. 


Distinguished by the papilionaceous corolla (Lessons, Figs. 
261, 262), usually accompanied by 10 monadelphous or diade?- 
phous or rarely distinct stamens (Lessons, Figs. 287, 288) and 
the legume (Lessons, Figs. 393, 394). These characters are 
combined in the proper Pulse Subfamily. In the two other 
great divisions the corolla becomes less papilionaceous or 
wholly regular. Alternate leaves, chiefly compound, entire 
leaflets, and stipules, are almost universal in this great family. 


I. PULSE SUBFAMILY. Flower (always on the plan 
of 5, and stamens not exceeding 10) truly papilionaceous, i.e. 
the standard outside of and in the bud enwrapping the other 
petals, or only the -standard present in Amorpha. (For the 
terms used to denote the parts of this sort of corolla, see 
Lessons, p. 91.) Sepals united more or less into a tube or 
cup. Leaves never twice compound, alternate in mature plants. 


A. Stamens separate to the base. (Plants not twining or climbing.) 
x Leaves simple or of 3 digitate leaflets. 


1, CHORIZEMA. Somewhat shrubby, with simple and spiny-toothed leaves, scarcely any 
stipules, and orange or copper-red flowers. Standard rounded, kidney-shaped ; keel 
straight, much shorter than the wings. Pod ovoid, turgid, several-seeded, 

2. BAPTISIA. Herbs, with simple entire sessile leaves and no stipules, or mostly of 3 
leaflets with deciduous or persistent stipules. Flowers yellow, blue, or white. 
Standard erect, with the sides turned back, about equaled by the oblong and straight- 
ish wings and keel. Pod inflated, coriaceous, stalked in the calyx, many-seeded. 

8. THERMOPSIS. Pod linear, flat. Flowers yellow. Leaflets obovate or oblong. Other- 


wise as Baptisia. x * Leaves odd-pinnate. 


4. CLADRASTIS. Trees, with large leaflets, no obvious stipules, and hanging termina} 
panicles of white flowers. Standard turned back; the nearly separate straightisn 
keel-petals and wings oblong, obtuse. Pod short-stalked in the calyx, linear, very 
flat, thin, marginless, 4-6-seeded. Base of the petioles hollow and covering the 
axillary leaf-buds of the next year. 

5. SOPHORA. Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with numerous leaflets, and mostly white or yel- 
low flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Keel-petals and wings oblong, obtuse, 
usually longer than the broad standard. Pod commonly stalked in the calyx, terete, 
several-seeded, fleshy or almost woody, hardly ever opening, but constricted across 
into mostly 1-seeded portions. 

B. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. 

§ 1. Herbs, shrubs, or one a small tree, never twining, trailing, or tendril bearing, 
with leaves simple or of 3 or more digitate leaflets, monadelphous stamens, and 
the alternate 3 anthers differing in size and shape from the other 5; pod 

: usually several-seeded. 

x Leaves (in our species) all simple. 

6. CROTALARIA. Leaves with foliaceous stipules free from the petiole but running 
down on the stem. Calyx 5-lobed. Keel scythe-shaped, pointed. Stamens with the 
tube of filaments split down on the upper side. Pod inflated. Ours herbs. 


PULSE FAMILY. 117 


T. GENISTA. Leaves entire; stipules very minute or none. Calyx 5-cleft. Keel oblong, 
nearly straight, blunt, turned down when the flower opens. Pod mostly flat. Low 
shrubby plants. 

8. ULEX. Leaves reduced to a thorn-like petiole or sharp scale; stipules 0. Calyx 2- 
parted, upper segment 2- lower 3-toothed. Keel oblong, erect. Ovary sessile; pod 
ovate-oblong to short linear. Seeds with strophiole. Densely spiny shrubs, with 
yellow flowers in the axils of the upper leaves. 


«x x Leaves (except the uppermost in No. 9 and one of No. 11) compound. 


9. CYTISUS. Leaves of 1 or 3 leaflets, or the green branches sometimes leafless ; stipules 
minute or wanting. Calyx 2-lipped or 5-toothed. Keel straight or somewhat curved, 
blunt, soon turned down. Style incurved or even coiled up after the flower opens. 
Pod fiat. Seeds with a fleshy or scale-like appendage (strophiole) at the scar. Low 
shrubby plants. 

10. LABURNUM. Leaves of 3 leaflets; stipules inconspicuous or wanting. Calyx with 
2 short lips, the upper lip notched. Keel incurved, not pointed. Ovary and flat 
pod somewhat stalked into the calyx. Seeds naked at the scar. Trees or shrubs, 
with golden yellow flowers in long, hanging racemes. 

11. LUPINUS. Leaves of several leaflets, in one species simple; stipules adherent to the 
base of the petiole. Flowers inalong, thick raceme. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla 
of peculiar shape, the sides of the rounded standard being rolled backwards, and the 
wings lightly cohering over and inclosing the narrow and incurved scythe-shaped or 
sickle-shaped keel. Pod flat. Mostly herbs. 


§ 2. Herbs, never twining or tendril-bearing, with leaves of 3 leaflets (rarely more. 
but then digitate), their margins commonly more or less toothed (which is re- 
markable in this family) ; stipules conspicuous and united with the base of the 
petiole (Lessons, p. 66, Fig. 177); stamens diadelphous ; pod \-few-seeded, never 
divided across into joints. 


« Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, as is seen by the end leaflet being jointed with the com- 
mon petiole above the side leaflets. 


12. MELILOTUS. Herbage sweet-scented. Flowers small, in slender racemes. Corolla 
as in Medicago. Pod small, but exceeding the calyx, globular, wrinkled, closed, 1—2- 
seeded. 

18. MEDICAGO. Flowers small, in spikes, heads, ete. Corolla short, not united with the 
tube of stamens. Pod curved or coiled up, at least kidney-shaped. 


« * Leaves mostly digitate or palmately 3-foliolate, all (with one exception) borne 
directly on the apex of the common petiole. 


14. TRIFOLIUM. Flowers in heads, spikes, or nead-like umbels. Calyx with slender or 
bristle-form teeth or lobes. Corolla slowly withering or becoming dry and permanent 
after flowering; the claws of all the petals (except sometimes the standard) more or 
less united below with the tube of stamens or also with each other. Pod small and 
thin, single-few-seeded, generally included in the calyx or the persistent corolla. 


§ 8. Herbs or woody plants, often twining but never tendril-bearing, with the leaves 
not digitate, or even digitately 3-foliolate (except in Psoralea), and the leaflets 
not toothed. Stipules, except in Nos. 23, 28, and 33, not united with the petiole. 
(Here might be sought No. 51.) 


« Flowers (small, in spikes or heads) indistinctly or imperfectly papilionaceous. Pod 
very small and usually remaining closed, only 1-2-seeded. Calyx 5-toothed, 
persistent. Leaves odd-pinnate, mostly dotted with dark spots or glands. 


+ Petals 5, on very slender claws ; stamens monadelphous in a split tube. 


15. PETALOSTEMON. Herbs, with crowded leaves. Four petals similar, spreading, 
borne on the top of the tube of the stamens; the fifth (answering to the standard) 
rising from the bottom of the calyx, and heart-shaped or oblong. Stamens only 5. 

16. DALEA. Herbs, as to our species. Flowers as in the last, but rather more papiliona- 
ceous, 4 of the petals borne on the middle of the tube of 10 stamens. 


118 PULSE FAMILY. 


+ + Petal only one. Stamens monadelphous only at the very base. 

17. AMORPHA. Shrubs, with leaves of many leaflets. Standard (the other petals 
wholly wanting) wrapped around the 10 filaments and style. Flowers violet or 
purple, in single or clustered terminal spikes. 

x x Flowers (large and showy, in racemes) incompletely papilionaceous from the wings 
or the keel also being small and inconspicuous. Pod several-seeded. 


(81. ERYTHRINA. Herbs or shrubs, with 3 leaflets. Standard large and showy and 
mostly erect. Pod torulose or knotty.) 
* * « Flowers obviously papilionaceous, all the parts conspicuously present. Stamens 
mostly diadelphous. . 


+ Herbage glandular-dotted. 


18. PSORALEA. Leaves of 3 or 5 leaflets. Flowers (never yellow) in spikes or racemes, 
often 2 or 3 under each bract. Pod ovate, thick, included or partly so in the 5-cleft 
persistent calyx, often wrinkled. 

+ + Herbage not glandular-dotted. 


++ Pod not jointed (or very slightly so in No. 20); leaflets more than 4; herbs, shrubs, 
or trees, never twining or trailing if herbs. 


= Perennial herbs (in ours), mostly more or less hairy. 
o Standard broad. 


19. TEPHROSIA. Leaflets obliquely parallel-veined, often silky beneath, and white or 
purple flowers (2 or more in a cluster) in racemes ; the peduncles terminal or opposite 
the leaves. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Standard rounded, silky outside. Style in- 
curved, rigid; stigma with a tuft of hairs. Pod linear, several-seeded. 

20. SESBANIA. Many pairs of leaflets, and minute or early deciduous stipules. Flowers 
in axillary racemes, or sometimes solitary, yellow. Calyx short, 5-toothed. Stand- 
ard rounded, spreading ; keel and style incurved. Pod usually intercepted internally 
with cellular matter or membrane between the seeds. 


o o Standard narrow. 


21. INDIGOFERA. Herbs, or sometimes shrubby; when pubescent, the close-pressed 
hairs are fixed by the middle. Flowers rose-color, purple, or white, in axillary 
racemes or spikes, mostly small. Calyx 5-cleft. Standard roundish, often persis- 
tent after the rest of the petals have fallen; keel with a projection or spur on each 
side. Anthers tipped with a little gland or blunt point. Pod oblong, linear, or of 
various shapes, commonly with membranous partitions between the seeds. 

22. ONOBRYCHIS. Leaves odd-pinnate, of numerous leaflets. Flowers racemed, rose- 
purple. Pod flattish, wrinkled, and spiny-roughened or crested. 

23. ASTRAGALUS. Without stipels, and with white, purple, or yellowish rather small 
flowers in spikes, heads, or racemes; peduncles axillary. Corolla narrow ; standard 
erect, mostly oblong. Style and stigma smooth and beardless. Pod commonly tur- 
gid or inflated, and within more or less divided lengthwise by intrusion of the back 
or a false partition from it. 

= = Trees or shrubs. 


24. ROBINIA. Trees or shrubs, with netted-veined leatlets furnished with stipels, and 
often with sharp spines or prickles for stipules. Flowers large and showy, white or 
rose-color, in axillary racemes. Base of the leafstalk hollow and covering the axillary 
bud of the next year. Calyx 5-toothed, the two upper teeth partly united. Standard 
large, turned back; keel incurved, blunt. Ovary stalked in the calyx. Pod broadly 
linear, flat, several-seeded, margined on the seed-bearing edge, the valves thin. 

25. CARAGANA. Shrubs, with mostly fascicled leaves of several pairs of leaflets, and a 
little spiny tip in place of an end leaflet; stipules minute or spiny. Flowers solitary 
or 2-8 together on short peduncles, yellow. Calyx bell-shaped or short-tubular, 
5-toothed. Standard nearly erect, with the sides turned “back ; the blunt keel and 
the style nearly straight. Pod linear, several-seeded. 

26. COLUTEA. Shrubs, not prickly, and no stipules to the leaflets; the flowers rather 
large, yellow or reddish. in short axillary racemes. Calyx 5-toothed. Standard 


PULSE FAMILY. 119 


rounded, spreading; keel strongly incurved, blunt, on long, united claws. Style in- 
curved, bearded down one side. Pod raised out of the calyx on a stalk of its own, 
thin and bladdery-inflated, flattish on the seed-bearing side, several-seeded. 


=== Woody climbers. 


27. WISTARIA. High climber, with numerous leaflets, and large, showy, bluish flowers, 
in hanging, terminal, dense racemes. Calyx with 2 short teeth on the upper, 
and longer ones on the lower, side. Standard large, roundish, turned back; keel 
merely incuryed, blunt. Pod knobby, several-seeded. 


++++ Pod jointed or constricted between the seeds (joint rarely reduced to 1) ; leaflets 
3 0r more; herbs (or No. 31 woody at base), not twining or trailing. 


= Leaflets 3 (or rarely but 1 in No. 30). 
o Flowers yellow. 


28. STYLOSANTHES. Flowers in heads or short spikes, leafy-bracted. Calyx with a 
slender stalk-like tube, and 4 lobes in the upper lip, one for the lower. Stamens 
monadelphous; 5 longer anthers fixed by their base, 5 alternate ones by their 
middle. Pod flat, reticulated, sometimes raised on a stalk-like, empty, lower joint. 
Stipules united with the petiole. 


o o Flowers purple to white. 


29, LESPEDEZA. Stipules small and free, or falling early. Flowers in spikes, clusters, 
or panicled, or scattered. Stamens diadelphous ; anthers uniform. Pod flat and 
thin, ovate or orbicular, reticulated, sometimes raised on a stalk-like, empty, lower 
joint. 

30. DESMODIUM. Leaflet rarely only 1, stipellate. Pod of very flat joints (Lessons, 
p. 122, Fig. 394), usually roughish and adhesive by minute-hooked pubescence. 
Herbs, with small flowers, in racemes, which are often panicled. 

31. ERYTHRINA. Shrubby, or from a woody base. Stem, branches, and even the leaf- 
stalks usually prickly. Flowers large and showy, usually red, in racemes. Wings, 
and sometimes keei small and inconspicuous. Calyx without teeth. Standard 
elongated ; wings often wanting or so small as to be concealed in the calyx ; keel 
much shorter than the standard, sometimes very small. Pod stalked in the calyx, 
linear, knobby, usually opening only down the seed-bearing suture. Seeds scarlet. 

32. GLYCINE. Leaflets large, thin, and bean-like. Stipules very small and free, usually 
persistent. Flowers small and hairy, in short, axillary racemes, the calyx toothed. 
Pod flat and bean-like, short, in ours hanging, very hairy. Seed mostly short or 
globular, and somewhat pea-like. Strong, erect, hairy herbs. 


= = Leaflets more than 3. 
o Leaflets 4. 


38. ARACHIS. Annual. Flowers small, yellow, in axillary heads or spikes. Calyx with 
one narrow lobe making a lower lip, the upper lip broad and 4-toothed, and a long, 
thread-shaped or stalk-like tube. Keel incurved and pointed. Stamens monadel- 
phous, 5 anthers longer and fixed by or near their base, the alternate ones short and 
fixed by their middle. Ovary at the bottom of the very long and stalk-like tube of 
the calyx, containing 2 or 8 ovules; when the long style and the calyx with the rest 
of the flower falls away, the forming pod is protruded on a rigid, deflexed stalk which 
then appears, and is pushed into the soil, where it ripens into the oblong, reticulated, 
thick, coriaceous fruit, which contains the 1-3 large and edible seeds; the embryo 
composed of a pair of very thick and fleshy cotyledons and an extremely short, nearly 
straight, radicle. 

oo Leaflets 5 or more, often many. (No. 20 may be sought here.) 

34. ASCHYNOMENE. Leatlets several, odd-pinnate, small. Pod of very flat joints. 
Herbs, with small yellow flowers (sorsetimes purplish externally), few or several on 
axillary peduncles. 

35. CORONILLA. Leaflets several, odd-pinnate, small. Pod of thickish, oblong or linear 
joints. Herbs or shrubs, with flowers in head-like umbels raised on slender, axillary 
peduncles. 


120 PULSE FAMILY. 


++ ++++ Pod not jointed ; leaves 3- (rarely 1-, or in No. 46, and one of 44, 5-9-) foliolate ; 
herbs (or No. 43 a woody greenhouse plant) with a twining or trailing habit. 
(In some Beans the twining habit has disappeared.) 


= Leaves 3 foliolate (or in No. 36 sometimes 1-foliolate, and in one of No. 44, 7-9-pinnate) 


o Flowers yellow (sometimes purple-tinged outside); ovuies only 2; pod 1-2-seeded ; 
leaflets not stipellate. 


86. RHYNCHOSIA. Keel of the corolla incurved at the apex ; standard spreading. Calyx 
4-5-parted or lobed. Pod short and flat. Flowers small. Leaves mostly soft-downy 
and resinous-dotted, sometimes of a single leaflet. 


oc o Flowers not yellow ; seeds, or at least the ovules, several ; leaflets stipellate. 
x Style variously bearded or hairy. 


87. PHASEOLUS. Keel ofthe corolla, with included stamens and style, coiling into a spiral, 
usually with a tapering blunt apex ; standard rounded, turned back or spreading. Style 
bearded down the inner side ; stigma oblique or lateral, Pod scimiter-shaped. Flowers 
usually clustered on the knotty joints of the raceme. Stipules striate, persistent. 

88. VIGNA. Keel curved, either blunt or produced into a curved (not spiral) beak, about 
equal to the wings ; standard nearly orbicular. Style hairy above; stigma strongly 
oblique or introrse. Otherwise like Phaseolus. 

89. DOLICHOS. Keel of the corolla narrow and bent inwards at a right angle, but not 
coiling. Style bearded under the terminal stigma. Stipules small. Otherwise nearly 
as Phaseolus. 

40. STROPHOSTYLES. Keel with included stamensand style elongated, strongly incurved, 
but not spirally coiled. Style bearded lengthwise. Pod linear, terete or flattish, 
nearly straight. Flowers few, sessile in capitate clusters on the mostly long 
peduncles. Otherwise as in Phaseolus. 

41. CENTROSEMA. Keel broad, incurved, nearly equaling the wings; standard large 
and rounded, spreading, and with a spur-like projection behind. Calyx short, 5- 
cleft. Style bearded only at the tip around the stigma. Pod long, linear, with 
thickened edges bordered by a raised line on each side. Flowers showy. Stipules, 
bracts, and bractlets striate, persistent. 

42. CLITORIA. Keel small, shorter than the wings, incurved, acute; standard much 
larger than the rest of the flower, notched at the end, erect. Calyx tubular, 5- 
toothed. Style bearded down the inner side. Pod oblong-linear, flattish, not bor- 
dered. Flowers large and showy, 1-8 ona peduncle. Stipules, bracts, and bractlets 


persistent, striate. xx Style naked. 


43. KENNEDYA. Keel incurved, blunt or acute, mostly equaling or exceeding the 
wings; standard broad, spreading. Calyx 5-lobed; 2 upper lobes partly united. 
Pod linear, not bordered. Flowers showy, red, single or few on the peduncle. Bracts 
and stipules striate. 

44. GALACTIA. Keel straightish, blunt, as long as the wings; standard turned back. 
Calyx of 4 pointed lobes, upper one broadest. Pod flattened, mostly linear. Flowers 
clustered on the knotty joints of the raceme; flower-buds taper-pointed. Stipules 
and bracts small or deciduous. 

45. AMPHICARPA. Keel and very similar wings nearly straight, blunt; the erect 
standard partly folded around them. Calyx tubular, 4-toothed. Flowers small ; 
those in loose racemes above often sterile, their pods, when formed, scimiter-shaped 
and few-seeded ; those at or near the ground or on creeping branches very small and 
without manifest corolla, but very fertile, making small and fleshy, obovate or -pear- 
shaped, mostly subterranean, pods, ripening one or two large seeds. Bracts rounded 
and persistent, striate, as are the stipules. 

= = Leaves i‘ -foliolate. 

46. APIOS. Herbs, twining over bushes, bearing sweet-scented chocolate-purple flowers, 
in dense and short racemes; peduncles axillary. Calyx with 2 upper very short 
teeth, and 1 longer lower one, the side teeth nearly wanting. Standard very broad, 
turned back; keel long and scythe-shaped, strongly incurved, or at length coiled. 
Pod linear, flat, almost straight, several-seeded. 


PULSE FAMILY. Til 


§4. Herbs, with abruptly pinnate leaves, the common petiole terminated by a tendril, 
by which the plant climbs or supports itself, or in many low species the tendril 
reduced to a mere bristle or tip, or in Cicer, which has toothed leaflets, an odd 
leaflet commonly takes its place; peduncles axillary ; stamens almost always 
diadelphous. Cotyledons very thick, so that they remain underground in ger- 
mination, us in the Pea. 


« Leaflets entire or sometimes toothed at the apex; radicle bent on the cotyledons ; 
style infleced and bearded ; pod flat or flattish. 


47. PISUM. Lobes of the calyx leafy. Style rigid, dilated above and the margins reflexed 
and joined together so that it becomes flattened laterally, bearded down the inner 
edge. Pod several-seeded ; seeds globose. Flowers large. Leaflets only 1-3 pairs. 

48. LATHYRUS. Lobes of the calyx not leafy. Style flattened above on the back and 
front, bearded down one face. Pod several-seeded. Seeds sometimes flattish. 
Leaflets few or several pairs. 

49. VICIA. Style slender, bearded or hairy only at the apex or all round the upper part. 
Pod 2-several-seeded. Seeds globular or flattish. Leaflets few or many pairs. 

50. LENS. Lobes of the calyx slender. Style flattish on the back, and minutely bearded 
down the inner face. Pod 1-2-seeded. Seeds flattened, lenticular. Flowers small. 


« * Leaflets toothed all round, and usually an odd one at the end in place of a tendril ; 
style incurved, naked ; radicle of the embryo almost straight. 


51, CICER. Calyx 5-parted. Pod turgid oblong, not flattened, 2-seeded. Seeds large, ir- 
regularly rounded-obovate, pointed. Peduncle mostly 1-flowered. 


II. BRASILETTO SUBFAMILY. Flowers more or less 
irregular, but not papilionaceous; when they seem to be so, 
the petal answering to the standard will be found to be within 
instead of outside the other petals. Stamens 10 or fewer, 
separate. The leaves are sometimes twice pinnate, which is 
not the case in the true Pulse Family. Embryo of the seed 
straight, the radicle not turned against the edge of the 
cotyledons. 


« Leaves simple and entire. Corolla appearing as if papilionaceous. 


52. CERCIS. Trees, with rounded heart-shaped leaves, minute, early, deciduous stipules, 
and small but handsome red-purple flowers in umbel-like clusters on old wood, earlier 
than the leaves, rather acid to the taste. Calyx short, 5-toothed. Petals 5, the one 
answering to the standard smaller than the wing-petals and covered by them; the 
keel-petals larger, conniving but distinct. Stamens 10, declining with the style. 
Pod linear-oblong, flat, thin, severai-seeded, one edge wing-margined. 


* x Leaves simply abruptly pinnate. Calyx and corolla almost regular. 


58. CASSIA. Flowers in ours yellow. Calyx of 5 nearly separate sepals. Petals 5, 
spreading, unequal (the lower larger) or almost equal. Stamens 10 or 5, some of the 
upper anthers often imperfect or smaller, their cells opening by a hole or chink at the 
apex. Pod many-seeded. 


* x x Leaves, or at least some of them, twice-pinnate. 


54. CHXSALPINIA. Trees or shrubs, chiefly tropical, with mostly showy red or yellow 
perfect flowers. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5, broad, spreading, more or less un- 
equal. Stamens 10, declining, along with the thread-shaped style. Pod flat. 

55. GYMNOCLADUS. ‘Tall, thornless tree, with large compound leaves, no stipules, and 
diecious or polygamous, whitish, regular flowers in corymb-like clusters or short 
racemes terminating the branches of the season. Calyx tubular below, and with 5 
spreading lobes, the throat bearing 5 oblong petals and 10 short stamens, those of the 
fertile flowers generally imperfect. Pod oblong, flat, very hard, tardily opening, with 


122 PULSE FAMILY. 


8 little pulp or sweetish matter inside, containing few or several large and thick hard 
seeds ‘over 4’ in diameter) ; the fleshy cotyledons remaining underground in germi- 
nation. t 

56. GLED'TSCHIA. Thorny trees, with abruptly twice-pinnate or some of them once 
pinnate leaves, the leaflets often crenate-toothed, inconspicuous stipules, and smail, 
greenish, polygamous flowers in narrow racemes. Calyx 3-5-cleft, the lobes and the 
3-5 nearly similar petals narrow and spreading. Stamens 3-10. Pod flat, very tar- 
dily opening, often with some sweetish matter around the 1-several flat seeds. 
Cotyledons thin. 


III. MIMOSA SUBFAMILY. Flowers perfectly regu- 
lar, small, crowded in heads or spikes; both calyx and corolla 
valvate in the bud; and the 4 or 5 sepals usually, and petals fre- 
quently, united more or less below into a tube or cup. Stamens 
4, 5, or more, often very many, usually more conspicuous than 
the corolla and brightly colored, the long capillary filaments 
inserted on the receptacle or base of the corolla. Embryo of 
the seed straight. Leaves almost always twice-pinnate and with 
small leaflets, or apparently simple and parallel-veined when 
they have phyllodia (Lessons, p. 61) in place of true leaves. 
The foliage and the pods only show the leguminous character. 


* Stamens once or twice as many as the petals,4-10. Owrs herbs or nearly so, with 
rose-colored or whitish flowers, and leaves of many small leaflets. 


57. MIMOSA. Calyx commonly minute or inconspicuous. Corolla of 4 or 5 more or less 
united petals. Pod flat, oblong, or linear; when ripe the valves fall out of a per- 
sistent, slender margin or frame, and also usually break up into one-seeded joints. 

58. SCHRANKIA. Calyx minute. Corolla funnel-form, the 5 petals being united up to 
the middle. Stamens 10. Pod rough-prickly all over, long and narrow, splitting 
lengthwise when ripe into 4 parts. 

59. DESMANTHUS. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla of 5 separate petals. Stamens 5 or 10. 
Pod flat, smooth, linear or oblong, 2-valved, no persistent margin. 


* x Stamens numerous, or more than 10. Ours all shrubs or trees. 


60. ALBIZZIA. Flowers yellow or rose-color to nearly white; the long stamens mona- 
delphous at the base. Corolla funnel-form, the 5 petals united beyond the middle. 
Pod fiat and thin, broadly linear, not opening elastically. Leaves twice pinnate. 

61. ACACIA. Flowers yellow or straw-color; the stamens separate and very numerous. 
Corolla of 4 or 5 separate or partly united small petals. Pod various. 


1. CHORIZEMA. (Greek, of no application.) 2f Greenhouse plants 
from Australia. 


C. ilicifolium, Labill. Hotity-LteEavep C. Bushy, with lance-oblong 
leaves cut into strong spiny teeth or lobes, and racemes of small copper- 
colored flowers, the wings redder. 

C. varium, Benth. Leaves round-cordate, nearly sessile, spiny-toothed 
or entire ; flowers yellow and red. 


2. BAPTISIA, FALSE INDIGO. (Greek: dye, some species yielding 
a poor sort of indigo.) Foliage of most species turning blackish in 
drying ; nearly all grow in sandy or gravelly dry soil; flowers spring 


and early summer. 2, 


PULSE FAMILY. 123 


* Flowers yellow ; leaves simple, perfoliate. 


B. perfoliata, R. Br. Low and spreading, smooth and glaucous ; 
leaves round-ovate ; flowers single, small, axillary ; pod small and glob- 
ular. Carolina and Georgia. 


* * Flowers yellow ; leaves compound, of 3 leaflets. 


B. tinctoria, R. Br. Witp Inpico. Pale or glaucous, smooth, bushy, 
2° high; petiole very short ; leaflets small, wedge-obovate ; stipules minute, 
deciduous ; racemes few-flowered, terminating the branches; pods small, 
globular. Common. 

B. villdsa, Ell. Minutely downy, stout stems, 2° high; leaflets spatu- 
late-oblong or wedge-obovate, becoming smooth above; petiole very 
short; stipules more or less persistent ; many-flowered racemes of large 
flowers on slender pedicels ; pod minutely downy, oblong, taper-pointed. 
Va. to N. C. and Ark. 

B. lanceolata, Ell. Downy when young; leaflets thickish, blunt, 
lanceolate to obovate, very short; petiole spreading; stipules small, 
deciduous ; flowers rather large, solitary in the axils and in short terminal 
racemes; pod globular, slender-pointed. Common 8. and S. W. 


* * * Flowers white, or cream-color ; leaves all of 3 wedge-obovate to ob- 
lanceolate leaflets ; flowers in long terminal racemes. 


B. leucophza, Nutt. Low and spreading, 1° high, soft-hairy ; bracts 
and stipules persistent, large and leaf-like ; racemes reclined, one-sided ; 
flowers on slender pedicels, cream-colored, large (1! long) ; pods hoary, 
ovate. Open woods, W and 8S. 

B. leucdntha, Torr. & Gray. Smooth and glaucous, stout, 39-5° high ; 
branches spreading ; petioles rather short; lanceolate stipules and bracts 
deciduous ; racemes erect, long ; flowers large (1! long); pods oval-oblong, 
2’ long, raised on a stalk fully twice the length of the calyx. Alluvial 
soil, from Ont. W. and S. 

B. Alba, R. Br. Smooth, 2°-3° high ; branches slender, widely spread- 
ing; petioles slender; stipules and bracts minute, deciduous; racemes 
loose, erect, or spreading, long-peduncled ; flowers small (4/-}! long) ; 
pods cylindrical. S. Ind. and Mo. to La. and E. 


* * * * Flowers indigo-blue ; leaves of 3 leaflets, as in the foregoing. 


B. australis, R. Br. Smooth and stout, pale, erect, 2°-5° high; lance- 
olate and rather persistent stipules as long as the short petiole ; racemes 
erect; flowers nearly 1’ long, on short pedicels ; pods oval-oblong, 2/-3! 
long, on a stalk as long as the calyx. Pa. to Ga. and W. to Mo.; also cult. 


3. THERMOPSIS. (Greek: resembling the Lupine.) 2 
* Stipules prominently shorter than the long petioles ; ‘pod sessile. 


_ T. Caroliniana, Curtis. Stem smooth, 3°-6° high, simple; leaflets 
obovate-oblong, silky beneath ; stipules ovate or oblong, clasping ; racemes 
6/-12! long, villous, erect, many-flowered; pods oblong-linear, erect. 
Mts. of N. C.; and cult. 


* * Stipules nearly equaling or longer than the short petioles ; pod stalked. 


T. méllis, Curtis. Downy, 19-2° high; branches spreading ; leaflets 
3 obovate-oblong ; stipules oblong-ovate, leaflike, some as long as the 
petioles; long, narrow-linear, spreading pods; flowers spring. Open 
woods from 8S. Va., S. 


4. CLADRASTIS, YELLOWWOOD. (Greek: branches brittle.) 


C. tinctoria, Raf. Wood light yellow ; bark close, like that of Beech: 
leaves of 7-11 parallel-veined oval or ovate leaflets (3/-4! long and smooth, 


124 PULSE FAMILY. 


as is the whole plant); panicles terminating the branchlets of the season, 
ample hanging (1° or more long) ; flowers delicately fragrant, cream- 
white. May toJune. Much planted. Still often known in gardens as 
VIRG{LIA LUTEA. 


5. SOPHORA. (An ancient name of an allied plant.) 


S. Jap6nica, Linn. Japan 8. ‘Tree 20°-50° high ; bark greenish ; leaf- 
lets 11-18, oval or oblong acute, smooth; panicles loose, terminating the 
branches at the end of summer; flowers cream-white ; fruit a string of 
fleshy, 1-seeded joints. China. 


6. CROTALARIA, RATTLEBOX. (Greek: a rattle, the seeds rat- 
tling in the inflated pod.) Native, in sandy soil; flowers yellow, in 
summer, 


C. sagittalis, Linn. Low, 3/’-6’ high, branching, beset with rusty- 
colored spreading hairs ; leaves nearly sessile, oval or lance-oblong ; pedun- 
cles 2-3-flowered. @ N. and S. 

C, ovalis, Pursh. Spreading, rough with appressed hairs; leaves 
short-petioled, oval, oblong, or lanceolate, hairy ; peduncle with 3-6 scat- 
tered flowers. 2/ S. 

C. Purshii, DC. Stems erect, rough-hairy ; leaves smooth above, 
oblong or linear; racemes 6/-12' long, 5-10-flowered. S. 


7. GENISTA, WOAD-WAXEN, WHIN. (Celtic: little bush.) 


G. tinctoéria, Linn. Dyrr’s W. or GREENWEED. Low and under- 
shrubby, not thorny; leaves lanceolate; flowers bright yellow, rather 
small, somewhat racemed at the end of the striate-angled green branches, 
in early summer. Nat. from Eu. in sterile soil, N. Y. and Mass. 


8. ULEX, FURZE, GORSE, WHIN. (An old Latin name.) Cult. 


U. Europeus, Linn. 2°-5° high; spines 1/-2’ long; bracts large, 
ovate; calyx yellow, with black, spreading hairs, its teeth minute; 
flowers odorous. Eu. . 

U. nanus, Smith. Dwarr F. 19-8° high; spines shorter; bracts 
minute ; calyx with appressed hairs, its teeth lanceolate. W. Eu. 


9. CYTISUS. (Ancient Roman name of some plant.) 
* Hardy shrubs. 


C. scopadrius, Link. Scotcu Broom. 39-59 high, smooth, with long 
and tough, erect, angled, and green branches; leaves small, the lower 
short-petioled and with leaflets 3, obovate, or the upper of a single sessile 
leaflet, and large and showy golden-yellow flowers on slender pedicels in: 
the axils ; calyx with 2 short and broad lips; style and stamens slender, 
held in the keel, but disengaged and suddenly starting upward when 
touched (as when bees alight on the deflexed keel), the style coiling 
spirally; pod hairy on the edges. Barely hardy N.; running wild in 
Va. and 8S.; flowers early summer. Eu. 

C. capitatus, Jacq. 2°-4° high ; branches erect-spreading, strict, rough- 
hairy ; leaves villous; flowers yellow, numerous, crowded in terminal 
headlike umbels. Eu. . 

* * Greenhouse shrubs. 

C. Canariénsis, Steud. A shrub with crowded, slender, soft-hairy 
leaves and leaflets 3, very small, obovate ; flowers small, yellow, sweet- 
scented, in elongated racemes in late winter. Canary Islands; cult. in 
conservatories. 


PULSE FAMILY. 125 


C. racemosus, Hort. From Teneriffe ; has flowers more spicate, and 
oblong-spatulate leaflets 3-4 times larger than the last. 


10. LABURNUM. (Ancient Latin name.) 


L. vulgare, Gris. Lasurnum, GoLpEN Cuan, or BEAN TREE. A low 
tree with smooth green bark; leaves slender-petioled ; leaflets 3, oblong 
(2'-3' long), pubescent beneath ; flowers showy, golden-yellow, hanging 
in long racemes, in late spring ; pods hairy, with one thicker edge, but 
not winged. Eu. Several cult. forms. 


ake LUPINUS, LUPINE. (Latin: Zupus, a wolf, because Lupines 
were thought to devour the fertility of the soil.) 


* Perennials. 


L. perénnis, Linn. Witp L. Somewhat hairy; stem erect, 19°-1}° 
high ; leaflets 7-11, spatulate oblong or oblanceolate, green ; raceme long ; 
flowers of showy purplish blue (rarely pale), in late spring. N. Eng. to 
Minn. and S. 

L. polyphyllus, Lindl. Many-teavep L. 3°-4° high, rather hairy ; 
leaflets 13-15, lanceolate or oblanceolate; raceme very long, dense; 
flowers blue, sometimes purple, variegated, or even white, in June. Ore. 
and Cal.; the principal hardy perennial species of the gardens. 


* * Annuals, or cult. as annuals. 
+ Ovules only 2; leaflets usually 9. 


L. microcérpus, Sims. 1°-2° high, sparsely hairy; flowers yellow to 
(rarely) white or pink, forming distinct and separate whorls in the long 
raceme. Cal. 


+ + Ovules 4-8; leaflets usually fewer (5-9). 
++ Flowers normally blue ; stems dwarf (1° or less). 


L. affinis, Agardh. Short-hairy ; leaflets 5-7, rather smooth above, 
broadly wedge-obovate, obtuse, or emarginate; bracts short; flowers 
whorled in the raceme, deep blue. Cal. 

L. nanus, Dougl. Dwarr L. Long-hairy; leaflets linear to oblance- 
olate, usually acute, pubescent both sides; bracts exceeding calyx; 
flowers bluish-purple. Cal. 


++ ++ Flowers blue, white, or rose-color ; stems tall (2° or more). 


L. mutGbilis, Sweet. Cult. from S. Am.; tall, very smooth through- 
out; leaflets blunt, about 9, narrow-oblong; flowers very large, sweet- 
scented, violet-purple (or a white variety), with yellow and a little red on 
the standard. 


L. hirsdtus, Linn. Cult. in old gardens, from Eu. Clothed with soft 
white hairs; leaflets spatulate-oblong; flowers in loose whorls in the 
raceme, blue, with rose-color and white varieties ; pods very hairy. 


++ ++ ++ Flowers yellow. 


L. Juteus, Linn. Yrttow L., of the gardens, from Eu., silky-hairy, 
rather low ; flowers in whorls, crowded in a dense spike. 


212: MELILOTUS, MELILOT, SWEET CLOVER. (Greek: honey, 
Lotus.) Foliage sweet-scented, especially in drying. Natives of the 
Old World, running wild in waste or cultivated ground; flowers all 
summer, (1) @ 


126 PULSE FAMILY. 


M. Glba, Lam. Watts M., Boxuara or TREE Crover. 38°-6° high, 
branching; leaflets obovate or oblong, truncately notched at the end; 
white flowers in loose racemes. Has been cult. for green fodder, and 
now as a ‘‘ bee plant.”’ 

M. officinalis, Willd. Yrettow M. 29-39 high, with merely blunt- 
leaflets and yellow flowers. 


13. MEDICAGO, MEDICK. (The name of Lucerne, because it came 
to the Greeks from Media.) All natives of the Old World ; a few have 
run wild here. Flowers all summer. 


* Flowers violet-purple or bluish. 2 


M. sativa, Linn. Lucerne, ALtFatra. Cultivated for green fodder, 
especially S.; stems erect, 1°-2° high, from a long, deep root; leaflets 
obovate-oblong ; racemes oblong; pod several- seeded, linear, coiled about 


2 turns. x * Flowers yellow. @ @ 


M. lupulina, Linn. Brack Mepicx, Nonesucn. Low, spreading, 
downy, with wedge-obovate leaflets, roundish or at length oblong heads 
or spikes of small flowers, and little kidney-shaped, 1-seeded pods turning 
black when ripe. Waste places. 

M. maculata, Willd. Sprotrep M. Spreading or trailing; somewhat 
pubescent leaflets, broadly inversely heart-shaped, marked with a dark 
spot; peduncles 8-5-flowered ; pod flat, compactly coiled three or more 
turns, its thickish edge beset with a double row of curved prickles. Waste 
places, N. Eng. 

M. denticulata, Willd. Like the last, but nearly glabrous ; pod loosely 
coiled, deeply reticulated, with a sharp edge. Same range. 


14. TRIFOLIUM, CLOVER, TREFOIL. (Latin name: three leaflets.) 


* Flowers sessile in dense heads; corolla tubular, withering away after 
flowering. 


+ Calyx-teeth silky-plumose, longer than whitish corolla. @ 


T. arvénse, Linn. Rassir Foor or Stone C. Erect, 5/-10! high, silk- 
downy, especially the oblong or at length cylindrical grayish heads or 
spikes ; leaflets narrow. Eu. 


+ + Calyx scarcely hairy except a bearded ring in throat; shorter than 
rose-purple, long-tabular corolla ; flowers sweet-scented, in summer. 2 


T. praténse, Linn. Rep C. Stems ascending; leaflets obovate or oval, 
often notched at the end and with a pale spot on the face; head closely 
surrounded by the uppermost leaves. Eu. Extensively cult. in meadows. 

T. médium, Linn. Z1iezac C., Mammoru C. Like the last, but stem 
zigzag ; leaves oblong, entire, spotless : head usually stalked. Eu. Dry 
hills, "Nova Scotia to E, Mass. 


* * Flowers short-pediceled (reflexed when old), persistent and turning 
brownish in round umbels or heads, on slender naked pee > corolla 
white, rose-color or red. 


T. refléxum, Linn. BurratoC. Wild S. and denediniie W.; some- 
what downy ; stems ascending, 6/-12/ high ; leaflets obovate-oblong, finely 
toothed ; heads and rose-red ‘and whitish flowers fully as large as in Red 
Clover ; calyx-teeth hairy ; pods 3-5-seeded. @ @ 

T. stoloniferum, Muhl. Runninc BurraroC. Smooth; some of the 
stems forming long runners; leaflets broadly obovate or obcordate ; flowers 
white, barely “tinged with purple ; pods 2-seeded. 2/ Prairies and oak- 
openings, \WE 


PULSE FAMILY. 197 


T. Carolinianum, Michx. Carona C. Fields and pastures S.; a 
little downy, spreading in tufts 5/-10’ high; leaflets small; stipules 
broad ; heads small; corolla purplish, hardly longer than the lanceolate 
calyx-teeth. 2/ 

T. répens, Linn. WuireC. Smooth; stems creeping; leaflets obcor- 
date ; petioles and peduncles long and slender; stipules narrow ; heads 
loose, umbel-like ; white corolla much longer than the slender calyx-teeth. 
Fields, etc., everywhere. 2f This is the SHamrocx of Ireland. 

T. hybridum, Linn. At.sixe C. Like the last, but the taller stems 
erect or ascending, not rooting at nodes ; flowers rose-tinged. Becoming 
common. Eu. 

T. incarnatum, Linn. Crimson C. Hairy, stem erect, 1°-2° high ; 
leaflets obovate or nearly round; stipules broad, with broad leafy tips ; 
flowers crimson, scarlet, or (rarely) cream-color, 4! long; heads stalked, 
terminal, ovoid, at length cylindric. Grown in Middle States andS. @ 


* * * Flowers short-pediceled (refleced when old), in round heads, pro- 
duced through late summer and autumn ; corolla yellow, turning chest- 
nut-brown, dry and papery with age. . @ 


T. agrarium, Linn. Yevrrow C., Hor C. Smoothish, 6/-12’ high; 
leaflets obovate-oblong, all nearly sessile on the end of the petiole ; stip- 
ules narrow, cohering with petiole half its length. Eu. Eastward. 

T. procimbens, Linn. Low Hor C.  3!/-6! high, spreading, rather 
downy ; leaflets wedge-obovate, notched at the end, the lateral at a little 
distance from the other; stipules ovate, short. Eu. Common. 


15. PETALOSTEMON, PRAIRIE CLOVER. (Greek: petal, sta- 
men.) In prairies, pine barrens, etc. W. and S,; flowers never 
yellow, in terminal spikes; summer. 2/ 


* Leaflets 5-9; spikes long-peduncled. 


P. violaceus, Michx. Smoothish, 1°-2° high; leaflets mostly 5, 
narrow-linear ; spikes globose-ovate, oblong-cylindric with age; flowers 
rose-purple ; calyx silky, hoary. Prairies W. 

P. cAndidus, Michx. Smooth, 2°-8° high; leaflets 7-9, lanceolate or 
linear-oblong; spikes oblong, cylindric with age; bracts awl-pointed. 


Prairies: W. 
fe ED * * Leaflets 13-29 ; spikes short peduncled. 


P. villdsus, Nutt. Soft, downy, or silky all over; leaflets 13-17, 
linear or oblong; spikes cylindric; corolla rose-color. Wis. and W. 

P. folidsus, Gray. Smooth; leaflets 15-29, linear-oblong; spikes 
cylindric ; corolla rose-color. Ill., Tenn, 


16. DALEA. (Foran English botanist, Samuel Dale.) 


D. alopecuroides, Willd. Stem erect, 19-2° high; leaves smooth, of 
many linear-oblong leaflets ; flowers whitish, small, in a dense silky spike 
insummer. (@ Alluvial soil, Ala., far N. W. 


17. AMORPHA, FALSE INDIGO. (Greek: wanting form, from the 
absence of 4 of the petals.) Leaflets usually with little stipels. 
Flowers summer. , pods 1-seeded ; leaflets small. 

A. canéscens, Nutt. Leap Pranr. 1°-8° high, hoary with soft 
down; leaves sessile, of 29-51 elliptical leaflets, smovthish above when 


old; flowers violet-purple in late summer. Prairies and rocky banks, 
W.andS. W. 


128 PULSE FAMILY. 


A. herbacea, Walt. In pine barrens, N. C. to Fla. and W., is pubes- 
cent or glabrous, with 15-35 rigid, oblong, dotted leaflets, and spicate, 
solitary, or panicled racemes of blue or white flowers; shrub 2°-4°, with 
purple branches. 


* * Pods 2-seeded ; leaflets larger, scattered. 


A. fruticdsa, Linn. Fatrse Inpico. A tall or middle-sized shrub, 
smoothish ; leaves petioled, of 15-25 oval or oblong leafiets ; flowers vio- 
let or purple in early summer, River’ banks, Penn. S. and W.; also 
cult. 


18. PSORALEA. (Greek: scurfy, from the roughish dots or glands.) 
Flowers early summer, violet, bluish, or almost white. 2/ 


* Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, or the uppermost of a single leaflet. 


P. Ondbrychis, Nutt. 3°-5° high, erect, nearly smooth; leaflets 
lance-ovate, taper-pointed ; stipules and bracts awl-shaped; flowers in 
short peduncled racemes 3/-6/ long; pods rough and wrinkled. River 
banks, O. to Ill., S. and E. 

P. melilotoides, Michx. Dry places, W. and 8S. 19-2° high, erect, 
somewhat pubescent, slender; leaflets lanceolate or lance-oblong ; stip- 
ules awl-shaped ; flowers in oblong spikes, long-peduncled ; pods strongly 
wrinkled. 

* * Leaves palmately 3-5-foliolate; root not tuberous. 


P. tenuifléra, Pursh. Bushy-branched, slender, 2°-4° high, somewhat 
hoary when young; leaflets linear or obovate-oblong, much dotted ; flowers 
(2-3! long) in loose racemes ; pods glandular-roughened. Prairies, Ill., W. 

P. argophylla, Pursh. Widely branched, 1°-8° high, silvery white all 
over with silky hairs; leaflets elliptic-lanceolate ; spikes interrupted. 
Prairies, Wis., W. 


* * * Leaves palmately 5-foliolate ; root tuberous. 


P. esculénta, Pursh. Pomme Biancue. Low and stout, 5/-15! high, 
roughish hairy ; root turnip-shaped, mealy, edible ; leaflets 5, lance-oblong 
or obovate ; spike dense, oblong; flowers 3/ long; pod hairy, pointed. 


19. TEPHROSIA, HOARY PEA. (Greek: hoary.) Native plants 
of dry, sandy, or barren soil, chiefly S.; flowers summer. 


* Stems erect, simple, very leafy up to the terminal, oblong, dense, raceme or 
panicle. 


T. Virginiana, Pers. Goar’s Rue, Cateut, from the very tough, 
long and slender roots. White, silky-downy ; stem erect, simple, 19-2° 
high ; leaflets 17-29 linear-oblong ; flowers large and numerous, yellowish- 
white with purple ; pods downy. Common N. and S. 


* x Stems branching, often spreading or decumbent; leaves scattered ; 
racemes opposite the leaves, long-peduncled ; flowers fewer and smaller ; 
pubescence mostly yellowish or rusty. 


T. spicata, Torr. & Gray. 1°-2° high, loosely soft-hairy ; leaflets 
9-15, wedge-oblong or obovate ; flowers 6-10, rather large, scattered, 
white and purple, in a raceme or spike. Del. 8S. 

T. hispidula, Pers. Low, closely pubescent or smoothish ; leaflets 
11-15, oblong, small, the lowest pair above the base of the petiole; 
flowers 2-4, small, reddish-purple. Va. S. 

T. chrysophylla, Pursh. Nearly prostrate; leaflets 5-7, wedge-obo- 
vate, smooth above and yellowish silky beneath, the lowest pair close to 
the stem; flowers as in the last. Ga.S. and W. 


PULSE FAMILY. 129 


20. SESBANIA. (Arabic: Sesban, a little altered.) Flowers late 
summer. 


S. macrocarpa, Muhl. Tall, smooth ; leaflets linear-oblong; flowers 
few, on a peduncle shorter than the leaves, corolla yellow with some red- 
dish or purple ; pods linear, narrow, hanging, 8/-12’ long; seeds many. (@) 
Swamps 8S. 

S. vesicaria, Ell. Resembles the preceding in foliage and small, yellow 
flowers, but has a broadly oblong turgid pod, only 1! or 2’ long, pointed, 
raised above the calyx on a slender stalk, 2-seeded, the seeds remaining 
inclosed in the bladdery white lining of the pod when the outer valves 
have fallen. @) Low grounds S. 

S. grandifléra, Poir. A shrub or tree-like plant of India, run wild 
in Florida, occasionally cult. for ornament S. ; flowers 3/-4! long, white or 
red ; pods slender, hanging, 1° or so long. 


Zi. INDIGOFERA, INDIGO PLANT. (Name means producer of 
indigo. ) 

/. tinctéria, Linn. This and the next furnish much of the indigo of 
commerce, were cult. for that purpose §., and have run wild in waste 
places; woody at base, with 7-15 oval leaflets, racemes shorter than 
the leaves, the deflexed knobby terete pods curved and several-seeded. 

/. Anil, Linn. Differs mainly in its flattish and even pods thickened at 
both edges. 


22. ONOBRYCHIS, SAINFOIN. (Greek: asses’ food.) 


0. sativa, Lam. Common S. Sparingly cult. from Europe as a fodder 
plant ; herb 19-2° high ; leaflets numerous, oblong, small ; stipules brown, 
thin, pointed ; spikes of light pink flowers on long axillary peduncles, in 
summer ; pod semicircular bordered with short prickles or teeth. 2 


23. ASTRAGALUS, MILK VETCH. (Greek: application uncer- 
tain) Very many native species west of the Mississippi. 2 


‘* Pod turgid, completely or partially 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal 
suture. 


+ Pod plum-shaped, becoming thick and fleshy, indehiscent. 


A. caryocarpus, Ker. Grounp Piums. Minutely appressed-pubes- 
cent; leaflets Harrow, oblong; short racemes or spikes of violet-purple 
flowers in spring; fruit of the size and shape of a small plum, but more 
or less pointed, fleshy, becoming dry and corky, very thick-walled. Com- 
mon along the Upper Mississippi and W. and S. on the plains. 

A. Mexicanus, DC. Smooth or with looser hairs ; leaflets roundish or 
oblong ; corolla cream-color, bluish only at tip; fruit globular, pointless. 
Prairies, Il. to Kan. and S. 


+ + Pod dry, coriaceous, cartiluginous, or membranous, dehiscent. 
++ Pod completely 2-celled. 


A. mollfssimus, Torr. Stout, decumbent, densely silky, villous 
throughout and tomentose ; flowers violet; pod sulcate at both sutures. 
Neb. to Kan. and Tex. A ‘‘loco’’ weed. 

A. Canadénsis, Linn. Tall, erect, 1°-4° high, slightly pubescent ; 
flowers greenish cream-colored, in summer ; pods oblong, terete, scarceiy 
suleate. River banks, common. 

A. glaber, Michx. Pine barrens, N.C. to Fla. ; tall, nearly smooth ; 
leaflets 15-25, oblong-linear, pubescent beneath ; spikes loose, longer than 
the leaves, with white flowers ; pod oblong and curved, flattened edgewise. 


GRAY’S F. F. & G. BOT. —9 


130 PULSE FAMILY. 


++ ++ Pod not completely 2-celled. 


A. distértus, Torr. & Gray. Low, diffuse, nearly smooth; leaflets 
oblong, emarginate ; flowers pale purple ; pod curved, thick-coriaceous. 
Ill. to lowa and 8. to Tex. 


* * Pod 1-celled, neither suture intrusive, or the ventral more than dorsal. 


A. Coodperi, Gray. Gravelly shores N. and W.; resembles the fore- 
going, but smoother ; 1°-2° high, with small white flowers in a short spike, 
and inflated ovoid pods about 1’ long, thin-walled, and not divided inter- 
nally ; flowers in early summer. 


24. ROBINIA, LOCUST TREE. (For two early French botanists, 
Robin.) Natives of Atlantic, Middle, and Southern States, planted, 
and the common Locust running wild N. Flowers late spring and early 
summer, 


R. Pseudacacia, Linn. Common L. or Fatse Acacia. Tree ; branch- 
lets naked ; racemes slender and }oose-hanging ; flowers fragrant, white ; 
pods smooth. Used as a stock for next two. 

R. viscosa, Vent. Criammy L. Small tree; branches and stalks 
clammy ; prickles very short; racemes short and dense; flowers faintly 
rose-colored ; scentless pods rough, clammy. Very rare wild. 

R. hispida, Linn. Brisrity L. or Rose Acacia. Ornamental shrub; 
branches and stalks bristly ; broad leaflets tipped with a long bristle; 
flowers large and showy, bright rose-colored in close or loose racemes ; 
pods clammy-bristly. 


25. CARAGANA, PEA TREE. (Tartar name.) Planted for ornament. 
* Petioles with unarmed tip. 


C. arboréscens, Lam. Sisper1an P. Shrub or low tree; leaflets 4-6 
pairs, oval-oblong, downy ; stipules firm or spinescent; flowers 2 or 3 
together, yellow, in spring; pod cylindric. Siberia. 

C. microphylla, Lam. Low shrub; leaflets 6-9 pairs, 4-5 lines long ; 
stipules thorny ; flowers solitary or in pairs ; podsmall, compressed. Asia. 


* * Petioles with spiny tips. 


C. Chamlagu, Lam. Cuinese P. A low or spreading shrub; has 2 
rather distant pairs of smooth, oval, or obovate leaflets ; stipules spiny. 
China and Japan. 

C. frutéscens, DC. Low shrub; leaflets 2 pairs, obovate, crowded at 
the summit of the petiole ; stipules soft. Siberia to Japan. 


26. COLUTEA, BLADDER SENNA. (Derivation obscure. ) 


C. arboréscens, Linn. Common B. Leaflets 7-11, oval and rather 
truncate ; racemes of 5-10 yellow flowers, in summer; pods large, very 
thin-walled, closed. Eu. 


27. WISTARIA. (For Prof. Wistar of Phila.) Very ornamental 
woody twiners; flowers spring. 


W. frutéscens, Poir. American W. Soft-downy when young; leaflets 
9-15, lance-ovate ; raceme of showy blue-purple flowers, dense; calyx 
narrowish, wings with one short and one very long appendage at the base 
of the blade; ovary smooth. Along streams W. and §., and cult. 

W. Chinénsis, DC. Cuinese W. A very fast-growing climber (sometimes 
20° in a season) ; racemes long, pendant; wings appendaged on one side 


PULSE FAMILY. Sab 


only. Flowers blue. Often flowering twice in the season. There are 
white and double-flowered and variegated-leaved varieties and some with 
racemes 2°-3° long. Barely hardy in New England. China or Japan. 


28. STYLOSANTHES. (Greek: column, flower, from the stalk-like 
calyx-tube. ) 


S. elatior, Swartz. Low, inconspicuous, tufted herb; stems wiry, 
downy on one side; leaflets lanceolate, strongly straight-veined ; flowers 
orange-yellow, small, in little clusters or heads, in late summer. Pine 
barrens from L. I. to Fla. and Ind., S. W. 


29: LESPEDEZA, BUSH CLOVER. (For Lespedez, a Spanish gov- 
ernor of Florida.) Mostly homely plants in sandy or sterile soil ; flowers 
late summer and autumn. 


* Stipules and bracts minute; natives (except one). 2 


+ Flowers of two sorts, the larger violet-purple, scattered or in open pani- 
cles or clusters, slender-peduncled, seldom fruitful; the fertile ones 
mostly without petals, intermixed or in small sessile clusters; pod 
generally exserted. 


L. proctimbens, Michx. Slender or trailing, minutely hairy or soft- 
downy ; leaflets oval or oblong; peduncles slender and few-flowered. 
Common. 

L. violacea, Pers. Bushy-branching, erect or spreading, sparsely 
leafy ; leaflets thin, broadly oval or oblong, finely appressed-pubescent 
beneath ; peduncles slender, loosely few-flowered. Common. 

L. reticulata, Pers. Erect, densely leafy ; leaflets thickish, linear to 
linear-oblong ; flowers clustered on peduncles, much shorter than the 
leaves ; pods acute. Mass. to Minn. and S. 

L. Stuvei, Nutt. Stems upright-spreading, very leafy, downy with 
spreading hairs; leaflets mostly oval or roundish, silky or white-woolly 
beneath ; pods acuminate. Mass. to Mich. and S. 

L. Siebé/di, Mig. (or DesMOpIUM PENDULIFLORUM). A recent Japanese 
garden plant, is a shrub-like herb 3°-6°, with lanceolate, pointed leaflets, 
smooth above and appressed-pubescent beneath, and axillary racemes, 
5/-6! long, of late rose-purple flowers about a half inch in length. Known 
also as L. sfcoLor, but that species is probably not cult. in this country. 


+ + Flowers all alike, perfect, in close spikes or heads, on upright, (2°- 
4° high) simple, rigid stems ; corolla cream-color or white with a purple 
spot on the standard, about the length of the silky-downy calyx ; pod 
included. 


L. polystachya, Michx. Leaflets roundish or oblong-ovate ; petioles 
and peduncles slender; spikes becoming rather long and loose ; mature 
pod hardly shorter than calyx. Common. 

L. capitata, Michx. Stems rigid, woolly ; leaflets oblong or some- 
times linear, silky beneath, thickish ; peduncles and petioles short ; 
flowers in globular heads ; pod much shorter than the calyx. Common. 

L. angustifdlia, Ell. Like the last, but leaflets linear, heads oblong 
on slender peduncles ; pod hardly shorter than calyx. N. J.,S. and W. 


* * Stipules and bracts broad and scarious ; naturalized from China and 
Japan. @) 


L. striata, Hook. & Arn. Japan CLover. Low and spreading, 3/-10’ 
high, much branched, almost smooth; leaflets oblong or wedge-oblong, 
1'-11 long; peduncles very short, with 1-5 small, purplish flowers. A 
forage plant in the S. States and Cal. 


132 PULSE FAMILY. 


30. DESMODIUM, TICK TREFOIL. (Greek: a band or chain, from 
the connected joints of the pod.) 2f Flowers in summer. 


§ 1. Native hardy species ; the joints of the pod adhere to clothing or to 
the coats of animals ; Jlowers sometimes turning greenish in withering. 


x Pod raised far above the calyx on a slender stalk, straightish on the 
upper margin, divided from below into 1-4 joints ; flowers in one naked 
terminal raceme or panicle ; plants smooth, 1°-8° high ; stipules bristle- 
Jorm. 


D. nudiflorum, DC. The mostly leafless flower-stalk and the leaf- 
bearing stem rising separately from a common root; the leaves all 
erowded on the summit of the stem; leaflets broadly ovate, bluntish, 
pale beneath. Common. 

D. acuminatum, DC. Flower stalk terminating the stem, which bears 
a cluster of leaves; leaflets large (4/-5' long), round-ovate, with a taper- 
ing point, or the end one blunter, green both sides. Common. 

D. paucifldrum, DC. Leaves scattered along the low, (8/-15! high) 
ascending stems; leaflets rhombic-ovate, pale beneath ; raceme terminal, 
few-flowered. Ont. to Penn., Kans. and 8S. 


* * Pod raised on a stalk little if at all surpassing the deeply-cleft calyx ; 
stems long, prostrate or decumbent; racemes mostly simple, axillary 
and terminal ; stipules ovate, striate, taper-pointed, persistent. 


D. rotundifdlium, DC. Soft-hairy; leaflets orbicular, about 3! long; 
flowers purple, the 8-5 rhombic-oval joints of the pod rather large. 


* * * Pod little if at all stalked in the calyx ; racemes panicled. 


+ Stems erect, 38°-6° high; stipules large, ovate or lance-ovate, and 
pointed ; bracts similar but deciduous ; flowers large for the genus. 


++ Pods of 4-7 rhombic-oblong joints, each joint about 3! long. 


D. canéscens, DC. Hairy; stems branching; leaves pale; leaflets 
ovate, bluntish, about the length of the common petiole, reticulated 
beneath and both sides roughish with fine, close pubescence; joints of 
pod very adhesive. Common. 

D. cuspidatum, Torr. & Gray. Very smooth, except panicle; stem 
straight; leaflets lance-ovate, taper-pointed (3/—5! long), longer than the 
common petiole ; pod with smoothish joints. Common. 


++ ++ Pods of 3-5 oval joints, not over 1' long. 
e 4 


D. Tllinoénse, Gray. Rough with short hairs; leaflets ovate-oblong 
or ovate-lanceolate (2'--4' long), obtuse, firm, venation prominent, whitish 
beneath ; pod scarcely over 1! long. 


+ + Stems erect, 2°-6° high; stipules mostly deciduous, awi-shaped, 
small, and inconspicuous ; racemes panicled. 


++ Bracts small and inconspicuous; common petiole slender; flowers 
smallish ; joints of pod 3-5, unequal-sided. 


D. viridiflorum, Beck. Stem very downy ; leaflets broad ovate, very 
blunt, white, with soft-velvety down beneath. N. J. to Fla., Mo., 
and Tex. 

D. Dillénii, Darl. Stem and the oblong or oblong-ovate, bluntish, thin 
leaflets softly and finely pubescent ; the latter 2/-3/ long. Common. 

D. paniculatum, DC. Smooth, or nearly so, throughout ; leaflets 
lanceolate or lance-oblong, tapering to a blunt point, 3/-5! long; panicle 
loose. Common, 


PULSE FAMILY. 133 


D. strictum, DC. Siender stems smooth below, above and the narrow 
panicle rough-glandular ; leaflets linear, blunt, reticulated, very smooth, 
1/-2' long. N.J.to Fla. and La. 


++ ++ Bracts, before Jlowering, conspicuous ; common petiole very short ; 
joints of pod roundish. 


D. Canadénse, DC. Stem hairy, 3°-6° high, leafy up to the panicle ; 
leaflets lance-oblong, blunt, 2/-3/ long; racemes dense, the pink-purple 
flowers larger than in any other, 4/-3/ long. Chiefly N. and W. 

D. sessilifolium, Torr. & Gray. Stem pubescent, 2°-4° high; the 
long panicle naked; common petiole hardly any; leaflets linear or 
linear-oblong, blunt, reticulated, rough above, downy Yeneath; flowers 
small. Chiefly westward. 


+ + + Stems ascending or spreading, 1°-3° long; stipules and bracts 
awl-shaped and deciduous ; panicle naked, loose; flowers small; pod of 
2 or 3 small, oval, or roundish joints. 


D. rigidum, DC. Stems hoary, with a rough pubescence; leaflets 
ovate-oblong, blunt, thickish, roughish, and reticulated, 1/-23’ long, the 
lateral longer than the common petiole. Mass., S. and W. 

D. Marilandicum, Boott. Smooth or nearly so, slender; leaflets 
ovate or roundish, thin, the lateral ones about the length of the slender 
petiole ; otherwise like the preceding, and of like range. 


+++ + Stems reclining or prostrate; racemes few-flowered. 


D. lineatum, DC. Smoothish; stem striate-angled; stipules awl- 
shaped, deciduous; leaflets orbicular, 1! or less in length, much longer 
than the common petiole ; flowers and 2 or 3 rounded joints of the pod 
small. Md. to Fla. and La. ° 


§ 2. Exotic conservatory species. 


D. gyrans, DC. TrerecrarH Prant. Leaflets elliptic-oblong, termi- 
nal very large, lateral very small. Cult. from India for curious move- 
ments of leaflets. (Lessons, Fig. 491.) 


31. ERYTHRINA. (Greek: red, the usual color of the flowers.) 


E. herbacea, Linn. Stems herbaceous, 2°-4° high from a thick, 
woody base, somewhat leafy, the leaflets broadly triangular-ovate ; others 
nearly leafless, terminating in a long, erect raceme of narrow, scarlet 
flowers ; standard (2! long) straight, folded, lanceolate ; keel small; seeds 
searlet ; flowers spring. Sandy soil near the coast S. 

E. Crista-g4/li, Linn. Tree-like ; leaflets oval or oblong ; loose racemes 
of large crimson flowers; keel large; standard broad, spreading ; wings 
rudimentary. Cult. in conservatories, from Brazil. 


32. GLYCINE. (Greek: sweet.) @® 


G. hispida, Maxim. (or Sosa ufspipa). Soy Bran. Plant strong 
and erect, 2°-4° tall, loosely hairy ; leaflets large and thin, broadly ovate 
and nearly or quite obtuse, the lateral ones lop-sided and short stipitate, 
the terminal long stipitate, the common petiole 6/-12! long ; pods flat and 
villous, 2/-4! long, containing from 2-4 roundish or oblong small Beans, 
and splitting open when ripe. Coming into prominence as a forage plant, 
the Beans also edible. Japan and China; but unknown wild, and sup- 
posed to be derived from Glycine Soja. 


33. ARACHIS, PEANUT, GOOBER. (Meaning of name obscure.) 


A. hypogea, Linn. The only common species, from South America, 
cult. S.; the nut-like pods familiar, the oily, fleshy seeds being roasted 
and much eaten. ( 


134 PULSE FAMILY. 


34. ZISCHYNOMENE, SENSITIVE JOINT VETCH. (Greek 
ashamed, referring to the sensitive leaflets of some species.) Flowers * 
summer. 


45. hispida, Willd. Stem rough-bristly, 2°-4° high; leaflets 37-51, 
linear ; flowers yellow; pod bristly, stalked ; joints 6-10. Low grounds, 
Penn. S. @ 


35. CORONILLA. (Latin: a little crown.) Cult. from Eu. for orna- 
ment. 2/ 


C. varia, Linn. Purrpte Coronttna. Hardy herb, spreading from 
underground shoots, smooth, 2° high ; leaves sessile ; leaflets 15-21, obo- 
vate-oval or oblong, small ; flowers pink-purple and white, all summer. 

C. glauca, Linn. YrLLow Sweerr-scentepD C. Greenkouse shrub ; 
leaflets 5-9, glaucous, obovate, or obcordate, the terminal largest ; flowers 
sweet-scented, yellow, the claws of the petals not lengthened. 


36. RHYNCHOSIA. (Greek: beaked; of no obvious application.) 
Chiefly southern ; flowers summer. 2/ 


* Flowers in axillary racemes. 
+ Calyx shorter than corolla, somewhat 2-lipped. 


R. minima, DC. Along the coast from S. C., S.; tomentose; leaflets 
small and broad ; racemes very slender, with 6-12 minute flowers. 


~ + Calyx nearly or quite as long as corolla, not lipped. 


R. tomentosa, Hook & Arn. ‘Trailing and twining, pubescent ; leaflets 
8, round or round-rhombic ; racemes axillary, few flowered, almost sessile. 
Dry sandy soil, from Va. 8. 

R. erécta, DC. Erect, more or less tomentose ; leaflets 3, oval to 
oblong; racemes short, on short peduncles. Del. S. 

R. renif6rmis, DC. Dwarf, erect, pubescent ; leaflets solitary (rarely 
3) round-reniform ; racemes sessile. Va. § 


* * Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs ; calyx shorter than corolla. 


R. galactoides, Endl. Bushy-branched, 2°-4° high, not twining, 
minutely pubescerit ; leaflets 3, small and rigid, oval, hardly any common 
petiole ; standard reddish outside. Dry sand ridges, from Ala. S. 


37. PHASEOLUS, BEAN, KIDNEY BEAN. (The ancient name 
of the Kidney Bean.) Flowers summer and autumn. (Lessons, Figs. 


28-30.) * Native species, small-flowered. 

P. perénnis, Walt. Stems slender, climbing high ; leaflets roundish- 
ovate, short-pointed ; racemes long end loose, often panicled; flowers 
small, purple; pods drooping, scimitar-shaped, few-seeded. 2/ New 
Eng. W. and 8. 


« *« Exotic species, cultivated mainly for food, all with ovate, pointed 
leaflets. (@) 


P. vulgaris, Linn. Kinney Bean, String Bran, Pore Bean. Twin- 
ing; racemes of white or sometimes dull purplish or variegated flowers 
shorter than the leaf; pods linear, straight; seeds tumid. Many varie- 
ties, ranging from Busy Beans to climbers, and presenting many forms 
and colors of seeds. Probably from tropical America. 

P. junatus, Linn. Lima Beran, Sreva or Carouina B., etc. Twining; 
racemes of small, greenish-white flowers shorter than the leaf; pods broad 


PULSE FAMILY. 135 


and curved to scimitar-shaped; seeds few, large, and flat. Like the 
preceding, this runs into many forms, amongst them the Busu or Dwarr 
Linas. S. Amer. 

P. multiflorus, Willd. Spanish Brean, ScaRLET RuNNER when red- 
flowered ; twining high ; flowers showy, bright scarlet, or white, or mixed, 
in peduncled racemes surpassing the leaves ; pods broadly linear, straight 
or a little curved; seeds large, tumid, white or colored. Tropical 
America. 


38. VIGNA. (For Dominic Vigni, commentator of Theophrastus at 
Padua in the 17th century.) 


V. Sinénsis, Hassk. Cutna Bean, BLAcK-EYED Bran, Biackx Pera, 
Cowrea. With long peduncles bearing only 2 or 3 (white or pale) 
flowers at the end; the beans (which are good) white or dark with a 
black circle round the scar; is widely grown in the S. for forage. @ 
China and Japan. 

V. luteola, Benth. Wild from S.C. to Fla. and W., is hirsute, with 
ovate or lance-ovate leaflets ; yellow flowers on stout peduncles longer 
than the leaves, and hairy pod. 


39. DOLICHOS, BLACK BEAN, etc. (Greek: name of a Bean, 
meaning elongated, perhaps from the tall-climbing stems.) 


D. Léblab, Linn. Eayrrran or Brack Bean. Smooth twiner ; racemes 
elongated ; flowers showy, violet, purple, or white, 1‘ long; pods thick, 
broadly oblong, pointed; seeds black or tawny with a white scar. @ 
India. 


40. STROPHOSTYLES. (Greek: turning, style.) 


S. angulosa, Ell. Spreading on the ground; ovate entire or com- 
monly 3-lobed or angled leaflets; peduncles twice the length of the 
leaves ; flowers purplish, or at length greenish; seeds oblong, 3” long; 
pod 2/-3/ long by 3!’ wide. Sandy shores and river banks. @ 

S. peduncularis, Ell. More slender than the preceding, sometimes 
twining a little; leaflets ovate or oblong-linear, entire, rarely at all 
lobed; peduncles several times surpassing the leaves; flowers pale 
purple ; seeds 1}//-2 long; pod 13/-2! long, scarcely 2!’ wide. Sandy 
soil, from L. I.and S.Ind.,S. 2 

S. pauciflérus, Wats. Spreading or low-climbing, slender, pubescent ; 
leaflets small, oblong-lanceolate or linear; flowers few and small, pur- 
plish, on a short peduncle ; pod straight, flat, only 1’! long. River banks 
W.andS. @ 


41. CENTROSEMA, SPURRED BUTTERFLY PEA. (Greek: 
spur, standard.) 2 


C. Virginianum, Benth. Trailing and low twining; slender, roughish 
with minute hairs; leaflets ovate-oblong to linear, very veiny, shining ; 
peduncles 1-4-flowered, shorter than the leaves; flowers showy, violet- 
purple, 1’ long, in summer. Sandy woods, chiefly S. 


42. CLITORIA, BUTTERFLY PEA. (Derivation recondite.) 2 


C. Mariana, Linn. Smooth; stem erect or slightly twining (19-89 
high); leaflets obovate-oblong, pale beneath; flowers very showy, light 
blue, 2’ long, 1-3 on short peduncles; pod straight, few-seeded ; flowers 
summer. Dry ground, N. J., S., and W. to Mo. and Tex. 


136 PULSE FAMILY. 


43. KENNEDYA. (For an English florist.) Australian plants, of 
choice cultivation in conservatories. 2 


K. rubicdnda, Vent., is hairy, free-climbing, with 3 ovate leaflets ; ovate- 
lanceolate stipules ; about 3-flowered peduncles, the dark red or crimson 
flowers over 1’ long. 

K. prostrata, R. Br., has 1- or 2-flowered peduncles, obovate or 
oblong leaflets and cordate stipules. The Var. Marrydtte, has 4-flowered 
peduncles. 


44. GALACTIA, MILK PEA. (Greek: milky, which these plants 
are not.) Flowerssummer. 2 


G. glabélla, Michx. Prostrate, nearly smooth ; leaflets rather rigid, 
ovate-oblong, shining above; flowers rose-purple 4-8 on a peduncle not 
exceeding the leaves; pod somewhat hairy. Sandy soil, from N. Y. S. 

G. pilosa, Ell. Spreading, somewhat twining, soft-downy and hoary, 
even to the 8-10-seeded pod ; racemes long-peduncled, many-flowered ; 
leaflets oval. Sandy barrens, from Penn. S. 

G. Ellié6ttii, Nutt. Near the coast, S. Car. to Fla. ; leaves pinnate, of 
7-9 oblong, emarginate leaflets; racemes longer than the leaves, bearing 
few white red-tinged flowers ; pod falcate and hairy, 3-5-seeded. 


45. AMPHICARPAIA, HOG PEANUT. (Greek: double-fruited, 
alluding to the two kinds of pods.) 2f Twiners. 


A. monbdica, Nutt. Slender, much-branched; stems brownish-hairy ; 
leaflets 3, thin rhombic-ovate, }/-2/ long; racemes drooping; calyx of 
upper flowers, 2!! long; ovary glabrous, except margin ; subterranean pods, 
turgid, hairy ; flower late summer and autumn. Common. 

A. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray. Like the preceding; but leaflets 2/—4! 
long; calyx 3! long, teeth acuminate; ovary hairy ; subterranean fruit 
rare. W.N. Y. to Ill., Mo., La., and Tex. 


46. APIOS, GROUNDNUT, WILD BEAN. (Greek: pear, from 
the shape of the tubers.) 2f 


A. tuberdsa, Moench. Underground shoots bearing strings of edible 
tubers 1/-2/ long; stems slender, rather hairy ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate. 
Low grounds. 


47. PISUM, PEA. (The old Greek and Latin name of the Pea.) @ 
(Lessons, Figs. 34, 35.) 


P. sativum, Linn. Common Pra. Smooth and glaucous; stipules 
very large, leafy ; leaflets commonly 2 pairs ; tendrils branching; pedun- 
cles with 2 or more large flowers ; corolla white, bluish, purple, or parti- 
colored ; pods rather fleshy. Cult. from the Old World. 


48. LATHYRUS, VETCHLING. (Old Greek name.) Flowers 
summer. 


* Stem and petioles wing-margined ; leaflets one pair; cult. from Eu. for 
ornament. 


L. odoratus, Linn. Swerer Pea. Stem roughish-hairy ; leaflets oval 
or oblong; flowers 2 or 3 on a long peduncle, sweet-scented, white, with 
the standard rose-color, or purple, with various varieties. (@) (Lessons, 
Fig. 393.) 


PULSE FAMILY. 137 


L. fatifolius, Linn. Evervastinc Pea, Perenniat Pea. Smooth, 
climbing high; stems broadly winged ; leaflets oval, with parallel veins 
very conspicuous beneath ; flowers numerous in a long-peduncled raceme, 
pink-purple ; also a white variety ; scentless. 2/ 


* * Stems wingless or merely margined ; leaflets 2-8 pairs; native. 2 
+ Stipules large and broad. 


L. marftimus, Bigel. Braco Pea. 1° high, leafy, smooth; stipules 
broadly ovate, hastate; leaflets oval, crowded; peduncle bearing 6-10 
rather large purple flowers. Sea-shore N. J. N., and on the Great Lakes. 

L. ochroletcus, Hook. Stems slender, 19-3° high; leaflets glaucous, 
thin, ovate, or oval, twice larger than the semi-cordate stipules ; peduncles 
with 7-10 rather small yellowish-white flowers. Hillsides and banks N. 
Eas + + Stipules narrow, semi-sagittate, acuminate. 

L. vendsus, Muhl. Climbing; leaflets 8-12, scattered, ovate, or ob- 
long, often downy beneath; peduncles bearing many purple flowers. 
Shady banks W. and S. 

L. palistris, Linn. Slender, 1°-2° high; stems margined or slightly 
winged ; leaflets 4-8, linear to oblong; peduncles with 2-6 rather small 
purple flowers. Wet grounds N. and W. 

Var. myrtifdlius, Gray. Climbing 2°-4° high; leaflets oblong or 
oval; upper stipules larger and more leaf-like; flowers paler. Same 
range, and S. to N. C. 


49. VICIA, VETCH, TARE. (The old Latin name of the genus.) 


*« Flowers several or many, on a slender peduncle, in spring or summer ; 
pod several-seeded ; wild species in low ground, 19-4° high. 


+ Peduncle 4-8-flowered ; plant smooth. 


V. Americana, Muhl. Leaflets 10-14, oblong, very blunt, veiny: 
flowers purplish, over 4’ long. Common N. and W, 


+ + Peduncle bearing very many small, soon reflexed flowers. 


VY. Caroliniana, Walt. Smoothish; leaflets 8-24, oblong, blunt; 
flowers small, white, or purplish-tipped, rather loose in the slender 
raceme. Can. to Ga. and W. 

V. Cracca, Linn. Rather downy; leaflets 20-24, lance-oblong, mu- 
cronate-pointed ; spike dense; flowers blue (nearly 3/ long), turning 
purple. Only N. and W. 


* * Flowers 1-5 on a slender peduncle, in summer or spring, very small ; 
leaflets oblong-linear, 4-8 pairs; pod oblong, only 2-4-seeded ; slender 
and delicate European annuals in fields and waste places, N. E. 
coast. 


V. tetraspérma, Linn. Leaflets blunt; corolla whitish; pod 4-seeded, 
smooth. 

V. hirsuta, Koch. Leaflets truncate; corolla bluish; pod 2-seeded, 
hairy. 


* * * Flowers 1-2, sessile, or on peduncles shorter than leaves, pretty 
large ; pod several-seeded ; stem simple, low, not climbing. @ 


V. sativa, Linn. Common Vercu or Tarr. Somewhat hairy ; leaflets 
10-14, oblong or obovate to linear, apex notched and mucronate ; flowers 
mostly in pairs and sessile, violet-purple ; seeds tumid. Eu. Nat. N. 
Cult. for stock. 

V. micrantha, Nutt. Smooth; leaflets linear, obtuse, 4-6; flowers 
minute, pale blue ; seeds black. N. Ala. W. 


138 PULSE FAMILY. 


50. LENS, LENTIL. (Classical Latin name. The shape of the seed 
gave the name to the glass lens for magnifying.) @ 


L. esculénta, Moench. Common Lentiu of Europe, cult. for fodder 
and for the seeds, but rarely with us; slender plant, barely 1° high, re- 
sembling a Vetch, with several pairs of oblong leaflets (4/ long), 2 or 3 
smal], white, or purplish flowers on a slender peduncle, and a small broad 
pod, containing 2 orbicular sharp-edged (lens-shaped) seeds. 


51. CICER, CHICK-PEA. (An old Latin name for the Vetch.) @ 


C. arietinum, Linn. Common C. of the Old World, called Corrrr 
Pea at the West, there cult. for its seeds, which are used for coffee; 
their shape gave the specific name, being likened to the head of a sheep; 
plant 9/-20' high, covered with soft, glandular, acid hairs; leaves of 8- 
12 wedge-obovate serrate leaflets; peduncle bearing 1 small whitish 
flower, succeeded by the turgid small pod. 


52. CHRCIS, REDBUD, JUDAS TREE. (Ancient name of the 
Judas tree.) . 


C. Canadénsis, Linn. American Repsup. A small handsome 
tree, ornamental in spring, when the naked branches are covered with 
the small but very numerous pinkish-red flowers ; leaves round, cordate- 
pointed, the basal sinus very broad and shallow; pods scarcely stalked 
in the calyx. N. Y.,S. and W. 

C. Chinénsis, Bunge (or C. JAPOnIcA), a bushy grower, native to China 
and possibly to Japan, has more glossy leaves with a sharper point and 
a narrow, deep basal sinus, and larger rosy-pink flowers. Scarcely hardy 
in Northern States. 


53. CASSIA, SENNA. (Ancient name of obscure meaning.) Flowers 
summer. 


* Smooth herbs; leaflets rather large; stipules deciduous; flowers in 
short axillary racemes or crowded in a panicle; stamens 10, unequal ; 
some of the upper anthers imperfect. 


C. Marildndica, Linn. Witp Senna. 3°-4° high; leaflets 6—9 pairs, 
narrow-oblong, blunt, and mucronate ; petiole with a club-shaped gland 
near the base; petals bright yellow, often turning whitish when old; 
anthers blackish; pods linear, flat (at first hairy). 2/ New Eng., W.andS. 

C. Tora, Linn. Leaflets 2 or 3 pairs, obovate, a pointed gland between 
the lowest ; flowers pale, in pairs, and pods slender, curved, 6/-10! long. 
@ From Va.,S., and Ind. 8. W. 

C. occidentalis, Linn. 19-5° high; leaflets 4-6 pairs, lance-ovate, 
acute, a globular gland on the base of the petiole; pods narrow-linear, 
smooth, 5/ long. @ Va.andInd.,S. Nat. from 8. A. 


* * Low and spreading, smooth or roughish hairy herbs; stipules per- 
sistent, striate; leaflets 10-20 pairs, small linear-oblong, oblique, 
or unequal-sided, somewhat sensitive, closing when roughly brushed ; 
a cup-shaped gland below the lowest pair ; flowers clustered in the axils. 


C. Chamecrista, Linn. Parrripce Pea. Flowers pretty large, 
showy, on slender pedicels; petals oiten purple-spotted at base ; style 
slender; stamens 10, unequal; 4 anthers yellow, the others purple. 
Sandy fields. @ 

C. nictitans, Linn. Witp Sensitive Puiant. Flowers small, o 
very short pedicels, with short style; anthers 5, nearly equal. @ N 
Eng., S. and W. 


PULSE FAMILY. 139 


54, CHiSALPINIA. (For the early Italian botanist, Cesalpinus.) 


C. pulchérrima, Swartz. Barspapoes Frower Fence. Small tree, 
prickly ; leaves twice-pinnate ; leaflets numerous, oblong, notched at the 
end; racemes terminal, open; flowers large and showy; petals short- 
clawed, broad, jagged-edged, 1’ long, reddish orange ; filaments crimson, 
3’ long. Trop. Africa. Cult. in some conservatories ; planted S. 


55. GYMNOCLADUS, KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE. (Greek : 
naked branch, referring to the stout branches destitute of spray.) 


G. Canadénsis, Lam. Bark rough; leaves twice-pinnate, 2° or 3° 
long, each partial leafstalk bearing 7-13 ovate stalked leaflets, except the 
lowest pair, which are single leaflets (2/-3’ long) ; the leaflets standing 
edgewise ; flowers in early summer ; ripening in late autumn ; large thick- 
walled pods, 5/-10’ long and 14/-2’ wide; seeds bony, over 3! across. 
W.N. Y.S., and especially W. 


56. GLEDITSCHIA, HONEY LOCUST. (For the early German 
botanist, Gleditsch.) Flowers early summer, inconspicuous ; pods rip- 
ening late in autumn. ‘Thorns simple or compound; those on the 
branchlets are above the axils. 


G. triacanthos, Linn. A rather tall tree, with light foliage ; thorns large 
(sometimes wanting), often very compound, flattish at the base and taper- 
ing ; leaflets small, lance-oblong ; pods linear, flat, 9’-20’ long, often twisted 
or curved. Rich soil from W. N. Y., S. and W. (Lessons, Figs. 95, 160.) 

G. aquatica, Marsh. Warer Locust. Small tree; thorns slender ; 
leaflets ovate or oblong ; pods oval 1-seeded, containing no pulp. Swamps 
Mo. to S. Ind., S. C. and S. 


57. MIMOSA, SENSITIVE PLANT. (Greek: a mimic, ie. the 

movements imitating an animal faculty.) (Lessons, Fig. 490.) 

M. pidica, Linn. Common S. Beset with spreading bristly hairs and 
somewhat prickly ; leaves very sensitive to the touch, of very numerous 
linear leaflets on 2 pairs of branches of the common petiole, crowded on 
its apex, so as to appear digitate ; flowers in slender-peduncled heads, in 
summer. Cult. from South America. @ 


58. SCHRANKIA, SENSITIVE BRIER. (For a German botanist, 
Schrank.) Two species wild in dry sandy soil, S. and W., spreading 
on the ground, appearing much alike, with leaves closing like the Sen- 
sitive Plant, but only under ruder handling ; flowers in globular heads 
on axillary peduncles, in summer. 2 
S. uncinata, Willd. Stems, petioles, peduncles, and oblong-linear 

short-pointed pods beset with rather stout, hooked prickles ; leaflets ellip- 

tical, reticulated with strong veins underneath. 


S. angustata, Torr. & Gray. Prickles scattered, weaker, and less 
hooked ; leaflets oblong-linear, not reticulated ; pods slender, taper-pointed. 


59. DESMANTHUS. (Greek: bond, flower ; the flowers are crowded 
in a head.) 


D. brachylobus, Benth. Nearly smooth, 19-4° high, erect ; partial 
petioles 6-15 pairs, each bearing 20-30 pairs of very small, narrow leaf- 
lets ; one or more glands on the main petiole; small heads of whitish 
flowers, followed by short 2-6 seeded pods; stamens 5. 2 Prairies 
from Ind. S. and W. 


140 PULSE FAMILY. : 


60. ALBIZZIA, SILK FLOWER. (Named for an Italian botanist.) 


A. Julibrissin, Durazz. SttKx-FLower or Sirk Tree. Planted S. ; 
small tree; leaves of 8-12 pairs of partial petioles, each with about 60 
oblong, acute leaflets, which appear as if halved ; panicled heads of rather 
large, pale, rose-purple flowers ; filaments conspicuous, long, and lus- 
trous, like silky threads in tufts (giving the popular name); pod 5/-6/ 
long, oblong-linear, very flat and thin. Asia. 

A. lophantha, Benth. A greenhouse shrub ; leaves with 8-10 pairs of 
partial petioles, each with 50-60 linear bluntish leaflets ; flowers yellow. 
New Holland. 


61. ACACIA. (Ancient name of Acacia trees.) No native species 
north of Texas. The following are cult. in conservatories N., and one 
of them planted or run wild far 8S. 


§ 1. Leaves twice pinnate, of very numerous small leaflets. 


A. dea/bata, Link. A fast-growing small tree, not prickly nor thorny, 
pale or whitened with minute obscure down or mealiness ; leaves of 10-25 
pairs of partial petioles (a little gland on the main petiole between each 
pair), and very many pairs of closely set, minute, linear leaflets ; flowers 
bright yellow in globular heads in an ample very open raceme or panicle, 
odorous. Australia. 

A. Farnesiana, Willd. Ororanax. Native of South America ; naturalized 
along the Gulf of Mexico, sometimes cult. ; a nearly smooth shrub, with 
pairs of short prickles along the branches, small linear leaflets, small 
heads, on short peduncles (2 or 3 together) of yellow, very sweet-scented 
flowers, used by the perfumers. The plant also yields gum. Pod thick, 
pulpy or pithy within. 


§ 2. Only the leaves of the seedling twice-pinnate ; the rest simple and 
entire mostly blade-like petioles ( phyllodia, Lessons, p. 61), standing 
edgewise, but otherwise imitating rigid simple leaves. Chiefly Australia. 


* Leaves short, and with only a central nerve or midrib. 


+ Linear awl-shaped or almost needle-shaped, prickly-tipped, small, about 
4! long. 


A. juniperina, Willd. Rigid bushy shrub ; leaves scattered ; flowers in 
single, small, round heads. 

A. verticillata, Willd. Spreading shrub or low tree; leaves crowded 
more or less in whorls of 5-8 or more; flowers in cylindrical spikes. 


+ + Obliquely oblong, lanceolate, or broader, not prickly-tipped. 


A. armata, R. Br. Tall-growing shrub; branches usually hairy ; stip- 
ules conspicuous, prickle-like ; leaves mostly blunt, half-ovate, oblong or 
incurved-lanceolate, with somewhat wavy margins, feather-veined, not 
over 1’ long ; flowers in round heads. 

A. vestita, Ker. ‘Tall-growing shrub, soft-downy ; branches drooping ; 
leaves pale, obliquely wedge-ovate or obovate and curved, bristle-pointed ; 
small, globular heads of flowers in racemes. 


x * Leaves 3'-6! or more long, pointless, with 2-5 parallel nerves, or when 
very narrow only 1-nerved ; flowers in slender, loose, or interrupted axil- 
lary spikes. 

A. longifolia, Willd. Shrub or small tree, smooth ; branches angular ; 
leaves from lance-oblong to linear, greatly varying, 2-5-nerved, often 
faintly veiny between the nerves. 

A. linearis, Sims. Like the preceding, but leaves (2/-10! long) very 
narrow-linear and with only one obvious nerve. 


ROSE FAMILY. idl 


XXXVII. ROSACEA, ROSE FAMILY. 


Trees, shrubs, or herbs with alternate stipulate leaves and 
regular flowers, with usually indefinite unconnected stamens 
inserted on the calyx, one, few, or many simple separate pistils 
(except in the division to which the Pear belongs), and single, 
few, or occasionally numerous seeds; these filled with a 
straight embryo. Calyx usually of 5 sepals, but sometimes 
reinforced by a row of sepal-like bracts beneath. Petals as 
many as the sepals, or sometimes wanting. Destitute of 
noxious qualities (excepting the bark, leaves, and kernels of 
some Cherries, the Almond, etc.), and furnishing the most 
important fruits of temperate climates, as well as the queen of 
flowers. We have three principal great divisions. 


J. ALMOND or PLUM SUBFAMILY;; consists of trees 
or shrubs, with simple leaves, stipules free from the petiole 
(often minute or early deciduous, so that there may appear to 
be none), a calyx which is deciduous after flowering, and a 
single pistil, its ovary superior and tipped with a slender style 
(Lessons, p. 95, Fig. 271), containing a pair of ovules, and 
becoming a simple drupe or stone-fruit. (Lessons, p. 120, 
Fig. 375.) 


1. PRUNUS. Calyx with a bell-shaped or urn-shaped tube and 5 spreading lobes. Petals 
5, and stamens 3-5 times as many, or indefinitely numerous, inserted on the throat 
of the calyx. Flowers white or rose-color. 


II. ROSE SUBFAMILY propsr: consists of herbs or 
shrubs, with stipules either free from or united with the base 
of the petiole, calyx persisting below or around the fruit, 
which is composed of sometimes one, but commonly several or 
many distinct pistils. 


§ 1. Calyx not a fleshy tube or cup, nor closed over the fruit. 


» Ovaries about 5 (2-12), becoming little pods, mostly several-(1-10-) seeded ; calyx with 
only 5 or rarely 4 lobes. 


2. SPIR4A. Shrubs or perennial herbs, with stipules sometimes minute or obsolete, 
sometimes conspicuous, and white or rose-purple, sometimes diccious flowers. 
Calyx open and short, mostly 5-cleft, not inclosing the pods. Petals equal, com- 
monly broad. Stamens 10-50. Pods not inflated, 1-valved. Seeds linear. 

8. PHYSOCARPUS. Shrubs, differing from Spirwa by inflated 2-valved pods, and round- 
ish seeds. 

4. EXOCHORDA. Shrubs with large white flowers, 5 bony 2-yalved carpels joined to a 
common axis, each with one large flat winged seed, 


142 ROSE FAMILY. 


5. GILLENIA. Herbs, with nearly white flowers and almost sessile leaves of 8 leaflets. 
Calyx narrow, oblong, 5-toothed, enclosing the 5 pistils (which at first lightly cohere 
in a mass) and the little pods. Petals rather unequal, lance-linear. Stamens 10-20, 
not projecting. 


* * Ovaries few or many, single-ovuled, becoming dry akenes in fruit above the open 
and mostly spreading calyx ; stamens numerous. 


+ Pistils few, only 2-8. 


6. KERRIA. Shrub, with long green branches, simple and coarsely toothed alternate 
leaves and yellow flowers terminating the branchlets of the season. Calyx with 5 
somewhat toothed large lobes. Petals 5. 

7. RHODOTYPOS. Shrub, with large, opposite leaves. Petals 4. Sepals large, becom- 
ing leaf-like in fruit. Akenes as large as peas, je’-black and shining. 

8. WALDSTEINIA. Low perennial herbs, with chiefly root-leaves, either lobed or com- 
pound, and a few yellow flowers on a short scape. Calyx with a top-shaped tube and 
5 spreading lobes, alternate with which are sometimes 5 minute teeth or bractlets. 
Petals obovate. Styles deciduous by a joint. 


+ + Pistils numerous and heaped in a head ; calyx (except in one, Geum) augmented 
with additional outer lobes or bractlets alternating with the 5 proper lobes ; leaves 
mostly compound. 


9. GEUM. Perennial herbs. Calyx with a bell-shaped, top-shaped, or hemispherical tube 
orcup. Akenes narrow, or tapering to the base, tipped with the long persistent 
style, or the greater portion of it, in the form of a naked or hairy tail. Seed erect. 
Receptacle dry, conical, or cylindrical. 

10. POTENTILLA. Herbs, or one species shrubby. Calyx flat or widely open. Akenes 
small, on a dry receptacle, from which they at length fall. ; 

11. FRAGARIA. Perennial, small, and stemless herbs, producing runners after flowering. 
Leaves compound, of 3 leaflets. Calyx open, flat. Styles short and lateral. 
Akenes naked, small, on the surface of an enlarged pulpy edible receptacle. (Les- 
sons, p. 113, Fig. 360, and p. 118, Fig. 368.) 


* x x Ovaries several or many, 2-ovuled, in fruit becoming fleshy or pulpy and 1-seeded, 
Sorming a head or cluster above the flat or widely open simply i-cleft calyx ; stamens 
numerous ; styles short, naked, at length falling off. 


12. DALIBARDA. Very low perennial tufted herb, with simple, rounded-heart-shaped 
or kidney-shaped root-leaves and 1-2-flowered scapes. Calyx of 5 or even 6 unequal 
sepals. Ovaries 5-10, in fruit merely fleshy, becoming almost dry and bony. 

18. RUBUS. Perennial herbs or shrubby plants. Ovaries numerous, in fruit pulpy (berry- 
like, or more properly drupe-like, the inner hard part answering to the stone of a 
cherry or peach on a small seale), crowded on the dry or fleshy receptacle. (Lessons, 
p. 118, Figs. 369, 370.) 


§ 2. Calyx with an urn-shaped dry tube, contracted or nearly closed at the mouth, and 
inclosing 1-4 little pistils which become akenes. Flowers small; petals none 
except in Agrimonia. 


14. ALCHEMILLA. Low herbs, with palmately lobed or compound leaves, and minute 
greenish flowers, in clusters or corymbs. Calyx with 4 inner and 4 outer or acces- 
sory spreading lobes. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Pistils 14, with lateral styles. 

15. AGRIMONIA. Herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves, and flowers in slender 
terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx with the top-shaped tube beset with hooked 
bristles just below the 5 green lobes, the latter closing together in fruit. Petals 5, 
commonly yellow, broad and spreading. Stamens 5-15. Pistils 2; styles terminal. 

16. POTERIUM. Herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white, purple, or greenish flowers 
(sometimes dicecious) in dense heads or spikes on long, erect peduncles. Calyx with 
a short, 4-angled, closed tube, surmounted by 4 broad and petal-like at length decid- 
uous lobes. Petals none. Stamens 4-12 or more, with long und slender projecting 
filaments, Pistils 14; the terminal styles tipped with a brush-like or tufted stigma. 


eX 


ROSE FAMILY. 148 


§38. Calyx with an urn-shaped or globose fleshy tube or ‘‘hip,” contracted at the 
mouth, inclosing the many pistils and akenes. Flowers large and showy. 


17. ROSA. Shrubby, mostly prickly, with pinnate leaves of 3-9 or rarely more serrate 
leaflets, stipules united with the base of the petiole, and flowers single or in corymbs 
terminating leafy branches. Calyx with 5 sometimes leafy lobes which are often 
unequal and some of them toothed or pinnately lobed. Petals 5, or more in cultiva- 
tion, broad, inserted along with the many stamens at the mouth of the calyx tube. 
Pistils numerous, with terminal styles, and one-ovuled ovaries, becoming hard or 
bony akenes, inclosed in the tube or cup of the calyx, which in fruit becomes pulpy 
and imitates a berry or pome. (Lessons, p. 113, Fig. 361.) 


Ill. PEAR SUBFAMILY. Consists of shrubs or trees, 
with stipules free from the petiole (often minute or early 
deciduous); the thick-walled calyx-tube becoming fleshy or 
pulpy and consolidated with the 2-5 ovaries to form a com- 
pound pistil and the kind of fruit called a pome. (Lessons, 
p. 119, Fig. 374.) Lobes of the calyx and petals 5. Stamens 
numerous, or rarely only 10-15. 


» Fruit drupe-like ; the seeds solitary in a hard stone or stones. 


18. CRATAGUS. Trees or shrubs, mostly with thorny branches and flowers in corymbs 
or cymes, or sometimes solitary, terminating the branchlets; the leaves lobed or 
serrate. Styles 2-5 (or rarely 1); ovary of as many 2-ovuled cells. Fruit with a 
stone of 2-5 (rarely single) 1-seeded cells or carpels, more or less cohering with each 
other. 

19. COTONEASTER. Shrubs (exotic), usually low, with the small coriaceous leaves entire 
and whitish-downy underneath, small clustered flowers, and the calyx white-woolly 
outside. Styles 2-5. Fruit small, the pulpy calyx-tube containing 2-5 little seed- 
like, hard stones. 


* * Fruit with thin and cartilaginous or papery 2-several-seeded carpels in the pome. 
+ Leaves persistent. 


20. PHOTINIA. Trees or shrubs (exotic), not thorny, with ample evergreen leaves. 
Flowers corymbed. Styles 2-5, dilated at the apex. Fruit berry-like, the 2-5 
partitions thin, or vanishing. 

+ + Leaves deciduous. 


21. AMELANCHIER. Trees or shrubs, not thorny, with simple leaves, racemed flowers, 
and narrow white petals. Styles 5, united below. Ovary of 5 two-ovuled cells, but 
each cell soon divided more or less by a projection or growth from its back, making 
the berry-like fruit 10-celled. 

22. PYRUS. Trees or shrubs, sometimes rather thorny, with various foliage, and flowers 
in cymes, corymbs, or rarely solitary. Styles 2-5. Ovary of 2-5 two-ovuled (or in 
cultivated species, and in Cydonia, several-ovuled) cells, which are thin and papery 
or cartilaginous in fruit in the fleshy or pulpy calyx tube. 


1. PRUNUS, PLUM, PEACH, CHERRY, ete. (The ancient Latin name 
of the Plum.) Shrubs or trees, mostly with early and showy flowers. 


§ 1. Atmonps, etc. Flowers solitary or in twos or threes, usually very 
early, sessile, or short-stalked ; leaves folded together lengthwise (con- 
duplicate) in the bud ; fruit pubescent (or rarely smooth) at maturity, 
the stone compressed and thick-walled, more or less deeply wrinkled and 
Nhat * Shrubs known as Flowering Almonds. 

P, Japénica, Thunb. Common FLoweErRInG ALMOND. Cult. from China 
and Japan; a low shrub, with handsome blush or rose-colored double aw 


144 ROSE FAMILY. 


semi-double (very rarely single) flowers, usually in twos or threes, on 
stalks about an inch long, appearing with the leaves ; leaves ovate-lance- 
olate, smooth, finely serrate. Generally, but erroneously, called P. NANA 
in gardens. 

P. triloba, Lindl. Frowrrinc ALmonp. Cult. from China; bush with 
nearly sessile, usually very double (rarely semi-double) flowers, pink or 
rose-colored, borne singly and appearing before the leaves; the latter 
broadly ovate or obovate, and rather abruptly pointed, slightly hairy, 
coarsely toothed or even jagged above, sometimes obscurely three-lobed 


* * Small trees, bearing fruit of commercial value. 


P. Amygdalus, Baill. The Common Atmonp. Cult. from the Orient ; 
tree 10° to 20° high, with large sessile flowers, which appear before the 
leaves and persist for many days ; leaves lanceolate, firm, and very closely 
serrate ; fruit with a dry flesh, which finally splits away, freeing the large 
softish stone, which is the Almond of commerce. 

P. Pérsica, Sieb. & Zucc. Preacs. From China; differs from the last 
in its thinner, broader, and more coarsely serrate leaves and thick-fleshed, 
edible fruit, and mostly smaller, harder, and more deeply marked stone. 
Var. necturina, Maxim. The Nectarine. Has a smooth fruit, usually 
smaller. Var. p/atycarpa is the PeEn-ro or Fiat Peacu of the 8. 

P. Siménij, Carr. Stmwon or Apricor Pium. Small, fastigiate tree 
from China, cult. for its large, depressed, handsome maroon-red smooth 
fruits; flowers pink-white, very short-stalked, borne singly or in pairs 
before the leaves appear; leaves lance-oblong or lance-obovate, thick 
and firm, dull, conduplicate, closely serrate ; flesh of the very firm fruit 
yellow, and clinging to the small spongy-roughened pit. 


§ 2. Apricots. Flowers much as in § 1; leaves convolute or rolled up 
in the bud; fruit pubescent or smooth, the stone compressed, bearing 
one prominent margin, and either smoothed or slightly roughened. 


P. ArmeniaGca, Linn. Common Apricor. Native of China; flowers 
pink-white, sessile and appearing singly before the leaves; the latter 
varying from ovate to round-ovate, prominently pointed and toothed, and 
loug-stalked ; fruit ripening (in the N.) in July and August, smooth, the 
large, flat, smooth stone nearly or quite free. The Russian Apricor is a 
hardy race of this. 

P. dasycérpa, Ehrh. Brack or PurpLe Apricot. Small tree, much 
like the last, but the flowers prominently stalked; the leaves thinner and 
narrower, with smaller serratures ; fruit dull purple and fuzzy, the flesh 
clinging to the thick, scarcely margined, pubescent stone. Nativity 
unknown. 


§ 3. PLums, etc. Flowers stalked in umbel-like fasicles, appearing either 
before or with the leaves ; leaves either conduplicate or convolute in the 
bud ; fruit more or less globular and covered with a bloom, smooth, with 
a compressed mostly smooth stone. 


x Small trees ; PLUMS. 
+ Exotic or foreign species. 


P. spinésa, Linn. A low and spreading, thorny, European tree, appear- 
ing in this country chiefly in the double-flowered variety ; flowers borne 
singly or in pairs (rarely in 3’s), very small as compared with the garden 
Plum; leaves small and mostly obovate and obtuse (or in some forms 
very blunt-pointed), finely and doubly serrate, rugose, and more or less 
hairy beneath ; fruit small and round, purple, scarcely edible. 

P. doméstica, Linn. Common Pium. Probably Asian ; flowers showy 
(white), more or less fascicled; leaves large, ovate, or obovate usually, 


ROSE FAMILY. 145 


firm and thick in texture, very rugose, usually pubescent beneath, 
coarsely serrate ; shoots usually downy; fruit very various, of many 
shapes and flavors, but mostly globular-pointed or oblong, the stone large 
and slightly roughened or pitted. Perhaps derived from the last. 

P. cerasifera, Ehrh. Myropatan or Curerry Puium. Ditters from 
the last in a more slender habit, often thorny ; flowers mostly smaller ; 
~eaves smaller, thin, smooth, and finely and closely serrate; fruit globu- 
lar and cherry-like, ranging from the size of a large cherry to over an 
inch in diameter, with a depression about the stem, in various shades of 
red or yellow. Much used for stocks, and rarely grown for its fruit. 
Perhaps a derivative of P. spinosa. Var. VissArp1 is a form with purple 
leaves and purple-fleshed fruit. 

P. triflbra, Roxb. Japanese Pium. Strong growing tree, recently 
imported from Japan (native to China?) in several varieties; flowers 
usually densely fascicled ; leaves and shoots smooth and hard, the former 
obovate or oblong-obovate, prominently pointed, and finely and evenly 
serrate ; fruit usually conspicuously pointed, red, yellow, or purple, with 
a very firm flesh and commonly a small stone. 


+ + Native species. 


P. umbellata, Ell. Small bushy tree of the S. States; flowers ap- 
pearing with the leaves, 2 or 5 or more together on slender pedicels nearly 
an inch long, rather large, white ; leaves smallish, ovate, or slightly obo- 
vate, or sometimes short-oblong, thin and dull, closely and evenly ser- 
rate ; fruit about three fourths of an inch in diameter, yellow, or reddish, 
the flesh firm and austere ; stone short and turgid, cherry-like. Often 
called Hoc Pium. 

P. Americana, Marsh. Common Witp Pium. A spreading, ragged, 
often thorny, small tree, growing along streams and in copses from W. 
New England to Col. and Tex.; flowers large and white on slender 
pedicels, appearing before or with the leaves; the latter large, obovate, 
abruptly pointed and coarsely toothed or even jagged above, very coarsely 
veined, never glossy or shining; fruit more or less flattened upon the 
sides, firm and meaty, the skin tough and glaucous and never glossy, dull 
yellow variously splashed or overlaid with dull red; stone large and usu- 
ally flattened, mostly nearly smooth and distinctly margined. Many 
varieties in cultivation for their fruits. 

P. hortulana, Bailey. Wuitp Goose Pitum. Strong, wide-spreading, 
small trees with smooth straight twigs and a peach-like habit, wild in the 
Mississippi Valley; flowers rather small, often very short-stalked ; leaves 
narrow-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, thin and firm, flat, more or less peach- 

‘like, smooth and usually shining, closely and obtusely glandular-serrate ; 
fruit spherical, bright colored and glossy (lemon-yellow or brilliant red), 
the bloom very thin, juicy, with a clinging, turgid, and roughish, small, 
pointed stone. Many varieties in cultivation. 

P. Chicasa, Michx. (more properly P. anGusTIFOLIA). CHIcKasaw 
Pium, Mountain Cuerry. Smaller tree than the last, with slender, 
zigzag, red twigs and smaller, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate leaves 
which are very closely and finely serrate, shining, and conduplicate or 
trough-like in habit ; fruit small and very early, red or rarely yellow, the 
skin thin and shining, and covered with many small light dots and a very 
thin bloom; the flesh soft and juicy, often stringy, closely adherent to 
the small, broad, roughish stone. Wild from Del. S. & W., and also 

eeevated: * * Shrub; Beacu Pium. 

P. maritima, Wang. A straggling, more or less decumbent bush 
from 3 to 12 feet high, growing in the sand on the seashore ; flowers 
small and pediceled, opening slightly in advance of the leaves; the latter 
oval, thick and heavily veined. finely but sharply serrate, becoming nearly 


GRAY’S FE. F. & G. BOT. — i9 


146 ROSE FAMILY. 


smooth ; fruits a half inch in diameter, deep dull purple, and very 
elaucous, with a tough skin and usually acerb flesh ; stone cherry-like, 
but distinctly margined, entirely free from the flesh. Cult. sparingly for 
ornament ana for fruit. 


§ 4. FascicLep Cuerrigs, Episie. Flowers usually fascicled or umbel- 
late, stained, usually appearing with the leaves, the latter conduplicate 
in the bud ; fruit small and mostly globular, and nearly always smooth 
and destitute of bloom; the stone nearly or quite spherical and mostly 
Smarr. * Shrubs, native. 

P. pumila, Linn. Dwarv or Sanp Cuerry. A straggling shrub, 
usually with decumbent base, the stronger branches erect, the plant 
finally reaching a height, perhaps, of 6 or 8 feet; flowers small, on 
slender stalks, with the leaves somewhat preceding them ; leaves long, 
oblanceolate, thick in texture and veiny, sharply serrate ; fruit mostly 
black, the size of a small Garden Cherry, varying from astringent to sweet. 
Along rivers and coasts, in the N. States. Cult. for fruit and flowers. 

P. cuneata, Raf. A slender, upright shrub, with larger flowers and 
short-obovate or spatulate, thin leaves, which are less prominently toothed. 
Grows in bogs and other cool land in the N. States. 


* Small trees. 
+ Garden or exotic cherries, grown only for ornament. 


P. subhirté//a, Mig. (or P. epENDULA). RosEBuD, or JAPANESE WEEP- 
ING RoskE-FLOWERED CHERRY. A handsome tree, with tortuous or 
weeping branches, and very early rose-colored flowers in simple umbels 
on slender hairy bractless pedicels, the calyx funnel-form and red ; petals 
obcordate, notched; leaves ovate (or oblong-ovate on strong shoots). 
veiny and slightly hairy below, prominently pointed and rather coarsely 
sharp-toothed. Japan. 

P. Pseudo-Cérasus, Lindl. Japanese FLOWERING CuHERRY. A strong 
tree with much the aspect of a Sweet Cherry; cult. from China and 
Japan for its very large and pretty rose-colored double (rarely single) 
flowers, which are borne in a stalked and more or less branching umbel- 
like cluster, with large obovate, jagged bracts; leaves large and veiny, 
dull, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with very sharp teeth or often even 
jagged, and prominent toothed or laciniate stipules. Var. Srebd/di, 
Mai , differing in having the young growth pubescent, is also in 
cultivation. 

P. semperflérens, Ehrh. Ever-FLOWERING or ALL Saint’s CHERRY. A 
small tree with leaves like the Morello Cherry (those on the flowering 
shoots smaller and more jagged), but producing flowers more or less con- 
tinuously throughout the summer. These late flowers are solitary, with 
conspicuous, glandular-serrate calyx lobes; fruit small, red, and sour. 
Probably derived from the next. 


+ + Garden or exotic cherries grown chiefly for fruit. (Double-flowered 
forms occur.) 


++ Flower-clusters disposed along the branches. 


P. Cérasus, Linn. Sour, Pin, Morerto and Earty RicHMonD CHER- 
Rigs. GriotTes. <A low-headed tree, with spreading grayish branches ; 
flowers in small clusters from lateral buds, mostly in advance of the 
leaves, the persistent bud-scales small; leaves hard and stiff, short-ovate 
or ovate-obovate, the point rather abrupt, smooth, and more or less 
glossy, light or grayish green; fruit roundish, red, in various shades, 
tart. , Eu. 

P. Avium, Linn. Mazzarp, Sweet, Heart and BiGARREAU CHERRIES. 
Guicres or Geans. Taller, with a more erect growth, and reddish brown, 


ROSE FAMILY. 147 


more or less glossy bark; flowers usually borne in dense clusters on 
lateral spurs, and appearing with the hairy conduplicate young leaves, 
the persistent bud-scales large ; leaves mostly oblong-ovate and gradually 
taper-pointed, dull and soft, hanging limp upon the young growths, 
Birch-like in aspect; fruit sweet (or sometimes sour, as in May Duke), 
yellow or red, often pointed. Eu. Often escaped into woods. 


++ ++ Flower-clusters borne on the ends of the branches. 


P. MahGleb, Linn. Manares Currry. Slender small tree, with small, 
fragrant flowers in terminal, umbel-like clusters; leaves bright green, 
broadly ovate or round-ovate and more or less heart-shaped, the point 
short, smooth and veiny, the margins finely and obtusely serrate ; fruits 
very small, dark red, austere. Used for stocks upon which to propagate 
cherries, and occasionally running wild. SS. Eu. 


+ + + Native, very rarely cultivated. 


P. Pennsylvdnica, Linn. Witp Rep, Birp, or Pin Cuerry. Rocky 
woods N.; small tree, with light, red-brown bark ; oblong-lanceolate and 
pointed leaves, smooth and green both sides, their margins finely and 
sharply serrate ; small flowers on long pedicels ; and light, red, sour fruit, 
not larger than peas. 


§ 5. Racemep CuerRries. Flowers small, in distinct racemes. 


+ Drooping racemes in late spring or early summer, terminating leafy 
shoots of the season. 


P. serétina, Ehrh. Wictp Brack Cuerry. ‘Tree or shrub, westward 
becoming a good-sized forest tree, with bitter aromatic bark, close-grained 
reddish wood valued by the cabinet-maker ; the oblong or lance-oblong 
shining leaves of thickish or firm texture, usually taper-pointed, serrate, 
with incurvyed, short, callous teeth ; flowers in long racemes, considerably 
later than the next; purplish-black, bitterish, vinous fruit, ripening in 
autumn or late summer. 

P. Virginiana, Linn. Cuoxr Cuerry. Tall shrub or small tree, with 
grayish bark, oval-oblong or obovate and abruptly pointed thin leaves, 
very sharply serrate with slender projecting teeth; flowers in shorter 
and closer racemes, in spring; the fruit ripe in summer, red, turning 
dark crimson ; astringent, but edible when fully ripe; the stone smooth. 

P. Padus, Linn. Smacu Birp Cuerry of Eu., is occasionally planted ; 
resembles the last; has longer and looser, often drooping racemes, which 
are a week later and usually more leafy, and a roughened stone. 


+ + Erect racemes in early spring, from the axils of evergreen leaves. 


P. Caroliniana, Ait. Carorina LaurEL Cuerry, also called Mock 
ORANGE at the South, probably from the coriaceous, smooth, and glossy 
leaves, which are lance-ovate or oblong, entire or with a few sharp and 
appressed teeth, longer than the racemes, the calyx as well as petals 
white ; small fruit, black and bitter, becoming dry. Ornamental small tree. 


a SPIRZIA, SPIRHZ A, MEADOWSWEET, etc. (Greek: twist, 
referring to a peculiarity of the pods of one species.) All hardy shrubs 
or perennial herbs ; flower late spring and summer. 

§ 1. Shrubs, with simple leaves. 
* Native species, but the last common in gardens. 


S. betulifdlia, Pall., var. corymbosa, Wats. From S. Penn. S. and 
W., not common; shrub 19-2° high, smooth, with oval leaves, cut-toothed 
towards the apex ; and white flowers, in a flat, compound corymb. 


148 ROSE FAMILY. 


S. tomentosa, Linn. Harpuack or STEEPLE Busn. Common in low 
grounds ; 2°-3° high ; hoary-downy, except the upper face of the ovate or 
oblong, serrate, small leaves ; the rose-purple or white flowers crowded in 
a very dense terminal panicle ; pistils downy. 

S. salicifolia, Linn. Common Mrapowswrer. Common in wet 
grounds, also in old gardens; shrub 2°-8° high, bushy, smooth, with 
wedge-lanceolate or oblong leaves, simply or doubly serrate, and white 
or barely flesh-colored flowers in a crowded panicle. 


* « Cultivated for ornament, exotic or W. North American. 


- Mlowers in close or spike-like clusters collected in a close and narrow or 
spike-like terminal panicle, pink-purple. 


S. Douglaésii, Hook. Dovucrias’s Meapowsweet. Cult. from Ore. 
and Cal.; resembles our wild Hardhack (S. tomentosa), but has longer, 
usually lance-oblong and very blunt leaves, rather whiter beneath, and 
deeper pink flowers with smooth pistils. S. NosieAna is a form of this, 
with smoother leaves and broader clusters. 


+ + Flowers in compound corymbs or broad panicles. 


S. Jap6nica, Linn. (Known also as S. cattosa and S. Forrvner). 
From Japan and China; shrub 3°-6° high, smoothish, with lance-oblong 
wnd taper-pointed, unequally and very sharply serrate leaves; branches 
terminated by clustered, pubescent, dense corymbs or cymes of deep pink 
flowers; 10 glands at the mouth of the calyx; the pistils smooth. 
Common. SS. PANICULATA of gardens is a form with more panicled 
inflorescence. 

S. discolor, Pursh., var. ari@folia, Wats. Tall shrub from Ore., 
with slender branches, terminated by a very large and light or drooping 
decompound panicle of small, yellowish-white flowers ; the leaves round- 
ish-ovate, very obtuse, thin, cut on each side into 4 or 5 blunt and toothed 
lobes, sometimes almost pinnatifid, soft-downy, at least beneath. 


+ + + Flowers in simple, often umbel-like corymbs terminating leafy 
shoots of the season ; natives of Europe and Asia; petals white (except 
the first species.) 


S. bé//a, Sims, from Nepal; a low shrub, with ovate, acute and merely 
sharply serrate leaves, whitish-downy beneath, the simple corymbs some- 
times clustered, and rose-pink flowers. 

S. rotundifolia, Lindl., from India, has roundish obovate small leaves, 
which are entire below and sparingly toothed on the broad, obtuse sum- 
mit, and flowers in compact clusters. 

S. chamedrifélia, Linn., from E. Eu. and Siberia; a spreading low 
bush, smooth, with ovate or oblong, usually blunt and cut-toothed leaves, 
at least towards the summit, and rather small flowers in-simple corymbs. 
S. OBLONGIFOLIA is a form with narrower leaves. 

S. ulmifélia, Scop., from Siberia, is very like the last, but distinguished 
by the ovate-lanceolate leaves which are more or less ciliate on the 
edges. 

S. tri/Jobata, Linn. (or S. rrftona of gardens), from Siberia; a spread- 
ing smooth bush, with rounded crenately cut and 3-lobed leaves and 
rather showy flowers. S. Van Hotirrer is an improved form of this, with 
larger stature and more profuse bloom. 

S. crategifolia, Link. Leaves ovate and pointed, toothed and cut, 
scarcely lobed; flowers in small stalked umbels; hardy and showy. 
Native country unknown. 

S. Cantoniénsis, Lour., (known also as 8. LANCEOLATA and S, REEVES- 
1AnA), from China, has oblong, lance-oblong, or some three-cleft serrate- 
toothed leaves, and showy flowers. 


ROSE FAMILY. 149 


S. hypericifolia, DC. Iravtan May or Sr. Perer’s Wreatu. Shrub 
3°-6° high, smooth or smoothish, with long recurved branches, and very 
small, wedge-oblong leaves, a little toothed or lobed at the end; flowers 
small, white, early, in small sessile umbels. S. crenAra is a form with 
obovate and crenulate leaves. Asia. 


+++ + Flowers in simple, sessile umbels along the slender branches of 
the preceding year, subtended only by greenish bud-scales or imperfect 
leaves, rather earlier than the proper leaves, in spring. 


S. prunifolia, Sieb., from Japan; slender shrub, with small, ovate, 
finely and sharply serrate leaves, smooth above, often minutely downy 
beneath; the form usually cultivated has full-double, pure white blossoms, 
}/ in diameter, produced in great abundance. 

_” §. Thunbérgii, Sieb., from Japan ; dwarf compact shrub with slender 
and somewhat drooping branches; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 
sharply toothed, ycllowish-green; flowers small and white, the umbels 

arranged in long open sprays, very early. E 


§ 2. Shrubby, with pinnate leaves. 


S. sorbifélia, Linn. Cult. from Siberia, very hardy, 3°-4° high, with 
leaves (as the name denotes) resembling those of the Mountain Ash, of 
17-21 lanceolate, taper-pointed, doubly and sharply serrate leaflets, and 
white flowers in an ample terminal panicle, the narrow pods a little coher- 
ing ; common in old gardens. 


§ 3. Herbs, with thrice pinnately-compound leaves, no stipules, and dic- 
cious flowers. 


S. Arincus, Linn. Goar’s Bearp. Rich woods from N. Y. S. and 
W., also in some gardens; smooth, 3°-5° high; with lance-oblong or 
lance-ovate taper-pointed leaflets, sharply serrate and cut, and yellowish 
white, very small flowers in great numbers, crowded in slender spikes 
which are collected in a great compound panicle; petals narrow ; pedicels 
reflexed in fruit. 

Var. asti/boldes, Maxim., from Japan, is smaller (2°), with pedicels 
erect in fruit. 


§ 4. Herbs with interruptedly pinnate leaves, conspicuous stipules, per- 
fect flowers, reflexed sepals and petals sometimes 4, and 5-12 little 
1-3-seeded pods. 


S. Filipéndula, Linn. Drorwort. Cult. from Eu.; some of the 
coarse, long, fibrous roots swollen at the lower end into oblong tubers; 
herbage smooth and green ; leaves chiefly from or near the ground, with 
many oval or lanceolate leaflets deeply toothed, cut, or pinnately cleft, 
and gradually diminishing in size downwards; the nearly naked stems 
1°-2° high, bearing a compound terminal cyme of white or rosy-tipped 
flowers, one variety full-double. 

S. Ulmaria, Linn. Eneruish Mrapowsweert. Cult. from Eu,; 19-39 
high, nearly smooth, except the lower surface of the lyrate and inter- 
ruptedly pinnate leaves which is minutely white-downy ; the yellowish- 
white, small, and sweet-scented flowers very numerous and crowded in 
a compound cyme at the naked summit of the stems, sometimes double ; 
little pods twisting spirally. There is a variety with variegated foliage. 

S. lobata, Jacq. Queen or THE Prairie. Wild in meadows and 
prairies from Penn., W., also cult.; smooth and green; the leaves 
mostly from or near the ground; the end leaflet very large, 7-9-parted, 
and its lobes cut-toothed ; stems 2°-5°, or even 8° high, bearing an ample 
and panicled compound cyme crowded with the handsome peach-blossom- 
colored flowers. Bruised foliage exhales the odor of Sweet Birch. 


150 ROSE FAMILY. 


3. PHYSOCARPUS, NINE-BARK. (Greek name, compounded of 
bladder and fruit, in allusion to the inflated pods. ) 


P. (or Sprr#a) opulifdlia, Maxim. Nine-sark. So-called from the 
loose bark, separating in thin annual layers from the stems ; a tall shrub, 
with long recurving branches; the roundish and mostly heart-shaped 
leaves partly 3-lobed and cut-toothed ; white flowers in umbel-like cor- 
ymbs ; the pods commonly turning purplish. Wild on rocky banks, 
from N. Y., W.and 8. ; often cultivated. 


4. EXOCHORDA. (Latin : exo, external, and chorde, a cord or thong, 
in reference to the structure of the fruit.) 


E. grandiflora, Lindl. Praru Busx. A beautiful shrub, or even small 
tree ; cult. from China for its largé white flowers, which appear with the 
leaves in long axillary racemes ; leaves oblanceolate, whitish below, very 
strongly toothed on strong shoots, but almost entire upon the older parts. 


5. GILLENIA, INDIAN PHYSIC, AMERICAN IPECAC. (For 
Dr. Gillen or Gillenius.) Flowers summer. 2 


G. trifoliata, Moench. Common I. or Bowman’s Root. Rich woods 
from N. Y. S. and W.; smooth, branching, 29 high, with the 3 
ovate-oblong pointed leaflets cut-toothed, entire stipules small and slen- 
der, and rather pretty white or scarcely rosy-tinged flowers loosely pani- 
cled on the slender branches. 

G. stipulacea, Nutt. LareGe-stirputep I. or AMERICAN IPECAC, 
Open woods, W. N. Y. and W.; has the lanceolate leaflets and leaf- 
like stipules deeply cut and toothed ; otherwise like the other. 


6. KERRIA. (Named for Bellenden Ker, a British botanist.) 


K. Jap6nica, DC. Corcuorus (incorrectly), JAPANESE Rose, from 
Japan ; a familiar, smooth, ornamental, shrubby plant, with weak, bram- 
ble-like and green branches, 4°-8° high, with lance-ovate thin leaves, and 
handsome yellow flowers, in summer, usually full-double ; the natural 
state, with 5 petals and numerous stamens, less common. ‘There is a form 
with variegated leaves. 


7. RHODOTYPOS. (Name means rose-type.) 


R. kerrioldes, Sieb. Cult. from Japan; a bush of medium size, with 
large, ovate, thin, opposite leaves, which are coarsely and sharply toothed 
and hairy below; flowers solitary and terminal, an inch across, light 
yellow or cream-color, succeeded by shining, black, bead-like akenes, 
which are subtended by the very large and leafy calyx lobes. 


8. WALDSTEINIA. (Named for F. von Waldstein, an Austrian 
botanist. ) 

W. fragarioides, Tratt. Barren Srrawsperry. Wooded banks, 
chiefly N. and S. along the mountains ; in aspect and especially in the 3 
broadly wedge-shaped leaflets resembles a Strawberry Plant (as the spe- 
cific and the popular names denote), but is smoothish and yellow-flowered ; 
flowers in summer on several-flowered bracted scapes. 2 


9. GEUM, AVENS. (From Greek word, meaning to give an agreeable 
flavor; the roots of some species somewhat scented.) Several wild 
species, only the following common ; flowers late spring and summer. 2f 

* Flowers purple ; style becoming plumose on the end. 


G. rivale, Linn. Purere or Water Avens. In bogs and low 
grounds N.: thickish rootstock (sometimes used in medicine as an 


ROSE FAMILY. 151 


astringent) sending up lyrately and interruptedly pinnate leaves, and 
rather naked, several-flowered stems (2° high) ; the flowers pretty large, 
nodding, with purplish-orange and broadly obovate or obcordate petals 
narrowed at the base, never spreading ; in fruit the head of akenes erect, 
stalked in the persistent calyx, the persistent styles jointed and bent in 
the middle, the upper part plumose-hairy. 


* * Flowers white or yellow; style not plumose. 
+ Head of fruit sessile in the calyx. 


G. strictum, Ait. Frerp A. Moist grounds and fields; a coarse 
herb, 3°-5° high, rather hairy, with root-leaves interruptedly pinnate and 
the leaflets wedge-obovate, those of the stem with 5-6 narrower leaflets ; 
in summer bearing panicled flowers with broadly obovate golden-yellow 
petals exceeding the calyx; stipules large, deeply cut; the persistent, 
naked style hooked at the end after the short upper joint falls ; receptacle 
downy. 

G. Virginianum, Linn. Wauuire A. Thickets and borders of woods ; 
coarse and bristly-hairy herb 19-3° high, with root and lower leaves of 
several pinnate leaflets, the upper 3-parted and cut; the panicled flowers 
small, with inconspicuous greenish-white petals shorter than the calyx; 
head of fruit like the last, but its receptacle smooth or very nearly so. 

G. Album, Gmelin. Wuire A. Grows in similar places with the 
preceding, and like it, but smooth or soft-pubescent, with root-leaves of 
3-5 leaflets, or some of them rounded and simple except a few minute 
leaflets below; the petals as long as the calyx, white or pale greenish- 
yellow ; receptacle bristly. 


+ + Head of fruit stalked in the calyx. 


G. vérnum, Torr. & Gray. Sprinc A. Thickets, from Penn. to III. 
and Ky.; slender, 29-3° high ; root-leaves rounded, heart-shaped, and 3- 
5-lobed,. or some of them pinnate and cut; flowers small, with yellow 
petals about the length of the simply 5-lobed calyx; styles smooth, the 
upper joint falling off ; receptacle smooth. 


10. POTENTILLA, CINQUEFOIL, FIVE-FINGER. (Name means 
powerful, from reputed medicinal virtues.) Mostly wild plants in the 
country ; several are cultivated. 


§ 1. Petals pale yellow, small, not surpassing the calyx. @Q @ 


P. Norvégica, Linn. Norway C. An erect, hairy, weedy plant, 
19-2° high, branching above, with only 3 obovate-oblong and cut-toothed 
leaflets ; flowers summer, in fields. 

P. supina, Linn. A spreading or decumbent, pubescent, weedy 
plant, on river banks W., with pinnate leaves of 5-11 obovate-oblong, 
cut-toothed leaflets, and akenes with a thick appendage at their base ; 
flowers summer. 


§ 2. Petals whitish or cream-color, broad, surpassing the calyx; akenes 
smooth. 


P. arguta, Pursh. A stout, erect, brownish-hairy, coarse plant, 1°-4° 
Ligh, rather clammy above, on rocky hills N. and W., with pinnate 
leaves of 5-11 oval or ovate, cut-toothed leaflets, soft-downy beneath, end 
a close terminal cluster of rather large flowers, in summer. 


§ 3. Petals bright yellow, larger than the lobes of the calyx. 2 
* Leaves of 5 or more digitate leaflets. 


P. récta, Linn. Cult. in some old gardens, from Eu.; a coarse, erect, 
hairy plant, 2°-3° high, with sometimes 7 narrowly wedge-oblong leaflets, 
coarsely toothed, and rather large, cymose flowers. 


152 ROSE FAMILY. 


P. Canadénsis, Linn. Common Wi» C. or Five-FIncER. Open, dry 
ground; dwarf, silky-hairy, with wedge-obovate leaflets, and axillary, 
1-flowered peduncles ; flowering from early spring to midsummer, and 
spreading by runners. A prostrate plant, variable, resembling a Strawberry. 

P. argéntea, Linn. Sitvery C. Dry fields, banks, and roadsides N. ; 
a low, spreading or prostrate, much branched, white-woolly weed, with 
wedge-oblong, cut-pinnatifid leaflets green above, white with silvery wool 
beneath, and the margins revolute ; the small flowers somewhat panicled ; 
all summer. 


* * Leaves pinnate ; receptacle and sometimes the akenes white-hairy. 


P. Anserina, Linn. Sinverwrep. Wet banks and sandy shores, 
N. and W.; leaves all from the root or in the tufts at the joints of the 
long, slender runners, green above, silvery with silky down beneath, of 
9-19 oblong, cut-toothed principal leaflets and some pairs of minute ones 
intermixed ; stipules conspicuous and many-cleft; flowers solitary on 
long, scape-like peduncles, all summer. 

P. fruticdsa, Linn. Snruspsy C. Wet grounds N.; 29-4° high, 
woody, silky, very much branched, with 5 or 7 crowded, oblong-lanceolate, 
entire leaflets, scale-like stipules, and loose clusters of rather showy 
flowers, all summer. Cultivated. - 


§ 4. Petals white ; akenes and receptacle hairy ; leaflets only 3, digitate. 2 


P. tridentata, Ait. Turen-roorHep C. Coast of N. England N. and 
W. and on mountains; 4/-6’ high, tufted, spreading, with 3 thickish, 
nearly smooth leaflets, coarsely 3-toothed at the end, and several flowers 
in a cyme, in early summer. Cultivated. 


§ 5. Petals purple, rose-color, or crimson; akenes smooth. 2 
x Wild in wet and cold bogs N.; petals narrow, shorter than the calyx. 


P. paltistris, Scop. Marsu Five-rincer. Stems ascending from an 
almost woody creeping base ; leaves pinnate, of 5-7 lance-oblong serrate 
and crowded leaflets, whitish beneath ; flowers in a small cyme, the calyx 
nearly 1! broad, the inside as well as the petals, dull dark purple ; recep- 
tacle becoming large and spongy ; flowers all summer. 


* * From Himalaya, occasionally cult. for ornament; petals large, 
obcordate. 


P. Nepalénsis, Hook. Nepat C. Leaflets 8 in the upper, 5 in the 
lowest leaves, digitate, hairy but green both sides, wedge-oblong, coarsely 
toothed ; flowers rose-red, all summer. P. Hopwoopr1Ana, with flesh- 
colored flowers, is a garden hybrid of this and P. recta. 

P. atrosanguinea, Lodd. Dark Nepat C. Is soft silk-hairy, with 3 
leaflets to all the leaves, and much darker-colored flowers than in the pre- 
ceding, brown-purple or crimson. 


11. FRAGARIA, STRAWBERRY. (Name from fraga, the old Latin 
name of the strawberry, referring to the fragrance.) 2 


§ 1. True Srrawserries. Petals white; receptacle of the fruit high- 
Slavored ; scapes several-flowered; runners naked. Flowers in spring 
and early summer, those of all but the first species inclined more or less 
to be diecious. 


F. vésca, Linn. Common §. of Eu. Yields the ALprne, PERPETUAL, 
etc., its American form (var. Americana, Porter) plentifully native N. ; 
is mostly slender, with thin, dull leaflets, strongly marked by the veins, 
calyx remaining open or reflexed after flowering, small ovoid-conical or 
elongated fruit, high-scefited, and the akenes superticial, ‘lhe flowers 
usually stand above the leaves. 


ROSE FAMILY. 153 


F. moschata, Duchesne (or F. ELAtior), Haursors S., of Eu. some- 
times cult. is taller and quite dicecious, more pubescent, with the 
calyx strongly reflexed away from the fruit, which is dull, reddish, and 
musky-scented. 

F. Virginiana, Duchesne. Witp S. Original of several varieties once 
cult. but now lost; has leaflets of firm texture, their smooth and often 
shining upper surface with sunken veins, flowers usually below the leaves, 
calyx becoming erect after flowering and closing over the hairy receptacle 
when unfructified ; fruit with a narrow neck, mostly globular, its surface 
with deep pits in which the akenes are sunken, nodding on slender pedicels. 

Var. Illinoénsis, Gray. Is coarser and larger, grows in richer soil, 
from W.N. Y., W. and S.; the hairs of the scape, etc., shaggy. 

F. Chiloénsis, Duchesne. GARDEN-STRAWBERRY. From Chile, but also 
native all along the Pacific coast, has a low habit and thick, dark colored 
leaves which are bluish-white below, and is clothed with long, shaggy hairs ; 
scapes and runners strong ; fruit large and usually dark colored, with a very 
large ‘‘ hull’? or calyx. The var. ananAssa, or PINE STRAWBERRY, is a 
horticulturally modified form, comprising the common garden strawberries. 


§ 2. Petals yellow; receptacle tasteless; runners bearing leaves and 1- 
flowered peduncles ; calyx with 5 external pieces very large, leaf-like, 
and 3-lobed. 


F. Indica, Andr. Inp1an S. Of Upper India, etc. ; cult., running wild 
S. E. ; rather handsome both in flower and (red) fruit, which are produced 
all summer and autumn, 


12. DALIBARDA. (Thomas Dalibard, an early botanist of Paris.) 2 


D. répens, Linn., of wooded slopes N., is a low, stemless, tufted, 
downy little plant, spreading more or less by subterranean runners, with 
the aspect of a Violet, the scapes bearing 1 or 2 delicate white flowers, 
in summer; leaves roundish and cordate, crenate. It sometimes pro- 
duces cleistogamous flowers. 


13. RUBUS, BRAMBLE, etc. (The Roman name, connected with 
ruber, ced.) 2f A large and difficult group, comprising the Rasp- 
berries and Blackberries. 


§ 1. FLowerinG RaspBeRRIES, with simple leaves and broad, flattish fruit, 
the very small and numerous reddish or amber-colored grains at length 
separating from the persistent receptacle. 


R. odoratus, Linn. Purpre F., Murserry (erroneously). Dells, 
etc., N.; shrubby, 3°-5° high, clammy-bristly and odorous, not prickly ; 
ample 3-5-lobed maple-like leaves, the lobes pointed and the middle 
one longest ; peduncles many-flowered ; calyx-lobes with long slender tips, 
and petals purple-rose-color ; the showy flowers 1’-2’ across, produced all 
summer. Cultivated. 

R. Nutkanus, Mocino. Wuire F. From Upper Mich. to Pacific. 
Like the other, but less bristly and clammy, with leaves more equally 5- 
lobed and coarsely toothed, and fewer flowers, with narrower white petals. 
Cultivated. 


§ 2. Trur Raspperries (or the first doubtful), with 5-5 leaflets, the fruit 
falling when ripe from the then dry, narrow receptacle ; flowers with small, 
white, erect petals, in early summer, on leafy shoots of the season which 
(in all but the first) spring from prickly more or less woody stems of the 
praceding year. * Trailing ; nearly herbaceous. 

R. trifldrus, Rich. Dwarr Raseprnerry. Almost wholly herbaceous, 
slender, trailing, not prickly, with thin, smocth leaves of 3 rhombic-ovate 


154 ROSE FAMILY. 


acute leaflets, or the side-leaflets parted, making 5, all doubly serrate; 
peduncle bearing 1-3 small flowers, and the fruit of few grains. Low 


woods, N. 
‘ * * Bushes; the canes woody. 


+ Not hairy, although bristly or prickly. 


R. occidentalis, Linn. Brack R., Brackcar, or THIMBLEBERRY. 
Borders of fields and thickets N., especially where ground has been 
burned over; glaucous-whitened, the long, recurving stems, stalks, etc., 
armed with hooked prickles, but no bristles; leaflets mostly 3, ovate, 
pointed, white-downy beneath, coarsely doubly toothed, the lateral ones 
stalked; flowers in close umbel-like clusters, or some of them somewhat 
scattered, the petals shorter than the sepals; fruit purple-black (or an 
amber-colored variety), flattish, ripe at midsummer. Parent of the Black 
Raspberries of the garden. 

R. strigdsus, Michx. Witp Rep R. Common especially N. ; 20-3° 
high, the upright stems, stalks, etc., beset with copious bristles, and some 
of them becoming weak prickles, also glandular; leaflets oblong-ovate, 
pointed, cut-serrate, white-downy beneath, the lateral ones (either 1 or 
2 pairs) not stalked ; flowers in more or less raceme-like clusters, the 
petals as long as the sepals, the latter more or less glandular; fruit light 
red, tender and watery, but high flavored, ripening all summer. Parent 
of some of the Red Raspberries of the garden. 

R. nEGLEcTus, a hybrid between the last two, has given rise to the 
Shaffer, Philadelphia, and other garden varieties of the PurPLE CANE 
class. 

R.Ideus, Linn. European Raspsperry. ‘Tall and nearly erect, beset 
with straight, slender prickles, or many of them mere bristles, the canes 
whitish ; leaves thicker, and fruit firmer and larger than in R. strigosus, 
red or yellowish, ripening through the summer ; calyx glandless. Parent 
of the Antwerp and other garden Raspberries ; once much grown, but 
now mostly out of cultivation in this country. 


+ + Densely glandular-hairy. 


R. phenicolasius, Maxim. WrNeserry. Strong bush with the habit 
of a raspberry, the branches covered with a copious red hair; the dull 
and sparsely hairy, wedge-ovate or wedge-cordate, toothed, and jagged 
leaflets very white-tomentose below; flowers in fascicled clusters; the 
soft reddish fruits at length inclosed in the great hairy calyx, edible. 
Japan. 


§ 3. BLackBerrigs and Dewserriss ; with the pulpy grains of the fruit 
remaining attached to the pulpy receptacle, which at length falls away 
from the calyx; stems prickly; leaves of 3 or pedately 5-7 leaflets ; 
Jlowers on leafy shoots from stems of the preceding year, in spring and 
early summer, with white spreading petals. 


*« Stems more or less woody; fruit black (rarely amber) when ripe, 
edible, ripening in summer and autumn. 


+ Stems more or less erect, not propagating from the tip. —BriacK- 
BERRIES. 


R. villdsus, Ait. Hicu Brackserry. Everywhere aiong thickets, 
fence-rows, etc. ; stems 1°-6° high, furrowed ; prickles strong and hooked ; 
leaflets 3-5, ovate or lance-ovate, pointed, their lower surface and stalks 


hairy and glandular, the middle one long-stalked and sometimes heart- 
shaped ; flowers rather large, with short bracts, in distinct leafless racemes ; 


fruit oblong or cylindrical. ‘The common Blackberry of gardens, running 
into many forms. 


ROSE FAMILY. 155 


Var. albinus, Bailey. Wuire Birackserry. Canes bright yellowish- 
green, and the fruit short and amber or cream-colored. In the N, 
States ; also cult. 

Var. frondodsus, Torr., is dwarfer, has narrower leaflets, and a short 
and leafy inflorescence. N. States; also cult. 

Var. montanus, Porter, occurs on high hills from N. Y. southward, 
and is known by lower habit, mostly redder stems, and sometimes fewer 
prickles, shorter clusters, and especially by dry, ‘‘seedy,’’ spicy, or bitter- 
ish, thimble-shaped berries. 

Hybrids occur between R. villosus and R. Canadensis, as in the garden 
variety, Witson Earty, and others. 

R. Millspatghii, Britton. THorntess BLackBerry. Stems nearly 
or wholly thornless, and leaflets narrower (mostly ovate-lanceolate), the 
middle three long-stalked ; inflorescence short, less pubescent than in the 
preceding. N. States and southward along the mountains. 

R. cuneifdlius, Pursh. Sanp B. Sandy ground and barrens from 
N. J., S.; erect, 1°-3° high, with stout hooked prickles; the branchlets 
and lower surface of the 3-5 wedge-obovate, thickish leaves whitish- 
woolly ; peduncles 2-4-flowered. 

R. lacinidtus, Willd. CurT-LEAvVED or EVERGREEN BLACKBERRY. 
Leaflets 3, each pinnately divided into lobed and cut portions; flower 
clusters small, whitish-pubescent ; stems with recurved prickles. Prob- 
ably a form of the European R. fruticosus. 


+ + Stems trailing, decumbent, or ascending, mostly rooting at the tips. — 
DEWBERRIES. 


R. Canadénsis, Linn. Low B. or Dewperry. Rocky and sandy 
soil; long-trailing, slightly prickly, smooth or smoothish, and with 3-7 
small, doubly-toothed leaflets ; the racemes erect and 1-3-flowered, with 
leaf-like bracts, the fruit of fewer grains and ripening earlier than the 
Blackberries. Several varieties are cultivated. 

Var. roribAccus, Bailey, native of W. Va., is the Lucretia Dewberry, 
distinguished by strong growth, wedge-obovate, jagged leaflets, long flower 
stalks, and large flowers (sometimes 2’ across), with leafy sepals. 

Var. invisus, Bailey. Parent of Barrer and other cultivated Dew- 
berries ; has somewhat ascending round stems, and leaflets which are 
coarsely and always simply toothed ; N. 

R. trivialis, Michx. SourHern Low B. Sandy soil from Va., 
S.; widely trailing or creeping, bristly and very prickly ; the smooth, 
partly evergreen leaves of 3-5 ovate-oblong or lance-oblong leaflets; 
peduncles 1-3-flowered. Cult. 

R. setdsus, Bigel. Ascending; the older stems densely clothed with 
very slender but stiff, slightly bent prickles; leaflets ovate to ovate-ob- 
lanceolate, pointed, scarcely shining, very strongly toothed ; fruit reddish- 

black. Woods and glades, Penn. and N. 


j 
* «x Stems scarcely woody, but lasting over winter, wholly prostrate ; fruit 
reddish, sour. 


R. hispidus, Linn. Running Swamp B. Low woods and sandy 
places, etc., N.; with very long and slender running stems, beset with 
small reflexed prickles, sending up short, leafy, and flowering shoots ; 
leaves of mostly 3 obovate blunt, smooth, and shining leaflets, of firm 
and thickish texture, somewhat evergreen ; flowers small and few, ona 
leafless peduncle ; fruit of few grains, red or purple. 


§ 4. FLlowerine BRaMBLE ; cultivated for the flowers only. 


R. rosefélius, Smith, from China, called Brier Rose. Cult. in green- 
houses and apartments, has pinnate leaves, and bears a succession of 
full-double white flowers, resembling small roses. 


156 ROSE FAMILY. 


14. ALCHEMILLA. (Name said to come from the Arabic.) A 
minute annual species, A. ARVENsts, called ParsLtey Prert in England, 
is introduced in Va. and N. C. 


A. vulgaris, Linn. Lapy’s Mantis, from Eu., is cult. in some gar- 
dens; it is a low herb, not showy, with somewhat downy, rounded, 
slightly 7-9-lobed leaves, chiefly from the root, on long stalks, and loose 
corymbs or panicles of small light green flowers through the summer. 2/ 


15! AGRIMONIA, AGRIMONY. (Old name, of obscure meaning.) 
Weedy herbs, in fields and borders of woods, producing their small 
yellow flowers through the summer ; the fruiting calyx, containing the 
2 akenes, detached at maturity as a small bur, lightly adhering by the 
hooked bristles to the coats of animals. 2 


A. Eupatoria, Linn. Common A. Principal leaflets 5-7, oblong- 
obovate and coarsely toothed, with many minute ones intermixed ; petals 
twice the length of the calyx; stamens 10-15. 

A. parviflora, Ait. From N. Y., §.; has smaller flowers, 11-19 lance- 
olate principal leaflets, and 10-15 stamens. 

A. incisa, Torr. & Gray. Only S.; has 7-9 oblong or obovate and 
smaller principal leaflets, small flowers, and 5 stamens. 


16. POTERIUM, BURNET. (Old Greek name, of rather obscure 
application.) 2 


P. Sanguisérba, Linn, Garpen or Sarap B. Common in old gardens 
(used for salad), from Eu.; nearly smooth, growing in tufts; leaves 
of many small ovate and deeply toothed leaflets; stems about 1° high, 
bearing a few heads of light green or purplish moncecious flowers, in 
summer, the lower flowers with numerous drooping stamens, several of 
the uppermost with pistil, the style ending in a purple, tufted stigma. 

P. Canadénse, Benth. & Hook., or SancurisORBA CANADENSIS, CANA- 
pIAN or Witp B. Wet grounds N.; 3°-6° high, nearly smooth, with 
numerous lance-oblong, coarsely-toothed leaflets, often heart-shaped at 
base, and cylindrical spikes of white, perfect flowers, in late summer and 
autumn ; stamens only 4, their long, white filaments club-shaped. 


17. ROSA, ROSE. (The ancient Latin name of the Rose.) (Lessons, 
Fig. 218.) 
§ 1. Witp Roszs of the country ; only the first species much cultivated. 
* Styles lightly cohering in a column and projecting out of the calyx-cup. 


R. setigera, Michx. Pratrif or CiimpinG Witp Rose. Rich ground, 
W.and S.; also planted; represented by the original of QuEEN OF THE 
Prairi£, BALTIMORE BELLE, etc. Tall-climbing, armed with stout, nearly 
straight prickles, not bristly ; stems glaucous ; leaves with only 3-6 ovate 
acute leaflets; the corymbed flowers produced towards midsummer ; 
stalks and calyx glandular; petals deep rose, becoming nearly white. 


* * Styles separate, included in the calyx-tube, the stigmas closing its 
orifice ; stems not disposed to climb. 


R. Carolina, Linn. Swamp Rose. Wet grounds; stems 4°-8° high, 
with hooked prickles and no bristles, glaucous; leaflets 5-9, smooth, 
dull above and pale beneath, finely serrate; flowers numerous in the 
corymb (in summer); the calyx and globular hip glandular-bristly. 
Flowers bright rose-red. 


wd 


ROSE FAMILY. 157 


R. lucida, Ehrh. Dwarr Witp Rose. Moist places and swamps, 
N. Y. to Newf.; has stem from 19-5° high, with stout, more or less 
hooked spines; leaflets about 7, rather small, thick and shining, oval or 
oval-obovate, and coarsely toothed above; flowers solitary or in loose 
corymbs, light rose-colored, the calyx lobes hispid and more or less pro- 
longed, and occasionally notched. 

R. humilis, Marsh. In drier soil, and extending farther W.; lower 
(1°-8°), with nearly straight spines ; larger and thin dull leaflets ; flowers 
generally solitary or nearly so, and the outer sepals nearly always 
lobed. 

R. blanda, Ait. Earty Witp Rosse. Rocky banks N.; 193° high, 
with only straight, weak prickles, or commonly none ; 5-7 oval or cuneate 
blunt and pale leaflets, sometimes hoary beneath; large stipules; 1-3- 
flowered peduncles, and the sepals hispid but entire; the hip globular ; 
flower solitary or corymbose, large, in spring or early summer. 


§ 2. Brier Roses; naturalized from Europe, by roadsides and in thickets, 
or sometimes planted ; flowering in summer. 


R. rubigindsa, Linn. Sweersrier. Tall, disposed to climb, armed 
with strong and hooked, and some slender and awl-shaped prickles; the 
roundish and doubly-serrate small leaflets downy and beset with russet 
glands beneath, giving the aromatic fragrance ; flowers mostly solitary, 
pink ; hip pear-shaped, oblong, or obovate, crowned with the calyx lobes. 

R. canina, Linn. Doc-rosr. Roadsides E.; resembles Sweetbrier, 
but the leaflets smooth or destitute of aromatic glands and simply serrate ; 
flowers 3 or 4 together, pink or nearly white ; fruit from nearly globular 
to oblong-ovate. 


§ 3. EvERGREEN Roses; naturalized in the Southern States from China ; 
Jlowering in spring ; the flowers not double. 


R. levigata, Michx. (or R. Sfxica of Aiton). Curroker Rose. Planted 
for garden hedges, etc., also run wild S. ; disposed to climb high, armed 
with strong hooked prickles, very smooth, with bright green and glossy 
evergreen leaves of mostly only 3 leaflets, and single flowers at the end 
of the branches, with bristly calyx cup and large pure-white petals. 
Occasional in greenhouses N. 

R. bracteata, Wendl. Bractep Roser. In hedges far S., not common ; 
has downy branches armed with strong, hooked prickles, 5-9 roundish 
leaflets, and single large white flowers on very short peduncle, the calyx 
covered by leafy bracts. 


§ 4. Exotic Garpen Roses proper; from Europe and Asia. Merely the 
principal types; the greater part of the modern garden roses much 
mixed by crossing and changed by variation. 


* Styles united in a column which projects out of the calyx cup. Ali with 
long, rambling shoots, or disposed to climb. 


R. sempérvirens, Linn. EverGreen Rosp, of S. Not hardy or hold- 
ing its leaves N.; with coriaceous, bright-green, oblong leaflets, curved 
prickles, and nearly solitary white flowers, not double. The AyrsHIRE 
Rose is evidently an offshoot of R. arvensis, a closely related species. 

R. multiflora, Thunb. Many-FLOWERED Rose. A _ well-known half- 
climbing species, from Japan and China, hardy in Middle States, with 
branches, peduncles, and calyx more or less tomentose ; 5 or7 soft and 
somewhat rugose leaflets, slender, scattered prickles, and full corymbs of 
small flowers, white, pale red, or rose-purple, not sweet-scented. ‘The 
double form is an old garden rose, but the single form is not common. 
The Potyanrua Rosss are offshoots of this, chiefly through hybridization 
with Rosa Indica, 


158 ROSE FAMILY. 


R. moschata, Mill. Muscat or Musk Rose. Not climbing, with slender 
curved prickles; leaves of 5 or 7 lanceoiate and pointed leaflets, a 
corymb of white flowers, with a yellowish base to the petals, very sweet 
scented, especially at evening. 


* * Styles not sensibly projecting, nor united. 
+ Tender, tall-climbing, and wholly destitute of prickles. 


R. Banksie, R. Br. Banxsta Rose, from China. A slender conser- 
vatory species (in the N.), very smooth, with 3-5-lanceolate glossy leaflets, 
and umbels of very small, white or buff and violet-scented flowers. 


+ + Tender, armed only with distant hooked prickles, with leaves of 
mostly 3 (8-5) rather coriaceous and shining leaflets. 


R. Indica, Linn. Inpra or Cutna Roses. Includes the TrEa, PERPETUAL 
or BenGaL, BoursBon, and Noiserre Roses ; and the Bencat Pompons, 
etc., are miniature forms of similar origin. A plant of upright habit, 
smooth, the peduncle thickened upwards, calyx either smooth or bristly. 
Long grown and very variable. 


+ + + Hardy or mainly so at the north, not climbing, more or less prickly, 
and with leaves of 5 or more leaflets. 


R. alpina, Linn. Avrine Ross, of Eu. Grows 5°-8° high, unarmed 
or with a few purplish spines, hispid peduncles, erect and solitary 
blush flowers, and a more or less pendulous, orange-red, oblong or obovate 
fruit. The Boursatt Roses are derived from this, probably crossed with 
the China Rose, and are mostly smooth-stemmed plants of somewhat 
climbing habit and large double flowers. 

R. Géllica, Linn. Frencu or Rep Ross. Has slender stems beset 
with both stout curved and slender straight prickles ; leaves of 5-7 rather 
rigid doubly and glandular-toothed leaflets more or less downy beneath, 
erect 1-flowered peduncles, and pink-red or crimson (or variegated with 
white), spreading petals which have some astringency and are used for 
conserve of roses, and a globose fruit. 

R. centifolia, Linn. Hunprep-LEAVED, PROVENCE, or CABBAGE ROSE. 
Has mostly straight prickles, 5-7 oval leaflets with glandular teeth or 
edges, peduncle and calyx clammy, with odorous glands, the hip bristly 
and glandular; the flowers mostly nodding, large, and full-double, rose- 
purple, or of various shades, rarely white ; fruit oblong. Pompron Rosss 
are miniature varieties. Moss Roses are abnormal states (var. MusCcOsA) 
with the glands and bristles of the calyx and peduncle developed into a 
moss-like substance. Petals used for rose-water, essence of roses, etc. 

R. Damascéna, Mill. Damask Rost. Known from the foregoing by 
the greener bark, larger curved prickles, corymbed flowers oblong in the 
bud, and with the long sepals (some of them pinnatifid or lobed) reflexed 
during flowering, the hip oblong and pulpy; petals rose-purple, white, 
etc.; used in preference for attar-of-roses and rose-water. Hyprip Prr- 
PETUAL Rosgs are largely derived from this through hybridization with 
forms of R. Indica and others. 

R. G/ba, Linn. Wuite Ross. Leaflets 5, glaucous and a little downy 
beneath ; prickles straightish and slender; sepals reflexed and lobed ; 
petals pure white or delicate blush, fragrant ; fruit oblong and red. 

R. cinnamémea, Linn. Crinnamon Ross, of Eu. Met with in country 
gardens; is related to our wild R. blanda; 5° to 8° high, with brownish- 
red bark, and some straightish prickles ; pale leaves downy underneath, 
and small, pale-red, cinnamon-scented (mostly double) flowers, not showy ; 
fruit roundish, red. 

R. spinosissima, Linn. Burnet or Scorcn Rosg, of Eu. Low, 1° or 
2° high, exceedingly prickly with straight prickles, with 7 to 9 small and 


ROSE FAMILY. 159 


roundish smooth leaflets, and small early flowers, either single or double, 
and white, pink, and even yellow, the hips cartilaginous, roundish, and 
dark purple. 

R. Eglantéria, Linn. YELLOW EGLANTINE Rosr. Like a Sweetbrier, 
but lower, 3°-5° high, with scattered, straight prickles; leaves deep 
green and sweet scented ; flowers deep yellow, orange, or buff, and some- 
times variegated with red, either single or double. The Ausrrian Brier, 
and the Persian YELLOow and Harrison’s YELLOw are forms of this 
(var. LUTEA). 

R. sulphurea, Ait. The old YEttow Rose, from the far East. ‘Tall, 
with scattered prickles, glaucous or pale scentless leaves, and sulphur- 
yellow (full-double) flowers in summer. 

R. rugosa, Thunb. Japanese Rose. Spreading bush, very densely 
clothed with long, stout, and straight spines ; leaflets 7-11, round-ovate, 
thick, dark green above and tomentose below, coarsely toothed, the stipules 
leafy ; flowers large and mostly single, white or red; the calyx lobes 
1’ or 2/ long, and tomentose, persistent on the very large, nearly globular, 
orange-red hip. 


18. CRATZGUS, HAWTHORN, WHITETHORN. (Greek : 
strength, from the hard wood.) Small trees or shrubs, with hard 
wood ; flowers white, except in some varieties of English Hawthorn, 
in spring or early summer; ripening the red or reddish fruit mostly 
in autumn. (Lessons, Fig. 273.) 


§ 1. Flowers many in the corymb, small, with 5 styles; fruit not lurger 
than small peas, scarlet or coral-red ; leaves, etc., smooth, or nearly so. 


C. Pyracantha, Pers. Evercreen Tuorn. Planted for ornament and 
sparingly nat. from S. Penn. S. (from S. Eu.) ; shrub 4°-6°, with the 
shining evergreen leaves lance-spatulate and crenulate, only 1/ long, and 
small clusters of flowers terminating short branches. 

C. spathulata, Michx. Tall shrub or low tree, from Va. S., with 
almost evergreen, shining, spatulate leaves, crenate towards the apex, or 
on vigorous shoots, cut-lobed, and with hardly any petiole. 

C. cordata, Ait. Wasuineron T. Small tree, from Va. and Ky. S., 
and has been planted for hedges; has broadly triangular-ovate or heart- 
shaped, thinnish leaves, often 3-5-cleft or cut and serrate, on slender 
petiole. 


§ 2. Flowers many in the corymb, middle-sized ; fruit coral-red, ovoid, 
rather small; styles 1-5. 


C. viridis, Linn. (or C. arsoréscens). River banks far S. ; tree with 
few stout thorns or none ; thin, oblong serrate leaves, acute at both ends, 
on slender petioles ; styles 5. 

C. Oxyacaéntha, Linn. Encxish Hawtnorn. Planted from Eu. for 
ornament and hedges; tree or shrub with obovate, smooth leaves, wedge- 
shaped at base, cut-lobed and toothed above ; styles 2 or 38, rarely only 1. 
With single or double, white, rose, or pink-red flowers. 

C. apiifdlia, Michx. Common S. Small tree, soft-downy when 
young; the leaves smoothish with age, pinnatifid, the 5-7 lobes crowded, 
cut and toothed ; petioles slender; styles 1-3. 


§ 3. Flowers many in the corymb, large; the calyx-teeth with the bracts 
and stipules often besct with glands ; fruit edible, half an inch or more 
long, its cells or stones and the styles variable in number, 1-5. All 
tall shrubs or low trees, of thickets and rocky banks, or planted. 


C. coccinea, Linn. Scariet-rruitep T. Smooth, with the leaves 
thin, roundish-ovate, sharply cut-toothed or lobed, on slender petioles, 


160 ROSE FAMILY. 


the coral or scarlet fruit much smaller than in C. tomentosa next and 
hardly edible. 

Var. macracantha, Dudley. Has very long thorns, thick wedge- 
shaped leaves deeply incised, and larger flowers and fruit. 

Var. mollis, ‘Torr. & Gray, larger plant, with densely pubescent under- 
surfaces of leaves and shoots, and earlier, larger flowers. All forms in N. 
States. 

C. tomentosa, Linn. PrAr THorn or BLacktrHorn. Downy or soft- 
hairy when young; the leaves thickish, oval, or ovate-oblong, sharply 
toothed or cut, below abruptly narrowed into a margined petiole, the upper 
surface impressed along the main veins or ribs ; flowers late, often 1’ broad ; 
scarlet or orange fruit from two thirds to three fourths of an inch long, 
pleasant-tasted. N. Y., W. and 58. 

C. punctata, Jacq. Leaves wedge-obovate, the long lower portion 
entire, toothed above and rarely indistinctly lobed, plicate and dull, pubes 
cent below when young, but becoming smooth ; fruit large and spherical. 
red or yellow ; branches horizontal in mature specimens. Common. 

C. Crus-galli, Linn. Cockxseur T. Smooth; the wedge-obovate or 
oblanceolate leaves thick and firm, deep-green and glossy, serrate above 
the middle, tapering into a very short petiole; thorns very long ance 
sharp ; fruit bright red. Useful for hedges. (Lessons, Fig. 96.) 


§ 4. Flowers solitary, in pairs, or only 3-6 in the corymb ; styles and 
cells, 4-5; leaves mostly pubescent underneath ; fruit often edible. 

C. estivalis, Torr. & Gray. Summer Haw of 8S. States. Along pine: 
barren ponds, from S. Car. S. and W.; small tree with spatulate o1 
wedge-obovate coriaceous leaves, crenate above the middle; no glands: 
3-5-flowered peduncles, and large red juicy fruit, pleasantly acid, used 
for tarts, etc. ; ripe in summer. 

C. flava, Ait. Yeriow or Summer Haw. Sandy soil, from Va. S. and © 
W. ; small tree, with wedge-obovate leaves, downy or smoothish, toothed 
or cut above the middle, the teeth or margins and short petiole glandular : 
the pear-shaped or globular fruit yellowish, greenish, or tinged with red. 

C. parvifdlia, Ait. Smavi-LEAvep or Dwarr THorn. Mostly in 
pine barrens from N. J., S.; shrub 3°-6° high, downy, with thick and 
firm spatulate-obovate, crenate leaves, these as well as the mostly solitary 
flowers almost sessile ; calyx-lobes glandular-toothed and as long as the 
petals; the large fruit pear-shaped or globular, at first hairy, greenish 
and yellowish. 


19. COTONEASTER. (Name alludes to the cottony covering of the 
shoots, lower face of the leaves, etc.) Small-leaved and small-flowered, 
chiefly Old-World shrubs. 


C. vulgaris, Lindl. Planted from Eu.; hardy shrub, 2°-4° high, much 
branched, with deciduous ovate leaves, hardly 1! long, white-tomentose 
below, glabrous calyx, flesh-colored or white flowers in spring, and 
reddish fruit. 

C. nummularia, Lindl. From Nepal, is a large shrub or low tree, with 
nearly orbicular leaves, which are dull below, and bright red fruits. 


20. PHOTINIA. (Greek: shining, alluding to the glossy leaves of the 
genuine species.) Choice greenhouse shrubs or small fruit trees, hardy 
S., with large evergreen leaves. 

P. (or Eriobétrya) Japénica, Gray. The Loquat Tree of Japan, witb 
Jarge, obovate toothed leaves, nearly 1° long, the lower surface and 
corymb clothed with dense rather rusty loose wool; has few and large 
downy yellowish-white flowers, appearing in autumn, and an edible yellow, 
acid fruit, with 1-5 large seeds. Often called, erroneously, Japan PLeM. 


ROSE FAMILY. 161 


21. AMELANCHIER, JUNEBERRY, SERVICE. BERRY. (Pop- 
uwlar name of the European species in Savoy.) Flowering in spring, 
and producing the berry-like purplish fruit (edible, sweet, sometimes 
very pleasant-flavored) in summer. 


A. Canadénsis, Torr. & Gray. Swap Busy of New England, is a tree 
10°-30° high, glabrous or very nearly so; the leaves ovate and pointed, 
light green above, very sharply serrate, Birch-like ; flowers large, in open 
and loose, more or less drooping racemes, before the leaves; the calyx 
lobes lanceolate ; fruit a purple, berry-like pome in June and July, much 
relished by birds. The flowers appear in profusion in advance of the 
leaves. 

Var. oblongifdlia, Torr. & Gray (or A. opLonGiFOLiA, Roemer). Isa 
low plant (2°-45° high), with oblong, mostly blunt leaves, which are 
floccose or woolly below, and nearly erect, woolly, panicle-like racemes, 
appearing with the leaves ; growing in the N. States and known in culti- 
vation as the Dwarr JUNEBERRY. 


22. PYRUS, PEAR, APPLE, etc. (Classical name of the Pear tree.) 
Botanically the genus is made to include a great variety of plants, 
agreeing in the cartilaginous, parchment-like, or thin-walled cells that 
contain the seeds. Wood hard and tough. Flowers spring. 


§ 1. Pear. Leaves simple; flowersin a simple corymb or cluster; fruit 
generally with its base tapering down to the stalk. 


P. communis, Linn. Common Pear. Cult. from Eu. ; a smooth tree, 
with branches inclined to be thorny ; ovate leaves with small, obtuse teeth, 
and pure white flowers, the anthers ‘purple. 

P. Sinénsis, Lindl. Japan or Sanp Pear. Cult. om China and 
Japan, is a stronger grower than the last, with larger dark leaves which 
are very sharply toothed, and tcugh, gritty fruits which are often 
depressed about the stem, and Apple-like. Kirrrer, Le Contre, and 
others, are hybrids with the last. 


§ 2. Appi. Leaves simple; flowers showy, in a simple cluster or sim- 
ple umbel; fruit sunken (wmbilicate) at both ends, especially at the 
base. 


x Exotic; leaves simply and evenly serrate, ovate or oblong. 


P. Malus, Linn. Common Appie. Cult. from Eu. ; tree with buds, 
lower face of the leaves (when young) and calyx woolly ; flowers white 
and tinged with pink, on short, woolly peduncles ; fruit various, but always 
holding the calyx lobes upon its apex. 

ie spectabilis, Ait. Cuinese FLowerinc Appie. Cult. from China 
for its showy rose-colored, semi-double or double flowers; is an upright 
tree with gray branches 20° to 25° high, and hard leaves which soon 
become nearly smooth, and are evenly and sharply toothed ; fruit small, 
with persistent calyx. 

P. baccata, Linn. Cras Appite. From Eu. Small tree with hard, 
wiry, smooth shoots, long and smooth petioles and pedicels, narrower 
smooth leaves, and a small, hard, translucent fruit from which the calyx 
falls before maturity. TransceNpENT, Hystop, and various other im- 
proved Crabs are probably hybrids with P. Malus. 

P. floribinda, Lindl. JaranesE FLowerRiInG Cras. A bush or small 
tree, perhaps an offshoot from the last; smooth in all its parts, with long- 
acuminate, mostly sharply toothed leaves; handsome, flesh-colored or 
rosy flowers and red flower buds, and a profusion of long-stemmed fruits 
the size of a pea, from which the calyx falls. Semi-double forms are 
known in gardens as P. HatriAna and P. ParkMANI. 


GRAY’S F. F. & G. BOT. — 11 


162 ROSE FAMILY. 


* « Wild species, with some of the leaves irregularly cut-toothed, or even 
lobed ; flowers bright rose-colored. and the fruit greenish. 


P. coronaria, Linn. American or GARLAND CraB APPLE. Glades 
from W. N. Y. to Mich. and S. and sparingly W.; small tree, soon 
smooth, with the mostly triangular ovate leaves rounded or obscurely 
heart-shaped at base and inclined to be 3-lobed, on slender smooth 
petioles ; flowers on long, smooth pedicels; fruit bright green, flattened 
lengthwise. 

P. Ioénsis, Bailey. Wrsrern Cras AppLte. Leaves oblong or obo- 
vate-oval, variously notched and toothed, the lower surface as well as the 
petioles, short pedicels and young growth, white-pubescent ; fruit spheri- 
cal or oblong, dull green with minute light dots. There is a double- 
flowered variety. W. of Great Lakes. 

P. angustifolia, Ait. Narrow-LEAvED Crap APPLE. Leaves lance- 
oblong or elliptic and small, almost entire or bluntly and sparsely dentate, 
obtuse or nearly so, thick, shining above, on short, smooth petioles; 
flowers rather small, on smooth pedicels. From Penn. S. and W. 


§ 3. CuokeBEeRRY. Leaves simple, the upper face with some small glands 
along the midrib ; flowers (white) in compound cymes terminating the 
branches ; styles united at base; fruit berry-like. 


P. arbutifdlia, Linn. Common Cuokesperry. Woods and bogs, N.; 
low, spreading shrub with oblong or oblanceolate serrate leaves, acute or 
acuminate and pubescent below, and a scarlet or light purple fruit which 
clings to the branches after the leaves fall. 

Var. melanocaérpa, Hook (or P. nicra, Sargent), has broadly 
obovate nearly smooth leaves, earlier flowers, and black fruit which soon 
falls. 


§ 4. Rowan TreEe or Mountain Asn. Leaves odd-pinnate, of several 
(9-17) leaflets ; flowers (numerous and white) in ample, compound, flat 
cymes terminating the branches of the season; fruit berry-like, scarlet- 
red when ripe. Trees often planted for ornament, especially for the 
clusters of showy fruit in autumn. 


P. Americana, DC. American Mountain Asn_ Slender tree or tall 
shrub, wild in the cooler districts; smooth or soon becoming so, with 
lanceolate taper-pointed and sharply serrate bright-green leaflets on a 
reddish stalk, pointed and smooth glutinous leaf-buds, and berries not 
larger than peas. 

P. sambucifdlia, Cham. & Schlecht. E.LpEer-LEAvED R.orM. Wild 
along the northern frontiers ; smooth or nearly so, with oblong or lance- 
ovate and blunt or abruptly short-pointed leaflets, coarsely serrate with 
more spreading teeth, sparingly hairy leaf-buds, and larger berries. 

P. Aucuparia, Gertn. European R. or M. Commonly planted from 
Eu. ; forms a good-sized tree, with oblong and obtuse paler leaflets, 
their lower surface, stalks, and the leaf-buds downy; and the berries 
larger (3/ in diameter). 


§ 5. Quince. Leaves simple; flowers either single upon the ends of leafy 
shoots, or in small, sessile clusters, white or red; fruit more or less 
pyriform, the 5 cells normally several or many-seeded. Small trees or 
bushes. 


P. Cydénia, Linn. (or Crponta vuLeAris). Common Quince. From 
Eu. ; asmall bushy tree with soft, oval, entire leaves which are tomentose 
below, and very large flowers terminating short leafy shoots, and woolly 
fruits. (Lessons, Fig. 112.) 

P. Jap6nica, Thunb. Japan Quince (also named Cypon1a JAPOnica). 
Thorny, smooth, widely branched shrub from Japan; cult. for the large 


CALYCANTHUS FAMILY. 163 


showy flowers, which are produced in spring earlier than the oval or 
wedge-oblong leaves, on side spurs, in great abundance, single or more 
or less double, scarlet-red, or sometimes almost white varieties; calyx 
with short and rounded lobes; fruit green-speckled, very hard, sometimes 
used for jellies. 


XXXVIII. CALYCANTHACEA, CALYCANTHUS FAMILY. 


Shrubs with opposite, entire leaves, no stipules, sepals and 
petals imbricated and indefinite in number and passing one 
into the other, stamens few or many, with anthers turned out- 
wards, all these parts on a hollow receptacle or bracted calyx 
cup in the manner of a rose hip, inclosing numerous pistils 
which ripen into akenes. Cotyledons rolled up from one mar- 
gin. Flowers rather large, mostly aromatic, as is the wood 
also. (Lessons, Fig. 424.) 


1. CALYCANTHUS. Flowers livid-purple or dull red, solitary in the axils or terminating 
leafy branches, with loose bracts passing to colored lanceolate sepals, and these into 
similar thickish petals, which are borne on the summit of the closed calyx tube; 
within these are numerous short stamens; the outer having anthers ending in a tip, 
the inner smaller and with imperfect anthers or none. Pistils inclosed in the fleshy 
cup; ovary with 2 ovules; styles slender. Akenes oval, coriaceous, inclosed in the 
leathery hip, which becomes about 2” long. 

2. CHIMONANTHUS. Flowers yellow and purplish, along naked shoots, sessile in axils 
of fallen leaves. Bracts and sepals scale-like, ovate, purplish, or brownish. Petals 
honey-yellow, or the innermost red. Stamens with anthers only 5. 


1. CALYCANTHUS, CAROLINA ALLSPICE or SWEET-SCENTED 
SHRUB. (Greek: cup and flower.) All wild in U. S., and culti- 
vated, especially the first, which has fragrant strawberry-scented 
blossoms. Flowers spring and all summer. Mostly natives of elevated 
lands. 


C. fléridus, Linn. Wild S. of Va. in rich woods; leaves soft-downy 
beneath, 1’-3’ long, oval or oblong. 

C. levigatus, Willd. Wild from S. Penn., S. along the Alleghanies. 
Smooth and green, with oval or oblong leaves 1'-3’ long, and rather 
small flowers (14! across). 

C. glatcus, Willd. Wild from Va., S.; like the foregoing (possibly 
a variety of it), but with mostly larger and taper-pointed leaves, glaucous 
beneath. 

C. occidentalis, Hook & Arn. Western C. Smooth, with ovate or 
ovate-oblong and slightly heart-shaped, larger leaves (5/-6’ long), green 
both sides, the upper surface roughish; the brick-red flowers 3! across, 
scentless; akenes hairy. Cult. from Cal. 


2. CHIMONANTHUS, JAPAN ALLSPICE. (Greek: winter- 
flower ; it flowers in winter in a mild temperate climate. ) 
C. fragrans, Lindl. Shrub with long branches, which may be trained 


like a climber, smooth, lance-ovate, pointed leaves, and rather small fra- 
grant flowers; hardy S of Penn. 


164 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 


XXXIX. SAXIFRAGACEH, SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 


A large family not readily defined by any single characters; 
distinguished generally from Rosacee by having albumen in 
the seeds, ovaries partly or wholly united, and seldom any 
stipules; the herbs and most of the shrubs of the family have 

only as many or twice as many stamens, and fewer styles or 

stigmas than there are petals or sepals. Flowers mostly per- 
fect. Stamens and petals generally borne on the calyx, the 
latter usually withering and persistent. Leaves alternate or 
opposite. 


I. SAXIFRAGE SUBFAMILY. Herbs. Stipules none, 
or confluent with the base of the petiole. Seeds usually many. 


«x Stamens twice the number of the petals or the lobes of the calyx, mostly 10; pod com- 
monly 2-lobed, beaked, or 2, rarely 34, nearly separate pods, 


+ Petals mostly 5, entire. 


1. SAXIFRAGA. Flowers in cymes or panicles, or rarely solitary, perfect. Leaves 
simple or palmately cut. Petals imbricated in the bud. Pod 2-celled below, or 2 
(rarely more) separate pistils and pods, many-seeded. 

2, ASTILBE. Flowers in spikes or racemes collected in an ample compound panicle, 
sometimes polygamous or dicecious. Leaves ample, decompound. Petals small, 
spatulate, or linear. Little pods 2 or 3, nearly separate, opening down the inner 
suture, several-seeded. 

8. TIARELLA. Flowersinaraceme. Calyx colored (white), 5-parted, and in the sinuses 
bearing 5 very narrow, slender-clawed petals. Filaments and styles long and slender. 
Ovary 1-celled, with several ovules towards the base of the 2 parietal placenta, 
2-beaked; one of the beaks or carpels growing much more than the other and 
making the larger part of the lance-shaped membranaceous pod, which is few- 
seeded towards the bottom. 


++ Petals 5, pinnatifid, very delicate. 


4. MITELLA. Flowers ina simple raceme or spike, small. Petals colored like the short 
open calyx (white or green). Stamens short. Styles 2, very short. Ovary and pod 
globular, 1-celled, with 2 parietal placente at the base, many-seeded, opening across 
the top. ; 


« * Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, usually 5, and a cluster of 
gland-tipped sterile filaments before each petal ; stigmas mostly 4, directly over 
as many parietal placente. 


5. PARNASSIA. Flower solitary, terminating a scape-like (usually 1-leaved) stem; the 
leaves mostly from the root, rounded, smooth, and entire. Calyx free from the ovary 
of 5 sepals. Petals 5, veiny, imbricated in the bud. Styles none. Pod 1-celled, 
many-seeded. 


* * * Stamens only as many as the petals, 4 or 5; no sterile filaments ; styles 2 and 
alternate with the placente or partition. 


§. HEUCHERA. Flowers small, in a long panicle, mostly on a scape. Calyx bell 
shaped, the tube cohering below with the 1-celled ovary, and continued beyond it, 
above 5-cleft, and bearing 5 small, spatulate, erect petals at the sinuses. Styler 
slender. Pod 1-celled, 2-beaked at the apex, opening between the beaks. 


SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 165 


II. Shrubs, with simple leaves (includes plants which have 
been ranked in 2 or 5 different families). None of the follow- 
ing have stipules, except Ribes. Seeds numerous. 


* Leaves opposite. Calyx tube wholly coherent with the top-shaped or hemispherical 
ovary, but not at all extended beyond it. 


+ Stamens only twice as many as the petals, 8 or 10. 


7. DEUTZIA. Flowers all alike and perfect, more or less panicled, showy. Lobes of the 
calyx 5. Petals 5, valvate, with the edges turned inwards. Filaments flat, the 5 
alternate ones longer, commonly with a tooth or fork on each side next the top. 
Styles 3-5, slender. Pod 3-5-celled. 

8. HYDRANGEA. Flowers in cymes, commonly of two sorts, the marginal ones (or in 
high-cultivated plants almost all) enlarged and neutral, consisting of the corolla-like 
calyx only (Lessons, p. 78, Fig. 214); the others perfect, with a 4-5-toothed calyx, as 
many small petals valvate in the bud, and twice as many stamens with slender 
filaments. Styles 2-5, diverging. Ovary 2-5-celled, becoming a small pod which 
opens at the top between the styles. 


+ + Stamens indefinite, 20-40. 


9. DECUMARIA. Flowers small, in a compound terminal cyme. Calyx minutely 7-10- 
toothed. Style thick. Petals 7-10, valvate in the bud. Pod small, top-shaped, 
many-ribbed, bursting at the sides between the ribs. 

10. PHILADELPHUS. Flowers showy, often corymbed or panicled. Calyx with 4 or 5 
yalvate lobes. Petals 4 or 5, broad, conyolute in the bud. Styles 3-5, usually some- 
what united below. Ovary 3-5-celled, becoming a pod, which splits at length into 


as many pieces. 
yP x « Leaves alternate. 


11. ITEA. Leaves pinnately veined, not lobed. Flowersinareceme. Calyx nearly free 
from the 2-celled ovary, 5-cleft. Petals lanceolate, much longer than the calyx, and 
inserted along with the 5 stamens near its base. Pod slender, 2-celled, splitting 
through the style and the partition. 

12. RIBES. Leaves palmately veined and lobed ; sometimes with narrow stipules united 
with the base of the petiole. Calyx with its tube cohering with the ovary, and often 
extended beyond it, the 5 lobes usually colored like the petals. Petals and stamens 
each 5, on the throat of the calyx, the former small and mostly erect. Styles 2 or 
partly united into one; ovary 1-celled with 2 parietal placente, in fruit becoming a 
juicy berry, crowned with the shriveled remains of the rest of the flower. 


1. SAXIFRAGA, SAXIFRAGE. (Latin name, rock-breaker: many 
species rooting in the clefts of rocks.) Besides the following there are 
a number of rare or local wild species. 2/ 


* Leaves all clustered at the root; the naked scape clammy above and 
bearing many small whitish flowers in a panicle or cyme, the 2 ovaries 
united barely at the base, making at length a pair of nearly separate, 
divergent pods. Wild species. 


S. Virginiénsis, Michx. Earny S. On rocks and moist banks ; 
with obovate or wedge-spatulate, thickish, more or less toothed leaves in 
an open cluster; scape 3/—9/ high, bearing in early spring white flowers in 
a dense cluster, which at length opens into a loose panicled cyme; calyx 
not half the length of the petals ; pods turning purple. 

S. Pennsylvanica, Linn. Swampe S. In low, wet ground N.; with 
lanee-oblong or oblanceolate obtuse leaves (4/-8’ long), obscurely toothed 
and narrowed into a very short, broad petiole; scape 1°-2° high, bearing 
small greenish flowers in an oblong cluster, opening with age into a looser 
panicle (in spring) ; the reflexed lobes of the calyx as long as the lance- 
linear petals. 


166 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 


* * Leaves clustered ; flowers more or less showy ; ovaries 2, or sometimes 
3-4, almost separate, becoming as many nearly distinct pods. Exotic 
species cult. for ornament. 


S.crass/fé/ia, Linn. THick-LEAvEeD 8S, Cult. from Siberia ; very smooth, 
with fleshy and creeping or prostrate rootstocks, sending up thick, round- 
ish-oboyate, nearly evergreen leaves, 6/—9! long, and scapes (bracted mid- 
way ) bearing an ample, at first compact cyme of large, bright, rose-colored 
flowers, in early spring. Sold also as S. Sipfrica and 8. CUNEITFOLIA. 

S. sarmentosa, Linn. Brrrsreak S., also called SrrRAWBERRY GERA- 
NiuM. Cult. from China and Japan as a house-plant, not quite hardy N.; 
rather hairy, with rounded heart-shaped or kidney-shaped and doubly 
toothed leaves of fleshy texture, purple underneath, green-veined or 
mottled with white above, on shaggy petioles, from their axils sending 
off slender strawberry-like runners; scapes bearing a light, very open 
panicle of irregular flowers, with three of the petals small rose-pink and 
yellow-spotted, and two much longer and nearly white ones lanceolate 
and hanging. 


2. ASTILBE. (Name means not shining.) Flowers summer. 2 


A. decandra, Don. A tall, rather pubescent herb, 3°-5° high, imitat- 
ing Spirea Aruncus in appearance, but coarser ; leaflets of the decom- 
pound leaves mostly heart-shaped, cut-toothed (2’-4! long); flowers 
greenish-white, with petals inconspicuous or absent. Rich woods along 
the Alleghanies from Va. 8S. 

A. Jap6nica, Gray (or Horria Japonica). Only 1°-2° high, with leaf- 
lets of the thrice-ternate leaves lance-ovate or oblong, and crowded white 
flowers of considerable beauty. Japan. 


3. TIARELLA, FALSE MITERWORT. (From tiara, a turban.) 2, 


T. cordifdlia, Linn. Our only species, in rocky woods, especially N. ; 
a low and hairy herb, spreading by summer leafy runners; leaves 
rounded heart-shaped, sharply lobed and toothed; flowers in a short 
raceme on a leafless scape, bright white, in spring. 


4. MITELLA, MITERWORT, BISHOP’S CAP. (Name means a 
little mitre, from the shape of the 2-cleft ovary and young pod.) Deli- 
cate plants of moist woods, especially N. ; spreading by summer leafy 
runners or rootstocks ; flowers late spring and early summer. 2 


M. diphylla, Linn. Common or Two-reavep M._ Hairy, with 
rounded heart-shaped and somewhat 8-5-lobed root-leaves on slender 
petioles, and a pair of opposite, nearly sessile leaves on the scape below 
the slender raceme of many white flowers. 

M. nada, Linn. Naxkep-starkep M. A delicate little plant, with 
roundish kidney-shaped doubly crenate leaves, and leafless scape (4/-6/ 
high) bearing a few greenish blossoms. 


5. PARNASSIA, GRASS OF PARNASSUS. (Named for Mt. Par- 
nassus.) Wild on wet banks; the large white flower handsome, in 
summer and autumn. 2 


P. Caroliniana, Michx. The only common species; has the scape or 
stem 19-2° high, bearing one clasping leaf low down, and terminated with 
a flower over 1’ broad, the many-veined petals sessile, with 3 stout, small, 
sterile filaments before each. Throughout. 

P. asarifolia, Vent. Along the Alleghanies S.; has rather kidney- 
shaped leaves, and petals narrowed at base into a short claw; otherwise 
like the first. 


SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 167 


6. HEUCHERA, ALUM ROOT, the rootstock beimg astringent. 
(Named for a German botanist, J. H. Heucher.) Wild plants of 
rocky woods ; the leaves rounded heart-shaped, and more or less lobed 
or cut, mostly from the rootstock, often one or two on the tall stalk of 
the panicle. Flowers mostly greenish, in summer. 2, 


* Flowers very small ; stamens and styles protruding. 


H. Americana, Linn. Common A. The only one N. and E. of Penn. 
(also S. to S. Car.); has scapes and loose panicle (2°-8° high) clammy. 
glandular and often hairy; leaves with rounded lobes, and greenish 
flowers in early summer. 

H. villosa, Michx. From Md. to Ga. and W., along the upper coun- 
try ; is lower, beset with soft, often rusty hairs ; has deeper-lobed leaves, 
and very small white or whitish flowers, later in summer. 


* « Flowers larger (the calyx fully }! long), in a@ narrower panicle, 
greenish, with stamens little if at all protruding ; leaves round and 
slightly 5-9-lobed. 


H. hispida, Pursh. Mountains of Va. and N. C., W. Tall (scape 
2°-4° high), usually with spreading hairs ; stamens a little protruding. 

H. pubéscens, Pursh. Scapes (1°-8° high) and petioles roughish- 
glandular rather than pubescent ; stamens shorter than the lobes of the 
calyx. From Penn. S. 


7. DEUTZIA. (Named for Johann Deutz, a botanist of Amsterdam.) 
Flowering shrubs, with numerous panicles of white or pinkish blos- 
soms, in late spring and early summer; the lower side of the leaves, 
the calyx, etc., beset with minute starry clusters of hairs or scurf. 


D. gracilis, Sieb. & Zucc. The smaller species, is 2° high, with ovate- 
lanceolate, sharply serrate leaves, bright green and smooth, and rather 
small, snow-white flowers, earlier than the next; often forced in green- 
houses ; filaments forked at the top. Japan. 

D. scabra, Thunb. (or D. crenAta and D. Forttner). A tall shrub, 
rough with the fine pubescence, with pale, ovate or oblong-ovate, minutely 
crenate-serrate leaves, and rather dull white or pinkish blossoms in sum- 
mer; the filaments broadest upwards and with a blunt lobe on each side 
just below the anther. China and Japan. 


8. HYDRANGEA. (Formed of Greek words, water and vase, in 
reference to the shape of the capsule.) Flowers summer; often sterile 
and enlarged, and showy. (Lessons, Fig. 214.) 


* Leaves lobed. 


H. quercifdlia, Bartram. Oak-Leavep H. Stout shrub, 3°-6° high, 
very leafy, downy, with oval, 5-lobed, large leaves, and cymes clustered in 
oblong panicle, with numerous sterile flowers. Wild from Ga. S., hardy 


N. in cult. 
Bien x * Leaves not lobed. 


+ White-tomentose beneath. 


if. radiata, Walt. (or H. nfvea), has ovate or somewhat heart- 
shaped, pointed leaves, very white-woolly beneath, but smooth and green 
above; the flat cyme with a fey enlarged sterile flowers round the 
margin. Wild from 8. Car. S. and W., and cult. 


168 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 


+ + Green, or nearly so, beneath. 


H. arboréscens, Linn. Wild from Penn. and Mo. S., rarely planted; 
is smooth or nearly so, with ovate or slightly heart-shaped, serrate, 
pointed leaves; the flat cyme often without any enlarged sterile flowers, 
but sometimes with a full row round the margin. 

H. Horténsia, DC. (and H. Ordxksa). Common GREENHOUSE Hy- 
DRANGEA. Is very smooth, with large and oval, coarsely toothed, bright 
ereen glossy leaves, and the flowers of the round flattish cyme nearly 
all neutral and enlarged, blue, purple, pink, or white. China and 
Japan. 

H. paniculata, Sieb. Common OuTpoor or Harpy Hyprancea. More 
or less pubescent, at least in the panicle, with oblong-ovate, sharply 
toothed and long-pointed, dull leaves, which are roughish below, and an 
elongated panicle of whitish flowers. Japan. 


9. DECUMARIA. (Name probably meaning that the parts of the 
flower are in tens, which is only occasionally the case.) 


D. barbara, Linn. Along streams Va. and 8S. ; a tall, mostly smooth 
shrub, with long branches disposed to climb; ovate or oblong shining 
leaves, and a compound terminal cyme of small white odorous flowers, 
in late spring. 


10. PHILADELPHUS, MOCK ORANGE, SYRINGA. (Name an- 
cient, of no application.) Syringa is the generic name of the Lilac. 
Ornamental shrubs. 


P. coronarius, Linn. Common Mock Oraner. Cult. from S. Eu. 
Shrub with erect branches, smoothish oblong-ovate leaves, having the 
taste and smell of cucumbers, and crowded clusters of handsome and 
odorous cream-white flowers, in late spring. 

P. inodorus, Linn. Scenriess M. Wild in upper districts S. ; shrub, 
smooth, with spreading, slender branches, mostly entire, ovate-oblong 
leaves ; rather sinall flowers scattered at the end of the diverging branch- 
lets, and calyx-lobes not longer than the ovary. 

P. grandiflorus, Willd. Larce-re. M. Wild along streams from 
Va. S., and planted in several varieties ; tall shrub, with long recurving 
branches, ovate and pointed, usually toothed, smoothish, or slightly downy 
leaves, and very large, pure white, scentless flowers, in early summer, 
either single or in loose clusters at the end of the branches, the slender- 
pointed calyx lobes much longer than the ovary. 

Var. floribindus, Yorr. & Gray (or P. LatiFoLius). Robust, 6°- 
12° high, with the ovate and toothed, 5-ribbed leaves hairy beneath, 
and large, pure white and nearly scentless flowers clustered, in early 
summer. Cult. 

P. Gordonianus, Lindl. From Ore.; is very tall, with ovate-acuminate 
serrate leaves, the flowers very sligntly scented and numerous, in 5-9- 
flowered racemes, in miasummer, 10 days or more later than other kinds. 

P. hirsttus, Nutt. Hairy M. Wild in N. Car. and Tenn., and cult. ; 
slender, with recurving branches, the small, ovate and acute, sharply- 
toothed leaves hairy, and beneath even hoary ; the small white flowers 
solitary or 2-3 together at the end of short racemose side branchlets. 


11. ITHA. (Greek name ot Willow.) 


I. Virginica, Linn. A tall shrub, with oblong, pointed, and serrulate 
leaves, and racemes of pretty white eflowers, in early summer, Low 
places, Penn., S. and W. 


SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 169 


12. RIBES, CURRANT, GOOSEBERRY. (Name of uncertain origin. ) 
Low shrubs ; flowers spring ; fruit mostly edible. 


§ 1. GoosrBerry. Stems commonly with 1 or 2 thorns below the leaf- 
stalks or the clusters of leaves, often with numerous scattered prickles 
besides, these sometimes on the berry also. 


* Flowers 1-3 in a cluster. 
+ Flowers red and showy. 


R. speciosum, Pursi. Snowy Frowertnc Gooseserry, of Cal. 
Somewhat cult. for ornament; has small and shining leaves; very 
handsome flowers on a hanging peduncle, the short-tubular calyx, petals, 
and long-projecting stamens deep red, so that the blossom resembles that 
of a Fuchsia; berry prickly, few-seeded. 


+ + Flowers small and greenish. 
++ Calyx lobes shorter than the tube. 


R. Cynésbati, Linn. Has bluntly 3-lobed downy leaves, with slen- 
der peduncles, stamens and undivided style not exceeding the broad calyx, 
and large prickly (or rarely smooth) dull purple berry. Common N. 


++ ++ Calyx lobes conspicuously longer than the tube. 


R. Grossularia, Linn. European GooseBerry, but more or less 
cult. here in several varieties, as Inpustry, Crown Bop, etc., is a stocky 
bush with thickish leaves, a pubescent ovary and calyx, and a large, 
usually finely pubescent fruit. 

R. oxyacanthoides, Linn. Parent of the American Gooseberries, 
like Houcuron and Downrne, is seldom downy, with thinner leaves, very 
short thorns or none; very short peduncles; stamens and 2-cleft style 
scarcely longer than the bell-shaped, smooth calyx; ovary and berry 
smooth, the latter medium-sized, either green or reddish when ripe. New 
Eng. to N. J., W. 

R. rotundifdlium, Michx. Often downy-leaved; peduncles rather 
slender ; the slender stamens and 2-parted style longer than the narrow 
calyx; berry smooth. Mass. and N. Y., S. 


* * Flowers several, in a nodding raceme. 


R. lactistre, Poir. Laxe or Swamp G. Cold bogs and wet woods N.; 
low, with 3-5-parted heart-shaped leaves, their lobes deeply cut; very 
small: flowers with broad and flat calyx ; short stamens and style, and 
small bristly berries of unpleasant flavor. 


§ 2. Currant. No thorns or prickles, and the flowers numerous in the 
racemes. 


* Flowers greenish or whitish, small. 


+ Leaves without resinous dots; calyx flat and open; berries red (or 
white). 


R. prostratum, L’Her. Fetip Currant. Cold woods N.; with reclin- 
ing stems; deeply heart-shaped and acutely 5-7-lobed leaves ; erect ra- 
cemes; pedicels and pale-red berries glandular-bristly ; these and the 
bruised herbage exhale an unpleasant, skunk-like odor. 

R. rubrum, Linn. Garpen Currant. Cult. from Eu., with straggling 
or reclining stems, somewhat heart-shaped moderately 3-5-lobed leaves ; 
the lobes roundish, and drooping racemes from lateral buds distinct from 
the leaf buds ; edible berries red, or white ; also a striped variety. 

Var. subglanduldsum, Maxim., a native form in cold swamps N., has 
the racemes clustered below the leafy tips of the canes. 


170 ORPINE FAMILY. 


+ + Leaves sprinkled with resinous dots ; flowers larger, with oblong- 
bell-shaped calyx ; berries larger, black, aromatic and spicy, glandular- 
dotted. 


R. fléridum, L’Her. Witp Brack C. Woods N.; leaves slightly 
heart-shaped, sharply 3-5-lobed and doubly serrate ; racemes drooping, 
downy, bearing many whitish flowers, with conspicuous bracts longer 
than the pedicels. 

R. nigrum, Linn. Garpen Brack C. Cult. from Eu.; much like 
the preceding, but has greener and fewer flowers in the raceme, minute 
bracts, and a shorter calyx. 


* * Flowers highly colored (red or yellow), much larger. 


R. sanguineum, Pursh. Rep-FLowerRED C. From Ore. and Cal. ; 
glandular and somewhat clammy, with 3-5-lobed leaves whitish-downy 
beneath, nodding racemes of rose-red flowers, the calyx tube oblong- 
bell-shaped, the berries glandular and insipid. 

R. Gorpon1iANnuM is supposed to be a hybrid between this and the 
next. 

R. atreum, Pursh. Go.upen, Burraio, Missourr or CRANDALL Cur- 
RANT. From Mo. to Ore. ; abundantly cult. for its spicy-scented bright- 
yellow flowers in early spring; smooth, with rounded 3-lobed and 
cut-toothed leaves (which are rolled up in the bud), short racemes with 
leafy bracts, and tube of the yellow calyx very much longer than the 
spreading lobes ; the berries blackish, usually insipid. 


XL. CRASSULACEH, ORPINE FAMILY. 


Succulent plants, differing from the Saxifrage Family mainly 
in the complete symmetry of the flowers, the sepals, petals, 
stamens, and pistils equal in number, or the stamens of just 
double the number; the pistils all separate and forming as 
many (mostly many-seeded) little pods, except in Penthorum, 
where they are united together. (Lessons, p. 81, Figs. 222- 
225.) Penthorum, which is not succulent, is intermediate 
between this family and the foregoing. Several are somewhat 
monopetalous. 


§ 1. Leaves not at all fleshy, but thin and membranaceous ; the 5 ovaries united into 
one 5-horned 5-celled pod ; no scales behind the ovaries. 


1. PENTHORUM. Sepals 5. Petals 5, small, or usually none. Stamens10. Pod open- 
ing by the falling away of the 5 beaks, many-seeded. Rarely the parts are in sixes or 
sevens. 

§ 2. Leaves thickened and succulent ; ovaries separate, a minute scale behind each. 

* Petais separate; sepals nearly so or united at the base. 


2. SEMPERVIVUM. Sepals, narrow petals, and pistils 6-12 or even more, and stamens 
twice as many. Plants usually multiplying by leafy offsets, on which the leaves are 


crowded in close tufts like rosettes. 
3. SEDUM. Sepals, narrow petals, and pistils 4 or 5; the stamens twice as many, the 
alternate ones commonly adhering to the base of each petal. 


4. CRASSULA. Sepals or lobes of the calyx, petals, stamens, and many-seeded pistils 5. 
Perennial herbs or fleshy-shrubby plants, with tlowers in cymes or clusters, 


ORPINE FAMILY. ea 


» Petals united by their edges below, anc bearing the stamens. 
+ Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted ; pistils 5. 


5. ROCHEA. Corolla salver-form, longer than the calyx. Stamens 5, 
6. COTYLEDON. Corolla urn-shaped, bell-shaped, or cylindrical, sometimes 5-angled. 
Stamens 10. 


+ + Calyz and corolla both 4-lobed at summit ; pistils 4. 


7. BRYOPHYLLUM. Calyx inflated, shortly 4-toothed, the lobes of the corolla at length 
projecting and spreading. Stamens 8, projecting on slender filaments. Leaves 
opposite, petioled, simple or odd-pinnate, crenate. 


1. PEN THORUM, DITCH STONECROP. (Name from Greek, 
alluding to the parts of the flower being in fives.) 2 


P. sedoides, Linn. Wet places, especially by roadsides; a homely 
weed, about 1° high, with alternate lanceolate and serrate leaves, and 
yellowish-green inconspicuous flowers loosely spiked on the upper side of 
the branches of an open cyme, all summer and autumn. 


2. SEMPERVIVUM, HOUSELEEK. (Latin for live-forever.) 2 


S. tectorum, Linn. Common HovusELEEK, HEN-AND-CHICKENS, ADAM- 
AND-Eve, OLtp-Man-anp-Woman. Propagating abundantly by offsets on 
short and thick runners; leaves of the dense clusters oval or obovate, 
smooth except the margins, mucronate; those on the flowering stems 
‘scattered, oblong, clammy-pubescent, as well as the clustered purplish or 
greenish flowers; sepals, petals, and pods mostly 12. Cult. in country 
gardens, and used for carpet bedding ; rarely flowering, in summer. The 
common country names refer to the companionship of the plants due to 
their method of propagation. (Lessons, Figs. 91, 191.) 


3. SEDUM, STONECROP, ORPINE. (From Latin sedeo, sit, i.e. 
upon rocks, walls, etc.) The following are all smooth perennials, and 
hardy N., except the first species. Many others are cult., but are not 
common. 


§ 1. Leaves flat and broad, oblong, obovate, or rounded. 
* The lower ones, at least, whorled in threes. 


S. Siebd/dii, Sweet. Srezpoxp’s 8. Cult. from Japan, mostly in pots; 
with slender and weak or spreading stems, glaucous and mostly reddish- 
tinged, round, and often concave leaves (1! or less long), with a wedge- 
shaped base, and wavy-toothed margin, all in whorls up to the cyme of 
rosy-purple flowers, which all have their parts in fives. 

S. ternatum, Michx. THREE-LEAvVED S. Wild in rocky woods from 
N. Y., S. and W., and in gardens; with spreading stems creeping at 
base and rising 3/-6! when they blossom ; the lower leaves wedge-obovate 
and whorled; the upper oblong and mostly scattered, about 3/ long; 
flowers white, the first or central one with parts generally in fives, the 
others sessile along the upper side of the usually 3 spreading branches 
and mostly with their parts in fours; in late spring. 


* * All or most of the leaves alternate ; flowers in a corymb-like, terminal 
cyme, purple or purplish, in summer ; all with their parts in fives. 


S. Teléphium, Linn. GarpEN ORPINE or Live-FOREVER. Cult. from 
Eu. in old country gardens; erect, about 2° high, with oval and mostly 
wavy-toothed, pale, and thick leaves; small and dull-colored flowers in a 
compound cyme, and short-pointed pods. Becoming a weed E. 


172 ORPINE FAMILY. 


S. telephioides, Michx. Wirp 0. or L. Dry rocks on mountains, 
chiefly along the Alleghanies ; 6/-12' high, very like the last but with 
fewer flowers, and pods tapering into a slender style. 


§ 2. Leaves narrow and thick, barely flattish or terete ; low or creeping 
plants. 


S. dere, Mossy S., or Watt Perrer. Cult. from Eu., for edgings and 
rock work, running wild in some places; a moss-like little plant, forming 
mats on the ground, yellowish-green, with very succulent and thick, 
ovate, small, and crowded leaves, and yellow flowers in summer, their 
parts in fives. 

S. pulchéllum, Michx. Beautirut 8. Wild S. W. on rocks; also 
cult. in gardens; spreading and’ rooting stems, 4/-12’ long; leaves 
crowded, terete, linear-thread-shaped ; flowers rose-purple, crowded on 
the upper side of the 4 or 5 spreading branches of the cyme, their parts 
mostly in fours, while those of the central or earliest flower are in fives ; 
in summer. 

S. sarmentésum, Bunge. (Known in gardens as S$. CARNEUM, Var. 
VARIEGATUM.) Cult. in borders, and for carpet bedding ; has creeping pink 
stems, and the small leaves mostly opposite, sometimes in threes, linear, 
flattish, acute, very pale green, and white-edged ; flowers yellow. China. 


4. CRASSULA. (So named from the incrassated or thick leaves.) 
House-plants, occasionally cult., from Cape of Good Hope. 2 


C. arboréscens, Willd. Fleshy shrub, with glaucous roundish-obovate 
leaves (2/ long) tapering to a narrow base, and dotted on the upper face ; 
the flowers rather large and rose-colored. 

C. léctea, Soland. Has greener and narrower-obovate leaves, connate 
at the base in pairs, and a panicle of smaller white flowers. 

C. falcata, Wendl. Has slightly woody stems, oblong and rather 
faleate or curved leaves connate at base, 3/—-4’ long, powdery-glaucous, 
and a compound cyme of many red sweet-scented flowers, the petals with 
erect claws partly united below, and spreading abruptly above. 


5. ROCHBA. (Named for a Swiss physician, Laroche.) Half-shrubby 
succulent house-plants of the Cape of Good Hope. 2 


R. coccinea, DC. Stems 1°-2° high, thickly beset with the oblong- 
ovate (1’ long) leaves up to the terminal and umbel-like, sessile cluster of 
handsome flowers ; tube of the scarlet-red corolla, 1/ long. 


6. COTYLEDON. (From Greek word for a shallow cup.) House- 
plants, not common. 2f Many species are cult. 


C. orbiculdta, Linn. Half-shrubby, succulent plant, from Cape of 
Good Hope, with opposite white-powdery or glaucous wedge-obovate 
leaves (2/4! long), and a cluster of showy red flowers (nearly 1! long) 
raised on a slender naked petiole, the cylindraceous tube of the corolla 
longer thar the recurved lobes. 

C. (or Echevéria) coccinea, Cav. From Mex. ; is shrubby at base, with 
the wedge-obovate, acute leaves in rosettes, and alternate and scattered 
on the flowering stems; flowers in a leafy spike, the 5-parted corolla not 
longer than the spreading calyx, 5-angled at base, red outside, yellow within. 


7. BRYOPHYLLUM. (Name of Greek words for sprout or bud and 
leaf.) 2 


B. calycinum, Salisb. A scarcely shrubby, succulent plant, probably 
from Mex., cult. in houses; with opposite petioled leaves, 3 or 5 pinnate 


SUNDEW FAMILY. 173 


leaflets, or the upper of single leaflets, and an open panicle of large and 
rather handsome, hanging green flowers, tinged with purple ; the calyx is 
oblong and bladdery ; out of it the tubular corolla at length projects, and 
has 4 slightly spreading acute lobes; the leaflets oval, 2/-3’ long, 
crenate ; when laid on the soil, or kept in a moist place, they root and 
bud at the notches, and produce little plants. 


XLI. DROSERACEH, SUNDEW FAMILY. 


Bog-herbs, with regular flowers, on scapes; leaves in a tuft 
at the root, glandular-bristly or bristly-fringed, and rolled up 
from the apex in the bud, in the manner of Ferns; the per- 
sistent sepals and withering-persistent petals each 5; stamens 
5-15, with their anthers turned outward; and a 1-celled many- 
seeded pod. Represented here by two genera of insectivorous 
plants. (See Lessons, p. 154.) 


1. DROSERA. Stamens 5. Styles 3-5, but 2-parted, so as to seem like 6-10. Ovary with 
8 (rarely 5) parietal placente. Reddish-colored and sticky-glandular. 

2. DIONAZA. Stamens 15. Style 1; stigma lobed and fringed. Ovules and seeds all at 
the broad base of the ovary and pod. Leaves terminated by a bristly-bordered fly- 
trap. 


q; DROSERA, SUNDEW. (Name means in Greek dewy, the gland 
surmounting the bristles of the leaves producing a clear and dew-like 
drop of liquid, which is glutinous, and serves to catch small insects.) 
Flowers small, in a 1-sided spike or raceme, each opening only once, 
in sunshine, in summer. 2/ 


* Flowers small, white ; leaves with a blade. 


D. rotundifolia, Linn. Rounp-Leavep S. The commonest species in 
peat bogs ; with round leaves on long, hairy petioles, spreading in a tuft. 
When a small fly or other insect is caught by the sticky glands on the 
upper face of the leaf, the bristles of the outer rows very slowly turn 
inwards, so that their glands help to hold the prey. 

D. intermédia, Hayne, var. Americana, DC. In very wet bogs or 
shallow water N. ; has spatulate-oblong leaves on naked petioles, some of 
them erect. 

D. brevifdlia, Pursh. SHort-Leavep S. Small; scape only 2/-5/ 
high, few-flowered ; leaves short, wedge-shaped. In wet sand, only at 
a * * Flowers rose-purple ; no blade to the leaf. 

D. filif6rmis, Raf. TuHreap-Leavep S. Leaves erect, thread-shaped ; 
scape 6/-12’ high, from a bulb-like base; flowers handsome, }/ or more 
broad. In wet sandy soil near the coast, from Plymouth, Mass., to Fla. 


2. DIONZIA, VENUS’S FLYTRAP. (Named for the mother of 
Venus.) 2/ Only one species. 
D. muscipula, Ellis. Grows in sandy bogs in N. and S. Car., but kept 


in conservatories as a curiosity. (Lessons, Figs. 176, 492.) Flowers 
white, borne in an umbel-like cyme on a scape 1° high, in spring. 


174 WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY. 


XLIV, HAMAMELIDEA, WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY 


Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves, deciduous 
stipules, small flowers in heads, spikes, or little clusters, the 
calyx united below with the base of the 2-styled ovary, which 
forms a hard or woody 2-celled and 2-beaked pod, opening at 
the summit. Stamens and petals inserted on the calyx. 


§ 1. Shrubs, with perfect or merely polygamous flowers, a regular calyx, and a single 
ovule, becoming a bony seed, suspended from the top of each cell. 


1. HAMAMELIS. Flowers in small clusters in the axils of the leaves, expanding late in 
autumn, ripening the seeds the next summer. Calyx 4-parted. Petals 4, strap- 
shaped. Stamens 8, very short; the 4 alternate with the petals bearing anthers, the 
4 opposite them imperfect and scale-like. Styles short. Pod with an on‘er coat 
separating from the inner. 

2. FOTHERGILLA. Flowers in a scaly-bracted spike, in spring, rather earlier than the 
leaves. Calyx bell-shaped, slightly 5-T-toothed. Petals none. Stamens about 24, 
rather showy, the long and club-shaped filaments bright white. Styles slender. Pod 
hairy. 

§ 2. Tree, with monecious small flowers, in dense heads or clusters, destitute both of 
calyx and corolla, the fertile with many ovules in each cell, but only one or two 
ripening into scale-like seeds, 


3. LIQUIDAMBAR. Heads of flowers each with a deciduous involucre of 4 bracts, the 
sterile in a conical cluster, consisting of numerous short stamens with little scales 
intermixed ; the fertile loosely racemed or spiked on a drooping peduncle, composed 
of many ovaries (surrounded by some little scales), each with 2 awl-shaped beaks, all 
cohering together and hardening in fruit. 


1. HAMAMELIS, WITCH-HAZEL. (An old Greek name.) 


H. Virginiana, Linn. Tall shrub, of damp woods, with the leaves 
obovate or oval, wavy-toothed, straight-veined like a Hazel, slightly 
downy; the yellow flowers remarkable for their appearance late in 
autumn, just as the leaves are turning and about to fall. Seeds ripening 
the following year, and forcibly ejected from the capsule through hygro- 
scopic action. 


2. FOTHERGILLA. (Named for Dr. Fothergill of London, an early 
botanist.) 


F. Gardéni, Linn. Low, rather ornamental shrub, in swamps, from 
Va. S., with oval or obovate, straight-veined leaves, toothed at the sum- 
mit and often hoary beneath, the white flowers in spring. 


3. LIQUIDAMBAR, SWEET GUM TREE or BILSTED. (Names 
allude to the fragrant juice or balsam which exudes from the trunk.) 


L. Styracfflua, Linn. The only species of this country ; a large and 
beautiful tree in low grounds, from 8. N. Eng. to Ill., and especially S., 
with fine-grained wood, gray bark forming corky ridges on the branches, 
and smooth and glossy, deeply 5-7-lobed leaves, which are fragrant when 
bruised, changing to deep crimson in autumn, their triangular lobes 
pointed and beset with glandular teeth ; greenish flowers appearing with 
the leaves in early spring. Cult, 


MYRTLE FAMILY. 475 


XLITII. HALORAGEA, WATER MILFOIL FAMILY. 


Contains a few insignificant aquatic or marsh plants, with 
very small greenish flowers, sessile in the axils of the (often 
whorled) leaves or bracts, a single ovule and seed suspended 
in each of the 1-4 cells of the ovary, and 1-8 stamens; all of 
them too obscure and unimportant for record here. ‘The 
species are fully treated in the Manual. 


XLIV. MYRTACEH, MYRTLE FAMILY. 


Trees or shrubs, with simple, entire, and mostly aromatic 
leaves, punctate with pellucid or resinous dots, no stipules, 
perfect flowers, calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, its throat, 
or a disk bordering it, bearing the petals and numerous 
stamens; style and stigma single. A large family in the 
tropics and southern hemisphere, here commonly known only 
by a few house-plants, or grown for fruit or ornament far S., 
which may be briefly noted as follows : — 


1. Myrtus comminis, Linn. Common Myrrie. From the Mediter- 
ranean region; smooth, with ovate or lance-ovate, opposite, shining 
leaves, small in the variety usually cultivated ; peduncles in their axils 
bearing a small white or rose-tinged flower (sometimes full double), fol- 
lowed by a black berry, containing several kidney-shaped seeds. 

2. Eugénia Jadmbos, Linn. Rose Appite. From India; smooth, with 
opposite, shining, long, and lanceolate leaves, and clusters of large white 
flowers, with their long stamens most conspicuous; the calyx tube 
dilated and prolonged beyond the ovary, which forms a large edible 
berry, like a small apple, scentiess, but when eaten, of a rose-like savor ; 
seeds very few, large. 

3. Psidium Guyava, Linn. Guava. With oval, feather-veined, opposite 
leaves, pubescent beneath, and one or two white flowers at the end of an 
axillary peduncle; the fruit a large and pear-shaped yellowish berry, 
which is edible, and from which Guava jelly is made in the West Indies. 
The Wuire, Pear, and AppLe Guavas are of this species. P. pomf- 
FERUM and P. pyrfreRuM are forms of this species. The plant is prob- 
ably native to tropical America, although now widely distributed. 

P. Cattleidnum, Sabine. CatrLtey Guava. Has obovate, and thick, 
and shining leaves, and a small reddish fruit, which lacks the muskiness 
of the common sorts. 

4. Callistémon lanceolatus, Sweet. Of Australia, called BorrLe Brus, 
on account of the appearance of the flowers (sessile all round the stem 
below the later leaves) with their very long, deep red stamens; the 5 
petals small and falling early ; the fruit a small, many-seeced pod, open- 
ing at the top; the alternate lanceolate leaves remarkable for being 
turned edgewise by a twist at their base, as in many related Myrtaceous 
plants of Australia. 


176 MELASTOMA FAMILY. 


XLV. MELASTOMACEA, MELASTOMA FAMILY. 


Plants with opposite and simple 3-7-ribbed leaves, no stip- 
ules, as many or twice as many stamens as petals, both inserted 
in the throat of the calyx, anthers usually of peculiar shape, 
and opening by a small hole at the apex. Flowers usually 
handsome, but mostly scentless. None in common cultiva- 
tion. 


1. RHEXIA, DEERGRASS, MEADOW BEAUTY. (Name Greek, 
application obscure.) Low, erect herbs of wet or sandy ground, com- 
moner 8., often bristly, at least on the margins of the sessile (or nearly 
so) 5-5-ribbed leaves, with handsome flowers in a terminal cyme or 
panicle. Tube of the calyx urn-shaped, adherent to the lower part of 
the 4-celled ovary and continued beyond it into a short 4-toothed cup, 
persistent ; petals 4, obovate; stamens 8, with anthers opening by a 
single, minute hole; style slender; stigma simple ; seeds numerous in 
the pod, coiled like minute snail shells. Flowers summer. 2/ 


* Anthers linear and curved, with a sac-like base and usually a minute 
spur ; flowers in a panicle or loose cyme, peduncled. 


R. Virginica, Linn. The common species N. in sandy swamps ; 6/— 
20/ high, with square stem almost winged at the angles ; ovate or lance-oval 
leaves, gland, tipped hairs, and large, pink-purple flowers. 

R. aristosa, Britt. Branches more or less wing-angled ; leaves linear- 
oblong, not narrowed at base, the hairs few and not glandular; flowers 
bright purple ; the petals sparsely villous. N.J. to 8. Car. 

R. Mariana, Linn. 10/—24' high, with terete or 6-angled, branching 
stem; linear or lance-oblong leaves narrowed at base, and pale purple 
flowers hairy outside. N. J. and Ky., S. 

R. glabélla, Michx. Smooth, with a simple slender stem, lanceolate, 
glaucous leaves, and large bright purple flowers. Pine barrens S. 

R. stricta, Pursh. Stem tall and smooth, 4-winged, hairy at the 
joints ; leaves lanceolate or nearly so and acute, 5-ribbed, bristly-serrate ; 
flowers purple in a compound cyme, the calyx smooth and urn-shaped 
with lanceolate lobes. Pine barrens, Ga., S. and W. 


* * Anthers oblong and straight, destitute of any appendage. 


«+ Flowers purple, few or solitary ; leaves small (rarely 1' long), rounded- 
ovate, ciliate with long bristles; stem square, smooth. 


R. cilidsa, Michx. Stem 10/-12! high; leaves bristly on the upper 
face ; and calyx smooth. Bogs in pine barrens from Md., S. 

R. serrulata, Nutt. Stem 3'-6' high; leaves smooth above; calyx 
bristly. Bog in pine barrens, Ga. and 8S. 


+ + Flowers yellow, small, numerous, not casting the petals early, as do 
the others ; stem 4-angled, bristly, bushy branched above. 


R. lutea, Walter. Stem 1° high, bristly; leaves lanceolate, or the 
lower obovate, bristly-serrulate but smooth, acvte; calyx smooth. N. 
Car., S. and W. 


LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY. a7 


XLVI. LYTHRACEH, LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY. 


Trees or herbs with the 1—4-celled, many-seeded ovary and 
pod usually free from, but mostly inclosed in, the tube of the 
calyx, the leaves not punctate, mostly opposite and entire, the 
stamens on the throat of the calyx, with anthers opening 
lengthwise. Flowers perfect, often dimorphous or trimor- 
phous. To this family is now appended the Pomegranate, 
which, although peculiar, is nearer to this than to the Myrtle 
Family, to which it is often referred. 


§ 1. Ovary coherent with the calyx tube, becoming a fleshy fruit. Small tree. 


1. PUNICA. Calyx tube colored (scarlet), thick and coriaceous, its top-shaped base cohe- 
rent with the ovary, above enlarged and 5-7-lobed; its throat bearing the 5-7 petals 
and very many incuryed stamens. Style slender. Ovary with many cells in two 
sets, one above the other, and very many ovules in each. Fruit large, globular, 
crowned with the calyx lobes, berry-like, but with a hard rind; the numerous seeds 
coated with a juicy edible pulp. 


§ 2. Ovary free from the calyx tube, becoming a 1-6-celled pod. 
«x Stamens indefinitely numerous. Small tree. 


2. LAGERSTREMIA. Calyx 6-lobed. Petals 6, very wavy-crisped, raised on slender 
claws, borne on the throat of the calyx. Stamens borne in the bottom of the calyx, 
very long and slender, 6 outermost larger than the rest. Style very slender. Pod 
oblong, thick, many-seeded, 3-6-celled, only the base covered by the persistent calyx. 


«x *« Stamens 4-16, only as many or twice as many as the lobes of the calyx, inserted 
lower down than the petals. Herbs or nearly so; calyx mostly with projecting 
folds, or accessory teeth between the proper teeth or lobes. 


+ Flowers regular or nearly so ; pod many-seeded, included in the calyx. 


++ Stamens 4. 


8. ROTALA. Calyx short, bell-shaped, or nearly globose, with tooth-like appendages at 
the sinuses. Stamens short. Petals 4. Capsule globular and 4-celled, septicidal. 
Leaves (in ours) opposite. 

4. AMMANNIA. Calyx short, 4-angled, generally with a horn-like appendage at each 
sinus. Petals 4 and small, or none. Pod globular, 24-celled, opening irregularly. 
Leaves opposite, narrow. 

++++ Stamens more than 4. 


5. LYTHRUM. Calyx cylindrical, 8-12-ribbed or striate, with a minute appendage in each 
sinus. Petals 5-7, mostly 6. Stamens 5-14. Style slender. Pod oblong, 2-celled. 
Leaves sessile. 

6. DECODON. Calyx short, bell-shaped, or hemispherical, with prominent projections 
between the teeth. Stamens 8 or 10 (rarely more), twice as many as the petals, in 2 
sets, with long projecting filaments. Style slender. Pod globular, 3-5-celled. Leaves 
mostly whorled in threes, or opposite. Flowers trimorphous. 


++ Flowers irregular ; pod mostly few-seeded. 


7. CUPHEA. Calyx elongated, mostly many-ribbed, gibbous, spurred, or with a sac-like 
projection at base on the upper side, oblique at the mouth, which has 6 proper 
teeth, and usually as many intermediate accessory ones or processes. Petals mostly 
6, with claws, and very unequal, the two upper ones larger; sometimes all or part 
wanting. Stamens 11 or 12, unequal. Ovary flat, 2-celled, but one cell smaller and 
sterile orempty. Pod inclosed in the calyx, and bursting through it on the lower side. 

GRAY’S F. F, & G. BoT. —12 


i178 LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY. 


ile PUNICA, POMEGRANATE. (The name means Carthaginian.) 


P. Granatum, Linn. ‘Tree cult. from the Orient as a house plant N. 
and for its fruit S.; smooth, with small oblong or obovate obtuse leaves, 
either opposite or scattered, mostly clustered on short branchlets ; the 
flowers short-stalked, usually solitary, large, both calyx and corolla bright 
scarlet, with 5-7 petals, or full double; the seedy fruit ay large as a small 


apple. 


2. LAGERSTRGSMIA, CRAPE MYRTLE. (Named for a Swedish 
naturalist, Lagerstrem.) 


L. Indica, Linn., from E. Indies; planted for ornament from Wash- 
ington, S., and in conservatories N. ; shrub with smooth, ovate or oval 
opposite, leaves, and panicles of very showy pale rose or flesh-colored 
large flowers, remarkable for the wavy-crisped petals and long silky-tufted 
stamens. 


3. ROTALA. (Wheel-shaped.) One inconspicuous marsh herb in our 
region. @ 
R. ramosior, Koehne. Plant 3’-8’ high, with narrow leaves tapering 


to the base ; very small, sessile flowers in the axils, solitary or rarely 3 
together. Mass. to Fla. and W. 


4. AMMANNIA. (Named for Paul Ammann, an early German bot- 
anist.) Low insignificant herbs in wet places S., with small, greenish 
flowers in the axils of the narrow leaves. @ 


A. coccinea, Rottb. Leaves linear-lanceolate, with an auricled base; 
flowers in dense subsessile axillary cymes. N. J. to Fla. and W. 


5. LYTHRUM, LOOSESTRIFE. (Name in Greek for béo0d; appli- 
cation obscure.) Flowers summer. 


* Flowers small and few; stamens 7 or less. 


L. Hyssopifolia, Linn. Leaves small and narrow, obtuse, longer 
than the very small, pale purple flowers; stamens 4-6 included. Low 
(6'-10'), in marshes from Me. to N. J. 

L. alatum, Pursh. Low grounds W. and S. ; nearly smooth, slender, 
2°-3° high, above and on the branches with margined angles, very leafy ; 
the small leaves oblong, the uppermost not longer than the small flowers 
in their axils ; petals 6, purple ; stamens 6, in some flowers exserted. 2 


* * Flowers showy, in spicate clusters ; stamens 8 or more. 


L. Salicaria, Linn. Srikep L. With stems 29-39 high; leaves broad- 
lanceolate, and often with a heart-shaped base, in pairs or threes ; flowers 
crowded in their axils and forming a wand-like spike, rather large, with 
6 or rarely 7 lance-oblong pink petals, and twice as many stamens of two 
iengths. Sparingly wild N. E. in wet meadows, and cult; Eu. 2 


6. DECODON. (Name from Greek for ten-toothed.) 2, 


D. verticillatusa, Ell. Common E. and S. in very wet places ; smooth 
or minutely downy, with long, recurving branches (29-8° long), lanceolate 
leaves, mostly in threes, the upper with clustered, short-staiixed flowers in 
their axils, 5 wedge-lanceolate rose-purple petals, and 10 stamens of two 
or three lengths. 


EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. 179 


as CUPHEA. (Name from Greek, means gibbous or curved, from the 
shape of the calyx.) Leaves chiefly opposite ; flowers ail summer. 


x Annuals. 


C. viscosissima, Jacq. Crammy C. Sandy fields from Conn. to IIL. 
and §.; a rather homely herb, 19-2° high, branching, clammy-hairy, with 
lance-ovate leaves; small flowers somewhat racemed along the branches 
and ovate pink petals on short claws. 

C. lanceolata, DryAnv (or C. siLENoipEs). Cult. from Mexico ; clammy- 
hairy, 1° high, with lance-oblong or lanceolate leaves tapering at base 
into short petiole, and rather large flowers, some racemed on the branches ; 
calyx purplish, almost 1/ long, ovoid at base and with a tapering neck ; 
petals blood-purple or crimson, rounded, the 2 larger }/ in diameter. 


* * Perennials, more or less woody at base. 


C. hyssopifélia, HBK. A diffuse plant usually grown in pots, with 
small and linear-oblong spreading leaves, and solitary, little, pinkish 
flowers which, including the slender pedicels, are scarcely longer than the 
leaves. Mex. 

-C. Ignea, DC. (or C. pLarycEntRA). Cult. from Mexico, both in 
greenhouses and for borders, flowering through the season; slightly 
woody at base, 8/-12! high, forming masses, thickly beset with the ovate 
or lance-ovate acute, smooth, and glossy bright green leaves, with bright 
vermilion flowers between each pair, the calyx narrow and tubular, 
almost 1/ long, with a short and very blunt spur at base, the short border 
and teeth dark violet edged on the upper side with white ; petals none. 


XLVII. ONAGRACEA, EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. 


Herbs, or sometimes shrubs, generally without stipules; the 
parts of the perfect and symmetrical flowers in fours (rarely 
in two to sixes) throughout; the tube of the calyx usually 
prolonged more or less beyond the adherent ovary, its lobes 
valvate in the bud, its throat bearing the petals (convolute in 
the bud), and as many or twice as many stamens; styles always 
united into one. Embryo filling the seed; no albumen. Com- 
prises many plants with showy blossoms. (Lopezia has irregu- 
lar flowers with only one perfect stamen.) 


* Capsule dry and dehiscent, 2-6-celled, and the ceils ~ -seeded. 
+ Seeds comose « i.e. furnished with a tuft of long and soft hairs at one end. 

1. EPILOBIUM. Calyx with tube scarcely at aJl extended beyond the linear ovary 
Petals 4. Stamens 8. 

2. 2AUSCHNERIA. Calyx extended much beyond the linear ovary into a funnel-shaped 
tube, with an abruptly inflated base where it joins the ovary, and with 4 lobes as 
long as the 4 oblong-obcordate petals, both of bright scarlet color. Stamens 8 and, 
as well as the long style, projecting. 

+ + Seeds naked, i.e. without a downy tuft. 

+ Flowers regular and symmetrical, but often without petals; the calyx tabe not 
extended beyond the broad summit of the ovary, on which the green lobes mostly 
persist ; style usually short ; stigma capitate. 

8. JUSSLAA. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the calyx, petals, and cells of the 
nod ; i.e. 8 or 10, rarely 12, 


[80 EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. 


4. LUDWIGIA, Stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx and cells of the pod, almost 
always 4. Petals 4, often small, or none. 

5. CLARKIA. Calyx tube barely continued beyond the ovary into a very short, funnel- 
form cup. Petals broad, wedge-shaped or rhombic, sometimes 3-lobed, raised on a 
slender claw. Stamens 8, with slender filaments, the alternate ones shorter ; anthers 
curved or coiled after opening, those of the short stamens much smaller, or deformed 
and sterile. Stigmas 4, oval or oblong. Pod linear and tapering upwards, 4-sided. 
Flowers never yellow. 


++ ++ Flowers regular and symmetrical; calyx tube extended more or less beyond the 
ovary, the lobes mostly reflexed ; petals 4. 


6. EUCHARIDIUM. Calyx tube much prolonged and slender beyond the ovary. Petals 
wedge-shaped and 3-lobed at summit, tapering into a short claw. Stamens only 4, 
on slender filaments. Stigmas 2 or 4. Pod oblong-linear. Seeds slightly wing- 
margined. Flowers never yellow. 

7. G2NOTHERA. Calyx tube generally much prolonged beyond the ovary. Petals 
usually obovate or obcordate, with hardly any claw. Stigmas 4, long and slender 
(rarely discoid). Stamens 8 Flowers yellow or white, or rose-red. 

8 GODETIA. Calyx tube beyond the linear or spindle-shaped ovary, inversely conical 
or funnel-shaped. Flowers open by day, scentless. Petals broad and fan-shaped 
or wedge-shaped, the truncate summit generally eroded, lilac-purple, rose-color, or 
sometimes white. Stigma with 4 linear or short and broad lobes. Anthers erect 
(stamens 8) on short (the alternate ones on very short) and broadish filaments, cury- 
ing after opening. 


++ ++ ++ Flowers irregular and unsymmetrical ; calyx tube not extended. 


9. LOPEZIA. Flowers small. Calyx with 4 linear purplish lobes. Petals with claws, 4, 
turned towards the upper side of the flower, the two uppermost narrower and 
with a callous gland on the summit of the claw, and what seems to be a fifth small 
one (but is a sterile stamen transformed into a petal) stands before the lower lobe 
of the calyx. Fertile stamen only one with an oblong anther. Style slender ; 
stigma entire. Pod globular. 


x x Fruit a berry, 4-celled. 


10. FUCHSIA. Flowers showy; the tube of the highly colored calyx extended much 
beyond the ovary, bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, or tubular, the 4 lobes spreading. 
Petals 4. Stamens 8. Style long and thread-shaped; stigma club-shaped or 
capitate. 


* * « Capsule indehiscent, 1-4-celled, the cells generally 1-seeded. 
+ Parts of the flower in twos, 


11. CIRCA. Delicate low herbs, with opposite thin leaves, and very small whitish 
flowers in racemes. Calyx with 2 reflexed lobes, its tube slightly prolonged beyond 
the 1-2-celled ovary, which becomes a 1-2-seeded little bur-like fruit, covered with 
weak hooked bristles. Petals 2, obcordate. Stamens 2. Style slender, tipped 
with a capitate stigma. 


++ Parts of the flower in threes or fours. 


12. GAURA. Herbs with alternate sessile leaves, and small or smallish flowers in racemes 
or spikes. Calyx with slender tube much prolonged beyond the 4-celled ovary. 
Petals 4 (rarely 3), on claws, mostly turned toward the upper side of the flower. 
Stamens 8 (or 6), these and the long style turned down; a little scale-like appen- 
dage before the base of each filament. Fruit small, 4-angled or ribbed, 1-4-seeded, 
dry and nut-like. 

13. TRAPA. Aquatic herbs with leaves of two forms; those submerged opposite and 
pinnatisect, the floating ones clustered, rhomboid and dentate. Petals and stamens 
4. Ovary 2-celled, becoming a large, top-shaped, very hard, nut-like fruit with 2 or 
4 horns 


EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. 181 


1. EPILOBIUM, WILLOW-HERB. (Three Greek words meaning 
violet on a pod.) Flowers summer. The pods opening give to the 
winds great numbers of the downy-tufted seeds. 2 


* Flowers large and showy, in a long spike or raceme, the widely spread- 
ing petals on short claws, the stamens and long style bent downwards, 
and the stigma of 4 long lobes ; lower leaves alternate. 


E. angustifdlium, Linn. Grear W. or Frreweep. One of the 
plants that spring up abundantly, everywhere northward, where forests 
have been newly cleared and the ground burned over; tall (4°-7° high) 
and simple-stemmed, smooth, with lanceolate leaves, and a long succes- 
sion of pink-purple flowers. 


* * Flowers small (save in the first) in corymbs or panicles terminating 
the branches, with petals, stumens, and style erect, and all the lower 
leaves opposite ; stem 1°-2° high. 


+ Stigma 4-parted ; flowers showy. 


E. hirsdtum, Linn. Nat. from Eu. in E. States, and sometimes 
cult.; a stout branching plant 3°-65° high, densely soft-hairy ; leaves 
mostly opposite and lance-oblong, finely serrate ; flowers bright purple, 
about 1! across, in a loose, leafy, terminal raceme. 


+ + Stigma clavate ; flowers small and mostly rather inconspicuous. 


++ Leaves more or less revolute, small and narrow, entire or very nearly 
so. Allin bogs N. 


E. paltistre, Linn. Slender and low (6/-12’ high), often. simpue, 
finely pubescent, the stem more or less angled or marked with hairy 
lines ; leaves erect or ascending, equaling the nodes, sessile, linear or 
elliptic-oblong and obtuse ; capsules either pubescent or nearly glabrous, 
mostly shorter than the slender peduncles. 

E. lineare, Muhl. Taller and more branched, minutely hoary-pubes- 
cent, the stem terete and with only a trace of hairy lines, or none ; leaves 
linear-lanceolate, tapering to a short but distinct petiole, somewhat acute; 
capsule hoary, the pedicels as long as the leaves. 

E. strictum, Muhl. Densely pubescent, with soft and spreading, 
somewhat glandular whitish hairs, 19-3° high; leaves broader, obtuse 
and veiny, very short-petioled or sessile. 


++ ++ Leaves not revolute, rather broad and thin, prominently toothed. 
All in wet places N. 


E. coloratum, Muhl. More or less hoary and glandular-pubescent, 
1°-3° high, with angled stems ; leaves lanceolate, sharply denticulate and 
acute, narrowed into a conspicuous petiole ; flowers pale and more or less 
nodding, with pedicels shorter than the leaves ; seeds not prolonged at 
top. Common. 

E. adenocatlon, Haussk. More glandular, with blunter and less 
toothed leaves which are abruptly contracted into very short petioles; 
flowers erect, and seeds slightly prolonged at the top. 

E. glanduldésum, Lam. Nearly simple, and the pubescence above not 
glandular ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, usually rounded into a sessile base, 
more or less glandular-toothed. 


2. ZAUSCHNERIA. (Named for H. Zauschner, a Bohemian bota- 
nist.) 2 


Z. Califérnica, Pres). Cult. for ornament, from Cal., flowering through 
ate summer and autumn ; 1°-2° high; the oval or lanceolate leaves and 


182 EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. 


the pods with downy-tufted seeds resembling those of Epilobium, but the 
handsome scarlet flowers more like those of a Fuchsia; these are single 
and sessile in the axils of the upper and alternate leaves, or at length 
somewhat racemed, about 2" long. 


3. JUSSLBA. (Named for Bernard de Jussieu.) Leaves entire. 
Flowers yellow and axillary, allsummer, 2/ 


J. dectirrens, DC. Wet grounds, Va. to Ill. and S. Erect stems 
and slender branches margined or winged in lines proceeding from the 
bases of the lanceolate leaves, smooth throughout; flowers sessile or 
short-stalked, with 4 lobes of calyx nearly as long as the petals, and 
oblong-club-shaped 4-angled pod. 

J.répens, Linn. Smooth, with creeping or floating and rooting stems, 
oblong leaves tapering into a slender petiole; long-peduncled flowers 
1’ or more across, with 5 calyx lobes, the cylindrical or club-shaped pods 
tapering at the base. In water from S., Ill. 8. 

Var. grandiflora, Mich]. Marshes S.; has hairy stems erect from 
a creeping base ; lanceolate acute leaves; flowers 2’ in diameter, the 
5 cae lobes only half as long as the petals, and pods cylindrical and 
stalked. 


4. LUDWIGIA, FALSE LOOSESTRIFE. (Named for C. G. Ludwig, 
an early German botanist.) Small marsh herbs, with entire leaves ; 
flowers seldom handsome, in summer and autumn. 2, 


§ 1. Leaves alternate, mostly sessile. 


* Flowers peduncled in the upper axils, with yellow petals (about $' long), 
equaling the leaf-like ovate or lance-ovate calyx lobes; stamens and 
styles slender ; pod cubical, strongly 4-angled, opening by a hole at the 
top; stems 2°-8° long. 


L. alternifdlia, Linn. Srrpsox. Common E., the only one found 
far N.; smoothish, branching, with lanceolate leaves tapering to both 
ends; petals scarcely longer than calyx, and angles of pod wing- 
margined, : 

L. virgata, Michx. Downy, with mostly simple stems ; blunt, oblong 
leaves or the upper linear and smaller; and petals twice the length of the 
reflexed calyx. Pine barrens S. . 

L. hirtélla. Raf. Hairy, with simple stems; oblong or lanceolate, 
short and blunt leaves; and petals twice as long as the barely spreading 
calyx lobes. Pine barrens from N. J. 8. 


* * Flowers sessile in the upper avils, small, and with pale yellow petals 
about the length of the persistent calyx lobes; stamens and style short ; 
leaves on flowering stems narrow and linear. 


L. linearis, Walt. Smooth, loosely branched, 1°-3° high with acute 
leaves on the flowering stems, but obovate ones on creeping runners ; 
pods oblong-club-shaped or top-shaped, and much longer than the trian- 
gular-ovate calyx lobes. Swamps from N. J. S. 


* * * Flowers sessile, often clustered, and with no petals, or rarely mere 
rudiments ; leaves mostly lanceolate, some species with obovate or spat- 
ulate leaves on creeping runners; flowering stems mostly 2°-8° long ; 
smooth or smoothish throughout. 


L. cylindrica, Ell. Much branched, with long, lanceolate, and acute 
leaves tapering into a petiole; small axillary flowers, and cylindrical 
nods much longer than the small calyx lobes. Ill. and N. Car. S. 
and W. 


EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. 183 


L. polycarpa, Short & Peter. Smooth leaves, narrowly lanceolate 
and acute at both ends, with conspicuous slender bractlets at the base of 
the 4-sided rather top-shaped pod, which is longer than the calyx lobes. 
Mass. W. 

L. capitata, Michx. Slender, simple stems, angled towards the top; 
long lanceolate leaves ; flowers mostly crowded in an oblong or roundish 
terminal head, and obtusely 4-angled pod longer than the calyx lobes. 
N. Car. S. 

L. alata, Ell. With simple or sparingly branched stems strongly 
angled above; few flowers in the axils of the upper wedge-lanceolate 
leaves, and an inversely pyramidal pod as long as the white calyx lobes, 
with concave sides and winged angles. N. Car. S. 


§ 2. Leaves opposite, obovate, or spatulate, long-petioled, with small and 
nearly sessile flowers in their axils ; stems creeping or floating. 


L. paltistris, Ell. Common in ditches and shallow water; smooth, 
with no petals, or small and reddish ones when the plant grows out of 
water, and oblong, obscurely 4-sided pods longer than the very short 
calyx lobes. 

L. natans, Ell. Larger than the foregoing, and with yellow petals as 
long as the calyx lobes ; the pods tapering to the base. N. Car. S. 


§ 3. Leaves opposite, nearly sessile, with a long-peduncled flower in the 
axil of some of the upper ones ; stems creeping in the mud. 


L. arcuata, Walt. From coast of Va. S.; a small and smooth, deli- 
cate plant, with oblanceolate leaves shorter than the peduncle; yellow 
petals, longer than the slender calyx lobes, and club-shaped somewhat 
curved pod. 


5. CLARKIA. (Named for Captain Clark, the explorer.) Herbs of 
Ore. and Cal., with alternate, mostly entire leaves, and showy flowers 
in the upper axils, or the upper running into a loose raceme; cult. for 
ornament; flowers summer. (1) 


C. pulchélla, Pursh. About 1° high, with narrow, lance-linear leaves, 
deeply 3-lobed petals (purple, with rose-colored and white varieties), 
bearing a pair of minute teeth low down on the slender claw, the lobes 
of the stigma broad and petal-like. There is a partly double-flowered 
variety. 

C. élegans, Dougl. Fully 2° high, commonly flowered in the conser- 
vatory, with long branches; lance-ovate or oblong leaves, the lower 
pétioled, lilac-purple entire petals broader than long, and much shorter 
than their naked claw, smaller lobes to the stigma, and a hairy ovary and 
pod. 


6. EUCHARIDIUM. (Name from the Greek, means charming.) @ 


E. concinnum, Fisch & Mey. Of Cal., cult. for ornament; a low and 
branching plant, like a Clarkia in general appearance, except in the long 
tube to the calyx and with ovate-oblong entire leaves on slender petioles, 
and middle-sized rose-purple or white flowers, in summer. 


7. CENOTHERA, EVENING PRIMROSE. (Greek, application ob- 
scure.) Very many species, all originally American, and most of 
them from the U. S., especially from S. W. and W. The following are 
the principal common ones, both wild and cult. for ornament; flowers 
summer. (Pollen grains loosely connected by cobwebby threads, 
strongly 3-lobed.. See Lessons, p. 103, Fig. 316.) 


184 EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. 


* YELLOW-FLOWERED EVENING PRIMROSES, properly so-called, the flowers 
opening (usually suddenly) in evening twilight, and fading away when 
bright sunshine returns ; odorous ; the yellow petals commonly obcordate. 


+ Stems elongated and leafy; pod cylindrical or spindle-shaped, ses: 
sile. @Q@ 


G. biénnis, Linn. Common E. Wild in open grounds, and the large- 
flowered forms cult. for ornament; erect, 2°-5° high, hairy or smoothish, 
with lance-oblong leaves, entire or obscurely toothed ; flowers at length 
forming a terminal leafy-bracted spike, and petals obcordate ; calyx tips 
appressed or contiguous. Runs into several varieties, of "which the 
largest and finest now cultivated belong to 

Var. grandiflora, Lindl. From S$. W. , Which is tall and stout, with 
corolla 3/—4! in diameter; the sudden opening at dusk is very striking. 

Gi. Oakesiana, Robbins. In New Eng., has a more slender habit, 
not hairy, the fine pubescence mostly appressed ; calyx tips not promi- 
nently contiguous. 

GS. rhombipétala, Nutt. Wild on our western limits ; more slender, 
hoary, 1°-8° high, the rather small flowers with rhombic ovate and acute 

etals. 
€. Drumméndii, Hook. Cult. from Tex. ; has its stems spreading on 
the ground, and large flowers, like those of the first, in the upper axils ; 
the lance-ovate leaves, etc., soft-downy. 

Gs. sinuata, Linn. Wildfrom N. J. S. and W., in sandy ground; 
low and spreading, hairy, with lance-oblong, sinuate or pinnatifid leaves ; 
small flowers in ‘their axils; pale-yellow petals turning rose-color in 
fading, and slender pods. 


+ + Stems short and prostrate or scarcely any ; pod short, 4-winged. @) 2 


Ch. triloba, Nutt. Leaves pinnatifid and cut, like those of Dandelion, 
smooth, all in a tuft at the surface of the ground, on the short crown, 
which in autumn is crowded with the almost woody, pyramidal-ovate, 
narrowly 4-winged sessile pods, forming a mass 3/—5! in diameter ; flowers 
rather small, the slender tube of the calyx 4'—5’ long, its lobes about as 
long as the obscurely 3-lobed or notched pale-yellow petals, which turn 
purplish in fading. Ky. W. and S. 

G3. Missouriénsis, Sims. Cult. from Mo. and Tex.; finely hoary or 
nearly smooth, with many short prostrate stems, 2/-12’ long, from a 
thick woody root ; crowded, lanceolate, entire or denticulate leaves, very 
large and showy flowers in their axils, opening before sunset ; the tube 
of the calyx somewhat enlarging upwards, 3/-7' long; the bright yellow 
corolla 4'-6! across ; pod with 4 very broad wings. 

Var. latifdlia, Gray (or GE. macrocArpa), is a form with larger and 
greener leaves. 


* * Wruirrt and Rep-FLowrRED Primrosgs, usually turning rose-colored 
in fading, some of them opening in the daytime ; petals broadly obovate 
or obcordate ; flower buds commonly nodding. 


@. acaulis, Cay. (or Gi. raraxtcrroiia). From Chile; rather hairy, 
at first stemless, at length forming prostrate stems, with pinnatifid or 
pinnate leaves, after the manner of Dandelion (as one name denotes), 
and very large flowers in the axils, tube of calyx 3/4! long, corolla 
3/-5! across, and a woody, obovate and sharply 4-angled sessile. pod. Q 

CE. specidsa, Nutt. Of Mo. and Tex. ; not hardy in cult. N. ; pubes- 
cent, with erect and branching stems 6/-20! high; lance-oblong, cut- 
toothed leaves, the lower mostly pinnatifid ; flowers somewhat racemeé 
at the summit, and opening in the daytime; calyx tube rather club 
shaped and not much longer than the ovary ; corolla 3’-4' across ; pod 
club-shaped. 2 


EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. 185 


G5. albicawtlis, Nutt. With erect and white, often shreddy stems, 
which are glabrous or nearly so, linear or oblong-lanceolate, entire or 
repand-denticulate, or even sinuate-pinnatifid leaves, linear and sessile, 
curved or twisted pods ; grows from W. Minn. to N. Mex., and is cult. 2 

@. résea, Ait. Mexican Primrose. Minutely downy, with slender 
spreading stems 6/-24! high, ovate or lance-oblong leaves, the lower 
sometimes rather pinnatifid, and red-purple diurnal flowers, 1’ across in 
leafy racemes ; pods club-shaped. Mex. @ @) 


* * * YELLOW-FLOWERED, DIURNAL PrimROsSES, sometimes called SuN- 
props, the blossoms opening in bright sunshine ; petals mostly obcordate ; 
stems leafy; leaves obscurely toothed or entire. Wild species of the 
country, all but the last occasionally cultivated. @ 


+ Pod short-oblong or obovate, broadly 4-wing-angled. 


CG. glatca, Michx. Wild from Va. and Ky., near and in the moun- 
tains S.; 1°-2° high, smooth, pale and glaucous, leafy to the top; leaves 
ovate or lance-ovate ; corolla 2’ or more in diameter. 


+ + Pod club-shaped, somewhat 4-wing-angled above, with 4 intervening 
ribs. 


G5. frutisosa, Linn. Wild in open places; not shrubby, as the name 
would imply ; hairy or nearly smooth, with oblong or lanceolate leaves, 
somewhat corymbed flowers 1}/-2’ in diameter, and short-stalked or 
nearly sessile, more or less pubescent pods. 

Var. linearis, Wats. Wild from Conn. S., near the coast; linear or 
lance-linear leaves, 2ad pods tapering into a slender stalk. A spreading 
form is cultivated. 

G5. pumila, Linn. In fields, etc.; nearly smooth, 5-12’ high, with 
mostly simple, erect or ascending stem; oblanceolate entire leaves, and 
scattered flowers, the corolla less than 1’ across, and smooth pods short- 
stalked or sessile. 


8. GODETIA. (Named for Charles Godet, botanist and entomologist 
at Neufchatel.) Western American annuals, in gardens. The species 
are often referred to (Enothera. 


* Capsule ovate or oblong ; the seeds in 2 rows. 


G. purpurea, Wats. Very leafy to the top, rather stout, 10’-20 high, 
at length with many short branches ; leaves pale, lance-oblong, entire, 
and sessile; corolla 1!-1}’ across, purple, with a dark eye; short and 
broad lobes of stigma dark-colored ; pods short and thick, rather conical, 
hairy. 

G. grandiflora, Lindl. (or G. Wuirney1). Stout and nearly simple, 
with lanceolate leaves acute at both ends and borne on a short petiole, 
entire or obscurely denticulate ; flowers 2’ or more across, light-purple, 
and usually with a purple spot in the center of each petal; stigma lobes 
linear ; capsule puberulent. : 


* * Capsule linear ; the seeds in a single row. 


G. amena, Lilja. (G. Linprey1 and G. rugictnpa). Rather slender, 
1°-2° high; leaves linear or lanceolate, entire or very nearly so, with 
short petioles ; petals white or rose-colored, }/—1}/ long, sometimes hairy - 
stigma lobes linear. 


9. LOPEZIA (Named for T. Lopez, an early Spanish naturalist.) @ 


L. racemdsa, Cav. Cult. sparingly, from Mexico; a slender, branch- 
ing, nearly smooth plant, with alternate, ovate or lance-oblong leaves on 


186 EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. 


slender petioles, the branches terminated with loose racemes of small 
rose-pink or sometimes white flowers (only }/ in diameter), on slender 
pedicels from the axil of leafy bracts, produced all summer, followed by 
very small round pods. 


10. FUCHSIA. (Named for Z. Fuchs, an early German botanist.) 
Well-known, ornamental, tender, shrubby plants, or even trees, chiefly 
natives of the Andes from Mexico to Fuegia, mostly smooth, with oppo. 
site or ternately whorled leaves. The best known species are the fol. 


lowing : — * Erect-flowered species. 


+ Flowers solitary ; plant diewcious. 


F. procémbens, R. Cunn., from N. Zealand, is a trailing species witt 
small ovate leaves which are very light colored beneath, and small, apet. 
alous, axillary flowers, with an orange calyx tube, and spreading or ai 
length reflexed, dark-purple, obtuse lobes. 


+ + Flowers in a naked and compound terminal panicle-like cluster, 
perfect. 


F. arboréscens, Sims. TrexE F., from Mexico; a stout shrub, with 
oblong or lance-oblong entire leaves, acute at both ends and usually 
whorled ; flowers light rose-color, 3/ long, with narrow, oblong, widely 
spreading calyx lobes, and spreading petals rather longer than the tube, 
about as long as the stamens and style. 


* * Drooping-flowered species. 


+ Short-flowered Fuchsias or Ladies’ Eardrops, with the lobes of the nor- 
mally red calyx longer than the tube and than the petals; the latter 
normally violet or blue, obovate and retuse, convolute around the base 
of the projecting filaments and still longer style; flowers hanging on 
long peduncles from the axils of the leaves. Common conservatory 
and house plants. 


F. macrostémma, Ruiz & Pav. The common species, in many forms; 
has dentate leaves on slender petioles ; calyx tube oblong or short-cylin- 
drical, more or less shorter than the spreading lobes. The species now 
greatly varied in color ; some varieties with calyx white or light and the 
petals deeply colored, some with the reverse ; also double-flowered, the 
petals being multiplied. Chile. F. coccfnea, F. MaGeivAntoa, F. cén- 
ica, F. erdcriis, and F. eropdsa are now commonly referred to this 
species, although the last, with globular or ovoid calyx tube and nearly 
globular small flowers, is perhaps specifically distinct. 


+ + Long-flowered Fuchsias, with trumpet-shaped or slightly funnel- 
shaped tube of the calyx 2'-3! long, very much longer than the spread- 
ing lobes, which little exceed the acute or pointed, somewhat spreading 
petals ; stamens and style little projecting ; flowers crowded into a rather 
close, drooping raceme or corymb at the end of the branches; leaves 
large, 5'-7' long. The following species are seen only in choice 
collections. 


F. fdlgens, Mog. & Sesse, from Mexico ; smooth, with ovate, somewhat 
heart-shaped leaves, and scarlet flowers, the lance-ovate calyx lobes often 
tinged with green. 

F. corymbifléra, Ruiz & Pay., from Peru; mostly pubescent, with lance 
oblong and taper-pointed, almost entire leaves, and red flowers, the lance- 
olate calyx lobes and the lance-oblong petals taper-pointed, at length 
widely spreading. 


LOASA FAMILY. 187 


Ne CIRC ABA, ENCHANTER’S NIGHTSHADE. (Named from Circe, 
the enchantress, it is not obvious why ; the plants are insignificant and 
inert, natives of damp woods, flowering in summer.). 2 


C. Lutetiana, Linn. The common species, is 1°-2° high, branching, 
with ovate and slightly toothed leaves ; no bracts under the pedicels ; the 
rounded little fruit 2-celled and beset with bristly hairs. 

C. alpina, Linn. Common only N. or in mountainous regions ; smooth 
and delicate, 3/6’ high, with thin and heart-shaped, coarsely toothed leaves, 
minute bracts, and obovate or club-shaped fruit, 1-celled and soft-hairy. 


12. GAURA. (Name in Greek means superb, which these plants are 
not.) Flowers all summer. 


G. Lindheiméri, Engelm. & Gray, of Texas; cult. for ornament, nearly 
hardy N. ; about 3° high, hairy, with lanceolate, sparingly toothed ieaves ; 
long, weak branches producing a continued succession of handsome, white 
flowers ; the calyx hairy outside; petals nearly 1’ long. 2 

G. biénnis, Linn. The common wild species ; 3°-8° high, soft-hairy or 
downy, with oblong-lanceolate obscurely toothed leaves, small, white, or 
flesh-colored flowers, and downy fruit. @ 


. 


13. TRAPA, WATER CALTROPS or WATER CHESTNUT. (From 
Latin for the Caltrops, a 4-spined instrument for impeding naviga- 
tion in times of war.) 


T. ndtans, Linn. A curious water plant, occasionally cult., with small, 
axillary, white flowers, and large nut-like fruits with 2 large and 2 smaller 
horns. The seeds are eaten in parts of S. Eu., where the species is native. @ 


XLVIII. LOASACEH, LOASA FAMILY. 


Herbs with rough pubescence, and some with stinging bris- 
tles, no stipules; a 1-celled ovary coherent with the tube of the 
calyx (which is little if at all extended beyond it), and mostly 
with 3-5 parietal placentz, in fruit a pod, few—many-seeded ; 
persistent calyx lobes and true petals mostly 5, and often an 
additional inner set of petals; stamens commonly numerous, 
often in 5 clusters; style single. 


«x Erect or spreading, not twining ; leaves alternate ; petals flat. 


1. MENTZELIA. Petals lanceolate, spatulate, or obovate, deciduous. Filaments long 
and slender, or some of the outermost broadened or petal-like, all inserted below the 
petals. Anthers short and small. Style 3-cleft. Pod top-shaped, club-shaped, or 
cylindrical, straight. Seeds few, rarely many, on 3 parietal placente. Herbage 
rough with short stiff pubescence, or bristly, but not stinging. 

2. EUCNIDE. Differs in having the stamens united to the conjoined bases of the petals, 
and with them falling off in a ring. Style 5-cleft. Seeds many and minute, on 5 
broad placente. Pod short. Flowers showy, yellow, opening in bright sunshine. 


* «x Twining herbs; leaves opposite, petioled ; petals hood-shaped or slipper-shaped. 


8. BLUMENBACHIA. Petals 5, spreading, and as many scale-like small ones or append- 
ages alternate with them. Stamens in 5 sets, one before each petal, with very slender 
filaments ; also 10 sterile filaments, a pair before each appendage. Ovary and many- 
seeded pod, 10-ribbed, when old, spirally twisted and splitting lengthwise. Peduncles 
axillary, mostly 1-flowered. Herbage beset with sharp br‘ tles, commonly stinging 
like nettles. Flowers on long axillary peduncles. 


188 LOASA FAMILY. 


1. MENTZELIA. (Named for C. Mentzel, an early German botanist. ) 
Flowers summer or autumn. (@) @) Includes the Barronta of Nuttall. 


§ 1. Pod 3-9-seeded; flowers small, yellow, opening in sunshine. @ @ 


M. oligospérma, Nutt. Open dry ground from Ill., S. W.; a rough 
and adhesive homely plant, with spreading brittle branches, ovate and 
oblong angled or cut-toothed leaves, and yellow flowers less than 1! broad, 
with 5 wedge-oblong pointed petals, and about 20 (or sometimes more) 
slender filaments. 


§ 2. Bartonra of authors, not of Muhlenberg. Pod mostly long, contain- 
ing many or at least 20 cubical or slat seeds ; flowers large and showy ; 
petals 1'-2' long; herbage rough. 


M. Lindley, Torr. & Gray. Cult. from Cal., usually under the name 
of BarTonrA AUREA. Plant 19-2° high, with leaves lance-ovate in out- 
line and deeply pinnatifid, their lobes linear ; flowers with 5 obovate and 
pointed, bright yellow petals, opening in sunshine, and the very numerous 
filaments all slender. 

M. ornata, Torr. & Gray. The Barronra ornAta of Nuttall, a very 
large-flowered species of the plains of Nebraska and S. ; 2°-4° high, with 
oblong-lanceolate sinuate-pinnatifid leaves, and yellowish-white, fragrant 
flowers opening at sunset or on a cloudy afternoon, leafy-bracted under 
the ovary, and with 10 lance-ovate or spatulate, acute petals, about 2! 
long, the 5 inner narrower, and the 200-300 filaments all slender; seeds 
very many and flat. Sometimes cult. 

M. nuda, Torr. & Gray. The Barronta nupA of Nuttall, of the same 
district, and also in cultivation ; resembles the last, but has flowers of 
half the size and without leafy bracts under the ovary; outer filaments 
mostly broadened ; seeds wing-margined. @) 


2. EUCNIDE. (Greek: well, nettle; probably in reference to the 
sharp hairs.) The genus is often referred to Mentzelia. Known in 
gardens by one species. 


E. bartonioldes, Zucc. (or MENTZELIA BARTONIOIDES or M. LONGIPES). 
Cult. from Mex. and Tex. ; a tender succulent plant, branching and usu- 
ally spreading on the ground, bristly, with ovate cut-toothed or slightly 
lobed leaves on slender petioles, and flowers mostly on still longer simple 
peduncles (3/-6! long), the 5 ovate petals and very many slender fila- 
ments fully 1’ long. @ 


3. BLUMENBACHIA. (Named for the distinguished German physi- 
ologist, Blumenbach.) Includes Ca16pHora, and species often referred 
to LoAsa. Flowers all summer. 


B. insignis, Schrad. Cult. from Chile; rather curious than orna- 
mental, with palmately about 5-parted leaves ; small flowers with white 
petals and yellow, red-tipped, inner appendages ; the pod obovate, slightly 
twisted, with 5 strongly projecting placente. @ 

B. Jateritia, Gray. From South America, under the name of LoAsa or 
CalOpHORA LATER{TIA ; climbing freely ; with pinnatifid or pinnate leaves 
of 5 or more lance-ovate divisions or leaflets, which are cut-toothed or 
some of them again pinnatifid ; flowers almost 2’ across, with brick-red 
petals ; the long pod at length much twisted. 

8. grandiflora, G. Don (or B. contérta). Is a greenhouse climber 
with orange-red flowers, bearing cup-like scales within, and oblong or 
ovate pinnatifid leaves, the lobes incised, Peru. 


PASSION FLOWER FAMILY. 189 


XLIX. PASSIFLORACEA, PASSION FLOWER FAMILY. 


Represented mainly by the Passion flowers described below. 
In conservatories may be found one or two species of Tacso- 
nr, differing from true Passion flowers in having a long tube 
to the flowers; also the true Papaw, Carica Papaya. 


1. PASSIFLORA, PASSION FLOWER. (Flower of the Passion; 
the early Roman Catholic missionaries in South America finding in 
them symbols of the crucifixion, the crown of thorns in the fringes of 
the flower, nails in the styles with their capitate stigmas, hammers to 
drive them in the stamens, cords in the tendrils.) Herbs or woody 
plants with alternate leaves and conspicuous stipules, climbing by 
simple axillary tendrils ; the flowers also axillary, usually with 3 bracts 
underneath, and a joint in the peduncle; calyx with a very short tube 
or cup, and 5 divisions which are colored inside like the petals, and 
often with a claw-like tip ; petals 5 on the throat of the calyx, or some- 
times none; within them the conspicuous crown of numerous filaments 
or rays, forming a double or more compound fringe; stamens 5, with 
narrow-oblong versatile anthers, their filaments united in a tube below, 
sheathing and adhering more or less to the long stalk which supports 
the 1-celled ovary ; styles 3; stigmas capitate ; fruit berry-like, edible 
in several species. 

* Herbaceous. 
+ Petals present. 2 


P. lutea, Linn. Low grounds from S. Penn. to Ill. and §. ; slender, 
low-climbing, with the 3 short and blunt lobes of the leaves entire, and a 
greenish-yellow flower of no beauty, barely 1 wide. 

P. incarnata, Linn. The fruit, called Maypor in S. States, edible, 
as large as a hen’s egg ; trailing or low-climbing, with deeply 3-cleft ser- 
rate leaves, a pair of glands on the petiole, and one or more on the small 
bracts, the purple crown of the handsome flower (2'—3! across) rather 
longer than the pale petals. Dry ground from Va. and Ky. S. 


++ Petals absent. @ 


P. gr&cilis, Link. Slender herb, with roundish and slightly 3-lobed, 
otherwise entire leaves, and whitish merely 5-cleft flower only 1! in diam- 
eter, destitute of true petals. Remarkable for the quick movement of its 
tendrils. S. America. 

* * Woody. South American. 


+ Leaves palmately lobed ; flower widely spreading. 


P. cerulea, Linn. The Common or Biue Passion Frower. With 
leaves very deeply cleft or parted into 5 or 7 lance-oblong, entire divisions, 
pale ; and flower almost white, except the purple center and blue crown 
banded with whitish in the middle. 

P. édulis, Sims. GRanapiLtya. The purplish edible fruit as large as a 
goose egg ; leaves dark green and glossy, deeply cleft into 3 ovate, pointed 
lobes beset with callous teeth ; bracts under the flower also toothed ; the 
crown crisped, 2! across, whitish with a blue or violet base, as long as the 
white petals, 


190 GOURD FAMILY. 


+ + Leaves entire, feather-veined ; flower bell-shaped. 


P. qguadranguléris, Linn, Larce Granapitia. Very large, with the 
branches 4-sided and the angles wing-margined ; leaves 4/-8’ long, ovate 
or oval, or slightly heart-shaped, bright green, with 2-4 pairs of glands on 
the petiole; flower about 3/ long, fragrant, crimson-purple and the violet 
or blue crown variegated with white. Fruit rarely formed here, edible, 
6! loag. 


L. CUCURBITACEZ, GOURD FAMILY. 


Mostly tendril-bearing herbs, with succulent but not fleshy 
herbage, watery juice, alternate palmately ribbed and mostly 
lobed or angled leaves, moncecious or sometimes dicecious 
flowers; the calyx coherent with the ovary, corolla more com- 
monly monopetalous, and stamens usually 5, of which one has 
a 1-celled, the others 2-celled anthers; but the anthers are 
commonly tortuous and often all combined in a head, and the 
filaments sometimes all united in a tube or column. Fruit 
usually fleshy. Embryo large, filling the seed, straight, mostly 
with flat or leaf-like cotyledons. 


§ 1. Flowers large or middle-sized, on separate simple peduncles in the axils ; anthers 
with long and narrow cells, bent up and down or contorted ; ovules and seeds 
many, horizontal, on mostly 3 simple or double placente ; fruit (of the sort 
called a pepo) large, fleshy or pulpy with a harder rind. 


x Both kinds of flowers solitary in the axils. 


1. LAGENARIA. Tendrils 2-forked. Flowers musk-scented, with a funnel-form or bell- 
shaped calyx tube, and 5 obcordate or obovate and mucronate white petals ; the sterile 
on a long, the fertile on a shorter, peduncle. Anthers lightly cohering with each 
other. Stigmas 3, each 2-lobed. Fruit with a hard or woody rind and soft flesh. 
Seeds margined. Petiole bearing a pair of glands at the apex. 

2. CUCURBITA. Tendrils 2-5-forked. Flowers large, with a bell-shaped or short funnel- 
form 5-cleft yellow corolla, its base adherent to the bell-shaped tube of the calyx. 
Stamens from the bottom of the flower; anthers long-linear, much curved, all three 
united into a small head. Stigmas 3, each 2-lobed. Fruit fleshy with a firmer rind. 
Seeds mostly margined. 

8. CITRULLUS. Tendrils 2-3-forked. Flowers with a short bell-shaped calyx tube, and 
a deeply 5-cleft, widely open, pale yellow corolla. Stamens with very short filaments ; 
anthers lightly cohering. Stigmas 3, kidney-shaped. Seeds marginless, imbedded in 
the enlarged pulpy placente. 


* « Sterile flowers clustered, fertile ones solitary in the axils. 


4. CUCUMIS. Tendrils simple. Corolla of 5 almost separate, acute petals. Stamens 
separate; anthers with only one bend. Stigmas 3, blunt. Fruit with a fleshy rind. 
Seeds not margined. 


§ 2. Flowers of one or both sorts in racemes, panicles, corymbs, or long-stalked 
clusters. 


* Fruit large and gourd-like ; flowers large. 


5. LUFFA. Flowers cream-colored or orange, with obcordate or obovate petals; the 
staminate ones in a raceme on a long stalk; the pistillate, solitary and peduncled. 
Tendrils variously branched. Fruit long-cylindrical, dry when ripe, green, the 
{nterior fibrous and sponge-like. 


GOURD FAMILY. 191i 


« x Fruit small and berry-like; flowers very small for this Family. 


+ Fruit smooth; ovules and seeds many, horizontal, on 3 placente ; filaments sepa 
rate; anthers straightish ; tendrils simple. 


6. MELOTHRIA. Flowers yellow or greenish, the sterile in small racemes, the fertile 
solitary on a long and slender peduncle. Corolla open bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Anthers 
slightly united, soon separate. Fertile flower with calyx tube constricted above the 
ovary. 


+ + Fruit prickly ; ovules and seeds \-4, large and vertical ; filaments monadelphous ; 
anthers tortuous ; tendrils 3-forked. 


7. ECHINOCYSTIS. Flowers white, the sterile in compound racemes or panicles, the 
fertile solitary or in small clusters from the same axils. Corolla wheel-shaped, of 6 
narrow petals united at the base. Anthers more or less united in a mass. Style 
hardly any; stigma broad. Fruit oval o. roundish, beset with weak, simple prickles, 
bursting irregularly at the top when ripe; the outer part fleshy under the thin, gree. 
rind, becoming dry ; the inner part a fibrous network making 2 obloug cells, each 
divided at the base into two 1-seeded compartments. Seeds large, blackish, hard- 
coated, erect from the base of the fruit. 

8. SICYOS. Flowers greenish-white, the sterile in corymbs or panicles, the fertile (very 
small) in a little head on a long peduncle, mostly from the same axils. Corolla nearly 
wheel-shaped, 5-cleft. Anthers short, united in a little head. Style slender ; stigmas 
8. Ovary tapering into a narrow neck below the rest of the flower, 1-celled, becom- 
ing a dry and indehiscent, ovate or flattish-spindle-shaped, bur-like fruit, beset with 
stiff and barbed bristles, filled by the single hanging seed. 


1. LAGENARIA, BOTTLE GOURD. (Latin lagena, a bottle.) @ 


L. vulgaris, Ser. Borrie, SNake, and Sucar-rrovucH GourD, CaLa- 
BASH. Cult. from Africa and Asia; climbing freely, rather clammy- 
pubescent and musky-scented, with rounded leaves, long-stalked flowers, 
white petals greenish-veiny, and fruit of very various shape, usually 
club-shaped, or long and much enlarged at the apex and slightly at base, 
the hard rind used for vessels, dippers, etc. 


2. CUCURBITA, PUMPKIN, SQUASH, GOURD. (Latin name.) @ 
The very numerous cultivated forms, strikingly different in their fruit, 
belong to three botanical species. Probably native to America. 


* Stalks and somewhat lobed leaves rough-bristly almost prickly ; flower- 
stalks obtusely angled, that of the fruit strongly 5-8-ridged and with 
intervening deep grooves, usually enlarging next the fruit; hollow 
interior of the fruit traversed by coarse and separate, soft or pulpy 
threads ; flower tube jlaring, the lobes pointed and erect. 


C. Pépo, Linn. Pumpxiy. Cult., as now, along wita Indian Corn, by 
the North American Indians before the coming of the whites. The chief 
types are: the common Fie_p Pumpkin used for pies and fed to stock ; 
the Busu ScaLtop SquasueEs with white or yellow fruit flattened endwise 
and the vines scarcely running ; the SummMER CrooKk-NECK or WARTY 
Squasues, with white or yellow J-shaped fruits, and vines seldom run- 
ning ; the Gourps, small, very hard-shelled fruits of many shapes and 
colors borne on slender running vines. 


* * Stalks and bright yreen 5-T-lobed leaves pubescent with soft hairs ; 
Sruit stalk 5-ridged, prominently enlarged where it joins the fruit, the 
central pulp less thready ; flower tube much like x, the lobes broader: 
calyx lobes often leafy. 


C. moschata, Duchesne. CuHina, CusHaw, Canaba CROOK-NECK, 
Winter CroOK-NECK SQuasHEs. Cult. for the edible fruit, which is 


192 GOURD FAMILY. 


club-shaped, pear-shaped, or long-cylindrical, often large with a glau- 
cous-whitish surface, often green-striped. 


x * * Stalks and almost kidney-shaped or roundish leaves roughish 
hairy ; flower stalks terete, that of the fruit thick, many-striate but not 
ridged and grooved ; inner pulp copious and not thready; flower tube 
nearly cylindrical or even gibbous below, the lobes obtuse and drooping. 


C. maxima, Duchesne. Wynter and TursBan Squasn. Fruit rounded, 
or ovate and pointed, often grooved lengthwise, varying from 6/ to 3° in 
length or breadth, the hard flesh yellow or orange. The crowned or 
TurBAN SquasuHeEs have the top of the fruit projecting beyond an encir- 
cling line or constriction which marks the margin of the adherent calyx 
tube. Here belong the best fall and winter squashes, as HusBarp, 
Boston Marrow, etc. 


3, CITRULLUS, WATERMELON. (Name made from Citrus, Latin 
for Orange or Citron.) 


C. vulgaris, Schrad. WartrerMeton. Cult. from Asia. Prostrate, 
with leaves deeply 3-5-lobed, and the divisions again lobed or sinuate- 
pinnatifid, pale or bluish; the refreshing edible pulp of the fruit, in 
which the dark seeds are imbedded, consists of the enlarged and juicy 
placente, which are reddish or rarely white.— The so-called Cirron of 
gardens is a variety with a firm or hard flesh, used for preserving. 


4. CUCUMIS, MELON and CUCUMBER. . (The Latin name.) 


C. Mélo, Linn. Merton, Muskmeton, Cantatoupe. Leaves round- 
heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, the lobes, if any, and sinuses rounded ; 
fruit with a smooth rind and sweet fiesh, the edible part being the inner 
portion of the pericarp, the thin and watery placente being discarded 
with the seeds. S. Asia. Var. flexudsus, the SERPENT MELON, some- 
times called Syake Cucumber, is a strange variety with a long and 
snake-like fruit. Var. Dudaim, with small curiously mottled fruits grown 
for their novelty and agreeable odor, is the VEGETABLE POMEGRANATE, 
QuEEN ANNE’s Pockret MELON, or C. oporatfsstmus. Var. Chito is the 
VEGETABLE ORANGE or LEMON or APPLE, also called Vine PrEAcH, dis- 
tinguished by slender vines and yellow sourish fruits the size of a goose 
egg. 

C. sativus, Linn. Cucumper. Leaves more or less lobed, the lobes 
acute, the middle one more prominent, often pointed; fruit rough or 
muricate when young, smooth when mature, eaten unripe. S. Asia. 

C. Anguria, Linn. West InpIAN or Burr GHERKIN. GOOSEBERRY 
Gourp. Stems slender and hispid; leaves deeply cut into 3-5 narrow 
segments ; flowers small, long-stalked ; fruit 1/-2! long, rough and spiny. 


5. LUFFA, RAG GOURD, DISHCLOTH GOURD. (Arabic name. ) 
@ 


L. cylindrica, Rem. <A cucumber-like vine with grape-like leaves about 
5-angled or lobed and irregularly toothed ; fruit 10/-20/ long, often curved, 
cylindrical and smooth, green, pointed at the apex, the interior portion 
becoming detached when dry and useful as a sponge ; whence the names 
VEGETABLE SponGceE and DisHcLotH GourpD. ‘Tropics. 


6. MELOTHRIA. (An ancient Greek name for some sort of grape.) 2 


M. péndula, Linn. From Va. S., is a delicate low-climber, with 
roundish or heart-shaped and 5-angled or lobed, roughish leaves, minute 
flowers, in summer, and oval green berries. 


BEGONIA ‘FAMILY. 193 


7. ECHINOCYSTIS, WILD BALSAM APPLE, WILD CUCUM- 
BER. (Name from Greek for hedgehog and bladder.) @ 
BE. lobata, Torr. & Gray. Low grounds, chiefly N. and W., and cult. 
for arbors ; tall-climbing, smoothish, with strongly and sharply 5-lobed 


leaves ; copious and rather pretty white flowers, produced all summer, and 
oval fruit 2’ long, dry and bladdery after opening ; seeds flat, 


8. SICYOS, STAR CUCUMBER. (Ancient Greek name of Cu- 
cumber.) (@ 
S. angulatus, Linn. A weed in damp or shady grounds, commoner 
S.; climbing high; clammy-hairy, with roundish, heart-shaped and 5- 


angled or slightly lobed leaves ; inconspicuous flowers, and little bur-like 
fruits beset with deciduous, barbed prickles. 


LI. BEGONIACEH, BEGONIA FAMILY. 


Somewhat succulent, herbaceous or more or less woody- 
stemmed, mostly perennial house plants, with alternate and 
unequal-sided leaves, deciduous stipules, and moncecious 
flowers in cymes or clusters on axillary peduncles, numerous 
stamens, inferior triangular ovary, becoming a many-seeded 
pod, — represented in choice cultivation by the genus 


1. BEGONIA, ELEPHANT’S EAR, BEEFSTEAK GERANIUM. 
(Named for M. Begon, Governor of St. Domingo 200 years ago.) 
Flowers with the calyx and corolla colored alike, sometimes dull but 
usually handsome, both kinds commonly in the same cyme, and flat in 
the bud; the outer pieces answering to sepals, mostly 2, valvate in 
the bud; the inner, or true petals, 2, or in the fertile flowers usually 
3 or 4, or not rarely wanting, in the sterile flowers surrounding a 
cluster of numerous stamens with short filaments ; in the fertile are 3 
styles with thick or lobed stigmas. Ovary and pod triangular, often 
3-winged. These curious plants are remarkable for the beauty of the 
leaves of many species, as well as for flowers of many colors and 
patterns. There are very many species and hybrids. Following are 
some of the commonest : — 


I. Tuserous Becontas. Low or even stemless plants, arising from a 
bulb-like tuber, and bearing very large (2!-4! across) showy flowers, 
generally in summer and autumn ; leaves not showy. A new class of 
popular flowers, developed chiefly from the following, which are natives 
of Peru and Bolivia. 


x Stemless; scapes 4'-12! high. 


B. Davisii, Veitch. Leaves on very short stalks, ovate-cordate, some- 
what hairy, glossy green, the under surface, like the scapes and flowers, 
bright red; flowers 2’ across, on 3-6-flowered scapes, 4/-6’ high, and 
standing above the leaves; petals 4. 

B. rosefléra, Hook. Leaves orbicular or kidney-shaped, lobed and - 
toothed ; flowers 2’ across, rose-red, on hairy, about 3-flowered, stout 
scapes ; petals 5. 


GRAY’S F. F. & G. BOT. —13 


194 BEGONIA FAMILY. 


* * Stem evident, but often short; mostly taller. 


8. Véitchii, Hook. Stem very short; leaves roundish, scallop-lobed, 
with ciliate margins, and a red spot near the center; scape 12/ high, 
bearing twin brick-red flowers, 2! or more across, with 5 rounded, spread- 
ing petals. This and the last are types of many garden forms. 

B. Péarcei, Hook. A foot high, with lance-cordate leaves, reddish- 
tomentose beneath; flowers yellow, several, on rather slender pedi- 
cels. 

B. Boliviénsis, A. DC. About 2°, branching ; leaves nearly lanceolate, 
very sharply serrate ; flowers large (2’ long), bright red, in drooping 
panicles ; the petals lanceolate-acute, not spreading. 


II. Non-Tuserovus (except B. Evansiana), comprising a great variety of 
species, some of them from short subterranean rhizomes and stemless. 


* Stemless ; leaves, or especially the petioles, and the peduncles or scapes, 
bristly-hairy, these all from a fleshy tuberous or creeping rootstock. 


+ Leaves large, obliquely heart-shaped, toothed or merely wavy-margined, 
variously silvered or variegated above, reddish or purple beneath ; 
Jlowers rather large, but not showy; cult. for their foliage, now much 
crossed and mixed. 


B. Réx, Putz. The most prized and now the commonest species of the 
group, with the leaf silver-banded or silvery all over the upper face; and 
smooth, pale, rose-colored flowers. Himalaya. 

B. Griffithii, Hook. Like the preceding, but leaves and stalks more 
downy-hairy, and the almost white flowers hairy outside. Himalaya. 

B. xanthina, Hook. With leaves, etc., much as in the two preceding, 
but the flowers yellow. Himalaya. 


+ + Leaves deeply about 7-cleft ; flowers with only the 2 sepals, no petals. 


B. heracleifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. With rather large and rounded, 
hardly oblique leaves, smooth above and sometimes variegated, the lobes 
broad lanceolate and cut-toothed, and small, pale rose or whitish flowers. 
Mexico. 

B. RICINIFOLIA is a hybrid of the last and B. peponifolia. 


x * Stems elongated, naked, bearing tubers or bulblets in the axils ; leaves 
slightly bristly-hairy above and more so on the sharp teeth. 


B. Evansiana, Andr. (or B. pfscoLtor), an old-fashioned species from 
China, now rare, almost hardy even N., producing all summer showy, 
rose-colored flowers in the open ground; the ovate and heart-shaped, 
pointed leaves not very oblique, red beneath. 


* * « Stems fleshy, erect or ascending ; leaves smooth and naked above, 
bristle-bearing on the toothed or cut margins and long petioles ; flowers 
with the 2 colored sepals, but seldom any petals. 


B. manicata, Cels. A handsome species of the conservatory, remark- 
able for the purple, bristle-bearing scales or fringes on the apex or upper 
part of the petiole, and similar smaller tufts on the ribs of the lower face 
of the large and broadly ovate-heart-shaped leaves; flowers small, but 
numerous and elegant, in an open panicle on a very long, naked peduncle, 
flesh-colored. Mexico. 

B. phyllomaniaca, Mart. Stem thickly beset with leaf-like scales or 
little adventitious leaves, from which the plant may be propagated, both 
- leafstalks and peduncles bristly, the large leaves ovate-heart-shaped and 
tapering to a narrow point, their margins cut-toothed, and rather large 
but not showy flowers. Brazil. 


CACTUS FAMILY. 195 


* 2 * * Leafy-stemmed, rather tall-growing; leaves and whole plant 
smooth and naked. 


+ Leaves ovate or oblong, not heart-shaped, very small (1! or less long). 


B. fuchsioldes, Hook. So-called because the bright scarlet flowers, 
hanging on a slender drooping stalk, may be likened to those of Fuchsia ; 
the crowded and small green and glossy ovate leaves only a little unequal- 
sided at base, serrate with bristle-tipped teeth ; stem tall and strict. 
Mexico. 

B. foliésa, HBK. Lower, stem diffuse; leaves oblong and smaller, 
obtuse at the base, strongly setose-serrate ; flowers numerous, white 
tinged with pink. S. America. 


+ + Leaves obliquely heart-shaped or half heart-shaped at base. 
++ Almost entire. 


B. nitida, Dryander. Leaves obliquely heart-shaped and glossy, green 
both sides, and with large, light rose-colored flowers. Jamaica. 

B. sanguinea, Raddi. Leaves large and fleshy, obliquely ovate-heart- 
' shaped, having a narrow revolute margin, pale green above, red beneath, 
as are the stalks ; the flowers white, not showy. Brazil. 

B. maculata, Raddi. Cult. under the name of B. arcyrrostfema, both 
names referring to the silvery-white spots scattered over the upper face 
of the leaves, which are narrower and more oblong than in the preced- 
ing, purplish or crimson beneath, the margin cartilaginous but not revo- 
lute, the flowers white or flesh-colored. Brazil. 

B. coccinea, Ruiz. Flowers scarlet, as the name denotes (but cult. as 
B. rdsRa), and oblong half heart-shaped leaves, glossy above, and green 
both sides or purple at the margin, which is a little wavy-toothed. 
Flowers long, with red pedicels, wax-like. Tall. Peru. 


++ ++ Prominently serrate or crenate. 


B. incarnata, Link & Otto (including B. merAtiica). From Mexico; is 
2° high, with swollen joints, sinuate-serrate green or bronze leaves on 
short stalks, and large, rose-colored, nodding flowers. 

B. sempérflorens, Link & Otto. Stem stout and fleshy ; leaves ovate, 
subcordate and rather acute, crenate-undulate or serrate and ciliate, 
glossy green ; flowers rather large, white or rose-colored, in small axillary 
clusters near the top of the stem. S. Brazil. 


LII. CACTACEZ, CACTUS FAMILY. 


Fleshy plants of peculiar aspect, mostly persistent and des- 
titute of foliage; the leaves supplied by the green rind of 
the flattened, columnar, globular, or various-shaped stem; the 
perfect solitary and sessile flower with calyx adherent to 
the ovary, its lobes or sepals, the petals, and the stamens 
numerous, usually in several ranks, the latter mostly very 
numerous; ovary 1-celled with several parietal placentz; style 
single, with several stigmas; the fruit a 1-celled and generally 
many-seeded pulpy berry. (Lessons, Figs. 111, 229.) Nu 
‘merous species, all but one native to the New World. Many 
are cultivated, but their study requires special knowledge, avd 
only the leading group-forms are specified here. ‘ 


196 CACTUS FAMILY. 


§ 1. Tube formed of the united sepals, more or less extenaed beyond the ovary ; stem 
either coutinuous or jointed. 


x Stems or branches 3-many-angled, or grooved, or terete, and with tubercles or woolly 
tufts bearing a cluster of spines, prickles, or bristles. 


+ Stem mostly elongated, rarely globular ; flower tube scaly. 


1, CEREUS. Stem regularly ribbed or angled lengthwise, and with the clusters of spiner 
or bristles on the ridges one above the other. Flowers from the side of the stem, 
commonly with a conspicuous tube, which, with the ovary below, is beset with scale- 
like sepals and generally with woolly or bristly tufts in their axils. Petals numerous 
and spreading. 

+ + Stem globular or very short ; flower tube not scaly. 


2. ECHINOCACTUS. Stem with many ribs or ridges, bearing clusters of spines one 
above the other. Flowers naked at the summit of the ridges, and with a short or 
very short tube; otherwise as in Cereus. 

8. MAMILLARIA. Stems mostly tufted, not ribbed, covered with distinct and strongly 
projecting nipple-shaped tubercles, which are arranged in spiral order and tipped with 
a cluster of prickles. Flowers from the axils of the tubercles, with a short tube. 
Ovary and berry not scaly. 


« x Stems and branches of flat and leaf-like joints, with the margins more or less 
toothed or crenate, and with an evident woody center or midrib, with no prickles 
and bristles, or only tufts of very short ones in the notches. 


4. EPIPHYLLUM. Joints of the branches short and truncate, very smooth, and flower- 
ing from the end. Flowers open in the daytime and for several days, mostly oblique, 
the tube not much lengthened ; the sepals and petals rose-red, rather few, the inner- 
most and larger ones about 8. Stamens not verymany. Stigmas erect or conniving 

5. PHYLLOCACTUS. Leaf-like branches or joints jong, arising from the side of older 
ones, which with age form terete stems. Flowers from the marginal notches, slightly 
if at allirregular. Stigmas slender and spreading. 


§ 2. No tube to the flower above the ovary ; stem jointed. 


6. OPUNTIA. Stem branching, formed of successive joints, which are mostly flat, bearing 
at first some minute awl-shaped bodies answering to leaves, which soon fall off, and 
tufts of barbed bristles and often prickles also in their axils. Flowers from the edge 
or side of a joint, opening in sunshine and for more than one day. 


1. CEREUS. (Probably from Latin: wax taper or candle, from the 
form of the stem of some species.) ‘The following are the commonest 
in cultivation, mostly from Mexico and S, America; flowers summer. 


§&1 Stems and branches long, spreading, creeping or climbing, remotely 
jointed more or less, only 3-7-angled, very large flowered. 
* Flower red, open in daytime for several days; stamens much declined. 


C. speciosissimus, DC. The commonest red-flowered Cactus; with 
stems 2°-3° high, rarely rooting, 3 or 4 broad and thin wavy-margined 
angles or wings, and crimson or red flowers of various shades, 4/-5! in 
diameter, the tube shorter than the petals. 


* « Flower white as to petals, opening at night, collapsing next morning, 
Sragrant, 6'-9' in diameter when expanded, the tube 4'-5! long ; stems root- 
ing and so climbing ; prickles short and fine. N1GHT-BLOOMING CEREUS. 


C. triangularis, Mill., has sharply triangular stems, minute prickles, 
and flower with glabrous tube, olive-green sepals, and yellow stamens. 

C. nyctica/us, Link, has 4-6-angled stems with very minute prickles. 
and flower much like the next, but with brownish sepals. 

C. grandiflorus, Mill. Common NicHt-ptoomine Cereus. Stems 
terete, with 5-7 slight grooves and blunt angles. bearing more conspicuous 
prickles, long bristles on the flower tube, and dull-yellow sepals. 


CACTUS FAMILY. 197 


§ 2. Stems and branches long, weak, disposed to trail or creep, remotely 
jointed, cylindrical, with 8-12 ribs or grooves, and rows of approximated 
short and fine prickle clusters ; flowers smaller. 


C. serpentinus, DC. Stems 1’ or more in diameter, tapering at the 
apex, about 12-ribbed, disposed to stand when short, not rooting; flower 
opening for a night, fragrant, with linear petals reddish-purple outside, 
nearly white inside, 2’ long, rather shorter than the tube. 

C. flagelliférmis, Mill. Rat-rair Cacrus. Stems long and slender, 
prostrate, or hanging and rooting; flower 2/—5’ long, the narrow sepals 
and petals not very many, rose-red, open by day. 


§ 3. Stems erect, self-supporting, tall-growing, cylindrical and column- 
like, with about 8 (6-10) obtuse ribs and grooves; short, mostly dark- 
colored prickles 9-12 in the cluster, and no long bristles ; flower large, 
white,.tube 3!-6! long. 


C. Peruvidnus, Mill. The largest species (except the Giant Cereus of 
Arizona), becoming even 40° high and thick in proportion, with rather 
strong compressed ribs and stout prickles ; the flower 6’ long, with green- 
ish sepals and white or externally rose-tinged petals proportionally short. 

Var. MonsTRUOSUS, in old conservatories, has a short stem with 4-8 
irregular and wavy, wing-like angles, sometimes broken up into tubercles. 


§ 4. Stem erect and simple, at length cylindrical, with 20-25 narrow 
ridges, bearing clusters of short prickles and long bristly hairs. 


C. senilis, Salm-Dyck. (or Prrockreus seNivIs). Ov_p Man Cactus. 
Cult. for its singular appearance, the long, white, hanging bristles at the 
top likened to the locks of an aged man; flowers (seldom seen) not 
large, with a very short tube. 


2. ECHINOCACTUS. (Name means Spiny or Hedgehog Cactus.) 
Many wild species far S. W. Flowers mostly small, opening for 2 or 5 
days, closing at night. 


E. Texénsis, Hopf., of S. Tex. and Ariz., has stem much broader than 
high, or globular when young, becoming 1° broad, with 12-27 acute wavy 
ridges; 6 or 7 very stout and horn-like, reddish, recurved spines, the cen- 
tral one larger and turned down, sometimes 2/ long ; flower rose-colored, 
very woolly, 2/ long. 

E. Ottdnis, Link & Otto. Pear-shaped, becoming club-shaped, 2’—3! 
thick, with 12-14 narrow ridges, clusters of 10-14 short slender prickles, 
and yellow flowers with red stigmas. Brazil. 


3. MAMILLARIA. (Name from the nipple-shaped tubercles which 
cover the stem.) Many wild species far W. and 8S. W. on the plains. 


M. pusilla, DC. Wild in Tex. and S., with clustered ovate or globular 
stems 1/-2/ long, oblong or ovate tubercles bearing wool in their axils, 
and tipped with very many capillary crisped bristles and several slender 
prickles ; flowers pink, }/ long. 

M. elongata, DC. With cylindrical clustered stems, covered with short 
conical tubercles, which bear 16-80 uniform, radiating, and recurving, 
slender prickles in a starry tuft, and very rarely a central one; flowers 
small, creamy-white. Mex. 

M. vivipara, Haw. 1/-5! high, simple, or vroliferous in tufts, globu- 
lar, with the terete tubercles slightly grooved down the upper side, bear- 
ing 12-80 rigid, widely radiating, whitish prickles, and 3-12 stouter and 
darker ones; flower pink-purple, large for the plant, about 2’ in diameter. 
Dak., Kans., W. 


198 CACTUS FAMILY. 


4. EPIPHYLLUM. (Name from Greek, meaning upon a leaf, i.e., 
the flower from the top of what seems to be a leaf.) Flowers usually 
in summer, 


E. truncatuin, Haw. Cult. from Brazil ; low, bright green, with droop- 
ing branches; the oblong joints scarcely 2’ long, the upper end with a 
shallow notch; flower 2/-3! long, oblique, with petals and short sepals 
spreading or recurved, the former so arranged that the blossom often 
appears as if 2-lipped. 


5. PHYLLOCACTUS. (Greek: Leaf-Cactus.) Cult. from S. Amer- 
ica and Mexico ; flowers summer. 


* Flower with tube shorter than the petals, red, scentless, open through 
more than one day; petals and stamens many, except in the first species. 


P. biférmis, Lab. The least showy species; with slender stems, and 
two sorts of branches, one ovate or oblong, the other lanceolate; the 
latter producing a slender pink flower, 2’ long, with about 4 slender 
sepals, as many narrow lanceolate erect petals, with spreading tips, and 
only 8-16 stamens. 

P. phyllanthoides, Link. Has narrow-oblong, sinuate-toothed, leaf-like 
branches ; numerous, rose-colored, oblong and similar sepals and petals, 
the outermost widely spreading, the innermost erect. 

P. AckermGnni, Link. Like the preceding, but much more showy, 
with bright red and sharp-pointed petals spreading and 2/-3/ long, and 
the scattered sepals small and bract-like. 


* * Flower sweet-scented, with tube 4'-10! long, bearing scattered and 
small scaly sepals or bracts, which are considerably longer than the 
numerous spreading white or cream-colored petals. 


P. crenatus, Walpers. Leaf-like branches 1°-2° long, 2/-3! broad, sin- 
uately notched ; flower open in the daytime and for several days, 7/-8/ in 
diameter, with the stout tube 4/-5/ long, the outer petals or inner sepals 
brownish. 

P. Phyllanthus, Link. Branches nearly as in the preceding; but the 
flower opening at evening and lasting only till morning, its slender tube 
many times longer than the small petals. 


6. OPUNTIA, PRICKLY PEAR CACTUS, INDIAN FIG. (An 
ancient name transferred to these American plants.) Flowers summer. 
Fruit often edible. 


§ 1. Stamens not longer than the roundish, in ours yellow, widely opening 
petals. 


* Low, prostrate, or spreading ; native species, ulso cultivated. 


O. vulgaris, Mill. Common Prickty Pear. On rocks and sand, 
from coast of N. Eng., S., with pale and rounded obovate flat joints, 3/—6/ 
long, bearing minute appressed leaves, having bristles, but hardly any 
spines in their axils, and a nearly smooth edible berry. 

O. Rafinésquii, Engelm. Common W. and S. W.; deeper green, 
with joints 4/-8’ long, the little leaves spreading, several small spines and 
a single stronger one in the clusters, and flower often with a reddish center. 

O. Missouriénsis, DC. From Wis. W. on the plains; with obovate 
joints 2/4’ long and tubercled, tufts of straw-colored bristles and 5-10 
long and slender spines ; the berry dry and prickly. 

O. Pes-Cérvi, LeConte. On the coast $8., with small and narrow, 
almost cylindrical, easily separable joints, their spines in pairs ; the berry 
small and bristly. 


FIG MARIGOLD FAMILY. 199 


* « Erect, shrubby, or tree-like, cultivated in conservatories from W. 
Indies and S. America ; berry edible. 


oO. Ficus-Indica, Haw. Joints obovate, thick and heavy, 1° long, 
with minute spines or none; berry obovate, bristly. 


§ 2. Stamens longer than the erect crimson petals, shorter than the style. 


0. coccinel/lifera, Mill. ‘Tree-like, 6°-10° high, with joints of the 
branches obovate-oblong, 4/-12! long, spineless or nearly so, when young 
with single recurved spines, pale; berry red. One of the plants upon 
which the cochineal insect feeds, whence the name. Sometimes cult. 
Mex. and W. Indies. 


LIII. FICOIDEZ, FIG MARIGOLD FAMILY. 


Mostly fleshy herbs, generally with opposite or whorled 
leaves and no stipules, very closely allied to the Pink and 
Purslane Families; differing in apetalous (in ours) flowers, 
the 2- or more-celled capsule which is 2-several-seeded, the 
stamens generally numerous (not so in ours), and seeds with 
a slender curved embryo. A heterogeneous family, repre- 
sented in gardens by the Ick Puants (of which the common 
one is MrsEMBRYANTHEMUM CRYSTALLINUM) and the Fie 
Maricotps, of the same genus. 

1. SESUVIUM. Calyx 5-lobed, petal-like. Stamens 5 (in ours) on the calyx. Styles 
8-5. Capsule circumscissile. 

2. MOLLUGO. Calyx of 5 separate sepals. Stamens 3-5, hypogynous. Stigmas 3. Cap- 
sule 8-valved. 


8. TETRAGONIA. Calyx 4-lobed. Stamens (in ours) in clusters. Styles and 1-ovuled 
cells few. Fruit hard and nut-like, horned, 3-8-seeded. 


1. SESUVIUM, SEA PURSLANE. (Name unexplained.) Prostrate, 
succulent, seaside herbs. 
S. pentdéndrum, Ell. Leaves oblong- or obovate-spatulate, obtuse ; 


flowers axillary or terminal, sessile, small. Plants procumbent or some- 
times partially erect. Seacoast, N. J.,S. @ 


2. MOLLUGO, INDIAN CHICKWEED. (Ancient name.) Low, 
weed-like plants with the habit of Cu1ickwEeEp, and sometimes referred 
to the Pink Family. 

M. verticiliata, Linn. Carpet Weep. Prostrate and forming flat 
patches on the ground, not succulent; the small, spatulate leaves are 


clustered or whorled, and the 1-flowered pedicels form an umbel-like 
cluster ; flowers small and whitish. About cult. grounds. Tropics. @ 


3. TETRAGONIA. (Name Greek for fowr-angled, from shape of the 
fruit.) Low, spreading herbs, with broad and flat, thickish leaves, and 
small flowers in their axils. 

T. expGnsa, Ait. New Zeacanp Spinacu. Occasionally cult. as a 

Spinach ; leaves pale, triangular, or rhombic-ovate, with short margined 

petioles. @) 


200 PARSLEY FAMILY. 


LIV. UMBELLIFERH, PARSLEY FAMILY. 


Herbs, some innocent and many of them aromatic, others 
acrid-narcotic poisons, with small flowers in umbels, calyx 
adherent to the 2-celled ovary, which has a single ovule hang- 
ing from the summit of each cell, 5 minute calyx teeth or 
none, 5 petals, 5 stamens, and 2 styles; the dry fruit usually 
splitting into 2 seed-like portions or akenes; seed with hard 
albumen and a minute embryo. Eryngium and one or two 
others have the flowers in heads instead of umbels. Stems 
usually hollow. Leaves alternate, more commonly compound 
or decompound. Umbels mostly compound; the circle of 
bracts often present at the base of the general umbel is called 
the involucre; that at the base of an umbellet, the involucel. 
The flowers are much alike in all, and the characters are taken 
from the form of the fruit, and much stress is laid upon the 
receptacles of aromatic oil (vitte or oil tubes) which are found 
in most species and give characteristic flavor. The family is 
too difficult for the beginner; so that only the common culti- 
vated species, and the most conspicuous or noteworthy wild 
ones are given here. 


§ 1. Fruits covered with littie scales or tubercles, crowded (as are the flowers) in a 
head instead of an umbel, and with a pointed scaly bract under each flower. 


1. ERYNGIUM. Flowers blue or white, with evident awl-shaped calyx teeth, and top- 
shaped fruit without any ribs. Leaves in our species simple and with bristly or 
prickly teeth. 


§ 2. Fruits covered with bristly prickles, bur-like ; umbels compound. 


2. SANICULA. Flowers greenish or yellowish, so short-stalked or nearly sessile that the 
umbellets appear like little heads, each with some perfect and fertile and some 
staminate flowers. Fruits ovoid or globular, not readily splitting in two, not ribbed, 
completely covered with short, hooked prickles. Leaves palmately parted. 

8. DAUCUS. Flowers white or cream-color, in a regular compound umbel; the petals 
unequal, or those of the marginal flowers larger. Prickles in rows on the ribs of 
the short fruit, which splits in two when ripe. Leaves pinnately compound or 
decompound, 


$3. Fruits naked (not prickly), splitting when ripe and dry into two one-seeded pieces 
or carpels, each usually with 5 ribs or some of them may be wings. Fruits 
mostly with oil tubes in the form of lines or stripes, one or more in the intervals 
between the ribs, and some on the inner face, sometimes also under the ribs., 


«x Fruit wingless. 
+ Marginal flowers larger and irregular. 


4. CORIANDRUM. Fruit globwiar, not readily splitting in two, indistinctly many-ribbed - 
a pair of large oil tubes on the inner face of each carpel. Flowers white. Leaves 
pinnately compound. Plant strong-scented, 


PARSLEY FAMILY. 201 


+ + Flowers all alike, generally white. 
++ Seed deeply grooved or hollowed down the inner face. 
= Fruit long and slender, club-shaped, or tapering at the base. 


5. OSMORRHIZA. Fruit somewhat sweet-aromatic; no obvious oil tubes. Leaves 
twice or thrice ternate. Root sweet-aromatic. 


== Fruit ovate or orbicular. 


6. ERIGENIA. Fruit twin, nearly orbicular, with many oil tubes, 5 very slender ribs, 
flattened on the sides. Low plant in early spring, with finely cut ternately decom- 
pound leayes; flowers in small heads on a 2-3-rayed leafy umbel, and springing 
from a round, deep tuber. 

7. CONIUM. Fruit short, broadly ovate, rather strong-scented, compressed at the sides, 
each carpel with 5 strong and more or less wavy ribs; oil tubes many and minute. 
Leaves pinnately decompound. 


4+ ++ Seed slightly if at all hollowed out on the inner face. 
= Leaves once pinnate. 


8. SIUM. Fruit globular or short-oblong and contracted on the sides, each carpel with 5 
strong or corky ribs, and commonly 2 or more oil tubes in the narrow intervals. 
No axis or hardly any left when the carpels separate. Flowers white. Not 


aromatic. = = Leaves decompound. 


| Fruit flattened on the back and front. 


9. FQENICULUM. Fruit oblong; the two carpels with a broad flat face, 5 stout ribs, and 
a single oil tube in the intervals between the ribs. Flowers yellow. Leaflets slen- 
der thread-shaped. Whole plant sweet-aromatic. 


| | Fruit flattened on the sides 


10. CICUTA. Fruit globular and contracted on the sides, each carpel with 5 broad and 
thickened blunt ribs, and an oil tube in each interval; the slender axis between the 
carpels splitting in two. Flowers white. Leaves not aromatic. Fruit aromatic. 

11. APIUM. Fruit ovate or broader than long, flattened on the sides, each carpel 5-ribbed 
and a single oil tube in the intervals ; axis left when the carpels separate not splitting 
in two. Flowers white. 

12. CARUM. Fruit ovate or oblong, flattish on the sides ; each carpel with 5 narrow ribs, 
and a single oil tube in the intervals ; the axis from which the carpels separate split- 
ting in two. Flowers mostly white. Fruit or foliage aromatic. 


* * Fruit winged or wing-margined at the junction of the two carpels, which are 
flat on the face and flat or flattish and 3-ribbed on the back. Leaves pinnately 
or ternately compound. 


+ Wing double at the margins of the fruit. 


18. LEVISTICUM. Fruit ovate-oblong, with a pair of thickish marginal wings, and single 
oil tube in each interval. Involucre and involucels conspicuous, the bracts of the 
latter united by their margins. Flowers white. Plant sweet-aromatic. 

14. ANGELICA. Fruit ovate or short-oblong, with thin or thickish marginal wings, and 
many small oil tubes adherent to the surface of the seed. Involucels of separate 
mostly small bracts; involucre hardly any. Flowers white or greenish. 


+ + Wing surrounding the margin of the fruit, single, splitting in two only when the 
ripe carpels separate. 


15. HERACLEUM. Fruit, including the thin and broad wing, orbicular, very flat, and the 
three ribs on the back very slender; the single oil tubes in the intervals reaching 
from the summit only half-way down. Flowers white, the marginal ones larger and 
irregular. Leaves ternately compound. Plant strong-scented. 

16. PASTINACA. Fruit oval, very flat, thin-winged; the single oil tubes running from 
top to bottom. Flowers yellow, the marginal ones not larger. Leaves pinnately 
compound, 


202 PARSLEY FAMILY. 


1. ERYNGIUM, ERYNGO. (Ancient name.) Flowers in summer. 


E. yucceefdlium, Michx. Burron Snakeroor. Sandy and mostly damp 
ground, from N. J., S. and W. ; stout herb, 2°-3° high, smooth ; leaves 
linear and tapering, grass-like, parallel-veined in the manner of an 
endogen, and fringed with bristles ; a few globular thick heads in place 
of umbels, a very short involucre, and white flowers. 2/ 

E. Virginianum, Lam. Wet grounds from N. J. S8.; with lance-linear 
rather veiny leaves, showing some distinction between blade and petiole, 
the former with rigid teeth, and involucre longer than the bluish 
heads. (@) 


2. SANICULA, SANICLE, BLACK SNAKEROOT. (Perhaps from 
Latin sano, to heal.) Common in thickets and open woods. Flowers 
greenish, crowded in small and head-like umbellets, in summer. 2/ 

S. Marildndica, Linn. Stems 2°-3° high; leaves of firm texture, 
with 3-7 narrow divisions and rigid teeth ; umbellets with many flowers, 
the sterile ones on slender pedicels, fertile ones with styles longer than 
the prickles of the bur-like fruit. 

Var. Canadénsis, Torr. Leaves thin, 3-5-parted; umbellets rather 
few-flowered, with the sterile flowers in the center almost sessile ; styles 
shorter than prickles. 


3. DAUCUS, CARROT. (Ancient Greek name.) Flowers in summer. 


D. Caréta, Linn. Common C. Cult. from Eu. for the root, run wild 
and a bad weed E. ; leaves cut into fine divisions; umbel concave and 
dense in fruit, like a bird’s nest ; involucre of pinnatifid leaves. @ @ 


4. CORIANDRUM, CORIANDER. (Name from Greek word for 
bug, from the bug-like scent. ) 


C. sativum, Linn. Cult. from the Orient, for the aromatic coriander- 
seed ; low, with small umbels of few rays; flowers summer. (@ 


5. OSMORRHIZA, SWEET CICELY. (Greek for scented root, the 
root being sweet-aromatic.) Rich moist woods, common N.; flowers 
late spring and summer; 1°-2° high. 2f (Lessons, Fig. 385.) 

O. longistylis, DC. The smoother species, with the sweeter root, has 
slender styles, and ovate, cut-toothed, short-pointed leaflets, which are 
slightly downy. 

O. brevistylis, DC. Has conical styles not longer than the breadth 
of the ovary, and downy-hairy, taper-pointed, almost pinnatifid leaflets. 


6. ERIGENIA, HARBINGER OF SPRING. (Greek: born in the 
spring.) 2% 
EB. bulbdsa, Nutt. An attractive spring flower in rich woods, a half 
foot or less high, the small flowers with white petals and purple stamens 


giving the bloom a speckled effect, whence a common name, PEPPER AND 
Sarr. N.. Y., W..anad.S. 


7. CONIUM, POISON HEMLOCK. (Greek name of the Hemlock 
by which criminals and philosophers were put to death at Athens.) 


C. maculatum, Linn. Sporrep H. Waste grounds, run wild, from 
Eu.; a smooth, branching herb, with spotted stems about 3° high, very 
compound leaves with lanceolate and pinnatifid leaflets, ill-scented when 
bruised ; a virulent poison, used in medicine ; flowers summer. @) 


PARSLEY FAMILY. 203 


8. SIUM, WATER PARSNIP. (Old name, of obscure meaning.) Y 


S. cicutzefolium, Gmelin. The common species, in water and wet 
places ; tall, smooth, with grooved-angled stems, simply pinnate leaves, 
the long leaflets linear or lanceolate, very sharply serrate and _ taper- 
pointed, and globular fruit with wing-like, corky ribs ; flowers all sum- 
mer. Root and herbage poisonous. 


S: FO:NICULUM, FENNEL. (Name from the Latin fenum, hay.) 


F. officinale, All. (or F. vuLGARE). Common F. Cult. from Eu. for 
the sweet-aromatic foliage and fruit; stout, very smooth herb, 4°-6° 
high ; leaves with very numerous and slender, thread-shaped divisions ; 
large umbel with no involucre or involucels; fruit }/ or } long, in late 
summer. 2/ 


10. CICUTA, WATER HEMLOCK. (Ancient Latin name of the 
Hemlock.) Flowers summer. 2/ 


C. maculata, Linn. Sporrep Cowsane, MusquasnH Root, BEAVER 
Porson. Tall, smooth stem, sometimes streaked with purple, but seldom 
really spotted ; leaflets lance-oblong, coarsely toothed or sometimes cut- 
lobed, veiny, the main veins mostly running into the notches; fruit 
aromatic when bruised ; root a deadly poison. Common. 


11. APIUM, CELERY. (Old Latin name.) 


A. gravéo/ens, Linn. A strong-scented, acrid, if not poisonous plant, 
of Eu.; of which the Garpven CELEry is a state rendered bland, and the 
base of the leafstalks enlarged, succulent and edible when blanched, 
through long cultivation; leaves divided into 3-7 coarse and wedge- 
shaped, cut or lobed leaflets or divisions ; umbels and fruits small. Var. 
RAPACEUM, CELERIAC, TURNIP-ROOTED CELERY, is a state with the root 
enlarged and edible. @ @ 


12. CARUM, CARAWAY, etc. (Name perhaps from the country, 
Caria.) (Lessons, Fig. 208.) 


§ 1. Caraway, with finely pinnately compound leaves, and white flowers. 


C. Cérui, Linn. Garpen Caraway. Cult. from Eu., for the “caraway 
seed,’’ the oblong, highly aromatic fruit ; stem leaves with slender but short, 
thread-shaped, divisions. This and the next occasionally spontaneous. 


§ 2. PARSLEY, with coarser leaves and greenish flowers. 


C. Petroselinum, Benth. (or PETROSELINUM sATivUM). Parstry. Cult. 
from Eu., especially the curled-leaved state, for the pleasant-flavored 
foliage, used in cookery, chiefly the root leaves, which have ovate and 
wedge-shaped, 3-lobed and cut-toothed divisions ; fruit ovate. @ 


13. LEVISTICUM, LOVAGE. (Ancient Latin name.) One species. 2/ 


L. officinale, Koch. Garpren L. Cult. in old gardens, from Eu.; a tall, 
very smooth, sweet, aromatic herb, with large ternately or pinnately 
decompound leaves, coarse wedge-oblong and cut or lobed leaflets, a 
thick root, and small, many-flowered umbels. 


14. ANGELICA. (Angelic, from reputed cordial properties.) Flowers 
summer. 2/ 


A. atropurptrea, Linn. Moist deep soil N.; strong-scented, smooth, 
with very stout, dark-purple stem, 3°-6° high, large leaves ternately com 


204 GINSENG FAMILY. 


pound, and the divisions with 5-7 pinnate leaflets, which are ovate and 
cut-serrate ; petioles with large, inflated, membranaceous base ; flowers 
greenish-white ; fruit smooth and thin-winged. 

A. hirsuta, Muhl. Dry ground, commoner 8.; stem 29-69 high, 
rather slender, downy at top, as are the umbels and broadly winged 
fruits ; leaflets thickish, ovate-oblong, serrate ; flowers bright white. 


15. HERACLEUM, COW PARSNIP. (Named after Hercules.) 
Flowers summer. 2 


H. lanatum, Michx. Damp rich ground N.; very stout, 4°-8° high, 
woolly-hairy when young, unpleasantly strong-scented, with large cut 
and toothed or lobed leaflets, some of them heart-shaped at base, and 
broad umbels with white flowers and large fruits. 


16. PASTINACA, PARSNIP. (Latin name from pastus, food.) 


P. sativa, Linn. Common P. Run wild in low meadows, and then 
rather poisonous ; cult. from Eu. for the esculent strong-scented root. 
Tall, smooth, with grooved stem, coarse and cut-toothed or lobed leaflets, 
and umbels of small yellow flowers. @ @) 


LV. ARALIACEH, GINSENG FAMILY. 


Like the foregoing family, but often shrubs or trees, usually 
more than two styles and cells to the ovary and fruit, the 
latter a berry or drupe. Besides a few choice and uncommon 
shrubby house plants, represented only by the two following 
genera. The flowers in both are more or less polygamous, and 
the lobes or margin of the calyx very short or none. Petals 
and stamens 9. 


1. ARALIA. Flowers in simple or panicled umbels, white or greenish; the petals lightly 
overlapping in the bud. Styles 2-5, separate to the base, except in sterile flowers. 
Leaves compound or decompound,. Root, bark, fruit, ete., warm-aromatic or pungent. 

2. HEDERA. Flowers in panicled or clustered umbels, greenish ; petals valvate in the 
bud. Ovary 5-celled; the 5 styles united into a conical column, Leaves simple, 
palmately 3-5-lobed or angled. Woody stems climbing by rootlets. 


1. ARALIA. (Derivation obscure.) 2 


§ 1. Witp SarsaparRILva, ete. Flowers perfect or polygamous with both 
fertile and sterile on the same plant ; umbels more than one ; fruit black 
or dark purple, spicy; seeds or cells and styles 5. 


* Large and leafy-stemmed, with very compound leaves sometimes 2°07 
3° across and with many umbels in a large compound panicle ; flowers 
in summer. 


A. spindsa, Linn. Ancoerica Trex, Hercures’ Crus. River banks 
from Penn. S., and planted ; a shrub or low tree, of peculiar aspect, the 
simple stout trunk rising 6°-20° high and beset with large prickles, bearing 
immense leaves with ovate serrate leaflets and corymbed or panicled umbels. 

A. racemdsa, Linn. Spikenarp. Woodlands in rich soil, with her- 
baceous stems 3°-5° high, from a thick aromatic root, not prickly, widely 
spreading branches, heart-ovate leaflets doubly serrate and slightly downy, 
and racemed-panicled umbels. 


DOGWOOD FAMILY. 205 


* * Smaller; short stems scarcely woody at base; few wmbels; flowers 
early summer. 


A. hispida, Vent. Brisrty Sarsaparitia. Rocky places ; bristly 
stems 19-2° high, leafy below, naked and bearing corymbed umbels 
above ; leaves twice pinnate, the leatlets oblong-ovate and cut-toothed. 

A. nudicatlis, Linn. Common Witp 8. Low ground; the aromatic, 
horizontal, slender roots running 3°-6° long, used as a substitute for ofti- 
cinal Sarsaparilla ; the smooth, proper stem rising only 2/-4’, bearing a 
single long-stalked leaf of 5 ovate or oval serrate leaflets on each of the 3 
divisions of the petiole, and a short peduncle with 2-7 umbels. 


§ 2. GINSENG. Sterile and fertile flowers usually on separate simpte- 
stemmed plants, in a single slender-stalked umbel, below it a single 
whorl of digitate leaves ; styles and cells of the fruit 2 or 3. 


A. quinquefdlia, Dec. & Planch. Gixsenc. Root spindle-shaped, 
warm-aromatic, 4/-9’ long; stem 1° high; leaflets 5 at the end of each 
of the 3 petioles, slender-stalked, thin, obovate-oblong, pointed, serrate ; 
flowers in summer ; fruit red. Rich woods N. Also cult. Medicinal. 

A. trifdlia, Dec. & Planch. Dwarr G. or Grounpnut. Low woods, 
N. ; 4/-8’ high, from a deep, globular, pungent-tasted root ; leaflets 3 or 
sometimes 5 sessile on the end of each of the 3 petioles, narrow-oblong 
and obtuse ; flowers in spring ; fruit orange-yellow. 


2. HEDERA, IVY. (The ancient Latin name.) Flowers late summer. 


H. Hélix, Linn. True or Encuisu Ivy. Woody climber, with ever- 
green, glossy, rounded heart-shaped or kidney-shaped and 3-lobed or 3- 
angled, often variegated leaves, or in some varieties more deeply 3-7-cleft, 
yellowish-green flowers, and blackish berries ; covers shaded walls, etc., 
adhering by its rootlets, but scarcely hardy N. Eu. 


LVI. CORNACEH, DOGWOOD FAMILY. 


Shrubs, trees, or one or two mere herbs, with simple leaves, 
small, often imperfect flowers, calyx tube in the perfect or pis- 
tillate ones coherent with the surface of the 1-—2-celled ovary, 
which is crowned with the small calyx teeth or minute cup, 
bearing the petals (valvate in the bud), and stamens of the 
same number; style and stigma single; ovule and seed solitary 
in the cells, hanging from the summit; fruit a small drupe 
or berry. Petals sometimes 0. 


« Flowers perfect, in cymes, close clusters, or heads. 


1, CORNUS. Minute teeth of the calyx, petals, and stamens 4. Style slender ; stigma ter- 
minal. Berry-like little drupe with a 2-celled, 2-seeded stone. Leaves entire, opposite 
except in one species, deciduous. Bark very bitter, tonic. Flower cluster often 
subtended by a corolla-like involucre. 


x x Flowers polygamous or diecious, in axillary clusters or solitary. 


2. AUCUBA. Flowers diecious, dull purple. Teeth or lobes of the calyx and petals 4. 
Stamens in the sterile flowers 4, with short filaments and oblong anthers. Fertile 
flowers with a 1-celled ovary, becoming an oblong, red berry in fruit; style short; 
stigma capitate, Leaves opposite, coriaceous and glossy, evergreen, smooth, more or 
less toothed, 


206 DOGWOOD FAMILY. 


8. NYSSA. Flowers polygamous or diecious, greenish; the sterile ones numerous, the 
fertile 2-8 in a bracted cluster, or rarely solitary. Calyx of 5 or more lobes or teeth. 
Petals small and narrow, or minute, or none. Style slender or awl-shaped, bearing a 
stigma down the whole length of one side, revolute. Ovary and stone of the drupe 
1-celled and 1-seeded. Trees with deciduous alternate leaves, either entire, angled, or 
few-toothed. 


1. CORNUS, CORNEL or DOGWOOD. (Latin: cornu, horn, from 
the hardness of the wood.) Flowers late spring and early summer. 


x Flowers greenish, in a head or close cluster surrounded by a showy, 
corolla-like, (white or rarely pinkish) 4-leaved involucre; fruit bright 
red. 


C. Canadénsis, Linn. Dwarr Corner, BuncHBerry. Damp woods 
N.; a low herb, the stems from creeping, subterranean shoots which are 
slightly woody, bearing 4-6 ovate or oval leaves at the summit below the 
stalked flower head; petal-like leaves of the involucre ovate; fruits 
globular, in a cluster, edible. 


C. flérida, Linn. Frowrrtnc Docwoop. Rocky woods; also planted 
for ornament. Tree 12°-30° high, with ovate pointed leaves, petal-like 
leaves of the whitish (or in a cult. variety red) involucre (14! long) ob- 
cordate or obovate and notched, and oval fruits in a head. 


x * Flowers yellow (earlier than the leaves), in a small umbel, sur- 
rounded by a small and dull-colored involucre of 4 scales; fruit 
bright red. 


C. Més, Linn. Cornetian Cuerry. A tall shrub or low tree, with 
oval, pointed (often variegated) leaves and handsome oblong fruit, the 
pulp pleasantly acid; planted from Eu. 


x * * Flowers white in open and flat cymes, without involucre; fruit 
small, globular, inedible, blue, white, or black. 


+ Leaves alternate. 


C. alternifdlia, Linn.f. Shrub or tree, 8°-25° high, with streaked 
branches, ovate or oblong taper-pointed leaves acute at base and only 
minutely pubescent beneath, crowded at the end of the branches ; cymes 
large and flat ; fruit bright blue on reddish stalks. Hillsides and banks 
of streams. + + Leaves all opposite. 

+ Branches of the previous year red or purple, at least in spring (rarely 
yellow in C. stolonifera). 


= Leaves with lower surface more or less soft-pubescent (rarely smoothish 
in C. Baileyi). 


C. sericea, Linn. Krnnixrnic (the dry bark smoked by the Indians 
W.). In wet places N. and S.; has dull-red branches, the shoots, cymes, 
and lower face of the narrow-ovate or oblong pointed leaves silky-downy ; 
fruit bluish ; stone irregular and furrowed, generally broader than long. 

C. Baileyi, Coult. & Evans. An erect shrub, with purple-red branches ; 
leaves lanceolate to ovate, acute; flowers white, in small cymes, often 
continuing all summer, and followed by pearly-white berries ; stone much 
compressed and prominently furrowed on the edge, broader than long. 
Along the Great Lakes and far W. 


= = Leaves smooth (although often whitish) below, or the pubescence, if 
any, appressed. 


C. stolonffera, Michx. Wuitp Rep Osier. Shrub 3°-6° high, in wet 
places N., spreading by prostrate or subterranean running shoots, smooth, 


DOGWOOD FAMILY. 207 


with ovate, abruptly pointed leaves, small cymes, and lead-colored fruit ; 
stone scarcely compressed, longer than broad. 

C. sanguinea, Linn. Evrorean Rep Oster. Erect, with ovate 
(sometimes variegated) leaves rather downy beneath, and black or dark 
purple fruit; planted from Eu. 


++ ++ Branches brownish, gray, or green-streaked. 
= Leaves loosely pubescent below. 


C. asperifdlia, Michx. Shrub 3°-5° high, with branches and small 
oblong or ovate leaves pubescent, upper face of the latter rough, the 
lower downy ; cymes small and fiat; fruit bluish. Dry soil, Lake Erie 
W. and S. 

C. circinata, L’Her. Shrub 3°-10° high, with warty-dotted branches ° 
rather large round-oval and short-pointed leaves downy beneath ; smal. 
flat cymes, and light-blue fruit. Wooded hillsides, Va. and Mo., N. 


= = Leaves scarcely pubescent below. 


C. stricta,.Lam. Shrub 8°-15° high, with ovate or lance-ovate taper- 
pointed leaves, smooth and green both sides; loose flat cymes, and pale 
blue fruit. Wet grounds S. 

C. paniculata, L’Her. Shrub 3°-8° high, much branched, smooth, 
with ash-colored bark, lance-ovate pointed leaves, acute at base and 
whitish beneath, and proportionally large and numerous convex cymes. 
often panicled ; fruit white. Roadsides and copses, N. 


2. AUCUBA. (Japanese name of the species cultivated as a house 
plant. ) 


A. Jap6nica, Thunb. Shrub, with large ovate-oblong leaves bright 
green and usually marbled with yellow; the flowers inconspicuous, but 
the red berries (when formed) handsome. 


3. NYSSA, TUPELO, PEPPERIDGE, SOUR GUM TREE (Greek 
name of a nymph, the trees growing in wet places.) FJowers spring. 


* Sterile flowers in loose clusters ; fruit blue, not edible. 


N. sylvatica, Marsh. Common Tupeto, Sour GuM, PEPPERIDGE. 
In swamps or rich woods, N. and S. ; tree 30°-50° high, with horizontal 
branches and Beech-like spray ; ovate or obovate leaves entire and smooth 
or glossy when old; fertile flowers 3-8 on the slender peduncle; dark- 
blue oval fruit 3! long, and ovoid scarcely ridged stone ; wood tough ; 
leaves changing to bright crimson in autumn. 

N. bifldra, Walt. Warer Turero. In pine-barren swamps, N. J., 
S. ; smaller leaves than in the preceding (1'-2/ long) and varying from 
lance-oblong to roundish; short peduncles, the fertile 1—2-flowered ; 
smaller oval fruit and a flattened ridged stone. 

N. unifldra, Wang. Larce TupreLro, Witp Onive. In water, from 
Va. and IIll., S.; large tree, with leaves ovate or oblong, acute, often 
with a few sharp teeth, 4/-6’ long, on slender petioles, downy beneath ; 
fertile peduncles long and 1-flowered ; fruit oblong, about 1’ long ; stone 
flattened, with very sharp ridges; wood soft; roots very spongy, used 
for corks. 


* * Sterile flowers in a head; oblong fruit red and edible. 


NN. Ogéche, Marsh. Ocrecuee Lime or Wi1p Ling, so called from 
the acid fruit (1’ or more long) ; in swamps far S.; a small tree, with 
oblong or obovate leaves (3/-5' long) downy beneath , fertile flowers soli- 
tary on very short peduncles. 


208 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 


II. MonopETALOUS DIVISION. 


Includes the families which have both calyx and corolla, 
and the latter in one piece; that is, the petals united more 
or less into one body. Yet in some plants, especially the 
composite, the calyx is so much reduced or modified as to 
appear to be wanting; and in a few others, as some of the 
Ericacee, the petals are separate. 


LVII. CAPRIFOLIACEH, HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 


Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with calyx adherent to the 2-5. 
celled ovary (the teeth or limb above it sometimes nearly 
obsolete or obscure), stamens as many as the lobes of the 
corolla (or in Adoxa twice as many, and in Linnea one fewer) 
and borne on its tube, and opposite leaves without stipules. 
In some species of Viburnum there are little appendages 
on the base of the petiole imitating stipules. Fruit a drupe 
or berry, or sometimes a pod. Seeds with a small embryo in 
fleshy albumen. 


* Corolla shallow, wheel-shaped or urn shaped ; stigmas 3-5 (sometimes 1 in Vibur- 
num). Fruit a dryish or fleshy drupe. 


+ Herbs ; flowers capitate. 


1. ADOXA. Low, with a single pair of ternate, cauline leaves. A pair of separate or 
united stamens with 1-celled anthers in each sinus of the 4-6-cleft, greenish or yellow- 
ish, small corolla. Fruit dry, with 3-5 nutlets. 


+ + Shrubs or some low trees, with small flowers in broad cymes, and berry-like fruit, 
containing 1-3 seeds or rather seed-like stones. Calyx-teeth on the ovary very 
short or obscure; stamens 5. : 


2. VIBURNUM. Leaves simple. Fruit containing a single flat or flattish stone. 
8. SAMBUCUS. Leaves pinnate, and the oblong or lanceolate leatlets serrate. Fruit con- 
taining 3 seeds or rather small, seed-like stones. 


* * Corolla longer or tubular, frequently irregular, sometimes 2-lipped ; stigma 1. 


+ Perennial herbs, with prominent awl shaped or linear lobes to the calyx, and azil- 
lary flowers. 


4. LINN#A. A pair of flowers nodding on the summit of a slender, scape-like peduncie. 
Corolla narrow, bell-shaped, with 5 almost equal, rounded lobes. Stamens 4, two of 
them shorter. Ovary and small pod 3-celled, but perfecting a seed in only one cell. 
Creeping evergreen herb. 

5. TRIOSTEUM. Flowers sessile in the axils of the leaves, single or in a cluster. Corolla 
oblong-tubular, with 5 short, almost equal lobes, scarcely longer than the leaf-like lobes 
of the calyx. Stamens 5, equal. Fruit fleshy, orange or red, crowned with the per 
sistent calyx-lobes, containing 3 bony seeds or rather nutlets. Erect and coarse, leafy 
herbs ; their leaves narrowed at base, but united around the simple stem. 


HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 209 


+ + Shrubby, with cymose or axillary flowers. 


+ Teeth of the calyx very short on the 2-4-celled ovary ; fruit a berrz ; leaves simple, 
entire or rarely wavy or lobed on some vigorous young shoots. 


4 SYMPHORICAKPUS. Flowers small, in close clusters or interrupted spikes. Corolla 
bell-shaped, with 4 or 5 equal roundish lobes and as many short stamens in the 
throat. Ovary 4celled, but the berry only 2-seeded, two cells being empty. Low 
upright shrubs, with oval, short-petioled leaves. 

7. LONICERA. Corolla tubular, funnel-form, or oblong, more or less irregular, being 
gibbous or bulging on one side at base, and the 5 lobes not all alike, but in one species 
nearly so. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-3-celled, becoming a several-seeded berry. Twinins 
or upright shrubs. 


++ ++ Teeth or lobes of the calyx slender, on the summit of the slender or taper-pointed 
ovary which becomes a many-seeded, 2-vaived pod ; leaves simple, serrate. 


8. DIERVILLA. Corolla funnel-form, almost regular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary narrow, 
sometimes linear and stalk-like. Low upright shrubs, with flowers in terminal or 
axillary loose clusters or cymes. 


1. ADOXA. (Greek: obscure). 2 


A. Moschatéllina, Linn. Radical leaves 1-3-ternate, the stem leaves 
cleft or parted ; leaflets obovate ; head of flowers on a slender peduncle. 
Wis., W.and N. 


2. VIBURNUM, ARROWWOOD. (Ancient name, of uncertain 
meaning.) Flowers white, or nearly so, in spring or early summer. 


* Flowers all alike, small, and perfect. 


+ Leaves not lobed nor coarsely toothed, smooth or with some scurf; fruit 
black or with a bluish bloom. 


++ Leaves glossy, finely and evenly serrate with very sharp teeth. 


V. Lentago, Linn. Sweer V., SHerpperry. Tree 10°-30° high, 
common in moist grounds, chiefly N.; leaves ovate, conspicuously pointed, 
on long-margined petioles ; cyme broad, sessile ; fruit oval, 3/ or more 
long, sweet, edible. 

V. prunifolium, Linn. Brack Haw. Hardly so tall as the preced- 
ing, with smaller and oval mostly blunt leaves. Dry soil, from Conn. 
to Kans. and S. 


a+ ++ Leaves thick and rugose, dull, finely serrate. 


V. Lantana, Linn. Wayraritnc Tree. Tall shrub, with short ovate- 
cordate leaves, the lower surface and petioles and cymes scurfy-pubes- 
cent; fruit red, becoming black. Eu. Cult. here under the name of 
V. RUGOSUM. 


++ ++ + Leaves entire or with a few wavy or crenate smali teeth, thickish. 
= Cyme more or less peduncled. 
|| Leaf edges ciliate. 


V. Tinus, Linn. Lavrestixus. Cult. from S. Eu., with evergreen 
smooth entire leaves ; not hardy N.; a common house plant, winter-flower- 
ing, or planted out in summer ; leaves oblong; fruit dark purple. 


| || Leaf edges not ciliate. 


V. cassinoides, Linn. Wirne-rop. Leaves thickish and dull, 
ovate-oblong, the point bluntish, obscurely veiny and often irregularly 
crenate-denticulate ; peduncle short and leafy; shoots scurfy. Wet 
grounds, N. 


GRAY’S F. F. & G. BOT. — 14 


210 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 


V. nidum, Linn. Much like the last, but leaves more veiny and 
shining above, less scurfy, the peduncle generally as long as the cyme; 
flowers later. N.J., S. 


= = Cyme sessile, small. 


V. obovatum, Walt. In swamps, Va. and S., growing 8° high ; leaves 
small, obovate, or spatulate, obtuse, entire or denticulate and thickish. 


+ + Leaves coarsely toothed, strongly feather-veined ; the veins promi- 
nently marked, straight and simple, or nearly so; fruit small; cyme 
peduncled. ++ Leaves slender-petioled ; stone sulcate. 

V. dentatum, Linn. Arrowwoop (the stems having been used by 
the Indians to make arrows). Common in wet soil ; 5°-10° high ; smooth, 
with ash-colored bark, pale and broadly ovate, evenly sharp-toothed 
leaves on slender petioles, and bright blue fruit. ; 

V. mélle, Michx. Soft-downy, with less sharply toothed oval or 
obovate leaves, and blue oily fruit. N. Eng. to Tex. 


++ ++ Leaves nearly sessile; stone flat. 


V. pubéscens, Pursh. A low and straggling shrub, with ovate or 
oblong and acute or taper-pointed leaves, having rather few coarse 
teeth, their lower surface and the very short petioles soft-downy ; fruit 
dark purple. Canada to Ga. and W. 


+ + + Leaves both coarsely toothed and somewhat 3-lobed, roundish, 3- 
5-ribbed from the base and veiny ; cymes slender-peduncled, small. 


V. acerifdlium, Linn. Mapre-teavep A. or Dockmackrir. Shrub 
3°-6° high, in rocky woods, with 5-ribbed and 3-lobed leaves soft-downy 
beneath, their pointed lobes diverging ; stamens slender ; fruit black. 

V. pauciflorum, Pylaie. Almost smooth leaves 5-ribbed at base and 
3-lobed at summit; cyme few-flowered ; stamens shorter than corolla ; 
fruit sour, red. Cold woods, far N. 


*« *« Flowers round the margin of the cyme neutral (without stamens 
or pistils) and very much larger than the fertile ones, Hudrangea-like 
and showy (in cultivation, all becoming neutral) ; petioles bearing evi- 
dent appendages which imitate stipules. 


+ Leaves 3-lobed. 


V. Opulus, Linn. Cranperry Tree. Tall and nearly smooth shrub, 
with gray bark, scaly buds, 3—5-ribbed leaves, the lobes pointed and com- 
monly few-toothed ; cymes peduncled. The wild form in low grounds N. 
and E.; the juicy acid fruit bright red, used as a substitute for cran- 
berries (whence the name of High BusH CRANBERRY). The cultivated 
form from Eu., planted for ornament, under the name of GUELDER-ROSE 
or SNOWBALL TREE, has all the flowers changed into enlarged corollas. 


+ + Leaves not lobed. 


V. lantanoides, Michx. Hossresusn (popular name from the 
straggling or reclining branches taking root at the end, and forming 
loops). Cold moist woods N., with naked buds ; large round-ovate leaves, 
heart-shaped at base and abruptly pointed at the apex, closely serrate, 
and pinnately many-veined ; the veins and netted veinlets prominent under- 
neath and covered, like the stalks and branchlets, with rusty scurf ; cymes 
showy, very broad, sessile ; fruit not edible, coral-red turning crimson. 

V. tomentésum, Thunb. (V. pLicAtuM). JAPANESE SNOWBALL. Shrub 
of medium size, with broad-ovate or obovate, plicate, shallow-toothed 
leaves ; axillary dense heads of sterile flowers whiter and more delicate 
than those of the Common Snowball. China and Japan. 


HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. ral ih 


3. SAMBUCUS, ELDER. (From Greek name of an ancient musical 
instrument, supposed to have been made of Elder stalks.) 
* Flowers in a flattish cyme. 


S. Canadénsis, Linn. Common Extper. Stems woody only towards 
the base, 5°-6° high, with white pith ; 7-11 oblong smooth or smoothish 
leaflets, the lowermost often 3-parted ; flowers scentless, in early summer ; 
fruit small, black-purple. Rich soils. 

Ss. nigra, Linn. European E. Taller and more woc g (where hardy), 
the leaflets usually 5, oblong-oval or ovate-lanceolate ; flowers larger, 
faintly sweet scented ; fruit black. Cult. from Eu., chiefly in the form of 
golden-leaved, variegated, and cut-leaved varieties. 


* * Flowers in a pyramidal panicle or thyrse. 


S. racemdsa, Linn. Rep E. Rocky woods chiefly N., with woody 
stems and warty bark; yellow-brown pith ; few lanceolate leaflets downy 
underneath ; berries bright red. Blooms in early spring. 


4. LINNZA, TWIN FLOWER. (Linneus.) Y 


L. borealis, Gronov. Stems creeping, bearing round-oval and sparingly 
crenate, somewhat hairy, small leaves, and in early summer the sweet- 
scented pretty flowers; corolla purple and whitish, hairy inside. Mossy 
woods and cold bogs N, 


5. TRIOSTEUM, FEVERWORT, HORSE GENTIAN. (Greek for 
three bones, from the 3 bony seeds or stones.) The root has been used in 
medicine, and the seeds for coffee. In rich soil ; flowering early summer. 


T. perfoliatum, Linn. Softly hairy, 2°-4° high, with oval leaves 
abruptly narrowed at base, and brownish purple flowers in clusters; the 
common species. 

T. angustifolium, Linn. Smaller and bristly-hairy, with narrower 
lanceolate leaves more tapering at base, and greenish or cream- -colored 
flowers, mostly solitary. Va. to Ill., S. and W. 


6. SYMPHORICARPOS. (Greek: crowded fruits.) Wild on rocky 
banks, and cult. for the ornamental, insipid berries. Flowers white or 
slightly rose-color, produced all summer. 


S. racemdsus, Michx. Snowserry. Clusters of flowers in inter- 
rupted leafy spikes (rather than racemes) terminating the branches ; 
corolla bearded within; style (as in the next) glabrous ; berries snow- 
white in autumn. N. Eng., S.and W. Common in gardens. 

S. occidentalis, Hook. Wo.rserry. Flowers in dense terminal 
and axillary spikes; corolla larger than in the last, much bearded within ; 
berries white. Mich., W. 

S. vulgaris, Michx. Corat Berry, InpIAN Currant. Short clus- 
ters of flowers in the axils of most of the leaves ; corolla slightly bearded, 
but style prominently so; berries small, dark-red. N. Y., W. and S. 


7. LONICERA, HONEYSUCKLE, WOODBINE. (Named for an old 
German herbalist, Lonitzer, latinized Lonicerus. ) 


§ 1. Fry Honeysuckies, upright or straggling bushes, never twining, 
with leaves all distinct to the base, and a pair of flowers on the summit 
of an axillary peduncle, the 2 berries sometimes united into 1. 


« Four large leafy bracts surrounding 2 cylindrical (3! long) yellowish 
Jlowers. 


L. involucrata, Banks. Wild from Lake Superior to Cal., and spar- 
ingiy planted; shrub 2°-5° high, downy when young, with ovate or 


219 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 


oblong leaves, 3/-5! long, on short petioles, clammy flowers, and berries 
quite separate. 


*« * The 2 or 4 bracts under the ovaries small or minute, sometimes 
caducous. 


+ Flowers appearing before the leaves. 


L. fragrantissima, Lindl. Branches smooth ; flowers white or tinted, 
sessile at the nodes, strongly 2-lipped, very fragrant; leaves thickish aud 
veiny, short-obovate, with cusp at tip, smooth. China. Foliage ever- 
green in favorable localities. . 

L. Standishij, Hook. Much like the last, but branches retrorsely hairy. 
and leaves ovate-lanceolate and ciliate and more deciduous. China. 


+ + Flowers appearing with or after the leaves. 
++ Flowers nearly sessile. 


L. certlea, Linn. Leaves oval, downy when young; corolla 5-lobed, 
yellowish ; bracts awl-like, longer than the united ovaries ; double berry 
blue. Cold woods and bogs N. ; also cult. 


++ ++ Flowers conspicuously peduncled. 


L. Tatdrica, Linn. Tarvarran H. Strong growing tall shrub, now 
commonly planted from Asia; leaves cordate-oval, obtuse or acute, with 
chaste whitish or bluish-red flowers in profusion, followed by united red 
berries. 

L. ciliata, Muhl. Straggling, 39-5° high; oval or oblong and partly 
heart-shaped leaves, thin and downy beneath when young, and ciliate 
on the edge ; honey-yellow corolla (?/ long), with short, nearly equal 
lobes and very unequal-sided base; berries red, separate ; flowers early 
spring. N. 

L. oblongifdlia, Muhl. Upright, 2°-5° high ; leaves oblong ; pedun- 
cles long and slender; corolla deeply 2-lipped (3/ long) in early summer ; 
bracts minute or deciduous ; berries united, red or purple. Swamps, N. 


§ 2. True Honeysuckwes, with twining stems (in one wild species 
only slightly so). 


* Corolla with very long tube and 5 short, almost regular lobes. 


L. sempérvirens, Ait. Trumper H. Wild from N. Y., S., and 
commonly cult. Leaves evergreen (as the name denotes) only at the S., 
thickish, pale beneath, the lower oblong, the uppermost pairs united 
round the stem; flowers scentless, in spiked whorls 2! long, scarlet with 
yellow inside (also a yellow variety), produced all summer; berries red. 


* * Corolla strongly 2-lipped; lower lip narrow, upper one broad and 
4-lobed. 


+ The 1 to 4 uppermost pairs of leaves united round the stem in the form 
of an oval or rounded disk or shallow cup, the flowers sessile in their 
arils, or partly in leafless spiked whorls beyond (Lessons, Fig. 165); 
berries red or orange. 


++ Corolla long (1' or more), glabrous within. 


L. grata, Ait. AmerricaN Wooppinr. Leaves smooth, glaucous 
beneath, obovate, the 2 or 3 upper pairs united ; flowers white, with a 
pink or purple slender tube, fading to yellowish, fragrant, the corolla not 
gibbous at the base, whorled in the upper axils. N.J.to Mich., S. and W.; 
also cult. 

L. Caprifolium, Linn. Leaves obovate, obtuse or slightly acute, very 
glaucous, uppermost 2 or 3 pairs connate; flowers yellow with a bluish, 
very slender, not gibbous tube, in capitate whorls, Cult. from Eu.; flowers 
only in early summer. . 


HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. Zid 


a+ ++ Corolla mostly shorter, hairy within. 
= Foliage conspicuously glaucous. 


L. Sullivantii, Gray. Leaves large, smooth, and oval or ovate-oblong, 
sessile, and most of those on the flowering stems connate (the uppermost 
forming a saucer-like disk), very glaucous; flowers pale yellow, very 
slightly gibbous below, in a somewhat loose cluster; filaments nearly 
glabrous. Ohio, W. and §.; also cult., as L. rrAva and L, Canapensis. 

L. glatca, Hill. Leaves oblong, less glaucous than the last and 
sometimes puberulent beneath, the 1-4 upper pairs connate ; flowers 
smaller than the last (4/ or less long), purplish or greenish, in a small 
compact cluster, more gibbous below ; filaments hairy. N. Eng. W. 


= = Foliage green or very nearly so, hairy. 


L. hirstta, Eaton. Harry H. Leaves large and broad-oval, dull and 
veiny, downy and somewhat whitened below, about 2 of the upper 
pairs connate ; flowers in loose whorls, orange-yellow and clammy pubes- 
cent; the tube slightly gibbous. Woods, Me., W. 


+ + Leaves all separate and short-stalked. 


L. Periclymenum, Linn. (lL. BEtGica.) Leaves ovate, obtuse, atten- 
uated at the base, sometimes downy, glaucous beneath ; flowers red out- 
side and buff within, ringent, disposed in terminal heads. Eu. Some 
varieties bloom throughout the summer. ; 

L. Jap6nica, Thunb. (L. conrisa ; also L. Bracuypopa, L. FLEXUOSA, 
and L. HavuiAna of gardens.) Japanese H. Long-trailing or climbing 
vine with variable foliage ; leaves (sometimes variegated) generally ovate 
and blunt, but sometimes acute, thin.(but nearly evergreen in favorable 
localities), and more or less hairy, at least when young, never glaucous ; 
slender stems hairy ; flowers long (2/), hairy, white or reddish outside, 
fading to yellow, fragrant at nightfall. Common ; from Japan and China. 


8. DIERVILLA, BUSH HONEYSUCKLE, WEIGELA. (Named for 
Dr. Dierville, who took the common species from Canada to France.) 


* Corolla pale or honey-yellow, and slender funnel-form, not showy ; pod 
oblong. 


D. trifida, Moench. Common N.; 1°4° high, with oblong-ovate, 
taper-pointed leaves on distinct petioles, mostly 3-flowered peduncles, 
and slender, pointed pods ; flowers all summer, Banks. 

D. sessilifolia, Buckley. Along the Alleghanies S.; has lance-ovate, 
sessile leaves, many-flowered peduncles, and short-pointed pods. 


* * Corolla showy, mostly rose-colored, funnel-form, with an abruptly 
narrowed base; very slender, stalk-like ovary and linear pod. Species 
much confused, but the following are the sources of the garden WEIGELAS. 
From Japan and China. 


D. flérida, Sieb. & Zuce. Known under many names, as Wei1cELa and 
DrerviLia rosEA, D. amAsitis, W. ALBA, W. IsaLina, etc. Calyx teeth 
lanceolate; corolla rose-color; seeds wingless and triangular; leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, serrate ; 5°--8°. Common in cult. 

D. Japé6nica, DC. (D. Horrénsis.) Usually lower; calyx teeth 
linear ; corolla rose-color, the tube broadly funnel-shaped ; seeds (as in the 
two next) winged; plant more or less hairy, the under side of the young 
leaves especially so; flowers numerous, nearly or quite sessile. 

D. grandiflora, Sieb. & Zucc. Larger, 5°-10° or sometimes even more, 
with linear calyx teeth ; plant glabrous or very nearly so, the leaves much 
larger than in the last; the creamy (becoming rose) flowers on com- 


214 MADDER FAMILY. 


monly distinct, more or less elongated peduncles ; corolla tube broadly 
funnel-shaped. 

D. floribinda, Sieb. & Zuce. (D. verRsfcoror and D. MULTIFLORA) 
Calyx teeth linear; corolla tube narrowly funnel-shaped ; flowers brown- 
ish or at first greenish, becoming purplish ; leaves villous ; ovary and calyx 
hairy. 


LVIII. RUBIACEH, MADDER FAMILY. 


Like the preceding family, but with stipules between the 
opposite (or sometimes ternately whorled) entire leaves, or 
else (as in Galium) the leaves whorled without stipules. 
Fruit a capsule or berry. An immense family in the tropics, 
and here represented by several wild and a few commonly 
cultivated species. The CrycHona or PERUVIAN Bark trees 
belong here; also Corre, of which the best known species is 
Corrka ARABicA, a shrub or small tree, sometimes cult. in 
conservatories, with smooth and glossy oblong leaves, bearing 
fragrant white flowers in their axils, followed by the red 
berries, containing the pair of seeds. 


*« Leaves opposite, with stipules ; ovules numerous in each cell. 
+ Low herbs. 


1. HOUSTONIA. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, the 4 lobes valvate in the bud. 
Stamens 4. Style 1: stigmas 2. Pod short, 2-celled, the upper part rising more or 
less free from the 4-lobed calyx, opening across the top, and ripening rather few 
(4-20 in each cell) saucer-shaped or thimble-shaped pitted seeds. Stipules short and 
entire, sometimes a mere margin connecting the bases of the opposite leaves. Flowers 
more or less dimorphous. 

2. OLDENLANDIA. Like Houstonia, but corolla mostly wheel-shaped, and the seeds 
angular and very numerous. 

+ + Shrubs or trees. 


8. PINCKNEYA. Flowers in a terminal compound cyme. Calyx with 5 lobes, 4 of 
them small and lanceolate, the fifth often transformed into a large bright rose- 
colored leaf. Corolla hairy, with a slender tube and 5 oblong-linear recurving lobes. 
Stamens 5, protruding. Fruit a globular 2-celled pod, filled with very many thin- 
winged seeds. 

4. GARDENIA. Flowers solitary at the end of the branches or nearly so, large, very 
fragrant. Calyx with 5 or more somewhat leaf-like lobes. Corolla funnel-shaped or 
salver-shaped, with 5 or more spreading lobes convolute in the bud, and as many 
linear anthers sessile in its throat. Style 1; stigma of 2 thick lobes. Fruit fleshy, 
surmounted by the calyx lobes, ribbed down the sides, many-seeded. 

BOUVARDIA. Flowers in clusters at the end of the branches. Calyx with 4 slender 
lobes. Corolla with a long and slender or somewhat trumpet-shaped tube, and 4 
short, spreading lobes, valvate in the bud. Anthers 4, almost sessile in the throat. 
Style 1; stigma of 2 flat lips. Pod small, globular, 2-celled. Seeds wing-margined. 


iS) 


* « Leaves opposite or in 3s or 4's, with stipules ; ovule solitary in each cell. 


+ Low herbs or creepers, with narrow funnel-form or salver-form corolla, its lobes 
(valvate in the bud) and the stamens 4. 


6 DIODIA. Flowers 1-3, sessile in the axfls of the narrow leaves. Stipules sheathing, 
dry, fringed with long bristles. Ovary 2- (rarely 3-), celled, in fruit splitting into 2 
hard and dry closed nutlets. Calyx teeth 2-5, often unegual. 


MADDER FAMILY. 215 


% SPERMACOCE. Flowers sessile, in axillary whorls or clusters. Fruit small and dry, 
2-celled, one or both of the carpels opening (1 carpel, in falling, usually carrying the 
partition with it, leaving the other open). Calyx teeth 4, 

8. MITCHELLA. Flowers in pairs at the end of branches, the two ovaries united into 
one, which in fruit forms a 2-eyed scarlet berry. Corolla densely white-bearded 
inside, white or purplish-tinged outside. Style 1; stigmas 4, slender. Seeds, or 
rather little stones, 4 to each of the two flowers. Stipules small, not fringed. 


+ + Shrubs or small trees ; lobes of the corolla overlapping in the bud. 


9. CEPHALANTHUS. Flowers many and small, crowded in a close, round head, raised 
ona peduncle, Calyx 4toothed. Corolla tubular with 4 very short lobes. Stamens 
4. Style long and much protruded, tipped with a capitate stigma. Fruit small, dry 
and hard, inversely pyramidal, at length splitting into 2 or 4 closed, 1-seeded por- 


tions. 4 » x Leaves whorled, without stipules ; ovules solitary. 


10. GALIUM. Flowers small or minute, mostly in clusters, with a wheel-shaped, 4-parted 
(or sometimes 3-parted) corolla, and as many short stamens. Ovary 2-celled, form- 
ing a small and twin, fleshy or berry-like, or else dry and sometimes bur-like, 
2-seeded fruit. Styles 2. Calyx above the ovary obsolete. Slender herbs, with 
square stems, their angles and the edges of the leaves often rough or almost prickly. 


1. HOUSTONIA. (Dr. Wm. Houston, an English physician, who 
botanized on the coast of Mexico, where he died early.) 


* Delicate little plants, with 1-flowered peduncles, flowering from early 
spring to summer ; corolla salver-form ; pod somewhat 2-lobed, its upper 
half free; seeds with a deep hole occupying the face. 


H. ceertlea, Linn. Common H. or Biurets. Moist banks and grassy 
places; 3/-5! high, smooth and slender, erect, with oblong or spatulate 
leaves only 3!’ or 4/' long, very slender peduncle, and light blue, purplish, 
or almost white and yellowish-eyed corolla, its tube much longer than 
the lobes. (Q) 

H. minima, Beck. Roughish, 1/-4’ high, at length much branched 
and spreading ; leaves ovate, spatulate, or the upper linear ; earlier pedun- 
cles slender, the rest short, and tube of the purplish corolla not longer 
than its lobes and those of the calyx. Dry hills from Mo.,S.W. @ @ 

H. rotundifdlia, Michx. Prostrate and creeping leafy stems ; pedun- 
cles shorter than the roundish leaves and recurved in fruit; corolla 
white. Sandy soil from N. Car., 8. 2 


* * Erect leafy-stemmed, 5'-20! high, with flowers in terminal clusters or 
cymes, in summer ; corolla funnel-form ; seeds rather saucer-shaped. 2 


H. purpirea, Linn. Wooded or rocky banks, commoner W. ; smooth 
or slightly downy, with ovate or lanceolate 3-5-ribbed leaves ; pale-purple 
flowers, and upper half of globular pod free from the calyx. Variable. 

Var. ciliolata, Gray. 3’ high, with thick small stem leaves, and oval 
or oblong ciliate radical leaves. W. 

Var. longifdlia, Gray. The common one N.; slender or low, with 1- 
ribbed leaves, those of the stem varying from lance-oblong to linear. 

H. angustifolia, Michx. Stems tufted erect ; narrow-linear and acute 
1-ribbed leaves ; crowded short-pediceled flowers with lobes of the white 
corolla densely bearded inside, and only the top of the obovate pod rising 
above the calyx. Dry banks from IIl., S. and W. 


2. OLDENLANDIA. (H. B. Oldenland was a German botanist who 
died at the Cape of Good Hope.) 
O. Boéscii, Chapm. 3! or 4! high, diffuse, glabrous; leaves linear ; 
flowers few or solitary ; calyx teeth broadly subulate, mostly shorter than 
the capsule. S.Car.,S.and W. Y 


216 MADDER FAMILY. 


O. glomerata, Michx. Taller, erect, or becoming diffuse, somewhat 
pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong; flowers generally in clusters ; calyx 
lobes ovate or oblong and leafy, longer than the capsule. N. Y., S. and 


Ww. @ 


3. PINCKNEYA, GEORGIA BARK or FEVER TREE. (Named 
for Chas. C. Pinckney.) 


P. ptbens, Michx. The only species ; a rather downy small tree or 
shrub, in wet pine barrens, 8. Car. to Ga., with large oval leaves, slender 
stipules, and purplish flowers of little beauty, but the great calyx leaf 
commonly produced is striking. 


4. GARDENIA, CAPE JESSAMINE. (Named for Dr. Garden of 
S. Car., who corresponded with Linneus.) 


G. jasminoides, Ellis. (G. rL6r1pA). A house plant from China and 
Japan ; 29-49 high ; leaves smooth and bright-green, oblong acute at both 
ends ; large and showy, very fragrant flowers ; the white corolla 5-9-lobed, 
or full double; berry large, oblong, orange-colored, 5-6-angled and taper- 
ing at the base. 


5. BOUVARDIA. (Dr. Chas. Bouvard, director of the Paris Garden 
of Plants over a century ago.) Favorite conservatory plants of several 
species, the following from Mexico, best known: 


B. triphylla, Salisb. Shrubby or half-shrubby, blossoming through the 
winter, and in grounds in summer; with leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 
smoothish, in 3’s or the upper in pairs; corolla scarlet, minutely downy 
outside, nearly 1/ long. 

B. leiGntha, Benth. Winter-blooming, has more downy leaves and 
smooth, deep-scarlet corolla. 


6. DIODIA, BUTTONWEED. (Greek: a thoroughfare, being humble 
weeds, often growing by the wayside.) Flowers white or whitish. 


D. Virginiana, Linn. Stems spreading, 1°-2° long; leaves broadly 
lanceolate, sessile; corolla salver-shaped, 3/ long; style 2-parted ; fruit 
oblong, crowned with 2 calyx teeth. N.J.,S. 

D. teres, Walt. Sandy fields from N. J. and Il., S.; with slender 
stems 3/-9/ long; linear and rigid leaves; small corolla rather shorter 
than the long bristles of the stipules, undivided style, and obovate little 
fruit crowned with the 4 short calyx teeth. @ 


7. SPERMACOCE. (Greek, referring to the pointed carpels.) Sev- 
eral species far S. 


S. glabra, Michx. Glabrous; stems spreading a foot or two; leaves 
oblong-lanceolate ; heads of small whitish flowers many-flowered and 
axillary. Ohio, S. and W. 2 


8. MITCHELLA, PARTRIDGE BERRY, SQUAWBERRY. (Nained 
for Dr. J. Mitchell, an early botanist of Va.) 2 


M. répens, Linn. A little herb, creeping over the ground, witb the 
smnall, evergreen leaves round-ovate, very smooth and glossy, bright 
green, sometimes with whitish lines, short-petioled ; flowers pretty and 
sweet-scented ; fruit scarlet, remaining over winter, edible. Woods, N. 
and 8. 


MADDER FAMILY. 217 


9. CEPHALANTHUS, BUTTONBUSH. (Greek: head and flower.) 
Flowers summer and autumn. (Lessons, Fig. 205.) 


C. occidentalis, Linn. A tall shrub, common along the borders. of 
ponds and streams, with lance-oblong or ovate-pointed leaves on peti- 
oles, either in pairs or 3’s, and with short stipules between them; the 
head of white flowers about 1’ in diameter. 


10. GALIUM, BEDSTRAW, CLEAVERS or CLIVERS. (Greek: 
milk, which some species in Eu. were used to curdle.) There are 
other species in our region, some introduced from Eu. (Lessons, 


Fig: 183.) * Fruit dry when ripe, small. 

+ Fruit smooth ; leaves with strong midrib but no side ribs or nerves, in 
4’s, 5’s, or 6's ; flowers white, loosely clustered at the end of spreading 
branches. 2 


G. aspréllum, Michx. Low thickets ; 3°-5° high; the backwardly 
prickly-roughened angles of the stem and edges and midrib of the lance- 
oblong pointed leaves adhering to contiguous plants; leaves in whorls of 
6 on the stem and of 4 or 5 on the branchlets ; flowers numerous. 

G. trifidum, Linn. Swamps and low grounds; 6/-2° high; roughish 
or sometimes nearly smooth; leaves varying from linear to oblong, 4-6 
in the whorls ; flowers rather few, their parts often 3. 


+ + Fruit smooth or slightly bristly ; leaves 3-nerved ; flowers white in a 
narrow and long terminal panicle. 2 


G. boreale, Linn. 1°-2° high; smooth, erect, with lance-linear leaves 
in 4’s. Rocky banks of streams N. 


+++ Fruit a little bur, being covered with hooked prickles. 
+ Leaves mostly 6 or 8 in a whorl, with midrib and no side nerves ; 
Jlowers whitish or greenish ; stems reclining or prostrate, bristly-rough 
backwards on the angles. 


G. Aparine, Linn. Crravers or Goose Grass. Leaves in 8’s, 
lanceolate, rough-edged, 1/-2/ long; peduncles axillary, 1-2-flowered ; 
fruit large. Low grounds. (@ 

G. trifldrum, Michx. Leaves mostly in 6’s, lance-oblong, bristle- 
pointed ; peduncles terminating the branches, 5-flowered. Sweet-scented 
in drying. Woodlands, especially N. 2 


++ ++ Leaves all in fours, more or less 3-nerved ; flowers not white ; stems 
ascending, about 1° high, rather simple, not prickly-roughened. 2 


G. pildsum, Ait. Leaves oval, dotted, downy, 1’ long ; flowers brown- 
purple or cream-colored, all pediceled, the peduncle 2-3-times forked. 
Commonest 8, in dry thickets. Var. puncticuldsum is a smooth form S. 

G. circeezans, Michx. Witp Liquorice, the root being sweetish ; 
leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, ciliate ; peduncles once forked, their long 
branches bearing short-pediceled dull or brownish flowers along the sides, 
the fruit reflexed. Common. 

G. lanceolatum, Torr. Like the preceding, but with lanceolate or 
lance-ovate tapering leaves, 2’ long. N. 


« * Fruit a black berry; the parts of the white flower only 4. Only in 
Southern States, in dry, sandy soil. Y 


G. hispidulum, Michx. Stems spreading 1°-2° long; leaves in 4’s, 
4! or less in length, lance-ovate ; peduncle 1—3-flowered ; berry roughishk. 

G. unifldrum, Michx. Smooth, slender, 1° high; leaves linear; 
flowers mostly solitary. 


218 VALERIAN FAMILY. 


LIX. VALERIANACEH, VALERIAN FAMILY. 


Herbs, with opposite leaves, no stipules, calyx coherent with 
the ovary, which has only one fertile, one-ovuled cell but two 
abortive or empty ones, and stamens always fewer than the 
lobes of the tubular or funnel-form corolla (1-3, distinct), and 
inserted on its tube. Style slender; stigmas 1-3. Fruit small 
and dry, indehiscent; the single hanging seed with a large 
embryo and no albumen. Flowers small, in clusters or cymes. 


« Lobes of the calyx many and slender, but hardly seen when in flower, being rolled 
up inwards around the base of the corolla ; in fruit they unroll and appear as 
long plumose bristles, resembling a pappus, like thistle-down. 


1. VALERIANA. Corolla with narrow or funnel-form tube usually gibbous at the base 
on one side, but not spurred, its 5 spreading lobes almost equal. Stamens 3. Akene 
1-celled, the minute empty cells early disappearing. Root strong-scented. 


x x Lobes of the calyx of a few short teeth or mostly hardly any. 
2. VALERIANELLA. Corolla funnel-form,’ with 5 equal or rather unequal spreading 


lobes. Stamens mostly 8. Akene-like fruit with one fertile and two empty cells, or 
the latter confluent into one. 


a. VALERIANA, VALERIAN. (Name obscure.) Flowers early 
summer, often dicwcious, white or purplish. 2/ 


* Root fibrous or rhizomatous ; leaves rather thin. 
+ Garden species from Eu., producing the medicinal Valerian-root. 


V. officinalis, Linn. The commonest in gardens ; 2°-8° high, a little 
downy, with leaves of 11 to 21 lanceolate or oblong cut-toothed leaflets, 
and rootstocks not running. 

V. Phd, Linn. Smooth, with root leaves simple, stem leaves of 5-7 
entire leaflets or lobes, and rootstock horizontal. 


+ + Wild species N. and chiefly W.; all rather rare or local. 


V. paucifldra, Michx. 19°-2° high, smooth, with thin ovate and 
heart-shaped toothed root leaves, stem leaves of 3-7 ovate leaflets ; flowers 
rather few in the crowded panicled cyme; corolla long and slender. 
Woodlands, Penn. to Ill. and S. W. 

V. sylvdtica, Banks. Root leaves mostly ovate or oblong and entire, 
stem leaves with 5-11 lance-oblong or ovate almost entire leaflets ; corolla 
funnel-form. Cedar swamps N. 


* * Root a spindle-shaped tuber ; leaves thickish, more simple. 


V. édulis, Nutt. 1°-4° high, the large root eaten by the Indians W., 
leaves mostly from the root and minutely woolly on the edges, those of 
the root lanceolate or spatulate, of the stem cut into 3-7 long and narrow 
divisions. Alluvial ground from O. W. 


2. VALERIANELLA (or FEDIA), CORN SALAD, LAMB'S LET- 
TUCE. (Diminutive of Valeriana.) Our species are all very much 
alike in appearance, smooth, with forking stems 6/-20/ high; tender, 


7 


TEASEL FAMILY. 219 


oblong leaves either entire or cut-lobed towards the base, and small 
flowers in clusters or close cymes, with leafy bracts, and a short white 
or whitish corolla, in early summer. @) Q) 


V. olitéria, Poll. Corn Satap. Corolla bluish; fruit broader than 
Jong, and.a thick corky mass at the back of the fertile cell. Eu.; cult. 
and sparingly naturalized. 

V. chenopodifdlia, DC. Corolla whitish; fruit ovate-triangular, 
mostly smooth, shaped like a grain of buckwheat when dry, the confluent 
empty cells occupying one angle, and much smaller than the broad and 
flat seed. N. Y., W. and S. 

V. radiata, Dufr. Corolla whitish; fruit mostly downy and some- 
what 4-angled, the parallel, narrow, empty cells contiguous, but with a 
broad, shallow groove between them. Penn. and Mich. S. 


LX. DIPSACEH, TEASEL FAMILY. 


Differs from the preceding family by having the flowers 
strictly in heads, surrounded by an involucre, as in the next 
family, — from which it differs in the separate stamens, hang- 
ing seed, etc. All are natives of the Old World. 


1. DIPSACUS. Coarse and stout herbs, with stems and midrib of leaves often prickly, 
and the heads with rigid prickly-pointed bracts or chaff under each flower, under the 
whole a conspicuous leafy involucre. Each flower has an involucel in the form of a 
little calyx-like body inclosing the ovary and akene. Calyx continued beyond the 
ovary into a mere truncate, short cup-like, border. Corolla slender, with 4 short 
lobes. Stamens 4. Style slender. 

2. SCABIOSA. Less coarse, not prickly ; the short heads surrounded by a softer green 
involucre ; a short scale or soft bristle for a bract under each flower. Corolla funnel- 
form, 4-5-cleft, oblique or irregular; the outer ones often enlarged. Stamens 4. 
Style slender. Inyolucel inclosing the ovary and the calyx various. 


ZL DIPSACUS, TEASEL. (Greek: to thirst; the united bases of the 
leaves in some species catch rain water.) Flowers summer. 


D. sylvéstris, Mill. Stem 4°-5° high, prickly, with lance-oblong leaves, 
the upper ones united round the stem ; heads large, oblong ; corollas pur- 
plish or lilac; slender-pointed, straight chaff under each flower. @ 
Along roads. 

D. Fullénum, Linn. Furter’s T. Less prickly than the other, with 
involucre hardly longer than the flowers, the awn-like tips of the rigid 
chaff hooked at the end, which makes the teasel useful for carding 
woollen cloth ; cultivated in central N. Y. for this purpose, sometimes 
escaping into waste places and roadsides. @) 


2. SCABIOSA, SCABIOUS. (Latin name.) Flowers summer. One 
European species is commonly cultivated for ornament, — 


S.atropurpurea, Linn. Sweet S. Or when with dark purple or crimson 
flowers, called Mourninc Briper; the flowers are sometimes rose-colored 
or even white ; plant 1°-2° high, with obovate or spatulate and toothed 
root leaves, pinnately-parted stem leaves, the cup or involucel inclosing 
the ovary 8-grooved, calyx proper with 5 long bristles surmounting the 
akene : outer corollas eularged. @ 


220 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 


LXI. COMPOSITA, COMPOSITE FAMILY. 


Herbs, or a very few shrubs, known at once by the “com- 
pound flower,” as it was termed by the older botanists, this 
consisting of several or many flowers in a head, surrounded 
by a set of bracts (formerly likened to a calyx) forming an 
involucre, the stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla 
(almost always 5) and inserted on its tube, their anthers 
syngenesious, 1.e. united in a ring or tube through which the 
style passes. (Lessons, Figs. 290, 291.) Calyx with its tube 
incorporated with the surface of the ovary, its limb or border 
(named the pappus) consisting of bristles, either rigid or 
downy, or of teeth, awns, scales, etc., or of a cup or crown, or 
often none at all. (Lessons, Figs. 379-384.) Corollas either 
tubular or funnel-form and lobed, or strap-shaped (ligulate), 
or sometimes both sorts in the same head, when the outermost 
or marginal row has the strap-shaped corollas, forming rays 
(which answered to the corolla of the supposed compound 
flower), the separate flowers therefore called ray flowers ; those 
of the rest of the head, or disk, called disk flowers. The 
dilated end of the stalk or branch upon which the flowers are 
borne is called the receptacle. The bracts, if there are any, 
on the receptacle (one behind each flower) are called the chaff 
of the receptacle. ‘The bracts or leaves of the involucre out- 
side the flowers are commonly called scales. Style 2-cleft at 
the apex. Ovary 1-celled, containing a single ovule, erect from 
its base, in fruit becoming an akene. Seed filled by the embryo 
alone. (For the flowers, and the particular terms used in 
describing them, see Lessons, pp. 93, 94, Figs. 266-269 ; for the 
fruit, see p. 121, Figs. 379-384.) 

The largest family of Flowering Plants, generally too diffi- 
eult for the beginner; but most of the common kinds, both 
wild and cultivated, are here briefly sketched. For fuller 
details as to the wild ones, with all the species, the student 
will consult the Manual, and Chapman’s Southern Flora. The 
following synopsis is arranged to aid the beginner, but the 
genera are numbered in systematic sequence. 


Serres I. Head with only the outermost flowers strap- 
shaped, and these never perfect, 1.e. they are either pistillate 


COMPOSITE FAMILY. 221 


or neutral, always without stamens; or with strap-shaped 
corollas entirely wanting. Plants destitute of milky or colored 
juice. (Series II., p. 228.) 


A. No strap-shaped corollas or true rays ; i.e. the head discoid. (B, p. 224.) 


* Branches of the style filiform-subulate and rough all over with minute bristles ; 
receptacle not chaffy ; flowers not yellow (x * and * * * this page). 


1. VERNONIA. Heads corymbed, with an involucre of many imbricated scales, and 15 to 
30 or more rose-purple flowers. Lobes of the corolla slender. Akenes cylindrical, 
several-ribbed ; pappus of copious hair-like bristles, surrounded at base by an outer 
set of very short and fine scales or scale-like bristles. Leaves alternate. 


«x * Branches of the style long and slender or mostly rather club-shaped, obtuse, 
usually very minutely puberulent under a lens, the stigmatic surface below the 
middle ; receptacle not chaffy ; flowers not yellow. 


+ Pappus (); leaves opposite. 


2. PIQUERIA. Heads very small, of 3-5 whitish flowers, and involucre of 4 or 5 imbri- 
cated scales. Akene 4-5-angled. 


+ + Pappus stiff, mostly scale-like ; leaves whorled or opposite. 


8. SCLEROLEPIS. Meads many-flowered, flesh-colored, the scales of the involucre 
equal. Corolla 5-toothed. Akenes 5-angled. Pappus a single row of 5 hard, oval, 
obtuse scales. Leaves whorled. 

4. AGERATUM. Heads small and few-flowered, blue (in ours; in others rose-colored), 
with a cup-shaped involucre of imbricated narrow bracts; receptacle flattish ; the 
pappus of a few chaffy scales, mostly tapering into a slender stiff rough bristle. 
Leaves opposite. 


+ + + Pappus of slender bristles ; leaves various. 
++ Stem twining ; involucral scales 4. 


5. MIKANIA. Heads of 4 flesh-colored flowers. Corolla 5-toothed. Akenes 5-angled ; 
pappus a row of hair-like, naked (barely roughish) bristles. Leaves opposite. 


++ ++ Stem erect ; involucral scales more than 4. 


6. EUPATORIUM. Heads of 3 or more flowers, and an involucre of several or many scales. 
Corolla 5-toothed. Receptacle flat or merely convex. Akenes 5-angled; pappusarow 
of hair-like naked (rarely rough) bristles. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled. 

7. KUHNIA. Heads small, of 10-25 dull cream-colored flowers, surrounded by a few lanceo- 
late scales of the involucre. Corolla slender, barely 5-toothed. Akenes cylindrical, 
many-striate; pappus a row of white plumose bristles. Leaves mostly alternate. 

8. LIATRIS. Heads of several or many rose-purple flowers, surrounded by a more or 
less imbricated involucre. Lobes of the corolla rather long. Akenes slender, about 
10-ribbed ; pappus of many long and slender bristles, which are plumose or else 
beset with a short beard or roughness for their whole length. Heads spicate or 
racemose. Leaves alternate, entire, often resinous-dotted. 


« « « Branches of the style mostly short, often united, with obtuse or truncate tips, 
naked or sometimes hairy appendaged (or even with a minute hairy tip), the 
stigmatic surface either extending to the tip or to an appendage; receptacle 
either naked or chaffy ; flowers of many colors. 


+ Thistles or Thistle-like, the heads with very many flowers, all alike and mostly perfect. 
Branches of the style short or united, even to the tip. Scales of the involucre 
many-ranked, these or the leaves commonly tipped with prickly or bristly points. 


++ Pappus of many long-plumed bristles ; receptacle with bristles between the flowers. 


(65) CNICUS. Scales of the involucre not fleshy-thickened, prickly-tipped or else merely 
pointed. Akenes flattish, not ribbed. Filaments of the stamens separate. 


bo 


22 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 


66. CYNARA. Scales of the involucre of the great heads thickened and fleshy towards the 
base, commonly notched at the end, with or without a prickle. Akenes slightly 
ribbed. Otherwise much as in the last. 


++++ Pappus of naked, rough, or short-barbed bristles, or none. 


64. ARCTIUM. Scales of the globular involucre abruptly tipped with a spreading, slender, 
awl-shaped appendage, mostly hooked at its point. Receptacle bristly. Akenes 
flattened, wrinkled; pappus of many short and rough bristles, their bases not 
united, deciduous. Leaves and stalks not prickly. 

68. CARTHAMUS. Outer scales of the involucre leaf-like and spreading, middle ones with 
ovate appendage fringed with spiny teeth or little spines, innermost entire and 
sharp-pointed. Receptacle beset with linear chaff. Akenes very smooth, 4-ribbed ; 
pappus none. Leaves with rigid or short spiny teeth. 

{67) CENTAUREA ; see + + 


+ Thistle-like, with many-ranked imbricated scales to the involucre, many flowers, 
and the two branches of the style united into one body almost or quite to the tip, 
asin+, but the outer flowers of the head different from the rest and sterile 
except in a few kinds of Centaurea. Receptacle beset with bristles. 


65. CNICUS. Outer flowers smaller than the rest, slender-tubular, sterile. Scales of the 
involucre tipped with a long, spine-like appendage which is spiny-fringed down the 
sides. Akenes short-cylindrical, many-ribbed, and grooved, crowned with 10 short 
and horny teeth, within which is a pappus of 10 long and rigid and 10 short naked 
bristles. Leaves prickly-toothed. 

67. CENTAUREA. Outer flowers sterile and with corolla larger than the rest, often fun- 
nel-shaped and with long, sometimes irregular lobes, forming a kind of false ray ; 
but these are wanting in a few species. Involucre various, but the scales commonly 
with fringed, sometimes with spiny tips. Akenes flat or flattish; pappus of several 
or many bristles or narrow scales, or none. 


+++ Bur-like or achenium-like in the fruit, which is a completely closed involucre 
containing only one or two flowers, consisting of a pistil only, with barely a 
rudiment of corolla, therefore very different from most plants of the family ; 
but the stuminate flowers are several and in a flat or top-shaped involucre. 
Heads therefore monecious, or rarely diecious; no pappus. Coarse and 
homely weeds. 


82. AMBROSIA. Heads of staminate flowers in racemes or spikes terminating the stems 
or branches, their involucre of several scales united in a flattish or top-shaped cup ; 
fertile flowers clustered below the staminate, only one inclosed in each small ache- 
nium-like involucre, which is naked, or with a few tubercles or strong points near 
the top in a single row. 

83. XANTHIUM. Heads of staminate flowers in short racemes or spikes, their involucre 
of several scales in one row; fertile flowers below them, clustered in the axils, two 
together in a 2-celled hooked prickly bur. 


+++ + Plants not thistle-like, spiny, nor bur-like in their fruits, heads, or herbage. 
++ Two kinds of flowers in the same head, the outer ones with pistils only. 
— Pappus none, or a minute border or cup. 


i No chaff among the flowers; scales of the involucre dry, often with scarious margins, 
imbricated. Bitter-aromatic or rather acrid plants. 


58. TANACETUM. Heads of many yellow flowers; the marginal ones with pistil only 
and a 3-5-toothed corolla. Akenes angled or ribbed, with a flat top, crowned with a 
cup-like, toothed or lobed pappus. Very strong-scented herbs, with heads in a corymb. 

54. ARTEMISIA. Heads small, of few or many yellow or dull purplish flowers, some of 
the marginal ones pistillate and fertile, the others perfect, but sometimes not matur- 
ing the ovary. Akenes obovate or club-shaped, small at the top, destitute of pappus. 
Bitter-aromatic and strong-scented plants, with heads in panicles. 

(52) CHRYSANTHEMUM. One species, of old yards, is discoid (p. 226). 


COMPOSITE FAMILY. 223 


|| Chaffy receptacle; scales of the involucre dry and very stiff, in many series, often 
colored. 


63. XERANTHEMUM. Heads large and solitary, long-peduncled. Involucre campanu- 
late or cylindrical, the scales spreading, the outer ones shorter. Akene slender. 
with a minute crown. Hoary. 


|i Chaffy receptacle ; scales of the involucre green, few, and rounded. 


81. IVA. Heads small and few-several-flowered, the outer 1-4 pistillate and fertile, with 
a small tubular corolla or 0, the others staminate with a funnel-form, 5-toothed corolla. 
Anthers nearly separate. Akenes ovoid or lenticular. Pappus 0. 


== Pappus none at all to the outer pistillate and fertile flowers, but of some slender 
bristles in the central and perfect, yet seldom fruit-bearing flowers ; scales of 
the involucre woolly. 


20. FILAGO. Heads small, crowded in close clusters, of many inconspicuous flowers, each 
fertile pistillate flower in the axil of a thin and dry chaffy scale, and with a very 
slender, thread-like corolla; the central flowers with a more expanded 4-5-toothed 
corolla. Low herbs, clothed with cottony wool; leaves entire. 


=== Pappus of all the flowers composed of bristles (but caducous in Grindelia) ; no 
chaff among the flowers. 


{| Cottony-white herbs. 


21. GNAPHALIUM. Small heads (often clustered) of many whitish flowers, surrounded 
by an involucre of many ranks of dry and white or otherwise colored (not green) 
scarious and persistent scales woolly at base ; the flowers all fertile, the outer ones 
with pistil and very slender corolla, the central ones perfect and with more expanded 
5-toothed corolla. Pappus a row of very slender and roughish bristles. 

(22) ANTENNARIA. Like Gnaphalium, but the plants diecious. Staminate flowers with 
a simple style, but the ovary sterile, and their pappus of stouter bristles which are 
thickened at the summit, and there more or less barbed or plumed ; pappus of fer- 
tile flowers united and falling together. 

23. ANAPHALIS. Heads dicecious or nearly so. Pappus not thickened or united. Fer- 
tile heads usually bearing a few perfect but sterile flowers in the center. Otherwise 


like Antennaria. 1 | Not cottony. 


(9) GRINDELIA, which is sometimes rayless, may be sought here (p. 226). 

25. HELICHRYSUM. Heads rather large, terminating the branches singly, the pistillate 
flowers few and often in a single marginal row. Involucre dry and chaff-like, not 
cottony, the scales stiff and spreading, often colored. 

19. PLUCHEA. Heads many-flowered, the central flowers perfect but sterile, these few, 
with a 5-cleft corolla ; all other flowers pistillate and fertile, with a thread-shaped trun 
cate corolla. Involucreimbricated. Anthers with tails. Akenes grooved. Pappus 
ina single row. Strong-scented herbs, near the coast. 

61. ERECHTITES. Heads of many whitish flowers, with a cylindrical involucre of many 
narrow and naked scales in a single row; outer flowers with very slender corolla : 
inner with more open tubular corolla. Akenes narrow; pappus of copious, very fine 
and soft, naked, white hairs. Rank coarse herb. 

ERIGERON. One species has such short and inconspicuous rays that it may be 
looked fer here (p. 225). ; 


_++4+ Only one kind of flowers in the head. 


= Scales of the involucre dry and papery or scarious, often colored (i.e., not green}, 
not withering, in many ranks ; many flowers in the head. 


| Plant diecious ; head containing only staminate or pistillate flowers. 


22. ANTENNARIA. Pistillate flowers with very slender corollas and a pappus of long and 
very fine, hair-like, naked bristles; the staminate (with a simple imperfect style), 
with the pappus of thicker bristles enlarging and somewhat plumed or barbed at their 
summit. Leaves and stems cottony. 

(23) ANAPHALIS. See above. 


224 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 


18. BACCHARIS, Corolla of the pistillate flowers very slender and thread-like; of the 
staminate flowers, larger and 5-lobed. Anthers tailless. Akenes ribbed. Pappus 
in the fertile flower long and abundant; in the staminate, scanty and tortuous. 
Smooth or glutinous herbs near the coast. 


||| Flowers perfect. 


24. HELIPTERUM. Flowers with open 5-toothed yellowish corollas. Involucre (silvery 
rose-colored), smooth obovate, or top-shaped. Akenes woolly ; pappus of numerous 
plumose bristles. Leaves and stems smooth and naked. 

26. AMMOBIUM. Flowers with yellow 5-lobed corollas, surrounded by a silvery-white 
involuere. Chaffy scales on the receptacle among the flowers. Akenes flattish—4- 
sided; pappus of 4 teeth, 2 of them prolonged into a bristle. Leaves and stems 
white-cottony, the latter with leaf-like wings. 

(52) CHRYSANTHEMUM. One species is sometimes rayless, and with flowers all «like 
from the suppression of the ligulate pistillate ray flowers (p. 226). 


= = Scales of the involucre not dry and scarious or papery (i.e., they wilt) ; flowers 
all perfect. 


| Flowers yellow, with chaff between them; akenes flat, bearing 2-4 awns or bristles. 
(483, 44) COREOPSIS and BIDENS (p. 227). A few species have no ray flowers. 


|| Flowers yellow, no chaff; akenes not flat; pappus of copious, very soft and fine, 
down-like bristles. 


(57) SENECIO. One or two species are destitute of ray flowers (p. 225) ; also (11§ SOLI- 


DAGO (p, 225). ||| Flowers not yellow ; no chaff. 


59. EMILIA. Heads‘rather small, but with many orange-red disk flowers in a very 
simple cup-shaped involucre with no small outer scales. Akenes with 5 acute and 
hispid-ciliate angles. Very closely related to Senecio (p. 225). 

60. CACALIA. Heads corymbed, with 5-30 white or whitish flowers. Scales of the in. 
volucre a single row, with a few small bractlets at base. Corolla 5-cleft. Branches 
of the style smooth, with a conicel or flat usually minutely hairy tip. Akenes 
oblong, smooth; pappus of very many fine and soft, down-like, naked bristles. 
Leaves alternate. 

(12) BELLIS. A cultivated state with quilled (monstrous) flowers may be sought here 
(p. 225). 

B. With strap-shaped corollas or rays at the margin of the head. (Discoid variations 

may occur.) 


* Herbage. involucres, etc.. dotted with large pellucid or colored glands or oil recep- 
tacles imbedded in their substance, making the plants strong-scented ; involucre 
of one row of scales united into a bell-shaped or cylindrical cup ; no chaff on 
the flattish receptacle ; flowers yellow or orange. 


48. DYSODIA. Rays pistillate, mostly short. Involeere with some loose bractlets at the 
base. Receptacle not chaffy, but clothed with short chaffy bristles. Akenes slen- 
der, 4-angled ; pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into numerous rough bristles, 
so as to appear at first sight as if capillary. Leaves opposite. 

49. TAGETES. Rays pistillate. Involucre without bractlets at base. Akenes elongated, 
flat, somewhat 4-sided.; pappus of two or more unequal rigid chaffy seales, ofter 
united into a tube or cup, sometimes tapering into awns. Herbs, very glabrous. 


* x Herbage not spotted with large translucent or colored, strong-scented glands. 
+ Pappus of copious hair-like bristles ; no chaff on the receptacle among the flowers. 
++ Rays yellow, except in one or two species of Senecio and one Solidago, pistillate. 
= Anthers caudate or appendaged at the base. 


27. INULA. Ray flowers very numerous in one row, with narrow ligules. Outer scal.s 
of the involucre leaf-like. Pappus of many slender roughish bristles. Akenes 
narrow. Heads large and broad, the tubular perfect flowers very numerous, their 
anthers with two tails at the base. Leaves alternate. 


COMPOSITE FAMILY. 225 


== Anthers not truly appendaged. 
} Leaves all radical, appearing after the vernal flowers. 
55. TUSSILAGO. Ray flowers very numerous and in many rows, fertile, with narrow 
ligules ; the tubular disk flowers few in the center, and not fertile. Scale of the 
involucre nearly in one row. Pappus fine and soft. Head solitary on a scaly-bracted 


scape. | | Leafy-stemmed, later flowering. 
o Involucre imbricated. 


10. CHRYSOPSIS. Ray flowers numerous in one row. Scales of the involucre narrow, 
not leaf-like. Pappus of many roughish slender bristles, with also an outer row of 
very short and stout or chaff-like bristles. Akenes flattened, hairy. Heads single 
or corymbed. Leaves alternate. 

11. SOLIDAGO. Ray flowers 1-8, or rarely 10-16, the tubular disk flowers several, rarely 
many. Involucre oblong, its scales appressed, of unequal lengths. Pappus a single 
row of slender roughish bristles. Akenes narrow and terete, many-ribbed. Heads 
in large clusters, panicled or corymbed, small. Leaves alternate. 

o o Involucre not (or very slightly) imbricated. 

56. ARNICA. Ray flowers several or many in a single row. Scales of the involucre nearly 
equal in 2 rows. Pappus a single row of rough rather rigid bristles. Akenes slender. 
Heads few and rather large. Leaves opposite. 

57. SENECIO. Ray flowers several in a single row, or sometimes none; the disk flowers 
(as in the last three) perfect and fertile. Scales of the involucre in a single row, 
or often with small bractlets at the base. Pappus very fine and soft. Heads mostly 
in corymbs. Leaves alternate, simple or compound. 

58. OTHONNOPSIS. Ray flowers few, in one series. Disk flowers all sterile. Involucre 
campanulate (in ours), the scales in one row, more or less united at the base. Akenes of 
ray flowers oblong, 5-10-ribbed, pubescent, crowned with the copious pappus in several 
or many rows; of the disk flowers slender, glabrous, the pappus less. Leaves fleshy. 

++ ++ Rays white, blue or purple (at least never yellow), the flowers of the disk mostly 

yellow. Akenes flattish. Leaves simple and alternate. 


14. CALLISTEPHUS. Ray flowers very numerous, usually in more than one row, in cul- 
tivation often very numerous. Involucre in several rows, more or less leafy. Pap- 
pus of many slender and roughish bristles, surrounded at base by a little cup or 
crown, consisting of many little scales or short stiff bristles more or less united. 
Heads solitary terminating leafy stems or branches, large and broad. Leaves sessile, 
coarsely toothed. Annual. 

15. SERICOCARPUS. Ray flowers about 5, white, fertile ; disk flowers 12-20, pale yellow. 
Inyolucre cylindrical or clavate, the scales loosely imbricated in several rows, whitish 
and appressed, often with greenish spreading tips. Akenes short and obpyramidal, 
very silky. Pappus simple, of numerous capillary bristles. Perennials, with sessile 
leaves and mostly clustered heads. _ 

16. ASTER. Ray flowers more or less numerous, in one row. Involucre imbricated. 
Pappus of very numerous slender roughish bristles; no cup or crown of short 
bristles outside. Heads usually panicled or corymbed. Usually perennial. 

17. ERIGERON. Ray flowers numerous, narrow, and commonly occupying more than 
one row. Involucre more simple than in Aster, the scales narrower, appressed, 
mostly of equal length and occupying only one or two rows, without any leaf-like 
tips; and the pappus more scanty, often some minute short and sometimes chaft- 
like bristles at the base of the long ones. Annual or perennial. 

++ Pappus not of long hair-like bristles, either a little cup or crown, or of a few 

scales, teeth, awns, etc., or none at all. 

++ No chaff on the receptacle among the flowers, except perhaps in Achillea and Anthe- 
mis and in some cultivated and altered forms of Chrysanthemum. Leaves 
mostly alternate 

= Akenes flat; rays (pistillate) not yellow, at least in our species. 

12. BELLIS. Heads with numerous white, reddish, or purple rays. Receptacle high, 
conical. Akenes flat, obovate, wingless; no pappus. Low herbs, with solitary 
peduncled heads, and entire or merely toothed leaves. 

GRAY’S F. F. & G. BOT. —10 


226 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 


18. BOLTONIA. Flowers resembling those of Aster and Erigeron. Receptacle conical] or 
hemispherical. Akenes very flat, obovate or obcordate with a callous margin or 
wing ; pappus of several minute and short bristles, and commonly 2 or 3 short awns, 
Leafy-stemmed, tall, branching herbs, with pale-green thickish and chiefly entire 
leaves often turned edgewise. 

51. ACHILLEA. Heads mostly- with few and white (rarely rose-red or yellow) rays. 
Receptacle small, flattish, chaffy. Akenes oblong, margined ; no pappus. 


= = Akenes incurved or boat-shaped, rough-tubercled on the back ; no pappus ; rays 
numerous in more than one row; flowers all yellow or orange. 


62. CALENDULA. Heads showy, solitary, terminating the branches, with the very 
numerous rays pistillate and fertile, expanding in sunshine or bright daylight; the 
disk flowers sometimes few in the center and sterile. Inyolucre of numerous short 
green scales. Receptacle flat. Akenes (all that mature) belonging to the ray flowers, 
strongly incurved, some of them even horseshoe-shaped, or coiled into a ring, and 
(especially the outer ones) with thickened margins. 


=== Akenes not flat, nor boat-shaped ; rays pistillate and fertile except sometimes 
in Anthemis and Gaillardia, often yellow. 


| Pappus a short crown, or none. 


50. ANTHEMIS. Rays pistillate and fertile (or neutral in one), numerous, white or some. 
times yellow. Involucre of many small, close-pressed scales. Receptacle convex, 
with some slender chaff, at least at the center. Akenes terete, mostly ribbed. 
Leaves once to thrice pinnately divided. 

524. CHRYSANTHEMUM. Rays pistillate and fertile, numerous. Receptacle convex or 
flat, without chaff, except in some double-flowered varieties. Disk flowers mostly 
with a flattened tube. Pappus none, Otherwise nearly as in Anthemis. 


| | Pappus of 5-10 conspicuous thin chaffy scales with midrib more or less extended 
into a bristle or awn, or of a few rigid, caducous awns ; rays not very numer- 
ous, yellow or partly reddish or brownish-purple, never white. 


9. GRINDELIA. Heads large and many-flowered, rarely rayless. Scales of the invo- 
lucre in several rows or series, the tips green and more or less spreading, often 
resinous. Akenes short and thick, truncate, glabrous. Pappus ofa few rigid awns, 
caducous. Leaves alternate. 

46. HELENIUM. Rays pistillate. Involucre of a few small and narrow spreading or 
reflexed scales. Receptacle globular or conical. Heads mostly corymbed. Akene 
top-shaped and ribbed. Pappus of 5-8, 1-nerved and thin chaffy scales. (Lessons, 
Fig. 382.) 

47. GAILLARDIA. Rays often neutral, often party-colored. Involucre of two or more rows 
of loose, leafy-tipped scales. Receptacle convex. Disk tlowers often purple ; the styles 
with very slender hispid branches. Heads solitary on slender terminal peduncles. 
Akene top-shaped and 5-ribbed, villous. Pappus of 5-10 long and thin scales. 


++ ++ Chaff on the receptacle, one bract behind each flower in the head. 


= Disk flowers, even if apparently perfect, always sterile, only the ray flowers fertile 
or maturing their akenes ; flowers all yellow. Coarse tall herbs. 


| Flowers yellow or yellowish. 


28. POLYMNIA. Heads rather small or middle-sized, with about 5 leaf-like scales to the 
involucre, and some thin and small inner ones, few or several ray tlowers producing 
turgid obovate or partly triangular akenes with no pappus. Herbage clammy-pubes- 
cent and rather strong-scented ; all but the uppermost leaves opposite, and their 
petioles winged or dilated and stipule-like at the clasping base. 

29. SILPHIUM. Heads mostly large, with numerous, somewhat leafy-tipped or green 
scales to the involucre imbricated in 2 or more rows, numerous ray flowers produc- 
ing very broad and flat akenes (parallel with the scales of the involucre), which 
have commonly a wing-like margin and 2 teeth or a notch at the top. Juice 
resinous. 


COMPOSITE FAMILY. 227 


| | Flowers whitish. 


30. PARTHENIUM. Heads small, many-fiowered; the rays 5, usually inconspicuous, 
with very short and broad obcordate limbs not projecting beyond the woolly disk. 
Involucre hemispherical, with two rows of short or roundish scales. Akenes ob- 
compressed, with a slender callous margin, crowned with the persisting ray corolla 
and the pappus of two small chaffy scales. ; 


== Disk flowers perfect and fertile, those of the ray pistillate and fertile, or neutral. 
(Centaurea may be sought here; seep. 222.) 


| Akenes flattened parallel with the scales of the involucre and chaff of the receptacle, 
or in 44 sometimes very slender. Leaves generally opposite ; involucre double, 
the outer mostly leafy like, the inner of erect scales. 


42. DAHLIA. Ray in the natural flowers neutral or in the common species more or less 
pistillate, but in the gardens most or all of the flowers are changed into rays. Inner 
involucre of numerous more or less united scales. Akenes oblong, obscurely 2- 
horned or notched at the apex. 

48. COREOPSIS. Rays usually 8, neutral, mostly yellow, or brown-purple at base. In- 
yolucre commonly of about 8 outer loose or leaf-like scales and as many erect inner 
ones. Chaff slender, deciduous with the flat akenes, which have mostly a pappus 
of 2 teeth or awns, the latter not barbed downwards. 

44, BIDENS. Like Coreopsis, but several without rays, and some with slender or needle- 
shaped akenes; all bear 2 or more rigid persistent awns, which are barbed down- 
wards. 

45. COSMOS. Differs from Bidens in having the akenes distinctly beaked, and the rays 
(in ours) purple or rose-color. 


| | Akenes flattened laterally (if at all), i.e., contrary to the scales of the involucre and 
the chaff of the receptacle, the latter usually embracing or folded round thetr 
outer margin. 


o Rays deciduous after flowering, usually yellow ; native. 
x Receptacle flat or convex. 


89. HELIANTHUS. Rays several or many, neutral. Scales of the involucre imbricated. 
Receptacle flat or convex. Akenes flattish, but more or less 4-angled or lenticular, 
marginless ; pappus of 2 thin chaffy scales corresponding with the outer and inner 
angle of the akene, and sometimes with minute intermediate ones, all deciduous 
from the ripe fruit. (Lessons, Fig. 381.) Leaves simple, entire or serrate; stems 
not winged. 

40. VERBESINA. Rays few (in ours 1-5), pistillate. Involucre of few erect scales. Re- 
ceptacle rather flat. Akenes flat, winged or wingless; pappus of 2 persistent awns. 
Leaves simple, decurrent into wings on the stem. 

41. ACTINOMERIS. Rays neutral, few or several. Involucre of several nearly equal 
scales. Receptacle convex or conical. Akenes flat, oval, wing-margined ; pappus 
of 2 persistent smooth awns. Leaves simple, serrate, often decurrent into wings on. 


the stem. x x Receptacle high and columnar. 


38. LEPACHYS. Like Rudbeckia (next page), but akenes flattened, wing-margined on the 
inner and sometimes on the outer edge, 1-2-toothed at summit. Disk grayish. Chaff 
short and truncate. Leaves alternate, pinnately compound. 


© o Rays persistent on the fruit, becoming dry and papery, broad, pistillate and 
Sertile, of various colors ; exotic. 


34. ZINNIA. Rays several. Receptacle conical; the oblong chaff not longer than the 
yelvety-tipped disk corollas. Akenes oblong or linear, flattened, or those of the ray 
8-sided ; pappus of a chaffy awn or tooth on each angle, or sometimes hardly any. 
Leaves opposite, sessile, and entire. Heads solitary, terminating the stem or 


branches. 11) 4kenes not flattened, but angled or cornered. 


(50, 51) ANTHEMIS and ACHILLEA, in which the receptacle is sometimes chaffy, may be 
sought here (p. 226) 


228 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 


35. HELIOPSIS. Rays 10 or more, pistillate. Scales of the involucre in 2 or 3 rows, the 
inner shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical. Akenes 4-angled, somewhat cubi- 
cal; no pappus. Leaves opposite, petioled, triple-ribbed. 

36. ECHINACEA. Rays numerous, rather persistent, long, drooping, pistillate but sterile, 
rose-purple. Scales of the involucre narrow and spreading. Receptacle conical; 
the persistent and rigid spiny-tipped chaff longer than the purplish disk corollas. 
Akenes thick and short, 4-sided, and with a toothed border for a pappus. Leaves 
chiefly alternate, 3-5-ribbed. 

37. RUDBECKIA. Rays several or numerous, neutral. Yellow scales of the involucre 
in about 2 rows, spreading. Receptacle conical or columnar. Chaff soft. Akenes 
short, 4-angular, marginless, flat at the top; pappus none or a short even cup or 
border. Leaves alternate. 


Series II. Head with all the flowers strap-shaped and per- 
fect. Juice milky. Leaves alternate. 


x No pappus. 


69. LAMPSANA. Heads small, 8-12-flowered, loosely panicled. Involucre cylindrical, 
with 8 seales in a single row. Akene oblong. Flowers yellow. 


* « Pappus of both chaff and bristles, or of chaffy scales alone which form a crown or 
cup on top of the akene. 


70. KRIGIA. Heads medium to large, terminating naked scapes or branches, yellow. 
Scales of the involucre in two more or less defined rows. Akene short and truncate, 
top-shaped or column-like, terete or angled. Pappus double, the outer row of thin 
chaffy seales, the inner of slender bristles. Leaves mostly radical. 

71. CICHORIUM. Head of several blue flowers. Involucre double; the outer of 5 short 
and spreading, the inner of about 10 erect scales. Akenes short, with broad sum- 
mit. Pappus of small chaffy scales. Stems twiggy, leafy mostly towards the base. 
(Lessons, Figs. 266, 267; the akene, Fig. 380.) 


x x » Pappus of rather numerous and stout long-plumose bristles. 


72, TRAGOPOGON. Head large, of many yellow or purplish flowers. Involucre of about 
12 lanceolate rather fleshy scales in a single row, somewhat united at the base. 
Akenes terete, slender, roughish, tapering into a long beak, which bears the rigid 
long-plumed bristles of the pappus, 5 of these longer and naked at the summit. 
Stems leafy ; leaves entire, parallel-veined, clasping at the base. 

738. LEONTODON. Head rather small, of many yellow flowers. Involucre of many 
narrow equal erect scales, and a few short bractlets at base. Akenes spindle-shaped ; 
pappus a single row of tawny plumose bristles. Leaves all at the root, or base of the 
scapes, 


* * « * Pappus many slender, but rather stiff and rough, tawny, not plumose bristles. 


74. HIERACIUM. Heads small or smallish, of 12 or more yellow flowers. Scales of the 
involucre unequal and in more than one row. Akenes short, oblong or columnar, 
not beaked; the fragile bristles of the pappus not very copious. Stems naked or 
leafy. 

75. PRENANTHES. Heads usually nodding, of 540 greenish-white or yellowish, often 
purple-tinged flowers. Involucre cylindrical, of 5-15 linear scales in a single row 
and a few short bractlets at base. Akenes cylindrical; pappus of very copious straw- 
colored or brownish bristles. Stems leafy. 


x x * * * Pappus of extremely copious, and fine, soft, hair-like, not plumose, bristles. 


+ Mature akenes with the pappus raised on a very slender (short in some Lactucas) 
stalk like beak. 


i6. PYRRHOPAPPUS. Head of yellow flowers as in the next; but the pappus rusty red 
and with a minute ring of soft down underneath it. Stems branching and leafy near 
the base, the long peduncles naked. 


COMPOSITE FAMILY. 229 


17. TARAXACUM. Head ot very many yellow flowers on a slender, hollow, and wholly 
naked scape. Involucre double, the inner of numerous narrow scales in a single 
row, the outer of short loose scales. Akenes terete or spindle-shaped, strongly 
ribbed and tubercled on the ribs, much shorter than its slender beak which elevates 
at maturity the soft and white pappus. (Lessons, Fig. 384.) 

78. CHONDRILLA. Heads few-flowered, small, yellow. Involucre cylindrical, of several 
very narrow equal scales, and a row of small bracts at the base. Akene terete, sey- 
eral-ribbed, rough above but smooth below. Pappus bright white. Wand-like herbs. 

79. LACTUCA. Heads of several variously colored flowers. Involucre of several lanceo- 
late or ovate imbricated scales of unequal length. Akenes flat, abruptly contracted 
into the beak or neck which elevates the very white soft pappus. Stems leafy. 

+ + Akenes beakless. 

80. SONCHUS. Involucre as in the last, or with narrow and more equal scales, and tumid 
at base. Flowers yellow. Akene flat and short, without a beak to support its very 
soft white pappus. Stems branching and leafy. (Lessons, Fig. 383.) 


up VERNONIA, IRONWEED. (Named fora Wm. Vernon, of Eng- 
land, who traveled in this country.) Flowers autumn. 2/ 
* Leaves slightly or not at all scabrous, not revolute. 


V. Noveboracénsis, Willd. Common IroNwerep. Near the coast 
and along rivers W. ; 39-6° high, with lanceolate serrate leaves, crowded 
along the whole height of the stem; heads in a broad cyme; scales of 
involucre with slender awl-shaped or awn-like tips; akene lightly hairy. 

V. altissima, Nutt. ‘Tall; leaves lanceolate ; cyme loose ; scales close, 
obtuse or simply mucronate ; akene slightly hairy. Penn., W. and 8. 

V. fasciculata, Michx. Scales of involucre blunt and pointless, except 
perhaps some of the lowest; akene smooth. Ohio, W. and S. 


* * Leaves scabrous above, often revolute. 


V. angustifolia, Michx. Slender, 1°-3° high; leaves filiform to linear- 
lanceolate ; akenes minutely hirsute. N.C.,S. and W. 


2. PIQUERIA. (Namea for a Spanish botanist, A. Piquerio.). 


P. trinérvia, Cay. Mexico; cult. for winter-blooming ; smooth, 2°-8° 
high (also a dwarfer form), branched, with lance-oblong, 3-nerved, spar- 
ingly serrate leaves, and loose panicled corymbs of very small white- 
flowered heads; much used in dressing larger cut flowers. A form with 
white-edged leaves is used for edgings. In gardens often known as 
STEVIA SERRATA, 2 


3. SCLEROLEPIS. (Greek: hard scale, referring to the pappus.) 2, 


S. verticillata, Cass. Stem simple, rooting in water at the base; 
leaves linear and entire, small, in whorls of 4-6; flowers rose-purple or 
flesh-colored in a small terminal peduncled cluster. Pine barrens, N.J.,&. 


4. AGERATUM. (Greek: not growing old, probably applied originally 
to some sort of Everlasting. ) 
A. conyzoides, Linn. Soft-downy, 2°-3° high; ovate or somewhat 
heart-shaped petioled leaves; corymbed heads of azure-blue flowers, 


produced all summer and autumn. Known in gardensas A. MExIcANuUM. 
Tropical Amer.; sparingly nat. S. @ 


5. MIKANIA, CLIMBING HEMPWEED. (A Bohemian botanist, 


Prof. Mikan.) 


M. scandens, Willd. Rather handsome plant, climbing over bushes 
in low grounds, N. Eng. S. and W.; leaves triangular-heart-shaped or 
halberd-shaped ; heads small, of purplish flowers, in summer. 2 


230 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 


6. EUPATORIUM, THOR( JUGHWORT, BONESET. (Dedicated 
to Eupator Mithridates, who is said to have used the European species 
in medicine.) 2 Following are the commonest. 


§ 1. Receptacle flat; scales of the involucre mostly unequal and more or 
less imbricated. 


x Leaves 3-6 in a whorl; heads 5-15-flowered, cylindrical, the purplish 
scales closely imbricated in several rows ; flowers jlesh-colored. 


E. purptreum, Linn. Pure.e T. or Joz-Pye Weep. Stems simple, 
3°-12° high, with or without purplish spots or dots; leaves on petioles, 
very veiny, oblong-ovate, roughish-toothed and pointed ; corymbs dense, 
compound. Low grounds. 


* * Leaves alternate or the lower opposite, all long-petioled ; corymbs 
compound ; scales imbricated ; flowers 12-16 in the head, small, white. 


E. serétinum, Michx. Low grounds from Maryland to Minn. and 
S., minutely pubescent, tall (8°-6° high), bushy-branched ; leaves ovate- 
lanceolate and taper-pointed, triple-ribbed, coarsely-toothed, 5/-6’ long ; 
the involucre very downy. 


* * * Leaves opposite (or only the uppermost alternate) and sessile ; 
heads corymbed ; the scales more or less imbricated ; flowers white. 


+ Leaves separate at base; heads mostly 5-8-flowered. 
++ Base of leaves broad. 


E. sessilifolium, Linn. Smooth; 4°-6° high, with lance-ovate serrate 
leaves (3/-6’ long) tapering from a rounded closely sessile base to a 
slender point, and small heads (with obtuse scales) in very compound flat 
corymbs. Mass., S. and W. 

E. rotundifdlium, Linn. Leaves roundish-ovate, blunt, deeply toothed ; 
heads in a large and dense corymb, the scales acute. R.1.,S 

E. teucrifélium, Willd. Low grounds near the coast; roughish-pu- 
bescent; ovate-oblong or lance-oblong, veiny, deeply few-toothed leaves 
and small corymbs ; scales oblong-lanceolate. 


++ ++ Base of leaves narrow. 


E. Album, Linn. Roughish-hairy, 2° high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 
coarsely toothed and strongly veiny ; heads crowded in the corymb; 
the lanceolate and pointed scales of the involucre white above and larger 
than the flowers. Sandy soil, L. L, 8. 

E. altissimum, Linn. Stout and tall, 3°-7° high, downy, with lanceo- 
late leaves (resembling those of some Goldenrods) tapering to both ends 
and conspicuously 3-nerved, either entire or toothed above the middle; 
corymbs dense; svales of the involucre blunt. Penn., W. and S. 

E. hyssopifdlium, Linn. 1°-2° high; smoothish, with narrow linear 
or lanceolate blunt, 1-3-nerved leaves. Dry sterile soil, from Mass., S. 


+ + Leaves united at base around the stem in pairs (connate-perfoliate). 


E. perfoliatum, Linn. THorouGHwort or Bongeset. Low grounds 
everywhere (the bitter infusion used as a popular medicine); 2°-4° high, 
hairy ; the lanceolate leaves taper-pointed, serrate, very veiny, and some- 
what wrinkled, 5/-8’ long; the very numerous heads crowded in a dense 
corymb, 10-30-flowered. 


* * * * Leaves opposite, petioled, triple-ribbed ; heads in corymbs, 8-30- 
Jlowered, the scales of the involucre equal and almost in one row; 
Jlowers white. 


E. ageratoides, Linn. Wuire Snake Roor. Smooth, 2°-3° high; 
broadly ovate, long-petioled, coarsely and sharply toothed, thin leaves 


COMPOSITE FAMILY. 231: 


(4'-5! long) ; heads of handsome pure white flowers in compound cor- 
ymbs. Woods, N. 

E. aromaticum, Linn. Like the preceding, commoner S., and only 
near the coast; more slender, usually less smooth, with thicker leaves 
more bluntly toothed on short petioles ; the corymbs usually less com- 
pound. 


§ 2. Receptacle hemispherical or conical ; scales nearly equal, only slightly 
imbricated. 


E. ccelestinum, Linn. 1°-2° high; leaves triangular-ovate or slightly 
heart-shaped, coarsely toothed ; corymb flat; heads small, of blue-purple 
flowers, in autumn. N.J., W. and 8. 


7. KUHNIA. (For Dr. Adam Kuhn of Penn.) 


K. eupatorioides, Linn. A rather homely herb, 2°-3° high, with 
lanceolate leaves, and panicled or corymbed small heads of creamy 
flowers. N.J.to Minn. andS. 2 


8. LIATRIS, BUTTON SNAKEROOT or BLAZING STAR. (An 
unexplained name.) Chiefly in sandy soil. Flowers late summer and 
autumn. Root tuberous or corm-like. 2 


Trfisa, differing in fibrous root, not plumose pappus, little imbricated 
involucre, and more or less panicled heads, has two species from Va., S. 


* Bristles of the pappus plainly plumose to the naked eye. 
+ Heads small, only 4-5-flowered. 


L. élegans, Willd. Often hairy or downy, 2° high, with compact 
spike ; short lanceolate or linear leaves; scales of involucre with spread- 
ing, rose-purple tips. Va., S. 


+ + Heads large and fewer, cylindrical, many-flowered. 


L. squarrdsa, Willd. Common Briazinc Star. 19-5° high; leaves 
linear ; heads few, about 1! long; scales of involucre with spreading leaf- 
like tips. Penn., S. and W. 

L. cylindracea, Michx. Smaller than the preceding, 6/-18’ high, the 
narrow heads with short and rounded appressed tips. W.N. Y., W. 


* * Bristles of the pappus not plainly plumose to the naked eye. 
+ Heads 30-40-flowered, commonly an inch broad. 


L. scaridésa, Willd. Stem stout, 2°-5° high ; leaves lanceolate, or the 
lower spatulate-oblong; scales of the involucre very numerous, with 
rounded tips, often scarious or purple on the margins. N. Eng., W. 
and S. 

+ + Heads 3-15-flowered, from }!-4! long ; stem 2°-5° high. 


L. pycnostachya, Michx. Leaves linear or lance-linear ; spike very 
dense of about 5-flowered heads; scales of the involucre with recurving 
purplish tips. Prairies, W. 

L. spicata, Willd. The commonest species, in low grounds; heads 
8-12-flowered, crowded in a long spike, the oblong and blunt scales of 
involucre without any obvious tips. 

L. graminifolia, Willd. Heads 7-12-flowered in a looser spike or 
raceme ; the rigid appressed scales blunt or slightly pointed. Wet pine 
barrens from N. J., S. 

L. gracilis, Pursh. Leaves spreading, the lower lance-oblong and 
pee tioled, the others linear and short; heads 3-7-flowered, small. 

a., 5. 


232 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 


9. GRINDELIA. (H. Grindel, a Russian botanist.) (p. 226.) 


G. squarrésa, Dunal. Branching leafy herb, a foot or two high, on 
prairies from Ill., W.; also cult. Leaves spatulate-oblong, or narrower ; 
involucre with strongly spreading or squarrose bracts with short-filiform 
tips ; pappus of 2 or 8 awns. Usually 2/. There is a rayless form. 


10. CHRYSOPSIS, GOLDEN ASTER. (Greek: golden appear- 
ance, from the yellow flowers.) Low herbs, wild chiefly S. and W., in 
dry and barren or sandy soil; flowers summer and autumn. 2 


. 225. p 
(P ) * Leaves and akenes linear or nearly so. 


C. graminifolia, Nutt. Silvery-silky, with long, lance-linear and grass- 
like, shining, nerved leaves, and single or few heads. Del., S. 

. falcata, Ell. Only 4/-10' high, woolly, clothed to the top with short 

and linear, 3-nerved, rigid leaves, which are often curved or scythe-shaped ; 
heads small, corymbed. On the coast from Cape Cod to N. J. 


* « Leaves oblong or lanceolate ; akenes obovate, flattened. 


C. gossypina, Nutt. White-cottony all over (whence the name), with 
oblong, obtuse, rarely toothed leaves, and few pretty large heads. Va., S. 

C. Mariana, Nutt. The commonest species, from L. I.,8.; silky, with 
long and weak hairs, or smoothish when old, with oblong leaves, and a 
few corymbed heads on glandular peduncles. 

C. villosa, Nutt. Coarsely hairy and somewhat hoary, leafy to the 
top, with corymbed branches bearing single heads on short peduncles, 
and narrow-oblong leaves. Wis., S. and W. 


11. SOLIDAGO, GOLDEN-ROD. (From Latin: to make whole, 
from supposed healing qualities.) 2f Characteristic plants of the 
American autumn. ‘The following synopsis includes the most impor- 
tant species. For a fuller account, see the Manual and Chapman’s 
Flora (p. 225). 

* Heads sessile and small, in flat-topped corymbs ; leaves linear. 
S. lanceolata, Linn. Leaves lance-linear, 3-5-nerved ; rays 15-20. 

N. and S. 


S. tenuifdlia, Pursh. Leaves linear, 1-nerved, dotted; rays 6-12. 
N. and S. 


* x Heads all more or less pediceled, usually larger; leaves usually 
broader. 


«+ Scales of involucre with green herbaceous spreading tips. 


S. squarrdsa, Muhl. Leaves large, oblong, or lower ones spatulate- 
oval; heads numerous, with 12-16 rays. Me., W. and 8S. 

S. petiolaris, Ait. Leaves small, oval or oblong, mucronate ; heads 
few, in a wand-like raceme or panicle ; rays about 10. Ill., S. and W. 


+ + Scales not green, nor conspicuously spreading. 


++ Heads in small clusters in the leaf-axils (or the wppermost sometimes 
becoming glomerate-spiked). 


= Akenes pubescent. 


S. cesia, Linn. Stem cylindrical, glaucous; leaves lanceolate, ser- 
rate, sessile ; clusters very short, in upper axils, sometimes racemose on 
the branches. N. and 8. 


COMPOSITE FAMILY. 233 


S. latifdlia, Linn. Stem angled and zigzag; leaves broadly ovate, 
strongly serrate, pointed both ends ; rays 3-4. N. and S&S. 

S. Curtisii, Vorr. & Gray. Stem angled; leaves oblong or long- 
lanceolate, with narrow, entire base, toothed above; clusters loose ; rays 
4-7. Va., 8. = = Akenes glabrous. 

S. bicolor, Linn. Gray-hairy, strict; leaves oblong or elliptic, some- 
what serrate ; upper clusters spicate or nearly panicled ; involucral scales 
very obtuse ; rays 5-14, cream-color. N.and 5S. 

S. monticola, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous; leaves oblong-ovate 
or narrower, the lower sparingly serrate; scales acutish ; rays yellow, 
5-6. Md., S. 


++ ++ Heads in a compound terminal corymb, not at all axillary or 
racemose. 


= Leaves folded and recurved. 


S. Riddéllii, Frank. Smooth, 2°-4°, very leafy ; leaves long linear- 
lanceolate, those on the stem mostly clasping ; heads 20-30-flowered, very 
numerous. Grassy lands, Ohio, W. and 8. 


= = Leaves flat. 


S. rigida, Linn. Rough, somewhat hoary, 29-59, very leafy ; leaves 
oval or oblong, thick ; heads large, 30- or more-flowered ; rays 7-10. N. 
Eng., S. and W. 

S. Ohioénsis, Riddell. Very smooth, 2°-3°, leafy; stem leaves 
oblong-lanceolate, the radical ones elongated and with margined petioles ; 
head 16-20-flowered ; rays 6-7. W.N.Y., W. 


a+ ++ ++ Heads in a terminal panicle, or sometimes in a thyrse, small or 
middle-sized. 


= Leaves painly 5-ribbed ; heads in 1-sided sprays. 


|| Both stem and leaves smooth and glabrous (or stem roughish only 
above). 


o Leaves firm, thickish: outer involucral scales short and ovate, the inner 
oblong-linear, all obtuse. 


S. Missouriénsis, Nutt. Smooth, 19-3°; leaves linear-lanceolate or 
the lower broader; clusters of heads racemose in a short and broad, 
rather open panicle ; akenes nearly glabrous. Wis., S. and W. 

S. Sh6értii, Torr. & Gray. Roughish above; leaves oblong-lance- 
olate ; panicle short and crowded ; akenes pubescent. S. O. and 8S. W. 


oo Leaves thinnish ; scales linear, obtuse. 


S. Leavenwérthii, Torr. & Gray. Strict and rigid, 2°-4°, scabrous 
or puberulent above; leaves mostly linear, sharply and finely serrate ; 
panicle long and open; rays 10-12, small. 8S. C.,S. 

S. serétina, Ait. Stout, 2°-7°, smooth and sometimes glaucous ; 
leaves lanceolate and taper-pointed, serrate and ciliate, smooth; rays 
7-14, rather long. N.and 8. 

Var. gigantéa, Gray. Leaves pubescent, the lateral ribs more promi- 
nent. Same range. 


| || Stem and generally the leaves prominently pubescent or scabrous (S. 
serotina, var. gigantea, above, may be sought here). 


o Plant green. 


S. Canadénsis, Linn. Rough-hairy, stout, 3°-6° ; leaves lanceolate 
and pointed, serrate or sometimes almost entire, pubescent beneath and 


2384 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 


rough above ; heads small and rays very short. Common and variable. 
N. and S. 

S. radula, Nutt. Stem and leaves very rough; leaves oblong or 
obovate-spatulate. Ill., W. and 8. 


o o Plant ashy-canescent. 


S. nemordalis, Ait. Pubescence close; stem nearly simple, less than 
3°; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong, the lower obscurely crenate ; 
panicle becomin* secund or one-sided ; rays 5-9, light-colored. Sterile 
soil, N. and 8. 


= = Leaves either not at all 3-ribbed, or very obscurely triplinerved. 
|| Leaves all perfectly entire. 


S. sempérvirens, Linn. Smooth and stout, 1°-8°; leaves lanceolate 
and slightly clasping, very smooth, the lowest ones obscurely 3-nerved ; 
heads rather large and showy, the 7-10 rays golden. Seashore, N. B. to 
Fla. Flowers early. 

S. odora, Ait. Smooth or nearly so, 2°-3°, the stem slender and 
sometimes reclined ; leaves not 3-nerved, linear-lanceolate, shining and 
pellucid-dotted ; heads very small ; rays 38-4, rather large. Canada to Fla. 


| || Some of the leaves more or less crenulate or serrate (except sometimes 
the first). 


o Panicle thyrsoid, pyramidal or long-virgate. 
x Scales thin, acute. 


S. stricta, Ait. Very smooth, with small, appressed, entire, lance- 
oblong, thickish leaves, the upper ones mere bracts ; heads in a narrow 
spicate raceme ; rays 5-7. Pine barrens, N. J., 8. 

S. pubérula, Nutt. Minutely hoary ; leaves lanceolate-acute ; heads 
very numerous in short racemes which form a long dense panicle ; rays 
about 10. Me., S. x x Scales firm, obtuse. 

S. uligindsa, Nutt. Smooth, 2°-5°; leaves lanceolate, tapering into 
a winged petiole ; racemes much crowded into a dense wand-like panicle ; 
rays 5-6, small. Bogs, N. 

S. specidsa, Nutt. Smooth, 3°-6°; leaves rather thick, rough-mar- 
gined, oval or ovate, or the uppermost oblong-lanceolate ; heads in 
numerous erect racemes, which form a pyramidal panicle ; rays about 5, 
large. Can. to N. C. and W. 


o o Panicle short and broad or racemose. 


» Leaves linear or lanceolate, sessile (on the stem), obscurely veiny ; 
heads in a short and broad panicle of secund clusters. 


S. tortifdlia, Ell. Stem 2°-8°, scabrous-pubescent; leaves linear, 
generally twisted ; rays very short. Va., S. 

S. pildsa, Walt. Stout, 3°-7°, with spreading hairs; leaves oblong- 
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, hairy beneath; rays 7-10, very short. 
Pine barrens, N. J., 8. 


x x Leaves broad or ample, veiny ; heads racemosely paniculate. 
4+ Foliage rugose-veiny, pubescent or scabrous above or below. 


S. paétula, Muhl. Stem strongly angled, smooth, 2°-4° ; leaves ovate, 
very rough above, smooth and veiny beneath ; racemes rather short and 
numerous. Can. to Ga. and Tex. 

S. amplexicadlis, ‘Torr. & Gray. Slender, 1°-5°, more or less pubes- 
cent; leaves ovate, acute, scabrous above and soft-pubescent beneath, 
clasping ; rays about 5 (sometimes 0). Fla., W. 


COMPOSITE FAMILY. 935 


S. rugosa, Mill. Very leafy, 1°-6°, rough-hairy ; leaves ovate-lance- 
olate or oblcag, firm, very rugose, often scabrous above and hirsute on 
the veins beneath; rays 6-9. Can. to Tex. 

S. ulmifdlia, Muhl. Stem smooth; leaves thinner, elliptic to oblong- 
lanceolate, soft-hairy beneath ; rays about 4. Me., W. and S. 


+ + Foliage inconspicuously reticulated, not scabrous above, and com- 
monly smooth and glabrous beneath. 


—Very leafy to the top. 


S. Ellié6ttii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth, stout, 19-3°; leaves very numer- 
ous, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, acute, strongly veined, thick, shining 
above ; heads in dense spreading racemes of a crowded, often pyramidai 
panicle. Mass. to Ga. 


—— Leaves becoming few and small towards the top of the stem. 


&. neglécta, Torr. & Gray. Smooth, stout, 2°-4°; upper leaves 
oblong-lanceolate, acute and nearly entire, the lower ovate-lanceolate or 
oblong and sharply serrate ; racemes short and dense, becoming spread- 
ing; akenes nearly glabrous. Bogs, Can. to Md., W. 

S. Bodttii, Hook. From smooth to pubescent, slender, 2°-5°; leaves 
ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, pointed, finely serrate ; heads loosely racemose ; 
rays 1-5 (or 0); akenes pubescent. Va., S. 

S. arguta, Ait. Stem angled, smooth, 2°-4°; leaves large and thin, 
ovate, strongly sharp-serrate; racemes pubescent, spreading, in an 
elongated open panicle; rays large, 6-7; akene generally glabrous. 
N. Eng. to Ohio and Va. 

S. jincea, Ait. Smooth; stem rigid and mostly simple, 1°-3°; stem 
leaves elliptic or lance-oval, sharply serrate, pointed, the radical ones 
lanceolate or narrow-oblong ; racemes dense and naked, becoming elon- 
gated and recurved, forming a handsome corymbose panicle ; rays small, 
8-12. Common, Can. to Tenn. 


LZ BELLIS, DAISY. (Latin: bellus, pretty.) Flowers spring and 
summer (p. 225). 


B. integrifdlia, Michx. In open grounds from Ky., S. W.; stems 
branching, spreading, 4/-10’ long, bearing some lanceolate-oblong or 
spatulate leaves, and terminal, slender-peduncled heads with pale blue- 
purple rays. @ @ 

B. perénnis, Linn. True or Encuisu Daisy. Cult. from W. Eu., 
mostly in double-flowered varieties, i.e., with many or all the disk flowers 
changed into rays, or, in the common quilled form, all into tubes (pink 
or white); in the natural state the center is yellow, the rays white and 
more or less purplish or crimson-tipped underneath ; head solitary, on a 
short scape; leaves spatulate or obovate, all clustered at the root. 2 


13. BOLTONIA. (Named for James Bolton, an English botanist.) 
Wild plants of low grounds S. and W., resembling Asters except in the 
akenes and pappus; ray flowers blue-purple or nearly white; disk 
flowers yellow; inautumn. 2 (p. 226.) 


B. diffisa, L’Her. Heads small, loosely panicled on the slender, open 
branches, which bear small, awl-shaped leaves, those of the stem lance- 
linear ; pappus of several bristles and 2 short awns. Ill. and S. 

B. asteroides, L’Her. Heads fewer and larger, in corymbs; leaves 
lauceolate; pappus of minute bristles and 2 (or 0) awns. Penn., S. 
and W. 


236 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 


14. CALLISTEPHUS, CHINA ASTER. (Greek : beautiful crown., 
@ (p. 225.) 
C. horténsis, Cass. (or C. Curnensis). The well-known GarpDeEn or 


Cuina Aster, of the gardens, a native of China and Japan, has numerous 
varieties of various forms and colors, the finest full-double. 


15. SBRICOCARPUS. (Greek: silky fruit.) 2 (p. 225.) 
* Pappus rusty ; leaves serrate. 


S. conyzoides, Nees. Pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the 
lower spatulate, ciliate. Me., S. and W. 


* * Pappus white; leaves entire. 


S. solidagineus, Nees. Smooth; leaves linear and rigid, obtuse, the 
margins rough. N. Eng., S. 


16. ASTER, ASTER, STARWORT. (Aster, a star.) This vast 
genus is too difficult for beginners, and those who are prepared for its 
study will use the Manual for the northern species, and Chapman’s 
Southern Flora for the few that are peculiarly southern. Common and 
characteristic plants of the autumn flora (p. 225). 


* Pappus double, i.e. in two rows. 


A. umbellatus, Mill. Smooth and stout, leafy to the top; leaves 
long-lanceolate, taper-pointed; heads very many, in compound flat 
corymbs; rays rather few, white. Common and variable. 

A. infirmus, Michx. Slender, only moderately leafy ; leaves obovate 
or oblong-lanceolate, ciliate; heads few on spreading peduncles, white. 
Mass., S. 

A. linariifolius, Linn. Leaves linear and rigid, rough-margined ; 
heads with violet (rarely white) rays, solitary on simple branches ; plant 

0O_90 im, 
aie cline OUR * * Pappus simple. 
+ Scales mostly closely imbricated, the tips not conspicuously herbaceous 
or spreading. 


++ Leaves lanceolate, or narrower. 


A. nemoralis, Ait. Minutely pubescent, slender, 19-29; leaves small 
and rather rigid, lanceolate, nearly entire, the margins revolute ; invo- 
lucre obconical, the scales linear-lanceolate or the outer awl-like; rays 
long, dark lilac. Bogs, N. 

A. acuminatus, Michx. Somewhat hairy, the stem simple (19) and 
often zigzag; leaves oblong-lanceolate, long-pointed, toothed, not revo- 
Jute ; scales few and loosish, linear-lanceolate ; heads not numerous, the 
rays white or violet. N. Eng. and S. in the Mts. 

A. ptarmicoildes, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or nearly so, the stems 
simple (8/-2°) and clustered ; leaves linear-lanceolate and rigid, entire, 
not revolute, rough-margined ; heads small, white (rarely yellowish W.) 
in a flat corymb; scales thickish and obtuse. Rocks, N. 


++ ++ Leaves cordate, stalked and coarsely serrate. 


A. corymbdosus, Ait. Slender and often zigzag, 2°; leaves thin and 
nearly or quite smooth, taper-pointed, the teeth unequal and spreading, 
on marginless petioles ; rays white, 6-9. Woods, Can. to Ga. 

A. macrophyllus, Linn. Larger and stouter, with thickish, rough, 
closely-serrate and abrupt-pointed leaves ; heads larger, white or bluish, 
the rays 10-15. Like range. 


COMPOSITE FAMILY. WAS | 


+ + Scales variously imbricated, the tips herbaceous (green) and spread: 
ing, or the outer ones wholly leaf-like. 


++ Leaves silvery-silky both sides, and sessile and entire. 


A. sericeus, Vent. Slender, 1°-2°; leaves lanceolate or oblong, 
spreading ; involucre globular with spreading scales; heads mostly soli- 
tary, showy, violet. Dry soil, Wis., W. and S. 

A. céncolor, Linn. Leaves crowded and appressed, as are the scales 
of the obovoid involucre ; heads in a compound wand-like raceme, violet. 
Near the coast, R. I., S. 


++ ++ Leaves not silvery-silky, various. 


= Stem leaves all (or at least the lowest) cordate and petioled; radical 
leaves all prominently cordate. 


|| Rays about 40; involucral scales squarrose. 


A. anémalus, Engelm. Pubescent and roughish, 2°-4° ; upper leaves 
small and nearly or quite sessile ; heads rather large, bright violet. IIi., 
W. and S. 


|| | Rays 10-20, light-blue or white ; scales not squarrose. 
o All or part of the petioles wing-margined. 


A. undulatus, Linn. Leaves ovate or lance-ovate, the margins wavy 
or slightly toothed, roughish above and downy beneath, the uppermost 
with clasping petioles. Common. 

A. sagittifolius, Willd. Rigid and erect, 2°-3°, with ascending 
branches; leaves ovate-lanceolate, the lower cordate and on margined 
petioles, the upper becoming narrower; involucre oblong, the scales 
narrow-tapering and loose. Common, N. and S. 


oo Petioles not wing-margined (except occasionally in the first). 


A. cordifdlius, Linn. Stem much branched, the branches diverging 
and bearing very numerous panicled heads ; lower stem leaves all pro- 
minently heart-shaped, the petioles ciliate and only slightly or not at all 
margined ; involucre obconical, with short and nearly obtuse, appressed 
tips. Common, Can. to Ga., and W. Variable. 

A. azureus, Lindl. Heads larger; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 
rough, the petioles usually long and hairy, the uppermost becoming 
nearly linear and sessile, or on the branches even awl-like ; involucre 
obconical, slightly pubescent. N. Y.,S. and W. 


= = Stem leaves clasping or sessile (or if short-stalked, not cordate), 
: various. 


o Leaves broadish, prominently cordate-clasping or with a winged- 
petiole-like base. (Forms of A. Novi-Belgii and A. oblongifolius, 
below, may be sought here.) 


x Leaves entire (rarely very obscurely toothed in first two). 


A. levis, Linn. Smooth and glabrous, often glaucous, 2°-4° ; leaves 
thickish, lanceolate or broader, the upper auriculate, or cordate, clasp- 
ing; involucre hemispherical, with abrupt green tips; rays blue. Com- 
mon and handsome. 

A. patens, Ait. Rough-pubescent, 1°-3°, the branches loose and 
widely spreading ; leaves ovate-oblong or longer, rough above and on the 
margins ; involucre ovoid, scales with pointed spreading tips ; rays purple. 
N. and S. c 

A. Nove-Angliz, Linn. Tall and stout, 3°-8°, hairy, very leafy ; 
ieaves lanceolate and acute, pubescent; scales nearly equal and loose, 
awl-like, glandular-viscid ; flowers large, rose or purple, Can. to S. C., 
and W.; also cult. : : 


238 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 


x x Leaves with few or many prominent teeth. 
+ Leaf base distinctly clasping. 


A. prenanthoides, Muh]. 19°-3°, hairy above in lines; leaves ovate 
lanceolate, rough above and smooth beneath, narrowed into a long entire 
portion which is suddenly dilated into an auricled base; heads on short 
divergent peduncles, pale violet or whitish. Along streams, N. 

A. punfceus, Linn. Tall and stout, 8°-7°, rough-hairy all over (or in 
some forms smoothish below) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate and but little 
narrowed at the base ; heads subsessile, in a panicle or thyrse; flowers 
large, purple to white. Variable. N.; S. to Ga. 


+ + Leaf base wing-petiole-like, not auriculate. 


A. patulus, Lam. Glabrous or nearly so, 1°-4°; leaves ovate or 
oblong-lanceolate, serrate in middle, narrowed at both ends, the lower 
ones into a winged petiole ; heads loosely panicled, violet or white ; scales 
unequal. N. Eng. 

A. Ellid6ttii, Torr. & Gray. Stem (2°-3°) minutely pubescent; leaves 
thickish, oblong-lanceolate, appressed-toothed, tapering into a narrow, 
petiole-like contraction ; heads numerous, corymbose-paniculate, purple | 
scales nearly equal. S.C. to Fla. 


0 o Leaves (mostly narrower) not cordate-clasping, nor with wing-sessile 
bases. 


x Involucre and branchlets viscid or glandular. 
+ Leaves rigid and obtuse. 


A. grandiflérus, Nutt. Slender, hispid, 1°-8°; leaves very small, 
linear ; rays violet, long. Handsome. Va., S. 


+ + Leaves soft and acute.. 


A. oblongifdlius, Nutt. Minutely glandular-puberulent, 19-29; leaves 
narrow-oblong or lanceolate, mucronate, somewhat clasping; flowers 
rather small, purple. Banks, N. 

A. spectabilis, Ait. Roughish, stout, 19-29, leaves oblong-lanceolate 
or spatulate-oblong, mostly entire ; heads few, large and showy (purple), 
the scales with the upper half herbaceous and spreading. Near the coast, 
Mass. to Del. 


x x Not viscid or glandular (except, perhaps, in A. surculosus). 
+ Radical leaves tapering into margined petioles. 
— Leaves entire or obscurely serrate. 


A. surculdésus, Michx. Low (1° or less), with filiform rootstocks ; 
leaves linear or lanceolate, rigid ; heads medium-sized, few or solitary, 
light purple. Near coast, N. J., S. 

A. gracilis, Nutt. Leaves oblong-lanceolate and small; scales coria- 
ceous and whitish, with short-ovate green tips ; heads few. Pine barrens, 
ee Gnd. —— Leaves sharply serrate. 

A. rAdula, Ait. Smooth or lightly hairy, leafy, 19-39; leaves oblong- 
lanceolate, pointed, rugose, rough both sides, very closely sessile ; scales 
with short, spreading green tips ; flowers light-violet. N. Eng. to Del. 


+ + Radical leaves not with margined petioles. 


—Involucral scales squarrose or with prominently spreading green tips, 
leaves small, linear and entire ; heads small and racemose. 


A. amethystinus, Nutt. Tall and erect, 2°-5°, somewhat hirsute, 
branchy ; leaves lax ; scales with only the tips spreading ; rays light blue, 
Mass. to la 


COMPOSITE FAMILY. 239 


A. multifidrus, Ait. Pale- or hoary-pubescent, 1°-2°, bushy-branched ; 
leaves rigié and crowded, with rough margins ; rays white (rarely bluish). 
Common ir dry ground. 


—— Scales generally appressed. 
us Plant very smooth, pale and glaucescent. 


A. turbinéllus, Lindl. Slender, 3°, paniculately branching ; leaves 
oblong or narrow-lanceolate, with roughish margins; scales linear, with 
blunt and short zreen‘tips ; flowers violet. Ill., S. W. 

A. virgatus, Ell. Strict and simple, with the branches terminated by 
single heads; leaves lanceolate or linear, the lower ones long; scales 
acutish ; flowers violet. Va., S. 


4 Plant variously scabrous or hirsute, not glaucescent (except forms of 
the first). 


~ Leaves firm in texture, often thickish; heads rather large and showy, 
the scales with lodsish green tips. 


A. Novi-Bélgii, Linn. Short, 6’-24°, some forms wholly smooth, 
others with sparse pubescence ; leaves from oblong to linear-lanceolate, 
usually entire, the upper somewhat auriculate-clasping, the salt-marsh 
forms nearly fleshy ; flowers blue or violet. Very common, in. many 
forms, along the Atlantic coast, but reaching Ill. Flowers late. 


~ ~ Leaves of ordinary texture; heads mostly smaller, with less prom: 
inently green-tipped scales. 


-~ Heads scattered, borne on the ends of slender bracteate branchlets. 


A. dumodsus, Linn. Smooth or nearly so, 19-39, loosely branched ,; 
leaves linear or somewhat broader towards the top of the plant, crowded 
and entire, rough-margined ; involucre bell-shaped, with abruptly green- 
tipped scales ; rays violet or blue. Common. 


—~ -~ Heads in lax or racemose 1-sided sprays. 


A. racemdsus, Ell. Scabrous-pubescent on the erect or ascending 
slender branches ; leaves linear and rigid, small, acute, entire ; flowers 
small, purplish, the scales very narrow and acute. S.C.,S. 

A. vimineus, Lam. Glabrous or very nearly so, 29-59, very bushy ; 
leaves small and stiftish, linear or narrow-lanceolate and rather long, the 
larger ones sparsely serrate; scales narrow-linear, mostly acute ; heads 
very numerous, white. Very common. 

A. diffisus, Ait. Pubescent, branchy ; leaves large, thin and lax, 
lanceolate or broader, sharply serrate ; scales linear, obtuse or acutish ; 
flowers white or violet. Very common and variable. 


>a -~ Heads (in mature plants) paniculate or thyrsoid. 
© Scales subulately green-tipped; rays commonly pure white. 


A. ericoides, Linn. Smooth or sparsely hairy, 19-3°; heads often 
tending rather to be racemose than paniculate, and borne on the ends of 
erect, much-bracted branchlets ; leaves linear-lanceolate- (or the lowest 
oblong-spatulate), becoming awl-like and stiffish above. Dry grounds. 
Variable. 

A. polyphyllus, Willd. Tall, 49°-5°, with twiggy branches ; leaves 
4’ or 5! long, linear-lanceolate ; flowers rather large, early. N., and S, 
one: CoO Scales xot awl-tipped ; rays violet to white. 

( Scales of several lengths. 


A. Tradescadnti, Linn. Much branched, 2°-4°, the heads small and 
numerous: leaves lanceolate to linear, tapering to a slender point, the 


240 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 


lower and larger somewhat serrate; scales linear, green at the tip and 
down the back ; rays small, white or violet. Common. 

A. paniculatus, Lam. Often taller, generally more strict, profusely 
paniculate-branched ; leaves thin, oblong or narrow-linear, the lower 
sharply serrate, upper entire; heads larger, in loose and leafy panicles ; 
scales narrow-linear with green tips and the outer ones green the whole 
length ; flowers violet or nearly white. Common. 

A. salicifolius, Ait. Leaves shorter and firmer than in the last, often 
scabrous, mostly entire; scales more imbricated, firmer, linear, with 
acutish green tips; heads (rarely white) tending to be racemosely clus- 


tered. Common. 2 
O © Seales nearly equal. 


A. jtinceus, Ait. Slender and nearly simple, 1°-38°; leaves long- 
linear (3/—5’), all (or all but the lower most) entire ; heads comparatively 
few, light-purple, the outer scales a little shorter than the inner. Bogs, N. 

A. longifdlius, Lam. More branched; leaves broader, entire or 
sparsely serrulate ; heads larger, the scales about equal and little imbri- 
cated ; rays violet to almost white. Far N. 


17. ERIGERON » FLEABANE. (Greek words for spring and old man, 
suggested probably by the hoary appearance of some vernal species. ) 


(p. 225.) 
* Rays conspicuous ; heads more or less corymbed ; stem erect. 
+ Rays purple or purplish, very numerous (50-150) ; pappus simple. 2 


EB. Philadélphicus, Linn. Rather hairy, 2° high; stem leaves oblong, 
mostly entire, and partly clasping ; spatulate and toothed root leaves, and 
several heads; rays very many and narrow, pale reddish-purple ; flowers 
summer. Common. 

EB. bellidifdlius, Muhl. Rosin’s Pranrain. Soft-hairy, 1°-2° high, 
with a cluster of rather large roundish root leaves lying flat on the 
ground ; stem leaves rather few and small; heads 1-9 and long-pedun- 
cled, rather large, with about 50 linear, light bluish-purple rays ; flowers 
late spring. Common. 


+ + Rays white, only about 30, rather broad; pappus simple. 2 


E. nudicatlis, Michx. Smooth, with oval or spatulate leaves all at 
the root; slender scape 19-2° high, with a few small heads; flowers 
spring. Low grounds, Va., 8. 


+ + + Rays white or nearly so, 50 or more, narrow; pappus double, the 
outer of a row of minute chaffy bristles or little scales. @ 


E. strigdsus, Muhl. 2°-4° high, smoothish, or roughish, with minute 
close-pressed hairs ; leaves entire, the lower spatulate and slender-petioled, 
the upper lanceolate ; rays rather long; flowers allsummer. Fields. 

B. Annuus, Pers. 3°-5° high, branched above, roughish, with spread- 
ing hairs; leaves ovate or lance-ovate, the lower ones coarsely toothed ; 
rays rather short, often tinged with purple; flowers all summer. Fields 
and waste places. 


* * Rays inconspicuous, scarcely longer than the cylindrical, bell-shaped, 
involucre and the simple pappus, numerous, in more than one row. 


B. Canadénsis, Linn. Horsewerep, BurreRweepD, Mare’s-Tair. A 
common weed, with strong odor, in waste or cult. ground ; bristly hairy ; 
stem erect, strict, 1°-5° high; leaves linear, only the lowest ones cut- 
lobed ; heads of whitish flowers very small, panicled ; all summer. (@) 


COMPOSITE FAMILY. 241 


18. BACCHARIS. (Dedicated to Bacchus.) Shrubby seaside or pine- 
barren plants. (p. 224.) 


B. halimifdlia, Linn. Smooth, somewhat scurfy, 6°-12°, the branches 
angled ; leaves obovate, petioled, coarsely toothed or the upper ones 
entire ; heads of whitish or yellowish flowers scattered or in leafy pani- 
cles. Mass., S. 


19. PLUCHEA. (The Abbé Pluche, a naturalist of a century ago.) 
(p. 223.) 


P. bifrons, DC. Leaves oblong to lanceolate, closely sessile or clasp- 
ing, veiny, 2/-3/ long. 2°-3°. 2 Cape May, S. 

P. camphorata, DC. Pale; leaves oblong-ovate or lanceolate, thick- 
ish and only obscurely veiny, the larger ones short-petioled. Taller. (@ 
Salt marshes, Mass., S. 


20. FILAGO, COTTON ROSE. (Latin: jilum, a thread, from the 
cottony hairs.) (p. 223.) 


F. GermGnica, Linn. Hersa Impta of the old herbalists — the branches 
with a new generation of clustered heads rising out of the parent cluster 
at the top of the stem (as if undutifully exalting themselves) ; stems 5/— 
10’ high, crowded with the lanceolate, erect, and entire cottony leaves. 
Old dry fields from N. Y., S.; flowers summer and autumn. @ 


21. GNAPHALIUM, EVERLASTING, CUDWEED. (Greek: lock 
of wool.) (p. 223.) 


* Scales of the involucre white or yellowish-white ; stem erect, 1°-2° high ; 
heads many, corymbed. Common in old fields, copses, etc. 


G. polycéphalum, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, with narrowed base 
and wavy margins, the upper surface nearly naked ; the perfect flowers 
few in the center of each head. @ 

G. dectirrens, Ives. Common from N. J. to Mich. and N.; leaves 
lance-linear, cottony both sides, the base partly clasping and extending 
down on the stem ; many perfect flowers in the center of each head. 2 


* « Scales of the involucre tawny-purplish or whitish, not at all showy or 
petal-like ; heads small, crowded in sessile clusters ; stems spreading or 
ascending, 3'-20' high. @ 


G. uligindsum, Linn. An insignificant little weed in wet places, espe- 
cially roadsides, with lanceolate or linear leaves, and inconspicuous heads 
in terminal clusters. 

G. purptreum, Linn. Taller, with oblong-spatulate or lanceolate 
leaves green above and white-cottony beneath, and purplish heads in 
axillary clusters, or spiked along the upper part of the stem; pappus 
plumes united at the base, and-all falling off together. Coast of Me., S. 


22. ANTENNARIA, EVERLASTING. (Name from the pappus of 
the staminate flowers, which resembles the antenne of certain insects. ) 


2l (p. 223.) 


A. plantaginifolia, Hook. Growing in patches, spreading by runners 
and offsets; the root leaves spatulate or obovate and tufted ; flowering 
stems 4/-8/ high, with few and small lanceolate leaves ; heads in a small 
corymb, the fertile ones (pointed, with pinkish styles) with narrow and 
acutish, the staminate (flat-topped) with white and rounded scaies. 
Sterile soil ; common. © 


GRAY’S F. F} & G. BOT. —16 


242 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 


23. ANAPHALIS, EVERLASTING. (Greek, of no application.) 
2 (p. 223.) 
A. margaritacea, Benth. & Hook. Stem about 2° high, leafy to the 
top ; the leaves lance-linear; heads in a broad corymb, the fertile ones 


with a few imperfect staminate flowers in the center; scales of the invo- 
lucre pearly white, rounded. Dry soil; common. 


24. HELIPTERUM, EVERLASTING, IMMORTELLE. (Greek: sun 
and wing, referring to the light plumed pappus.) Also known as 
RuHODANTHE. (p. 224.) 


H. Manglésii, F. Muell. Cult. in gardens for ornament, from Aus- 
tralia; a low smooth herb, with oblong and alternate clasping entire 
leaves, and loosely corymbed, showy, nodding heads of yellow flowers, 
the pearly involucre obovate or obconical, smooth, rose or white, very 
ornamental, in summer. 


25. HELICHRYSUM, EVERLASTING, IMMORTELLE. (Greek, 
referring to the golden flower heads.) (p. 223.) 


H. bracteatum, Andry. or (H. MacrAntuum). From Australia; tall, 
smoothish or slightly downy, with lanceolate leaves; large heads termi- 
nating the branches and with some leaf-like bracts on the peduncle, the 
permanent and very numerous scales of the involucre very showy and 
petal-like, spreading in many ranks, golden yellow, and with white vari- 
eties. @ @ 


26. AMMOBIUM, EVERLASTING, IMMORTELLE. (Greek : mean- 
ing living in sand.) @_ (p. 224.) 


A. alatum, R. Br. 1°-8° high, rather cottony ; root leaves oblong and 
tapering downwards into a petiole ; stem leaves small and lanceolate, and 
extended down the branches and stems in the form of leaf-like wings ; 
heads solitary, with pearly white involucre surrounding yellow flowers. 
Cult. from Australia 


27. INULA, ELECAMPANE. (Ancient Latin name.) 2f (p. 224.) 


/. Helénium, Linn. Common Evecampane. A stout herb, with stems 
3°-6° high, from a thick mucilaginous root (used in medicine) ; leaves 
large, entire, woolly beneath, those from the root ovate and petioled, the 
others partly clasping ; heads large, but the rays very narrow. In old 
gardens and natural from Eu. by roadsides. 


28. POLYMNIA, LEAFCUP. (The muse, Polyhymnia, the dedica- 
tion for no obvious reason.) 2f (p. 226.) 


P. Canadénsis, Linn. 3°-5° high, clammy-hairy; leaves thin, the 
lower pinnatifid, the upper 3-5-lobed or angled ; rays of the small heads 
shorter than the involucre, few, pale-yellow and broad. Moist woods. 

P. Uvedalia, Linn. Roughish-hairy, stout, 4°-10° high ; leaves large, 
ovate and angled or lobed, the upper ones sessile ; rays of the large head 
10-15, bright yellow, longer than the involucre. Rich soil, N. Y.,S.and W. 


29. SILPHIUM, ROSIN PLANT. (Ancient Greek name.) Flowers 
summer and autumn. 2 (p. 226.) 
* Leaves alternate, large, most of them petioled. 


+ The stout and rough flowering stems (3°-6° high) leafy up to the few large 
heads ; scales of involucre ovate, with tapering and spreading rigid tips. 


S. laciniatum, Linn. RostnweEpD or Compass Puant, of prai- 
ries, from Mich. W. and S., so called because the rough-hairy, deeply 


COMPOSITE FAMILY. 243 


pinnatifid root leaves (of ovate outline) incline to present their edges N. 
and S. 


+ + The slender smooth flowering stems (4°-10° high) leafy only near 
the base, dividing above into a panicle of many smaller heads. 


S. terebinthinaceum, Linn. Prairie Dock, so called from the 
appearance of the large root leaves, which are ovate or heart-oblong and 
1°-2° long, besides the slender petiole, the margins somewhat toothed. 
Ohio, W. 

S. compésitum, Michx. More slender and smaller, with round heart- 
shaped leaves either toothed or cut, or divided. N.C.,5. 


* * Leaves, or many of them, in whorls of 3 or 4 along the terete stems, 
rather small, entire or coarsely toothed. 


S. trifoliatum, Linn. Stem smooth, often glaucous, 4°-6° high ; leaves 
lanceolate and entire or nearly so, roughish ; heads small. S. and W. 

S. Asterfscus, Linn. Rough-hairy ; leaves usually coarsely toothed ; 
heads fewer and larger. Va., S. 


* * * Leaves opposite and clasping or connate ; stems leafy to the top. 


S. integrifodlium, Michx. Roughish, 2°-4° high, with terete stem and 
lance-ovate, partly heart-shaped, and entire, distinct leaves. Mich. W. 
and S. 

S. perfoliatum, Linn. Cur Piranr. Very smooth square stems 4°-9° 
high, around which the ovate, coarsely toothed leaves are connate into cups 
which hold water from the rains. Mich., W. and S. 


30. PARTHENIUM. (Greek: virgin, of no application.) 2 (p. 
227.) 
P. integrifdlium, Linn. A coarse, rough plant, 1°-4° high, with 
alternate, oblong or oval, crenate-toothed leaves (the lower cut-lobed), 


and small whitish heads in a flat and dense corymb. Dry soil, Md. to 
Minn. and S. 


31. IVA, MARSH ELDER. (Name unexplained.) (p. 223.) Our 
commonest species is 


I. frutéscens, Linn. Nearly smooth, shrubby at the base, 3°-8°; 
leaves oval or lanceolate, coarsely toothed, fleshy ; greenish-white heads 
axillary and forming a leafy panicled raceme. Salt coast marshes, 
Mass., S. 


32. AMBROSIA, RAGWEED. (The classical name.) (p. 222.) 
Flowers greenish, all summer and autumn. 


* Leaves all opposite. 


A. trifida, Linn. Tall, coarse herb along low borders of streams ; 
4°-10° high, rough; leaves deeply 3-lobed on margined petioles, the 
lobes lance-ovate and serrate; staminate heads in racemes, their in- 
volucres 3-ribbed on one side, the fertile one or fruit obovate and with 6 
or 6 ribs ending in a tubercle or spiny point. @ 


* * Some or all the leaves alternate. 


A. bidentata, Michx. Hairy, 1°-3° high, very leafy ; leaves alter- 
nate, closely sessile, lanceolate, and with a short lobe or tooth on one 
side near the base; heads in a dense spike, the top-shaped involucre of 
the sterile ones with a large lanceolate appendage on one side. Trairies, 
fil., S. and W. 


244 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 


A. artemisizfdlia, Linn. Roman Wormwoop, HoGweep, RAGWEED, 
or BirtERWEED. Waste places and roadsides ; 1°-3° high, hairy or rough- 
ish ; twice pinnatifid leaves, either opposite or alternate, pale or hoary be- 
neath ; staminate heads in panicled racemes or spikes, the small, roundish 
fruit with about 6 little teeth or spines. 


33. XANTHIUM, COCKLEBUR, CLOTBUR. (Greek: yellow, the 
plants said to yield that color.) Coarse and vile weeds, with stout and 
low branching stems, alternate and petioled, merely toothed or lobed 
leaves, and obscure greenish flowers, produced all summer. @ 


(p. 222.) * Triple spines in the axils of the leaves. 


X. spindsum, Linn. Stems slender and hoary, 19-2°; leaves nar- 
rowed at both ends, ovate-lanceolate, sometimes lobed or cut; fruit invo- 
lucre 3/ long, with 1 beak. Waste places, E. Tropics. 


* * No spines in the axils. 


X. strumarium, Linn. Leaves cordate or o~ate, dentate, often lobed ; 
fruit involucre 3'-3! long, glabrous or puberulent, with nearly straight 
beaks and slender spines. Plant 1°-2°. Waste places. Old World. 

X. Canadénse, Mill. Stouter; fruit 1’ long, densely prickly and 


hispid, the beaks usually hooked or strongly curved. Waste places. 


34. ZINNIA. (J. G. Zinn, a German botanist.) Commonly culti- 
vated for ornament. (p. 227.) 


Z. élegans, Jacq. GARDEN Zinnta. Leaves ovate, heart-shaped, half- 
clasping ; heads very large, rose-colored, purple, violet, red, or white, 
2'-3' in diameter, also full-double like a small Dahlia ; chaff of receptacle 
crested-toothed at tip; akenes barely 2-toothed at summit. Mexico. @ 
Cult. in many forms and under many names. 

Z. pauciflora, Linn. (or Z. MULTIFLORA). Less common in gardens, being 
less showy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate ; peduncle hollow, much enlarged 
under the head; rays obovate, red-purple ; chaff blunt, entire ; akenes 
l-awned. Mexico. 

Z. angustifolia, HBK. (Cult. as Z. atrea), from Mexico; is widely 
and copiously branched, rough-hairy, with lanceolate leaves ; many small 
heads ; oval orange-yellow rays, and conspicuously pointed chaff. 


35. HELIOPSIS, OXEYE. (Greek-made name, from the likeness 
‘to Sunflower.) 2f (p. 228.) 


H. levis, Pers. Resembles a Sunflower, but has pistillate rays and 
4-sided akenes, sometimes without pappus ; 1°-4° high, smooth; leaves 
ovate or lance-ovate, triple-ribbed, petioled, serrate; head of golden- 
yellow flowers (with linear rays) terminating the branches, in summer ; 
pappus of 2-4 minute teeth, or 0. N. Y., W. and 8. 

H. scabra, Dunal. Roughish, particularly the leaves, which are more 
narrowly pointed, and the upper ones sometimes entire ; rays broader ; 
pappus of 2 or 38 conspicuous teeth. N. Y., W. and S. 


36. ECHINACEA, PURPLE CONE-FLOWER. (Greek ; hedgehog, 
viz., receptacle with prickly pointed chaff.) 2f (p. 228.) 


E. purpurea, Moench. Stems (usually smooth) 1°-2° high, from a 
thick and black, pungent-tasted root (called Black. Samson by quack- 
doctors), bearing ovate or Janceolate, 5-nerved and veiny leaves, the lower 
jong-petioled, and terminated by a large head; rays 16-20, dull rose- 
purple. Penn., W and 8S. 


COMPOSITE FAMILY. 245 


E. angustifolia, DC. From Wis. S., is a more slender form, bristly- 
hairy, with narrow, lanceolate, 3-nerved, entire leaves, and 12-15 brighter- 
colored rays. 


37. RUDBECKIA, CONE-FLOWER. (Named for Rudbeck, father 
and son, Swedish botanists.) (p. 228.) 


* Disk oblong, or in fruit cylindrical and 1’ long, greenish yellow, the 
chaff very blunt and downy at the end; leaves all compound or cleft. Y 


R. laciniata, Linn. 3°-7° high, smooth, branching above; lowest 
leaves pinnate with 5-7 cut or cleft leaflets, upper ones 3-5-parted, or 
the uppermost undivided; heads long-peduncled, with linear drooping 
rays 1/-2/ long. ‘Thickets; common. 


* * Disk conical, dark-purple, the chaff awn-pointed; lower leaves often 
pinnately parted or 3-cleft. 


R. triloba, Linn. Hairy, 2°-5° high, much branched ; upper leaves 
lance-ovate and toothed, and the numerous small heads with only about 
8 rays. Penn. to Mo. and S. 


« * * Disk globular, pale dull brownish (receptacle sweet-scented), the 
chaff blunt and downy at the end; lower leaves 3-parted. 2 


R. subtomentosa, Pursh. Somewhat downy, with leafy stems 3°-5° 
high, ovate or lance-ovate, serrate upper leaves and short-peduncled heads. 
Prairies, Wis., W. 


* * * * Disk broadly conical, dark-colored, the soft chaff not pointed ; 
rough-hairy plants 19-2° high, leafy below, the naked summit of the 
stems or branches bearing single showy heads ; leaves simple. 2 


R. specidsa, Wend. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at 
both ends, 3-6-nerved, petioled, coarsely toothed or cut. Penn., W. 
and S. 

R. hirta, Linn. Stems stout and mostly simple ; leaves nearly entire, 
triple-ribbed, oblong-lanceolate or the lowest spatulate, the upper sessile. 
N. Y., W. and S.; introduced into meadows E. j 


38. LEPACHYS. (Greek: thick and scale.) Receptacle anise-scented 
when crushed. 2 (p. 227.) 


L. pinnata, Torr. & Gray. Minutely roughish and slightly hoary ; 
the slender leafy stems 3°-5° high, bearing leaves of 3-7 lanceolate leaf- 
lets, and somewhat corymbed heads with the oval or oblong disk much 
shorter than the oblong, drooping yellow rays ; akenes scarcely 2-toothed, 
flattish, the inner edge hardly wing-margined. Dry soil, W. N. Y., W. 
and S. 

L. columnaris, Torr. & Gray. 1°-2° high, with single or few long- 
peduncled heads, their cylindrical disk often becoming 2’ long, and longer 
than the 5-8 broad drooping rays, these either yellow, or var. pulchér- 
rima, with the base or lower half brown-purple ; akenes 1-2-toothed at 
top and winged down one edge. Prairies, W.; also cult. 


39. HELIANTHUS, SUNFLOWER (which the name means in 
Greek). ‘The following are the commonest of the numerous species, 
many of which are difficult of study. (Lessons, Fig. 381.) (p. 227.) 

* @ Receptacle flat and very broad; disk brownish; leaves generally 


alternate, broad and triple-ribbed, petioled ; flowers summer. Cult. for 
ornament ; wild only far W. and S. W. ; flowers all summer. 


H. 4nnuus, Linn. Common SunrLower of the gardens, with huge 
heads ; leaves green, roughish, not hoary. 


246 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 


H. argophyllus, Torr. & Gray. Texas, cult. for its hoary-white foliage ; 
heads smaller. 


* * 2/ Receptacle and disk convex; heads middle-sized or rather small, 
the disk various; leaves opposite or alternate; flowering throughout 
late summer and autumn. 


+ Disk dark-purple or brown, contrasting with the yellow rays. 


++ Leaves long and linear, 1-nerved, entire, sessile; heads small and 
mostly corymbed ; involucre of leaf-like spreading scales. 


H. angustifdlius, Linn. Slender rough stems 2°-6° high ; lower leaves 
opposite and rough, revolute. Pine barrens, N. J., 8. 

H. orgyalis, DC. Stems (6°-10° high); leaves crowded, very narrow, 
alternate, smooth ; flowers late. W. of the Miss. Cult. for its tall strict 
habit. 


++ ++ Leaves oval or lanceolate, opposite ; stems 1°-3° high, bearing solitary 
or few long-peduncled, rather large heads; involucre of short, close 
scales. 


H. heterophyllus, Nutt. Rather hairy, with lowest leaves oval or 
oblong, upper ones lance-linear and few; scales of involucre lanceolate. 
Low pine barrens, Ga., S. 

H. rigidus, Desf. Dry prairies W. and S.; rough, with thick firm 
leaves lance-oblong or the lower oval; scales of the involucre ovate or 
oblong, blunt. 


+ + Disk yellow as well as the rays, or hardly dingy-brownish. 


++ Scales of the involucre short and broadly lanceolate, regularly imbri- 
cated, without leaf-like tips; leaves nearly all opposite and nearly 
entire. 


H. occidentalis, Riddell. Somewhat hairy, with slender simple stems 
1°-3° high, sending off runners from base, naked above, bearing 1-5 
heads ; lowest leaves ovate or lance-ovate ; upper ones narrow, small and 
distant. Ohio, W. and §S. 

H. méllis, Lam. Soft white-woolly all over, 2°-4° high, leafy to the 
top, the leaves heart-ovate and partly clasping. Ohio, W. and 8S. 


++ ++ Scales of the involucre looser and leafy-tipped; stems leafy to the 
top. 


= Leaves chiefly alternate and not triple-ribbed. 


H. grésse-serratus, Martens. Smooth and glaucous, 6°-10°; leaves 
long-lanceolate, petioled, serrate. Ohio, W. and S. 

H. gigantéus, Linn. Rough and rather hairy, 3°-10° high, with lance- 
olate serrate, nearly sessile leaves, and pale-yellow rays. Common in low 
grounds. 


= = Leaves mainly opposite, except in the last, 3-ribbed at base or triple- 
ribbed. (Several species, the following the most important.) 


|| Sessile or short-petiolate, entire, or serrulate. 


H. divaricatus, Linn. Common in dry sterile soil; stem smooth, 
1°-8° high; leaves rough ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a point, and 
3-nerved at the rounded sessile base. 

H. hirsttus, Raf. Ditfers from the preceding in its rough-hairy stem 
1°-2° high, and leaves with narrower base more or less petioled. Ohio, W. 

H. strumodsus, Linn. Stems mostly smooth, 8°-4° high ; leaves broadly 
lanceolate or lance-ovate, rough above and whitish or white-downy be- 
neath, their margins beset with fine appressed teeth, and petioles short 
and margined. Common. 


} 
/ 
| 
\ 


COMPOSITE FAMILY. 247 


|| || Leaves longer-petioled, coarsely serrate. 


H. decapétalus, Linn. So named because (like the preceding) it 
commonly has 10 rays; stems branching, 3°-6° high; leaves thin and 
bright-green, smoothish, ovate, coarsely toothed and abruptly contracted 
into margined petioles ; scales of the involucre long and loose. 

H. muxtrirvtorvs, Linn, of gardens, unknown wild, is probably a 
modified form of the last. The heads are 2/—4! across and double ; ice. all 
the disk flowers ligulate. 

H. tuberdsus, Linn. JerusaLeM ARTICHOKE (i.e. Girasole or Sun- 
flower in Italian, corrupted in England into Jerusalem); cult. for the 
tubers, and run wild in fence rows; also native, Penn. W. and S.; 5°-7° 
high, with triple-ribbed ovate petioled leaves, rough-hairy as well as the 
stems, all the upper ones alternate, the running rootstocks ending in 
ovate or oblong edible tubers. (Lessons, Fig. 101.) 


40. VERBESINA, CROWN-BEARD. (Name obscure.) Ours are 
tall (4°-7° high) branching herbs, in rich soil, with compound corymbs 
of small heads. 2f (p. 227.) 


V. occidentalis, Walt. Stems 4-winged ; leaves smoothish, large and 
thin, ovate and opposite pointed, at both ends; flowers yellow; akenes 
wingless. Penn. to Ill. and S. 

V. Virginica, Linn. Of like range, has stem less winged, smaller 
lance-ovate alternate leaves soft-downy beneath, white flowers, and 
narrowly winged akenes. 


41. ACTINOMERIS. (Greek: alluding to the irregularity of the rays 
in the commonest species.) 2f (p. 227.) 


A. squarrdsa, Nutt. Stems branching, 4°-8° high; leaves lance- 
oblong, tapering to both ends; heads numerous, corymbed ; spreading 
involucre ; 4-10 irregular rays, and broadly winged akenes ; flowers Sept. 
INS Ya.) WW. and S. 


42. DAHLIA. (Named for a Swedish professor, Dahl, contemporary 
with Linneus.) 2 (p. 227.) 


D. variGbilis, Desf. Common Dan.ia. Leaves pinnate, with ovate 
serrate leaflets; heads large, much increased in size and altered, of all 
colors; the ray flowers pistillate ; roots fascicled and tuberous (Lessons, 
Fig. 87). Mexico. 

D. coccinea, Cav. Ray flowers scarlet and neutral; the disk flowers 
yellow ; outer involucral bracts 5, reflexed. Mexico. 


43. COREOPSIS, TICKSEED. (From Greek for bug, from the shape 
of the akenes.) Many wild species; several cult. for ornament, being 
known as Cauiopsis. (See Lessons, Figs. 268, 269, 290,291.) (p. 227.) 


§ 1. Rays broad, coarsely 3-5-toothed; outer involucre not longer than 
the inner; akenes orbicular or oval, incurved when mature. Chiefly 
cultivated. 


* @ @ Disk flowers and lower part of the rays dark-colored or brown- 
purple ; akenes in these species wingless and nearly naked at top ; leaves 
compound. 


C. tinctdria, Nutt. The commonest species of country gardens ; smooth, 
with lower leaves twice-pinnately divided into narrow leaflets, numerous 
heads, and lower half or sometimes almost the whole of rays brown- 
purple ; in one variety they are changed to tubes. Minn.. 8. 


248 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 


C. Drumméndii, Torr. & Gray. Low and spreading, rather hairy, with , 


leaves of 3-7 oval leaflets, or some of them simple ; heads on long pedun. 
cles ; very broad rays golden-yellow, with small dark spot at base. Tex. 
Common in gardens. 


* * @ Disk flowers yellow; rays yellow, with a darker and purpiish- 
streaked spot near the base; akenes winged and 2-toothed. 


C. coronata, Hook. Low, with slender-petioled leaves — oblong or spatu- 
late, or some of them 3-5-parted—and very long peduncle; rays broad 
and handsome. Tex. Cult. 


% 


* * * 2! Disk flowers and rays (1' long) entirely yellow; akenes orbicu- 
lar, much incurved and broadly winged when ripe, crowned with 2 little 
teeth or scales. 


C. lanceolata, Linn. Wild W. and S., and cult. ; 19°-2° high, smooth 
or sometimes downy, in tufts, with lanceolate or oblanceolate entire leaves, 
mostly crowded at the base, and long slender peduncles ; flowers in early 
summer. 

C. auriculata, Linn. Wild W. and S., and in some gardens; taller, 
sometimes with runners or suckers at base, leafy to near the top ; upper 
leaves oblong, lower roundish and sometimes auricled at base or with 3-5 
lobes or leaflets. 


§ 2. Rays entire or nearly so, oblong or lanceolate ; akenes oblong, with 
a very narrow wing or border, not incurved, and obscurely if at all 2- 
toothed at the apex; scales of outer involucre narrow and entire; heads 
rather small, the flowers all yellow. WY 


* Low, 19-8° high, leafy to the top; leaves really opposite and sessile, but 
divided into 3 leaflets, thus seeming to be 6 in a whorl. Wild chiefly in 
S. States; all but the first are cult. in gardens. 


C. senifolia, Michx. Seemingly 6 lance-ovate and entire leaflets in a 
whorl (i.e. two, but each 3-divided), smooth or downy. 

©. verticillata, Linn. The pair of leaves cut into once or twice pin- 
nate almost thread-shaped divisions, smooth. 

C. delphinifdlia, Lam. Very like the last, but with fewer lance- 
linear divisions. 


x * Tall, leafy to the top, with evidently opposite petioled leaves. 


C. tripteris, Linn. Stems simple, 4°-9° high; leaves of 3-5 lanceo. 
late entire leaflets; heads corymbed; very short outer involucre, and 
blunt rays. Rich ground, W. and S. 


§ 3. Rays oval or oblong, golden yellow, slightly notched; akenes wing- 
less, not incurved, bearing 2 awns or teeth for a pappus ; outer involucre 
conspicuous and resembling leaves; branching plants of wet grounds, 
with thin leaves mostly of 3-7 pinnate toothed or cut veiny leaflets ; re- 
sembling the next genus, but the awns not downwardly barbed. @) 2) 


C. trichospérma, Michx. Swamps mostly near the coast; 19-2° high, 
with 3-7 lanceolate or linear cut-toothed leaflets or divisions ; numerous 
heads, and narrow-oblong or linear wedge-shaped marginless akenes with 
2 stout teeth. : 

C. aurea, Ait. Upper leaves often simple, lower nearly as in the fore- 
going, and shorter wedge-obovate akenes with 2 or 4 short, chaff-like 
seeth. Va., S. 

C. aristosa, Michx. Leaves more compound, with oblong or lanceo- 
late, often pinnatifid leaflets, and broad-obovate, very flat akenes slightly 
margined and bristly ciliate, the pappus of 2 long and slender awns, or 
sometimes 3 or 4, or in one variety none at all. Mich., W. and S. 


COMPOSITE FAMILY. 249 


44. BIDENS, BUR MARIGOLD, BEGGAR’S TICKS, PITCHFORKS, 
(Latin: two-toothed, from the usually 2 awns of the pappus.) Our 
species @ or @. ‘The akenes adhere to the dress or to the fleece of 
animals by their barbed awns. (p. 227.) 


«x Akenes broad and flat, with bristly ciliate margins. 
+ Coarse and very homely weeds, commonly without any rays. 


B. frondésa, Linn. Common Becear’s Ticks. Coarse weed in low or 
manured grounds; 2°-6° high, branched, with pinnate leaves of 3-5 
broad lanceolate, coarsely toothed leaflets, outer involucre much longer 
than the head, and wedge-obovate akenes ciliate with upturned bristles, 
and 2-awned. . 

B. connata, Muhl. Smooth, 1°-2° high, with simple lanceolate and 
taper-pointed leaves, or the lower 3-divided and decurrent on the petiole ; 
smaller heads ; narrow wedge-shaped akenes, minutely and downwardly 
ciliate and bearing about 3 awns. Low grounds. 


+ + Low smooth herbs, with showy golden rays 1' long. 


B. chrysanthemoides, Michx. Shallow water or wet piaces ; 6/-30' 
high, with simple, lanceolate, sessile, serrate leaves, outer involucre 
shorter than the rays, and wedge-shaped akenes with almost prickly, 
downwardly barbed margins and 2-4 awns. 


* * Akenes linear or needle-shaped. 


B. Béckii, Torr. Immersed in water, N. and W., the single, short- 
peduncled heads rising above the surface, and with showy rays ; leaves 
cut into very numerous, fine, hair-like divisions ; awns of the stout akenes 
4-6, barbed near the tip. 

B. bipinnata, Linn. 1°-8° high, branched, with 1-3-pinnately parted, 
petioled leaves ; ovate-lanceolate leaflets ; small heads ; short, pale-yellow 
rays, and slender akenes with 3-4 barbed awns. Dry soil, R. IL, 5. 
and W. 


45. COSMOS. (Greek: an ornament.) Tall plants with handsome, 
fine, foliage and very late flowers. Cult. (p. 227.) 


C. bipinnatus, Cay. Leaves pinnately divided into narrowly linear or 
almost filiform lobes; outer involucral scales ovate-lanceolate and acumi- 
nate ; rays 1/-2/ long, rose-color. @) Mexico. 

C. tenuifolius, Lindl. Rather lower, the foliage still more finely cut ; 
outer scales less acuminate ; rays rich or dark purple.. @ Mexico. 


46. HELENIUM, SNEEZEWEED. (Old Greek name.) (p. 226.) 


‘H. autumnale, Linn. The commonest species, wild in low grounds ; 
1°-4° high, with lanceolate, toothed leaves, their base often decurrent on 
the stem, and a corymb of showy yellow-flowered heads, the rays often 
drooping, in autumn. 2 


47. GAILLARDIA. (Gaillard de Merentonneau, a French botanist.) 
(p. 226.) 


G. lanceolata, Michx. Leaves narrow (mostly entire), lanceolate ; 
rays commonly small and few, yellow, and purple disk flowers. S. Car., 
W.andS. @® 2 

G. pulchélla, Foug. Wild from La., W., and cult. for ornament (one 
form called G. pfcra), has broader leaves, some of them cut-toothed or 
lobed, and showy heads with the large rays mostly brownish crimson- 
purple with yellow tips. @ 


250 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 


G. aristata, Pursh. More downy than the last, less branched, with 
large showy rays yellow throughout, or their base brown-purple. In cul- 
tivation known as G. GRANDIFLURA. 2f Dak., S. and W. 


48. DYSODIA, FETID MARIGOLD. (Greek: denoting ill-scent of 
the plant.) (p. 224.) 
D. chrysanthemoides, Lag. A low weed, nearly smooth, with spread- 


ing branches, opposite pinnately parted and finely cut leaves, and few 
yellow rays scarcely exceeding the involucre. Roadsides, W. and S. @ 


49. TAGETES, FRENCH or AFRICAN MARIGOLD, but from 
South America and Mexico. (Mythological name.) Plants strong- 
scented ; leaves pinnate, the leaflets cut-toothed. @ (p. 224.) 


T. erécta, Linn. Larce Arrican M. Leaflets lanceolate, inflated 
club-shaped peduncles, and heads of orange or lemon-colored flowers, 
often full-double. 

T. pétula, Linn. Frencu M. With finer lance-linear leaflets, cylin- 
drical peduncles, and narrower heads, the rays orange or with darker 
stripes. 


T. signata, Bartl. More delicate, low, much-branched species, with - 


finely cut leaves, slender peduncles, and smaller heads, the 5 rays purple- 
spotted or spotted and striped with darker orange at base. 


50. ANTHEMIS, CHAMOMILE. (Ancient Greek name, from the 
profusion of flowers.) Natives of Old World. Peduncles bearing 
solitary or very few heads. (p. 226.) 


* Rays neutral. 


A. Cétula, Maywerp. Roadsides, especially E.; low, strong-scented 
and acrid, with leaves thrice pinnately divided into slender leaflets or 
lobes, rather small heads terminating the branches, with white rays and 
yellow center; allsummer. (@) (Lessons, Fig. 379.) 


* * Rays pistillate. 


A. arvénsis, Linn. Resembles Mayweed and grows in similar places, 
but less common ; not unpleasantly scented, has fertile rays and a minute 
border of pappus. (@) @ 

A. n6bilis, Linn. Yields the Chamomile-flowers of the apothecaries ; 
spreads over the ground, very finely divided foliage pleasantly strong- 
scented ; rays white ; pappus none, 

A. tinctéria, Linn. Cult. for ornament; 2°-3° high, with pinnately 
divided and again pinnatifid or cut-toothed leaves and heads as large as 
those of Oxeye Daisy, with golden-yellow flowers, or the rays some- 
times white. 2 


51. ACHILLEA, YARROW, SNEEZEWORT. (Named after 
Achilles.) WLeafy-stemmed, with small heads in corymbs. 2 (p. 226.) 


A. Millefdlium, Linn. Common Y. or Mirror, abounds over fields 
and hills; 10/-20! high, with leaves twice pinnately parted into very 
stender and crowded linear 3-5-cleft divisions, heads crowded in a close 
flat corymb, with 4 or 5 short rays, white (sometimes rose-colored). 

A. Ptérmica, Linn. SNeezeworr. Run wild from Eu. in a few places, 
cult. in gardens, especially a full-double variety ; leaves simple, lance- 
linear, sharply cut-serrate; heads in a loose corymb, with 8-12 or more 
rather long bright white rays. 


COMPOSITE FAMILY. 251 


52. CHRYSANTHEMUM, including LEUCANTHEMUM and PYRB- 
THRUM. (Golden flower in Greek ; but they are of various colors.) 
All natives of Old World. (p. 226.) 


* Akenes of disk and ray flowers similar, angled or striate, but not 
winged. —PYRETHRUMS, 2 


+ Leaves pinnatisect or compound. 


C. coccineum, Willd. (PyrETHRUM ROsEUM of gardens). A handsome 
plant from Persia, cult. in many varieties, the terminal solitary large 
flowers in various coiors, but chiefly in shades of red, and often double 
(i.e., disk flowers radiate); leaves finely pinnatisect, the lobes linear. 
Plant 1°-3°, smooth, the lower leaves petioled, the upper sessile. This 
(with C. cINERARLZFOLIUM, Vis., which has stem and lower surface of 
broader-lobed leaves canescent) is a source of commercial Pyrethrum 
or Persian insect powder. 

C. Parthénium, Bernh. Frverrew. Smooth, with branching, leafy, 
striate or grooved stems 1°-3°; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate in outline, 
twice pinnately divided into coarse ovate cut divisions ; flowers 3! across, 
whitish, in corymbs, the peduncles leafy or bracted, the rays twice larger 
than the involucre ; short pappus dentate. Common in old gardens, and 
escaped. Eu. 

C. preaitum, Vent. (PYRETHRUM PARTHENIFOLIUM Of gardens). GoLDEN 
FeaTHER. Pubescent, or becoming nearly smooth, the stems terete ; 
leaves very much cut, the segments oblong; peduncles naked; rays 
thrice longer than the involucre ; short pappus entire. A yellow-leaved 
form is used for carpet-bedding. Asia. 


+ + Leaves toothed or sometimes jagged, but not pinnatisect. 


C. LeucGnthemum, Linn. Oxryr Daisy, WHITEWEED. Stem nearly 
simple and erect, smooth, 1°-2°; leaves oblong-spatulate, sharply pinna- 
tifid-toothed, those on the stem sessile and passing into bracts or wanting 
near the top; heads large and white, solitary and terminal. An abun- 
dant weed E. Eu. 

C. uligindsum, Pers. Tall and strong, 2°-4°, very finely pubescent ; 
leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, sessile, very sharply toothed; 
large (2/-3! across) white flowers in a terminal corymb. Cult. E. Eu. 

C. BalsGmita, Linn., var. tanacetoides, Boiss. Costmary, Mint Gera- 
' niuM, LAVENDER (erroneously). ‘Tall grayish-canescent (at least above) 
plant with sweet-scented herbage ; leaves oblong, obtuse, long-petioled, 
obtusely serrate ; heads small and yellowish in the common rayless form 
(rays white when they appear, when the plant is known as C. BaLsAmira), 
in a terminal cluster. Asia. 


* * Akenes of disk and ray flowers unlike, those of the rays winged. 
+ Leaves twice-pinnatifid or pinnatisect. 


C. frutéscens, Linn. Marcuerite, Paris Daisy. Bushy and erect, 
woody at the base, generally smooth, slightly glaucous ; leaf segments 
linear, or the uppermost leaves reduced to trifid bracts ; flowers white 
(rarely yellowish), large (2/-3! across), with spreading daisy-like rays, 
ai on long naked peduncles. Common in conservatories. Canaries. 2/ 

C. coronarium, Linn. SumMMER CHRYSANTHEMUM, with yellow or some- 
times whitish flowers, cult. from Mediterranean region; smooth, with 
diffuse stems; leaves with auricled and clasping base, and lanceolate or 
linear cut-toothed divisions ; the involucre of broad and scarious scales. G, 


+ + Leaves lobed, but not pinnatifid. —GaRDEN CHRYSANTHEMUMS, 2/ 


C. Sinénse, Sabine. Canescent above, 29-49; the leaves ovate and 
long petioled, sinuate-cut and lobed, firm in texture, somewhat glaucous - 


252 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 


heads very large, immensely varied under cultivation ; the scales of the 
involucre with narrow scarious margins, and the tubular disk flowers sub- 
tended by chaffy scales. Japan; parent of the greater number of garden 
forms., 

C. Indicum, Linn. Leaves more sharply cut, thinner and green; invo- 
lucral scales with wide scarious margins; no chaff with the tubular disk 
flowers ; heads smaller, yellow rays predominating. Japan. 


53. TANACETUM, TANSY. (Oldname.) 2 (p. 222.) 


T. vulgare, Linn. Common Tansy. Eu. ; cult. in old gardens, and a 
roadside weed, 2°-4° high, smooth, strong-scented, and acrid, with deep 
green 1-3-pinnately compound leaves ; the leaflets and winged margins of 
the petiole cut-toothed ; var. crfspum, leaves more cut and crisped. 


54. ARTEMISIA, WORMWOOD. (Dedicated to Artemis, the Greek 
Diana.) (p. 222.) 
* Leaves (and whole plant) smooth and green, or nearly so. 


+ Very fine thread-like or capillary divisions to the 1-3-pinnately divided 
leaves ; heads loosely panicled. 


A. Abrétanum, Linn. SouTHerRNwoop. From §. Eu.; cult. in gardens 
for the pleasant-scented foliage, 3°-5° high, woody-stemmed, strict. 2 

A. caudata, Michx. Heads small, racemed in a wand-like panicle. 
Sandy coast and lake shores. @ 


+ + Leaves not very fine or finely-cut. 


A. biénnis, Willd. Gravelly banks and shores W., becoming a weed E. ; 
1°-3° high, with small greenish heads, much crowded in the axils ; the once 
or twice pinnatifid leaves with their lobes linear, in the lower cut-toothed. 


® ® x * Leaves hoary or cottony, at least underneath. 2 


A. Absinthium, Linn. Wormwoop. Old gardens and a roadside weed ; 
strong-scented, silky-hoary, with stems 2°-4° high and rather woody at 
base, twice or thrice pinnately parted leaves with lanceolate lobes, and _ 
nodding hemispherical heads. Eu. 

A. vulgaris, Linn. MuGworr. Old gardens and roadsides, from Eu. ; 
leaves pinnatifid, green above and cottony-white beneath, their lance- 
linear divisions mostly cut and cleft ; heads small, in open panicles. 

A. Ludoviciana, Nutt. Leaves lanceolate, mostly cottony-white on 
both sides, many of them entire or mérely toothed ; heads larger in nar- 
row or spike-like panicles. Mich., W. and S. W. 


55: TUSSILAGO, COLTSFOOT. (Latin: ¢tussis, a cough, for which 
the plant is a reputed remedy.) 2f (p. 225.) 


T. FGrfara, Linn. Spreading by its creeping (mucilaginous and bitter) 
rootstocks, which send up, in earliest spring, scaly-bracted scapes, 3/—6' 
high, bearing a single Dandelion-like head, followed by the rounded and 
somewhat angled or toothed heart-shaped or kidney-shaped leaves, which 
are cottony beneath when young. A weed from Eu., common E. 


56. ARNICA. (Old name, thought to be a corruption of Ptarmica.) 
The common European species is used in medicine. 2f (p. 225.) 


A. nudicatlis, Nutt. Stem naked, bearing only 1 or 2 pairs of small 
leaves, although 1°-8° high, the main leaves being clustered at the root, 
thickish, sessile, ovate or oblong, 3-5-nerved, mostly entire, hairy ; heads 
several, loosely corymbed, pretty large and showy, in spring. Low pine 
barrens, S. Penn., S. 


COMPOSITE FAMILY. 953 


57: SENECIO, GROUNDSEL. (Latin: senex, an old man, referring 
to the hoary hairs of many species, or to the white hairs of the pappus.) 


(p. 225.) * No ray flowers ; plant not climbing. 


S. vulgaris, Linn. Common GrounpseL. A low weed in waste or 
cultivated grounds E.; corymbose, nearly smooth, with pinnatifid and 
toothed leaves ; flowers yellow. Eu. 


* * Heads with no rays and only 6-12 disk flowers, small, yellow; stem 
extensively climbing, more or less twining. 


S. scfndens, DC. Cult. as house plant under the name of German 
Ivy, but it is from Cape of Good Hope, and resembles Ivy only in the 
leaves, which are round heart-shaped or angled and with 3-7 pointed lobes, 
soft and tender in texture, and very smooth; the flowers seldom pro- 
duced. 2 


* x * With ray flowers, native herbs; flowers spring and early summer. 


S. lobatus, Pers. Burrerweep. Very smooth, 19°-3° high, with 
tender lyrate-pinnatifid or pinnate and variously lobed leaves; small 
heads in naked corymbs, and about 12 conspicuous rays. N. Car., W. 
and 8. 

S. aureus, Linn. GoL_peN RacGwort, SquAWWEED. Cottony when 
young, becoming smooth with age, sometimes quite smooth when young, 
with simple stems 1°-3° high ; root leaves simple and in different varie- 
ties either round, obovate, heart-shaped, oblong, or spatulate, crenate or 
cut-toothed on slender petioles, lower stem leaves lyrate, upper ones ses- 
sile or clasping and cut-pinnatifid ; corymb umbel-like ; rays 8-12. Com- 
mon in low grounds, and very variable. 2 


* * * * Heads with rays and numerous disk flowers ; cult. for ornament. 
+ Flowers all yellow. 2 


S. Cinerdria, DC. (or CryerAria MaRftima), of Mediterranean coast, 
an old-fashioned house plant, ash-white all over (whence the name Cine- 
raria and the popular one of Dusty Miter), with a woolly coating ; 
the branching stems somewhat woody at base; leaves pinnately parted 
and the divisions mostly sinuate-lobed ; the small heads in a dense 
corymb. 

S. Kempferi, DC. (or Farrteium GrAnpe). Cult. in greenhouses, 
where it hardly ever flowers; it is grown for the foliage, the thick and 
smooth rounded and angled rather kidney-shaped root leaves blotched 
with white; some of the flowers more or less 2-lipped. China and 
Japan. 


+ + Ray flowers purple, violet, blue, or varying to white, those of the 
disk of similar colors or sometimes yellow. 


S. cruéntus, DC. Common Cineraria of the greenhouses, from Tene- 
riffe ; herbaceous, smoothish, with the heart-shaped and angled more or 
less cut-toothed leaves green above and usually crimson or purple on the 
veins underneath, the lower with wing-margined petioles dilated into 
clasping auricles at the base ; heads numerous in a flat corymb, the hand- 
some flowers purple, crimson, blue, white, or party-colored. 2 

S. élegans, Linn. Purrre Racworr. Smooth herb, with deeply pin- 
natifid leaves, the lower petioled, the upper with half-clasping base ; the 
lobes oblong and often sinuate-toothed ; heads corymbed, with yellow or 
purple disk flowers and purple or rarely white rays. @ And a full- 
double variety, having the disk flowers turned into rays. 2 Cape of 
Good Hope. 


254 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 


58. OTHONNOPSIS. (Like Othonna, anallied genus.) Y (p. 225.) 


0. cheirfolia, Jaub. & Spach. Succulent prostrate herb, known in 
this country by the form grown in window baskets as OTHONNA CRASSI- 
FOLIA. Leaves alternate and cylindrical ; small terminal heads of yellow 
flowers on long and slender pedicels. A pretty hanging-plant. N. Africa. 


59. EMILIA, TASSEL FLOWER. (Name unexplained.) 
Cultivated under the name of CacALia, (p. 224.) 


E. sonchifolia, DC. Cult. as a summer annual, from the Old World 
tropics ; very smooth or a little bristly, pale or glaucous, 19-2° high, with 
root leaves obovate and petioled ; stem-leaves sagittate and partly clasp- 
ing, and rather showy orange-red heads in a naked corymb, in summer. 


60. CACALIA, INDIAN PLANTAIN. (Ancient name.) Natives of 
rich soil. 2f (p. 224.) 


* Recepiacle flat; involucre with some bracts at the base. 


C. suavéolens, Linn. 3°-5° high, with halberd-shaped serrate leaves 
on winged petioles, and rather large heads of 10-30 flowers. Conn. to 
Ia., and S. 


* * Receptacle pointed in the middle; involucre 5-flowered, of 5 scales, 
naked. 


C. renif6rmis, Muhl. N.J. to Ill. and S. along the mountains ; 4°-9° 
high, with large and green repand-toothed petioled leaves, the lower 
kidney-shaped, the upper fan-shaped. 

C. atriplicifolia, Linn. Pale or glaucous, with coarsely toothed or 
angled leaves, the lower almost kidney-shaped, the upper wedge-shaped. 
N. Y., W. and S. 

C. tuberdsa, Nutt. Wet prairies, Ohio, W. ; stem angled ; leaves green, 
thickish, 5-7-nerved, mostly entire, the lower lance-oval and tapering 
into long petioles, the upper short-petioled. Flowers in early summer. 


61. ERECHTITES, FIREWEED. (An ancient name.) @ (p. 223.) 


E. hieracifolia, Raf. One of the plants called FrrEwreEp, because 
springing up where woods have been cleared and ground burned over, 
especially N.; very rank and coarse herb, with strong odor, often hairy, 
1°-5° high, with lanceolate or oblong cut-toothed leaves, the upper with 
auricled clasping base, and panicled or corymbed heads of dull white 
flowers, in fruit with copious white and very soft downy pappus. 


62. CALENDULA, MARIGOLD. (Latin calende@ or calends ; flower- 
ing through the months.) (p. 226.) 


C. officinalis, Linn. Por Maricoip. Of the Old World; cult. in 
country gardens, chiefly fur the showy flowers, but the heads also some- 
times dried and used in culinary preparations ; 1° high, spreading, with 
green and succulent oblong and entire sessile leaves, rather unpleasantly 
scented, and large head of yellow flowers, produced all summer, some- 
times nearly full-double, most of the corollas being strap-shaped. @ 


dry flower.) (p. 223.) 


X. Gnnuum, Linn. Leaves linear or oblong, revolute ; heads purplish, 
the scales dry and persistent and very glabrous ; 2°-8°. S. Eu. 


j 
. 
63. XBRANTHEMUM, EVERLASTING, IMMORTELLE. (Greek: | 


COMPOSITE FAMILY. Doo 


64. ARCTIUM, BURDOCK. (Probably Greek, bear, from the spiny 
involucre.) (p. 222.) 


A. Léppa, Linn. Common B. Leaves large, loosely cottony beneath, 
or somewhat naked, the lower heart-shaped, upper ovate; common in 
manured soil and barnyards. Var. minor is smaller and smoother, with 
leaves tapering at the base, often cut-toothed or cleft. Flowers mostly 
purple, all summer and autumn. @ @) 


65. CNICUS, THISTLE. (Old name.) Flowers purple or pink, 
occasionally yellow or white, insummer. @ 2% (pp. 221, 222.) 


* All the scales of the head armed with spreading prickly tips. 


C. lanceolatus, Hoffm. Common or Butt T. Nat. from Eu. in pastures ; 
the base of the rough, deeply pinnatifid leaves running down the stem in 
lobed prickly wings; flowers purple. (@) 


* * All or most of the scales of the head appressed, the innermost not 
prickly-pointed, the outer with a short prickle or point, or none. 


+ Leaves green both sides or a little cottony or cobwebby underneath. 


C. arvénsis, Hoffm. Canapva T. A vile pest in fields and meadows 
N., nat. from Eu.; spreading by deep, running roots as well as by seed ; 
numerous short-peduncled heads only 1! long, with rose-purple flowers ; 
leaves moderately pinnatifid, weak-prickly. 

C. horridulus, Pursh. Yrtirow T. Leaves very prickly, rather large 
heads surrounded at base by an involucre or whorl of leaf-like very 
prickly bracts ; flowers yellowish or purplish. Sandy fields near the 
coast, Mass., S. 

C. pumilus, Torr. 1°-8° high, with lance-oblong pinnatifid leaves, 
single very large heads (almost 2! across) of fragrant (purple or rarely 
white) flowers, sometimes leafy-bracted at base. Me. to Pa. 

C. miticus, Pursh. Swamps and low ground; 3°-8° high, with 
deeply divided leaves, few or no prickles, and rather large naked heads, 
most of the scales pointless; flowers purple. 2, 


+ + Leaves white-cottony underneath ; flowers purple, rarely white. 


C. altissimus, Willd. 3°-10° high, branching, leafy up to the rather 
small heads, the oblong leaves wavy or only slightly pinnatifid, except the 
lowest. @ 2J Mass. to Minn., S. 

Var. discolor, Gray. 3°-6° high, branching and leafy, with rather 
small heads, and deeply pinnatifid leaves, green above, white beneath, 
their lobes narrow and prickly pointed. @ 

C. Virginianus, Pursh. Stems rather simple, 1°-3° high, ending in a 
long naked peduncle; leaves lanceolate and slightly or not at all pinnati- 
fid; head small. 2f Plains and barrens, Va., W. and S. 


66. CYNARA, ARTICHOKE. (Ancient Greek name.) 2 (p. 222.) 


C. Cardinculus, Linn. Carpoox. Leaves deeply and compoundly 
divided and prickly, the less fleshy scales of the head prickly-tipped ; the 
fleshy leafstalks and midrib eaten after being blanched in the manner of 
celery. Strong thistle-like plants, 4°-6°. Eu. 

C. Scétymus, ARTICHOKE, has less compound leaves, the ovate and 
usually pointless scales of the involucre and the receptacle of the young 
fiower heads fleshy, and edibie when cooked. A modification of the 
above. 


256 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 


67. CENTAUREA, CENTAUREA or STAR THISTLE. (Chiron 
the Centaur.) (p. 222.) 


* Flowers all alike in the head, the marginal ones not enlarged and ray- 
like; pappus of very short bristles; scales of head with dark-fringed 
appendage. 


C. nigra, Linn. KNapweep. A coarse weed, in fields and waste places 
E., nat. from Eu.; stem 2° high; leaves roughish, lance-oblong, the 
lower with some coarse teeth ; flowers purple. 2 


* * Marginal flowers more or less enlarged, forming a kind of false ray, 
and sterile ; pappus of bristles ; scales of head with fringed appendage. 


C. Cineraria, Linn. (or C, canpipfssima). A low species, cult. from S. 
Eu., with very white-woolly twice-pinnatifid leaves, and purple flowers, 
the outermost little enlarged; not hardy N. 2 

C. Cyanus, Linn. BLuEBoTTLe, CoRNFLOWER, BacHELOR’s Button. 
In gardens, from Eu., sparingly running wild; loosely cottony, with 
stem leaves linear and mostly entire, solitary long-stalked head, the outer 
flowers very large and blue, with white or rose-colored varieties. @ @ 


* * * Marginal sterile flowers many; pappus of narrow chaff, or none, 
scales of head naked and smooth. Cult. for ornament, from Asia. 


C. moschata, Linn. (or C. susvEoLENS ; AMBERBOA MOSCHATA and A, 
opoRATA). Sweet Suittan. Smooth, with mostly pinnatifid leaves, 
long-stalked head of yellow, rose or white fragrant flowers, the outer 
ranks enlarged, and chaffy-bristled pappus or 0. @ 


68. CARTHAMUS, SAFFLOWER, FALSE SAFFRON. (Arabic 
name, from the properties of the orange-colored flowers, which are 
used in dyeing or coloring yellow, as a substitute for true Saffron.) 
(p- 222.) 

C. tinctorius, Linn. Cult. in country gardens, from the Orient ; smooth, 

6'-12' high, with ovate-oblong leaves and large head, in summer. @ 


69. LAMPSANA, NIPPLEWORT. (Old Greek name.) (p. 228.) 


L.commanis, Linn. Homely weed E., from Eu. ; 19-29, nearly smooth, 
slender ; lower leaves ovate and somewhat lyrate; heads yellow, small, 
in loose panicles. @) 


70. KRIGIA, DWARF DANDELION. (David Krieg, a German 
botanical collector in Md. and Del.) 


* @ Pappus of 5-7 bristles, alternating with a like number of roundish 
scales. 


K. Virginica, Willd. Stems several-flowered, 2/-12’ high, branching 
as they mature ; early leaves roundish and entire, the later ones narrow 
and often pinnatifid. N. and S. 


* * 2{ Pappus of 15-20 bristles, and fewer oblong scales. 


K. Dandélion, Nutt. Scape leafless, 6/-18/ high; leaves spatulate- 
oblong to lanceolate, entire or few lobed ; root tuberiferous. Md., S. 

K. amplexicatlis, Nutt. Scape bearing 1-3 oblong or oval clasping, 
mostly entire leaves; radical leaves toothed or lobed, wimg-petioled. N. 
and 8S. 


COMPOSITE FAMILY. 251 


71. CICHORIUM, SUCCORY, CICHORY, or CHICORY. (Arabic 
name of the plant. ) 


4 


C. Intybus, Linn. Common C. Nat. from Eu. by roadsides, mainly E. ; 
leaves runcinate, rough-hairy on the midrib, or the upper ones on flower- 
ing stems, small and bract-like, entire ; showy blue flowers opening only 
in the morning and in cloudy weather ; root used as substitute for coffee. 
Young shoots often grown as a blanched vegetable. 2f (Lessons, Figs. 
266, 267, 381.) 

C. Endivia, Linn. Enpive. Leaves smooth, slightly or deeply toothed, 
or much cut and crisped ; flowering stems leafy, with pink-blue flowers ; 
spreading root leaves used as a salad. Old World. @ @ 


72. TRAGOPOGON, GOAT’S BEARD. (Greek: goat’s beard, from 
the pappus. ) 


T. porrifolius, Linn. Sarsiry, Oyster PLant. Cult. from Eu. for the 
edible tap-root, sometimes running wild ; smooth and pale, 2°-4° high, 
branching, with long leaves tapering from a clasping base to a slender 
apex, very large heads on hollow peduncle much thickened upwards, and 
deep violet-purple flowers. @) 

T. praténsis, Linn. Leaves broader at the base, and peduncle scarcely 
thickened ; flowers yellow. Nat. from Eu. 


73. LEONTODON, HAWKBIT. (Greek: lion-tooth, from the run- 
cinate leaves of some species. ) 


L. autumnale, Linn. Fatv Danpetion. Nat. from Eu. in meadows 
and lawns E.; leaves pinnatifid or laciniate ; scapes slender, 8/-12' high, 
branching ; peduncles thickish and scaly-bracted next the small head ; 
flowers summer and autumn. 2 


74. HIERACIUM, HAWKWEED (which the name means in Greek), 
Flowers mostly yellow. 2 


* Involucre scarcely imbricated, with no distinct calyculate bracts at its 
base ; pappus copious, tn a single series. 


H. aurantiacum, Linn. Low, the stems hirsute and glandular ; invo- 
lucre with dark hairs; scape simple, with the leaves clustered near its 
base ; flowers deep orange or orange-red ; akenes oblong and truncate. 
Eu. In gardens, and escaped. 


* * Involucre distinctly imbricated, or else with calyculate bracts at the 
base ; pappus scant (except in the first), unequal. 


+ Heads large; involucre imbricated. 


H. Canadénse, Michx. Stems simple, 1°-8° high and leafy up to the 
corymbed summit ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute, with a few coarse 
teeth; heads rather large, with loose imbricated involucre. N, 


+ + Heads small; involucre little imbricated, but calyculate. 
++ Akenes not tapering upward ; panicle rather broad (or not virgate). 


H. paniculatum, Linn. Stems slender and branching, leafy, 2°-3° 
high; leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed; panicle loose, of very small 
eee ered heads on slender peduncles, the involucre very simple. 

. and S. 

H. vendsum, Linn. RatrLesnakE WEED. Very smooth or with a 
few hairs; leaves chiefly at the root, obovate or oblong, thin, purple- 
tinged beneath and purple-veiny above ; scape slender, 1°-2° high, fork- 


GRAY’S F, F, & G, BOT. —17 


258 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 


ing into 2-7 slender peduncles bearing small about 20-flowered heads ; 
akenes linear. N.,S. to Ga. 

H. scabrum, Michx. Roughish-hairy, with rather stout simple stem 
(2°-8° high), bearing obovate or oval nearly entire leaves, and a narrow 
panicle of many small heads, the 40-50-flowered involucre and stiff 
peduncles thickly beset with dark glandular bristles. N., 8. to Ga. 


++ ++ Akenes tapering at the top; panicle narrow or virgate. 


H. longfpilum, Torr. So named from the exceedingly long (often 1’) 
straight bristly hairs of the stem ; leaves narrow-oblong, entire ; panicle 
and 20-30-flowered involucre between the last and the next. Mich., W. 
and S. 

H. Gronovii, Linn. Stems slender, leafy, and very hairy below; 
leaves oblong or obovate; heads small; slender peduncles and 20-80- 
flowered involucre sparingly glandular-bristly. N. and S. 


75. PRENANTHES (or NABALUS), RATTLESNAKE ROOT. 
(Greek: drooping blossom.) 


* Peduncles and 12-40-flowered heads hairy. 


P. racemdsa, Michx. Smooth wand-like stem 29-59 high; leaves 
lance-oblong, slightly toothed, the upper ones partly clasping; narrow 
spiked panicle of about 12-flowered heads. N. 

P. aspera, Michx. Similar, but rough-pubescent, the upper leaves 
not clasping and the 12-14-flowered heads mostly erect and larger. Ohio, 
W. and S. 

P. crepidinea, Michx. Smoother, with stout stem 5°-8° high, wide- 
corymbed panicles of 20-40-flowered heads, brown pappus, and broad 
leaves 6/-12! long on winged petioles. Penn., W. and S. 


* * Peduncles and 5-12-flowered heads smooth ; leaves very variable. 


P. altissima, Linn. Tartrt R. or Waite Lettuce. Rich woods N., 
3°-6° high, with long and narrow leafy panicle, petioled leaves inclined 
to be ovate-triangular ; heads 5-6-flowered ; pappus dirty white. 

P. Alba, Linn. Common Wuire Lettuce, in open woods, chiefly N. 
and W.; glaucous, with more corymbed panicles of 8-12-flowered heads, 
usually more cut or divided leaves, and cinnamon-colored pappus. 

P. serpentaria, Pursh. Lion’s Foor, or GALL oF THE EartH. Com- 
monest in dry soil E. and S.; 19-4° high, with narrow-corymbed panicles 
of 8-12-flowered heads, and pappus dull straw-color. 


76. PYRRHOPAPPUS, FALSE DANDELION. (Greek: jlame- 
colored pappus ; this and the leafy stems distinguish this genus from 


the next.) @@ 


P. Carolinianus, DC. 19°-2° high, with oblong or lanceolate leaves 
often pinnatifid or cut, the upper partly clasping; flowers spring and 
summer. Sandy fields from Md., S. 


77. TARAXACUM, DANDELION. (Greek name referring to medici- 
nal properties of the root.) @ 2f (Lessons, Fig. 384.) 


T. officindle, Weber. Common D. In all fields, from spring to autumn. 
Inner involucre closes after blossoming till the akenes mature and the 
beak lengthens and elevates the pappus; then the involucre is reflexed, 
the pappus spreads, and with the fruit is blown away by the wind. Very 
variable. Eu. 


, COMPOSITE FAMILY. 259 


78. CHONDRILLA. (Ancient name.) 


C. jdncea, Linn. Branching herb, smooth above but bristly below, 
1°-3°, with wand-like stems ; root leaves runcinate ; stem leaves few and 
small, linear ; small yellow heads scattered on the nearly leafless branches. 
Weed E. Eu. @ 


79. LACTUCA, LETTUCE. (Latin: milk, from the juice.) 


* Akenes very flat, with a long filiform beak. Flowers mostly 
yellowish. 


L. Scariofa, Linn. Prickiy Lettuce. Tall (3°-5°) and coarse weed 
from Eu.; stem sparsely prickly or bristly below, as also the mid-rib 
on the under surface of the oblong spinulose leaves; heads small and 
yellow. 

L. sativa, Linn. Garpren Lertucr. Supposed to be derived from the 
above ; the broad and tender root leaves used for salad ; stem leaves, as 
in the above species, standing edgewise, often exhibiting polarity. 

L. Canadénsis, Linn. Witp Lettuce. Tall and very leafy (4°-9°), 
smooth or very nearly so and glaucous; leaves sinuate-pinnatifid, the 
upper lanceolate and entire ; yellow heads in a long panicle. Common, 
N. and S. 

L. integrifdlia, Bigel. Rather lower and less leafy; leaves undivided, 
oblong-lanceolate, pointed, entire or denticulate; heads yellow or 
purplish. N. and S. 

L. hirstta, Muhl. Stems generally reddish, 2°-4°, hirsute below, not 
very leafy; leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, more or less hirsute; heads 
purplish-yellow or rarely whitish. N. and S. 


* * Akenes oblong and thickish, contracted into a short and thick neck ; 
Jlowers mostly blue. 


L. acuminata, Gray. 3°-6° high, with ovate or lance-ovate barely 
serrate leaves on winged petioles, blue flowers, and bright white pappus. 
N. and S. 

L. Floridana, Gertn. Penn. W. and S.; like the last, but with all 
the leaves or the lower ones lyrate or runcinate, uppermost partly clasp- 
ing. 
L. leucophza, Gray. Resembles Wild Lettuce, and with equally 
variable lanceolate or oblong often irregularly pinnatifid leaves, very 
compound panicle of pale blue or bluish-white flowers, and tawny pappus. 
Low grounds. 


80. SONCHUS, SOW THISTLE. (Ancient Greek name.) Coarse 
weeds, with soft-spiny-toothed runcinate-pinnatifid leaves; nat. from 
Eu. (Lessons, Fig. 383.) 


* @ Heads pale yellow. 


S. oleraceus, Linn. In manured soil and damp waste places; 1°-5° 
high, with acute auricles to the clasping base of the leaves, pale yellow 
flowers, and akenes wrinkled transversely. 

S. disper, Vill. Like the last, but the leaves less divided and more 
spiny-toothed, the auricles of their clasping base rounded, and akenes 
smooth with 3 nerves on each side. 


* * 2f Heads larger, bright yellow. 


S. arvénsis, Linn.; 1°-2° high from creeping rootstocks, with bristly 
peduncles and involucre. ' 


260 LOBELIA FAMILY. 


LXII. LOBELIACEH, LOBELIA FAMILY. 


Plants with milky, acrid juice, alternate, simple leaves, and 
scattered, racemed or panicled flowers; the calyx tube adherent 
to the many-seeded ovary and pod; the corolla irregularly 
5-lobed and mostly split down, as it were, on the upper side; 
the 5 stamens united into a tube commonly by their filaments 
and always by their anthers; style only one. 


1. LOBELIA. (Named after the herbalist De l’ Obel or Lobel.) Tube 
of the calyx and 2-celled pod short. Corolla split down on one side, 
the 5 lobes more or less irregular or unequal. Two or all 5 anthers 
bearded at top. (Lessons, Fig. 285.) 


* Corolla normally deep red; stems tall and simple. 


L. cardinalis, Linn. Carpinat Frowrer. Leaves lance-oblong ; ra- 
ceme erect, of large and showy flowers, which are very rarely rose-colored 
or even white. @ 2% Cult. 


* * Flowers blue or with some white in the throat. 
+ Stems very diffuse, almost trailing. 


L. Erinus, Linn. The common low and spreading little Lobelia of 
conservatories and summer gardens, variable, grown under many names ; 
flowers abundant, small, azure-blue, usually white in the throat ; upper 
leaves narrow, toothed, the lowest spatulate. @ Cape of Good Hope. 


a + Stems strict. 
++ Flowers rather large (4! or more long) ; stems always leafy. 


L. syphilftica, Linn. Slightly hairy, 1°-3° high, leafy, with ovate- 
oblong irregularly toothed leaves, dense leafy raceme, hairy calyx, and 
corolla (sometimes whitish) almost 1/ long. Low grounds. 

L. pubérula, Michx. Minutely soft-downy, with blunter and finer- 
toothed leaves, and rather 1-sided spike of smaller deeper-blue flowers. 
N.J.,S.andW. 2 


++ ++ Flowers small; stems bracteate or only sparingly leafy. 


L. spicata, Lam. Smoothish, with long and wand-like stems 1°-3° 
high, lowest leaves obovate, upper ones narrow and small and close, 
naked raceme of very small flowers. Common. @) 2 

L. KAalmii, Linn. Smooth, with branching stems 5/-12! high, obovate 
root-leaves, few and lanceolate or linear stem-leaves, a loose raceme of 
slender-pediceled, small, but handsome, bright-blue flowers, and obo- 
vate pods. @) 2 Wet banks N. 

L. inflata, Linn. Inp1an Tosacco. Somewhat hairy, 9/-18' high, 
much branched, with ovate toothed leaves, and spike-like leafy racemes 
of small flowers, the pale blue corolla only 2// long, and pod inflated. @ 
Common in fields; a noted quack medicine. 

L. paluddsa, Nutt. Stem slender and scape-like, with one or two 
bracts ; leaves fleshy and scattered at the base of the stem, narrow-spatu- 
late, the margins glandular ; flowers azure or nearly white, the lower lip 
bearded. In water, Del., S. 


CAMPANULA FAMILY. 261 


LXIII. CAMPANULACEH, CAMPANULA FAMILY. 


Herbs with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered 
flowers, with regular 5-lobed (blue or white) corolla and 5 
stamens borne on the summit of the calyx tube which is adhe- 
rent to the 2-5-celled, many-seeded ovary and pod; style 1; 
stigmas as many as the cells of the ovary. Stamens separate 
in all our plants of the order, which by this and by the regular 
corolla (valvate in the bud) are distinguished from the 
preceding. 


1. SPECULARIA. Corolla nearly wheel-shaped. Stigmas 3. Pod linear or narrow oblong, 
opening by a lateral valve or short cleft into each cell. Otherwise as in the next. 

2. CAMPANULA. Corolla bell-shaped, or of various shapes. Stigmas and cells of the 
short pod 3-5, each cell of the latter opening by a lateral valve or short cleft. 


1. SPECULARIA, VENUS’S LOOKING-GLASS. (Old Latin name 
of European species is Speculum Veneris.) @ 


S. Spéculum, DC. Garpen V. Cult. from Eu. for ornament, is a low 
herb, with oblong leaves, pretty blue flowers terminating the spreading 
branches, and linear triangular pod. 

S. perfoliata, DC. Weedy plant in sterile or sandy ground, with 
simple stems 3/-20’ high, furnished throughout with round-heart-shaped 
clasping leaves, and small flowers in their axils, only the later ones ex- 
panding a small blue corolla ; pod oblong. 


2. CAMPANULA, BELLFLOWER or HAREBELL. (Diminutive 
of Italian or late Latin name for bell.) Flowers summer. (Lessons, 
Fig. 254.) 

* Stigmas and cells of the pod 5; calyx with reflexed leafy appendages. 
C. Médium, Linn. Canrersury Bects. Erect, branching, hairy, with 
coarse toothed leaves, and oblong bell-shaped flowers 2’/-3/ long, often 
double. Cult. Eu. @@® 
* * Stigmas and cells 8. 


+ Stem leaves all linear or lance-linear. 


C. aparinoides, Pursh. Delicate weak stems 8/-20’ high, and rough 
backward on the angles, bearing small lance-linear leaves and a few small 
whitish flowers on diverging peduncles, the beu-shaped corolla 3!/-4!’ 
long. Grassy wet places. 2 

C. rotundifdlia, Linn. Common Haresety. Tufted spreading slender 
stems 5/-12/ high; round or heart-shaped root leaves, dying early, but 
narrow mostly linear stem leaves (the specific name therefore unfortu- 
nate) ; flowers few, slender-peduncled, the blue bell-shaped corolla 6/’-8"' 
long, handsome. Rocks N. 2 


+ + Stem leaves lance-ovate or broader ; flowers normally blue. 
++ Flowers paniculate or scattered, long-peduncled. 


C. Carp&tica, Jacq. Smooth, tufted, 6/-10’ high, with roundish or 
ovate petioled small leaves, slender 1-flowered peduncles, and open bell- 
shaped corolla about 1! long. 


262 HEATH FAMILY. 


++ ++ Flowers spicate or racemose. 
= Style strongly declined and upwardly curved ; corolla shallow. 


C. Americana, Linn. Rich moist ground especially W.; stem 3°-69 
high, thin, lance-ovate, taper-pointed, serrate leaves, and long loose spike 
of flowers, the almost wheel-shaped, light-blue corolla 1! broad, and long 


curved style. @ @ 
= = Style straight; corolla deep. 


C. rapunculoides, Linn. Spreading inveterately by the root, sparsely 
hairy, the erect leafy stems 1°-2° high, with lowest leaves heart-shaped 
and petioled, upper lance-ovate and sessile, nodding flowers in the axil 
of bracts forming a leafy raceme, and tubular-bell-shaped corolla 1’ long. 
Cult. and escaped, Eu, 

C. Trachélium, Linn. Roughish-hairy, 2°-8° high, with more coarsely 
toothed and broader leaves than the last, and rather larger bell-shaped 
corolla. Gardens. Ku. 

C. persicifolia, Linn. Smooth, with upright stems 1°-2}° high, and 
bearing small lance-linear leaves, root leaves broader, all beset with 
minute, close teeth ; the flowers nearly sessile and erect, rather few in a 
sort of raceme, the open bell-shaped corolla 14/-2! long, sometimes double. 
Cult. Eu. 2 


LXIV. ERICACEH, HEATH FAMILY. 


A very large family, of shrubs, herbs, or even small trees, 
difficult to define as a whole; the leaves are simple and mostly 
alternate (sometimes reduced to white or colored scales) ; the 
flowers almost all regular, and with as many or twice as many 
stamens as there are petals or lobes of the corolla; their 
anthers 2-celled, each cell more commonly opening by a pore 
or hole at the end; ovary mostly with as many cells as there 
are lobes to the corolla; style only one, and seeds small. The 
Hearu and HearuHer (the former cult. in some greenhouses 
in several species, and the latter sparingly wild E.) belong to 
this family, and are distinguished by small or needle-like ever- 
green leaves, the corolla becoming dry and persisting, its lobes, 
and those of the calyx, 4; stamens 8. 


I. WHORTLEBERRY SUBFAMILY, known by having 
the tube of the calyx adherent to the ovary, on which the 
monopetalous corolla and the stamens are therefore mounted. 
All are shrubs, with scaly buds. Fruit a berry or berry-like. 


1. GAYLUSSACIA. Stamens 10; anthers with the cells opening by a chink at the blunt 
or tapering top. Ovary 10-celled with one ovule in each cell, forming a berry-like 
fruit containing 10 apparent seeds, or properly little stones. Flowers in lateral ra- 
cemes; branchlets and leaves beset with resinous or clammy dots. 

2. VACCINIUM. Stamens 10 or 8; anthers tapering up into a tube with a hole at the 
top. Ovary with several or many ovules in each cell, forming a pulpy many-seeded 
(rarely rather few-seeded) berry. 


HEATH FAMILY. 263 


3. OHIOGENES. Stamens 8; anthers with short cells minutely 2-pointed, and opening 
by a large chink down to the middle. Ovary 4-celled, in fruit a white many-seeded 


berry. 


Il. HEATH SUBFAMILY proper; shrubs or small trees 
with calyx free from the ovary. 


«x Monopetalous (or in one of No. 12 with two of the petals nearly separate). 
+ Fruit berry-like, containing 5-8 seeds or very small stenes. 


4, ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Corolla urn-shaped, 5-toothed, inclosing the 10 stamens; 
their anthers opening at the top, and 2-awned on the back. Drupe 5-10-seeded. 
Calyx dry underneath. Leaves alternate. 

5. GAULTHERIA. Corolla oblong or short-cylindrical, 5-toothed. Anthers 10, 4-awned 
or 4-pointed at top, opening only there. Fruit a dry and many-seeded pod, but 
inclosed in the calyx which becomes thick and fleshy, so that the fruit imitates > 
berry, but has a dry pod inside. (Lessons, Figs. 366, 867.) Leaves alternate, broad, 
often spicy-aromatic, evergreen. 


++ Fruit dry, not berry-like ; calyx separate from the pod. 
+ Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed ; anthers opening lengthwise, not appendaged. 


6. EPIGZA. Sepals 5, thin and scale-like, ovate-lanceolate, style slender. Leaves ever- 
green, reticulated, roundish. 


++++ Corolla cylindrical, urn-shaped, ovate, or globular, very rarely bell-shaped, the 
orifice 5-toothed ; anthers opening wholly or mainly at the top. 


7. ANDROMEDA. Calyx valvate in the early bud; no bractlets. Corolla various. Pod 
globular or short-ovate, 5-valved, loculicidal. Shrubs. 

8. OXYDENDRUM. Calyx valvate in the bud; no bractlets. Corolla ovate. Anthers 
awnless. Pod conical or pyramidal, 5-valved, loculicidal. Tree. 

9. LEUCOTHOE. Calyx of 5 almost separate sepals a little overlapping in the bud. 
Corolla oyate-oblong or almost cylindrical. Anthers without tubular tips. Pod 
flattish from above, 5-valved, loculicidal. Shrubs. 

10. CASSANDRA. Calyx of 5 ovate and acute rigid sepals overlapping in the bud, and a 
pair of similar bractlets at its base. Corolla almost cylindrical. Anthers with tubular 
tips to the cells, and no awns on the back. Pod flattish from above, when ripe split 
ting into an outer layer of 5 valves and an inner cartilaginous one of 10 valves 
Shrub, with leaves rather scurfy. 


++ 4+ ++ Corolla (usually large) open bell-shaped, saucer-shaped, funnel-form, etc., 
5-lobed or cleft ; anthers short, without awns or other appendages, opening only 
by holes at the top ; filaments long and slender, as is also the style; pod septi- 
cidal ; leaves entire. 


= No scaly buds ; bracts green, firm and persistent. 


11. KALMIA. Corolla broadly open, slightly 5-lobed, and with 10 pouches in which the 
10 anthers are lodged until extricated by insects, when the bent elastic filaments fly 
up and discharge the pollen. Pod globular. Leavesevergreen. Flowers in umbels 
or corymb-like clusters. 


=— = Flowers in umbel like clusters, from large, scaly, terminal buds, their thin scale- 
like bracts or bud scales falling as the blossoms are developed. Calyx often 
minute or obsolete. 


12. RHODODENDRON, Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-form, or various, in one species 
strongly irregular, the upper part 3-lobed, the lower of 2 almost or quite separate 
petals. Stamens 5-10, often curved to the lower side. Leaves evergreen, or 
deciduous, Pod mostly oblong. 


264 HEATH FAMILY. 


« « Polypetalous or nearly so; the (white) corolla of 5 equal petals, widely spreading, 
oval or obovate ; leaves evergreen ; flowers in a terminal umbel. 


138, LEDUM. Stamens 5-10; anthers opening by holes at top. Pod 5-celled. Leaves 
alternate, thinnish, rusty-woolly underneath. Flowers from scaly terminal buds, as 
in Rhododendron, 

14. LEIOPHYLLUM. Stamens 10; anthers opening lengthwise. Pod 2-5-celled. Leaves 
small, smooth both sides, glossy, mostly opposite. 


III. PYROLA SUBFAMILY. Shrubs, or evergreen herbs, 
with calyx free from the ovary, corolla of separate petals, 
anthers turned outwards in the bud, soon inverted, when the 
holes by which they open are at top (or at bottom in Clethra). 
Seeds innumerable, with a loose cellular coat. 


» Shrubs; leaves deciduous ; flowers in hoary racemes ; capsule 3-celled. 


15. CLETHRA. Sepals and obovate-oblong petals 5. Stamens 10; anthers arrow-shaped 
and reflexed in the bud, the hole at the top of each cell then at the bottom. Style 
3-cleft at the apex. Pod inclosed in the calyx. Leaves alternate, serrate, feather- 
veined, deciduous. 


« * Herbs, or very nearly so, low ; leaves evergreen; capsule 4-5. celled. 


16. CHIMAPHILA. Flowers several in a corymb or umbel, with orbicular, widely spread- 
ing petals, 2-horned anthers on filaments enlarged and hairy in the middle. Very 
short, top-shaped style covered by a broad, orbicular, stigma, and valves of pod 
smooth on the edges. Stems leafy below; leaves narrow, smooth, and glossy. 

17. MONESES. Flower solitary, with orbicular widely spreading .(sometimes only 4) 
petals, conspicuously 2-horned anthers, large, 5-rayed stigma on a straight style, 
and pod as in the last genus; otherwise like Pyrola. 

18. PYROLA. Flowers in a raceme on a scape which bears rounded leaves at base. 
Petals roundish, more or less concave. Stamens 10, with awl-shaped filaments. 
Style long. Valves of pod cobwebby on the edges. 


IV. INDIAN PIPE SUBFAMILY. Herbs destitute of 
green foliage, parasitic on roots of other plants; flowers much 
as in III.; commonly represented by one genus. 


19. MONOTROPA. Calyx of 2 or more deciduous bract-like scales. Corolla of 4 or 5 
erect spatulate or wedge-shaped petals, resembling the scales of the stem. Stamens 
8 or 10; anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top; style stout; stigma 
depressed. Pod 4-5-celled, seeds innumerable, minute, resembling fine sawdust. 


a GAYLUSSACIA, HUCKLEBERRY. (Named for the French 
chemist, Gay-Lussac.) Flowers white tinged with reddish, in late 
spring ; the edible fruit ripe late in summer, that of the last species 
sometimes gathered from the market. HuckLeBerry is a name of 
indefinite application. It is generally applied to the black-fruited 
species of this genus and the next; while BLuEBERry is used for the 
glaucous-blue species. 


G. dumodsa, Torr. & Gray. Dwarr H. Rather hairy or bristly, 
with thickish, rather shining, oblong leaves, long racemes, leaf-like oval 
bracts to the pedicels, bell-shaped corolla, and insipid black fruit. Sandy 
soil near the coast. 


HEATH FAMILY. 265 


G. fronddsa, Torr. & Gray. Biur Tancie or DANGLEBERRY. 
Branches diverging, slender; leaves pale, white beneath ; racemes and 
pedicels slender ; corolla short ; sweet blue-black fruit with a bloom. N. 
Eng., S. 

G. resinosa, Torr. & Gray. Common or Brack H. 1°-8° high, 
clammy-resinous when young, with rigid branches, oval leaves, short one- 
sided racemes in clusters, rather cylindrical corolla, and black fruit with- 
out a bloom. Woods. 


2. VACCINIUM, BLUEBERRY, CRANBERRY, &c. (Ancient Latin 
name, of obscure meaning.) (Lessons, Fig. 274.) 


* FARKLEBERRY and DEERBERRY ; erect shrubs with single axillary or 
racemed flowers on slender pedicels, in early summer, open bell-shaped 
corolla, 10 stamens, anthers with very slender tubes, and 2 awns on the 
back, and insipid berries ripening late, each of their 5 cells divided in 2, 
and maturing few seeds. 


V. arbdéreum, Marsh. FarkLeserry. Open woods from Va. and S. 
Ill. S.; 8°-15° high, evergreen far S., with oval, glossy leaves, anthers 
included in the 5-toothed, white corolla, and black mealy berries. 

V. stamineum, Linn. Derrrserry or Squaw Huck LesBerry. 2°-3° 
high, rather downy, with dull and pale ovate or oval leaves, anthers much 
longer than the greenish or whitish 5-cleft corolla, and large greenish 
berries. Me., W. and S. 


* * EVERGREEN BLUEBERRIES of the South, in low pine barrens, pro- 
cumbent or only 1°-2° high, with 5-toothed corolla and 10 stamens. 


V. Myrsinites, Lam. Stems 6/-25’ high; leaves lanceolate or lance- 
obovate 4/-1' long and mostly pale beneath ; berries black or blue. 

V. crassifélium, Andr. Stems procumbent, slender ; thick and shin- 
ing oval or oblong leaves 3/ or less in length, their margins revolute ; 
globular-bell-shaped corolla ; berries black. 


* * * BLUEBERRIES, beyond New England commonly called HucKkte- 
BERRIES, with leaves deciduous at least in the Northern States ; flowers 
in spring in clusters from scaly buds separate from and rather earlier 
than the leaves ; corolla oblong or short cylindrical, 5-toothed, inclosing 
the 10 anthers ; berries ripe in summer, sweet,blue or black with a bloom, 
each of the 5 many-seeded cells divided into two. 


V. virgatum, Ait. Low, pubescent ; leaves ovate or cuneate-oblong, 
acute and minutely serrulate ; flower clusters on naked branches ; corolla 
rose-color ; berry black. S. Car., S. 

Var. tenéllum, Gray. Low grounds from Va. S.; small-leaved, with 
smaller nearly white flowers in shorter clusters. 

V. Pennsylvanicum, Lam. Dwarr Earty Biurserry. Dry or 
barely moist grounds N.; 6/-15’ high, with green, angular branches, 
mostly lance-oblong leaves, bristly-serrulate and smooth and shining both 
sides, the sweet berries earliest to ripen. 

V. Canadénse, Kalm. Taller, 19-2° high, the broader entire leaves 
and branchlets downy. N. 

V. vacillans, Solander. Low Pate B. Dry woodlands, N., and S. 
* to N. C.; 1°-8° high, with yellowish branches, smooth and pale or glau- 
cous leaves obovate or oval and entire, and berries ripening later than V. 
Pennsylvanicum. Fruit much prized. 

V. corymbésum, Linn. Common Swamp B. 3°-10° high, with oval 
or oblong leaves, either smooth or downy, pale or green, and sweetish 
berries ripening in late summer ; in one downy-leaved variety, pure black 
without a bloom. Swamps. Much gathered for market. Very variable. 


266 HEATH FAMILY. 


* *« * * CRANBERRY; creeping or trailing, very slender, hardly woody 
plants, with small evergreen leaves whitish beneath, single flowers in 
summer, borne on slender erect pedicels, pale rose corolla, deeply parted 
into 4 narrow reflexed divisions, 8 anthers with very long tubes, but no 
awns on the back, and acid red berry 4-celled, ripe in autumn. (Lessons, 
Fig. 274.) 

V. Oxycéccus, Linn. Smartt C. Cold peat bogs N. and E.; a 
delicate little plant, flowering at the end of the stems, the ovate acute 
leaves (only }/ long) with strongly revolute margins; berry only half as 
large as in the next, often speckled with white, seldom gathered for market. 

V. macrocarpon, Ait. Larce or American C. Stems 1° to 3° 
long, growing on so that the flowers become lateral, oblong obtuse leaves 
sometimes 4/ long, and with less revolute margins, and berries 3! or more 
long; largely cultivated for the market. Bogs from N.C., N. (Lessons, 
Fig. 371.) 


3. CHIOGENES. (Greek-made name, alluding to the snow-white 
berries.) 2 


C. serpyllifolia, Salisb. Creerprnc SNowBerry. Peat bogs and mossy 
woods N., and S. to N. C. in Mts. ; nearly herbaceous, slender, creeping 
stems, very small, ovate, pointed evergreen leaves, their lower surface 
and the branchlets beset with rusty bristles, minute axillary flowers in 
late spring, and white berries ripe in summer; these and the foliage have 
the flavor of Wintergreen. 


4. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, BEARBERRY (the name in Greek). 2 


A. Uva-Ursi, Spreng. Trailing over rocks and bare hills N., forming 
mats, with thick, smooth, and entire obovate and spatulate evergreen 
leaves, and small scaly-bracted nearly white flowers in a short raceme, 
in early spring, followed by the red austere berries. Leaves used in 
medicine, astringent and somewhat mucilaginous. 


5. GAULTHERIA, WINTERGREEN. (Named for Dr. Gaulthier 
of Quebec.) (Lessons, Figs. 366, 367.) 2 


G. proctimbens, Linn. Creerinc W., BoxBeRRY, CHECKERBERRY, 
etc.; common in evergreen and low woods, spreading by long and slender 
mostly subterranean runners, sending up stems 3/-5! high, bearing at 
summit a few obovate or oval leaves and in summer one or two nodding 
white flowers in the axils, the edible red ‘‘ berries’’ lasting over winter ; 
these and the foliage familiar for their spicy flavor, yielding the oil of 
wintergreen. 


6. EPIGZA. (Greek: on the ground, from the growth.) 2 


E. répens, Linn. Traiirinc Arsurtus (pronounced Ar/butus), GRouND 
Laurel, or, in N. Eng., Mayrrower. Sandy or rocky woods, chiefly 
E., under pines, etc.; prostrate, with rusty-bristly shoots, somewhat 
heart-shaped leaves, slender-petioled, and small clusters of rose-colored 
or almost white spicy-fragrant flowers (which are dimorphous) in early 
spring. 


7. ANDROMEDA. (Mythological name.) Flowers white, rarely © 


tinged with rose, mostly in spring. 
* Flowers in umbel-like clusters ; leaves evergreen ; anthers 2-awned. 


A. polifélia, Linn. Cold wet bogs N. ; 6/-18' high, smooth and glau- 
cous ; lanceolate entire revolute leaves white beneath : flowers in a simple 
terminal umbel, the corolla almost globuiar. 


HEATH FAMILY. 267 


A. nitida, Bartr. Low pine barrens, N.C.,S.; 2°-4° high, very smooth, 
with 3-angled branchlets, ovate or oblong, and entire glossy leaves, abun- 
dant honey-scented flowers in numerous axillary clusters, and ovate- 
cylindrical corolla. 


x * Flowers in naked one-sided racemes crowded at the ends of the 
branches, formed in summer and opening early the next spring ; leaves 
evergreen ; anthers awned. 


A. floribtinda, Pursh. 3°-10° high, very leafy, the lance-oblong acute 
leaves serrulate, with very fine bristly teeth, abundance of handsome 
flowers, the ovate-urn-shaped corolla strongly 5-angled ; along the Alle- 
ghanies S., and planted. 


* * x Flowers in umbel-like clusters on wood of the previous year, in late 
spring or early summer ; leaves mostly deciduous, but often thickish or 
coriaceous ; pods 5-angled by a prominent rib or ridge at the lines of 
opening. 


+ Flowers 4! or more long, nodding, smooth, clustered mostly on leafless 
shoots; stamens 2-awned, or toothed. Smooth ornamental shrubs, 
2°-4° high. 


A. specidsa, Michx. Low barrens S., barely hardy N. in cultivation ; 
with oval or oblong blunt and serrate leaves, often mealy-whitened ; 
corolla open bell-shaped. 

A. Mariana, Linn. SraccrerpusH (the foliage said to poison lambs 
and calves). Low grounds E. and S.; with glossy oval or oblong entire 
veiny leaves, and leaf-like lanceolate sepals, half the length of the almost 
cylindrical corolla. 


+ + Flowers very small, with globular and scurfy-pubescent corolla; 
stamens awnless. Rusty pubescent or scurfy shrubs, 4°-10° high. 


A. ferruginea, Walt. Low sandy grounds S.C., S., with thick ana 
rigid mostly evergreen, rusty, obovate leaves, the margins revolute. 

A. ligustrina, Muhl. Leaves thin and green, obovate-oblong ; panicled 
clusters of small flowers. Can., S. 


8. OXYDENDRUM, SORREL TREE, SOURWOOD. (Both the 
Greek-made and English names refer to the sour-tasted leaves. ) 


O. arbéreum, DC. Rich woods, Penn. to Ind., and S.; tree 15°-40° 
high, smooth, with oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrulate leaves (resem- 
bling those of the Peach), on slender petioles, and white flowers in long 
one-sided racemes clustered in a loose panicle at the end of the branches 
of the season, in early summer. 


9. LEUCOTHOE. (Mythological name.) Flowers white, in naked 
scaly-bracted racemes or spikes, which are formed in summer and 
open the next year. 


* Hvergreens on moist banks of streams, with very smooth and glossy, 
Jinely and sharply serrate leaves ; the rather catkin-like dense racemes 
sessile in their axils; bractlets at the base of the short pedicels ; flowers 
in spring, exhaling the scent of Chestnut blossoms. 


L. Catesbzi, Gray. Abounds from Va. S., along and near the moun- 
tains ; has long recurving branches, ovate-lanceolate and very taper- 
pointed leaves on conspicuous petioles, and narrowish sepals. 

L. axillaris, Don. Broader, less pointed leaves, on very short petioles, 
and broad-ovate sepals. Low country S.; flowers very early. 


268 HEATH FAMILY. 


* * Deciduous-leaved, with one-sided looser racemes at the ends of the 
branches ; flowering in late spring or summer after the membranaceous 
leaves are developed; bractlets close to the calyx, acute. 


L. racemdsa, Gray. Erect, 4°-8° high, with oblong, acute, serrulate 
leaves a little downy beneath, long and upright racemes, and 4-awned 
anthers. Mass., S. 


10. CASSANDRA, LEATHERLEAF. (A mythological name.) 


C. calyculata, Don. Wet bogs N. and mostly E.; low, much-branched 
shrub, with small and nearly evergreen dull oblong leaves sprinkled with 
some fine scurf or scaly atoms, and small white flowers in the axils of the 
upper leaves, forming one-sided leafy racemes, in early spring. Common, 


11. KALMIA, AMERICAN or MOUNTAIN LAUREL. (Named for 
Peter Kalm, pupil of Linnzus, who traveled in this country before the 
middle of the last century.) Ornamental shrubs, scarcely found W. 
Flowers spring and early summer. 


K. latifolia, Linn. Larce Mountain L.; also Carico Busy, Spoon- 
woop, etc., in Middle States. Common N. in damp grounds and along 
the mountains S., where it forms very dense thickets, 4°-10° or even 20° 
high, with mostly alternate lance-ovate leaves, bright green both sides; 
the large and showy clusters of rose-color or white or crimson-spotted 
flowers terminal and clammy, in early summer. Planted. 

K. angustifolia, Linn. SHerpr &., LamBxity. 2°-3° high, with narrow- 
oblong, short-petioled leaves opposite or in threes and pale beneath, and 
corymbs of smaller crimson-purple flowers lateral (in late spring), their 
pedicels recurved in fruit. N.,S. to Ga. 

K. glatca, Ait. Cold bogs N. ; 1°-2° high, with 2-edged branches, 
opposite, sessile, oblong or linear leaves white beneath and with revolute 
margins, the corymbs of lilac-purple flowers terminal, in spring. 


12. RHODODENDRON, ROSEBAY, AZALEA. (The name in 
Greek means rose tree.) Very ornamental shrubs or small trees, the 
fancy varieties much confused as to species. 


x True AzaLeas or Fatse HONnrEYSucKLEs, with deciduous leaves, slen- 
der cylindrical tube to the corolla, the chiefly 5 stamens and the style 
long and protruded ; hardy ornamental shrubs. 


+ Flowers developed later than the leaves, in summer, very fragrant. 


R. viscdsum, Torr. Wuire Swamp Honeysuckie. 49-10° high, 
with bristly branchlets, oblong-obovate, mostly smooth leaves commonly 
pale or whitish beneath, often glossy above, and white or rosy-tinged 
very clammy flowers. Swamps E. and 8. 


+ + Flowers developed with or rather before the thin and veiny mostly 
pubescent leaves, in late spring. 


R. nudiflérum, Torr. Purprre A. or PinkstER FLowER. Swamps and 
woods, chiefly E. and S., also cult. ; 3°-6° high, with oblong or obovate 
leaves ; branchlets and narrow tube of the rose or pink-red corolla rather 
glandular-pubescent, and calyx very small; slightly fragrant. 

R. calendulaceum, Torr. In and near the Alleghanies, especially S., 
and cult.; has yellow or flame-colored corolla and larger calyx lobes than 
the preceding ; not fragrant. 

R. flavum, Don. (AzALea Péntica-) Planted from the Old World, a 
native of the Caucasus; has large (2! or more broad) golden or orange- 


HEATH FAMILY. « 969 


yellow flowers, terminating naked branches, the tube clammy-downy ; 
leaves large and oblong-obovate. Less cult. in this country than the next. 

R. Sinénse, Sweet. GarpEN AzALeA. Bushy shrub, with clusters of 
mostly shorter red or yellow flowers on leafy branches ; leaves smaller, 
oval or elliptic. Two types are in cultivation. One, the GHENT AZALEA, 
commonly called AzALEa S1neEnsis by gardeners, has flowers with narrow 
corolla tube which appear with the leaves. The other type, called 
A. m6xtIs, has broader flowers which appear in advance of the leaves. 


* * Ruopora. Leaves deciduous; corolla strongly irregular, the upper 
port 3-lobed, the lower of 2 nearly or quite separate pieces; 10 stamens 
and the style protruded. 


R. Rhododra, Don. Cold wet grounds, from Penn. N. and E.; low 
shrub, with handsome rose-pink flowers in spring, somewhat earlier than 
the pale, rather hairy leaves. 


* « * CHINESE AZALEAS, with thickish almost or quite evergreen leaves, 
rather leafy calyx, short-tubed corolla approaching to bell-shaped, and 
often 10 stamens, the latter and the style scarcely or not at all exserted. 


, 

R. Indicum, Sweet (or AzAvea {npica). Cult. from China and 
Japan, etc.; is however the Azauna of florists, flowering in late winter 
and early spring in conservatories, with red, purple, pink, white, or varie~ 
gated showy flowers, green rather shining leaves, and shoots beset with 
appressed awl-shaped rusty bristles. 


* * * * RHODODENDRON PROPER. Leaves thick and usually persistent ; 
stamens generally 10, which, like the style, are somewhat declined or 
equally spreading, but rarely exserted. 


+ Leaves thick and evergreen, smooth ; branches stiff and erect ; flowers 
in early summer from very large terminal buds; corolla broudly bell- 
shaped. 


R. maximum, Linn. Grear R. or Witp Laurev. Mountain sides, 
abundant through the Alleghanies, and N., sparingly to Me. and Can. ; 
6°-20° high, with lance-oblong leaves (4/-10/ long) narrowish below, 
clammy pedicels, and pale rose or nearly white corolla (1' broad), greenish 
in the throat, on the upper side more or less spotted with yellow or red- 
dish ; flowers midsummer. 

R. Catawbiénse, Michx. High Alleghanies from Va. S., and planted ; 
3°-6° high, with oval or oblong leaves rounded at both ends and pale 
beneath (3/-5! long), usually rusty pedicels, and large, light purple or lilac 
corolla ; flowers early summer. This, hybridized with other less hardy 
species, especially with the next, and with the tender R. arboreum, 
Smith, of the Himalayas (cult. in conservatories), gives rise to most of 
the various Rhododendrons of ornamental grounds. The forms partaking 
most largely of Catawbiense characteristics are distinguished by broad and 
flat, slightly obovate and broad-pointed, glossy leaves, and by mauve or 
light blue-purple flowers. 

R. Pénticum, Linn. From Asia Minor, hardy when planted N. only 
as a low shrub, has obovate-lanceolate leaves tapering to the base, and 
avery open bell-shaped dark purple corolla, in late spring. Ponticum 
varieties have narrow leaves with narrow points, with a tendency to 
become revolute and less glossy than the Catawbiense type, and by less 
pronounced lilac or mauve tints. 


+ + Leaves evergreen, but thinnish ; branches slender and spreading or 
drooping, roughish ; flowers in early summer. 


R. punctatum, Andr. Along the mountains from N. C., S., and spar- 
ingly planted ; 4°-6° high, with oblong or lance-oblong leaves acute at 


270 HEATH FAMILY. 


both ends, 2/-4' long, and sprinkled, like the branchlets and outside of 
the rather small, short, funnel-shaped, rose-colored corolla, with rusty dots 
or atoms. 


13. LEDUM, LABRADOR TEA. (An old Greek name.) Flowers 
early summer. 


L. latifolium, Ait. Low and damp or wet grounds from Penn. N.; 
2°-5° high, with oblong leaves, usually 5 stamens, and oblong pods. 


14. LEIOPHYLLUM, SAND MYRTLE. (Name from the Greek, 
meaning smooth leaf.) 
L. buxifdlium, Ell. Evergreen shrub a few inches high, much 
branched, with oval or oblong Myrtle-like leaves (from }/ to nearly 3! 


long), and umbels of small white flowers in late spring. In sand, from 
ING 9: 


5: CLETHRA, WHITE ALDER. (Old Greek name of alder, from 
some resemblance in the foliage.) Flowers in summer. 
C. alnifdlia, Linn. Low grounds; 3°-10° high with wedge-obovate, 


sharply serrate, straight-veined leaves, and pretty, upright panicled 
racemes of fragrant, small flowers. 


16. CHIMAPHILA, PIPSISSEWA or PRINCE’S PINE. (Name 
from Greek, means lover of winter, i.e. Wintergreen.) Plants of dry 
or moist woods, branched at base, 3/-10! high, with fragrant, wax-like, 
mostly flesh-colored flowers, in early summer. 2 
C. umbellata, Nutt. Leaves wedge-lanceolate, sharply serrate, not 

spotted ; flowers 4-7, with violet-colored anthers. 


C. maculata, Pursh. Lower, 3/-6! high, with ovate-lanceolate, remotely 
toothed leaves, blotched with white, and 1-5 flowers. 


17. MONESES, ONE-FLOWERED PYROLA. (Name from the 
Greek, refers to the solitary flower.) Flowering in early summer. 2 


M. grandiflora, Salisb. Cold woods N. E.; with roundish and serrate 
veiny leaves about 34’ long, scape 2/4! high, and rather large white or 
rose-colored flower. 


18. PYROLA, WINTERGREEN, SHIN LEAF. (Old name, diminu- 
tive of Pyrus, the Pear tree, the application not obvious.) Flowers 
mostly greenish-white, in summer. 2{ (Lessons, Fig. 307.) 


* Flowers all turned to one side, rather spreading than nodding, the 
petals conniving ; stamens and style straight ; stigma large and 5-rayed. 


P. sectinda, Linn. Rich woods N. and E.; slender, 3/-6! high, with 
thin, ovate leaves and dense, spike-like raceme. 


* * Flowers nodding, the petals partly expanding, the hanging style more 
or less curved, tipped with a narrow stigma, and stamens ascending. 


P. chlorantha, Swartz. Scape 5/-6/ high, with a few greenish-white 
flowers, thick but dull roundish leaves only 1/ long, and anthers short- 
horned. Open woods N. 

P. elliptica, Nutt. Ssin Lear. Taller; leaves thinnish and dull, 
upright, on rather long and margined petioles; the greenish-white flowers 
nearly as in the following. Md., N. and W. 


LEADWORT FAMILY. 271 


P. rotundifdlia, Linn. Damp or sandy woods; has thick and shining 
round leaves on short petioles, many-flowered raceme, and blunt anthers ; 
a variety in bogs has rose-purple flowers. Very variable in shape of leaves. 


19. MONOTROPA, INDIAN PIPE. (Name from the Greek, refers 
to the flower or summit of the stem turned over to one side or hanging ; 
in fruit itstraightens.) Flowers summer. Parasitic on the roots of trees. 


M. unifldra, Linn. Common Inp1an Pree or Corpse Prant. Rich 
woods; smooth, waxy-white all over (turning black in drying), 3/-6! 
high, with one rather large nodding flower of 5 petals and 10 stamens. 

M. Hypé6pitys, Linn. Prinesap or Farse Beecu Drops. In Oak 
and Pine woods; rather downy, tawny or reddish, fragrant, 4/-12' high, 
with several smallish flowers in a scaly raceme, having 4 petals and 8 
stamens, or the uppermost 5 petals and 10 stamens. 


LXV. DIAPENSIACEH, DIAPENSIA FAMILY. 


Low and prostrate or tufted plants, herbaceous or soft-woody, 
glabrous or nearly so; leaves small and simple, without sti- 
pules; flowers regular, all the parts in 5’s, except the ovary, 
which is 3-celled and with a single 3-lobed style; stamens ad- 
nate to the corolla and sometimes united together, and those 


opposite the lobes of the corolla (if any) reduced to staminodia. 
1. PYXIDANTHERA. Staminodia absent. Flowers solitary and sessile on short, leafy 
branchlets. Calyx conspicuously bracteate. 


2. GALAX. Staminodia present. Flowers in a narrow spike on a slender, naked scape. 
Calyx minutely 2-bracteolate. 


1. PYXIDANTHERA. (Greek: small box, anther.) 2 


P. barbulata, Michx. Prixy, Frowerine Moss. A handsome, trail- 
ing little plant in the sandy pine barrens of N. J. and S., flowering in 
early spring ; leaves small and linear-oblanceolate, sharp-pointed ; flowers 
(appearing as if clustered, from the shortness of the branchlets) very 
numerous, white or blush ; anther cells awn-pointed at the base, opening 
by a transverse line. 

2. GALAX. (Greek: milk, of no application.) 2, 


G. aphylla, Linn. Leaves Pyrola-like, round-heart-shaped and cre- 
nate, tufted from scaly creeping rootstocks ; scape 1°-2°, bearing a wand- 
like raceme or spike of small white flowers ; in open woods, Va., S. 


LXVI. PLUMBAGINACEX, LEADWORT FAMILY. 


Known by the flowers with parts five throughout, viz. 5- 
lobed plaited calyx, 5 stamens opposite as many petals or lobes 
of the corolla and almost separate from them, 5 styles or 5 
stigmas, and the free ovary 1-celled, containing a single ovule 
hanging on a slender stalk which rises from its base; the fruit 
a small utricle. 


272 LEADWORT FAMILY. 


§ 1. Low hardy herbs, with leaves all from the root, and flowers on scapes, having a 
Sunnel-shaped scarious calyx, nearly or quite separate petals tapering at base, 
and 5 almost or quite separate styles. 


1. ARMERIA. Tufted plants with evergreen, very narrow and entire leaves, simple 
scapes bearing a head of rose-colored flowers, and styles plumose-hairy towards the 
base. 

2. STATICE. Broadish-leaved herbs, with scapes branching into a panicle, bearing 3- 
bracted flowers or clusters; styles smooth. 


§ 2. Plants of warm regions, with branching, mostly woody stems, bearing alternate, 
entire leaves, and bracted spikes of handsome flowers, having a tubular calyx 
and corolla, and one style bearing 5 stigmas. 


8. PLUMBAGO. Calyx 5-toothed at the apex, glandular along the 5 ribs or angles. 
Corolla salver-form, with long tube. Stamens free from the corolla. 

4. CERATOSTIGMA. Calyx strongly 5-toothed, 10-ribbed at the base, glandless. Stamens 
adnate to the corolla tube at its middle. 


1. ARMERIA, THRIFT. (Old name.) Flowerssummer. 2 


A. elongata, Hoffm. (or A. vuLGAris; also called A. MARfTIMA). 
Common Turirr. Wild on shores of Eu. and Arctic America, cult. in 
gardens for edgings, etc., with short, spreading, grass-like leaves and scape 
3/-6! high. 


2. STATICE. (Ancient Greek : meaning astringent, the roots used as 
such in popular medicine.) A few species of the Old World are cult. 
in choice gardens, but not commonly. 2/ 

S. Limonrium, Linn. Sea Lavenper or Marsu Rosemary. Along 
the coast in salt marshes in several varieties, with oblong or spatulate 
thick and pale leaves on slender petioles, scapes 19-2° high, bearing 
lavender-colored flowers all summer. 

S. sinuata, Linn. Cuit. from S. Eu.; leaves runcinate or sinuate-lobed 
and hairy; scape dichotomously branched, strongly winged, as are also 
the peduncles of the clusters of handsome lilac flowers. 


3. PLUMBAGO, LEADWORT (which the Latin name denotes.) 
The following are cult. in conservatories, or turned out to flower all 


summer. * Flowers blue or violet. 


P. Capénsis, Thunb. Stems somewhat climbing, angled ; leaves oblong- 
spatulate, entire; corolla large, pale or lead-blue, the tube 13! long; calyx 
tube glandular-hispid. S. Africa. 


* * Flowers red. 


P. coccinea, DC. Herbaceous ; leaves large, oblong, the showy flowers 
in terminal or axillary spikes. E. Indies. 


* * x Flowers white. 


P. ZeylGnica, Linn. Stem somewhat climbing, angled; leaves ovate 
or oblong; flowers in long spikes, the calyx tube glabrous or minutely 
glandular. E. Indies. 


4. CERATOSTIGMA. (Greek: horn, stigma.) 2% 


C. plumbaginoldes, Bunge (or PrumBAco Larpénrx). Stem slen- 
der and zigzag, somewhat hairy and scaly ; leaves firm, obovate, finely 
serrate ; flowers violet, in close terminal clusters. Houses and borders, 
not yet common. China. 


, ae eee 


PRIMROSE FAMILY. 273 


LXVII. PRIMULACEH, PRIMROSE FAMILY. 


Herbs with regular perfect flowers, the stamens borne on 
the corolla and as many as its divisions and opposite them, 
one style and stigma, and many or sometimes few ovules on a 
free central placenta of the one-celled ovary, in fruit a pod. 


* Plant with hollow, inflated, leafy stems ; the leaves whorled or scattered, the lower 
ones pinnately parted ; parts of the flower 5. 


1. HOTTONIA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short salyer-shaped, stamens included. Pod 
opening by 5 clefts down the side, many-seeded. Flowers small, in whorls along the 
upper part of the stem and branches. 

x « Plant with leaves all from the root and simple; the flowers on a scape. 
+ Fibrous-rooted or rhizomatous. 


2, PRIMULA. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, often angled. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel- 
shaped, with 5 spreading lobes; the stamens included in its tube. Pod opening by 
valves or teeth at the top. Flowers in an umbel, which is sessile in one species, but 
usually raised on a scape. 

8. DODECATHEON. Calyx 5-parted, reflexed. Corolla 5-parted; the divisions lanceo- 
late, strongly retlexed. Stamens conniving in a long slender cone, the linear anthers 
very much longer than the short partly monadelphous filaments. Pod splitting into 
5 valves. Flowers in an umbel. 


++ Plant with depressed or biscuit-shaped fleshy corm. 


> 


. CYCLAMEN. Flower resembling that of Dodecatheon, but only one on a scape or 
stalk. Anthers sessile, pointed. 
x x « Plant with leafy stems, the leaves simple and chiefly entire. 
+ Leaves in one whorl at the summit of the slender stem; parts of the flower 7. 

5. TRIENTALIS. Calyx and corolla wheel-shaped, of mostly 7 divisions united only at 
base, those of the former linear-lanceolate, of the latter oblong, of both pointed. Fila- 
ments united in a ring at base; anthers oblong, curving when old. Flowers white. 

++ Leaves generally in pairs or whorls along the stems ; parts of the flower mostly 5. 

++ Flowers yellow (or in 7 with purple dots). 

6. STEIRONEMA. Calyx 5-parted. Staminodia 5, subulate, alternating with the fila- 
ments, which are distinct or nearly so ona ring at the base of the corolla. Capsule 
10-20-seeded. Leaves opposite, but often seeming to be whorled, not dotted. 

7. LYSIMACHIA. Calyx 5-6-parted. Staminodia 0. Filaments usually united at the 


base. Capsule few-several-seeded. Leaves opposite or whorled (or even imper- 
fectly alternate), dotted. 


++ ++ Corolla red, blue, or white. 


8. ANAGALLIS. Corolla wheel-shaped, the 5 divisions broad. Filaments bearded. Pod 
(a pyxis) open by a transverse division, the top falling off as a lid, many-sceded. 


+++ Leaves alternate along the branching stems ; base of calyx and ovary coherent. 


9. SAMOLUS. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, with a little body like a sterile 
filament in the clefts. Stamens included. Pod many-seeded, splitting into 5 valves. 
Flowers small, white, in racemes. 


ile HOTTONIA, WATER VIOLET or FEATHER-FOIL. (Named 
for Prof. Hotton of Holland.) Flowerssummer. 2 
H. inflata, Ell. A singular plant in pools and ditches, Mass., S.; 


smooth, with stems and branches much inflated except at the joints, bear- 
ing finely cut pectinate leaves ; flowers white. 


GRAY’S F. F, & G. BOT. — 18 


274 PRIMROSE FAMILY. 


2: PRIMULA, PRIMROSE, COWSLIP, etc. (Name from primus, 
spring, from the flowering time of true Primrose.) 2/ Two small 
species are scarce along our northern borders (see Manual) ; the fol- 
lowing are the common ones cult. for ornament. 


x Calyx large and loose, either much inflated or shallow-cup-shaped. 


P. Sinénsis, Sabine. CuHiNEsE Primrose. A downy plant, with often 
proliferous umbels of large and showy flowers, purple, rose, or white, 
sometimes double, in one variety cut-fringed ; tender house plant, with 
inflated conical calyx, and round heart-shaped 7-9-lobed and variously 
cut or even crisped leaves. 

P. obcénica, Hance. A pretty pot plant, with leaves all radical and 
ovate-cordate (the sharp hairs irritating-poisonous to some people), 
and slender scapes 6/-12!; flowers blush-lilac or purple, often drooping, 
the obconical petals deeply notched, the tube twice longer than the almost 
saucer-shaped green and shallow calyx. China. 


* * Calyx ordinary, neither truly inflated (but often loose) nor shallow- 
spreading. 


+ Hardy, or nearly so, from Eu., with large tubular or oblong-bell- 
shaped angled calyx about as long as the corolla tube, and wrin- 
kled-veiny, oblong-cordate, or spatulate leaves tapering into short 
wing-margined petioles ; flowers naturally yellow, in spring. 


P. grandiflora, Lam. (or P. vuLGARis and P. acatiis). True Prim- 
ROSE, has leaves somewhat hairy beneath, and the large flowers rising on 
slender pedicels from their axils, the proper scapes not developed ; corolla 
flat, sulphur-yellow. 

P. officinalis, Jacq. (or P. vErRIs). Enerish Cowsiie. Somewhat 
pubescent with minute, pale down, scapes bearing the umbels above the 
leaves, much smaller flowers of deeper color, and the limb of corolla 
rather concave or cup-like, the throat commonly orange. The sorts of 
POLYANTHUS are cultivated varieties, with flowers enlarged, of various 
colors, or party-colored, often more or less double. 


+ + Hardy or half hardy, with small calyx shorter than the tube of the 
corolla, and smaller leaves. 


++ Leaves cordate-ovate, hairy. 


P. cortusoides, Linn. Leaves soft, with doubly dentate margins ; 
scapes tall (8/-15’) and hairy, bearing an umbel of deep rose-colored 
flowers on slender pedicels 1’ or 2! long, the flowers Phlox-like, with 
broadly obcordate petals. Russia to Japan. 


++ ++ Leaves oblong or obovate, not hairy. 


P. denticulata, Smith. Low, with a cluster of radical tongue-shaped or 
spatulate denticulate or nearly entire leaves, and a capitate cluster of 
small, bright lilac flowers, the narrow petals deeply notched. China and 
India. 

P. Auricula, Linn. Auricuta. Of S. Eu.; low, with sessile leaves, 
and scape bearing a few fragrant flowers, these pale yellow, with varie- 
ties white, purple, or of various hues, sometimes full double, and smooth 
and thick obovate leaves, mostly covered with some fine mealiness ; petals 
broad, obcordate. Well-known garden plant, scarcely hardy N. 


3. DODECATHEON. (Fanciful name, from Greek for twelve gods.) 2 


D. Meadia, Linn. Suootrine Star, AmERICAN Cows.ip. In rich 
open woods from Penn., S., and especially W., and cult. for ornament ; 


PRIMROSE FAMILY. 275 


smooth, with a cluster of oblong or spatulate leaves around the base of a 
simple scape, 6/-2° high, which has an umbel of several or many hand- 
some rose-purple or often white flowers nodding on the slender pedicels, 
becoming erect in fruit; flowers late spring. 


4. CYCLAMEN. (Classical name for the wild plant of Eu. called 
SowsrEap.) Cult. in this country as house plants for winter flower- 
ing. Flowers rose-colored, pink, or white, nodding on the apex of the 
stalk, the reflexed lobes turned upwards. 2, 


C. Europeum, Linn. Corm 1/-2/ in diameter, sending up heart-shaped, 
thick, sometimes angled leaves, often marked with white above and crim- 
son-purple or violet beneath, on slender petioles, and fragrant flowers with 
open throat and oval or oblong divisions, the flower stalks coiled up after 
flowering so as to bring the pod to the ground to ripen. 

C. latifélium, Sibth. & Smith (or C. PéRsicum), is more tender and 
not fragrant, with longer and lanceolate divisions and less open throat to 
the corolla, the flower stalks not coiling after blossoming. 


5. TRIENTALIS, CHICKWEED WINTERGREEN. (From Latin 
for the third part of a foot, the usual height of the European 
species.) 2 


T. Americana, Pursh. American C. or Star Fiower. In open low 
woods, especially N. ; a pretty plant, the stem bearing a few scales below, 
and at top a whorl of long, lanceolate leaves tapering to both ends ; also 
2 or 3 slender-stalked delicate flowers with taper-pointed petals, in spring. 


6. STEIRONEMA. (Greek: sterile thread, in reference to the stami- 
nodia.) Leafy-stemmed, flowering in summer. 2 


«x Leaves broad, ovate, or lance-ovate. 


S. ciliatum, Raf. Low thickets; with erect stems 2°-3° high, oppo- 
site dotless leaves lance-ovate with rounded or heart-shaped ciliate base 
and on fringed petioles, flowers nodding on slender peduncles from the 
upper axils, light-yellow corolla not streaked or dotted, the lobes round- 
ovate and wavy margined or denticulate, little longer than the sepals. 

S. radicans, Gray, resembles the foregoing, but stems or branches 
reclined and rooting, and leaves and flowers smaller by half. Va., S. W. 


x * Leaves lanceolate or narrower. 


S. lanceolatum, Gray. Commonest W. and S., has oblong or linear 
leaves, mostly narrowed into short and margined petioles. 

S. longifdlium, Gray. From W. N. Y., W. and S., has similar but 
deeper yellow flowers, and sessile linear blunt stem leaves of thicker 
texture. 


7. LYSIMACHIA, LOOSESTRIFE (which the name means in 
Greek). Flowerssummer. 2/ Low grounds. 
* Plant erect. 
= Flowers in an ample terminal leafy panicle ; the corolla not dotted. 


L. vulgaris, Linn. A rather stout downy plant, 2°-3° high, with 
oblong or lance-ovate leaves, 3 or 4 in a whorl; flowers in panicles, and 
monadelphous filaments. European species in waste and cultivated 
grounds. 


276 SAPODILLA FAMILY. 


++ Flowers in a terminal spike-like raceme; the corolla blackish 
streaked. 


L. stricta, Ait. Common N. and S. in bogs; smooth, very leafy, 
branching, with mostly opposite lanceolate, sessile, dark-dotted leaves 
tapering to each end; flowers on slender pedicels in a terminal long 
raceme leafy at base, unequal filaments monadelphous, and lance-oblong 
corolla lobes. 


+ + + Flowers on slender peduncles from the axils of the upper leaves ; 
the corolla dark-streaked. 
L. quadrifdlia, Linn. Sandy moist ground ; rather hairy, with ovate- 
lanceolate sessile leaves, 4 (or 3-6) in a whorl, and ovate-oblong corolla 
lobes. 


+++ + Flowers in axillary spike-like short clusters; the corolla 
purplish-dotted. 


L. thyrsifléra, Linn. Wet swamps, N.; smooth, with simple stem, 
leafless at base, above with lanceolate sessile leaves, in the axils of 1 or 
2 of them a short-peduncled oblong spike or cluster of small flowers, 
having slender filaments and lance-linear mostly separate petals, and as 
many little teeth between them. 


* * Plant trailing. 


L. nummularia, Linn. Monreywort. Creeping in damp garden grounds, 
or running wild sometimes; smooth, with opposite small round leaves, 
and solitary pretty yellow flowers in their axils on short peduncles. 
(Lessons, Fig. 199.) 


8. ANAGALLIS, PIMPERNEL. (Old Greek name, meaning delight- 
Sul.) Low herbs of the Old World, flowering all summer. 


A. arvénsis, Linn. Common P. or Poor Man’s WEATHER GLASS. 
The small (red, purple, or white) flowers said to close at the approach of 
rain; in gardens and running wild in sandy fields; spreading on the 
ground, with pale ovate leaves, shorter than the peduncles, and rounded 
petals fringed with minute glandular teeth. (@ 

A. c@RULEA of the gardens is a tender, mostly larger form of the pre- 
ceding, with larger blue flowers. 


9. SAMOLUS, WATER PIMPERNEL, BROOKWEED. (Old name, 
of unknown meaning.) Flowers latesummer. @ 2 


S. Valerdndi, Linn., var. Americanus, Gray. Along rills and wet 
places ; spreading, 6’-10’ high, with obovate leaves, and very small flowers 
on slender pedicels, which bear a bractlet at the middle, but no bract at 
base. 


LXVIII. SAPOTACEH, SAPODILLA FAMILY. 


Mainly tropical trees or shrubs, with hard wood. Simple 
and entire alternate leaves, mostly with milky juice, small and 
perfect regular flowers, anthers turned outwards, erect ovules, 
and bony-coated seeds. Represented 8. by a few species of 


1. BUMELIA. (Ancient name of an Ash.) Flowers small, white, or 
whitish, in clusters in the axils of the leaves; calyx 5-parted; corolla 
5-cleft, and with a pair of internal appendages between the lobes, & 


STORAX FAMILY. 277 


good stamens before them, and as many petal-like sterile ones or scales 
alternating ; ovary 5-celled, hairy; style 1, pointed; fruit cherry-like, 
containing a single, large, stony-coated seed ; small trees or shrubs, with 
branches often spiny, and deciduous but thickish leaves, entire. Flow- 
ers summer ; fruit purple or blackish. Natives of river banks, etc. 


B. lycioides, Pers. SourHern BucktHorn. Smooth, with obovate- 
oblong or lance-wedge-shaped leaves, 2/-4! long, and greenish flowers. 
Va., S. and W. 

B. ténax, Willd. Still more southern, has smaller leaves brown-silky 
underneath, and a shorter white corolla. 

B. lanugindsa, Pers. Dry soil from S. Illinois, S.; has leaves rusty- 
hairy or woolly beneath, and white corolla. 


LXIX. EBENACEH, EBONY FAMILY. 


Trees, with hard wood, no milky juice, alternate entire 
leaves, from 2 to 4 times as many stamens as there are lobes 
to the corolla, several-celled ovary, with a single ovule hang- 
ing in each cell, and edible berry with large, hard-coated seeds. 


x. DIOSPYROS, PERSIMMON, DATE PLUM. (Greek: Jove’s 
grain or fruit.) Flowers polygamous or diccious, the fertile ones 
single in axils of leaves, the sterile smaller and often clustered; calyx 
and corolla each 4-6-lobed ; stamens about 16 in the sterile, 8 imper- 
fect ones in the fertile flowers, inserted on the tube of the corolla; 
anthers turned inwards ; fruit edible when very ripe, plum-like, globu- 
lar, surrounded at base by the persistent thickish calyx. Flowers early 
summer. 


D. Virginiana, Linn. Common P. S. N. Eng. to Ill. and S.; tree 
20°-60° high, with very hard blackish wood; nearly smooth, thickish, ovate 
leaves ; very short peduncles; 4-parted calyx; pale-yellow, 4-cleft corolla ; 
4 styles, 2-lobed at tip; 8-celled ovary, and plum-like fruit, green and very 
acerb, but yellow, sweet, and eatable after frost. 

D. Kaki, Linn. f. Kaxi, JAPANESE P. Tree reaching 40° in height, 
upright at first, but becoming spreading and crooked with age ; leaves 
large, ovate-elliptic and acuminate, shining; flowers small, greenish- 
yellow ; fruit mostly very large, variable in shape and color. The chief 
tree fruit of Japan, and now planted in the 8S. States. 


LXX. STYRACACEH, STORAX FAMILY. 


Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves, perfect flowers 
with 4-8 petals more or less united at the base, and bearing 
twice as many or indefinitely numerous partly monadelphous 
or polyadelphous stamens, only one style, and a 1—5-celled 1- 
5-seeded fruit. Ovules as many as 2 in each cell. Calyx in 
ours coherent more or less with the 2—4-celled ovary. 


278 STORAX FAMILY. 


1. STYRAX. Flowers from the axils of the leaves, white, showy, on drooping peduncles. 
Calyx scarcely 5-toothed, its base coherent merely with the base of the 3-celled many- 
ovuled ovary. Corolla open bell-shaped, mostly 5-parted, rather downy outside. 
Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, with flat filaments monadelphous 
at base, and linear anthers. Fruit dry, 1-celled, with usually only one globular hard- 
coated seed at its base. 

2. HALESIA. Flowers in fascicles on hanging pedicels from the axils of the deciduous 
leaves of the preceding year, white, showy. Calyx 4-tvothed, the tube wholly cohe- 
rent with the 24-celled ovary. Petals 4, or united into a bell-shaped corolla. Sta- 
mens 8-16; filaments monadelphous at the base; anthers linear-oblong. Ovules 4 in 
each cell. Fruit large and dry, 2-4-winged, within bony or woody, and 1-4-celled, a 
single seed filling each slender cell. 

8. SYMPLOCOS. Flowers yellow, in the axils of the thickish leaves, not drooping. 
Calyx 5-cleft, coherent with the lower part of the 3-celled ovary. Petals 5, broad, 
nearly separate. Stamens very many in 5 clusters, one attached to the base of each 
petal; filaments very slender; anthers very short. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded, small 
and dry. 


ul STYRAX, STORAX. (The ancient Greek name.) Leaves, etc., 
with some scurf or starry down. Shrubs, in low pine woods or bar- 
rens, from Va., S.; flowers late spring. 


* Leaves prominently scurfy or tomentose beneath. 


S. grandifdlia, Ait. Leaves obovate (2/-6’ long), white downy be- 
neath ; flowers mostly numerous in racemes. 

S. pulverulénta, Michx. Leaves oval or obovate, less than 2! long, 
their lower face scurfy-downy ; flowers fragrant, few together or single. 


x x Leaves glabrous, or nearly so, beneath. 


S. Americana, Lam. Leaves oblong, almost glabrous, acute at both 
ends ; flowers 2-4 together or single. 

S. Japénica, Sieb. & Zucc. Handsome small tree from Japan, now 
planted, with waxy white bell-like flowers in loose racemes 1-4-flowered, 
on the ends of the branches ; leaves ovate to lance-ovate, very acute, at 
maturity perfectly glabrous. 


2. HALESIA, SNOWDROP or SILVER-BELL TREE. (Named 
for Stephan Hales, early writer of essays in vegetable physiology.) 
Handsome tall shrubs or small trees, flowering in spring just as the 
leaves appear. 


H. tetraptera, Linn. Four-wincep H. Along streams from Va. 
and Ill., S., planted for ornament and hardy N. ; tall, smoothish, with 
oblong, finely serrate leaves; 4-lobed corolla; 12-16 strongly monadel- 
phous stamens, and 4-winged fruit. 

H. diptera, Linn. Two-wincep H. Low country, Ga, S.; has 
coarsely serrate more downy oval leaves; 4 nearly distinct petals (1! 
long) ; 8-12 nearly distinct stamens, and 2-winged fruit. 


3. SYMPLOCOS. (Greek: growing together, the stamens united.) 


S. tinctoria, L’Her. Swerer Lear, Horse Sugar. Shrub or small 
tree, in rich ground, Del., S., with coriaceous, oblong, nearly entire, 
almost evergreen leaves, pale beneath, and small odorous flowers in 
close sessile bracted clusters. Leaves sweet-tasted, greedily eaten by 
cattle. 


OLIVE FAMILY. 279 


LXXI. OLEACEZ, OLIVE FAMILY. 


Trees or shrubs, chiefly smooth, without milky juice, dis- 
tinguished among monopetalous plants with free ovary by the 
regular flowers having stamens almost always 2, and always 
fewer than the 4 (sometimes 5 or more) divisions of the 
corolla, the ovary 2-celled and (except in Jasminum and For- 
sythia) with one pair of ovules in each cell; style, if any, 
only one, rarely 2-cleft. A few are nearly or quite polypetal- 
ous; others apetalous. Leaves opposite, simple, or pinnate. 


* Calyx and corolla with 5-8 lobes ; a single erect ovule and seed in each cell. 


1. JASMINUM. Corolla salver-shaped, the lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens 2, in- 
cluded in the tube. Ovary and the berry-like fruit 2-lobed, 2-seeded. 


* x Calyx and corolla with the parts in fours, or sometimes (in Fraxinus) one or both 
wanting. Ovules hanging, usually a pair in each cell, many in No.2. Leaves 
opposite, except accidentally. 


+ Leaves simple (trifoliolate in one of No. 2) ; flowers perfect and complete. 
++ Ovules and seeds numerous, or several in each cell of the ovary and pod. 


2. FORSYTHIA. Corolla golden yellow, bell-shaped, 4-lobed, the lobes conyolute in the 
bud. The 2 stamens and style short. Pod ovate. Leaves deciduous. 


++ ++ Ovules a pair in each cell, but the seeds often fewer. 
= Fruit a dry pod. 


8. SYRINGA. Corolla salver-form, the lobes valvate in the bud, the tube mostly much 
longer than the 4-toothed calyx. Pod 4-seeded, flattened contrary to the narrow parti- 
tion, 2-valved, the valves almost conduplicate. Seeds slightly wing-margined. Leaves 


deciduous. 
- == Fruit fleshy, berry-like. 


4. LIGUSTRUM. Corolla short funnel-form, with spreading ovate obtuse lobes, valvate 
in the bud, white. Fruit a 1-4-seeded black berry. Leaves firm and thickish, but 
deciduous. 

5. OLEA. Corolla white, short, bell-shaped, or deeply cleft into 4 spreading lobes, which 
are valvate in the bud. Fruit a drupe, the hard stone often becoming 1-celled and 
l-seeded. Leaves evergreen. 

6. OSMANTHUS. Distinguished from Olea chiefly by the imbricated estivation of the 
corolla. Flowers small, in axillary fascicles or racemes. Stigma small. Leaves 
mostly deciduous. : 

7. CHIONANTHUS. Corolla white, 4-parted, or of 4 very long and narrow linear petals 
slightly or scarcely united at their base ; to which the 2 (rarely 3 or even 4 in cultiva- 
tion) very short stamens barely adhere. Fruit a fleshy and globular drupe, the stone 
becoming 1-celled and commonly 1-seeded. Leaves deciduous. 


++ Leaves pinnate; flowers polygamous or diecious, in most species apetalous, ap- 
pearing in advance of the foliage. 


8. FRAXINUS. Calyx small, sometimes obsolete or wholly wanting. Petals 4, 2, or 
none. Anthers large. Fruit a simple samara or key (Lessons, Fig. 389), usually 
becoming 1-celled and 1-seeded. Leaves deciduous. 


280 OLIVE FAMILY. 


z. JASMINUM, JESSAMINE. (From the Arabic name.) Culti- 
vated for ornament, from the Old World, all tender and house plants 
except at the South. Flowers fragrant. 


* Flowers yellow ; leaves commonly alternate and compound. 


J. odoratissimum, Linn. Common Sweret YELLow J., from Madeira ; 
smooth, twining; leaflets 3 or 5, ovate; peduncles terminal, few- 
flowered. 

J. humile, Linn. (or J. reEvottrum), from S. Asia; not twining, has 
mostly 3-7 leaflets, and more numerous and fragrant flowers, 13! wide. 


* * Flowers yellow ; leaves opposite, but usually falling before the flowers 
appear. 


J. nudiflorum, Lindl. Branches green and angled; leaves small and 
ternate, falling in autumn, after which the yellow scentless flowers 


appear. China. ; E 
* * & Flowers white ; leaves opposite. 


J. officinale, Linn. Common Wuite J. From the East; has striate- 
angled branches scarcely twining, about 7 oblong or lance-ovate leaflets, 
a terminal cyme of very fragrant flowers, and calyx teeth slender. 

J. grandiflorum, Linn. From India; has 7 or 9 oval leaflets, the upper- 
most confluent, larger and fewer flowers than the foregoing, reddish 
outside. 

J. Sémbac, Sol. From tropical India; scarcely climbing, pubescent ; 
leaves simple, ovate, or heart-shaped ; flowers in small close clusters ; 
calyx teeth about 8, slender, the rounded lobes of the corolla as many ; 
flowers simple or double, very fragrant, especially at evening. 


2. FORSYTHIA. (Named for W. A. Forsyth, an English botanist.) 
Ornamental shrubs, from China and Japan, with flowers from separate 
lateral buds, preceding the serrate leaves, in early spring. 


F. viridissima, Lindl. A vigorous shrub, with strong and mostly erect 
yellowish angled green branches, covered in early spring with abundant 
showy yellow flowers ; calyx lobes half the length of the corolla tube ; 
lobes of the corolla narrow-oblong and widely spreading ; style as long as 
the tube of the corolla and twice as long as the stamens; leaves all 
simple, lance-oblong, deep green. 

F. suspénsa, Vahl. (F. Forttn1). Shrub with long and slender, weak, 
nearly terete branches, some of them reclining; flowers yellow, with 
corolla lobes longer, wider, more obtuse, and more spreading than in 
the preceding; style half shorter than the corolla tube and stamens; 
leaves simple and trifoliolate, often on the same bush (if compound, 
the lateral leaflets small), broadly ovate. Branches bearing corky dot- 
like elevations. Often treated as a climber. Less common than the 
other. 


3. SYRINGA, LILAC. (From Greek word for twhe, alluding either to 
the tubular corolla or to the twigs, used for pipe-stems.) Familiar 
ornamental tall shrubs, from the Old World, with scaly buds in the 
axils of the leaves, but hardly ever a terminal one (so that there is only 
a pair at the tip of a branch), entire leaves on slender petioles, and 
crowded compound panicles or thyrsus of mostly fragrant flowers, in 
spring. The name Syringa is often applied to the Philadelphus (see 
v. 168). 


OLIVE FAMILY. 281 


* Tube of the corolla long and slender; flowers normally purple, but 
running into white varieties. 


+ Leaves green on both sides. 
++ Base of leaves broad, cordate or deltoid. 


S. vulgaris, Linn. Common L. Common bush, with ovate and more 
or less heart-shaped leaves, and lobes of corolla moderately spreading and 
concave or boat-shaped ; flowers lilac or pale-violet (and a white variety), 
appearing after the leaves. Nurserymen offer many forms. E. Eu. 

S. ob/ata, Lindl. Stout hardy shrub, with thick leaves, flowering a 
week or more before the last ; leaves broadly cordate or deltoid, sharply 
acuminate ; flower cluster short and broad, the flowers large and appear- 
ing as the leaves unfold ; lobes of the corolla round and flat. China, but 
unknown wild ; possibly an offshoot of the preceding. 


++ ++ Base of the leaves narrower or tapering. 


S. Chinénsis, Willd. (S. Rornomacénsis). Roven L. Apparently a 
hybrid between the first and the next; cult. in China, whence it may 
have been derived ; leaves ovate, contracted at the base (or occasionally 
rounded) ; lobes of the corolla obtuse and sometimes mucronate, spread- 
ing, the margins inflexed ; lax clusters of reddish (or white) flowers very 
large and numerous. A hardy and showy plant. 

S. Pérsica, Linn. Perstan L. Slender and open in habit, with lance- 
ovate leaves, and loose clusters of lilac-purple, or paler, or sometimes 
white flowers, border of the corolla with ovate slightly spreading inflexed 
lobes, the tube very slender; pods linear. Later than the common Lilac. 
ee + + Leaves whitish beneath. 

S. villésa, Vahl. Vigorous and hardy ; leaves broadly ovate or ovate- 
lanceolate, contracted into a short and stout grooved petiole, with rough 
margins and prominent veins, the underside (especially the veins) fur- 
nished with scattering long hairs; thyrse long and often interrupted ; 
tube of the pale corolla 4 times the length of the calyx; corolla lobes 
erect or spreading, with inflexed margins. Blooms two weeks later than 
the common Lilac, but less fragrant. N. China. 

S. Josik@a, Jacq. Josixa L. Leaves mostly narrower than in the 
last, and not villous below. Nowcommonly cult. for its vigorous growth, 
handsome shining foliage, and late lilac flowers, but unknown wild (all 
plants in cultivation having sprung from a plant discovered in Hungary 
by Baroness von Josika), and perhaps derived from the last. 


* * Tube of the corolla very short ; flowers white. 


S. Amurénsis, Rupr. (S. ticustrina and S. PeKinensis). Hardy 
shrub, with leaves ovate or oblong, and either obtuse or acuminate, con- 
tracted into a long grooved petiole, pale but smooth beneath; thyrse 
compact; tube of the corolla included in the smooth calyx, the lobes 
obtuse; fragrant. Also a weeping variety. Mandshuria and Japan. 

S. Jap6nica, Maxim. Leaves broadly ovate and sharply acuminate, 
dark green and glossy, leathery, rounded or slightly cuneate at the base, 
villous beneath ; calyx slightly pubescent, including the tube of the 
creamy-white corolla. Flowers very late. Japan. 


4. LIGUSTRUM, PRIVET or PRIM. (Classical Latin name.) Shrubs 
of Old World, planted for ornament, with short-petioled entire leaves 
and panicles of small flowers, in early summe-. 

* Inflorescence spiciform on the ends of lateral branchlets; calyx hairy. 


L. /bdéta, Sieb. (L. AmurEnsre), Japan and China. Flowers white, 
slender, the tube three times as long as the calyx; leaves elliptic or 


282 OLIVE FAMILY. 


ovate-elliptic, the midrib below (like the branchlets and pedicels) hairy ; 
fruit shining black. 


* « Inflorescence thyrsoid or paniculate and mostly terminal; calyx 
smooth, or nearly so. 


L. vulgare, Linn. Privet, Prim, Flowers white (fading reddish) in 
an ordinary Lilac-like thyrse ; the corolla tube flaring and about twice 
as long as the small calyx ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate ; fruit black. Much 
used for low hedges and run wild E. Eu. 

L. Japénicum, Thunb. (L. Carirornicum, L. OVALIFOLIUM, and 
CALIFORNIAN Priver). Strong hardy shrub from Japan and China; 
cult. for its handsome long-persistent foliage and abundant white flow- 
ers ; leaves oval; flowers several to many on slender short branchlets of 
an elongated panicle; the corolla tube slender and 3 or 4 times as long 
as the rather loose truncate calyx. 


5. OLEA, OLIVE. (The classical Latin name.) Flowers small, and 
ia small panicles or corymbs, in spring. 
0. Europea, Linn. Oxive of the Levant, planted far S. and on the 


Pacific coast; tree with lanceolate or lance-oblong pale entire leaves, 
whitish-scurfy beneath, and oblong edible oily fruit. 


6. OSMANTHUS. (Greek: perfume and flower.) 


0. fragrans, Lour. Cult. in greenhouses from China, under the name 
of OLEA FRAGRANS; shrub with very fragrant white flowers, and thickish 
ovate or obovate veiny, often denticulate, smooth leaves. 

OQ. Americanus, Benth. & Hook. Dervirwoop. Wild along the 
coast from N. Car., S.; small tree, with lance-oblong and entire very 
smooth green leaves (3/-6/ long), and spherical dark-purple fruit. 


7. CHIONANTHUS, FRINGE TREE. (Name of the Greek words 
for snow and blossom, from the very light and loose panicles of droop- 
ing snow-white flowers.) 

C. Virginica, Linn. River banks from Penn., S., and planted for 
ornament; shrub or low tree, with entire, oval, or obovate leaves (3/-5! 
long), the lower surface often rather downy ; loose panicles of flowers in 
late spring or early summer; petals 1’ long, and fruit blue-purple with 
a bloom. 


8. FRAXINUS, ASH. (Classical Latin name.) Timber trees, with 
light and tough wood, dark-colored buds, and small insignificant flow- 
ers appearing in spring with or rather before the leaves of the season, 
from separate buds in the axils of the leaves of the preceding year. 

* Petals present ; flowers polygamous. 
EF. Ornus, Linn. Frowerine Asu of S. Eu., the tree which furnishes 
manna, not hardy N., sometimes planted 8. ; petals 4, either distinct or 


slightly united, or sometimes only 2, narrow, greenish ; leaflets 5-9, 
lanceolate or oblong, small. 


* « Petals wanting ; flowers generally diwcious (or polygamous in the last). 
+ Lateral leaflets stalked ; calyx evident. 


+ Fruit terete at the base, winged from the other end (Lessons, Fig. 389) ; 
leaflets 7-9, or sometimes 5, either sparingly toothed or entire. 


EF. Americana, Linn. Wuirr Asu. Large forest tree of iow grounds, 
furnishing valuable timber ; with ash-gray branches, smooth stalks, ovate 


DOGBANE FAMILY. 2838 


or lance-oblong pointed leaflets, either pale or downy beneath ; and rather 
short fruit with a terete marginless body and a lanceolate or wedge-linear 
wing. 

F. pubéscens, Lam. Rep Asu. Common E. and S. ; known by its 
velvety-pubescent young shoots and leafstalks, and fruit with its flattish 
2-edged seed-bearing body acute at the base, the edges gradually dilated 
into the lance-linear or oblanceolate wing. 

F. viridis, Michx. Green Asu. Glabrous throughout, with leaves 
bright green on both sides; fruit much as in the last; a small tree, most 
common W. and 8S. 


+ ++ Fruit flat and winged all round ; leaflets mostly green both sides and 
serrate. 


F. quadrangulata, Michx. Buiure Asn. Large forest tree W., yield- 
ing valuable wood ; with square branchlets, 5-9 ovate veiny leaflets on 
short stalks, and narrowly oblong fruits. 

F. platycarpa, Michx. Carotina WaTerR Asu. River swamps, Va., 
S.; small tree, with terete branchlets, 5-7 ovate or oblong short-stalked 
leaflets acute at both ends, and broadly winged (sometimes 3-winged) 
fruits, oblong with a tapering base. 


+ + Lateral leaflets sessile ; calyx absent; fruit winged all round. 


FP. sambucifdlia, Lam. Briack Asu. Small tree in swamps N., S. 
to Va. and Mo., with tough wood separable in layers, used for hoops and 
coarse baskets; the bruised leaves with the scent of Elder; smooth; 
leaflets 7-11, sessile on the main stalk, oblong-lanceolate tapering to a 
point ; calyx none, at least in the fertile flowers; fruits linear-oblong. 

F. excé/sior, Linn. EncuisH or European Asn. Hardy fine tree, 
with bright green, lance-oblong, serrate leaflets ; fruit flat, linear-oblong. 
The Weeprine Asi is a variety or sport of this. 


LXXII. APOCYNACEH, DOGBANE FAMILY. 


Herbaceous or woody piants, known mainly by the milky 
acrid juice, opposite (sometimes whorled) simple and entire 
leaves, without stipules, and regular monopetalous flowers 
with 5’s in the calyx, corolla, and stamens, the lobes of the 
corolla convolute or twisted in the bud, the anthers conniving 
around the stigma or often adhering somewhat to it, ordinary 
pollen, filaments separate, the 2 free ovaries commonly sepa- 
rate, but often the styles and always the stigmas, united into 
one. The ovaries also are often united into one, the juice in 
several (as of Periwinkle and Oleander) is not at all or slightly 
milky, and one of our genera has alternate leaves. Some are 
ornamental in cultivation; many are acrid poisonous. There 
is commonly a ring, membrane, or other appendage on the 
style below the stigma, to which the anthers are apt to adhere. 


« Shrubs cult. for ornament, natives of warm climates ; leaves often whorled. 


1. ALLAMANDA. Corolla large, yellow, with short tube abruptly expanded into cylindrical 
bell-shaped or funnel-form, the 5 lobes broad and rounded. Stamens at the summit 


284 DOGBANE FAMILY. 


of the proper tube or throat, alternate and conniving with as many 2-parted narrow 
seales. Ovary one and 1-celled, with 2 parietal placente, becoming a prickly pod. 
Style slender. Seeds naked. 

2. NERIUM. Corolla salver-form or the long tube narrow funnel-form, the throat crowned 
with 5 slender-toothed scales. Stamens on the middle of the tube; anthers 2-tailed 
at base and tapering at the apex into a long hairy, twisted, awn-like appendage. Style 
1. Ovaries 2, forming pods. Seeds tufted. 


+ * Herbs or scarcely woody plants, not twiners ; bark usually abounding with tough 
Jibers ; ovaries 2, becoming many-seeded pods in fruit. 


+ Leaves alternate, very numerous. 


8. AMSONIA. Corolla salver-shaped or the slender tube somewhat funnel-form, bearded 
inside, without appendages at the throat, the lobes long and linear. Stamens inserted 
on and included in the tube; anthers blunt at both ends. Style 1, slender. Pods 
long (4'-6 ) and slender. Seeds cylindrical, abrupt at both ends, with no tuft. Up- 
right herbs, with terminal panicled cymes of bluish flowers. 


+ + Leaves opposite, 


4. VINCA. Corolla salver-shaped, or the tube funnel-form, the throat narrow and naked, 
Stamens inserted on the upper part or middle of the tube; filaments short. Style 1, 
slender. Pods rather short. Seeds abrupt at each end, naked, rough. The hardy 
species trail or creep. 

5. APOCYNUM. Corolla bell-shaped, crowned with 5 triangular appendages 1n the throat. 
Stamens attached to the very base of the corolla. Style none. A large ovate stigma 
unites the tips of the 2 ovaries, which in fruit form long and slender pods. Seeds 
with a long tuft of silky down at one end. Upright or ascending herbs, with smal 
pale or white flowers in terminal cymes or corymbs, and very tough fibrous bark. 


x « « More or less woody-stemmed twiners, with opposite leaves. 


6. MANDEVILLA. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, naked in the throat. Filaments 
very short. Style 1. Ovaries 2, becoming 2 long terete pods. Seeds with a downy 
tuft. Flowers large and showy. 

7. TRACHELOSPERMUM. Corolla funnel-form, nearly as in Mandevilla, but the flower 
small, and filaments slender. 


1. ALLAMANDA. (Nameec for Dr. F. Allemand, who discovered 
the common species in Guiana.) Greenhouses, often half-climbing. 


* Coroila tube contracted below into a long stem-like base. 


A. cathGrtica, Linn. A showy shrub of the conservatory, with bright 
green, oblong, thinnish and acute glabrous leaves on very short petioles 
and in whorls of 4, and golden-yellow flowers 23/-3' long. Guiana. 

A. n6bilis, Moore. Flowers very large (4'-5! across) and rich, clear 
yellow, the limb circular in outline; leaves in 3’s or 4’s, large and 
abruptly acuminate, on very short petioles, hairy on both sides or at 
least on the midrib beneath. Brazil. 

A. Henderséni, Bull. Flowers large and pale yellow, with darker 
veins; leaves large, elliptic-obovate, shining and glabrous, thick and 
leathery, in 4’s. Guiana. 

A. Schéttii, Pohl. Flowers large and yellow, the throat striped 
with dark brown; leaves oblong and glabrous, in 4’s. ‘Tall, suited to 
roofs. Brazil. 


* * Corolla with a short club-shaped or bulb-like base. 


A. neriifolia, Hook. Erect, glabrous shrub, with oblong or elliptic 
sharply acuminate, nearly sessile leaves, in 3’s—5’s; flowers rather small, 
funnel-bell-shaped, golden-yellow, and streaked with orange. S. Amer. 


DOGBANE FAMILY. 28d 


2. NERIUM, OLEANDER. (The ancient Greek and Latin name.) 
Leaves coriaceous, rigid, closely and transversely veiny. Flowers 
showy, in terminal cymes, in summer, deep rose-color, or with white 
varieties, either single or double. 


N. OleGnder, Linn. The OLeanpEeR of common house culture, from 
the. Levant; leaves lanceolate; appendage surmounting the anthers 
scarcely protruding; flowers large, scentless, with trifid or cuspidate 
segments to the crown. 

N. odérum, Soland. Sweet O. Less cult., from India, more tender; 
leaves linear-lanceolate ; appendage of the anthers protruding; flowers 
fragrant, with multifid crown segments. 


3. AMSONIA. (Named for Mr. Charles Amson.) Low grounds 
chiefly S.; very leafy, 2°-3° high, smooth or somewhat hairy, with 
rather small flowers, in late spring. 2, 


A. Tabernzemontana, Walt. Leaves varying from ovate or lance- 
ovate to lanceolate, acute at each end, pale beneath. Ind. and Ill., 8. 

A. angustifolia, Michx. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, the mar- 
gins and mostly the stems beset with some scattered bristles. N. C., S. 


4. VINCA, PERIWINKLE. (Latin name, of obscure meaning.) 2, 


§ 1. True PERIWINELES, cult. from Europe, hardy or nearly so, smooth, 
trailing over the ground or creeping, only the short-flowering stems as- 
cending, with blue (or by variation white) flowers solitary in the axils, 
in spring or early summer. 


V. minor, Linn. Common PrertwinkKLe. In all country gardens, and 
running wild in cemeteries and shady places; spreading freely by the 
creeping sterile stems, evergreen, with ovate or oblong-ovate shining 
leaves, barely 13’ long, and almost truncate wedge-shaped lobes to the 
corolla; flowers early spring. Many horticultural varieties, some with 
variegated foliage. Sometimes, but erroneously, called Myrrtve. 

¥. major, Linn. Not quite hardy N., a variety with variegated leaves 
much cultivated in greenhouses; larger than the first species and leaves 
cordate-ovate and (like the calyx) ciliate ; lobes of corolla obovate. 

V. herbacea, Wald. & Kit. Less evergreen than the first ; stems reclin- 
ing and rooting ; leaves lance-oblong, revolute ; lobes of the more purple- 
blue corolla oblong-obovate ; flowers late spring. 


§ 2. Tropical erect, somewhat woody at base; flowers produced all the 
season. 


V. rdésea, Linn. House and bedding plant from West Indies, and 
also growing in S. Fla., where it is possibly native ; leaves oblong-petioled, 
veiny ; showy corolla with slender tube and very narrow orifice, rose- 
purple, or white, with or without a pink eye. 


5. APOCYNUM, DOGBANE (to which the name in Greek refers), 
INDIAN HEMP, from the use made of the bark. Flowers summer. 2/ 


A. androsemifdlium, Linn. Along thickets, mostly N.; branches 
forking and widely spreading; leaves ovate, petioled; corolla open, 
bell-shaped, with revolute lobes, the tube much longer than the ovate 
calyx lobes. 

A. cannabinum, Linn. Common Inp1an Hemp. Gravelly or wet 
banks of streams; branches more erect; leaves oblong, lance-oblong, 
ovate, or slightly heart-shaped ; flowers more crowded and erect; lobes 
of the corolla little spreading, the tube about the length of the lanceolate 
calyx lobes, 


286 MILKWEED FAMILY. 


6. MANDEVILLA. (H. J. Mandeville, British minister at Buenos 
Ayres.) Plants from the warm parts of America, one not rare as a 
conservatory climber. 


M. suavéolens, Lindl. (Ecuires suavzoLens.) CHILE JESSAMINE,. 
Slender, woody-stemmed, tall twiner, with thin, oblong or ovate heart- 
shaped, pointed, opposite leaves, and slender peduncles bearing a few 
~acemed very fragrant flowers, the white corolla -with ample 5-lobed 
border, 2’ broad. 


7. TRACHELOSPERMUM. (Greek: neck, seed.) 2 


T. diff6rme, Gray. Low grounds from Va. S. and W., is a barely 
woody twiner, the flowering branches herbaceous and downy; leaves 
thin, oval-lanceolate, pointed, or sometimes linear, narrowed into a petiole ; 
flowers }/ long, in cymes, greenish-yellow, all summer. 

T. (or RuyNcHOSPERMUM) jasminoides, Lem. Handsome greenhouse 
climber from China; leaves thick, ovate, acute and entire and often revo. 
lute; flowers white and very fragrant, in a straggling cyme or panicle. 


LXXIII. ASCLEPIADACEZ, MILKWEED FAMILY. 


Plants with milky juice, leaves, pistils, fruits, and seeds 
nearly as in the preceding family; but the anthers more con- 
nected with the stigma, their pollen collected into firm waxy 
or granular masses (mostly 10), the short filaments (monadel- 
phous except in the last genus) commonly bearing curious 
appendages behind the anthers, forming what is called a crown, 
and the corolla more commonly valvate in the bud. The flowers 


are rather too difficult for the beginner readily to understand — 


throughout. For a particular study of them the Manual must 
be used. 


§ 1. Erect herbs, with ordinary foliage, and deeply 5-parted calyx and corolla, Flowers 
in simple umbels. Fruit a pair of pods (fo.iicles) containing numerous flat 
seeds furnished with a coma (Lessons, Fig. 417) or long tuft of soft down at one 
end. 


1. ASCLEPIAS. Corolla reflexed. Stamens with their short filaments monadelphous in 
a ring or tube, bearing behind each anther a curious erect and hood-like or ear-like 
appendage, with a horn projecting out of the inside of it; the 5 broad anthers closely 
surrounding and partly adhering to the very thick stigma, a membranous appendage 
at their tip inflected over it. Each of the 2 cells of the anther has a firm waxy pear- 
shaped pollen mass in it; and the two adjacent masses from two contiguous anthers 
are suspended by a stalk from a dark gland; these 5 glands, borne on the margin of 
the flat top of the stigma, stick to the legs of insects, and are carried off, each gland 
taking with it 2 pollen masses, the whole somewhat resembling a pair of saddle bags. 
Leaves mostly opposite. + 

2. ASCLEPIODORA. Differs from Asclepias in having the lobes of the corolla ascending 
or spreading, and the hoods without horns and widely spreading and somewhat in- 
curved and slipper-shaped, the cavity divided at the apex by a crest-like partition. 
Leaves alternate. 

3. ACERATES. Like Asclepias, but no horn or crest in the hoods or ear-like appendages, 

and the flowers always greenish. Leaves generally alternate. 


MILK WEED FAMILY. Z87 


&2% Twining o7 half-scandent plants with ordinary foliage ; pods and seeds aseurly as 
tn Asclepias. 


« Anthers with their hanging pollen masses nearly as Asclepias ; pods smooth and 
even. 


4, ENSLENIA. Calyx and corolla 5-parted, the divisions lance-ovate and nearly erect. 
The 5 appendages of the filaments are in the form of membranaceous leaflets, each 
bearing a pair of awns on their truncate tip. Herb. 

VINCETOXICUM. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped. A flatand fleshy 5-10-lobed disk 
or crown in place of the hoods of Asclepias. Herbs. 

6. CYNANCHUM. Differs from the above chiefly in haying 5 scales or ligules in the 

sinuses of the crown. 


«x * The 10 pollen masses horizontal, fixed in pairs to 5 glands of the stigma. 
7. GONOLOBUS. Corolla wheel-shaped ; a fleshy and wavy-lobed ring or crown in its 
throat. 


* * * The 10 short pollen masses fixed by their base in pairs to the 5 glands of the 
stigma, and erect. Shrubby plants, of tropical regions, 


x 


8. HOYA. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed, thick and wax-like in appearance. Crown of 
5 thick and depressed fleshy appendages radiating from the central column. 

9. STEPHANOTIS. Corolla salver-shaped, the tube including the stamens, crown, etc., 
in its somewhat swollen base, the 5 ovate lobes convolute in the bud. Crown of 5 
thin erect appendages. Stigma conical. 


* * x « Anthers distinct, the 5 pollen masses each composed of 4 small granular masses 
united, and applied directly to the glands of the stigma without any stalk. 
Shrubby twiners. 


10. PERIPLOCA. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped, the divisions hairy on the upper face; 
alternate with them are the 5 small, thick scales, each bearing s bristle-shaped ap- 
pendage. Filaments distinct, bearing anthers of more ordinary appearance than in 
the rest of this family. Stigma hemispherical. Pods smooth. 


§ 38. Fleshy low plants, Cactus-like, with only small fleshy scales or teeth in place of 
leaves, on the angles of the thickened stems or branches, 


11; STAPELIA. Flowers large, lurid, solitary, lateral. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, 
wheel-shaped ; within is a crown formed of two rings of short appendages or lobes. 
Masses of waxy pollen 10, erect. 


2. ASCLEPIAS, MILKWEED, SILKWEED. (The Greek name of 
4Aisculapias, father of medicine.) Flowering insummer. 2 


* Flowers bright orange or red ; pods naked. 
+ Leaves irregularly alternate. 


A. tuberdédsa, Linn. Burrerrty Weep, PLeurisy Root. Dry hills; 
milky juice hardly any ; stems and mostly scattered linear or lance-oblong 
leaves hairy ; flowers bright orange. 


+ + Leaves opposite. 


A. Curass4vica, Linn. Wild far S.,and sparingly cult. from S. Amer., 
as a house and bedding plant; nearly smooth ; leaves lanceolate ; umbels 
long-peduncled ; corolla scarlet-red, the hoods orange. 

A. paupéroula, Michx. Wet barrens from N. J., S.; tall, smooth, 
with long lance-linear leaves, one or more few-flowered umbels raised on 
long peduncle, and red corolla with bright orange hoods. 

A. rubra, Linn. Smooth, with lance-ovate, gradually taper-pointed 
leaves, a few many-flowered umbels on a long naked peduncle, and 
purple-red flowers. Low barrens from N. J., S. 


288 MILKWEED FAMILY. 


*« * Flowers pink or light rose-purple ; leaves all opposite; pods naked. 

A. incarnata, Linn. Wet grounds; very leafy, branching stems, 
lanceolate or lance-oblong acute leaves, often slightly heart-shaped at the 
base ; smooth or smoothish, or in var. ptilchra, pubescent and the leaves 
very short-petioled. 


* * * Flowers dull purplish, greenish, or white. 


+ Stems branching, almost woody at base; leaves all opposite; pods 
naked. 


A. perénnis, Walt. Nearly smooth; leaves lanceolate or lance-cvate, 
slender-petioled ; flowers small, white; seeds mostly without a tuft. 
S. Ind. and S. 


+ + Stems simple ; leaves all opposite and closely sessile or clasping by a 
heart-shaped base, the apex rounded or notched ; plants smooth, pale or 
glaucous ; pods naked. 


A. obtusifdélia, Michx. 2°-3° high, the rather remote, broadly oblong 
leaves wavy; umbel mostly solitary, long-peduncled; flowers pretty 
large, greenish-purplish. Sandy soils. 

A. amplexicadlis, Michx. Dry barrens N. Car., 8.; stems reclining, 
1°-2° high, very leafy ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped ; umbels several, short- 
peduncled ; corolla ash-colored, the hoods white. 


++ + Stems simple or nearly so, leafy to the top; leaves all opposite, 
ovate, oval, or oblong, pretty large, short-petisled; umbels lateral and 
terminal ; flowers 3! long or nearly so. : 


++ Pods beset with soft prickle-shaped or warty projections. 


A. Corntti, Decaisne. Common Mitxweep of fields and low grounds 
N.; downy, or the large pale leaves soon smooth above; flowers dull 
greenish-purplish. 


++ ++ Pods even, but usually minutely downy. 


A. phytolaccoides, Pursh. Poke Mitkweep. Moist grounds N. and 
W., S. to Ga.; smooth or smoothish, 3°-65° high ; leaves large, pointed or 
acute at both ends; umbels loose, the long pedicels (1/-3’) equaling the 
peduncle ; corolla greenish, but the more conspicuous hoods white. 

A. purpurascens, Linn. 1°9-3° high, leaves downy beneath, smooth 
above, the upper taper-pointed ; pedicels of the rather loose umbel shorter 
than the peduncle ; corolla dark dull purple. Dry ground, N. Eng. W. 
and S. 

A. variegata, Linn. 19°-2° high, nearly smooth ; leaves oval or obo- 
vate, slightly wavy ; peduncle and crowded pedicels short and downy ; 
corolla white, the hoods purplish. Dry woods, N. Y., W. and S. 


++ ++ Stems simple or rarely branched, slender; most of the leaves 
in whorls ; pods slender and naked ; flowers small, white or whitish. 


A. quadrifdlia, Linn. Stems 1°-2° high, nearly smooth, naked below, 
bearing about the middle one or two whorls of 4 ovate or lance-ovate 
taper-pointed petioled leaves, and beneath or above them usually a pair 
of smaller ones; pedicels slender; corolla mostly tinged with pink, the 
hoods white. Woods and hills, N. Eng., W. and S. 

A. verticillata, Linn. Dry ground; 19°-2° high, smoothish ; stems 
very leafy throughout; leaves very narrow, linear or thread-shaped, in 
whorls of 3-6; flowers greenish-white. 


2. ASCLEPIODORA. (Name made from Asclepias.) 2 


A. viridis, Gray. Smoothish, 1° high; leaves alternate, oblong o1 
lance-oblong ; flowers 1! broad, green, the hoods purplish, in loose ter- 


MILKWEED FAMILY. 289 


minal and solitary or corymbed umbels; pods thick, often with some soft 
tubercle-like projections. Prairies, Ill. to Tex. and S. C. 


3. ACERATES, GREEN MILKWEED. (Name from the Greek, 
means without a horn, i.e. none to the hood-like appendages, in which 
it differs from Asclepias.) Flowers green or greenish, in summer. 2/ 


A. viridiflora, Ell. Dry sandy or gravelly soil; soft-downy or smooth- 

ish, 1°-2° high; leaves varying from oval to linear, mostly opposite ; 
globular umbels nearly sessile ; flowers short-pediceled, nearly 1/ long 
when open ; hoods not elevated above the base of the corolla. 
' A. longifdlia, Ell. Low barrens Ohio, W. and S.; rather hairy or 
roughish, 1°-8° high, with very numerous, mostly alternate, linear leaves ; 
flowers smaller and on slender pedicels, the umbel peduncled ; hoods ele- 
vated on a short ring of filaments above the base of the corolla. 


4. ENSLENIA. (Named for A. Enslen, an Austrian traveler.) 2 


E. albida, Nutt. Climbing, 8°-12° ; smooth, with opposite, heart-ovate, 
long-petioled leaves, and small, whitish flowers, in raceme-like clusters on 
axillary peduncles, all late summer. River banks, Penn., S. and W. 


5. VINCETOXICUM. (Latin: binding, poison.) 2 


V. nigrum, Moench. A low-twining, smooth weed from Eu., escaping 
from gardens E.; leaves ovate and lance-ovate; flowers small, brown- 
purple, rather few in axillary umbels, in summer. 


6. CYNANCHUM. (Greek, meaning dog poison.) 


C. acuminatifolium, Hemsley (or Vincetoxicum ACUMINATUM). Mos- 
Qquiro PLANT, so called, because small insects are stuck fast in the clefts 
of the crown; flowers white and pretty, in axillary clusters; leaves 
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate and acuminate ; 29-39, with a twining 
tendency. Japan. 2 


7. GONOLOBUS. (Greek: angled pod.) Ours are twining herbs, 
along river banks, with opposite, heart-shaped, petioled leaves, and 
corymbs or umbels of dark or dull-colored small flowers, on peduncles 
between the petioles. The following are the commonest. 2/ 


G. levis, Michx. Smooth or only sparingly hairy, the yellowish-green 
flowers and the longitudinally ribbed pods smooth. Va., S. and W. 

G. obliquus, R. Br. Hairy, somewhat clammy; flowers minutely 
downy outside, long and narrow in the bud, dull crimson-purple within, 
the strap-shaped or lanceolate divisions 1! long; pods ribless, warty. 
Penn., S. and W. 

G. hirsttus, Michx. Differs from the last in its short-ovate flower 
buds, the oval or oblong divisions of corolla only about 1! long. Va., S. 
and W. 


8. HOYA, WAX PLANT. (Thomas Hoy, an English gardener.) 2 
H. carnosa, R. Br. Well-known house plant from India; with rooting 
stems, thick and fleshy oval leaves, umbels of numerous flesh-colored or 
almost white flowers, the upper surface of corolla clothed with minute 
papille. 
9. STEPHANOTIS. (Greek: crown and ear, referring to the appen- ' 
dages of the stamens.) 2/ 
S. floribinda, Brong. MapaGascar Jasmine. A fine hothouse twiner, 
very smooth, with opposite, oval or oblong, thickish leaves, and lateral 
GRAY’S F. F. & G. BOT. —19 


290 LOGANIA FAMILY. 


umbels of very showy fragrant flowers, the pure white corolla 1}! in dia. 
meter, the tube 1’ long, and egg-shaped, naked fruit. Madagascar. 


10. PERIPLOCA. (A Greek name, implying that the plant twines.) 2) 


P. Greca, Linn. S. Eu., cult. as an ornamental twiner, hardy through 
the Middle States; smooth, with opposite ovate, mostly pointed leaves, 
on short petioles, and lateral cymes of rather small flowers, the corolla 
greenish-yellow, with the upper face of the oblong lobes brownish-purple ; 
in summer. 


11. STAPELIA. (Named for a Dutch naturalist, Dr. Van Stapel.) 
Strange-looking, fleshy plants of the Cape of Good Hope, cult. in con- 
servatories along with Cactuses. Many species are cult.; one of the 
commonest is 
S. hirsuta, Linn. Stems or branches 6/-10/ high, with concave sides, 

pale and obscurely downy ; flower 3/-4! in diameter, dull purple and 

yellowish, with darker transverse stripes, beset with purple, very long 


hairs, and with denser hairiness towards the center, exhaling a most dis- 
gusting odor, not unlike that of putrid meat. 


LXXIV. LOGANIACEH, LOGANIA FAMILY. 


Known among monopetalous plants by having opposite 
leaves with stipules or a stipular line between their bases, 
along with a free ovary; the 4-5-merous flower regular or 
nearly so, the stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and 
alternate with them, and the ovary free from the calyx. Herbs, 
shrubs, or trees, often united to Rubiacee. 


* Woody twining climber, with evergreen leaves and showy flowers. 


1. GELSEMIUM. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla open funnel form, the 5 lobes broad and im- 
bricated in the bud. Stamens 5; anthers sagittate. Style slender; stigmas 2, each 
2-parted, lobes linear; ovary 2-celled. Pod oval, flattened contrary to the partition, 
2-valyed, many-seeded. Seeds winged. 


«x « Herbs, not climbing. 


2. SPIGELIA. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes narrow. Corolla tubular and somewhat funnel 
form, the 5 lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens 5; anthers linear. Style 1, slender, 
hairy above, jointed near the middle. Pod short, twin, 2-celled, few-seeded, when ripe 
separating across near the base which is left behind, and splitting into 2 or 4 valves. 

MITREOLA, of the South, comprises two inconspicuous weeds, and 
POLYPREMUM, also 8., is a common weedy piant ;— both wholly insignificant, as well 
in the herbage as in the minute white flowers. 


1. GELSEMIUM, YELLOW JESSAMINE of the South, the name 
an Italian one for Jessamine, but of a different order from true Jessa- 
mine. 

G. sempérvirens, Ait. Climbing on trees, bearing shining, lance- 
ovate, small leaves (evergreen far S.), and a profusion of axillary clus 


ters of bright yellow, very fragrant, handsome flowers (1/ or more long), 
in early spring. Va, S. 


i 
} 


GENTIAN FAMILY. 291 


2. SPIGELIA, PINKROOT, WORM GRASS. (Named for Adrian 
Spiegel, Latinized Spigelius.) Flowers summer. 2 
S. Marilandica, Linn. Rich woods, from N. J., W. and S.; nearly 
sinooth, 6/-18/ high ; leaves sessile, lance-ovate, acute ; flowers in simple 
or forked spike-like clusters, terminating the stem or branches; corolla 
1}! long, slender, handsome, red outside, yellow within, the lobes lance- 
olate. Root used as a vermifuge. 


LXXV. GENTIANACEH, GENTIAN FAMILY. 


Known generally from the other monopetalous plants with 
free ovary by the 1-celled ovary and pod with 2 parietal pla- 
cente covered with small seeds, along with regular flowers, 
having stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate 
with them, and the leaves opposite, simple, entire, and sessile, 
without stipules. The exceptions are that in some cases the 
ovules cover the whole inner face of the ovary, and in one 
group the leaves are alternate and even compound. ‘They are 
nearly all very smooth and bitter-tonic plants, with colorless 
juice, the calyx persistent. Ours herbs, none in common 
cultivation. 


* Leaves opposite or whorled and entire, sessile. Corolla with the lobes mostly con- 
volute in the bud, sometimes also plaited in the sinuses. 


+ Style slender, deciduous from the pod ; anthers soon curving. 


1. SABBATIA. Calyx 5-12-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-12- 
parted. Style 2-parted. Pod globular, many-seeded. Slender herbs. 


++ Stout style (if any) and stigmas persistent on the pod; anthers remaining 
straight. 
++ Corolla lobes mostly bearing an appendage or a plait in the sinus. 

2. FRASERA. Calyx and corolla deeply 4-parted, wheel-shaped ; divisions of the latter 
with a glandular and fringed spot or pit on their middle. Pod oval, flattened, rather 
few-seeded; seeds large and flat, wing-margined. Large thick-rooted herbs, with 
whorled leaves and panicled flowers. 

8. GENTIANA. Calyx 4-5-cleft. Corolla 4-5-lobed, often with teeth or salient folds at 
the sinuses, usual'y withering persistent. Style short or none; stigmas 2, persistent. 
Pod oblong, containing innumerable small seeds with loose cellular or winged coat. 
Flowers solitary or clustered, mostly showy. 

++ ++ No appendages. 


4, BARTONIA. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft. Style none. Pod oblong, flat- 
tish, the minute innumerable seeds covering its whole inner face. Flowers very 
small. Leaves reduced to little awl-shaped scales. 

5. OBOLARIA. Calyx of 2 leafy sepals. Corolla persistent after withering, 4-cleft, the 
lobes imbricated in the bud. Style short and persistent, the stigma 2-lipped. Sta- 
mens short, inserted at the sinuses of the corolla. Low half-fleshy herbs with wedge. 
obovate opposite small leaves. 

« « Leaves alternate, long petivled. Corolla with the lobes valvate and the edges 
turned inwards in the bud. Seeds many or few, with a hard or bony coat. 


6 MENYANTHES. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla very short funnel form, 5-lobed, white 
dearded over the whole upper face. Style slender, persistent; stigma 2-lobed. Pod 


292 GENTIAN FAMILY. 


globular, with many smooth and shining seeds. Flowers racemed on 8 stout scape; 
one or more long petioles sheathing its base, and bearing 3 oval or oblong leaflets. 

7. LIMNANTHEMUM. Calyx and corolla 5-parted ; the oval divisions of the latter with 
a yellowish crest at their base, and in our species otherwise naked. Style short or 
none. Pod several-seeded. Water-plants, bearing the flowers in an umbel on the 
long slender petiole of the floating, round-heart-shaped leaves. 


2. SABBATIA, AMERICAN CENTAURY. (L. Sabbati, an Italian 
botanist.) Chiefly in sandy and low or wet grounds, along the coast 
(with one or two exceptions); flowers white or pink, usually handsome, 
insummer. (@ @Q) 


* Flowers white, 5-parted, numerous in cymes or corymbs, seldom over 
! broad 
9 . 


S. paniculata, Pursh. Stem 1°-2° high, with 4 sharp wing-like 
angles; leaves linear or oblong, mostly 1-nerved; lobes of the corolla 
little longer than the narrow-linear calyx lobes. Va., S. 

S. lanceolata. Torr. & Gray. ‘Taller, larger-flowered, with lance- 
ovate, 3-nerved leaves, or the upper ones lanceolate and distant, acute ; 
lobes of corolla much exceeding the thread-shaped calyx lobes. N.J., 5S. 

S. macrophylla, Hook. Glaucous, with terete stem, 2°-3° high; 
lance-ovate 3-5-nerved leaves thickish, and lobes of smatier corolla very 
much exceeding the bristle-like calyx lobes. Ga., 8. 


* * Flowers rose-pink, rarely white, with yellowish or greenish eye, 5- 
parted, in panicled clusters, 1! or more broad. In rather dry ground, 
much branched above, 19-3° high. 


S. brachiata, Ell. Stem slightly angled; leaves linear or narrow- 
oblong ; flowers few, only 1’ broad. Ind., W. and S. 

S. angularis, Pursh. Wing-like angles to the stem, ovate or heart- 
shaped, 5-nerved leaves, and corolla 1}! broad. Ontario, W. and S. 


x * * Flowers rose-purple or white, 5-6-parted, 1' or less broad, scattered 
singly on long peduncles; stems slender, 5'-20! high, commonly forking, 
scarcely angled. All grow in salt marshes or near the coast. 


S. calycdésa, Pursh. Leaves oblong, pale, narrowed at base; calyx 
lobes lance-spatulate, longer than the mostly white corolla. Va., S. 

S. stellaris, Pursh. Has lance-oblong leaves or the upper linear, and 
linear calyx lobes shorter than the rose-purple yellowish eyed corolla. 
Mass., S. 

S. grdcilis, Salisb. Very slender, with linear or almost thread-like 
leaves, thread-shaped calyx lobes as long as corolla; otherwise like pre- 
ceding. Mass., S. 


* * * * Flowers bright rose-color or with white varieties, 7T-12-parted, 
very handsome, 1}'-2' broad; stems simple or sparingly branched, 19- 
2° high. 


S. chloroides, Pursh. Along sandy ponds, from Mass., S.; leaves 
lanceolate ; peduncles 1-flowered, slender ; calyx lobes linear. 

S. gentianoides, Ell. Stem leaves linear; flowers short-peduncled or 
sessile, clustered. Wet barrens, Ga., S. 


2. FRASERA, AMERICAN CALUMBA. (John Fraser, who col- 
lected in this country a century ago.) 


F. Carolinénsis, Walt. Rich wooded ground N. Y. to Wis., and S.; 
root very large and deep, bitter (used in medicine as a substitute for 


GENTIAN FAMILY. 293 


Calumba); stem 8°-8° high ; leaves mostly in fours, lance-oblong, or the 
lowest spatulate ; corolla 1’ wide, greenish-yellow or whitish, and dark- 
dotted. @ 2 


3. GENTIANA, GENTIAN. (Old name, from Gentius, king of 
Illyria.) Chiefly in woods and damp ground; flowering chiefly in 
autumn, a few in summer. 


* Corolla without plaits at the sinuses; anthers separate; seeds wing- 
less. 


+ Corolla lobes fringed or erose. 


G. crinita, Froel. Frincep Gentian. Leaves lanceolate or broader, 
with rounded or heart-shaped base ; flowers solitary on long peduncles 
terminating the stem or simple branches ; calyx with 4 unequal lobes ; 
corolla sky-blue, showy, 2’ long, funnel form, the 4 wedge-obovate lobes 
with margins cut into a long and delicate fringe. N. Eng., W. and §S. 

G. serrata, Gunner. Has linear leaves and less fringe to the corolla, 
often none at the top of the lobes. N. Y., W. 


+ + Corolla lobes entire. 


G. quinqueflora, Lam. Branching ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or slightly 
heart-shaped at base; flowers panicled, hardly 1/ long, the 5 lobes of the 
pale blue corolla triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed. Me., S. and W., in 
several varieties. 


* * Corolla naked, 13!-2' long, with plaits at the sinuses, which project 
more or less into teeth or thin intermediate lobes; pod stalked in the 
corolla. 2 


4 Stems 1°-2° high, bearing clustered or rarely solitary 2-bracted flowers 
at the summit of the leafy stem, and often in the upper axils also. 


++ Corolla between bell-shaped and short funnel form or obconical, mostly 
open, with ovate lobes exceeding the usually toothed appendages of 
the plaits. 


= Leaves and calyx lobes ciliate or rough-margined. 


G. Saponaria, Linn. Soarpworr G. Low woods, chiefly N. and 
along the Alleghanies; leaves lance-ovate, oblong, or obovate, narrowed 
at base ; calyx lobes linear or spatulate ; corolla light blue or verging to 
white, little open, its short and broad lobes longer than the conspicuous 
2-cleft intermediate appendages; anthers conniving or united; seeds 
narrowly-winged. 

G. pubérula, Michx. Dry barrens and prairies N. Y., W. and S.; low, 
roughish, or minutely pubescent, with lance-oblong, ovate, or linear 
rough-margined leaves only 1/-2’ long; calyx lobes lanceolate ; corolla 
bright blue, open, its spreading ovate lobes 2 or 3 times longer than the 
cut-toothed intermediate appendages ; seeds not covering the walls of the 
pod, as they do in the related species. 


= = Leaves and calyx lobes smooth or very nearly so. 


G. Alba, Muhl. Leaves lance-ovate from a partly heart-shaped base, 
tapering thence to a point; calyx lobes ovate, short ; corolla yellowish- 
white, with short and broad lobes; anthers conniving; seeds broadly 
winged. Ontario, W. and S., flowering at midsummer. 

G. linearis, Froel. Grows from Md., N., in several forms; stem slen- 
der and strict, 19-2°; leaves linear or narrow-lanceolate, somewhat nar- 
rowed at the base ; calyx lobes linear or lanceolate ; flowers blue, narrow, 
1-5 in a terminal cluster, the roundish lobes little longer than the acute 
appendages ; seeds winged. Bracts sometimes finely scabrous. 


294 GENTIAN FAMILY. 


G. ochroletca, Froel. Leaves obovate or spatulate-oblong, narrowed 
at the base ; calyx lobes linear; corolla greenish-white, with greener and 
purplish stripes inside, somewhat bell-shaped ; anthers separate ; seeds 
wingless. Penn., S. 


++ ++ Corolla more club-shaped and seldom open, truncate, with no proper 
lobes. 


G. Andréwsii, Griseb. CiLosep G. Leaves lance-ovate or lance- 
oblong, with a narrowed base ; calyx lobes ovate or oblong, short ; corolla 
blue (rarely a white variety), its proper lobes if any shorter than the 
broad and more conspicuous fringe-toothed and notched appendages, 
which terminate the folds; anthers connected ; seeds broadly winged. 
N. Eng., N. and S. 


+ + Stems low, bearing 1-8 slender-peduncled flowers ; seeds wingless. 


G. angustifdlia, Michx. Pine barrens from N. J., S.; 6/-15! high, 
with linear leaves, and open funnel-form azure-blue corolla 2! long, its 
lobes ovate ; anthers separate. 


4. BARTONIA. (Named for Prof. B. S. Barton, of Philadelphia.) 
Insignificant herbs, with awl-shaped scales for leaves, and a few 
peduncled white flowers. @ @ 

B. tenélla, Muhl. 65/-10' high, with branches or peduncles 1-3-flow- 
ered ; lobes of corolla oblong, acutish ; ovary 4-angled ; flowers summer. 
N. Eng., W. and S. 

B. vérna, Muhl. Smaller, less branched, 1-few-flowered; flowers 
larger, in early spring; lobes of corolla spatulate, obtuse; ovary flat. 
Via. Ss 


5. OBOLARIA. (Named for a Greek coin, in allusion to the thick 
rounded leaves.) 2 
O. Virginica, Linn. Smooth and purplish, rather fleshy plant, 3/-8/, 


with a nearly or quite simple stem, and dull white or purplish flowers 
either solitary or in clusters of 3. N.J., W. and 8. 


6. MENYANTHES, BUCK BEAN. (Greek: month and Jflower ; ap- 
plication not obvious. The popular name from the leaves, somewhat 
resembling those of the Horsebean. ) 


M. trifoliata, Linn. Cold wet bogs N.; flowers late spring; corolla 
white or tinged with pink, pretty ; scape hardly 1° high. 2 


7. LIMNANTHEMUM, FLOATING HEART. (Greek for swamp 
and blossom.) Our species grow in water, and produce through the 
summer the small white flowers, accompanied by spur-like, thick 
bodies, probabiy of the nature of roots. 2 


L. lacundsum, Griseb. Common E. and 8.; leaves 1’—2’ long, on very 
slender petio.es, entire ; lobes of corolla broadly oval; seeds smooth and 
even. 

L. trachyspérmum, Gray. In deeper water, from Md. S.; leaves 
rounder, 2’-6/ broad, wavy-margined, roughish or dark-pitted beneath ; 
petioles stouter ; seeds roughened. 


PHLOX FAMILY. . 295 


LXXVI. POLEMONIACEZ, POLEMONIUM or PHLOX 
FAMILY. 


Ours mostly herbs, with regular flowers, persistent 5-cleft 
ealyx, the 5 lobes of the monopetalous corolla convolute in 
the bud, 3-lobed style, 3-celled ovary and pod; the single, few, 
or many seeds in each cell borne on the thick axis. Embryo 
straight in the axis of albumen. Insipid and innocent plants, 
the juice watery. Nearly all are N. American plants, many 
cult. for ornament. 


* Erect or diffuse herbs, not climbing, and with nothing resembling stipules. 
+ Stamens unequally inserted on the tube of the corolla. 


1. PHLOX. Calyx narrow, prismatic or plaited, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla salver- 
shaped, with a long tube (Lessons, Fig. 255), in which the 5 short and unequally 
inserted stamens are included. Ovary often with 2 ovules, but the short pod with 
only one seed in each cell. Leaves entire and mostly sessile, the lower all opposite, 
upper often alternate. 


+ + Stamens equally inserted in the corolla. 


2. LOZSELIA. Corolla tubular or funnel form, more or less irregular from the limb being 
unequally cleft. Filaments naked and declined. 

8. GILIA. Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla of various shapes. Stamens 
equally inserted and projecting from the throat of the corolla, not declined, generally 
naked. Ovules and seeds several in each cell. Leaves either entire, cut, or divided. 

4, POLEMONIUM. Calyx bell-shaped. Corolla open-bell-shaped or short funnel form. 
Stamens slender, like those of Gilia, but declined, hairy-appendaged at the base. 
Leaves pinnate, alternate. 


*« * Tall-climbing by compound tendrils on the pinnate leaves ; lowest leaflets close to 
the stem, unlike the others, imitating stipules. 


6. COBAA. Calyx of 5 large leaf-like divisions, the margins of which, applied each to each 
appear like 5 winged angles. Corolla bell-shaped, with short and broad spreading 
lobes. Stamens declined. A fleshy disk around the base of the ovary. Seeds 
numerous in each cell of the pod, winged. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, leafy- 
bracted near the base, naked above. Leaves alternate. 


1. PHLOX. (Greek for flame, anciently applied to Lychnis, and trans- 
ferred to these North American plants.) 


* 2f Wild in mostly dry or rocky ground, some common in gardens. 


+ Stems erect ; flowers in oblong or pyramidal panicle, with short pedun- 
cles and pedicels ; lobes of corolla entire, pink-purple, and with white 
varieties ; leaves flat, not subulate (mostly rather broad). Wild from 
Penn., S. and W.; flowers summer. 


P. paniculata, Linn. Generally roughish or soft hairy, 2°-4° high, 
stout ; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, and mostly with tapering base ; 
panicle broad; calyx teeth sharp-pointed. The commonest perennial 
phlox of the gardens, cult. in many named varieties. Often known as 
P. DECUSSATA. 

P. maculata, Linn. Very smooth; stem slender, 1°-2° high, purple- 
spotted ; lower leaves narrower, and thickish, lanceolate, upper lance-ovate 


296 PHLOX FAMILY. 


from a rounded or somewhat heart-shaped base; panicle long and narrow, 
leafy below; calyx teeth less pointed. Cult., and perhaps hybridized 
with the preceding, but less frequent in gardens. 


+ + Stems ascending or erect, buttoften with a prostrate base, 1°-8° high ; 
whole plant smooth, not clammy or glandular; flowers corymbed; 
lobes of corolla round and entire. 


P. ovata, Linn. (or P. Caroxina). Leaves varying from lanceolate 
to ovate, or the upper heart-shaped ; flowers crowded, short-peduncled, 
pink; calyx teeth acute. Penn. to Ala. 

P. glabérrima, Linn. Slender; leaves often linear-lanceolate, 3/—4! 
long; flowers fewer and loose, pink or whitish; calyx teeth sharp- 
pointed. Va., N. W. and 8S. 


+ + + Flowering stems ascending, or tn the first erect, low, terminated 
by a loose corymb, which is clammy-pubescent more or less, as well as 
the thinnish leaves; flowers mostly pediceled ; calyx teeth very slender ; 
Jlowers late spring. 


P. pildsa, Linn. Mostly hairy; stems erect 1° or so high; leaves 
lanceolate or linear, and tapering to a point (1/-23!' long) ; flowers loose, 
with spreading, awn-pointed calyx teeth; lobes of pink, rose, or rarely 
white corolla obovate and entire. N.J., W. and S.; variable. 

P. amcena, Sims. Pubescent, spreading from the base, 6/-19 high ; 
leaves lanceolate, or broadly oblong or ovate on sterile shoots, short ; 
flowers in a crowded, leafy-bracted corymb, with straight, hardly awn- 
pointed calyx teeth; corolla purple, pink, or nearly white. Barrens, 
Va. and Ky., S. 

P. divaricata, Linn. Moist woods from N. Y., W. and S.; soft-pubes- 
cent; stems loosely spreading ; leaves ovate-oblong or broad-lanceolate 
(1'-2!' long); flowers loosely corymbed and peduncled ; corolla large, 
pale lilac, bluish, or lead-colored, the lobes wedge-obovate or commonly 
inversely heart-shaped and as long as the tube. Sometimes called WiLp 
Sweet WILLIAM. 

P. réptans, Michx. Spreading by long runners, which bear round- 
obovate, often smoothish leaves, those of the low flowering stems oblong 
or ovate (about 3! long); flowers few but crowded; lobes of the deep 
pink-purple corolla round-obovate, large (1' broad). Penn. and Ky., 8. 


++ + + Stems all diffuse and branching (but not creeping), rising 
3/-6' ; flowers peduncled and scattered or in small loose clusters. 


P. bifida, Beck. Minutely pubescent; leaves 1/2! long and linear, 
nearly glabrous; corolla violet-purple, the lobes 2- or 3-cleft to or below 
the middle, the divisions nearly linear and diverging. Prairies, IIl., Mo. 
Cult. 


+++ + + Stems creeping and tufted, rising little above the ground, 
almost woody, persistent, as are the rigid and crowded glandular-pubes- 
cent leaves ; flowers few in the depressed clusters, in early spring. 


P. subulata, Linn. Grounp or Moss Pink. Wild on rocky hills 
W. and S. of N. Eng., and common in gardens, forming broad mats ; 
leaves awl-shaped or lanceolate, at most 4! long; corolla pink-purple, 
rose with a darker eye, or varying to white, the wedge-obovate lobes 
generally notched at the end. Variable. 


* % @) Cultivated for ornament from Texas ; flowers all summer. 

P. Drumméndii, Hook. From this come all the annual phloxes of the 
gardens ; rather low, branching and spreading, somewhat clammy-pubes- 
cent, with corymbs of purple, crimson, rose-colored, buff and white, 
showy flowers. There are forms with fringed corollas. 


PHLOX FAMILY. ; 297 


2. LCESELIA. (John Lesel was author of a flora of Prussia.) 2 


L. coccinea, Don. A Mexican shrub, cult. in greenhouses for its long- 
funnel-form scarlet flowers, which are solitary and sessile, but nearly 
spicate ; calyx lobes awl-pointed and many times shorter than the corolla ; 
leaves oval or ovate, pale, rugose and hairy below, very sharply toothed, 
short-stalked ; stems hairy. 


3, GILIA. (Philip Gil, a Spanish botanist.) Species abound from 
Texas and Kansas to California. Several are choice annuals of the 
gardens ; flowers summer. 


» Leaves either opposite or palmately divided to the base, or commonly 
both. 


G. liniflora, Benth. (Erroneously called G. Lrntrouia.) Diffuse and 
spurrey-like, the divisions of the leaves nearly filiform ; flowers loosely 
paniculate, on slender pedicels, white or tinted, 8! across, nearly rotate. 
Cal. Cult. for borders. @ 

G. androsacea, Steud. (or LertrosipHon AaNDROSACEUS). Low and 
slender, with leaves palmately cleft into 5-7 narrow linear divisions, a 
head-like cluster of flowers, with very long and slender but small salver- 
shaped corolla, lilac or whitish with a dark eye. Cal. 


* « Leaves (save occasionally the lowermost) alternate, mostly pinnately 
cleft. 


+ Flowers elongated, red. 


G. coronopifdlia, Pers. (or Iromdérsis). Sranprnc Cypress, from 
the foliage resembling that of Cypress Vine; has erect, wand-like stem, 
2°-3° high, thickly clothed with alternate, crowded leaves, pinnately 
divided into thread-like leaflets, and very long and narrow, strict, leafy 
panicle of showy flowers ; the corolla tubular-funnel-form, light scarlet 
with whitish specks on the lobes inside, 14’ long. Sandy soil, S. Car., S, 
and W., and cult. @ (Lessons, Fig. 249.) 


+ + Flowers short, blue, or blue and white. @) 


G. achilleefdlia, Benth. Pubescent, with flowers in a loose head; 
calyx woolly, the lobes with short recurved tips ; corolla violet-blue or 
darker, with obovate or broadly oblong divisions. Cal. 

G. capitata, Dougl. Glabrous or very nearly so (as also the calyx); 
1°-2° high, with alternate leaves twice pinnately divided into small, 
linear, or thread-like leaflets or lobes, and numerous small blue flowers 
crowded in heads at the end of naked branches; the corolla narrow 
funnel-form, with lanceolate lobes. Cal. and Ore. 

G. tricolor, Benth. Stems branching, about 1° high ; scattered, alter- 
nate leaves 2-3 times pinnately dissected into short linear divisions ; 
flowers panicled at the end of the branches; corolla short funnel-form 
with lilac-purple or whitish lobes, brown-purple throat, and yellow tube ; 
leaves and calyx somewhat viscid-pubescent. Cal., Common in gardens, 


4. POLEMONIUM, GREEK VALERIAN: (From the Greek word 
for war, of no application.) Flowers early summer. 2 


P. réptans, Linn. Woods of Middle States, also cult.; smooth, with 
weak and spreading (but never creeping) stems 6/—10/ long, 7-11 lance- 
ovate or oblong leaflets, small corymbs of nodding light blue flowers, and 
stamens and style not longer than the corolla. 

P. cerdleum, Linn. Jacop’s Lapper. Cult. in gardens from Eu., 
also rarely wild N.; smooth or sometimes hairy ; with erect stem 1°-3° 


298 WATERLEAF FAMILY. 


high, 9-21 mostly lanceolate and crowded leaflets, clusters of bright blue 
flowers collected in a long panicle, and stamens and style longer than the 
lobes of the corolla, which is 1’ broad. 


5. COBAIA. (Named for B. Cobo, a Spanish priest in Mexico, from 
which country the common species was introduced into cultivation.) 2 


C. scdndens, Cay. Smooth, tall-climbing by its much-branching ten- 
drils ; leaflets ovate ; dull purple or greenish corolla 2’ or more long, long 
filaments coiling spirally when old; flowers all summer; usually cult. as 
an annual. 


LXXVII. HYDROPHYLLACEH, WATERLEAF FAMILY. 


Plants resembling the foregoing family, in the arrangement 
of the flowers more commonly imitating the Borage Family ; 
differing from both in the 1-celled ovary and pod with 2 parietal 
placentz. In some, the placentze unite in the axis, making 
a 2-celled ovary. Style 2-cleft or else 2 separate styles. 
Ovules at least 2 to each placenta. Seeds with a small em- 
bryo in hard albumen. Juice inert and watery. Leaves 
mostly alternate, simple or compound. 


«x Style 2-cleft ; ovary and pod |-celled, with two parietal placente. 


+ Placente fleshy and so broad that they line the ovary, and inclose the (mostiy 4) 
ovules and seeds ; corolla usually convolute in the bud, commonly with 5 or 10 
Solds, scales, or other appendages down the inside of the tube. 


1. HYDROPHYLLUM. Calyx 5-parted, sometimes with small appendages at the sinuses, 
not enlarged in fruit. Corolla bell-shaped. Style and mostly hairy filaments pro- 
truded ; anthers linear. Pod small, globose, ripening 1-4 spherical seeds. Flowers 
in crowded cymes or clusters. Leaves alternate, slender-petioled. 

2. NEMOPHILA. Calyx 5-parted, and with a reflexed appendage in each sinus, somewhat 
enlarging in fruit. Corolla open bell-shaped or wheel-shaped, onger than the stamens. 
Flowers solitary and long-peduncled. Leaves mostly oppo ite, at least the lower 
ones. 

8. ELLISIA. Calyx 5-parted, with no appendages. Corolla cylindrical or bell-shaped, not 
exceeding the calyx, the tube with 5 minute appendages witLin. Stamens included. 
Lower leaves opposite. 


+ + Placente narrow, adherent directly to the walls, or else boi ne on an incomplete 
partition and projecting into the cell, where they sometimes meet ; lobes of the 
corolla imbricated in the bud. 


4. PHACELIA. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions narrow; no appendages at the sinuses. 
Corolla open bell-shaped, approaching wheel-shaped, or in Whitlavia tubular-bell- 
shaped or slightly contracted at the throat, and the 5 short and broad lobes abruptly 
and widely spreading. Stamens and style often protruded. Pod 4—many-seeded. 
Leaves alternate. Flowers in one-sided raceme-like clusters or spikes. 


* * Styles 2 (rarely 3), separate quite to the base; ovary and pod &.celled ; seeds minute 
- and very numerous. 


5. HYDROLEA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla open-bell-shaped or-approaching wheel-shaped, 
rather shorter than the stamens; filaments enlarged at base. Capsule bursting irreg- 
ularly, or 2-4-valved. Herbs, or somewhat shrubby, with entire leaves and often 
spines in their axils. Flowers in loose axillary clusters. 


WATERLEAF FAMILY. 299 


6. WIGANDIA. Calyx lobes 5 linear. Corolla open-bell-shaped, the stamens generally 
exserted. Capsule 2-valved. Stout plants, with very large rounded leaves and sharp 
or stinging bristles. 


1. HYDROPHYLLUM. WATERLEAF isa translation of the name 
from the Greek, the application obscure. Plants of rich woods, etc. 
Flowers white or bluish-tinged, in early summer, often showy, but of 
short duration. 2 


* Calyx with minute appendages if any; rootstocks creeping, scaly- 


toothed. 


H. macrophyllum, Nutt. From Ohio, W. and S.W.; rough-hairy, 
with leaves pinnately divided into 9-13 cut-toothed divisions or leaflets ; 
a globular cluster of flowers on a very long peduncle. 

H. Virginicum, Linn. Smooth or smoothish, with 4-7 main divisions 
to the pinnate leaves, the lowest pair 2-parted, and calyx lobes bristly- 
ciliate. Rich woods, Canada S. 

H. Canadénse, Linn. Barely 1° high, nearly smooth, the roundish 
leaves palmately 5-7-lobed and with heart-shaped base, or some minute 
leaflets on the petioles, which are longer than the peduncles of the flower 
cluster. N. Eng., W. and S. 


* * Calyx with a conspicuous reflexed appendage in each sinus. 


H. appendiculatum, Michx. Pubescent or hairy, with rounded pal- 
mately 5-lobed leaves or some of them pinnately divided, rather loose 
flower-clusters, and bristly-hairy calyx; pedicels lengthening. Ontario, 
W. and S. 


2. NEMOPHILA. (Greek: lover of the grove.) Low spreading plants, 
mostly cultivated for ornament; flowers summer. (@ 


* Seeds 5 or more; leaves mainly opposite, and shorter than the pedun- 
cles. 


N. maculata, Benth. Prostrate, with leaves all opposite and mostly 
sessile, the lower lyrate-pinnatifid, upper sparingly cut-toothed, and 
white corolla with violet patch on each lobe. Cal. 

N. insignis, Doug. Slender, procumbent, with lobes of the pinnate 
leaves cut-toothed, and pure blue corolla 1’ broad. Cal. 

N. Menziésii, Hook. & Arn. (N. aromARIA). Procumbent ; leaves oppo- 
site, pinnatifid; corolla smaller, white sprinkled with chocolate-brown 
spots. Cal. and Ore. 


* * Seeds 4 or less; upper leaves alternate. 


N. phacelioides, Nutt. Wild from Ark. S., and sparingly cult.; with 
ascending stems 19-2° long, alternate leaves pinnately parted into 3-9 
oblong entire divisions, and purplish-blue corolla 14! broad. 

N. micrdcalyx, Fisch. & Mey. Roughish pubescent, the spreading 
stems 2/-8/ long; leaves parted into 3-5 roundish or wedge-obovate cut- 
lobed divisions ; peduncles shorter than the petioles and opposite them ; 
corolla white, exceeding the calyx. Va., S. 


3. BLLISIA. (John Ellis, an English naturalist, correspondent of 
Linneus.) () 
E. Nyctélea, Linn. A roughish-hairy plant, 6’-12’, wild from N. J., 
to Minn., and S.; leaves pinnately parted into 7-13 narrow divisions ; 


peduncles solitary in the forks or opposite the leaves ; corolla whitish, 
about the length oi the lanceolate calyx lobes. 


300 WATERLEAF FAMILY. 


4. PHACHLIA. (Greek: @ cluster.) Several species cult. for orna- 
ment. ; flowers spring or summer. 


§ 1. True PHace:ia, with only 4 ovules and seeds, lobes of corolla entire. 


P. congésta, Hook. Cult. from Texas; rather pubescent, with leaves 
pinnately divided or cleft into few oblong or ovate cut-toothed leaflets or 
lobes, and small blue flowers in 3 or 4 spikes at the summit of a slender 
peduncle ; stamens slightly protruding. 

P. tenacetifo/ia, Benth. California ; taller, bristly-hairy, with narrower 
pinnatifid leaflets, larger flowers in longer dense spikes and long sta- 
mens. 

P. bipinnatifida, Michx. 19°-2° high, branched, glandular-hairy, with 
leaves twice pinnately divided into ovate cut-lobed leaflets ; flowers slender- 
pediceled in long loose racemes ; violet-blue corolla, 4’ or more broad. 
Rich soil, Ohio and Ill., 8S. @ 


§ 2. CosmAnTHUS ; 4 ovules and seeds, and fringed lobes to corolla. © @ 


P. Ptirshii, Buckley. Shady soil from Penn., W. and S., and cult. 
under the name of the next; slender, 8’—-12’ high; lobes of pinnatifid 
leaves several, lance-oblong acute ; flowers of the raceme numerous, on 
slender pedicels ; corolla light blue or whitish, 3! broad ; filaments hairy. 

P. fimbriata, Michx. ‘The true plant grows only in the high Alle- 
ghanies 8., is smaller, with 3-7 rounded or oblong blunt divisions to the 
leaves, few and smaller white flowers. 


§ 3. WuITLAviA, with mostly numerous ovules ; the corolla not fringed, 
the appendages reduced to 5 small scales. 


P. Whitlavia, Gray (or WHITLAVIA GRANDIFLORA). Cult. for orna- 
ment, from Cal.; resembles Phacelia viscida in growth and foliage, 
but only slightly clammy, the roundish-ovate or slightly heart-shaped 
leaves coarsely toothed, on longer petioles ; racemes loose; corolla 1’ or 
more long, violet-blue (also a white variety); stamens and style very 
slender and protruding. 


§ 4. CosmMAnTHOIDES, with seeds or at least ovules 2-8 on each placenta ; 
corolla lobes entire, the appendages wanting or obscure. 


P. parvifldra, Pursh. Shaded banks from Penn. to N. Car. S. W.; 
scarce, delicate little plant, 3’-6’ high, with pinnately divided or cleft 
leaves, a raceme of few flowers on slender pedicels, bluish corolla less 
than 3/ wide, and few seeds. @ 


§ 5. Evrroca, with ovules several or many, and appendages wanting or 
represented by vertical plaits. 


P. viscida, Torr. Cult. from California as Evroca viscipa ; clammy 
all over, with dark glandular hairs, rather coarse; leaves ovate, cut- 
toothed, short-petioled; racemes single, terminating the branches; 
corolla deep blue, 1/ or less wide ; pod many-seeded. @ 

P. Menziésii, Torr. Handsome plant from Cal., cult. as Ebtroca MEn- 
zizsut and E. muvrirLora ; 38/-12!, much branched, roughish or hispid ; 
leaves generally sessile, linear or lanceolate and entire, or some of them 
cleft ; flowers violet or white, in loose panicles. 


5. HYDROLEA. (Named from Greek word for water; the plants 
aquatic or in wet places.) Flowers summer. 2/ 


H. Caroliniana, Michx. N. Car., S.; has hairy stems, lanceolate 
acute leaves tapering to the base, and lanceolate sepals nearly as long as 
the corolla. 

H. affinis, Gray. Smooth, with short-petioled lanceolate leaves, and 
ovate sepals as long as the corolla. S. Ill., 8S. 


BORAGE FAMILY. 301 


6. WIGANDIA. (John Wigand, a bishop of Pomerania.) Rank 
hispid greenhouse herbs, sometimes used in the open for tropical 
effects. Trop. Amer. 


W. macrophylla, Schlecht. & Cham. Leaves ovate-cordate, hairy- 
tomentose, rusty above, rather obtuse, toothed ; flowers lilac in a terminal 
panicle with alternate branches ; capsule densely hairy-canescent. 10°. 

W. Qrens, Choisy. Of looser habit, the leaves somewhat acute and 
longer-petioled, white-tomentose beneath, the petioles shaded with red; 
flowers violet, in one-sided scirpoid spikes ; capsule hispid. 6°. 


LXXVIII. BORRAGINACEH, BORAGE FAMILY. 


Mostly rough or rough-hairy plants, known from all related 
monopetalous orders by having a deeply 4lobed ovary, or 
apparently 4 ovaries around the base of a common style, each 
1-ovuled, ripening into akenes or nutlets, along with regular 
flowers (Echium excepted), stamens as many as the lobes of 
the corolla (5) and alternate with them, and alternate (mostly 
entire) leaves. In the Heliotrope tribe, however, the ovary is 
not lobed, but the fruit at maturity separates into 2 or 4 
nutlets. Stigmas 1 or 2. Embryo filling the seed; no albu- 
men. Flowers disposed to be on one side of the stem or 
branches, or of the branches of cymes, the raceme-like clusters 
coiled at the end and straightening as the flowers expand. 
Herbage not aromatic; juice commonly bitterish, often some- 
what mucilaginous. Roots of several are red and used for dye. 


I. Ovary not divided, but tipped with the simple style, the 
fruit when ripe separating into 2 or 4 closed pieces or nutlets. 


1. HELIOTROPIUM. Corolla short funnel-form or salver-shaped, the open throat (con- 
stricted in one species) more or less plaited. Anthers nearly sessile, included. Style 
short; stigma conical or capitate. Ovary 4-celled, in fruit splitting into 4 nutlets, 
or into 2 two-celled nutlets. Flowers small, in one-sided single or cymose-clustered 
spikes, mostly bractless. 


II. Ovary deeply 4-parted, the style arising from the 
center between them. Ours are all herbs. 


* Corolla and stamens regular. 
+ Nutlets variously spiny or armed when mature. 


2. CYNOGLOSSUM. Corolla between short funnel-form and wheel-shaped, the tube 
about the length of the rounded lobes; throat closed by the blunt scales. Nutlets 
bur-like, oblique on the expanded base of the style, to which they are fixed by their 
apex, roughened all over with short barbed or hooked prickles. Coarse and strong- 
scented plants, with racemed flowers, the lower sometimes bracted, otherwise 
bractless. 

8. ECHINOSPERMUM. Corolla with tube as short as the rounded lobes, the throat 
closed with short rounded scales) Nutlets erect, fixed to the central column or base 


302 BORAGE FAMILY. 


of the style, triangular, roughened, and bearing one or more marginal rows of barb- 
tipped prickles, forming small burs. Coarse weeds, with leafy-bracted racemed 
flowers. 
+ + Nutlets unarmed (sometimes slightly roughened). 
++ Corolla wheel-shaped, with no tube at all. 


4. BORAGO. Flowers, as in the six following, perfectly regular. A blunt scale at the 
base of each lobe of the 5-parted corolla, alternating with the conniving stamens. 
Filaments very short, broad, and with a cartilaginous projection behind the linear 
pointed anther. Nutlets erect. 

(8. MYOSOTIS, and 9. OMPHALODES, from the short tube to the corolla, may be sought 
for here.) 


++ ++ Corolla tubular, funnel-form, or salver-shaped, sometimes almost wheel-shaped. 
= Throat of corolla open, the folds or short scales, if any, not closing over the orifice. 
|| Fruit fleshy, smooth or wrinkled. 


5. MERTENSIA. Corolla tubular, trumpet-shaped, with the widely spreading border 
scarcely at all lobed and its throat perfectly naked in the common species ; the slen- 
der filaments protruding. Smooth plants, which is rare in this order. 


| | Fruit (or nutlets) hard, often stone-like. 


6. ONOSMODIUM. Corolla tubular, with the 5 acute lobes erect or converging, the throat 
perfectly naked, bearing the arrow-shaped or linear and mucronate anthers; fila- 
ments hardly any. Style very slender and protruding. Nutlets stony, smooth, fixed 
by their base. Very rough-bristly homely plants. 

7. LITHOSPERMUM. Corolla funnel-form or salyer-shaped, with rounded lobes imbri- 
cated in the bud, with or without evident short and broad scales or folds in the 
throat. Anthers oblong, included; filaments hardly any. Nutlets stony, smocth 
or roughened, ovate, fixed by the base. Rough or hairy plants, mostly with red 
roots. 

8. MYOSOTIS. Corolla very short-salver-form, the tube only about the length of the 
5-toothed or 5-cleft calyx, the rounded lobes convolute in the bud, the throat with 
5 small and blunt arching appendages. Anthers short, included. Nutlets smooth 
and hard, fixed by their base. Low and small, mostly soft-hairy plants, the small 
racemed flowers commonly bractless. 


== Throat with scales or appendages conspicuous, one before the base of each lobe, 
and closing or nearly closing the orifice. 


| Corolla shert-salver-shaped or nearly wheel-shaped ; stamens included. 


9. OMPHALODES. Corolla with tube shorter than the rounded lobes. Nutlets smooth, 
depressed, and with a hollow basket-like top. Flowers loosely racemed; no bracts. 
Low, smooth or smoothish herbs. 


| | Corolla tubular and more or less funnel-shaped. 


10. SYMPHYTUM. Corolla straight, tubular-funnel-form, with short spreading lobes 
which are somewhat longer than the large awl-shaped scales and the linear or lance- 
olate anthers. Style slender, commonly protruding. Nutlets erect, smooth, coria- 
ceous, fixed by a hollowed base. Coarse herbs, branching and leafy, with thickened 
or tuberous roots, the juice mucilaginous and bitterish, used in popular medicine. 
Flowers nodding in raceme-like often forked clusters, either naked or leafy-bracted 


at base. «x * Corolla or stamens (or both) irregular. 


11. LYCOPSIS. Corolla with a curved tube, slightly oblique 5-lobed border, and bristly- 
hairy scales in the throat. Stamens included in the tube. Nutlets rough-wrinkled, 
erect, fixed by a hollowed base. Coarse, rough-bristly plants. 

12. ECHIUM. Corolla irregular, two of the spreading lobes of the corolla shorter than the 
others, funnel-form, naked in the throat. Stamens unequal, ascending, more or 
less protruding ; filaments and style long and slender. Stigmas 2. Nutlets erect, 
leathery, rough-wrinkled. 


BORAGE FAMILY. 308 


1. HELIOTROPIUM, HELIOTROPE. (Greek: turning to the sun.) 
« Fruit 4-lobed, and separating into 4 simple nutlets. 
+ Spikes only in pairs, or the lateral ones solitary ; Jlowers white. @ 


H. Curassdvicum, Linn. Sandy shores and banks from Va. and 
Ill., S.; very smooth and pale; leaves oblong, spatulate, or lance-linear, 
thickish, veinless. 

H. Europeum, Linn. Old gardens and waste places S., introduced 
from Eu.; hoary-downy, 6/-18' high ; leaves oval, long-petioled, veiny. 


+ + Spikes collected in terminal and several times forked cymes. 2 


H. Peruvidnum, Linn. Common Heviorrore. Pubescent, with ovate- 
oblong or lance-ovate, very veiny rugose leaves, and vanilla-scented, pale 
blue-purple flowers; woody-stemmed or shrubby house and bedding 
plants from Peru. 


* * Fruit 2-lobed, separating into 2 carpels, each 2-celled. 


H. indicum, Linn. Ixv1an Hewiorrorsr. Hairy low plant, nat. from 
India as a weed in waste ground S.; with ovate, heart-shaped leaves, and 
solitary spikes of small purplish flowers, in summer; a cavity before 
each seed-bearing cell of the lobed fruit. @ 


2. CYNOGLOSSUM, HOUNDS’-TONGUE (which the name means 
in Greek). Flowers summer. Nutlets form burs which adhere to ani- 
mals and clothing. 


C. officinale, Linn. Common H. Coarse weed from Eu., common in 
pastures, yards, and roadsides ; leafy, soft-pubescent, with spatulate or 
lance-oblong leaves, the upper ones closely sessile, crimson purple corolla, 
and flat, somewhat margined nutlets. (@) 

C. Virginicum, Linn. Wirtp Comrrey. Bristly-hairy, with simple 
stem, leafless above and bearing a few corymbed naked racemes of blue 
flowers, the stem leaves lance-oblong with heart-shaped clasping base, the 
nutlets very convex. Can. S. 2 


3. ECHINOSPERMUM, STICK-SEED. (Greek: hedgehog and seed, 
from the nutlets.) 


E. Léppula, Lehm. Weed of waste grounds, especially N.; roughish- 
hairy, erect, 1°-2° high, with lanceolate leaves, small blue flowers, and 
nutlets with rough-tubercled back and thickly-prickled margins ; flowers 
allsummer. Eu. 

EB. Virginicum, Lehm. Brcear’s Lick. Thickets and open woods, 
a common weed; 2°9-4° high, with slender, widely spreading branches, 
thin, oblong-ovate leaves tapering to both ends, forking and diverging 
racemes of very small whitish or bluish flowers on pedicels reflexed in 
fruit, and convex barbed-prickly small nutlets. @ @ 


4. BORAGO, BORAGE. (Old name, supposed corruption of cor ago, 
from imagined cordial properties. ) 


B. officinalis, Linn. Common B. Cult. from Eu., in old gardens for 
ornament and as a bee plant; spreading, branched, beset with sharp and 
whitish spreading bristles; leaves oval or oblong-lanceolate ; flowers 
loosely racemed, handsome, blue or purplish, with dark anthers, in 
summer. (@ 


304 BORAGE FAMILY. 


5. MERTENSIA. (Prof. F. C. Mertens, of Germany.) 2, 
* Throat of the corolla naked, and the limb entire. 


M. Virginica, DC. Smoorn Lunaworr. Very smooth and pale, 
leafy, 19°-2° high, with obovate, entire leaves, those of the root long- 
petioled ; handsome flowers spreading or hanging on slender pedicels in 
loose raceme-like clusters, the light blue or at first purple corolla 1! long ; 
flowers spring. Alluvial soil, N. Y., W. and 8. 


* * Throat crested, and corolla limb 5-lobed. 


M. maritima, Don. Sea Luxcworr. Spreading or decumbent, 
glaucous, smooth; leaves fleshy, ovate to spatulate, the upper surface 
papillose ; corolla white, twice as long as the calyx. Seacoast, Cape 
Cod, N. 


6. ONOSMODIUM, FALSE GROMWELL. (Name means like 
Onosma, a European genus of this family.) Wild plants of the 
country, mostly in rich soil, in dry or alluvial ground ; flowers leafy- 
bracted, greenish or yellowish-white, in summer. 2/ 


O. Virginianum, DC. Clothed with harsh but appressed short. 
bristles, 1°-2° high, with oblong leaves, and lance-awl-shaped lobes of 
narrow corolla sparingly bristly outside. N. Eng., W. and S. 

O. Carolinianum, DC. Shaggy with rough and spreading bristles ; 
stout, 8°-4° high, with lance-ovate or oblong-acute leaves, and lobes of 
rather broad corolla triangular and thickly hairy. N. Y., W. and S. 

Var. mélle, Gray. Hoary, with softer and whitish appressed hairs, 
the oblong-ovate bluntish leaves strongly ribbed, and lobes of the trian- 
gular-pointed lobes of the narrow corolla thickly hairy outside. IIll., W. 


ae LITHOSPERMUM, GROMWELL, PUCCOON. (Greek: stony 
seed.) Flowers in late spring and summer, at length scattered or as 
if spiked, leafy-bracted. 


* Corolla white or yellowish only in the wholly naked throat, scarcely 
longer than the calyx; nutlets rough-wrinkled and pitted, gray and 


dull. @ @ 


L. arvénse, Linn. Corn Gromwetyt. Weed from Eu., in waste dry 
soil; 6/-12' high, roughish-hoary, with lanceolate or linear leaves and 
inconspicuous flowers. 


* x Corolla dull whitish, rather short, with little downy scales or rather 
folds in the throat; nutlets smooth or with a few pores, often tivory- 
white. 2 


L. officinale, Linn. Common G. Of Eu., a weed by roadsides N.; 
1°-2° high, branched above, with broadish-lanceolate, acute leaves, rough 
above but soft-downy beneath, and corolla longer than calyx. 

L. latifolium, Michx. From W. N. Y., W. and S.; larger and 
rougher than the last, ovate and lance-ovate pointed leaves 2/-4! long 
and prominently ribbed, those from the root larger and roundish ; corolla 
shorter than calyx. 


* *« * Corolla bright orange-yellow, showy, longer than calyx, almost 
salver-shaped, with little appendages in the throat evident; nutlets 
smooth, usually wory-white. 


L. hirtum, Lehm. Harry Puccoon. Sterile ground, N. Y., S. and 
W.; 1°-2° high, roughish-bristly, with lanceolate or linear leaves, or 
those next the flowers ovate-obiong and bristly-ciliate, the crowded 


BUKAGE FAMILY. 305 


flowers peduncied ; tube of the corolla scarcely longer than the breadth 
of the border (3!-1/) and woolly-bearded at base inside. 

L. canéscens, Lehm. Hoary P. Softer-hairy and somewhat hoary, 
6/-15' high, smaller-flowered than the preceding, and tube of corolla 
smooth at base inside. Plains and wood borders, Can., S. 

L. angustifolium, Michx. Leaves linear; tube of corolla 1’ or more 
long, many times longer than the eroded-toothed lobes. Sterile soil, 
Mich., W. and S. 


8. MYOSOTIS, FORGET-ME-NOT or SCORPION GRASS. (Greek: 
mouse-ear, from the short soft leaves of some species.) Flowers spring 
and summer. 


* Calyx remaining open in fruit, its hairs straight and glandless. 


M. paldstris, With. True F. In gardens and some waste places; 
with loosely branched stems ascending from a creeping base, rough- 
pubescent lance-oblong leaves, moderately 5-cleft calyx shorter than the 
spreading pedicels, and the lobes shorter than the calyx tube; corolla 
light blue with a yellow eye. 2 

M. laxa, Lehm. Flowers smaller and paler, on longer pedicels ; 
pubescence appressed; calyx lobes as long as the tube; habit lax. 
1 Gem 0 


* * Calyx closing or erect in fruit, the hairs hooked or glandular. 


M. arvénsis, Hoffm. Hirsute, with lance-oblong, acutish leaves, 
racemes naked at base and stalked, smail blue corolla, pedicels spreading 
in fruit and longer than the 5-cleft equal calyx, the lobes of which are 
closed in fruit, and the tube beset with some hooked or glandular-tipped 
hairs. Fields. @ 2 

M. vérna, Nutt. Bristly-hirsute, erect (4/-10! high), branched from 
base, with oblong and blunt leaves, racemes leafy at base, very small 
mostly white corolla, pedicels in fruit erect and appressed at base, but 
abruptly bent outwards near the apex, and rather shorter than the une- 
qual, very bristly calyx, some of its bristles hooked or glandular at their 


tip. Dry grounds. @ @ 


9. OMPHALODES. (Greek: referring to the navel-shaped depression 
on the upper face of the nutlets.) Cult. from Eu. for ornament. 


0. vérna, Moench. Buve or Spring Navetwort. Spreading by leafy 
runners; leaves ovate or somewhat heart-shaped, 2'-3! long, pointed, 
green; flowers azure-blue, in spring. 2 

0. linifolia, Moench. Wuirr N. Erect, 6/-12! high, loosely branched, 
very pale or glaucous, with broadly lanceolate leaves sparingly ciliate, the 
upper sessile, white or bluish flowers, and turgid nutlets toothed around 
the margin of the cavity. @ 


10. SYMPHYTUM, COMFREY. (Greek: grow together, alluding 
probably to supposed healing properties.) Cult. from Old World. 2% 


S. officindle, Linn. Common C._ Rather soft-hairy; the branches 
winged by the decurrent bases of the oblong-lanceolate leaves ; corolla 
yellowish-white. Cult. for forage and ornament; naturalized sparingly 
in moist grounds. Eu. 

S. aspérrimum, Sims. Prickry C. Stem and widely spreading 
branches excessively rough with short and somewhat recurved little 
prickles, not winged ; calyx lobes short; corolla reddish purple in bud, 
changing to blue. Cult. like the other. Caucasus. 


GRAX’S F. F. & G. BOT. — 20 


306 CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. 


11. LYCOPSIS, BUGLOSS. (Greek: wolf and face.) European 
weed. () 


L. arvénsis, Linn. Fierp or Smauu BucGtross. Very rough-bristly 
weed, about 1° high, in sandy fields E.; with lance-oblong leaves, and 
small blue corolla little exceeding the calyx. 


12. ECHIUM, VIPER’S BUGLOSS. (Greek word for viper.) @ 


E. vulgare, Linn. Common V. or BLurweeEp. Cult. from Eu., in old 
gardens, and a weed in fields, E.; 1°-2° high, very rough-bristly, with 
lanceolate sessile leaves, and showy flowers in racemed clusters, the 
purple corolla changing to bright blue, in summer. 


LXXIX. CONVOLVULACEH, CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. 


Twining, trailing, or rarely erect plants (ours herbs), com: 
monly with some milky juice, alternate leaves, no stipules; 
regular monopetalous flowers with 5 (rarely 4) imbricated 
sepals, as many separate stamens, corolla convolute or twisted 
in the bud, a 2—4-celled ovary (or 1-celled and ovaries several 
or many in Nolana) and pod with only 1 or 2 ovules erect 
from the base of each cell, becoming large seeds, containing 
a curved or coiled conspicuous embryo in some mucilaginous 
(or, when dry, harder) albumen. 


TI. CONVOLVULUS SUBFAMILY proper; with or- 
dinary foliage, axillary peduncles bearing one or more usually 
showy flowers, and embryo with broad leaf-like cotyledons 
folded and crumpled in the seed. (Lessons, Fig. 40-43.) 
Calyx of 5 separate sepals. 


« Style single and entire; stigmas i-8. 


1. IPOMG@A. Calyx naked, @.e. not inclosed by a pair of leafy bracts. Corolla nearly 
salver-shaped or trumpet-shaped, with a long tube, the border not twisted in the bud. 
Stamens and style included or protruded. Stigma capitate, 2-3-lobed. Pod 24 
celled; cells 1-seeded. (Lessons, Figs. 250, 251.) 

2. CONVOLVULUS. Calyx naked or surrounded and inclosed by a pair of large, leafy 
heart-shaped bracts. Corolla open funnel-form or almost bell-shaped. Stamens in- 
cluded. Stigmas 2, linear. Pod 2-celled ; cells 2-seeded. 

3. NOLANA. Calyx 5-cleft, foliaceous. Corolla short and open funnel-form, plaited in the 
bud. Stamens 5. Style 1; stigma capitate or club-shaped. Ovaries 8-40 collected 
in a circle or heap around the base of the style, becoming 1-4-celled drupelets or nut- 
1ets, each celi 1-seeded. 


» « Style 2-cleft or 2 separate styles, rarely 3. Spreading or trailing, not twining. 


4, BREWERIA. Like Convolvulus, but the styles 2 or sometimes 3, or in one species 
2-cleft, and stigmas capitate. Peduncles 1-7-flowered. 

5, EVOLVULUS. Corolla short and open funnel-form, or almost wheel-shaped. Styler 
@, each 2-cleft ; the 4 stigmas obtuse. Tod 2-celled ; cells 2-seeded. 


CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. 807 


II. DODDER SUBFAMILY; slender parasitic twiners, 
without green herbage and with only some minute scales in 
place of leaves; embryo slender and spirally coiled in the 
seed, destitute of cotyledons. 


6. CUSCUTA. Calyx 4-5-cleft, or of 5 separate sepals. Corolla short, 4-5-cleft. Stamens 
with a scale-like mostly fringed appendage at their base. Styles 2 in our species. 
Ovary 2-celled; cells 2-ovuled. Pod commonly 4-seeded. 


1. IPOMGA, MORNING-GLORY, SWEET POTATO, etc. (Greek- 
made name.) Many attractive cult. species. 


* Stamens and style exserted; flowers bright red, opening by day, small 
Jor the genus. 


/. Quémoclit, Linn. (or QuAMoc.it vuLGARIS). Cypress Vine. Cult. 
from Trop. Amer.; leaves pinnately parted into slender, almost thread- 
shaped divisions; peduncles 1-flowered; border of the narrow corolla 
5-lobed. (Lessons, Fig. 250.) 

/. coccinea, Linn. Leaves heart-shaped, pointed ; sepals awn-pointed ; 
peduncles several-flowered ; border of (1/ long) corolla merely 5-angled. 
In gardens, and run wild S. Trop. Amer. (Lessons, Fig. 251.) 


* * Stamens and style short-exserted ; flowers white, opening once only 
and at night, very large and long-tubed. 


I. Bdna-N6x, Linn. (or Catonyction specidsum). MoonFLoweEr. 
Tall-twining, very smooth, but stems often beset with soft, almost prickly 
projections ; leaves heart-shaped, halberd-shaped, or angled; peduncles 
long, 1-few-flowered ; corolla salver-form, with a slender tube 3/—4’ long, 
and the border still broader, white with greener folds, fragrant. Trop. 
Amer., and evidently native in S. Fla. Variable, and sold under several 
names. 


« * * Stamens and style not exserted ; colors various, and corolla mostly 
campanulate. 


+ Ovary and pod 3-celled (or abnormally 4-celled), with 2 seeds in each 
cell; stigma more or less 3-lobed; corolla funnel-form, opening in 
early morning for a few hours; stems twining freely, hairy, the hairs 
more or less retrorse. — MoRNING-GLORIES, 


/. purpdrea, Lam. Common Morninc-ciory. Cult. from Trop. Amer. 
and wild around dwellings; with heart-shaped, pointed, entire leaves, 
3-4-flowered peduncles, and purple, sometimes variegated or nearly white 
corolla, 2/long. @ (Lessons, Figs. 40-45, 90, 247, 283.) 

/. hederdcea, Jacq. (I. Nfu.) Cult., or run wild S., native to Trop. 
Amer.; with heart-shaped, 3-lobed leaves, 1-3-flowered peduncles, slen- 
eer ponied sepals, and blue-purple or sometimes white corolla 1/-2/ 
ong. 

I. timpAta or I, ALBO-MARGINATA, of gardens, is a form of the pre- 
ceding, with leaves little lobed, angled or entire, and larger corolla with 
deep violet border, edged with white, 23! broad. 


+ + Ovary and pod generally 2-celled, the cells 2-seeded, or sometimes 
each cell divided by a partition making 4 1-seeded cells; stigma capi- 
tate, or the lobes, if any, only 2. 

+ Stems creeping or prostrate on the ground, not twining. 

/. BatGtas, Lam. Sweet Potaro. Stems long and smooth, producing 
the large, fleshy, edible roots, for which the plant is cultivated; leaves 
variously heart-shaped, halberd-shaped, or triangular, sometimes cut- 
lobed ; peduncles bearing 3 or 4 flowers ; corolla funnel-form, purple, 13/ 


308 CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. 


Jong; pod with 4 one-seeded cells. Origin unknown, but likely derived 
from some Tropical American species. Flowers seldom appear. 2f (Les- 
sons, Fig. 86.) 


++ ++ Stems twining or with a distinct twining tendency. 
= Corolla with a large spreading limb. 
|| Flower, or at least the greater part of it, white. 


I. lacundsa, Linn. Low grounds, Penn. to Ill. and S.; twining, nearly 
smooth, with heart-shaped, nearly entire leaves, short 1-3-flowered 
peduncles, small white (sometimes purple-bordered) 5-lobed corolla 
about 3/ long and twice the length of the pointed ciliate sepals, and 
slightly hairy pod. 

I. sinuata, Ort. Stem (somewhat woody at the base) and petioles 
hairy, but the leaves nearly or wholly glabrous and 7-parted, the divi- 
sions lanceolate or narrower and sinuately cut; calyx as long as the tube 
of the white purple-eyed corolla. Ga.,S. 2 

I. pandurata, Meyer. Witp Porato Vine or MAN-OF-THE-EARTH. 
Sandy or gravelly soil, Can., S., often a bad weed; trailing or twining, 
stout, smooth, with heart-shaped and sometimes fiddle-shaped or halberd- 
3-lobed leaves, 1-5-flowered peduncles, small bracts, and open funnel- 
form white corolla with deep purple eye, 2/-3' long; root very large and 
deep, weighing 10-20 lbs. 2J 


|| || Flower red, blue, or purple throughout (rarely white in the first). 
o Leaves broad and cordate, either lobed or entire. 


I. Jalapa, Pursh. Light soil, along the coast S. Car., S.; creeping or 
twining, with heart-shaped or triangular, sometimes lobed leaves, downy 
beneath; flowers downy; corolla purplish-white with purple eye, 3/—4/ 
long, opening at night; pod partly 4celled, with silky seeds; root ex- 
tremely large and fleshy, often weighing 40-50 lbs. 2 

I. commutdata, Rem. & Sch. Rather hairy, twining; with thin, 
heart-shaped, and sometimes angled or 3-5-lobed leaves, 4-angled 1-5- 
flowered peduncles about the length of the slender petioles ; purple corolla 
1'-2' long, and 4-5 times the length of the pointed ciliate sepals; pod 
hairy. S. Car., S. 

/. Ledci, Paxt. Cult. from S, Amer.; tender, slightly hairy, with heart- 
shaped and generally 3-lobed leaves, many Morning-glory-like flowers 
crowded on the summit of the peduncle, and deep violet-blue corolla 3! 
long, and border 3’ wide; stigma capitate. 2 

f. rQbro-cerd/ea, Hook. Smooth, greenhouse generally evergreen 
climber, with long-petioled, pale green, deeply cordate, acuminate leaves 
and 3-4-flowered peduncles; flowers large and handsome, rich blue, with 
a 5-angled limb; stigma 2-lobed. Mex. 2 

/. setosa, Ker. Stems, petiolesand o-flowered peduncles strongly 
setose or hispid ; leaves deeply cordate and round-ovate, with 3 large lobes 
and round sinuses; flowers of medium size, red or purple-red, the tube 
cylindrical; stigma capitate. Greenhouses; from Brazil. Y 

o o Leaves narrow and sagittate. 

I. sagittata, Cav. Salt marshes, from N. Car.,S.; smooth, with stems 
twining 2°-3° high, or trailing, narrow lanceolate or linear long-sagittate 
leaves, 1-3-flowered club-shaped peduncles, and the bright purple funnel- 
form corolla 2/-3' long. 2 

= = Corolla with a swollen tube, but no spreading limb. 

/. versicolor, Meissn. (Mina LopAta). House plant from Mexico, with 
broad and cordate 3-lobed leaves, and scirpoid racemes of small flowers, 
which are reddish at first, but soon change to orange and yellow; stigma 
capitate. @ 


CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. 309 


2. CONVOLVULUS, BINDWEED. (From Latin convolvo, roll 
around or twine.) Flowers summer. 


* Calyx inclosed in 2 large leafy bracts. 


C. sépium, Linn. Hence B. Wild in low grounds, also planted; 
twining freely, sometimes also trailing, spreading by running rootstocks ; 
smooth, also a downy variety ; leaves triangular and halberd-shaped or 
arrow-shaped, with the lobes at base obliquely truncate and sometimes 
toothed or sinuate; peduncles 4-angled; corolla white or light rose- 
colored, 15/-2’ long. Variable; sometimes double-flowered in gardens. 2/ 

C. spithamzus, Linn. Dry sterile ground; downy, not twining, 6/- 
12’ high ; leaves oblong, some of them more or less auricled or heart- 
shaped at the base ; corolla white, 2/ long. 2 


* * Calyx naked. 


C. arvénsis, Linn. Fietp Brypweep. Eu.; a weed in waste places 
E.; spreading and low-twining, smoothish; leaves ovate-oblong and 
arrow-shaped ; peduncles 1-flowered ; corolla white tinged reddish, less 
than 1’ long. 

C. tricolor, Linn. (C. minor, of gardens.) Cult. from S. Eu.; hairy, 
low, with ascending branching stems, lance-obovate or spatulate, almost 
sessile leaves, 1-flowered peduncles, rather large and showy flowers open- 
ing in sunshine, the corolla blue, with pale or white throat and yellow 
tube. 

C. Mauriténicus, Boiss. Cult. from N. Africa; prostrate or twining, 
used in hanging baskets; plant soft white-hairy ; leaves ovate, short- 
petioled, in 2 rows; flowers blue, with a white throat, 1! across; calyx 
hairy. 2 


3. NOLANA. (Latin: nola, a little bell.) Cult. for ornament, from 
coast of Peru and Chile; the following procumbent and spreading, 
rather fleshy-leaved, smooth, except some scattered hairs on the stalks, 
the showy blue flowers solitary on axillary or lateral peduncles, open- 
ing in sunshine, all summer. 


N. atriplicifélia, Don. Leaves obovate or broadly spatulate (resem- 
bling those of Spinach, whence the specific name) ; sky-blue corolla 2/ 
wide with white and yellowish center; ovaries numerous in a heap, each 
1-celled and 1-seeded. 

N. prostrata, Linn. Less common ; has more petioled, rather narrower 
leaves, smaller pale violet-blue flower striped with purple, and few ova- 
ries, each of 2-4 cells. @ 


4. BREWERIA. (Samuel Brewer, an English botanist.) Low, small- 
flowered ; corolla more or less silky or hairy outside ; flowers summer ; 
chiefly S. 2 


B. humistrata, Gray. Dry pine barrens from Va., S.; sparsely hairy 
or smoothish; leaves varying from oblong, with heart-shaped base to 
linear ; sepals smooth; corolla white, almost 1’ long; filaments hairy ; 
styles united at base. 

B. aquatica, Gray. Finely soft-downy ; leaves varying as in the pre- 
ceding ; sepals silky ; corolla pink or purple, }/ long; filaments smooth ; 
styles nearly separate. N. Car., S. 

B. Pickeringii, Gray. Sandy barrens from N. J., S. and W., scarce ; 
leaves nearly linear, narrow, tapering to a sessile base ; bracts leaf-like 
and longer than the flowers ; sepals hairy ; corolla white, hardly 3/ long; 
styles united to above the middle, and with stamens also protruding. 


310 CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. 


5. EVOLVULUS. (From Latin for unroll ; that is, it does not twine.) 
Low and diminutive small-flowered plants. Flowers summer. 2 


E. argénteus, Fursh. ‘Tufted from a woody base, 5/-7' high, silky- 
woolly all over; broadly lanceolate leaves crowded, usually nearly sessile, 
as are the flowers in their axils; corolla purple, }’ broad. Plains, 
Dak., S 

E. serfceus, Swartz. Damp ground Fla., W.; slender-stemmed, silky 
with fine appressed hairs, except the upper face of the scattered lance- 
linear leaves ; corolla white or bluish, not 4! broad. 


6. CUSCUTA, DODDER. (Old name, of uncertain derivation.) 
Plants resemble threads of yarn, yellowish or reddish, spreading over 
herbs and low bushes, coiling around their branches, to which they 
adhere, robbing them of their juices. Flowers small, mostly white, 
clustered. 


*« Stigmas slender ; pod opening by a transverse division all reund near 
the base, leaving the partition behind. Natives of Eu.; flowers early 
summer. 


C. Epilinum, Weihe. Frax Dopper. Growing on flax, which it 
injures ; occasionally found in our flax fields; flowers globular, in scat- 
tered heads ; corolla 5-parted. @ 


* x Stigmas capitate ; pods bursiing trregularly tf at all; wild species of 
the country, mostly in rich or low ground; flowers summer and 
autumn. @ 


+ Sepals united ; ovary and pod depressed-globose. 


++ Flowers sessile in compact mostly continuous clusters ; corolla with a 
short and wide tube, remaining at the base of the ripe pod; styles usually 
shorter than the ovary. 


C. arvénsis, Beyr. On low herbs, in fields and barrens from N. Y., S. 
and W.; flowers earliest (June, July) and smallest; tube of corolla 
shorter than its 5 lanceolate, pointed, spreading lobes, much longer than 
the stamens. 

C. chlorocarpa, Engelm. On low herbs, in wet soil, from Del., W. 
and S. W.; orange-colored ; open bell-shaped corolla with lobes about the 
length of the mostly 4 acute lobes and the stamens ; pod large, depressed, 
greenish-yellow. 


++ ++ Flowers panicled or in compound cymes, the withered corolla re 
maining on the top of the pod; styles mostly longer than the ovary. 


C. tenuiflora, Engelm. On shrubs and tall herbs, Pa., W. and S., in 
swamps ; pale; tube of the corolla twice the length of its ovate, acute, 
spreading lobes, and of the ovate blunt calyx lobes. 


+ + Sepals united; ovary and pod pointed. 


C. infléxa, Engelm. On shrubs and tall herbs in prairies and barrens, 
N. Eng., W. and 8.; corolla fleshy, mostly 4-cleft, its tube no longer than 
the ovate, acutish, ‘crenulate, erect or inflexed lobes of the corolla and 
the acute, keeled caly x lobes. 

C. decora, Engelm. Wet prairies ill., S. W.; with larger flowers, the 
corolla broadly bell-shaped, its 5 lobes lance-ovate, acute, and inflexed. 

C. Grondvii, Willd. The commonest E. and W.; on coarse herbs and 
low shrubs in wet places; bell-shaped corolla with tube usually longer 
than its 5 (rarely 4) ovate blunt spreading lobes ; its internal scales large 
and copiously fringed. 


NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. $11 


+ + + Sepals 5 and distinct, subtended by 2 or more sepal-irke bracts. 


C. compacta, Juss. On shrubs, Ont., S. and W.; bracts (8-5) and 
sepals round and appressed ; tube of the corolla cylindrical. 

C. glomerata, Choisy. On Golden Rods and other coarse Composite, 
from Ohio, W..and S.; the numerous oblong, scarious bracts closely im- 
bricated with recurving tips; sepals similar, shorter than the cylindra- 
ceous tube of the corolla. 


LXXX. SOLANACEH, NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 


Plants with rank-scented herbage (this and the fruit more 
commonly narcotic-poisonous), colorless juice, alternate leaves 
‘but apt to be in pairs and unequal), regular flowers (on bract- 
less pedicels) with the parts usually in fives (stamens 4 in 
Brunfelsia, and 1 or more of them rudimentary in some other 
genera), but the ovary mostly 2-celled, the many-seeded pla- 
cent in the axis. The seeds have a slender, usually curved 
embryo, in fleshy albumen. (Lessons, Figs. 50, 51.) The 
order runs into Scrophulariacee, which a few species approach 
in a somewhat irregular corolla, but their stamens are as many 
as the lobes (except Nos. 9 and 15-17). Mostly herbs. 


* Fruit a fleshy (or in No. 5, dryish) berry. 


+ Corolla wheel-shaped, lobed or parted into 5 or sometimes more divisions, plaited 
and valvate or the margins turned inwards in the bud; the tube very short ; 
anthers conniving around the style. 


1, LYCOPERSICUM. Like Solanum, except that the anthers are united by a membrane 
at their tips and the cells open lengthwise. Leaves pinnately compound. 

2. SOLANUM. Stamens with anthers equaling or mostly longer than the very short fila- 
ments, usually not united, the cells opening by a hole at the apex. (Lessons, Figs. 
252, 253.) Leaves simple or pinnate. 

8. CAPSICUM. Stamens with slender filaments much longer than the short and separate 
commonly heart-shaped anthers, their cells opening lengthwise. Berry sometimes 
dryish and inflated, then becoming 1-celled. 


+ + Corolla between wheel-shaped and funnel-form, plaited in the bud, the border very 
moderately if at all lobed ; anthers separate, opening lengthwise ; calyx blad- 
dery-inflated after flowering, inclosing the globular berry. 


4. PHYSALIS. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla mostly somewhat 5-lobed. Stamens erect, Fruit 
a juicy, often edible, 2-celled berry. . 

5. NICANDRA. Calyx 5-parted and angled, the divisions somewhat arrow-shaped. 
Corolla with widely-spreading border almost entire. Fruit a dryish 3-5-celled berry. 


+ + + Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-form, tubular, or salver-shaped ; anthers separate 
opening lengthwise ; calyx not bladdery-inflated. 


++ Stamens normally 5 (exception sometimes in No. 8). 
— Calyx 5-parted to near the base, the lobes leafy. 


6. ATROPA. Calyx with ovate divisions, in fruit enlarging and spreading under the glo- 
bose purple berry. Corolla between bell-shaped and funnel-form, with 5 triangular 
ovate lobes. Stamens and style somewhat declined. slender. 


O12 NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 


== Calyx bell-shaped, cup-shaped, or short-tubular, in fruit persistent under or 
partly covering the 2-celled berry ; shrubs, with entire feather-veined leaves. 

7. CESTRUM. Corolla tubular funnel-form or club-shaped, the lobes folded or plaited 
lengthwise in the bud. Stamens included. Stigma capitate. Ovary with few 
ovules in each cell. Berry few-seeded. Flowers in clusters. 

8. LYCIUM. Parts of the flower often in fours. Corolla funnel-fotm, bell-shaped or 
tubular, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stigma capitate. Berry many-seeded, 
red or reddish. Flowers solitary or umbeled, lateral. 


++ ++ Stamens 4, included in the narrow throat of the salver-shaped corolla. 


9. BRUNFELSIA. Shrubs, with glossy oblong leaves. Corolla with 5 rounded and 
about equal lobes, two of them, however, a little more united. Anthers all alike. 


* x Fruit a dry dehiscent capsule. 
+ Stamens normally 5, all perfect. 
+ Calyx urn-shaped in fruit, inclosing the pod ; corolla considerably irregular. 


10. HYOSCYAMUS. Calyx 5-lobed, the spreading border becoming reticulated, inclosing 
the 2-celled pod, which opens by the top falling off asa lid. Corolla short funnel- 
form, with the plaited border more or less oblique and unequal. Stamens declined. 


++ ++ Calyx 5-parted to near the base, the lobes foliaceous. 


11. PETUNIA. Calyx with narrow somewhat spatulate lobes much longer than the tube. 
Corolla funnel-form or somewhat salyer-shaped, the 5-lobed border commonly a 
little unequal. Stamens included in the tube, unequal. Pod 2-celled, 2-valved. 


++4+++ Calyx tubular, prismatic, or bell-shaped, 


= Covering the pod or nearly so; corolla salver-shaped or funnel-form, the lobes 
plaited in the bud ; seeds minute. ; 


12. NIEREMBERGIA. Corolla with very slender thread-like tube (}'-1' long), abruptly 
expanded at the narrow throat into a saucer-shaped or almost wheel-shaped 5-lobed 
border. Stamens short, borne on the throat. Stigma kidney-shaped and somewhat 
2-lipped. Flowers scattered. 

18. NICOTIANA. Corolla with a regular 5-lobed border. Stamens inserted on its tube, 
included; filaments straight. Stigma capitate. Pod 2-4-valved from the apex. 
Flowers more or less racemed or panicled. 


= = Prismatic, falling away after flowering, leaving the 2-4-celled pod naked. 

14. DATURA. Corolla funnel-form, strongly plaited in the bud, and with 5 or more pointed 
teeth. (Lessons, Figs. 246, 282.) Filaments slender. Stigma somewhat 2-lobed or 
2-lipped. Pod globular, in the common species prickly and 4-celled, but the 2 pla- 
cente-bearing or false partitions often incomplete. Seeds large and flat, somewhat 
kidney-shaped. Flowers terminal or in the forks. 


+ + Stamens 4 only, included within the narrow throat of the salver-shaped corolla. 


15. BROWALLIA. Herbs, mostly a little pubescent and clammy. Corolla with some- 
what unequally 5-lobed border, the lobes with a broad notch. Two of the anthers 
shorter and only 1-celled. Leaves alternate and entire. 


+++ Anther-bearing stamens 4, and a sterile filament ; corolla with wide throat. 


16. SALPIGLOSSIS. Herbs, with cut-toothed or pinnatifid alternate leaves. Corolla 
funnel-form, with very open throat, a little oblique or irregular, the lobes all with 
a deep notch at the end. Pod oblong. 


+ +++ Stamens with 2 good anthers, the 2 or 3 others small and abortive. 


17. SCHIZANTHUS. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions narrow. Corolla imbricated and not 
plaited in the bud; the smaller tip 3-parted ; the larger 5-cleft, and the lobes again 
2-cleft or deeply notched, the tube shorter than the divisions, which appear as if cut 
up, the middle lobe of the smaller lip, towards which the stamens and style are in- 
clined, more or less hooded or sac-like. Stigma minute. Leaves alternate, pinnate, 
or pinnately cut. 


NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 313 


1. LYCOPERSICUM, TOMATO, LOVE APPLE. (Greek: wolf 
peach.) 


L. esculéntum, Mill. Tomato. Cult. from trop. Amer.; includes mani- 
fold varieties and forms; hairy, rank-scented ; leaves interruptedly pin- 
nate, larger leaflets cut or pinnatifid, ovate or ovate-oblong and pointed ; 
flower clusters short and forked ; flowers yellowish, by cultivation having 
their parts often increased in number, the esculent red or yellow berry 
becoming several-celled. The little improved types, like the Cherry 
Tomato (var. CERASIFORME) have 2-celled fruits, a weaker habit and 
smaller leaves than the larger-fruited sorts. (@ 

L. pimpinellifolium, Dunal. Currant T. Weaker and nearly smooth, 
the leaflets small and thin and nearly or quite obtuse; fruit the size of 
large currants, in long 2-sided racemes. Sparingly cult., mostly as a 
curiosity. Peru. @ 


2. SOLANUM, NIGHTSHADE, etc. (Derivation uncertain.) Flowers 
mostly in corymb- or raceme-like clusters, in summer. 


* Plants not at all prickly ; anthers blunt. 
+ Climbing or twining perennials. 


S. Dulcamara, Linn. Birrersweer. Nat. from Eu., in moist cult. 
and waste grounds; smoothish, with tall stems woody at base and dis- 
posed to climb, ovate and heart-shaped leaves, some of the upper ones 
halberd-3-lobed, or with one or two pairs of smaller leaflets or lobes at 
base ; corolla violet-purple with a pair of greenish spots on the base of 
each lobe, and oval red berries. 2/ (Lessons, Fig. 252.) 

S. jasminoides, Paxt. Woody-stemmed house plant from Brazil, tall- 
climbing by its petioles, very smooth, with oblong ovate or slightly 
heart-shaped, entire leaves, or some of them divided into 3 leaflets, and 
clusters of white or bluish flowers. 2f (Lessons, Fig. 172.) 


+ + Erect shrubs, of house culture. 


S. Pseddo-Caépsicum, Linn. Jrrusatem Cuerry. Shrubby house 
plant from Madeira, cult. for the ornamenta: bright red berries, resem- 
bling cherries ; smooth, with lance-oblong entire leaves and small white 
flowers in solitary peduncles or small lateral clusters. 

S. Capsicadstrum, Link. Fruit scarlet, the size of a filbert; flowers 
white, in short racemes nearly opposite the leaves, the latter twin, one 
muth smaller than the other, entire or repand, oblong-lanceolate or lance- 
obovate. There is a form with variegated leaves. Brazil. 


+ ++ Hrect herbs, annuals or cult. as annuals. 


S. nigrum, Linn. Brack or Common NicutsHapEe. Low weed of 
shady grounds; much branched, nearly smooth, with ovate wavy-toothed 
or sinuate leaves, very small white flowers, and globular black berries, 
said to be poisonous. 

S. tuberésum, Linn. Poratro. Cult. from Chile for the esculent 
tubers, and native as far N. as S. Col.; leaves pinnate, of several ovate 
leaflets and some minute ones intermixed ; flowers blue or white ; berries 
round, green. 2/ (Lessons, Figs. 102, 253.) 

S. muricatum, Ait. Perino, Meton Surus, etc. Branching and 
bushy ; stems and oblong-lanceolate entire leaves lightly hairy ; flowers 
sky-blue, in terminal fascicles ; fruit egg-shaped, 3/—4! long and pointed, 
at maturity yellow overlaid with streaks of violet-purple, the flesh edible, 
with the flavor of a muskmelon. Subshrub in trop. Amer., where it is 
native, but treated as an herb in cultivation. 


314 NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 


* « More or less prickly herbs, with acute elongated-lanceolate anthers. 


+ Very prickly calyx inclosing the dry berry ; anthers declined, unequal, 
one of them much longer than the rest ; leaves sinuately once to thrice 
pinnatijid. @ 

S. rostratum, Dunal. Wild on plains W. of Mississippi, and becom- 
ing a weed in some gardens ; has yellow flowers, 1/1,’ in diameter. 


~ + Calyx mostly somewhat prickly but not inclosing the fruit; anthers 
nearly equal. 


S. Carolinénse, Linn. Horss Nettie. Roughish-downy, 1° high, 
with ovate-oblong, angled or sinuate-lobed leaves, yellowish prickles, and 
pale blue or white flowers almost 1/ wide. Weed in sandy soil, from 
Conn., S. 

S. aculeatissimum, Jacq. Weed introduced into waste places, N. Car., 
S., 1°-2° high, bristly hairy, greener and more prickly than the foregoing, 
with smaller white flowers. ‘Tropics. 

S. Melongéna, Linn. EcGpLrant, AUBERGINE, GuINEA SquasH. Cult. 
for the large oblong or ovate violet-colored or white esculent fruit (2/-12! 
long); leaves ovate, rather downy, obscurely sinuate ; corolla violet with 
yellow eye. The common cult. form is var. ESCULENTUM. ‘The Early 
Dwarf Purple Egg Plant and its allies, distinguished by diffuse habit, 
fewer prickles, small flowers, and early pear-shaped fruits, is var. DE- 
PREssuM. India. 

S. integrifolium, Poir. (S. coccfysum of gardens). Cuinese SCARLET 
Eccriant. Tall prickly herb, with sinuate-notched or -lobed leaves 
bearing strong yellow spines on the midrib below; flowers small and 
white, in clusters of 2-6, followed by red or yellow lobed or angled, in- 
edible fruits, 1/-2! across. Probably African. @) 


3 CAPSICUM, CAYENNE or RED PEPPER. (Name obscure.) 
Tropics. 


C. Gnnuum, Linn. Common C. or Cute Pepper. Cult. for the large 
oblong or globular and often angled dry berry (red or green), which is 
exceedingly pungent, and used as a condiment; leaves ovate, entire ; 
flowers white, with truncate calyx. Many diverse forms. @ 


4. PHYSALIS, GROUND CHERRY, HUSK or STRAWBERRY 
TOMATO. (Greek: bladdery, from the inflated fruiting calyx.) 


* U4 Low stems (6!-20! high) from slender creeping rootstocks ; anthers 
yellow; fruiting calyx loosely inflated, 5-angled, much larger than the 
edible berry. 


P. Alkekéngi, Linn. Strawsperry Tomato. Cult. from 8. Eu., and 
running wild E.; rather downy ; leaves triangular-ovate, pointed ; corolla 
greenish-white, 5-lobed, not spotted; large fruiting calyx ovate, turning 
brilliant red; berry red. 

P. lanceolata, Michx. Pubescent, or somewhat hairy, but not clammy ; 
leaves varying from ovate to lanceolate, entire or sparingly wavy-toothed ; 
corolla yellowish with a darker throat and slightly 5-10-toothed border ; 
fruiting calyx sunken at the base, hirsute ; berry red. Pa., W. and S. 

P. viscdsa, Linn., but not viscous; white-pubescent; stems ascend- 
ing or spreading ; leaves ovate or oval, or sometimes obovate, undulate 
or entire; corolla greenish-yellow, with a darker eye; calyx globose- 
ovate in fruit; berry yellow or orange. Near the coast, Va., $ 

P. Virginiana, Mill. Widely spreading and viscid; leaves ovate or 
oblong, repand or obtusely toothed or rarely entire; corolla about 1/ 
broad, 5-10-toothed, sulphur-yellow with a brown eye; fruiting calyx 
strongly 5-angled ; berry yellow. Can., 8. 


NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 315 


* * @® Stems 1°-3° high (or prostrate) from a small root; flowers 
small, light greenish-yellow; anthers commonly tinged with blue or 
violet. 


P. pubéscens, Linn. Common Husk or SrrawBerry Tomato, DwarF 
Carpe GooseBERRY. Clammy-hairy or downy ; stems much spreading, 
usually not rising over 1°; leaves ovate or heart- shaped, angulate-toothed ; 
corolla brown-spotted in the throat ; sharply 5-angled fruiting calyx loosely 
inclosing the yellow or greenish, not glutinous, berry. Low ground, and 
cult. 

P. angulata, Linn. Nearly glabrous, not viscid ; leaves sharply cut- 
toothed ; peduncles slender ; very small corolla not spotted ; fruiting calyx 
10- angled, loose, at length filled by the greenish-yellow berry. Pa:, W. 
and S. 

P. Philadélphica, Lam. Almost glabrous, erect; leaves ovate or 
oblong and oblique at base, slightly toothed or angled; corolla dark 
colored in the throat, over 3! wide; fruiting calyx globose, completely 
filled by the large reddish or purple edible ber ry, and open at the mouth. 
Pa., W. and S. 

P. Peruvidna, Linn. (P. EpuLis). Care Goosrperry. Strong plant, 
1°-8°, with thick, soft, cordate-ovate, irregularly toothed or notched 
fuzzy leaves; flower open bell-shaped, the limb widely spreading and 
light yellow, the throat blotched and veined with purple spots; anthers 
purple ; fruiting calyx 10-angled, inflated, inclosing a yellow, not gluti- 
nous berry. Peru. 


5. NICANDRA, APPLE OF PERU. (Named after the poet Nican- 
der.) Only one species ; flowers summer. (@ 


N. physaloides, Gertn. Tall smooth weed from Peru, sparingly wild 
in moist waste grounds ; with ovate-angled or sinuate-toothed leaves, and 
solitary peduncles, bearing a rather large, pale blue flower. 


6. ATROPA, BELLADONNA. (Named after one of the Fates.) 2 


A. Belladénna, V.inn. Sparingly cult. from Eu.; low and spreading, 
nearly smooth, with ovate, entire, pointed leaves, flowers single or in 
pairs nodding on lateral peduncles, dull-purple corolla, and handsome 
purple berry ; whole plant poisonous, used in medicine. 


7. CESTRUM. (Greek; the derivation obscure.) Shrubs of warm 
climates, chiefly American ; a few cult. in conservatories. 


C. élegans, Schlecht. (HaBrorHAmNus ELEGANS). From Mexico; has 
the branches and lower face of the ovate-lanceolate or oblong pointed 
leaves downy-pubescent, terminal corymbs, and rose-purple club-shaped 
corollas less than 1! long. 

C. noctdrnum, Linn. Smooth ovate leaves, and axillary clusters of 
yellowish green slender flowers, very sweet-scented at night. S. Amer. 

C. Parqgui, L’Her. Chile; has lanceolate smooth leaves very acute at 
both ends, and a terminal panicle of crowded spikes or racemes of tubular 
funnel-form or partly club-shaped dull-yellow flowers, fragrant at night. 


8. LYCIUM. (Named from the country of the original species, Lycia.) 
Trailing, climbing, or low spreading shrubs, usually spiny, with small 
Jeaves often clustered on lateral spurs, and small flowers, in spring and 
summer. 


L. vulgare, Dunal. Matrimony Vine. From the Mediterranean region ; 
planted, and sparingly running wild in some places; slightly thorny, with 


316 NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 


very long and lithe recurved or almost climbing branches, oblong-spatu- 
late leaves, slender stalked flowers clustered in the axils, and pale green- 
ish-purple 5-cleft corolla about equaling the 5 stamens; fruit obtuse, of 
little beauty. 

L. Chinénse, Mill. Curnese M. Less commonly cult. than the last, 
but more desirable on account of the large (1/ long) bright scarlet acute 
fruit which ripens in August and hangs until early winter; stems weak 
and prostrate, 10° long, spiny; leaves ovate and acute, more or less 
cuneate at the base ; stamens longer than the bright purple corolla. 

L. Carolinianum, Walt. Wild in salt marshes S. Car., S.; low, spiny, 
with fleshy, thickened, almost club-shaped leaves, scattered small flowers, 
and 4-cleft purple corolla shorter than the 4 stamens. 


9. BRUNFELSIA. (Named for the old herbalist, Otto Brunfels.) 
Conservatory shrubs, cult. under the name of Francfscea, with showy 
flowers. 

8. latifolia, Benth. Very smooth, with oval or oblong acute leaves, 
and few fragrant flowers (lavender with a white eye, fading to white) at 
the end of the branches, 14! across. Brazil. 


B. grandiflora, D. Don. Peru; leaves elliptic-oblong, acuminate ; 
flowers 2’ across, greenish. 


10. HYOSCYAMUS, HENBANE. (Greek: hog and bean, i.e., 
swine poison.) Flowers summer. @ @ 
H. niger, Linn. Brack Henpane. Of Eu., cult. in old gardens, and 
a weed in waste places; clammy-downy, strong-scented, narcotic-poi- 


sonous ; with clasping, sinuate-toothed leaves, sessile flowers in one-sided 
leafy-bracted spikes, and dull yellowish corolla netted-veiny with purple. 


11. PETUNIA. (Petun is an aboriginal name of Tobacco.) Cultivated 
as garden annuals, from S. Amer. The common Petunias are mostly 
hybrids of the two following species; herbage clammy-pubescent ; 
flowers large and showy, in summer. 

P. nyctaginiflora, Juss. Corolla white, the long narrow tube 8 or 4 
times the length of the calyx; leaves oval-oblong and narrowed into a 
distinct petiole ; plant stout and flowers strong-scented at evening. Still 
occasionally seen in old gardens. 

P. violacea, Lindl. Stems weaker; violet-purple or rose-red corolla, 
the short, broader, and ventricose tube hardly twice the length of the 


calyx ; leaves ovate or oval, sessile or very nearly so. Rarely, if ever, 
seen in gardens in its pure form. 


12. NIEREMBERGIA. (Named for J. E. Nieremberg, a priest and 
botanical collector in Buenos Ayres, whence the common species 
comes.) 2 @ 

N. gracilis, Hook. Cult. for ornament, under many varieties ; low, 


with slender bushy branches, small, linear or spatulate-linear leaves, and 
scattered flowers produced all summer, white or veined or tinged with 


purple. 


13. NICOTIANA, TOBACCO. (Named for John Nicot, one of the 
introducers of Tobacco into Europe.) Rank, acrid-narcotic, mostly 
clammy-pubescent plants, chiefly of America; leaves entire or merely 
wavy-margined. 


NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. Shilig 


* Corolla with a broad or inflated tube, mostly red or greenish. 


N. Tabécum, Linn. Common T. The principal species cult. for the 
foliage ; 4°-6° high, with lance-ovate, decurrent leaves 1°-2° long, or the 
upper lanceolate, panicled flowers, and rose-purple, funnel-form corolla 
2! long, with somewhat inflated throat and short lobes. S. Amer. @ 

N. ristica, Linn. A weed in some places, is a low, homely plant, with 
ovate and petioled leaves 2’-5’ long, and green funnel-form corolla (1! 
long) contracted under the short round lobes. Nativity unknown. 

N. tomentosa, Ruiz. & Pav. (N.coxdssea.) Very tall (6°-10° high), 
strong herb, often with very large, broad-lanceolate to ovate, entire 
leaves (a yard long by two-thirds as wide), decurrent on the stem, and 
short flowers with exserted stamens. Cult. for its tropical appearance. 
S. Amer. 2/ 


* * Corolla white, with a very long and narrow, nearly cylindrical 
tube. 


a Corolla lobes acute. 


NW. longiflora, Cay. Slender, 2°-8° high, cult. for its handsome white 
flowers, which open toward evening; corolla salver-shaped, the green 
tube 4/ and the lance-ovate acute lobes }’ long; leaves lanceolate, undu- 
late. 

N. alata, Link & Otto. (N. arrinis of gardens). Strong plant 3°-4°, 
clammy-pubescent ; leaves lance-obovate and entire, or the upper ones 
lanceolate, the lower ones narrowed into a petiole-like base, which is 
dilated where it joins the stem; flowers very long (the slender tube 5’/— 
6 ), the limb deeply 5-cleft and unequal, opening at nightfall, and then 
fragrant. Common in gardens. Brazil. 


+ + Corolla lobes obtuse. 


N. noctiflora, Hook. The handsome white flowers opening at evening 
(as the name denotes), is similar to N. longiflora, but with ovate-lanceo- 
late petioled leaves, tube of corolla only 2/-3! long, and its roundish lobes 
notched at the end. (@ 

N. suavéolens, Lehm. Nearly or quite smooth and glabrous, 1°-3° ; 
leaves lance-obovate and wavy, tapering below; flowers 3/ long, the 
rounded divisions of the corolla overlapping and the limb, therefore, 
appearing as if nearly entire, sweet-scented. Australia. 


14. DATURA, THORN APPLE, STRAMONIUM, etc. (Name 
altered from the Arabic.) Rank-scented, mostly large-flowered, 
narcotic-poisonous weeds, or some ornamental in cultivation. 


* Flower and the usually prickly 4-valved pod erect, the latter resting on 
a plate or saucer-shaped body which is the persistent base of the calyx, 
the whole upper part of which falls off entire after flowering ; corolla 
with a 5-toothed border. @ 


D. Straménium, Linn. Common T. or JAMESTOWN WEED, JIMSON 
Weep. Waste grounds; smooth, with green stems and white flowers 
(3! long); leaves ovate, angled, or sinuate-toothed. Probably Asian. 
(Lessons, Fig. 246.) 

OD. Tétula, Linn. Purpre T. A weed very like the other, but rather 
taller, with purple stem and pale violet-purple flowers. Trop. Amer. 


* « Pod nodding on the short recurved peduncle, rather fleshy, bursting 
irregularly, otherwise as in the foregoing section ; flowers large, showy. 
Cult. from warm regions for ornament. (@) 2 
D. Méte/, Linn. Clammy-pubescent; leaves ovate, entire, or obscurely 


angled-toothed ; corolla white, the 10-toothed border 4! wide; capswe 
prickly, Trop. Amer. 


318 FIGWORT FAMILY. 


D. meteloldes, DC. Cult. from Mexico (under the name of D. 
WricutTt1); like the other, but pale, almost smooth, the flower sweet- 
scented, and the corolla with more expanded 5-toothed border, 5/-6! wide, 
white or pale violet. Capsule spiny. 

D. fastudsa, Linn. Downy; leaves ovate-acuminate, unequal at the 
base, repand-toothed ; flowers erect, violet outside and white within, 
somewhat oblique; capsule rough. Showy, often double-flowered. 
E. Indies. @ 


* * * Flower and smooth 2-celled pod hanging, the former very large, 
6'-10! long; calyx splitting down lengthwise after flowering. Tropical 
American tree-like shrubs, cult. in conservatories ; flowers sumetimes 
double. 


D. (or BruGMmAnstA) arborea, Linn. Has ovate or lance-oblong, entire 
or angled pubescent leaves, long teeth to the corolla, and unconnected 
anthers. 

D. suavéol/ens, Humb. & Bonpl. Has mostly entire and smooth leaves, 
short teeth to the corolla and the anthers sticking together. Mexico. 


15. BROWALLIA. (Named for Dr. John Browall, of Sweden, first 
a friend, later a bitter opponent of Linnzeus. ) 


8. demissa, Linn. (named also B. ELATA when the plant and the man 
it was named for grew exalted). From 8. Amer.; cult. in the gardens, 
1°-2° high, bushy-branched, with ovate leaves and handsome bright 
violet-blue flowers (1! or less across, at length as it were racemed) pro- 
duced all summer. (@ 


16. SALPIGLOSSIS. (Greek for trumpet-tongue, from the curved 
apex of the style with dilated stigma likened to the end of a trumpet. ) 


S. sinuata, Ruiz & Pay. Cult. from Chile as an ornamental annual or 
biennial, under various names and varieties, according to the color of the 
large flowers, dark-purple, or straw-colored and mostly striped ; flowers 
allsummer. In appearance resembles a Petunia. 


17. SCHIZANTHUS. (Greek for cut flower, the corolla being as if 
cut into slips.) Cult. for ornament, from Chile ; flowers summer. () 


S penes: Ruiz & Pav. Slender, 1°-2° high; pubescent with fine 
glandular hairs, with leaves once or twice pinnate or parted into narrow 
divisions, and numerous handsome flowers, barely 1/ in diameter. 


LXXXI. SCROPHULARIACEA, FIGWORT FAMILY. 


Known on the whole by the 2-lipped or at least more or less 
irregular monopetalous corolla (the lobes imbricated in the 
bud), 2 or 4 didynamous stamens, single style, entire or 2- 
lobed stigma, and 2-celled ovary and pod containing several 
or many seeds on the placente in the axis; these with a small 
embryo in copious albumen. But some are few-seeded, a few 
have the corolla almost regular, and one or two have 6 sta- 
mens, either complete or incomplete. A large family, chiefly 


herbs, some shrubby, and one species is a small tree, 


FIGWORT FAMILY. 319 


» Tree, with large and opposite Catalpa-like leaves. 


1, PAULOWNIA. Calyx very downy, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla decurved, with a cylindrical 
or funnel-form tube, and an enlarged oblique border of 5 rounded lobes. Stamens 
4, included. Pod turgid and top-shaped, filled with very numerous winged seeds. 


«x * Herbs, or a few becoming low shrubs. 
+ Anther-bearing stamens 5, and a wheel-shaped or barely concave corolla. 


2. VERBASCUM. Flowers in a long terminal raceme or spike. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 
with 5 broad and rounded only slightly unequal divisions. All the filaments or 3 of 
them woolly. Style expanding and flat atapex. Pod globular, many-seeded. Leaves 


alternate. + + Anther-bearing stamens only 2 or 4. 


++ Flower with corolla wheel shaped, or at least with wide spreading border mostly 
much longer than the short tube ; jlowers single in the axils of the leaves or col- 
lected in a raceme or spike. 


3. CELSIA. Like Verbascum, but with only 4 stamens, those of 2 sorts. 

4. ALONSOA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla very unequal, turned upside down by the twist- 
ing of the pedicel, so that the much larger lower lobe appears to be the upper and 
the two short upper lobes the lower. Stamens 4. Pod many-seeded. Lower leaves 
opposite or in threes. 

5. VERONICA. Calyx 4-parted, rarely 3-5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, or sometimes 
salver-shaped, with 4 or rarely 5 rounded lobes, one or two of them usually rather 
smaller, Stamens 2, with long slender filaments. Pod flat or flattish, 2-many- 
seeded. At least the lower leaves opposite or sometimes whorled. 


++ ++ Flower with corolla salver-shaped, with almost regular 4-5-lobed border ; flowers 
in a terminal spike. Here one species of No. 5 might be sought. 


6. BUCHNERA. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla with a slender tube, and the border 
cleft into 5 roundish divisions. Anthers 4 in 2 pairs, 1-celled. Style club-shaped 
at the apex. Pod many-seeded. Leaves mainly opposite, roughish. 


++ ++ ++ Flower with corolla either obviously 2-lipped, or funnel-form, tubular or bell- 
shaped. 


= Corolla 2-parted nearly to the base, the 2 lips sac-shaped or the lower larger one 
slipper-shaped ; stamens only 2 (or very rarely 3), and no rudiments of more. 


7. CALCEOLARIA. Calyx 4-parted. The two sac-shaped or slipper-shaped divisions of 
the corolla entire or nearly so. Pod many-seeded. Leaves chiefly opposite, and 
flowers in cymes or clusters. 


== Corolla almost 2-parted, the middle lobe of the lower lip folded together to form 
a flat pocket which incloses the 4 stamens and the style. 


8. COLLINSIA. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla turned down, its short tube laterally 
flattened, strongly bulging on the upper side ; upper lip 2-cleft and turned back ; the 
lower one larger and 3-lobed, its middle and laterally flattened pocket-shaped lobe 
covered above by the two lateral ones. A little rudiment of the fifth stamen present.’ 
Pod globular, with few or several seeds. Flowers on pedicels single or mostly clus- 
tered in the axils of the upper opposite (rarely whorled) leaves, which are gradually 
reduced to bracts, forming an interrupted raceme. 


=== Corolla not 2-parted nor salver shaped, but with a tube of some length in pro- 
portion to the 2-lipped or more or less irregular (rarely nearly regular) 4-5- 
lobed border. 


} A spur or sac-like projection at the base on the lower side, and a projecting palate to 
the lower lip, which commonly closes the throat or nearly so ; stamens 4, and no 
obvious rudiment. 

9. LINARIA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, and with a spur at base. (Lessons, 
Fig. 258.) Pod many-seeded, opening by as hole or chink which forms below the 
summit of each ce. 


320 FIGWORT FAMILY. 


10. ANTIRRHINUM. No spur, but a sac or gibbosity at the base of the personate corolla 


(Lessons, Fig. 257); otherwise like 9. 


| || Neither spur nor sac at base of the corolla, nor a projecting palate in the throat, 
nor with the upper lip laterally compressed or folded and narrow and arched. 


o Stamens with anthers 4, and no rudiment of the fifth ; peduncles \-flowered. 
x Plant climbing. 


11. MAURANDIA, including LOPHOSPERMUM. Herbs with alternate or partly oppo- 
site leaves, and solitary long-peduncled flowers in their axils, climbing by their coil- 
ing leafstalks and flowerstalks. Calyx 5-parted, foliaceous. Corolla open-mouthed, 
between bell-shaped and inflated-tubular, with 2 plaits or hairy lines running down 
the tube within, the border obscurely 2-'ipped or oblique, but the 5 spreading round- 
ish lobes nearly similar, the upper ones outermost in the bud. Pod as in 10, 


x x Plant not climbing (erect or trailing). 
+ Flowers (hanging) in a terminal showy raceme or spike. 


12. DIGITALIS. Herbs with erect simple stem and alternate leaves. Calyx 5-parted, 
foliaceous, the upper sepal smallest. Corolla declining, with a long more or less 
inflated tube and a short scarcely spreading border, distinctly or indistinctly lobed, 
the lower lobe or side longest, the lateral ones outermost in the bud. Pod 2-valved, 
many-seeded. 

++ Flowers axillary, and generally solitary. 
— Upper lobes (or lips) of corolla covering the lower ones in the bud (except sometimes 
in No. 13 and perhaps in No. 17.) 


~ Calyx prismatic. 


138. MIMULUS. Leaves opposite, with single flowers in the axils of the upper ones. Calyx 
with 5 projecting angles, 5-toothed. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, 2-lipped, the 
upper lip of 2 rounded and recurved lobes, the lower of 3 rounded spreading lobes. 
Stamens included. Stigma of 2 flat lips. Pod 2-valved, many-seeded. 

14. TORENIA. Trailing herbs, with opposite leaves. Calyx with sharp angles, 2-lipped 
at summit, the lips 2-toothed and 8-toothed. Corolla short-funnel-shaped or tubular 
with inflated throat, 4-lobed, the upper lobe (sometimes slightly notched) outermost 
in the bud. Filaments arched and their anthers brought together in pairs under the 
upper lobe, the longer pair almost equaling the upper lobe and bearing a short naked 
branch or appendage at base ; the shorter pair simple and included. Stigma 2-lipped. 
Foil many ceeded. ~~ Calyx not prismatic. 

16. CONOBEA. Low branching herbs with opposite leaves and small whitish flowers. 
Calyx 5-parted, equal. Upper lip of short corolla 3-lobed and the lower 3-parted. 
Stigma 2-lobed. 

16. HERPESTIS. Low rather succulent herbs with opposite leaves. Calyx 5-parted, but 
the upper division broader. Upper lip of the short corolla entire or notched or 2- 
cleft, the lower 3-lobed ; or rarely the limb nearly equally 5-lobed. Style dilated or 
2-lobed at the top. : 

17. LIMOSELLA. Creeping fleshy plants, with clustered entire leaves. Calyx 5-toothed 
and bell-shaped. Corolla short and small, open-bell-form, nearly regular and 5-cleft. 
Style short and club-shaped. 


— — Lower or lateral lobes of corolia covering the upper ones in the bud. 


18. GERARDIA. Herbs with branching stems, opposite or some alternate leaves, and 
above with single flowers in their axils or those of the bracts. Calyx 5-toothed or 
5-cleft. Corolla inflated bell-shaped or tubular funnel-form, with an oblique or rather 
unequal border, the 5 lobes somewhat equal, the lower and lateral ones outside in 
the bud. Two pairs of stamens of quite unequal length. (Lessons, Fig. 263.) Pod 
globular or ovate, pointed, 2-valyed, many-seeded. 

19. SEYMERIA. Herbs, like 18; but corolla with a short and broad bell-shaped tube, not 
longer than the 5 ovate or oblong nearly equal spreading lobes; and the stamens 
HAmost equal, their anthers blunt at base. 


FIGWORT FAMILY. 32k 


0 o Stamens with good anthers only 2, a pair of sterile ones or abortive filaments gen- 
erally present also; flowers small; calyx 5-parted ; corolla 2-lipped; leaves 
opposite, with single flowers in the axil of the upper ones ; peduncles simple and 
bractless. 


20. ILYSANTHES. Spreading little herbs. Upper lip of the short corolla erect and 2- 
lobed ; the lower larger, spreading, 3-cleft. Upper pair of stamens with good anthers, 
included in the tube of the corolla; lower pair borne in the throat and protruded, 
2-forked, without anthers. Stigma 2-lipped. Pod many-seeded. 

21. GRATIOLA. Low herbs. Upper lip of the corolla either entire or 2-cleft; lower 8- 
cleft. Stamens included; the upper pair with good anthers; the lower pair short, 
with rudiment of anthers or a mere naked filament, or none at all. Stigma 2-lipped. 
Pod many-seeded. A pair of bracts at the base of the ca:yx. 


00 0 Stamens with anthers 4, the fifth stamen present as a barren filament or a scale ; 
calyx 5-parted or of 5 imbricated sepals ; stigma simple; leaves chiefly oppo- 
site; flowers in the axils of the upper leaves, or when these are reduced to bracts 
Jorming a terminal panicle or raceme; peduncles few-flowered, or when one- 
JSlowered bearing a pair of bractlets, from the axils of which flowers may spring ; 
pod many-seeded. 


x Rudiment of the fifth stamen a little scale at the summit of the tube of the corolla. 


22. SCROPHULARIA. Homely and rank erect herbs. Corolla small, with a globular or 
oval tube, and a short border composed of 4 short erect lobes and one (the lower) 
spreading or reflexed. Fertile stamens short and included, 


x x Rudiment an evident filament. 


28. CHELONE. Low upright smooth herbs, with flowers sessile in spikes or clusters in 
the axils of the upper leaves, and accompanied by closely imbricated concave round- 
ish bracts and bractlets. Corolla short-tubular and inflated, concave underneath, 
with the 2 broad lips only slightly open ; the upper arched, keeled in the middle, 
notched at the apex; the lower one woolly bearded in the throat and 8-lobed at the 
end. Filaments and anthers woolly ; sterile filament shorter than the others. Seeds 
winged. 

24. PENTSTEMON. Herbs (or a few shrubby at base), with mostly upright stems branch- 
ing only from the base, and panicled or almost racemed flowers. Corolla tubular, 
bell-shaped, funnel-form, ete., more or less 2-lipped, open-mouthed. Sterile fila- 
ment conspicuous, usually about as long as the anther-bearing ones. (Lessons, Fig. 
264.) Seeds wingless. 

25. RUSSELLIA. Rather shrubby spreading plants, or with pendulous angular branches ; 
the flowers loosely panicled or racemed. Corolla tubular with 5 short spreading 
lobes, the 2 upper a little more united. Sterile filament small and inconspicuous 
near the base of the corolla. Seeds wingless. 


| | | Neither spur nor sac at base of the corolla, the narrow laterally compressed or 
infolded upper lip of which is helmet-shaped or arched, entire or minutely 
notched, and inclosing the 4 stamens; no sterile filament. Often showy 
but uncultivable plants. 


o Cells of the anther unequal. 


26. CASTILLEIA. Herbs with simple stems, alternate leaves, some of the upper, with 
flowers chiefly sessile in their axils, colored like petals, and more gay than the 
corollas. Calyx tubular, flattened laterally, 24-cleft. Corolla tubular, with a long 
and narrow conduplicate erect upper lip, and a very short 3-lobed lower lip. Pod 
IDA o o Cells of the anther equal. 

27. SCHWALBEA. Upright simple and leafy-stemmed herb, with a loose spike of rather 
showy dull purplish or yellowish flowers and alternate sessile and entire leaves. Calyx 
obliqae and tubular, 10-12-ribbed and 5-toothed, the teeth unequal. Upper lip of 
corolla oblong and entire. Pod many-seeded. 

GRAY’S F. F. & G. BOT.— 21 


322 FIGWORT FAMILY. 


28. PEDICULARIS. Herbs with simple stems, chiefly pinnatifid leaves and spikeo 
flowers. Corolla tubular, with a strongly arched or flattened helmet-shaped upper 
lip, and the lower erect at base, 2-crested above and 8-lobed. Seeds several in each 
cell. 

99. MELAMPYRUM. Low herbs with branching stems, opposite leaves, and flowers in 
their axils, or the upper crowded in a bracted spike. Calyx bell-shaped, 4-cleft, the 
lobes taper-pointed. Corolla tubular, erlarging above, with the lower lip nearly 
equaling the narrow upper one and its biconvex palate appressed to it, 8-lobed at the 
summit. Cells of the anther minutely pointed at base. Pod oblique, with only 2 
seeds in each cell. 


1. PAULOWNIA. (Named for Anna Paulowna, a Russian Princess.) 


P. imperialis, Sieb. & Zucc. Cult. for ornament, from Japan and 
China. Scarcely hardy far N.; the heart-shaped very ample leaves 
resembling those of Catalpa, but much more downy ; flowers in large 
terminal panicles, in spring, the violet corolla 14/-2! long. 


2. VERBASCUM, MULLEIN. (Ancient Latin name.) Natives of 
the Old World, here weeds. 2 @ 


V. Thépsus, Linn. Common M. Fields; densely woolly, the tall 
simple stem winged from the bases of the oblong leaves, bearing a long, 
dense spike of yellow (rarely white) flowers. 

V. Lychnitis, Linn. Wuirr M. Waste places, rather scarce ; whitened 
with thin, powdery woolliness, the stem not winged, ovate leaves greenish 
above, and spikes of yellow or rarely white flowers panicled. 

V. Blattdria, Linn. Morn M. Roadsides; green and smoothish, 2°-3° 
high, slender, with ovate toothed or sometimes cut leaves, and loose 
raceme of yellow or white and purplish-tinged flowers. 


3. CELSIA. (Named for O. Celsius, a Swedish Orientalist.) Flowers 
summer. 


C. Crética, Linn. f. Cult. for ornament from the Mediterranean region ; 
29-3° high, rather hairy, or the raceme clammy, with lower leaves pin- 
natifid, upper toothed and clasping at base ; corolla orange-yellow with 
some purple (1/-2! across) ; lower pair of filaments naked, the upper pair 
short and woolly-bearded. (@) 


4. ALONSOA. (Named for Alonzo Zanont, a Spanish botanist.) 
Cult. as annuals, from 8S. Amer.; flowers all summer. Commonest 
one is ; 

A. incisifolia, Ruiz & Pay. (also called A. urtTIc@FOLIA). Smoothish, 


branching, 1°-2° high, with lance-ovate or oblong sharply cut-toothed 
leaves, and orange-scarlet corolla less than 1! wide ; several varieties. 


5. VERONICA, SPEEDWELL. (Name of doubtful derivation, per- 
haps referring to St. Veronica.) Flowers summer. 


« Shrubby, tender, very leafy species from New Zealand, with entire and 
glossy smooth and nearly sessile evergreen leaves, all opposite, dense 
many-flowered racemes from the axils, and acutish pods. 


V. specidsa, R. Cunn. Smooth throughout, with obovate or oblong 
blunt or retuse thick leaves, and very dense spike-like racemes of violet- 
purple flowers. 

Y. salicifélia, Forst. Leaves lanceolate acute, and longer; clammy- 
pubescent racemes of blue flowers. 


FIGWORT FAMILY. 323 


* « Herbs, growing wild, or those of the first subdivision (+) cultivated 
- in gardens. 


+ Spikes or dense spike-like racemes terminating the erect stem or branches 
and often clustered. 2 


V. spicata, Linn. Erect from a spreading base, 1°-2° high, with 
opposite or whorled leaves which are narrow-oblong or oblanceolate and 
serrate, petiolate; flowers bright blue, the tube shorter than the calyx ; 
stamens long-exserted. Eu. 

V. paniculata, Linn. (V. ametuystina). Mostly taller ; leaves opposite 
or in 3’s, lanceolate and acute, crenate-serrate or jagged, narrow at base 
-and petiolate or sub-sessile ; flowers blue in long, loose spikes or racemes. 


u. 

V. longifolia, Linn. ‘The form in cult. as var. SUBSESSILIS, from 
Japan, has ovate leaves sessile or nearly so, which are sharply toothed 
and broad at the base; flowers very many in long, erect or spreading 
spikes, clear blue. 

V. Virginica, Linn. Cutver’s root. Wild in rich woods from Vt., 
W. and S.; remarkable for the tube of the small whitish corolla longer 
than the acutish lobes, and much longer than the calyx; simple stems 
2°-6° high, bearing whorls of lanceolate or lance-ovate pointed finely 
serrate leaves ; spikes dense and clustered. 


+ + Racemes in the axils of the opposite leaves; stems creeping or pro- 
cumbent at base, but above ascending ; corolla, as in all the following, 
strictly wheel-shaped. 2 


++ WaTER SPEEDWELLS Or BROOKLIME, in water or wet ground, smooth 
and with pale blue (sometimes darker striped) flowers on slender spread- 


ing pedicels. 
uy = Pod turgid. 


V. Anagdllis, Linn. In water N.; leaves lance-ovate acute, sessile by 
a heart-shaped base, 2/—-3' long ; pod slightly notched, many-seeded. 

V. Americana, Schw. In brooks and ditches ; leaves mostly petioled, 
ovate or oblong, serrate ; flowers on more slender pedicels, and pod more 
turgid than in the foregoing. 


= = Pod strongly flattened. 


V. scutellata, Linn. In bogs N.; slender, with linear slightly toothed 
sessile leaves, only 1 or 2 very slender zigzag racemes, few long-pediceled 
pale flowers ; and pod deeply notched at both ends, broader than long, 
few-seeded. 


++ ++ In dry ground, pubescent, with light blue flowers in spike-like 
racemes. 


V. officinalis, Linn. Common SPEEDWELL. Spreading or creeping, 
low ; leaves wedge-oblong or obovate, serrate, short-petioled; pedicels 
shorter than calyx; pod wedge-obcordate, several-seeded. N. Eng., W. 
and S. 


+ + + Raceme loose, terminating the leafy low stem or branches, or the 
small flowers in the axils of the gradually decreasing leaves. 


++ 2/ Flowers in a terminal raceme. 


V. serpyliifdélia, Linn. Creeping or spreading on the ground; with 
simple flowering stems ascending 2/-4!, smooth; leaves roundish, small 
almost entire ; corolla pale blue or whitish with darker stripes, longer than 
the calyx. Fields and roadsides. 


324 FIGWORT FAMILY. 


++ + @ Flowers axillary and mostly alternate along the stem. 


V. peregrina, Linn. Neckweep or Pursrane S. Common weed in 
damp waste or cult. ground ; smooth, erect, branching, with lower leaves 
oval or oblong and toothed, the upper oblong-linear and entire, inconspic- 
uous flowers almost sessile in their axils, whitish corolla shorter than the 
calyx, and many-seeded pod slightly notched. 

¥. arvénsis, Linn. Corn 8S. Introduced into waste and cult. grounds 
E.; hairy, 3’-8’ high, with lower leaves ovate and crenate, on petioles, the 
upper sessile lanceolate and entire, blue flowers short-peduncled, and pod 
obcordate. Eu. 


6. BUCHNERA, BLUE HEARTS. (JL. G. Buchner, an early German 
botanist.) Flowers summer. 2 


B. Americana, Linn. Rough-hairy, turning blackish in drying; with 
slender stem 1°-23° high, veiny leaves coarsely few-toothed, the lowest 
obovate, middle ones oblong, uppermost lance-linear ; flowers scattered in 
the slender spike, and corolla deep purple. Sandy or gravelly plains, 
from N. Y., W. and S. 


7. CALCEOLARIA. (Latin calceolus, a shoe or slipper.) Tender 
South American herbs or shrubs, with curious and handsome flowers, 
cult. as house and bedding plants. ‘The common cultivated species are 
now much mixed. 


C. integrifolia, Murr. (also called C. rucOsa and C. satvimForta) is the 
commonest woody-stemmed species, with oblong leaves rugose in the 
manner of garden Sage, and small yellow or orange flowers in crowded 
clusters. 

C. corymbésa, Ruiz & Pav. Herbaceous, hairy or clammy-pubescent, 
with ovate crenate-toothed leaves nearly all at the root, and loose corymbs 
or cymes of yellow flowers, the purple-spotted mouth considerably open. 

C. crenatiflora, Cav. Parent of many of the more showy herbaceous 
garden forms, with more leafy stems and larger flowers, their orifice 
rounder and smaller, the hanging lower lip or sac 1! or more long, more 
obovate and flat, somewhat 3-lobed as it were towards the end, and vari- 
ously spotted with purple, brown, or crimson. 

C. scabiosefolia, Sims. Delicate annual, with pinnately divided, 
slightly hairy leaves, on petioles dilated and connate at base, and loose, 
small, pale yellow flowers with globular lower lip about 3’ wide. 


8. COLLINSIA. (Zaccheus Collins of Philadelphia.) Flowers hand- 
some, mostly 2-colored. @ @ 


*« Pedicels longer than the calyx. 


C. vérna, Nutt. Wild from W. N. Y., W. and cult.; slender, 6’-20 
high, with ovate or lance-ovate and toothed leaves, the upper clasping 
heart-shaped, and slender-peduncled flowers in early spring, lower lip 
blue, upper white ; gibbous throat of corolla shorter than the limb ; pedi- 
cels longer than the flowers. 

C. grandiflora, Dougl. From Pacific coast ; saccate throat of corolla 
as long as the upper lip, which is white or purple ; lower lip deep blue ; 
pedicels about the length of the flower, the latter showy and 3/ long. 


x * Pedicels shorter than the calyx. 


C. bicolor, Benth. California; a handsome garden annual, is stout, 
with crowded flowers as if whorled, pedicels shorter than calyx, lower 
lip of corolla violet, the upper pale or white, or in one variety both white. 


FIGWORT FAMILY. 325 


9. LINARIA, TOADFLAX. (From Linum, Flax, from resemblance 
in the leaves of the commoner species.) Flowers summer. 
* Leaves narrow, sessile, and entire ; stems erect; flowers racemed. 
+ Flowers yellow. 


L. vulgaris, Mill. Common T., Ramstep, Butter anp Eaes. A showy 
but troublesome European weed, of fields and roadsides, 19°-3° high, with 
alternate crowded linear or lanceolate pale leaves, and a dense raceme of 
flowers 1’ long with paler tips. 2 (Lessons, Fig. 258.) 


+ + Flowers blue or violet. 


L. Canadénsis, Dumont. Wirp T. Gravelly and sandy ground, with 
scattered, linear leaves on the slender, flowering stems, or oblong and in 
pairs or threes on prostrate shoots, and very small, blue flowers. @ @Q) 

L. triornithéphora, Willd. Cult. from Eu.; glaucous, 29-8° high, with 
ovate-lanceolate leaves in whorls, and rather large, slender-peduncled, 
long-spurred flowers, violet and purple-striped. 2 


* * Leaves broad, often lobed; stems and branches trailing ; flowers 
very small, yellow and purple mixed, on long axillary pedicels ; natives 
of Eu. 

L. Eldtine, Mill. Nat. in gravelly or sandy soil; hairy, with ovate and 
halberd-shaped, short-petioled leaves, the lower ones opposite. 

L. Cymbaldaria, Mill. Kenttworta Ivy. Cult. as a delicate little 
trailing ornamental plant ; very smooth, pale, with rooting branches, and 

thickish almost kidney-shaped 3-5-lobed leaves on long petioles. 2 


10. ANTIRRHIN UM, SNAPDRAGON. (Name Greek, compares the 
flower with the snout or muzzle of an animal.) Flowers summer. 
(Lessons, Fig. 257.) 


§ 1. Trour SnappRaGon, with palate closing the mouth of the corolla, 
and erect or ascending stems, not climbing. Nat. and.cult. from Eu. 


A. mdjus, Linn. Lares S., of the gardens; with stems 19-3° high, 
oblong or lanceolate entire, smooth leaves, and glandular-downy raceme 
of showy flowers, the crimson, purple, white, or variegated corolla over 
1’ long. 2 

A. Oréntium, Linn. Smart S. Weed in some old gardens and cult. 
grounds ; low, slender, with linear leaves, and white or purplish axillary 
flowers 3/ long. @ 


§ 2. MauRanptra-Like S., with palate not so large, nor fully closing the 
mouth, and stems climbing by the coiling of their slender petioles, and 
sometimes of the peduncles also. 


A. maurandioides, Gray. Cult. from Texas and Mexico, generally as 
MauvRANDIA ANTIRRHINIFLORA ; smooth, with triangular-halberd-shaped 
leaves, or some of them heart-shaped, and showy flowers in their axils, 
the violet or purple corolla 1’ or more long. 2, 


11. MAURANDIA. (Named for Prof. Maurandy.) Excluding the 
last preceding species, which has the flower of Snapdragon, and includ- 
ing LopHosrerMouM, which has wing-margined seeds. Mexican climbers, 
with triangular and heart-shaped or halberd-shaped and obscurely 
jobed leaves, tender, cult. for ornament; flowers all summer. 

* Corolla naked inside, rather obviously 2-lipped. 


M. Barclayana, Lindl. Stems and leaves smooth; calyx glandular- 
hairy, clammy, its divisions lance-linear; corolla purple, usually dark, 
2! or more long. 


826 FIGWORT FAMILY. 


M. semperflérens, Ortega. Has lanceolate, smooth calyx divisions, and 
smaller rose-purple or violet corolla. 


* # Corolla very obscurely 2-lipped, and with 2 bearded lines. (LopnHo- 
SPERMUM.) 


M. erubéscens, Gray. Somewhat soft-pubescent, with irregularly 
toothed leaves, rose-colored flowers 3’ long, and ovate-oblong, rather 
leaf-like sepals. 

M. scandens, Gray. Less common and not so showy, is less pubes- 
cent, and has smaller, less-inflated, deeper purple corolla, and lance- 
oblong sepals. 


a2 DIGITALIS, FOXGLOVE. (Latin name, from shape of the 
corolla, likened to the finger of a glove, in the common species.) 


D. purpdrea, Linn. Corolla ranging from purple to white, and more or 
less strongly spotted, 2! long, the lobes rather obscure; leaves rugose, 
somewhat downy. Strong plants 2°-38°, and declined flowers. Cult. from 
Eu.; flowers summer. 2/ . 


13. MIMULUS, MONKEY FLOWER. (From Greek for an ape, or 
buffoon, from the grinning corolla.) Flowers all summer. 


* Wild in wet places, with erect (except in the third) square stem 19-29 
high, oblong or roundish feather-veined serrate leaves. 2 


+ Flowers violet or purple. 


M. ringens, Linn. Leaves clasping; peduncles longer than the 
flower ; calyx teeth taper-pointed. Wet places, common. 

M. alatus, Ait. Leaves tapering into a petiole; peduncle shorter 
than the calyx and short-toothed, and sharp wing-like angles to stem. 
N. Eng. to Ill., and S. 

+ + Flowers yellow. 

M. Jamésii, Torr. & Gray. Diffuse, nearly or quite smooth, some- 
what creeping plant, in springy places in Mich. and Minn., and S. W.; 
stem leaves nearly sessile, and roundish or kidney-form. 


* * Cult. for ornament, chiefly in conservatories, from W. N. Amer. 
+ Plant not glutinous, smooth. 


M. luteus, Linn. Erect; leaves ovate or cordate-clasping, several- 
nerved; flowers showy, yellow, often spotted with rose or brown; of 
many varieties, and common in cultivation. 


+ + Plant glutinous or clammy. 


M. moschatus, Dougl. Musk Piantr. Weak and diffuse, rooting, 
clammy-villous, smelling strongly of musk; leaves ovate or oblong ; 
flower small, pale yellow. 2 

M. cardinalis, Doug]. Erect, clammy-pubescent ; leaves wedge-oblong, 
partly clasping, several-nerved ; flowers large, brick-red. 

M. glutindsus. Wendl. Shrubby conservatory plant from Cal., gluti- 
nous-pubescent, with oblong or lanceolate leaves, and large yellow, orange, 
or brick-red flower. 


14. TORENIA. (Olef Toren, a Swedish botanist.) 


* Calyx wing-angled. 


T. AsiGtica, Linn. Cult. from India; a handsome hothouse plant, with 
flowers in sub-umbellate clusters, and lance-ovate, serrate leaves, and 


FIGWORT FAMILY. 327 


corolla over 1’ long, pale violet or purple, with the tube and the end of 
the 3 rounded lower lobes dark violet ; longer filaments toothed at the 
base. 

T. Fourniéri, Linden. Flowers racemose or scattered, the tube pale 
violet and yellow on the back, the upper lip lilac and slightly 2-lobed, the 
lower lip bright violet and 3-lobed, the central lobe with a yellow blotch 
at the base ; no tooth at base of the longer filaments; leaves ovate-cor- 
date and serrate. Cochinchina. 


* * Calyx not wing-angled. 


T. flava, Hamilt. (T. Baitvon1). Flowers axillary, in pairs; corolla 
yellow with a purple eye. India. 


15. CONOBEA. (Name obscure.) @ 


C. multifida, Benth. A diffusely spreading, minutely pubescent, low 
herb, growing along shores Ohio, W.; leaves opposite, and pinnately 
parted, the divisions linear-wedge-form; corolla greenish-white, and 
scarcely longer than the calyx. 


16. HERPESTIS. (Greek: a creeping thing, alluding to the procum- 


Ben aP iby 2t * Flower plainly 2-lipped. 

H. nigréscens, Benth. Very leafy, glabrous, erect or nearly so; leaves 
oblong or lance-wedge-form, serrate, the upper ones mostly shorter than 
the pedicels ; corolla whitish or purplish. Wet places, Md., S. 

H. rotundifdlia, Pursh. Creeping and nearly smooth; leaves round- 
obovate and partly clasping ; peduncles only 2 or 3 times the length of 
the calyx; corolla white or pale blue. Pond margins, Ill. to Minn., 
and S. : 

H. amplexicatlis, Pursh. Creeping at base, hairy ; leaves ovate and 
clasping ; peduncles shorter than the calyx; corolla blue. Pine barrens, 


ie * * Corolla almost regular. 


H. Monniéra, HBK. Creeping and glabrous; leaves wedge-obovate 
or spatulate, sessile ; corolla pale plue. Md., S., near the ocean. 


17. LIMOSELLA, MUDWORT. (Latin: mud and seat.) @ 


L. aquatica, Linn., var. tenuifdlia, Hoffm. A creeping little plant, 
with small white or purplish flowers on simple, naked peduncles; leaves 
thread-like or awl-form. Brackish places, N. J., N.; also far N. W. 


18. GERARD{A. (The herbalist, John Gerarde.) Handsome, but 
mostly uncultivable plants (often partially parasitic on roots of other 
plants; Lessons, Fig. 89); flowers late summer and autumn. The 
following are the commonest wild species. 

* Corolla yellow and with a long tube, the inside woolly, as are the 
Jilaments and anthers ; the latter almost projecting, slender-pointed at 


base; calyx 5-cleft; tall herbs, with leaves or some of them pinnatifid 
or toothed. 2 except the jirst. 


+ Hairy or pubescent. 
++ Pubescence partly glandular and viscid. 


G. pedicularia, Linn. Slightly pubescent; 2°-8° high, very leafy ; 
leaves all pinnatifid and the lobes cut-toothed ; pedicels opposite, and 
longer than the hairy serrate calyx lobes ; corolla over 1’ long. N. Eng., 


S.andW. @ @ 


328 FIGWORT FAMILY. 


Var. pectinata, Nutt. Sandy barrens, N. Car., S.; more hairy than 
the foregoing, with finer divided leaves, alternate pedicels shorter than 
pinnatifid calyx lobes ; corolla broader and 14! long. 


++ ++ Pubescence not glandular. 


G. grandifloéra, Benth. Oak openings from Wis. and Minn., S.; stems 
bushy-branched, 38°-4° high, minutely downy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
coarsely cut-toothed, the lower pinnatifid; pedicels shorter than the 
barely toothed calyx lobes ; corolla 2! long. 

G. flava, Linn. 38°-4° high, minutely soft-downy ; upper leaves lance- 
olate or oblong and entire, lower sinuate or pinnatifid; pedicels very 
short ; flowers in a leafy raceme; stems nearly simple; corolla 1}! long. 
Open woods, N. Eng., W. and 8. 


+ + Plant glabrous. 


G. quercifdlia, Pursh. Rich woods, N. Eng., S. and W.; 3°-6° high, 
smooth and glaucous ; upper leaves often entire, lower once “or twice pin- 
natifid ; pedicels as long as calyx; corolla 2’ long. 

G. levigata, Raf. Barrens, from Penn., 8S. and W.; 19-29 high, 
smooth, not glaucous ; leaves lanceolate, entire ; corolla 1’ long. 


* * Corolla purple (or sometimes white) naked within ; calyx deeply and 
unequally 5-cleft; anthers pointless, those of the shorter pair much 
smaller ; leaves rather broad. () 


G. auriculata, Michx. Low grounds, from Penn. S. and W.; rough- 
hairy, with nearly simple stem, lanceolate or oblong leaves entire, or the 
lower with a lobe on each side of the base; flowers sessile in the upper 
axils ; corolla 1’ long. 


* * * Corolla purple or rose-color, somewhat bell-shaped; calyx teeth 
short; anthers all alike, nearly pointless at base ; leaves narrow, linear 
or thread-shaped, entire ; loosely branching. 


+ Stems with prominent leaves. 
+ 2! Pedicels erect, as long as the floral leaves. 


G. linifdlia, Nutt. Pine barrens, Del., S.; with erect branches, and 
erect linear leaves about the length of the peduncles, truncate calyx, and 
corolla 1/ long. 


++ ++ @ Pedicels little, if any, longer than the calyx. 


G. purptrea, Linn. Pedicels stout; calyx conspicuously 5-lobed ; 
leaves opposite and spreading; rather broad linear corolla #/-1! long. 
Low grounds near sea coast and Great Lakes. Variable. 

G. maritima, Raf. Salt marshes N. and S.; lower than the preceding, 
and with fleshy blunt leaves; calyx obtusely 5-toothed ; corolla 3/—3! long, 


++ ++ ++ G@) Pedicels equaling or exceeding the corolla. 


G. tenuifdlia, Vahl. Pedicels opposite, equaling the linear spreading 
leaves ; calyx-teeth broadly awl-shaped ; corolla 3/-}! long. Common. 

G. filifolia, Nutt. With alternate pedicels twice the length of the 
rather fleshy, thread-shaped or slightly eclub- naAPe as fascicled leaves ; 
corolla #/iong. Barrens, Ga., S. 


+ + Stems with minute scales in place of leaves. 


G. aphylla, Nutt. Pedicels short, alternate along one side of the 
flowering branches, and minute scale-like or awl-shaped appressed leaves. 
minute calyx teeth, and corolla 4/ long. Barrens, N. Car., S. 


FIGWORT FAMILY. 329 


29. SEYMERIA. (Henry Seymer, an English naturalist.) Wild 
plants S. and W., very like Gerardia ; flowers yellow, in summer and 
autumn. 


« Stems much branched; corolla glabrous within (except at base of 
stamens). @ 


S. pectinata, Pursh. About 1° high, branchy, clammy-pubescent ; 
pinnatifid leaves with oblong-linear lobes ; corolla 3’ long. Dry soil, N. 
Car., 8. 

Ss. tenuifdlia, Pursh. Low sandy grounds, N. Car., S.; 2°-4° high, 
with long, slender branches ; leaves pinnately divided into thread-shaped 
divisions ; corolla hardly 3! long. 


* * Stems nearly simple ; corolla densely woolly within. 


S. macrophylla, Nutt. Muiierin Foxcrove. Shady river banks 
Ohio, W.; 49-5° high, with large leaves, twice or thrice pinnately di- 
vided or cut, the upper lanceolate and toothed; corolla curved ; style 
short. 


20. ILYSANTHES, FALSE PIMPERNEL. (Greek: mire and 
flower, alluding to the station.) Flowers all summer. 


I. riparia, Raf. Common in wet places; a smooth diffuse little plant, 
4/8’ high, with rounded or oblong leaves, and small purple or bluish 
flowers. @ 


21. GRATIOLA, HEDGE HYSSOP. (Old name, from Latin gratia, 
grace, alluding to supposed medicinal properties.) Rather insignificant 
plants, in low or wet places ; flowering all summer. (@ 2 


* Stems generally diffusely branched, sometimes creeping at the base. 


+ Sterile filaments minute or hardly any; corolla whitish, with yellowish 
tube. 


G. Virginiana, Linn. Rather clammy, with lanceolate leaves and 
slender peduncles. Common. 

G. sphzrocd4rpa, Ell. Smooth and stouter, with lance-ovate leaves ; 
peduncles scarcely longer than the calyx, and larger spherical pod. N.J. 
to Ill., and S. 


+ + Sterile filaments obvious, usuallu tipped with a little glandular head 
in place of the anther; leaves short. 


G. viscdsa, Schw. Clammy, with lance-oblong toothed leaves, shorter 
than the peduncles, and whitish flowers. Ky., S. 

G. aurea, Muhl. Sandy wet soil, Vt. to Ohio and S.; nearly smooth, 
with rather narrow entire leaves as long as the peduncles, and golden 
peslow sawers: * * Stems mostly simple and strict. 

G. pildsa, Michx. Very different from any of the foregoing, having 
rigid and erect stems, and ovate or oblong sessile leaves, both hairy, the 
flowers sessile, the white corolla hardly longer than the calyx. Low 
ground, N. J., S. 


22. SCROPHULARIA, FIGWORT. (Plants a supposed remedy for 
scrofula.) Uomely and insignificant plants. 
S. noddsa, Linn., var. Marilandica, Gray. Damp, shady ground ; 


smooth, with 4-sided stem 3°-4° high, ovate or oblong coarsely toothed 
seaves, and small lurid flowers in loose cymes, all summer. 2 


380 FIGWORT FAMILY. 


23. CHELONE, TURTLEHEAD (to which the name, from the Greek, 
refers), SNAKEHEAD, BALMONY. 2% 


C. glabra, Linn. The common species, of wet places; 19-2° high, 
strict, with lanceolate or lance-oblong, appressed-serrate leaves on very 
short petioles, and white or rose-tinged corolla 1’ or more long; bracts 
not ciliate. 

C. obliqua, Linn. Looser, with spreading branches; leaves broad- 
lanceolate or oblong, deeply serrate ; bracts ciliolate ; corolla deep rose- 
color, Va. to Ill., and S. 


24. PENTSTEMON. (Greek: meaning 5 stamens; refers to the pres- 
ence of the 5th stamen, which, however, has no anther.) Showy North 
American and a few Mexican plants, chiefly Western ; two or three are 
wild E.; several are in cultivation. Flowers late spring and summer. 2/ 


*« Plant more or less pubescent or viscid-glandular, at least above (rarely 
glabrous in the last) ; often glabrous below. 


+ Oorolla white, or only purplish-tinged. 


P. levigatus, Soland. Inflorescence pubescent, but plant (2°-4°) 
glabrous below; leaves nearly entire, ovate-lanceolate or somewhat 
oblong, glossy, firm, the base clasping; corolla abruptly and broadly 
inflated, the throat wide and open ; sterile filament with a thin beard 
above. Rich soil, Penn., W. and §S. 

Var. Digitalis, Gray. Is generally taller (often 5°) with a larger and 
purer white corolla which is more abruptly inflated. Penn., W. 


+ + Corolla purple, blue or yellow (rarely whitish in the first). 
++ Flowers glabrous within. 


P. Cobz&a, Nutt. Plains from Kan., S.; 19-2° high, stout, with 
ovate often denticulate thick leaves, a slightly clammy, few-flowered 
panicle or raceme, pale purplish or whitish corolla about 2’ long and 
abruptly much inflated above the narrow base, the border 2-lipped, but 
the oblong lobes similar ; the sterile filament bearded. Cult. 


++ ++ Flowers bearded within. 


P. ovatus, Dougl. Ore.; an early blue-flowered species, puberulent or 
pubescent, with ovate or lance-ovate serrate leaves, and open panicle of 
small flowers. 

P. pubéscens, Soland. Somewhat clammv-nubescent, or smoothish 
except the panicle, 19-3° high, variable ; stem :eaves lanceolate ; flowers 
nodding, blush commonly tinged with some purplish or violet; the 
plainly 2-lipped corolla (1/ long) with gradually enlarging tube concave 
on the lower, convex on the upper side, a sort of palate almost closing the 
mouth ; sterile filament yellow-bearded down one side. Dry soil. Com- 
mon. (Lessons, Fig. 297.) 

P. confértus, Dougl. Sometimes glabrous throughout; 19-2°, with 
oblong or lance-oblong or even linear, nearly or quite entire leaves ; 
inflorescence spike-like, interrupted and naked ; corolla small, cream- 
color or sulphur-color, or in 

Var. cerdleo-purpureus, Gray, blue-purple and violet. Rocky Moun- 
tains and W. * * Plant smooth throughout, often glaucous. 

+ Leaves sharply serrate. 


P. campanulatus, Willd. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, the base 
clasping; flowers in a raceme-like, one-sided panicle ; corolla ventricose 
above, reddish-purple or rose-colored ; sterile filament bearaed. Common 
in gardens, and varies greatly in cultivation. Mexico. 


FIGWORT FAMILY. 831 


+ + Leaves entire or very nearly so. 
+ Corolla strongly bilabiate. 


P. barbatus, Nutt. Mexico (wild N. to Col.), long cult. in the gar- 
dens ; slender, wand-like stems, 3°-4° high, lanceolate and entire, pale 
leaves, long and loose raceme or panicle of drooping flowers, narrow 
tubular scarlet corolla over 1' long, with erect upper lip concave and 
slightly 2-lobed, the lower parted into 3 reflexed or spreading oblong 
lobes, some beard in the throat, and sterile filament naked. 


++ ++ Corolla obscurely 2-lipped. 


P. grandifloérus, Nutt. Pale and glaucous, 1°-3° high, with thick 
ovate leaves (1/-2’ long), closely sessile and entire, the upper ones 
rounded, short-pediceled flowers racemed, lilac-purple, oblong-bell- 
shaped corolla 14/-2! long, and almost equally 5-lobed, the sterile fila- 
ment nearly smooth. Wis., W.andS. (Lessons, Fig. 264.) 

P. glaber, Pursh. Plains from Dak., S. and W.; commonly pale or 
glaucous, with ascending stems 1°-2° long; lanceolate or lance-ovate, 
entire leaves, and a narrow panicle of very handsome flowers ; the tubular- 
inflated corolla about 13! long, bright purple-blue, with the spreading 
lobes of the 2 short lips similar; sterile filaments and also the anthers 
slightly hairy or else naked. 

P. Hartwégi, Benth. (P. GeNTIANOIDES). Leaves lanceolate, entire, the 
upper broader at the base and clasping ; peduncles elongated, 3-flowered ; 
corolla 2! long, deep-red or red-purple, the border almost equally 5-cleft ; 
sterile filament naked. Mexico. Long cultivated. 


25. RUSSELLIA. (Named for Dr. Alexander Russell of Scotland.) 2 


R. jincea, Zucc. A’ showy house and bedding plant; very smooth, 
with leaves small lance-ovate or linear, or else reduced to little scales on 
the copious, long, and rush-like, green, hanging branches and branchlets ; 
corolla 1’ long, narrow, bright carmine red. Mexico. 


26. CASTILLEIA, PAINTED CUP. (Named for Castillejo, a Span- 
ish botanist.) There are several showy species on the plains from 
beyond the Mississippi to the Pacific. Flowers all late spring and 
summer. Root-parasites. 


C. coccinea, Spreng. Scarier P. Sandy low grounds; pubescent, 
simple-stemmed, 19-2° high, with stem leaves cut-lobed, those next the 
flowers 3-cleft, their dilated and cut-toothed lobes brilliant scarlet, while 
the 2-cleft calyx is yellowish, and the narrow corolla pale yellow. @ @ 


27. SCHWALBEA, CHAFF-SEED. (C. G. Schwalbe, a German 
botanist.) 2 


S. Americana, Linn. Minutely pubescent, upright, 19-29, with sim- 
ple leafy stems and a loose spike of rather showy purplish-yellow flowers ; 
leaves alternate and sessile, 3-nerved and entire, ovate or oblong. Sandy 
wet soil, near the coast, Mass., S. 


28. PEDICULARIS, LOUSEWORT (which the name denotes). Y 


P. Canadénsis, Linn. Common P. or Woop Berony. Low, rather 
hairy, with alternate leaves, the upper pinnatifid, lower pinnate ; a short 
dense spike of greenish and purplish flowers ; oblique ca’ yx without lobes, 
but split down in front, and a dagger-shaped pod ; flowers spring. Dry 
woods and banks, 


332 BROOM RAPE FAMILY. 


P. lanceolata, Michx. Less common in swamps; 1°-8° high, smooth- 
ish, with lance-oblong leaves doubly cut-toothed, some of them opposite ; 
a close spike of pale yellow flowers ; 2-lobed leafy-crested calyx, and 
ovate pod ; flowers late summer. 


29. MELAMPYRUM, COWWHEAT. (Greek: black grain, from 
the color of the seeds.) @ 


M. Americanum, Michx. Our only species, common in open wood- 
lands ; 6’-12’ high, with lanceolate leaves, the upper ones abrupt or trun- 
cate at base and with a few bristle-tipped teeth, the scattered flowers 
pale-yellowish or almost white, sometimes purplish-tinged, produced all 
summer, 


LXXXII, OROBANCHACEA, BROOM RAPE FAMILY. 


Low, root-parasitic perennials, destitute of green herbage, 
and with yellowish or brownish scales in place of leaves, the 
monopetalous corolla (withering and persistent) more or less 
2-lipped or irregular, 4 didynamous stamens, and 1-celled 
ovary and pod, with the 2 or 4 parietal placentse covered with 
innumerable small seeds. Ours occur in woods, and are mostly 
parasitic on the roots of trees. 


«x Flowers of two sorts scattered on slender branches. 


1. EPIPHEGUS. Stems slender and bushy-branching, with small and scattered scales 
and flowers scattered in loose spikes or racemes, with minute bracts. Upper flowers 
conspicuous, but seldom ripening fruit, with tubular 4-toothed corolla, and long fila- 
ments and style; lower flowers small and short, seldom opening, but fertilized in 
wesbud. x x Flowers all perfect and alike. 

2. CONOPHOLIS. Stems thick, covered with firm overlapping scales, each of the upper 
ones with a flower in its axil, forming a spike. Calyx 4-5-toothed, and split down on 
the lower side. Corolla short, strongly 2-lipped; upper lip arched and notched; 
lower one spreading and 3-cleft. Stamens protruding. 

8. APHYLLON. Stems are chiefly slender 1-flowered scapes from a scaly mostly subter- 
rannean base. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla with a long curved tube, and a spreading 
slightly 2-lipped or irregular 5-lobed border; the lobes all nearly alike. Stamens 
included in the tube. 


1. EPIPHEGUS, BEECH DROPS, CANCER ROOT. (Greek: on 
the Beech, the plant chiefly found parasitic on the roots of that tree.) 
One species. 

E. Virginiana, Bart. About 1° high, with purplish flowers 1! or more 


long, in late summer and autumn. Rather common in woods, but over- 
looked because of the brown color of the plant. 


2. CONOPHOLIS, SQUAWROOT, CANCER ROOT. (Greek for 
cone scale, the plant having the aspect of a slender fir cone when old.) 
C. Americana, Wallr. Not widely common, in oak woods, forming 


clusters among fallen leaves, 3/-6! high, as thick as the thumb, yellowish; 
flowers early summer. 


BLADDERWORT FAMILY. 333 


3. APHYLLON, NAKED BROOM RAPE or ONE-FLOWERED 
CANCER ROOT. (Greek: without leaves.) Flowers spring and 
early summer. 


A. unifldrum, Gray. Open woods or thickets; slightly clammy- 
pubescent, with 1-3 scapes (3/-5! high) from a subterranean scaly base, and 
lance-awl-shaped calyx lobes half the length of the violet-purplish corolla. 

A. fasciculatum, Gray. Occurs only from N. Mich., W.; has scapes 
from a scaly base rising out of the ground, and short triangular calyx 
lobes. Parasitic on herbs, as Artemisia, etc. 


LXXXIII. LENTIBULARIACEZ, BLADDERWORT 
FAMILY. 


Aquatic or marsh herbs, with the ovary and pod 1-celled and 
containing a free central placenta, with irregular bilabiate 
flowers (lower lip larger and 3-lobed), bearing a spur or sac 
underneath, and 2 stamens with confluently 1-celled anthers. 
Flowers on 1-few-flowered scapes. 


1. UTRICULARIA. Calyx parted into 2 nearly entire lips. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, the 
lower lip bearing above a prominent palate closing the throat, and below a large spur. 
Anthers 2, converging in the throat of the corolla. Stigma 2-lipped. Leaves finely 
cut, mostly into threads or fibers, many bearing little air bladders ; some are leafless. 

2. PINGUICULA. Upper lip of calyx 3-cleft, lower 2-cleft. Lips of corolla distinctly 
lobed, the hairy or spotted palate smaller, so that the throat is open; otherwise as in 
Utricularia. Leaves all in a tuft at base of the 1-flowered scapes, broad and entire, 
soft and tender. 


1. UTRICULARIA, BLADDERWORT. (Utriculus, a little bladder.) 
Flowers all summer. ‘The following are the commonest species. 


* Piants floating by means of the hollow petioles of the upper whorled 
leaves. 


U. inflata, Walt. Swimming free, the petioles of the whorl of leaves 
around the base of the 5-10-flowered scape inflated into oblong bladders, 
besides little bladders on the thread-like divisions of the leaves; corolla 
yellow, large. Still water, Me. and S., near the coast. 


* * Plants floating, the dissected leaves usually bearing little bladders on 
their lobes. 


+ Flowers yellow. 
++ Pedicels recurved in fruit. 


U. vulgaris, Linn. Common in still or slow water; the stems 19-3° 
long and very bladder-bearing on the thread-like, many-parted, crowded 
leaves ; flowers 5-10 in the raceme, large, with spur rather shorter than 
lower lip; the corolla closed. 

U. minor, Linn. Leaves scattered, 2-4 times forked; scapes lower 
and weak, 2-8-flowered ; corolla gaping, the spur very short and blunt or 
almost none. Shallow water, N. States. 


++ ++ Pedicels erect in fruit. 


U. gibba, Linn. Small, with short branches bearing sparse thread- 
like ieaves and some bladders, 1-2-flowered scape only 1/-3' high, 


334 GESNERIA FAMILY. 


and with short slender branches at its base, and blunt conical spur shorter 
than lower lip. Shallow water, Mass., W. ‘and S. 

U. bifldra, Lam. Stems 4!_6) long, bearing rootletnike leaves and 
many bladders, 1-3-flowered peduncles 2/—4! high, and awl-shaped spur 
as long as lower lip. Ill., W.; also near Cape Cod. 

U. intermédia, Hayne. In shallow water, with stems 3/6! long, bear- 
ing rather rigid leaves with linear-awl-shaped divisions, and no bladders, 
these being on separate leafless branches, the slender raceme few-flow- 
ered ; spur nearly equaling the very broad lower lip. Pools, N. Eng., W. 


+ + Flowers violet-purple. 


U. purpurea, Walt. Flowers 2-4 on the peduncle, and a rather short 
spur appressed to the 3-lobed lower lip of corolla. Me., W. and S. 


* * x Simple and erect naked scape-like stem rooting in wet soil, with 
minute and fugacious grass-like leaves seldom seen; commonly no blad- 
ders ; flowers yellow. 


U. subulata, Linn. Mass., S. in wet sand; very slender, 3/-5! high, 
with several very small slender-pediceled flowers. 

U. corntta, Michx. 6/-15! high, bearing 2-4 large flowers crowded 
together on short pedicels, or S. with 4-12 more scattered and smaller 
flowers. Peat bogs and dryish lake borders throughout. 


2. PINGUICULA, BUTTERWORT. (Name from Latin: pinguis, 
fat. Both names from the fatty or greasy-looking leaves, which in 
ours are more or less clammy pubescent. ) 


* Corolla violet-purple, distinctly 2-lipped. 


P. vulgaris, Linn. Scarce on wet rocks along our northern borders ; 
scape 2! high ; upper lip of corolla short; spur straightish and slender; 
flowers summer. 


* * Corolla light violet (rarely white), rather obscurely 2-lipped. 


P. pumila, Michx. In moist sand from Car., S. and W., has rather 
large flower on scape 2/-6! high, with blunt sac-like spur ; flowers spring. 

P. elatior, Michx. Borders of ponds from N. Car., S., has scapes near 
1° high, and large corolla (1! wide) with blunt spur; flowers summer. 


* * * Corolla yellow, more bell-shaped, less distinctly 2-lipped, the 5 lobes 
often cleft. 


P. lutea, Walt. Wet pine barrens, N. Car., S.; whole plant yellow- 
ish, with nodding flower (1! or more wide) on scape 6-12’ high, in spring. 


LXXXIV. GESNERACEH, GESNERIA FAMILY. 


Tropical plants, with 2-lipped or somewhat irregular coro'- 
las, didynamous stamens, a 1-celled ovary with two parietal 
many-seeded placent#,— therefore botanically like the Broom 
Rape Family ; but with green herbage, and not parasitic, and the 
common cultivated species have the tube of the calyx coherent 
at least with the base of the ovary. Many, and some very 
showy, plants of this order are in choice conservatories; the 
commonest are the following. 


BIGNONIA FAMILY. 835 


Sinningia (or Groxtn1a) specidsa, Nicholson. The Gioxrnia of green- 
houses; an almost stemless herb from Brazil, with ovate and crenately 
toothed leaves and 1-flowered scape-like peduncles ; the deflexed corolla 2/ 
long, ventricose, between bell-shaped and funnel-form, gibbous, with a 
short and spreading somewhat unequal 5-lobed border, violet with a deeper- 
colored throat, in one variety white. 2/ 

Negélia (or GesnéRA) zebrina, Regel. Stem tall, leafy; leaves peti- 
oled, cordate, velvety, purple-mottled; a terminal raceme of showy 
flowers nodding on erect pedicels; corolla tubular-ventricose, with a 
small 5-lobed and somewhat 2-lipped border, glandular, scarlet, with the 
under side and inside yellow and dark-spotted. There are several other 
species. 2/ Brazil. 

Achiménes longifléra, DC. Stem leafy ; flowers in the axils of oblong 
or ovate hairy leaves, which they exceed ; tube of the obliquely salver- 
shaped corolla over an inch long, narrow, the very flat 5-lobed limb 2/ or 
more broad, violet-colored above, — also a white variety. Propagates by 
scaly bulblets from the root. 2/ Central America. 

Streptocarpus Réxii, Lindl. A stemless greenhouse plant from South 
Africa, with ovate-oblong, crenate, and wrinkled, pubescent, prostrate 
leaves, and blue flowers on a 2-bracted 1-2-flowered scape; calyx 5- 
parted ; corolla limb oblique and bilabiate, the upper lip 2-lobed and the 
lower 3-lobed ; 2 perfect stamens ; ovary imperfectly 4-celled and 2-lobed. 

S. polyaGntha, Hook. Has many flowers, white with purplish streaks, 
in a sort of loose panicle. Other species and hybrids are in cultivation. 


LXXXV. BIGNONIACEH, BIGNONIA FAMILY. 


Woody plants, or a few herbs, with more or less bilabiate 
flowers, diandrous or didynamous stamens (often with rudi- 
ments of the wanting ones), 2-lipped stigma, free variously 
1-4 celled ovary, and fruit, usually a pod, containing many 
large, mostly flat and winged seeds filled with the large em- 
bryo; no albumen. Almost all woody plants, with opposite 
leaves, and 1-2-celled pods. (Lessons, Figs. 415, 416.) 


« Climbers (except one Tecoma), with compound leaves and 4 fertile stamens in two 
pairs. 
+ Barely woody or herbaceous ; ovary and pod 1-celled with 2 parietal placenta. 

1. ECCREMOCARPUS. Calyx 5-cleft, short. Corolla tubular, with 5 short and round 
recurved lobes. Pod short. Seeds winged all round. 

+ + Woody-stemmed ; ovary and pod 2-celled, but the placente parietal; valves of 

pod falling away from the partition ; seeds with a broad thin wing. 

2, BIGNONIA. Calyx nearly truncate. Corolla tubular bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Pod flattened 
parallel with the valves and partition. Climbing by leaf-tendrils. 

3. TECOMA. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, tubular, or bell-shaped, 5-lobed. 
Pod flattish or flattened contrary to the partition, the edges of which separate from 
the middle of the valves. Leaves in ours odd-pinnate. The hardy species climb by 
rootlets. 

x x Trees, with simple leaves and 2 or rarely 4 fertile stamens. 

t. CATALPA. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla inflated bell-shaped, the 5-lobed border 
more or less 2-lipped and wavy. Pod very long and slender, hanging, the partition 
contrary to the valves. Narrow wings of the seed lacerate-fringed. (For corolla and 
stamens, see Lessons, Fig. 265.) 


336 BIGNONIA FAMILY. 


1. ECCREMOCARPUS. (Name Greek, meaning hanging fruit.) 


E. scaber, Ruiz & Pav. (or CALAMPELIS SCABER). From Chile, cult. in 
gardens and conservatories ; tender, climbs by branched tendrils at the 
end of the twice pinnate leaves; leaflets roughish or smoothish, thin, 
ovate or heart-shaped ; flowers in loose drooping racemes ; corolla inflated 
club-shaped and gibbous, orange-red, about 1’ long. 


2. BIGNONIA. (Named for the French Abbé Bignon.) 


B. capreolata, Linn. Climbing trees from Va. to S. Ill., and S.; 
smooth, the leaves evergreen at the south, with a short petiole, and often 
what seems like a pair of stipules in the axil, a single pair of lance-oblong 
leaflets heart-shaped at base, and a branched tendril between them; 
flowers several in the axils, the corolla 2! long, orange-red outside, yellow 
within, in spring. : 

B. venusta, Ker. A greenhouse species from Brazil, producing an 
abundance of crimson-orange, funnel-form flowers, with a spreading 
border and hairy inside ; leaves ternate (at least the lower ones), the leaf- 
lets ovate-oblong and acuminate. 


3. TECOMA, TRUMPET FLOWER. (Mexican name abridged.) 
Formerly included under Bienon1a, which name the species still bear 


in cultivation. * Plant climbing. 


+ Corolla tube long or prominent, the flower funnel-form or salver-form. 


T. radicans, Juss. Trumpet CREEPER or TruMPeET Vine. Wild from 
Penn. and Ill. S., and commonly planted; climbing freely by rootlets ; 
leaves of 5-11 ovate or lance-ovate, taper-pointed, and toothed leaflets ; 
flowers corymbed ; orange-yellow and scarlet corolla funnel-shaped, large. 

T. Capénsis, Lindl. Has smaller and rounder leaflets, naked-peduncled 
cluster of flowers, long-tubular and curving orange-colored corolla 2’ long, 
and stamens protruded ; conservatories. From Cape of Good Hope. 

T. jasminoldes, A.Cunn. A fine greenhouse species, from Australia, 
twining, very smooth, with lance-ovate, entire, bright green leaflets, and 
white corolla, pink-purple in the throat. 


+ + Corolla bell-shaped, with the tube little longer than the calyx. 


T. grandiflora, Delaun. Cult. from Japan and China, not quite hardy 
N., climbing little, with narrow leaflets, and 5-cleft calyx nearly equal- 
ing the tube of the corolla, which is bell-shaped, 3/ long and broad, much 
wider than in the foregoing. 


* « Plant an erect shrub- 


T. stGns, Juss. Native to Texas and W., but cult. S.; leaflets 5-11, 
lanceolate, incisely serrate ; flowers yellow and with a wide-open tube, 
racemose or paniculate. 


4. CATALPA or INDIAN BEAN. (Aboriginal name; the popular 
name alludes to the shape of the pods.) 


C. bignonioides, Walt. (C. syrincxFoLia). Common CaTatpa. Tree 
wild Ga., S., and widely planted, especially in Middle States and S.; with 
large, heart-shaped, pointed leaves, downy beneath, open panicles (in 
summer) of white, much spotted flowers (14! long), with oblique limb 
and lower lobe entire, and thin pods 1° long; bark thin. 

C. specidsa, Warder. ‘Taller, more erect tree and hardier N., where it 
is much planted ; corolla about 2’ long and nearly white (inconspicuously 
spotted), the lower lobe emarginate ; capsule thicker; bark thick and 


ACANTHUS FAMILY. ay f 


rough ; blooms a week or more in advance of the other. S. Ind., S. This 
and the above are sometimes called Cigar TREE, froin the alleged use of 
the ripe pods as cigars. 

¢. Kempferi, Sieb. & Zucc. Has smooth leaves, many of them 35-lobed 
or angled, and flowers one half smaller; small tree with very slender 
pods. Japan. 


LXXXVI. PEDALIACEH, SESAMUM FAMILY. 


Herbs, with simple leaves, opposite or some of the upper 
ones alternate, and fruit 2—4-celled (but the stigma of only 
2 lips or lobes), by intrusion of the placentz (truly 2-celled in 
the ovary), and fruit containing flat but thick-coated wing- 
less seeds. 

1. SESAMUM. Calyx 5-parted, short. Corolla tubular bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; the 2 lobes 
of the upper lip shorter than the others. Stamens 4. Fruit an oblong obtusely 
4-sided pod, 2-valved. Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves, almost sessile. 


2. MARTYNIA. Calyx 5-toothed, often cleft down one side. Flowers large, in a terminal 
corymb or raceme. 


1. SESAMUM, SESAME. (The Greek name, from the Arabic.) @ 


S. Indicum, Linn. From India and Egypt, somewhat cult. or running 
wild in waste places far S.; rather pubescent, with oblong or lanceolate 
leaves, the lower often 3-lobed or parted, pale rose or white corolla, 1! 
long, and sweet oily seeds, used in the East for food, oil, ete. 


2. MARTYNIA, UNICORN PLANT. (Prof. John Martyn, an 
English botanist.) Clammy-pubescent and heavy-scented rank herbs, 
with long-petioled, rounded and obliquely heart-shaped, wavy-mar- 
-gined leaves, and large flowers, in summer. @ 


M. proboscidea, Glox. Common U. Wild S. W., and cult. in gar- 
dens for the curious fruits which are used for pickles ; coarse, with nearly 
entire leaves, large corolla whitish with some purple and yellow spots, 
and long-beaked fruit. 

M. fragrans, Lindl. Cult. from Mexico, but wild in Texas; less coarse 
and clammy, with somewhat 3-lobed or sinuate-toothed leaves, and showy 
violet-purple vanilla-scented flowers. 


LXXXVII. ACANTHACEH, ACANTHUS FAMILY. 


Plants with opposite simple leaves, 2-lipped or otherwise 
irregular or even regular monopetalous corolla, 4 didynamous 
or else only 2 stamens, inserted on the corolla tube, 2-cclled 
ovary and pod, and few seeds,—distinguished from the 
related orders by the seeds without albumen and borne on 
hook-like projections of the placente or on a sort of cup. 
Chiefly a tropical family ; many in choice conservatories, here 
omitted. 

GRAY’S F. F, & G. BOT. — 22 


$388 ACANTHUS FAMILY. 


* Twining tropical herbs (or cult. as herbs), with nearly regular 5-lobed corolla. and 
globular seeds supported by a cartilaginous ring or shallow cup. 


1, THUNBERGIA. Flowers inclosed when in bud by a pair of large ieaf-like bractlets 
borne below the short cup-shaped calyx. Corolla with a mostly somewhat curved 
tube and an abruptly wide-spreading border of 5 rounded equal lobes, convolute in 
the bud. Stamens 4, included. Pod globular, tipped with a long and conspicuous 
flattened beak, 2-4-seeded. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered. 


x « Erect or spreading ; all the following are herbs, with flat seeds borne on hook-like 
processes (retinacula); calyx 4-5-parted, mostly 2-bracted. 


+ Stamens 4. 


2. ACANTHUS. Corolla of one 3-lobed lip, the upper lip wanting. Stamens with 1- 
celled ciliate anthers. Leaves pinnatifid. Flowers in a spike. 

8. RUELLIA. Corolla funnel-form, with an almost equally 5-lobed spreading border, con- 
volute in the bud. Stamens included; cells of the anthers parallel. Pod narrow, 
contracted into a stalk-like base, above 8-12-seeded. 


+ + Stamens 2. 


4. DIANTHERA. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip erect and notched; the lower 3-lobed, 
wrinkled or veiny towards the base, spreading. Cells of the anther one below the 
other, mostly unequal. Pod flattened above, contracted into a stalk-like base, 4- 
seeded above the middle. 

5. DICLIPTERA. Corolla 2-lipped, the lower lip 3-lobed, the upper 2-cleft or entire; but 
the flower as it were reversed so that the 3-lobed lip seems to be the upper one. 
Stamens protruded; cells of the anther equal, but one placed below the other. Pod 
24-seeded below the middle. 


1. THUNBERGIA. (Named for the Swedish botanical traveler, 
C. P. Thunberg.) Showy flowers produced all summer. 


T. alata, Bojer. So named from its winged petioles; from Africa; 
the one commonly cultivated (as an annual) in many varieties as to size 
and color of flower, buff, orange, white, etc., usually with blackish-purple 
eye; herbage soft-downy or hairy ; leaves between heart-shaped and 
arrow-shaped. 

T. fragrans, Roxb. Glabrous on mature parts; leaves ovate, cordate 
or hastate at the base, obscurely toothed, or notched towards the base; 
flowers fragrant and pure white, one or two in each axil. Greenhouses. 
India. 2 


2. ACANTHUS. (Old Greek and Latin name, from the word for 
spine or prickle.) 2 


A. m6/lis, Linn. One of the classical species, from S. Eu., is occasion- 
ally cult., not hardy N.; the broad, sinuately and deeply pinnatifid leaves 
mostly from the roct, hardly at all prickly; flowers on a short scape, 
dull-colored. 


3. RUELLIA. (Named for the herbalist Ruelle.) Ours are wild herbs, 
chiefly southern, with purple or blue showy flowers, mostly in clusters, 
produced all summer. 2 


R. cilidsa, Pursh. Stems 19-49 high ; clothed with soft white hairs, 
the oval or oblong leaves nearly sessile, pale blue corolla (about 2! long) 
with slender tube much longer than the inflated upper part and than the 
bristle-shaped sepals. Dry soil, Mich. and Minn., S. 

R. strépens, Linn. Richer soil, from Penn. W. and S.; smooth or 
slightly downy, with obovate or oblong leaves (1/4! long) narrowed into 
a petiole, and purple-blue corolla (1/-2’ long) with tube hardly longer 
than the expanded portion or than the linear-lanceolate sepals. 


VERVAIN FAMILY. 839 


4. DIANTHERA. (Greek for double anther, alluding to the two 
separated cells on each filament.) Flowers all summer. 2% 


D. humilis, Engelm. & Gray. Muddy banks of streams S. Car., S. ; 
4!_8' high, smooth, with lance-ovate, short-petioled leaves longer than 
the 3-4-flowered peduncles in their axils, and small pale purple flowers. 

D. Americana, Linn. Wet borders of streams; 2° high, smooth, with 
long linear-lanceolate leaves, and long peduncles (4/-6! long) bearing an 
oblong spike of pale purple flowers. 


5. DICLIPTERA. (Greek words for double, wing, from the 2-valved 
pod.) 


D. brachiata, Spreng. Low banks, N. Car., S.; is nearly smooth, 
with 6-angled stem bearing many branches, thin ovate-oblong pointed 
leaves on slender petiole and interrupted spike-like clusters of small 
purple flowers, each with a pair of conspicuous flat bracts. 2 


LXXXVIII. VERBENACEA, VERVAIN FAMILY. 


Plants with opposite (or sometimes whorled) leaves, differ- 
ing from the other orders with irregular monopetalous and 
didynamous or tetrandrous flowers by the ovary not 4-lobed 
and with a single ovule in each of its (1-4) cells, the fruit 
either fleshy or when dry at length splitting into as many 
1-celled indehiscent nutlets. Plants seldom aromatic. 


* Ovary 1-celled and 1-ovuled. 

1. PHRYMA. Flowers in slender loose spikes. Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped, the upper lip 
of 8 slender-pointed teeth, the lower short and 2-toothed. Corolla tubular, 2-lipped, 
the upper lip notched, lower larger and 3-lobed. Stamens included. Ovary forming 
a simple akene in the calyx. Herbs. 

* * Ovary 2- or more-celled, with few to several ovules. 
+ Flowers in heads, spikes, or racemes, the flowers expanding from below upwards. 


2. LANTANA. Flowers in heads or short spikes. Calyx minute, obscurely 4-toothed. 
Corolla with an unequal 4-cleft spreading border, the upper lobe sometimes notched. 
Stamens included. Ovary 2-celled, becoming berry-like, and containing 2 little stones 
or nutlets. Shrubs or herbs. - 

8. LIPPIA. Flowers in heads, spikes, or racemes. Calyx tubular, 2-5-toothed. Corolla 
tubular, with 5-lobed 2-lipped border, the lower 3-lobed lip larger. Stamens included. 
Ovary and dry fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded. 

4. VERBENA. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx tubular or prismatic, 5-ribbed and 
plaited. Corolla salver-form, the tube often curved, the border rather unequally 5- 
cleft. Stamens included ; upper pair sometimes wanting the anthers. Ovary 4-celled, 
at maturity splitting into 4 dry akenes or nutlets. Herbs. 

+ + Flowers cymose, expanding from above (or center) downwards. 
++ Flowers nearly regular, in cymes from the axils of the simple leaves ; shrubs. 


5. CALLICARPA. Calyx 4-5-toothed, short. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, short, 4-0- 


lobed. Stamens 4, protruded, nearly equal. Ovary 4-celled, in fruit berry-like, with 


4 little stones. ++ ++ Flowers irregular. 


6. VITEX. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla tubular (tube short), with a spreading 2-lipped 
border, the lower lip 3-parted and rather larger than the 2-lobed upper lip. Stamens 
4, protruded, as is the style, Ovary 4celled, becoming berry-like in the fruit, wnich 


340 VERVAIN FAMILY. 


contains a single 4-celled stone. Flowers in cymes or clusters in the axils of the 
compound digitate leaves, cr of the upper leaves reduced to bracts; shrubs or trees. 

T. CLERODENDRON. Calyx bell-form or tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla tube slender and 
cylindrical, straight or curved ; limb spreading or somewhat reflexed, 5 lobes unequal 
in size or position. Stamens 4, and inserted on the throat of the corolla, long-exserted. 
Ovary imperfectly 4-celled, the cells 1-ovuled. Style elongated and 2-lobed. Shrubs, 
erect or climbing, the leaves entire or rarely dentate. 


1. PHRYMA, LOPSEED. (Name of unknown meaning.) One 
species. 


P. Leptostachya, Linn. Copses, etc.; 2°-3° high, with coarsely- 
toothed, ovate, thin leaves, and branches terminated by the slender 
spikes of very small purplish flowers, in summer, the pedicels reflexed in 
fruit. 2/ 


2. LANTANA. (Origin of name obscure.) ‘Tropical or subtropical, 
mostly shrubLy plants, planted out in summer, when they flower freely 
until frost comes; stems often rough-prickly ; herbage and flowers 
odorous, in some pleasant, others not so. The species are much mixed. 


L. CAmara, Linn. Flowers deep yellow, turning first to orange, then 
to red; plant scabrous or hirsute, usually prickly ; leaves ovate or ovate- 
oblong; head flat-topped. Ga., S., and cult. 

L. mixta, Linn. Brazil; has flowers opening white, soon changing to 
ycllow, orange, and finally to red. 

L. nivea, Vent. Brazil; has the pleasant-scented flowers white and 
unchanging ; or, in var. MUTABILIs, changing to bluish. 

L. involucrata, Linn. West Indies ; has small obovate and prominently 
veiny leaves, more or less downy beneath, and heads of lilac-purple 
flowers, involucrate by the outer bracts. 

L. Sellowiana, Link & Otto. Low and spreading, with wedge-oblong or 
ovate, strongly veined leaves, long peduncles, and heads of reddish-purple 
flowers lengthening somewhat with age. Southern Brazil. 


3. LIPPIA. (Named for A. Lippi, an Italian botanist.) Flowers late 
summer. 


L. lanceolata, Michx. Foc Fruir. <A creeping weedy herb, along 
river banks from Penn., S. and W., with wedge-spatulate or oblanceolate 
leaves serrate above the middle, and slender peduncles from the axils 
bearing a head of bluish small flowers. 

L. citriodéra, HBK. (or Atoysta), the LemMon-scENTED or SWEET 
VERBENA Of the gardens; shrub from Chile, with whorls of linear-lance- 
olate fragrant leaves, roughish with glandular dots, and small whitish and 
bluish flowers in slender spikes. 


4. VERBENA, VERVAIN. (Latin name of some sacred herbs.) 
Flowers all summer. Genus of difficult analysis on account of numer- 
ous hybrids, both wild and in cultivation. 


* VeRVAINS, native to the country, or growing as wild weeds, mostly in 
waste or cultivated ground ; the flowers insignificant, in slender spikes , 
no appendage at tip of the anthers. 


+ Stems erect or strict, mostly tall. 
++ @) 2 Spikes filiform and loosely flowered, naked. 


¥. officinalis, Linn. European V. Nat. by roadsides. Stems 19-39 
high, branched ; leaves sessile, 3-cleft, and mostly pinnatifid into narrow 


VERVAIN FAMILY. 341 


cut-toothed lobes; small purplish flowers in very slender panicled 
spikes. () 
V. urticefdlia, Linn. Wuire V. Stem 4°-6° high; leaves oval or 


oblong-ovate, coarsely serrate, petioled; spikes of small white flowers 
slender and loose. 2f Throughout. 


++ ++ 2 Spikes thick, or at least densely flowered, with the fruits over- 
lapping. 


V. angustifolia, Michx. Stems 6’/-18’ high ; leaves narrow-lanceolate, 
sessile, roughish, slightly toothed; spikes few, thickish, crowded with 
purple flowers. Mass. to Minn., and S. 

V. stricta, Vent. Barrens, W. and S.; whitish-hairy, 1°-2° high ; 
leaves obovate or oblong, serrate, sessile; spikes thick and dense ; 
flowers blue, larger than in the others. 

V. hastata, Linn. Brur V. Stem 4°-6° high; leaves lance-oblong, 
some of the larger with short side lobes at base, cut-serrate, petioled ; 
spikes densely flowered, corymbed or panicled; flowers blue. Common 
along roadsides. . 

+ + Stems spreading on the ground. 

V. bractedsa, Michx. From Mich. and Minn., S.; hairy; leaves 
wedge-shaped or lance-oblong, cut-pinnatifid or 3-cleft, short-petioled ; 
small purple flowers in solitary loose spikes, the lower ones leafy-bracted. 


* * VERBENAS of the garden sort, with creeping or spreading stems, and 
dense spikes of larger or showy flowers ; anthers of the longer stamens 
with a gland-like tip. 2 @ 


+ Leaves generally sessile. 


Y. teucroides, Gill. & Hook. Erect or spreading, with ovate oblong 
and incised leaves, and a lengthened spike of white or pale rosy flowers, 
sweet-scented, especially at nightfall. Brazil and S. 

V. chameedrifolia, Juss. ‘The original Scar.et V., with oblong-lance- 
olate, coarsely serrate leaves, nearly all sessile, and most intense red or 
scarlet flowers, in a flat cluster. Brazil. 


+ + Leaves petiolate. 
++ Leaf-divisions or lobes wedge-form or broad. 


V. Aublétia, Linn. Wild from Ind., W. and S.; has cut-pinnatifid 
leaves, and a long-peduncled spike of purple flowers, minutely bearded 
in the throat. Tuiis and the several other species variously mixed, make 
up the garden Verbenas. 

V. phlogifléra, Cham. (V. TwerprAna). More upright ; the leaves 
decidedly petioled ; the flowers inclined to form an oblong spike, and 
crimson, varying to rose, but not to scarlet. Brazil. 

V. inclsa, Hook. Like V. phlogifldra, save in the pinnatifid-in- 
cised leaves, the petioled ones with a heart-shaped base ; flowers in a 
flat cluster, rose-color or purple. Brazil. 

V¥. venésa, Gill. & Hook. Stems simple and ascending; leaves oblong 
and sub-cuneate, more or less clasping, incised-serrate, wrinkled and 
rough above, revolute ; flowers lilac, in terminal more or less peduncled 
spikes. Brazil. ++ ++ Leaf-divisions linear. 

V. erinoldes, Lam. (V. muttfripa). Dwarf and much creeping, rough- 
hairy, with leaves pinnatifid into linear divisions, and originally with 
violet-purple flowers ; and 

V. ténera, Speng. (V. putcHéiia), with equally finely cut leaves, and 
rather larger, originally rose-violet flowers, are part parents of the 
smaller races. Both of Brazil. 


342 MINT FAMILY. 


5. CALLICARPA. (From Greek for beautiful fruit.) Flowers early 


summer. 


C. Americana, Linn. FrencH Murtserry. Rich soil from Va. and 
Mo., S.; shrub 8°-8° high, with some scurfy down, especially on the 
lower face of the ovate-oblong toothed leaves, and the clusters of bluish 
flowers ; fruits violet-blue and showy. 


6. VITEX, CHASTE TREE. (The ancient Latin name.) 


V. Agnus-cdstus, Linn. Cuaste Tree. Of Mediterranean region ; has 
5-7 lanceolate, entire leaflets, whitened underneath, and bluish flowers in 
sessile clusters, forming an interrupted spike at the end of the branches ; 
hardy only S. 

7. CLERODENDRON (VOLKAMERIA). (Greek: chance, tree.) 


C. triché6tomum, Thunb. (C. sErROTINUM). Erect shrub of out-door 
cultivation, with nearly opposite, ovate-acuminate, pubescent, long- 
petioled leaves, and a terminal, spreading, compound cyme of white 
flowers, with red loose calyx. Japan. 

C. Thomséne, Balf. Greenhouse climber from tropical Africa, with 
bright crimson, handsome corollas in pure white calices ; leaves ovate and 
acuminate, smooth. 


LXXXIX. LABIATH, MINT FAMILY. 


Chiefly herbs, with aromatic herbage, square stems, opposite 
simple leaves, more or less 2-lipped corolla (whence the name 
of the order), either 4 didynamous or only 2 stamens inserted 
on the corolla tube, 2-lobed stigma, and at once distinguished 
from all the related families by the deeply 4-parted ovary (as 
if 4 ovaries around the base of a common style), ripening into 
as many seed-like nutlets (never prickly) or akenes, each con- 
taining a single seed. Embryo usually filling the seed. As 
in all these families containing bilabiate plants, there are 2 
lobes belonging to the upper and 3 to the lower lip of the 
corolla. Flowers from the axils of the leaves or bracts, usually 
in cymose clusters, or running into terminal racemes or spikes. 
The peculiar stamens of this family are shown in Lessons, 
Figs. 300-305. 


* Stamens 4, parallel and ascending, and projecting from a notch on the upper side . 


of the corolla. Nutlets reticulated and pitted, obliquely fixed by the inner side 
near the base. 
+ Lobes of the corolla nearly equat and oblong, turned forward so that there seems to 

be no upper lip, the filaments conspicuously projecting from the upper side. 

1. TRICHOSTEMA. Calyx 5-cleft in 2 lips, oblique. Filaments very long and slender, 
curved, coiled up in the bud. 

2. TEUCRIUM. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with a deep cleft between the two upper 
lobes. Cells of the anther confluent 


MINT FAMILY. 3438 


~- + Lobes of the corolla equally spreading ; filaments slightly projecting (or included) 
JSrom the notch between the 2 upper lobes. 


8. ISANTHUS. Calyx bell-shaped, equally 5-lobed, enlarging after flowering. Corolla 
only a little longer than the calyx, bell-shaped, with 5 equal spreading lobes. 


% x Stamens 4, reclining on the lower lobe of the corolla, the outer or lower pair 
longer ; anthers 2-celled. Corolla usually turned down or declining. Nutlets 
smooth or smoothish, fixed by their base, as in all the following divisions. 


+ Calyx deflexed in fruit, 5-toothed, the upper tooth or lobe much broadest and some- 
times wing-margined. 


4, OCIMUM. Corolla short, the upper lip as it were of 4 lobes, the lower of one entire flat 
or flattish declined lobe scarcely longer than the upper. Filaments separate. 

5. COLEUS. Corolla similar to the last, but the lower lobe longer and concave or boat- 
shaped, inclosing the stamens and style; filaments monadelphous. 


+ + Calyz little or not at all deflexed, and nearly regular. 


6. HYPTIS. Calyx with 5 less unequal or equal teeth. Corolla of 4 short similar upper 
lobes, and a longer abruptly defiexed saccate lower one ; filaments separate. 

7 LAVANDULA. Calyx 13-15-nerved, 5-toothed, the upper tooth mostly larger. Corolla 
with tube longer than the calyx, regularly 2-lipped, i.e. upper lip 2-lobed, lower 
8-lobed, the lobes all equally spreading. Stamens included, but declined towards 
the lower lobe of the corolla. 


* « » Stamens 4 (and the lower or outer pair longest) or 2, straight and distant or 
diverging ; anthers plainly 2-celled, not conniving in pairs. Lobes of the corolla 
flat and spreading, or the upper erect but not arched. 


+ Flowers in large, loose terminal racemes or panicles. 


8. COLLINSONIA. Calyx ovate, enlarging and turned down after flowering, 2-lipped, 
the upper lip flat and 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla elongated and irregular ; 
the lower lobe or lip much the larger, pendent, cut-toothed or fringed, the 4 others 
nearly equal and alike; tube with a bearded ring inside at the bottom of the enlarged 
throat; stamens 2 with anthers, or rarely 4. Cells of the anther diverging. 

9, PERILLA. Calyx in flower 5-cleft, in fruit nodding and enlarging, becoming 2-lipped. 
Corolla short and rather bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the lower lobe a little longer. Stamens 
4, nearly equal. Style deeply 2-cleft. 

++ Flowers in clusters or whorls, or sometimes spicate. 


++ Corolla short and rather bell shaped, hardly if at all 2-lipped, the 4 ur rarely 5 lobes 
nearly equal and all spreading. 


10. MENTHA. Calyx equally 5-toothed. Corolla with a 4-cleft border, the upper lobe a 
little broader and sometimes notched at the end. Stamens 4, nearly equal, similar. 

11. LYCOPUS. Calyx 4-5-toothed. Corolla with 4 about equal lobes. Stamens 2; the 
upper pair, if any, without anthers. 


++ ++ Corolla evidently 2-lipped, but all the lobes of nearly equal length, the upper lip 
erect and mostly notched, the lower spreading and 3-cleft, the tube not bearded 
within ; stamens with anthers only 2. 


12. CUNILA. Calyx equally 5-toothed, striate, very hairy in the throat, one half shorter 
than the corolla. Stamens 2, long and protruding ; no rudiments of the upper pair. 

18. HEDEOMA. Calyx 2-lipped, gibbous on the lower side near the base, hairy in the 
throat. Corolla short. Stamens 2, with anthers scarcely protruded, and 2 sterile 
short filaments tipped with a little head in place of anther. 


++ ++ ++ Corolla evidently 2-lipped, short, the upper lip erect or somewhat spreading 
and nearly entire or notched, the lower spreading or 3-cleft ; stamens with 


anthers 4. = Calyx naked in the throat 


14, HYSSOPUS. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Corolla with the middle 
lobe of the lower lip larger and 2-cleft. Stamens very long and protruding. 


344 MINT FAMILY. 


15. SATUREIA. Calyx bell-shaped, 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Corolla with lower lip 
of 8 nearly equal entire lobes. Stamens somewhat ascending. Leaves narrow. 

16. PYCNANTHEMUM. Calyx oblong or short-tubular, about 13-nerved, equally 5- 
toothed or somewhat 2-:ipped. Corolla with the lobes of the lower lip ovate and 
entire. Flowers crowded in heads or close cymes. 


== Calyx hairy in the throat. 


17..ORIGANUM. Calyx about 13-nerved. Lower lip of the corolla of 3 similar lobes. 
Flowers crowded into spike-like clusters and furnished with imbricated, often colored 
bracts. 

18. THYMUS. Calyx ovate, 18-nerved, 2-lipped; the upper lip 3-toothed and spreading, 
the lower cleft into 2 awl-shaped ciliate lobes. Corolla not strongly 2-lipped, the 
upper lip resembling the 3 lobes of the lower lip but notched at the apex. Stamens 
mostly protruding. 


* x x x Stamens 4 (the lower or outer pair longer), ascending or curved and with the 
plainly 2-celled anthers approximate or conniving in pairs under the erect and 
flattish but not arched upper lip. Calyx more or less 2-lipped. 


19. CALAMINTHA. Calyx not flattened. Corolla straight, with inflated throat, and 
2lipped border, the spreading lower lip 3-parted, its middle lobe entice or slightly 
notched. 

20. MELISSA. Calyx with 3-toothed upper lip flat. Corolla more or less curved and 
ascending. Filaments arching and bringing the anthers together in pairs. Other- 
wise as in 19. 


% * x» x » Stamens only 2, parallel and ascending under the erect or somewhat scythe- 
shaped entire or barely notched upper lip of the corolla ; anthers 1-celled, either 
strictly so or by confluence of the 2 cells end to end. 


+ Calyx naked in the throat and 2-lipped. 


21. SALVIA. Calyx with the upper lip 3-toothed or entire, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla 
deeply 2-lipped ; the lower lip spreading or hanging, 3-lobed, the middle lobe large1 
and sometimes notched at the end. Filament as it were compound, the proper fila- 
ment short and bearing on its apex an elongated thread-like or linear body (the con- 
nective, in fact) attached by its middle, one end of which ascending under the upper 
lip bears a linear 1-celled anther, the other descending bears the other smaller and 
imperfect cell, or a mere vestige of it, or is naked. Flowers usually large or showy. 

22. ROSMARINUS. Calyx and corolla nearly as in Salvia, but the lateral lobes of the 
lower lip of the corolla erect and somewhat contoried (as in some Salvias also). 
Stamens resembling those of Monarda and protruded, but with a short tooth on the 
filament below the middle. Shrub. 

23. BLEPHILIA. Calyx short-tubular, the upper lip. with 3 awned, the lower with 2 
nearly blunt teeth. Corolla with an expanded throat, bluish. Otherwise like 
Monarda, but flowers smaller. 


++ Calyx mostly hairy in the throat and nearly equally 5-toothed. 


24. MONARDA. Calyx tubular, elongated, many-nerved. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, narrow 
in the throat, the oblong or linear lips about equal in length, the lower 3-lobed at the 
apex, its narrower middle lobe slightly notched. Stamens with long and simple 
filament bearing directly on its apex a linear anther. Flowers rather large, numerous 
in the whorled or terminal heads. 


* * * x » » Stamens 4, diverging or ascending; the upper or inner pair longer. 
Upper lip of the corolla erect or a little arching, the lower spreading. 


+ Stamens exserted. 


25. LOPHANTHUS. Calyx rather unequally 5-toothed. Upper lip of corolla slightly 2- 
lobed, the lower moderately spreading, its middle lobe somewhat crenate. Stamens 
not parallel, the lower and shorter ones more or less ascending, the upper and longer 
ones diverging and declining, so as to seem the lower. Tall erect herbs, with small 
flowers clustered in panicled spikes. 


radi 


MINT FAMILY. 345 


++ Stamens not exserted. 


26. NEPETA. Calyx obliquely 5-toothed. Stamens parallel and ascending, and their 
anthers approaching in pairs under the upper lip of the corolla, their cells diverging 
from each other. Middle lobe of lower lip of corolla considerably largest. 

27. CEDRONELLA. Flowers nearly like those of Nepeta; but the cells of the anthers 
parallel. 

(35. PHLOMIS, of the next section, might, from the stamens, be sought for here.) 

* % * * * x x Stamens 4, the lower or outer pair longer, ascending and parallel, 
their anthers in pairs mostly under the concave or arched upper lip of the 
corolla. Plants not sweet scented, some of them ditter-aromatic. 

+ Corolla decidedly 2-lipped ; calyx also 2-lipped, irregular, closed in fruit. 

28. BRUNELLA. Calyx tubular bell-shaped, reticulated, flattened on the upper side; the 
upper lip broad, flat, 3-toothed ; the lower 2-cleft. Tube of the corolla dilated on the 
lower side just below the rather narrowed throat; upper lip arched and entire; 
lower widely spreading, with lateral lobes oblong, the concave middle one rounded 
and crenulate. Filaments 2-toothed at the apex, the lower tooth bearing the anther. 
Flowers in a terminal close head or short spike. 

29. SCUTELLARIA. Calyx short, with the very short lips truncate and entire, and a 
large hump on the upper side, the whole helmet-shaped ; the upper lip usually fall- 
ing away when the fruit is ripe. Corolla with rather long ascending tube, the lateral 
lobes of the lower lip small and somewhat connected with the arched upper lip, the 
middle lobe larger and spreading, or the sides reflexed ; anthers of the lower stamens 
1-celled. Bitterish herbs, not aromatic, with flowers single in the axil of each bract 
or leaf. 

+ + Corolla inflated funnel-form and rather slightly 2-lipped ; calyx thinnish, open 
bell shaped in fruit, the 5 teeth equal and pointless ; flowers simply spiked, only 
one to each bract or floral leaf. 

80. PHYSOSTEGIA. Upper lip of the corolla broad and q little arched, entire ; lower of 
8 broad and somewhat spreading short lobes. Smooth and scentless herbs, with 
thickish and sessile lanceolate or oblong leaves. 

+++ Corolla decidedly 2-lipped ; calyx 5-toothed, regular, or sometimes obscurely 
2-lipped, not closing in fruit ; the teeth commonly awl-shaped or triangular, 
often rigid or spiny-tipped. 

++ Stamens included in the tube of the corolla; calyx 10-toothed. 

31. MARRUBIUM. Teeth of the calyx awl-shaped or spiny-tipped, recurved after tlower- 
ing. Corolla small; upper lip erect. Bitter-aromatic plants; flowers in axillary 
capitate whorls. 

++ ++ Stamens raised out of the tube of the corolla ; calyx 5-toothed. 
= Stamens not deflexed after flowering. 
| Anthers opening crosswise by 2 unequal valves, the smaller one ciliate. 


$82. GALEOPSIS. Calyx tubular bell-shaped, 5-nerved, with spiny-tipped teeth. Corolla 
enlarged in the throat, the ovate and entire upper lip arched, the middle lobe of 
spreading lower lip obcordate. Flowers in axillary whorl-like clusters. 

| | Anthers opening lengthwise in the ordinary way. 
© Calyx membranaceous and greatly enlarged, and almost shield-like. 

383. MOLUCCELLA. Calyx with the border reticulated, veiny, entire, except 5 mucronate 
points. Corolla much shorter than the calyx ; the middle lobe of its lower lip obcor- 
date. Nutlets 3-sided. 

oo Calyx ordinary, with sharp or awl-like teeth. 
x Upper lip of corolla erect. 

24. BALLOTA. Calyx somewhat funnel-form, with an expanding 5-toothed border, the 
tube 10-ribbed. Anthers approximate in pairs under the upper lip. Nutlets round- 
ish on top. 


346 MINT FAMILY. 


x x Upper lip of corolla more or less arched. 


85. PHLOMIS. Calyx tubular, with rigid narrow awl-shaped tegth from the notch of as 
many very short and broad lobes. Corolla as in Stachys. Upper pair of stamens 
(rather the longer) with an awl-shaped appendage at the base of the filaments. 

86. LEONURUS. Calyx top-shaped, the awl-shaped teeth when old spreading and spiny- 
pointed. Corolla like Stachys, but middle lobe of lower lip obcordate. Stamens 
parallel. Nutlets truncate and sharply 3-angled. Stems erect. Flowers in close 
whorls in the axils of cut-lobed leaves. 

87. LAMIUM. Calyx tubular bell-shaped, with 5 awl-shaped spreading teeth. Corolla 
much enlarged in the throat, the upper lip arching and with a narrow base, lateral 
lobes of lower lip very short, the middle one rounded and spreading or turned down, 
its base much narrowed. (Lessons, Fig. 256.) Stamens ascending under the upper 
lip. Nutlets truncate at the top. 


= Stamens deflexed or contorted after flowering. 


88. STACHYS. Calyx mostly tubular bell-shaped, the teeth triangular or awl-shaped, 
sometimes rigid or even pungent. Corolla not enlarged in the throat, the upper lip 
entire or nearly so, the lower 3-lobed with the middle lobe nearly entire. - Stamens 
ascending under the upper lip, but the outer pair turned down after discharging 
their pollen. Nutlets obtuse, but not truncate. Flowers crowded in whorls, most 
of these commonly approximate in a terminal raceme or spike. 


i: TRICHOSTEMA, BLUE CURLS. (Greek: hair-like stamens.) 
Ours are branching, loosely-flowered, rather clammy, low herbs, with 
entire leaves, and small flowers as it were panicled, blue, or changing 
to purple, in summer and autumn. @ 

T. dichétomum, Linn. Common B. or Bastarp PENNYROYAL. Sandy 


fields, Mass., S.; 6/-12/ high, with mostly lance-oblong, short-petioled leaves. 
T. lineare, Nutt. Leaves linear or lance-linear, smoother. Conn., S. 


2. TEUCRIUM, GERMANDER. (Named for Teucer, King of 
Troy.) 2 


T. Canadénse, Linn. In low grounds; 1°-3° high, downy, with ovate- 
lanceolate serrate leaves, downy beneath, "and pale purple o or rarely white 
flowers collected in a long spike, in late summer. 


3. ISANTHUS, FALSE PENNYROYAL. (Greek: equal flower, i.e. 
parts of corolla regular.) @ 
I. czruleus, Michx. Common in sandy or sterile soil from Me., S. 
and W.; bushy-branched, clammy-pubescent, 6’-12’ high, with oblong 


3-nerved entire leaves, and scattered, small blue flowers on axillary 
peduncles. 


4. OCIMUM, SWEET BASIL. (Greek namie, referring to the odor, 
the herbage sweet-scented.) 
0. Basilicum, Linn. Sweet Basit. Low sweet herb, of kitchen gar- 


dens, from Asia, with ovate, somewhat toothed leaves, ciliate petioles and 
calyx, and bluish-white racemed flowers, in summer. (@) 


5. COLEUS. (Greek for sheath, alluding to the monadelphous sta- 
mens.) Cult. for the handsome colored foliage, from Java. 


C. Blames, Benth. Leaves either blotched with crimson or bronze-red, 
or almost wholly colored, rhomb-ovate and acuminate-pointed and atenu- 
ated into a petiole below, with deltoid and sharp teeth ; the inconspicuous 
flowers blue or bluish and racemed. 


MINT FAMILY. 347 


C. Verschafféltii, Lem. Leaves ovate and scarcely narrowed below, 
acute but not acuminate, the teeth large and rounded and obtuse. 


6. HYPTIS. (Greek: reversed, from the lower lobe of the corolla.) 
Flowers late summer. 
H. radiata, Willd. Stems 2°9-4° high; leaves lance-ovate, toothed ; 


flowers white or purple-dotted, small, crowded in peduncled whitish-in- 
volucrate heads. 2/ Low ground, N. Car., 8. 


oh LAVANDULA, LAVENDER. (Latin lavo, lave, for which Lav- 
ender-water is. used. ) 
L. vera, DC. Cult. from S. Eu.; a low undershrub, barely hardy N., 


hoary, with lance-linear leaves, and slender spikes of bluish small flowers 
on long terminal peduncles, in summer. 


8. COLLINSONIA, HORSE BALM. (Peter Collinson of London, 
who corresponded with Bartram and Linneus.) Rather tall and large- 
leaved, strong-scented plants ; flowers summer. 2 
C. Canadénsis, Linn. Rich Weep, Stone Root. Smooth, 2°-8° 

high, with ovate serrate leaves 3/-6’ long and on long petioles, and pale 


yellow, lemon-scented flowers on slender pedicels in panicled racemes. 
Rich woods, N. and S. 


9. PERILLA. (Aboriginal name.) Native of China and Japan. @ 


P. WNankinénsis, Decne. (P. ocymoipgs, var. crfspa.) Balsamic- 
scented, much-branched herb, cult. for its foliage, the ovate-petioled 
leaves generally dark purple or violet-tinged beneath, bronze-purple 
above, the margins wavy and deeply cut-toothed, the insignificant rose- 
colored or whitish flowers in panicled spike-like racemes, in late summer. 


10. MENTHA, MINT. (Ancient Greek and Latin name.) Mostly 
spreading rapidly by running rootstocks; leaves toothed; the small 
flawers purplish-bluish, or almost white, in summer. Beside the fol- 
lowing, other introduced species are occasionally found. 2 


* Flowers in terminal spikes. 


M. viridis, Linn. Spearmint. Green, nearly smooth, with oblong or 
lance-ovate, wrinkled-veiny, sessile leaves, and spikes narrow, dense, and 
leafless. Roadsides. Eu. 

M. piperita, Linn. Peppermint. Purplish, smooth, with ovate acute 
petioled leaves, and whorled clusters of flowers forming loose interrupted 
spikes. Wet places, and cult. for the oil. Eu. (Lessons, Figs. 97, 98.) 


* * Flowers in distinct axillary globular clusters. 


M. Canadénsis, Linn. Witp Mint. Pleasant-scented, hairy or a 
smooth variety, with ovate or lance-oblong, acute or pointed leaves on 
short petioles, and the whorls in the axils of some of the middle pairs. 
Low grounds. 


ial? LYCOPUS, WATER HOREHOUND. (Greek: wolf’s foot, of 
no application.) Resembling the Wild Mint, but bitter, and not aro- 
matic, often producing slender, sometimes tuber-bearing runners from 
the base, smooth, the very small white flowers close-clustered in the 
axils of the leaves. in summer. Wild in shady moist sol. 2 


348 MINT FAMILY. 


* Leaves serrate only; producing filiform runners from the base. 


L. Virginicus, Linn. BuGcie Wrep. Stem obtusely 4-angled, a foot 
or two high; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, entire towards the base, 
short-stalked and acute at both ends; calyx-teeth 4, shorter than the 
nutlets. Common. 

L. rubéllus, Moench. Stem obtusely 4-angled ; leaves ovate or iance- 
oblong, attenuate at both ends, sharply serrate in the middle; calyx-teeth 
5, sharp, longer than the nutlets. Penn., W. and 8. 

* * Leaves incised or pinnatijid ; not stoloniferous. 


L. sinuatus, Ell. Stem (1°-8°) acutely 4-angled; leaves oblong or 
lanceolate and acuminate, some of the uppermost only sinuate. Common. 


12. CUNILA, DITTANY. (An old Latin name of unknown meaning. ) 


C. Mariana, Linn. Maryranp D. Dry hills through the Middle 
States ; nearly smooth, 1° high, corymbosely much branched, with ovate 
or heart-shaped almost sessile serrate leaves (1/ long), and peduncled, 
loose cymes of purplish flowers, in summer. 2/ 


13. HEDEOMA. (Formed from a Greek name of a sort of Mint; 
refers to the sweet scent.) Low and fragrant-scented, growing in dry 
and open or sterile grounds, with small flowers in loose axillary clus- 
ters, all summer. 


H. pulegioides, Pers. Amrrican PennyroyaL. The pungent aro- 
matic scent and taste is like that of the English Pennyroyal or Mentha 
Pulegium of Eu.; 5/-8/ high, erect and branching, hairy, with oblong-ovate, 
petioled leaves, few-flowered clusters, and bluish corolla scarcely exceed- 
ing the calyx. @ 

H. hispida, Pursh. On the plains from Minn. and Dak., S.; 2/—5/ 
high, hairy, with sessile, linear, entire, crowded leaves, and bristly-ciliate 
calyx, with subulate teeth. @ 


14. HYSSOPUS, HYSSOP. (The ancient Greek name of the plant, 
from the Hebrew.) 2 


H. officinalis, Linn. Cult. in gardens from the Old World, rarely run- 
ning wild; smooth, tufted, simple stems or branches, 2° high; leaves 
Jance linear and entire ; small clusters of blue flowers crowded in a ter- 
minal spike, in summer. 


15. SATUREIA, SAVORY. (The ancient Latin name.) Aromatic ; 
flowers summer. 


S. horténsis, Linn. Summer Savory. Low and homely sweet herb of 
the gardens, sparingly run wild W., with oblong-linear leaves tapering at 
base, and pale or purplish small flowers clustered in their axils, or run- 
ning into panicled spikes at the end of the branches. Eu. @ 


16. PYCNANTHEMUM, MOUNTAIN MINT or BASIL. (Greek: 
dense flower clusters.) Several species, all aromatic-scented, 1°-3° 
high, in open, usually gravelly or sandy soil; flowers with pale corolla 
often purple-dotted, in late summer and autumn. 2/ The following 
are most common. 

* Calyx not 2-lipped, the teeth all equal or nearly so. 
+ Bracts and calyx teeth awn-tipped and rigid. 


P. aristatum, Michx. Only from N. J., S., in pine barrens; minutely 
soft-pubescent ; leaves lance-oblong or broadly linear, rigid, almost entire ; 
flowers in heads, with bracts and calyx teeth as long as the corolla, 


MINT FAMILY. 349 


++ Bracts and calyx teeth not awned. 


P. lanceolatum, Pursh. Smoothish, not hoary, very leafy, bushy 
branched ; leaves small and clustered, narrow-lanceolate or lance-linear, 
rigid, sessile, obtuse at base; flowers small, in numerous globular close 
heads which are crowded in terminal corymbs. Calyx teeth and bracts 
short, triangular; lips of the corolla very short. Mass., W. and S. 

P. linifélium, Pursh. Like the last, less common N.; smoother, with 
lance-linear leaves, and narrower sharp-pointed bracts and calyx teeth. 

P. miticum, Pers. Minutely soft-downy but hardly whitened, rather 
low, bushy-branched ; leaves mostly lance-ovate and sessile, with rounded 
or slightly heart-shaped base, minutely sharp-toothed, rather rigid ; 
flowers in heads or dense clusters; calyx teeth and inner bracts rather 
blunt. Me., W. and S. 

Var. pildsum, Gray. Downy, with rather long, soft hairs ; the broadish 
lanceolate leaves acute at both ends and nearly entire ; whorled heads at 
the end of the branches; the calyx teeth and bracts ovate-lanceolate and 
acute. Ohio, W. 


* * Calyx 2-lipped (3 upper teeth united). 


P. incanum, Michx.- Leaves petioled, ovate or oblong, remotely 
toothed, finely soft-downy above and white-hoary beneath, those next 
the open flat cymes whitened both sides; bracts and calyx teeth some- 
what awn-pointed. N. Eng., W. and 8. 


17. ORIGANUM, MARJORAM. (Old Greek name, said to mean 
delight of mountains.) Natives of the Old World; sweet herbs; 
flowers summer. 2/ 


0. vulgare, Linn. Witp Marsoram. Old gardens, and wild on some 
roadsides ; 19-2° high, with small ovate, nearly entire leaves, on short 
petioles, and purplish flowers in corymbed purple-bracted clusters or 
short spikes ; calyx equally 5-toothed. 

0. Majorana, Linn. Sweet Marvsoram. Cult. in kitchen gardens as 
an annual; leaves small and finely soft-downy ; the bracts not colored ; 
flowers whitish or purplish, with calyx hardly toothed but cleft nearly 
down on the lower side. 


18. THYMUS, THYME. (Ancient Greek and Latin name.) Low 
or creeping, slightly woody-stemmed, sweet-aromatic plants of the 
Old World ; flowers small, in summer. Leaves in the common species 
entire, small, from }/ to near 3/ long, ovate, obovate or oblong, with 
tapering base. 2/ 

Te Serpyllum, Linn. Creerinc THymMe. Cult. as a sweet herb, rarely 

a little spontaneous ; creeping, forming broad flat perennial turfs; leaves 

green (a variegated form used for edgings) ; whorls of purplish or flesh- 

colored flowers crowded or somewhat spiked at the ends of the flowering 
branches. 

T. vulgaris, Linn. Common Tuyme. Sometimes cult.; more upright 
2nd bushy than the other, pale and rather hoary ; flowers in shorter 
clusters. 


19. CALAMINTHA, CALAMINT. (Greek for beautiful Mint.) 
Flowers summer. 2f (Lessons, Fig. 301.) 


* Flowers loose in the axils, or above running tnto racemes or panicles. 


C. glabélla, Benth. A delicate native but uncommon species, from 
S. Ind., S.; smooth, with weak stems 5'-20’ long, also with creeping run- 


3850 MINT FAMILY. 


ners, oblong or almost linear leaves, or ovate on the runners, the loose 
purplish flowers about 4’ long. 

C. Népeta, Link. Basir Tuyme. Nat. from Eu. from Md., W. and 
S.; soft-downy, branching, 1°-2° high, with round-ovate crenate leaves, 
small and loose purple flowers, and calyx hairy in the throat. 


* * Flowers in terminal heads or head-like whorls, crowded with awl- 
shaped bracts. 


C. Clinopddium, Benth. Basiz. Waste grounds and along thickets ; 
hairy, with rather simple stems 19-2° long, ovate, and nearly entire 
petioled leaves, and pale purple small corollas. 


20. MELISSA, BALM, BEE BALM. (Old name from Greek for 
bee.) Old World sweet herbs. Flowers summer. 2 


M. officinalis, Linn. Common B. Gardens, sparingly running wild ; 
rather hairy, loosely-branched, lemon-scented, with ovate or scarcely 
heart-shaped crenate-toothed leaves, and yellowish or soon white flowers 
in small loose axillary clusters. 


21. SALVIA, SAGE. (Latin salvo, save, from its reputed healing 
qualities.) (Lessons, Figs. 302, 303.) 


* Blue-flowered species (corolla sometimes partly white). 
+ Leaves halberd-shaped or triangular-ovate. 


S. patens, Cav. Mexico; 2°-3° high, rather hairy, with crenate-serrate 
pubescent leaves, the uppermost sessile ones sometimes oval, loose-pedi- 
celed flowers, showy deep blue corolla over 2’ long, the lips widely gaping. 
Cult. in borders. 


+ + Leaves narrower, not halberd-like at base. 
++ Flowers in distinct whorls near the top of the stem. 


S. lyrata, Linn. Sandy soil from N. J. to Ill. and S.; 19°-2° high, 
rather hairy, with leaves mostly at the root, and obovate or lyre-shaped, 
and a smaller pair on the stem; whorls of flowers forming an interrupted 
raceme; corolla hardly 1’ long; upper lip of calyx 38-toothed ; lower cell 
of the anther present but deformed. 

S. officinalis, Linn. Common Sacer. From S. Eu.; low but erect, 
minutely hoary-pubescent, with oblong-lanceolate leaves finely reticu- 
lated-rugose and the margins crenulate, spiked flower-whorls, and short 
corolla. 


++ ++ Flowers in racemose or spiciform inflorescence, the whorls, if any, 
small and loose. 


= Corolla tube scarcely exserted beyond the calyx. Flowers small. 


S. urticifdlia, Linn. Woodlands from Md., W. and S.; 19-2° high, 
leafy, somewhat clammy-downy ; leaves rhombic-ovate ; racemes slender, 
the blue and white corolla only 1/ long; lower cell of the anther wanting. 


= = Corolla tube conspicuously exserted. 


S. azurea, Lam. Sandy soil S. Car., S. and W.; nearly smooth and 
green, with rather simple stems, 2°-4° high; leaves lance-linear, with 
tapering base, obtuse, entire, or the lower serrate ; the showy azure-blue 
flowers (less than 1! long) numerous in a spike-like raceme. 

Var. grandiflora, Benth. (S. Pfrcnerr). Kansas to Texas; inflores: 
cence denser ; minutely soft-downy ; occasionally cultivated. 


MINT FAMILY. 351 


S. praténsis, Linn. Radical leaves large and long-petioled, oblong or 
oblong-ovate and crenate-toothed, the stem leaves few and oblong, and 
shorter-stalked ; corolla an inch long, glabrous inside, the mouth gaping 
and upper lip much arched, the calyx and small bracts colored ; flowers 
about 4 in a whorl in long spikes. Eu. Borders. Varieties with reddish 
and white flowers. 

S. farindcea, Benth. Texas; leaves petioled, oblong-lanceolate, the 
spikes, calyxes, etc., white-hoary, contrasting with the light blue corolla. 
Sometimes cult. 


* * Red-flowered species, rarely running to white in garden forms. 
+ @ Flowers small, not showy (but the bracts are). 


S. Sclarea, Linn. Crary. Gray-hairy, 2°; leaves oblong and obtuse, 
petiolate, wavy ; flowers in a long interrupted spike of whorls, the corolla 
tube not exceeding the calyx ; upper bracts broad and concave, red and 
veiny, showy. S. Eu. Cult., the leaves used for seasoning. 


+ + 2/ Flowers large and showy. 
++ Plant glabrous. 


S. spléndens, Sellow. Brazil; stems branching; leaves ovate, pointed, 
the floral ones and calyx as well as the corolla (2! or more long and with 
short lower lip) bright scarlet. Much cult. There is a white variety. 


++ ++ Plant pubescent or hairy. 


S. filgens, Cav. Carpinat or Mexican Rep S. From Mexico; tall, 
pubescent, with crenate ovate or oval leaves heart-shaped at base and 
somewhat rugose, green calyx, and long-tubed, downy, deep scarlet 
corolla over 2/ long, the style plumose. 

S. coccinea, Linn. Somewhat downy or soft-hairy, with ovate and 
heart-shaped, acute, crenate leaves, deciduous bracts, green or purplish 
calyx, and smooth red corolla 1’ long, with lower lip much longer than 
the upper one. Var. pseudo-coccinea is taller, with bristly-hairy stems, 
and petioles. S. Car., $8. (Lessons, Fig. 303.) 


* x * White-flowered species. 


S. argéntea, Linn. Mediterranean region; cult. for its silvery-white 
foliage, hardy ; the very large round-ovate root-leaves clothed with long 
white wool; flowering stem and its sessile leaves, as well as calyx, etc., 
clammy-hairy ; the white corolla with scythe-shaped upper lip 1/ long and 
a very short tube. 


22. ROSMARINUS, ROSEMARY. (Latin: dew of the sea, referring 
to the habitat.) 2 


R. officinalis, Linn. Leaves evergreen, linear, entire, with revolute 
margins, white-hoary beneath, the upper with pale blue flowers in their 
axils. S. Eu.; not hardy N. 


23. BLEPHILIA. (Greek: eyelash, the bracts strongly ciliate, the 
outer ones ovate.) Flowers summer. 2 


B. ciliata, Raf. Leaves almost sessile, ovate or oblong, whitish-downy 
beneath ; outer bracts large, acute; corolla hairy. Dry soil, Mass. to 
Minn., and S. 

B. hirstta, Raf. Hairy all over; leaves lance-ovate, sometimes heart- 
shaped at base, on distinct petioles; bracts smaller and very slender- 
pointed ; corolla smoothish, purple-spotted. Moister places, N. and S. 


352 MINT FAMILY. 


24. MONARDA, HORSEMINT or BALM. (An early Spanish writer 
on the medicinal plants of the New World, Nicolas Monardez.) 
Flowers summer. (Lessons, Fig. 300.) 


« Stamens and style protruding beyond the narrow acute upper lip of the 
corolla; leaves oblong-ovate or lance-ovate, with roundish or slightly 
heart-shaped base, veiny, pleasant-scented. 2 


M. didyma, Linn. Osweco Trea, Bree Batm, FRAGRANT Baum. 
Leaves petioled, the floral ones tinged with red; calyx naked in the 
throat ; corolla bright red, the large heads handsome. N. Eng., W. and 
S., and cult. 

M. fistuldsa, Linn. Witp Bercamor. Soft-downy or smoothish ; 
leaves petioled, the floral ones often whitish ; calyx very hairy in the 
throat ; corolla rose-color, purple, or white. Dry soil, Vt., W. and S. 
Variable. 

M. Bradburiana, Beck. Differs from the preceding in the sessile 
leaves soft-hairy beneath, calyx contracted above, and shorter corolla. 
Ind., S..and W. 


* * Stamens not longer than the purple-spotted notched upper lip of the 
short corolla, the tube of which is nearly inclosed in the calyx. 


M. punctata, Linn. Horseminr. Sterile ground, from N. J. to 
Minn., and §.; strong-scented and pungent, slightly hoary ; leaves lance- 
olate, the floral ones and bracts tinged yellow and purple; calyx teeth 
short and awnless ; corolla yellowish. 2 

M. citriodéra, Cerv. Calyx strongly bearded in the throat and with 
awn-like teeth, the floral leaves and bracts conspicuously awn-tipped. 
Neb., S.and W. @ 


25. LOPHANTHUS, GIANT HYSSOP. (Greek: crest and flower.) 
Wild in rich soil, chiefly N. and W., with ovate and toothed leaves ; 
flowers summer. 2 

* Leaves white beneath. 


L. anisatus, Benth. Slender, with anise-scented leaves, glaucous white- 
downy beneath, and calyx much shorter than the lavender-blue corolla. 
Wis., W. and 8. : 

x * Leaves not white beneath. 


L. nepetoides, Benth. Smooth, coarse, not sweet-scented; stem 
4°-6° high and sharply 4-angled; calyx teeth ovate, bluntish, almost 
equaling the dull yellowish corolla. Vt., W. and 8S. 

L. scrophulariefdlius, Benth. Resembles the preceding, but the 
obtusely angled stem and sharper-toothed leaves rather pubescent, the 
lanceolate acute calyx teeth shorter than the purplish corolla. 


26. NEPETA, CATMINT. (Latin, from the Etrurian city Nepete.) Y 


N. Cataria, Linn. Catnip. Weed nat. from Eu., around dwellings 
and gardens, with strong fragrance ; soft-downy ; leaves oblong, heart- 
shaped, deeply crenate ; whitish flowers crowded in terminal clusters or 
spikes, in late summer. 

N. Glechoma, Benth. Grounp Ivy, Grrr. Weed nat. from Eu. in 
waste or cult. shaded grounds ; creeping and spreading, with smoothish, 
rounded, kidney-shaped, crenate leaves on slender petioles, and light blue 
flowers in their axils, each pair of anther cells approaching and forming 
a little cross; flowers all spring and summer, 


MINT FAMILY. 353 


27. CEDRONELLA. (From Cedrus, the cedar tree, referring to the 
fragrance of one species.) 2 


C. cordata, Benth. Shady grounds from W. Penn. S., but rare; low, 
hairy, with long leafy runners, heart-shaped leaves, and scattered flowers, 
the purplish corolla 13! long, its throat inflated. 


€. cana, Hook. Mexico, and cult.; pale or ashy ; leaves ovate-lanceo- 
late, somewhat toothed ; corolla an inch or less long, pink, the flowers in 
close clusters ; 1°-8°. 


28. BRUNELLA, SELF-HEAL or HEALALL. (Latinized from the 
old German name.) Flowers allsummer. 2/ 


B. vulgaris, Linn. Low, spreading, with ovate or oblong petioled 
leaves, and 3 flowers under each of the broad and round purplish bracts 
of the head; corolla bluish-purple or rarely white. Woods and moist 
grounds ; common in thin lawns. 


29. SCUTELLARIA, SKULLCAP. (Latin scutella,a dish.) Flowers 
in summer, in our species blue or violet. 2/ 


* Flowers small in axillary or some terminal one-sided racemes. 


S. lateriflora, Linn. Map-poc Skuttcap from the shape of the 
fruiting calyx; smooth, branching, 1°-2° high, with lance-ovate or oblong 
acute coarsely serrate leaves on slender petioles; racemes rather leafy- 
bracted ; flowers }/ long. Shady wet places; common. 


* * Flowers large, in racemes or spikes terminating the stem and branches. 


+ Stem leaves all cordate ; lateral lobes of the corolla about equaling the 
upper lip. 

S. versicolor, Nutt. Stem stout, 1°-3° high, soft-pubescent, as are 
the heart-shaped, very veiny and rugose, crenate and bluntish long-peti- 
oled leaves; spike-like racemes clammy-pubescent; corolla almost 1! 
long, the lower lip purple-spotted. Banks, Penn. to Minn., and S. 

S. saxatilis, Riddell. Glabrous or only slightly hairy ; stem 6/-18’, 
weak, often producing runners; leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, crenate. 
Moist banks, Del., W. and S. 


+ + Stem leaves not cordate (save occasionally the lowermost) ; lateral 
lobes of corolla shorter than upper lip. 


++ Green, nearly glabrous. 


S. serrata, Andr. 1°-3°, the raceme single and loosely flowered ; 
leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, tapering at both ends, serrate; corolla 1’ 
long and narrow, its lips of equal length. Woods, Penn., W. and S. 


++ ++ Grayish, pubescent to tomentose. 


S. canéscens, Nutt. Ontario, S.; stems branching, 2°-4° high ; leaves 
petioled, ovate or lance-ovate, or some of them heart-shaped at base, the 
lower surface, as also the racemes and flowers, whitish, with very fine soft 
down, otherwise smoothish ; corolla 1’ long. 

S. pildsa, Michx. Pubescent with spreading hairs; stem nearly 
simple, 1°-8° high, bearing rather distant pairs of roundish or oblong- 
ovate veiny leaves, the lower sometimes heart-shaped, upper on short- 
margined petioles; racemes short, the bracts spatulate ; corolla ! long. 

“N. Y., W. and S.; variable. 

S. integrifolia, Linn. Minutely hoary, 1°-2° high ; leaves lance-oblong 
or linear, obtuse, nearly entire, very short-petioled ; raceme short; coroila 
1/ long, much enlarged upwards. Dry places, N. Eng., S. 


| = Sot } 
GRAY’S F. F- & G. BOT. — 23 


354 MINT FAMILY. 


« « « Flowers short-peduncled in the axils of some of the sessile leaves. 


S. nervdsa, Pursh. Moist grounds from N. Y., 8S. and W.; smooth, 
1°-2° high, slender ; leaves roundish or ovate, sparingly toothed, 1/ long, 
those subtending the flowers ovate-lanceolate and entire, the nerve-like 
main veins prominent beneath ; flowers 1}! long. 

S. parvula, Michx. Low and spreading, 3/-6! high ; with round-ovate 
or lance-ovate and slightly heart-shaped leaves 4/ or more long, and 
flowers }! long. Sandy moist places, N. Eng., W. and S. 

S. galericulata, Linn. Smoothish; the slender simple stems 19-2° 
high ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sometimes with a heart-shaped base, acute, 
serrate ; flowers #/ long, with arched upper lip. Wet places, N. 


30. PHYSOSTEGIA, FALSE DRAGON’S HEAD. (Name from 
Greek words for inflated or bladdery covering.) Flowers all sum- 
mer. 2 
P. Virginiana, Benth. Wet banks of streams, from Vt. W. and S., 

in several varieties; 1°-4° high; leaves mostly serrate; flowers either 


crowded or rather distant in the spikes ; corolla pale rose-purple, 1! or 
more long. Handsome. 


31. MARRUBIUM, HOREHOUND. (Late Latin name, from Hebrew 
word for bitter.) Flowers late summer. 2 


M. vulgare, Linn. Common H. In gardens and waste places, from 
Eu.; branching, spreading, hoary-downy, with round-ovate crenate- 
rugose leaves on petioles, and small white corolla. 


32. GALEOPSIS, HEMP NETTLE. (Greek: like a weasel; the 
likeness not obvious.) Flowers summer. () 


G. Tetrahit, Linn. Damp waste and cult. grounds, nat. from Eu. ; 
a common weed, rather bristly-hairy, with stem swollen below each joint, 
leaves ovate and coarsely serrate, and corolla purplish or variegated. 


33. MOLUCCELLA, MOLUCCA BALM, SHELL FLOWER. 
(Name from Molucca Islands.) Flowers summer. @ 


M. levis, Linn. Erect, much branched, smooth, with roundish petioled 
leaves, flowers sessile in their axils accompanied by spine-like bracts, the 
remarkable large cup-shaped calyx oblique and 1! long, much exceeding 
the inconspicuous corolla. Cult. from Asia. 


34. BALLOTA, BLACK HOREHOUND. (Greek name, unexplained.) 


B. nigra, Linn. A green, erect, more or less hairy plant, naturalized 
E. from Eu.; leaves ovate and toothed ; flowers purplish, in dense whorls ; 
calyx teeth longer than corolla tube. 2, 


35. PHLOMIS, JERUSALEM SAGE. (Old Greek name of some 
woolly plant.) Flowers summer. 2, 


P. tuberésa, Linn. Cult. in old gardens, sparingly run wild; stems 
3°-5° high; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong and heart-shaped, crenate, 
rugose, smoothish ; flowers in remote and dense whorls ; upper lip of the 
purple corolla white-hairy inside. Eu. 


MINT FAMILY. 355 


36. LEONURUS, MOTHERWORT. (Greek: lion’s tail, but there 
is no obvious resemblance.) Flowers late summer. 


L. Cardiaca, Linn. Common M. Nat. from Eu., in cult. and waste 
grounds; tall, with palmately cleft, long-petioled leaves, the lower 
rounded, the upper wedge-shaped at base ; upper lip of pale purple corolla 
bearded. 

There are two other introduced species, less common. 


37. LAMIUM, DEAD NETTLE. (Greek: throat, alluding to the 
grinning corolla.) Low spreading herbs from Old World, in waste 
grounds ; flowers spring and summer. (Lessons, Fig. 256.) 


* Insignificant weeds in waste or cultivated grounds, with few sinall and 
purple or slender flowers in some of the axils. @ @ 


L. amplexicdule, Linn. Leaves rounded, deeply crenate-toothed and 
cut, the upper ones clasping; corolla with a long tube, its upper lip 
bearded, the lower one spotted. Frequent. 

L. purpdreum, Linn. Leaves more heart-shaped, and less cut, all of 
them petioled. Less common. 


* * Flowers larger, \' long, in several axillary whorls ; corolla ascending, 
the lateral lobes bearing a slender awl-shaped appendage. 


L. Glbum, Linn. Gardens and waste grounds ; hairy ; leaves all peti- 
oled, ovate and heart-shaped, rugose-veiny ; flowers white. N. Eng. 

L. maculatum, Linn. Cult. and sparingly escaped; hairy or nearly 
smooth ; leaves as in the other, but with a white spot or blotch on theg 
upper face ; flowers purple. 


38. STACHYS, HEDGE NETTLE. (Greek: spike, from the inflo- 
rescence ) Flowers in summer, in all ours 2f 


* None of the leaves truly cordate. 
+ Leaves linear-oblong or narrower. 


5. hyssopifélia, Michx. Wet sandy soil, Mass. to Mich., and S., not 
common; smooth, low (1° high); leaves almost entire, sessile; calyx 
teeth softer and less pointed than in the next. 


+ + Leaves oblong-ovate or broader. 


S. paliistris, Linn. Common in many varieties in wet grounds ; rough- 
hairy ; leaves oblong or lance-ovate, sessile and crenate-serrate, and 
somewhat obtuse, downy or hairy-pubescent ; calyx teeth sharp-pointed 
or pungent, half the length of the corolla; upper lip of the purplish 
corolla pubescent, and the calyx hispid. 

S. aspera, Michx. Stem usually glabrous, but with stiff reflexed 
bristles at the joints; leaves like the last (often nearly glabrous) but 
petioled ; calyx commonly glabrous, as well as the corolla. Common in 
wet grounds. 

Var. glabra, Gray, is generally glabrous throughout, with long-peti- 
oled leaves. Western N. Y., W. and §. 

S. /andta, Jacq. Stems erect, tufted, which, like the Mullein-like 
leaves, and dense interrupted spike, are wholly covered with thick and 
silvery white wool; corollas very short dull purple. Cult. from Old 
World. * * Many or all the leaves distinctly cordate. 

S. coccinea, Jacq. Scarier S. Leaves ovate-oblong and heart-shaped, 
pubescent ; flowers whorled with bright red corolla, its tube often 1’ long: 
1°-2°, Mexico and Texas. Cult. 


356 PLANTAIN FAMILY. 


S. Siebd/di, Mig. (S. Tunerfrpra and S. arrinis of gardens). CnHoroel. 
Crosnes. Low hairy plant (12/-18'), with rather thick, more or less 
hairy, notched leaves on short strong petioles; producing many white 
and crisp, jointed tubers 2/-3/ long, under ground, and for which the 
plant is cultivated. China. 

S. Bet6nica, Benth. (Breronica OFFICINALIS). Brtony, BisHop’s-wort. 
A European plant occasionally seen in old gardens and once esteemed 
for medicinal purposes ; 6/-2°, with petiolate and oblong-cordate, obtuse, 
crenate leaves, and red-purple hairy corolla 3! long; flowers in spicate 
whorls. 


XC. PLANTAGINACEH, PLANTAIN FAMILY. 
Consists almost entirely of the very familiar weedy genus 


1. PLANTAGO, PLANTAIN, RIB GRASS. (The old Latin name.) 
Flowers in a spike, on a naked scape, small and inconspicuous. Sepals 
4 (or rarely 3 from 2 of them growing together), imbricated, persistent. 
Corolla short salver-form, thin and membranaceous, usually becoming 
scarious and dry, or withering on the pod ; lobes 4. Stamens 4 (or rarely 
2) borne on the tube of the corolla; filaments usually lengthening sud- 
denly at flowering time and hanging (as in Grasses), bearing the 2- 

_ celled anthers. Style and long hairy stigma single and thread-like. 
Ovary 2-celled or falsely 3-4-celled in P. decipiens. Pod 2-celled, a 
pyxis, the top falling off as a lid, and the partition then falling out 
along with the 1 or more seeds. Leaves parallel-ribbed, all from the 
ground. The following are the cominon species; flowers summer. 

* Flowers all perfect, in each the style generally protruded a day or two 


before the anthers open or are hung out ; lobes of corolla remaining wide 
open; stamens 4. 


«+ Flowers all alike, style protruded first. 


++ Corolla glabrous on the outside; leaves strongly ribbed and not 
Jleshy. 
= Ribs of the leaves springing from the midrib. 


P. cordata, Lam. Leaves broad, cordate, or round-ovate, 3/-8/ long, 
long-stalked ; spike becoming loosely flowered. By streams, N. Y., W. 
th Ribs running to the contracted base of the leaves. 

|| Leaves ovate or oval in outline. 


P. major, Linn. Common P. Smooth or sparsely hairy, with ovate 
or oblong or slightly cordate leaves, which are sometimes toothed; spike 
dense and blunt at the top; pod ovoid, dividing near the middle, 8-18- 
seeded, the seeds angled and reticulated. Very common in dooryards 
and waste places, the scapes rising from 6/-12!. 

P. Rugélii, Decne. Leaves thinner and paler; spikes long and 
attenuate ; pod cylindrical-oblong, dividing much below the middle, and 
only 4-9-seeded ; seeds not reticulated. Vt., W. and S&S. 


|| || Leaves long and narrow. 


P. lanceo/dta, Linn. Rip Grass, RipPpLe GRAss, Or ENGLISH PLANTAIN. 
Nat. from Eu. in fields, and a bad weed in poor lawns ; rather hairy, with 


PLANTAIN FAMILY. 3857 


lanceolate or lance-oblong 3-5-ribbed leaves, a grooved-angled scape, 
thick and close spike, two of the sepals mostly united into one, and 2- 
seeded pod. 


++ ++ Corolla pubescent outside ; leaves indistinctly ribbed and fleshy. 


P. decipiens, Barn. Leaves 5/-12! long, about equaling the slender 
and rather loose spike. Generally @, sometimes @), in salt marshes from 
ING espe 

P. maritima, Linn., occurring on the coast, from Mass., N., is 2/ and 
has a denser spike. 


+ + Flowers of two sorts as respects lengths of filaments and anthers ; 
some plants with cleistogamous flowers with stamens and style barely or 
not at all protruded; other and less fertile plants have long-exserted 
stamens. 


P. Patagénica, Jacq. Leaves narrow-linear to oblanceolate, silky, 
sparingly-toothed or entire, 1-3-nerved ; scape 3/-12’ long, with a dense 
cylindrical spike; seeds 2, oblong, oval or boat-shaped. Dry places, 
mostly W., very variable. @ 


* * Flowers nearly diccious, the corolla in the most fertile plant closing 
over the pod and forming a kind of beak, the anthers not protruding ; 
in the sterile plant the corolla is spreading and the anthers exserted ; 
stamens 4 or 2. @ @) 


+ Stamens 4; leaves oblong or broader. 


P. Virginica, Linn. In sandy grounds, S., N. Eng., S. and W.; hairy 
or hoary, 2'-9' high; leaves varying from oblong to obovate, nearly 
sessile, 3-5-nerved, generally sparingly toothed ; spike rather dense ; seeds 
eG + + Stamens 2; leaves linear or filiform. 

P. pusilla, Nutt. Sandy soil, N. Y., S. and W.; minutely pubescent, 
the leaves entire and not fleshy ; spike slender; pod short-ovoid and 4- 
seeded, little exceeding the calyx and bract. 

P. heterophylla, Nutt. Leaves rather fleshy, sometimes toothed or 
lobed below ; pod oblong-conical and 10-o-seeded, about twice the length 
of the calyx and bract. Low lands, Penn., S. 


358 FOUR-O’CLOCK FAMILY. 


IIJ. Apretrauous Division. 


Includes the families with flowers destitute of corolla, 
or of both corolla and calyx. Various apetalous genera 
and species are, however, distributed through the poly- 
petalous and monopetalous families, where they evidently 
belong. ‘These three divisions are entirely artificial. 


XCI. NYCTAGINACEH, FOUR-O’CLOCK FAMILY. 


Here represented by a few herbs with tubular or funnel- 
form calyx colored like a corolla, and falling away from a per- 
sistent lower portion which closes completely over the 1-celled 
1-ovuled ovary and seed-like fruit, forming a hard and dry 
covering which would be mistaken for a true pericarp. Sta- 
mens 2-5, the long slender filaments hypogynous, but apt to 
adhere somewhat to the sides of the calyx tube above. Embryo 
coiled around some mealy albumen. (Lessons, Figs. 52-55.) 
Ours are herbs, with opposite, simple, entire or wavy leaves. 
and jointed stems, tumid at the joints. 


* Involucral bracts wholly distinct. 


1, ABRONIA. Flowers small, many in a peduncled umbel-like head surrounded by an 
involucre of about 5 bracts. Calyx salver-shaped, with a slender tube, and a corolla- 
like 5-lobed border, which is plaited in the bud, the lobes generally notched at the end. 
Stamens 5 and style included. 


x * Involucral bracts united at the base. 


2. OXYBAPHUS. Flowers small, a few together surrounded by a 5-lobed involucre, 
which enlarges and becomes thin, membranaceous, reticulated, and wheel-shaped 
after flowering. Calyx with a very short tube constricted above the ovary, expand- 
ing into a bell-shaped 5-lobed corolla-like border, open only for a day. Stamens 
(mostly 3) and slender style protruding. Fruit (persistent base of calyx) akene-like, 
strongly ribbed. 

8. MIRABILIS. Flower large, in the common species only a single one in the cup-shaped 
5-cleft green involucre, which thus exactly imitates a calyx, as the tubular funnel- 
shaped or almost salver-shaped delicate calyx does acorolla. 5 stamens, and especially 
the style (tipped with a shield-shaped stigma) protruded. Fruit ovoid, smooth and 
nearly even. 


1. ABRONIA. (Greek: graceful.) Western North American herbs, 
cultivated for ornament; flowers all summer. 2 
* Flowers rose-purple. 


A. umbellata, Lam. Cal.; prostrate slender stems, ovate-oblong slender 
vetioled leaves. anc flowers open by day, the involucre of small bracts. 


KNOTWORT FAMILY. 359 


x * Flowers white. 


A. fragrans, Nutt. Stems ascending, branching ; leaves lance-ovate ; 
flowers sweet-scented, opening at sunset; the involucre of conspicuous, 
ovate, scarious and whitish bracts. W. Iowa, W. 


* * * Flowers yellow. 


A. arenaria, Menzies. Leaves thick, ovate to reniform; plant glandu- 
lar. Cal. 


2. OXYBAPHUS. (Greek, for a vinegar saucer, from the shape of 
the involucre.) 2f Flowers rose-purple, all summer. 


* Plant glandular ; leaves sessile or nearly so. 


O. Albidus, Sweet. S. Car., S.; hairy or pubescent above; leaves 
acute at base, lanceolate or oblong ; fruit hairy ; stem 4-angled. 

O. hirsttus, Sweet. Glandular-hirsute, especially at the joints and 
inflorescence, 1°-8° ; leaves lanceolate or narrower, cuneate at the base ; 
fruit with obtuse angles. Wis., S. W. 


* * Plant not, or very little, glandular; leaves distinctly petioled or else 
linear. 


O. nyctagineus, Sweet. Much branched, 1°-3°, nearly smooth; 
leaves lanceolate to ovate ; inflorescence loose and but slightly pubescent ; 
fruit acutish-angled. Minn. and Wis., S.; also cult., and sometimes 
escaped. 

O. angustifdlius, Sweet. Tall, glabrous, or the peduncles and invo- 
lucres hirsute ; leaves linear, thick and glaucous, 2/-6/ long. Minn., S. 


3. MIRABILIS, FOUR-O’CLOCK or MARVEL OF PERU. (Clu- 
sius called it Admirabilis, which Linneus shortened.) Natives of 
warm parts of America; roots often very large and fleshy ; leaves more 
or less heart-shaped, the lower petioled; flowers mostly clustered, 
showy, opening towards sunset or in cloudy weather, produced all 
summer. 2 


M. Jalépa, Linn. Common F. Cult. for ornament in many varieties 
of flowers (red, yellow, white, or variegated), its tube only 2! long, and 
thickish ; stamens shorter than its spreading border; whole plant nearly 
smnooth ; inodorous. 

M. longifiora, Linn. Less common in cult.; tube of the sweet-scented 
flower 6/ long and clammy-hairy (as well as the upper leaves); stamens 
shorter than its spreading white border. 


XCII. ILLECEBRACEH, KNOTWORT FAMILY. 


Ours small and unimportant herbs, often united with the 
Pink Family, having mostly opposite and entire, often linear 
leaves, scarious stipules (0 in Scleranthus), calyx 4-5-toothed 
or -parted and persistent, stamens borne on the calyx and as 
many as its lobes (then opposite the lobes) or fewer, styles 2, 
distinct or united, and utricle 1-seeded. Flowers small, whitish 
or greenish; plants tufted or diffuse; staminodia sometimes 
present. 


360 AMARANTH FAMILY. 


* Styles united ; stamens borne on the base of the calyx. 


1. ANYCHIA. Sepals awnless. Stamens 2-8, or only rarely 5. Stigmas 2, sessile, 
Utricle exceeding the calyx. 

2. PARONYCHIA. Sepals awned. Stamens 5. Staminodia sometimes present in the 
form of minute teeth or bristle-like bodies. Utricle inclosed in the calyx. 


«x » Styles distinct ; stamens on the throat of the calyx. 
8. SCLERANTHUS. Stamens 5-10. Utricle inclosed in the indurated calyx cup. 


1. ANYCHIA, FORKED CHICKWEED. (Name derived from the 
same root as the next.) Diffuse, forking plants, in dry soil. @ 

A. dichétoma, Michx. Somewhat pubescent, 6/-10’ high, with re- 
peatedly forking short-jointed stems, minute, short-stalked, greenish 
flowers in the forks, and narrow-lanceolate or oblanceolate leaves ; 
flowers clustered and nearly sessile ; all summer. 

A. capillacea, DC. Smooth, with longer joints and more slender and 
erect; leaves thinner and broader; flowers stalked, in diffuse inflores- 
cence. N. Eng., W. and S., with the last. 


2. PARONYCHIA, WHITLOW-WORT. . (Greek: a whitlow, and 
a plant supposed to cure the disease.) Tufted, with minute flowers 
and silvery dry stipules. 

* Flowers axillary and solitary. @ 


P. herniarioides, Nutt. Rough-pubescent; stems diffuse and pros- 
trate ; leaves oval or oblong and mucronate; sepals awl-like. Dry sand 


ridges, N. Car., S. : 
a ie * * Flowers in clusters. 2 


P. argyrécoma, Nutt. Minutely-pubescent ; forming broad, spread- 
ing tufts on bare mountains of White Mts., and S., in the Alleghanies to 
Ga., and on the seacoast, Mass., N.; leaves linear; flowers in dense clus- 
ters and concealed by large silvery bracts; calyx hairy, the sepals short- 
awned ; staminodia minute teeth between the stamens. 

P. dichétoma, Nutt. On rocks, Md., S.; smooth and ascending, 
leaves and bracts narrow-awl-shaped ; cymes open and forked; sepals 
short-pointed ; staminodia bristle-like. 


3. SCLERANTHUS, KNAWEL. (Greek: hard flower, referring to 
the indurated tube of the calyx. ) 


S. Gnnuus, Linn. Nat. from Eu., in gravelly grounds, around gardens 
and in lawns; a very pale little herb, 3/-5! high, very much branched 
and spreading, with short awl-shaped leaves, and greenish small flowers 
cluster.d or sessile in the forks, in late summer and autumn. @ 


XCIII. AMARANTACEAH, AMARANTH FAMILY. 


Weeds and some ornamental plants, chiefly herbs, essentially 
like the next family, but the flowers provided with dry and 
mostly scarious crowded persistent bracts, and the fruit some- 
times several-seeded. The filaments are often united into a 
tube or cup. The cultivated sorts are ornamental, like Im- 
mortelles, on account of their colored dry bracts which do not 
wither, 


AMARANTH FAMILY. 3861 


» Leaves alternate, mostly long-petioled ; anthers 2-celled. 
+ Flowers perfect ; ovules and seeds numerous. 


1. CELOSIA. Nearly as Amarantus, but the crowded spikes imbricated with shining 
colored bracts. In cultivation the spikes are often changed into broad crests. 


+ + Flowers diecious, monecious, or polygamous ; ovule solitary. 


2. AMARANTUS. Flowers monecious or polygamous. Calyx of 5, or sometimes 3, equal 
erect sepals, glabrous. Stamens 5, sometimes 2 or 3. Stigmas 2 or 3. Ovule on a 
stalk from the base of the ovary. Fruit an atricle, 2-3-pointed at apex, usually open- 
ing all round transversely, the upper part falling off as a lid (Lessons, Fig. 387), dis- 
charging the seed. Flowers in axillary or terminal spiked clusters. Bracts 3 at each 
flower. 

8. ACNIDA. Flowers dicecious, the pistillate ones without a calyx. Sterile flowers with 
5 stamens and 5 sepals. Stigmas 2-5, often plumose. Bracts 1-8. 

«x x Leaves opposite ; anthers 1-celled. 
+ Flowers capitate, the heads either axillary or terminal. 

4. TELANTHERA. Flowers perfect, in small dense heads (axillary in ours), Calyx 5- 
parted, the divisions unequal. Anther-bearing stamens 5, alternating with 5 sterile 
filaments of the same length and which are laciniate at the top, all united into a short 
tube. Stigma capitate. 

5. GOMPHRENA. Flowers perfect, chiefly in terminal round heads, crowded with the 
firm colored bracts. Calyx 5-parted or of 5 sepals, the parts nearly equal. Stamens 
5, monadelphous below, the filament tube elongated. Stigmas 2 or 3, subulate or 
filiform. (Lessons, Fig. 299.) 

+ + Flowers spicate or paniculate. 

6 FRQLICHIA. Flowers perfect, 3-bracted, in spikes. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft at the 
summit, inclosing the fruit. Filaments united into a tube, bearing 5 anthers and as 
many sterile appendages. 

7. IRESINE. Flowers generally diccious or polygamous, 8-bracted, in panicles. Sepals 5. 
Stamens generally 5, with the filaments united in a cup below. 


1. CELOSIA, COCKSCOMB. (Greek: dried or burnt, alluding to 
the scarious bracts.) Flowers summer. (4) 
C. cristata, Linn. Common C. Of the gardens, from the Tropics, in 


various usually monstrous forms, the showy flower crests crimson-red, 
sometimes rose-colored, yellow, or white. 


2. AMARANTUS, AMARANTH. (From Greek for unfading.) 
Coarse weeds of cult. and waste grounds, and one or two cultivated 
for ornament. Flowers late summer. Bracts commonly awn- 
pointed. @ 

* Rep AMARANTHS, the flower clusters or the leaves tinged with red or 

purple (except sometimes in the last). 
+ Spikes drooping. 


A. caudatus, Linn. Prince’s Frearuer. Cult. from India; tall, 
stout; leaves ovate, bright green; spikes red, naked, long and slender, 
in a drooping panicle, the terminal one forming a very long tail. 


1 + Spikes erect. 
A. hypochondriacus, Linn. Cult. from Trop. Amer.; stout; leaves 
oblong, often reddish-tinged ; flower clusters deep crimson-purple, short 
and thick, the upper making an interrupted blunt spike. 


A. paniculatus, Linn. Coarse weed in gardens; the oblong-ovate or 
lance-oblong leaves often blotched or veined with purple; flowers in 


362 AMARANTH FAMILY. 


rather slender purplish-tinged spikes collected in a terminal panicle. 
Trop. Amer. 

A. Gangéticus, Linn. Cult. from E. Asia in many forms, usually under 
the name A. MELANCHOLICUS Or LOVE-LIES-BLEEDING, Or in the form 
(used for carpet bedding) with foliage marked with red, violet, or yellow, 
as A. TRfcoLtor. Often rather low, the stems and stalks red; leaves 
ovate and thin, petioled, dark purple or partly green; or in a form grown 
by the American Chinese as a pot herb, the herbage is entirely green. 
Flowers mostly glomerate, on axillary and terminal branches. 


* * GREEN AMARANTHS, with the inflorescence and leaves green or nearly so. 
+ Plant not spiny. 
++ Tall and erect. 


A. retrofléxus, Linn. Pigwrrp, Berrroot. A weed everywhere in 
cultivated lands, with a slender red root; roughish or pubescent, the 
leaves ovate or rhomb-ovate, with more or less undulate margins, long- 
petioled, dull green, entire; spikes thick and crowded into a stiff or 
bunchy panicle; sepals acute or obtuse. Trop. Amer. 

A. chloréstachys, Willd., also a common weed, is smoother and deeper 
green, and has slender or flexuose spikes which are more spreading ; sepals 
generally sharper. Trop. Amer. 


++ ++ Decumbent or low and diffuse. 


A. Albus, Linn. TumsBiewrep. Pale green and smooth, the plant 
low and diffusely branched, in autumn often forming a ball-like mass and 
rolling before the wind; leaves obovate and spatulate; flowers all in 
small clusters in their axils and covered by rigid sharp-pointed bracts ; 
sepals 3; stamens 2 or 8. Common in waste grounds. 

A. blitoides, Watson. Wild W. of the Mississippi and becoming a 
weed along roadsides and railroads E.; prostrate or decumbent, often 
reddish, forming a mat; spikes narrow; bracts short-acuminate ; seed 
larger than in the last. 


+ + Plant with a pair of spines in the axil of each leaf. 


A. spinésus, Linn. THorny A. Waste ground, chiefly S.; leaves 
dull green, rhomb-ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; flowers small, yellowish- 
green, in round axillary clusters and in a long terminal spike. Trop. 
Amer. 


3. ACNIDA, WATER HEMP. (Greek for nettle.) Three or four 
confused species in our territory. The commonest are 


A. canndbina, Linn. Salt marshes along the coast; a tall annual, 
like an Amaranth ; bracts inconspicuous, and the fleshy indehiscent fruit 
3-5-angled and crested; leaves lanceolate or narrower, acuminate and 
long-stalked ; fruit indehiscent. 

A. tuberculata, Mog. In wet places, Mich., W. and S., not in salt 
marshes ; generally tall and erect (low and decumbent forms) with lance- 
olate, acute, or obtuse leaves, and regularly dehiscing fruit; pistillate 
flowers in dense clusters, in naked or leafy terminal spikes. @ 


4. TELANTHERA. (Greek: complete anthers, referring to the 10 
bodies being equal.) 

T. Bettzichiana, Regel. (ALTERNANTHERA PARONYCHIOIDES of gar- 
deners). A familiar bedding and edging plant from S. Amer. ; compact, 
only a few inches high, with narrow spatulate or oblanceolate leaves, 
which are blotched with orange, red, or crimson, or shaded with dull 


purple. @ 


ieee 


GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 363 


5. GOMPHRENA. (Ancient name of an Amaranth.) Flowers 
summer, 

G. globésa, Linn. Grose Amarantu or Bacneror’s Button. Cult. 
from India, for the dry Clover-like heads, which are used as Immortelles ; 
low, branching,*pubescent, with oblong, nearly sessile leaves, and dense 
round heads crimson, rose-color, or white. @) 


6. PROELICHIA. (J. A. Frelich, a German botanist of the last 
century. ) 
F. Floridana, Mog. Stem 19-8°, leafless above; leaves lanceolate, 
silky beneath; flowers in spikelets, which are crowded into an inter- 


rupted spike-like inflorescence ; calyx very woolly. Sandy dry places, 
Minn., S. @ 


7. IRESINE. (Greek name of a wreath or staff entwined with fillets 
of wool, referring to the habit of the calyx, in some species, of bearing 
long wool.) @ 

/. Hérbstii, Hook. (AcuyRANTHES VERSCHAFFELTII Of gardens). Com- 
mon plant in conservatories, and bedded out in summer like Coleus, of 
many colors of leaves; erect, 1°-2°, with very roundish or kidney-shaped, 
smooth, glossy-red stems ; leaves opposite, somewhat cordate, generally 
notched at the top, long-petioled, the nearly opposite conspicuous veins 
curving off from the midrib ; flowers white and small, in a loos? terminal 
panicle. Brazil. 

I. celosioides, Linn. Erect and slender, 2°-4°, nearly glabrous ; 
leaves ovate-lanceolate ; silver-white flowers in naked and slender pani- 
cles. Dry banks, Ohio, W. 


XCIV. CHENOPODIACEH, GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 


Represented chiefly by homely herbs, with inconspicuous 
greenish flowers with no dry bracts. The 1-celled ovary has 
a single ovule and ripens into an akene or utricle, containing 
a single seed, usually with embryo coiled more or less around 
mealy albumen. Leaves chiefly alternate. Plants neither 
attractive nor easy to students; only the cultivated plants and 
commonest weeds here given. Calyx sometimes fleshy. The 
Madeira Vine (Boussingailtia baselloides, HBK.) belongs in 
this family. 


* Plant not fleshy nor jointed ; leaves not spiny. 
+ Leaves flat, with a distinct limb, generally broad. 
++ Flowers bractless. 


J. CYCLOLOMA. Flowers very small, perfect or sometimes the stamens 0. Calyx 5-cleft, 
the lobes strongly keeled and becoming winged and inclosing the depressed fruit. 
Coarse herb with alternate and sinuate petioled leaves, and flowers sessile in an open 
panicle. Styles 3. Stamens 5. 

2. SPINACIA. Flowers diecious, in axillary clcse clusters ; the staminate ones racemed or 
spiked, consisting of a 4-5-lobed calyx and as many stamens. Pistillate flowers with 
a tubular calyx which is 2-3-toothed at the apex and 2-8-horned on the sides, harden: 
ing and inclosing the akene. Stvles4. Stamens 4-5, 


364 GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 


8. CHENOPODIUM. Flowers perfect in small clusters collected in spiked or sometimes 
open panicles. Calyx mostly 2-5-cleft, dry or succulent in fruit. Ovary and utricle 
depressed. (Lessons, Fig. 386.) Styles 2, rarely 3. Stamens 1-5. 


++ ++ Flowers with bracts (or, if imperfect, the staminate ones bractless). 


4. BETA. Flowers perfect, clustered, with 3 bracts and a 5-cleft calyx becoming indurated 
in fruit, inclosing the hard akene, the bases of the two coherent. Stamens 5. Style 
short; stigmas mostly 2. 

5. ATRIPLEX. Flowers moneecious or dicwcious, the staminate like those of 3, except 
that the pistil is abortive, the pistillate comprising a single naked pistil (sometimes 
calyx-bearing in the garden Orach), inclosed in a pair of leafy mostly mealy bracts 
which are enlarged in fruit and sometimes united. Stamens 3-5, 


+ + Stem leaves linear awl-shaped, with no distinct petiole, 
6. CORISPERMUM. Flowers perfect, single, sessile in the axils of the upper leaves or 
bracts. Calyx a single small sepal on the inner side of the flower. Styles2, Stamens 
1-2. 
«x x Plant more or less jleshy, often spinescent, growing on the seacoast or in saline 
souls, 
+ Leaves apparent, alternate ; stem not jointed. 


7 SUAZDA. Flowers perfect, in the axils of leafy bracts, sessile. Calyx fleshy, 5-parted, 
often crested but wingless, inclosing the utricle. Stigmas 2-3. Stamens 5. Leaves 
soft. 

8. SALSOLA. Flowers perfect. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions inclosing the fruit and fially 
becoming horizontally winged. Styles 2. Stamens generally 5. Leaves stiff and 
spinescent. 


++ Leaves reduced to opposite fleshy scales ; stem terete and jointed. 


9, SALICORNIA. Flowers perfect, in 3°s (the lateral sometimes sterile), immersed in 
hollows of the upper joints and forming a narrow strict spike. Calyx small and some- 
what inflated, becoming spongy and inclosing the flattened utricle. Styles 2. Sta- 
mens 1-2, 


1. CYCLOLOMA, WINGED PIGWEED. (Greek: circle, border, 
from the encircling wing of the calyx.) @ 
C. platypbyllum, Mog. A diffuse herb, 6/—-20’, webby-pubescent or 


nearly glabrous, green or purplish, often becoming a tumble weed in the 
fall. Sandy soils, Minn., 8. 


2: SPINACIA, SPINACH, SPINAGE. (Latin for spine or thorn, 
from the horns or projections on the fruiting calyx of one variety.) 


S. oleracea, Mill. Common Spinacn. Cult. from the Orient, as a pot 
herb ; the soft fleshy leaves triangular or ovate and petioled. @ @ 


3. CHENOPODIUM, GOOSEFOOT (which the name denotes in Greek 
in reference to the shape of the leaves of some species), PIGWEED. 
Weeds ; flowers late summer and autumn. 


* Buite. Calyx fleshy in fruit, generally colored, the dense clusters of 
Jlowers showy and berry-like. 


C. capitatum, Watson. Srrawperry Biire, STRAWBERRY SPINACH. 
Flower heads as the fruit matures becoming bright red and juicy, like 
strawberries ; leaves triangular and halberd-shaped, wavy-toothed, smooth 
and bright green. Dry banks, margins of woods, etc., N., sometimes in 
gardens as a pot herb. @ @ 


GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 365 


x * Picweeps, etc. Plant mealy or glabrous, never hairy or aromatic. 


+ Leaves narrow, entire or somewhat sinuate-dentate; pericarp easily 
separating from the seed. 


C. Boscianum, Mog. From N. Y., W. and S.; erect, 2°, and slender, 
nearly glabrous; leaves oblong or linear-lanceolate, narrowed into a 
slender petiole ; flowers in small clusters or solitary. @ 


+ + Leaves broader and (in ours) prominently sinuate or lobed; peri- 
carp persistent. 


++ 2) Leaves triangular-hastate. 


C. Bonus-Henricus, Linn. Goop-Kixc-Henry. Mercury (sometimes 
degenerated into ‘‘Markery’’). Cult. in some old gardens as a pot 
herb, and sparingly escaped ; slightly mealy; calyx fully inclosing the 
fruit, the seed vertical; leaves triangular and partly halberd-shaped ; 
flower clusters crowded in an interrupted terminal spike. Eu. 


++ ++ @) Leaves not hastate. 
= Plant erect, mostly tall. 
|| Foliage bright green, the leaves thin. 


C. hybridum, Linn. Marre-reavep P. Waste grounds; unpleas- 
antly scented like Stramonium, bright green throughout; the widely 
branching stem 2°-4° high; the thin large leaves triangular and heart- 
shaped, sinuate and angled, the angles extended into a few taper-pointed 
coarse teeth; racemes in loose and leafless panicles ; calyx lobes keeled. 

C. murdle, LL. Loosely branched, lower; leaves rhomboid-ovate and 
acute, coarsely and sharply unequally toothed ; spikes or racemes diverg- 
ing; calyx lobes scarcely keeled. N. Eng., W.andS. Eu. 


| || Foliage more or less white-mealy, particularly beneath, the leaves 
thickish. 

C. drbicum, Linn. Only slightly mealy, erect-branched, 19°-3° ; leaves 
triangular and acute, coarsely and sharply many-toothed; erect spikes 
crowded in a long narrow panicle ; calyx lobes not keeled. Throughout. 
Eu. 

C. Glbum, Linn. Common PiGwEeED, Lamp’s-QuarTEeRS. One of the 
commonest of weeds, in all cultivated grounds, and variable ; erect, 1°- 
10°; leaves rhomb-ovate to lanceolate, at least the lower ones angular- 
toothed ; spikes dense and panicled; calyx lobes strongly keeled. Eu. 
(Lessons, Fig. 386.) 


= = Plant spreading, mostly prostrate on the ground. 


C. gladcum, Linn. A foot or less high, glaucous and mealy; leaves 
sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid; obtuse ; flowers in axillary spiked clusters. 
Frequent. Eu. 


x « « Aromatic Goosrroots. Minutely glandular or pubescent, aro- 
matic-scented; not mealy or scurfy ; the seed sometimes vertical. @ @ 


C. Bétrys, Linn. JerusaLem Oak or FeaTHEeR Geranium. Gardens 
and some roadsides ; low, spreading, almost clammy-pubescent, sweet~ 
scented; leaves sinuate-pinnatifid, slender-petioled ; racemes loosely 
corymbed. Eu. 

C. ambrosioldes, Linn. Mexican Tea, WormsEEep. Waste grounds, 
especially S.; rather stout, smoothish, strong-scented ; leaves oblong or 
lanceolate, varying from entire to cut-pinnatifid, nearly sessile ; spikes 
dense, leafy or leafless. This, especially the more cut-leaved and elon- 
gated-spiked var. anthelminticum, Gray, is used as a vermifuge, and 
yields the wormseed oil. Trop. Amer. 


366 GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 


4. BETA, BEET. (Latin name.) One species in cultivation, viz.: — 


8. vulgaris, Linn. Common Beet. From §. Eu.; cult. in many varie- 
ties, with ovate-oblong, smooth, often wavy-margined leaves, sometimes 
purple-tinged; flower clusters spiked; root conical or spindle-shaped. 
MANGEL-WURZEL is a variety, the large root used for feeding cattle. 
Swiss Cuarp is a form with broad petioles, used as a pot herb. There 
are also ornamental-leaved forms. @ 


5. ATRIPLEX, ORACH. (Latin, from the Greek, not nourishing.) ® 
* Upright or erect, green. 


A. horténse, Linn. Oracn. Tall and strict (39-4); leaves cordate- 
ovate and large, sinuate-notched, or those near the inflorescence becom- 
ing lance-ovate and entire, all slender-petioled; flowers in a large ter- 
minal panicle, the heart-shaped fruiting bracts conspicuous and often 
colored. Old World. Sometimes cult. as a substitute for Spinach. 

A. patulum, Linn. Erect or sometimes prostrate, glabrous or slightly 
scurfy ; leaves narrowly lanceolate-hastate, entire or somewhat sinuate- 
dentate, petioled, the lower ones sometimes opposite, the uppermost 
becoming linear; bracts triangular-ovate or rhombic-hastate. Generally 
distributed, and immensely variable in form of leaves. 


* * Diffusely spreading, white-mealy. 


A. arenarium, Nutt. Leaves oblong and narrowed at the base, nearly 
sessile; bracts broadly wedge-form and united, 2-5-toothed. Coast, 
Mass., S. 


6. CORISPERMUM, BUG-SEED (which the name means in Greek, 
from the oval, flat fruit.) @ 


C. hyssopifdlium, Linn. In sands along the Great Lakes and W.; 
pale, diffusely branched, and sometimes becoming a tumble weed in fall, 
clabrous, or hairy when young; fruits wing-margined, in terminal inter- 
rupted spikes. 


7. SUHIDA, SEA BLITE. (Arabic name.) Uninteresting saline 
plants, often running into perplexing forms. 


S. linearis, Moq. The only species in the East, is either erect or 
prostrate, 1°-2°, branched ; leaves 2/ or less long, narrow at the base, not 
spine-like ; bracts acuminate, on slender branchlets. Seacoast. @ 


8. SALSOLA, SALTWORT. (Latin, salty.) @ 


S. Kali, Linn. Diffusely branched, rough or nearly smooth; leaves 
short, stiff and prickly-pointed, 2-4 times longer than the bracts; calyx 
often reddish, forming a beak-like body over the fruit, the wings thick 
and less prominent than the calyx lobes. Seashore, N. Eng., S. 

Var. Tragus, Mog. Russian TuistLE, Russtan Cactus. More bushy 
and rigid; leaves of mature plant only a little longer than the leaf-like 
bracts ; calyx membranaceous and generally bright rose color, the wings 
much longer than the calyx lobes. Introd. into the Upper Miss. valley 
and the plains (also in N.Y.) from N. Eu., and now a pernicious weed. 


9. SALICORNIA, GLASSWORT, SAMPHIRE. (Latin: salt and 
horn, from the habitat and the horn-like branches.) 


S. mucronata, Bigel. Erect and stout, naked below, becoming red, 
spikes thick, the scales conspicuous and pointed. Seacoast, Va., N. 


BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 367 


S. herbacea, Linn. Erect or spreading, green; spikes elongated and 
narrow, the scale obscure and very blunt. Salt places, along the coast 
and inland. 

S. ambigua, Michx. Tufted, with long decumbent or ascending hard 
stems, greenish or lead color; spikes slender and short-jointed, the scales 


short or acutish. Seacoast, Mass.to Tex. 2 


XCV. PHYTOLACCACEZ, POKEWEED FAMILY. 


A small family of herbs or shrubs, with alternate and entire 
thin leaves and perfect flowers, the latter with the characters 
of the Goosefoot Family, except that the ovary is usually 
several-celled, the carpels united in a ring and (in ours) form- 
ing a berry. 

1. RIVINA. Calyx 4-parted, colored like a corolla. Stamens 4-8. Ovary 1-celled. Stigma 
capitate, the style short. Herbs with a woody base and white or rose-colored flowers 
in axillary and terminal racemes. 

2. PHYTOLACCA. Calyx of 5 rounded, petal-like, white sepals. Stamens 5-30. Ovary of 
several cells and lobes, bearing as many short styles, in fruit a depressed juicy berry, 
containing a ring of vertical seeds. Rank herb, with terminal (becoming lateral) 
racemes. 

1. RIVINA. (A. Q. Rivinus, a German botanist, two hundred years 

ago.) 2 

R. himilis, Linn. Very finely pubescent or glabrous, 19°-2°; leaves 
Sblong- or lance-ovate, long-petioled and acuminate, alternate; small 
whitish flowers in short racemes, followed by small oblong red berries. 


Cult. in greenhouses from Trop. Amer., for its ornamental fruit, and 
native in S. Fla. 


2 PHYTOLACCA, POKEWEED, SCOKE. (Hybrid name, of Greek 
and French, referring to the crimson or dake coloring of the berries.) 2 


P. decandra, Linn. Common P. or Scoke, GarGet, PIGEON BERRY. 
Coarse smooth weed of low grounds, with large acrid-poisonous root, stout 
stems 6°-9° high, alternate ovate-oblong leaves on long petioles, and 
racemes becoming lateral opposite a leaf, in summer, ripening the dark 
crimson purple berries in autumn; stamens, styles, and seeds 10. Young 
shoots sometimes eaten as a pot herb. 


XCVI. POLYGONACEH, BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 


Known by the alternate entire leaves having stipules in the 
form of scarious or membranous sheaths or ocree (sometimes 
obsolete) at the strongly marked usually tumid joints of the 
stem. Flowers mostly perfect, on jointed pedicels, with green 
or colored 3-6-parted usually persistent or withering calyx, 
4-12 stamens on its base, 2 or 3 stigmas, 1-celled ovary with 
a single ovule rising from its base (Lessons, Figs. 342, 344), 
forming an akene or nutlet which is 2.-4-angled or winged. 


368 BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 


Embryo mostly on the outside of mealy albumen, the radicle 
pointing to the apex of the fruit. Juice acid or aerid. 


«x Calyx of 6 sepals often of two sorts ; styles 3. 


1. RHEUM. Sepals all similar, petal-like, withering-persistent underneath the 3-winged 
fruit. Stigmas capitate or wedge-shaped. Stamens 9. 

2. RUMEX. Sepals of 2 sorts; the 3 outer ones herbaceous and at length spreading; the 
alternate inner 3 larger, somewhat colored, enlarging after flowering, becoming veiny 
and dry, often bearing a grain-like tubercle on the back, and convergent over the 
8-angled akene. Stigmas a hairy tuft. Stamens 6. 


* * Calyx of 5, rarely 4, more or less petal-like similar sepals, erect after flowering. 


8. POLYGONUM. Flowers in racemes, spikes, or else in the axils of the leaves. Akene 
either lenticular when there are 2 stigmas, or triangular when there are 3. Embryo 
curved round one side of the albumen ; cotyledons narrow. Stamens 4-9, 

4. FAGOPYRUM. Differs from one section of Polygonum mainly in having an embryo 
in the center of the albumen, which is divided into 2 parts by the very broad leaf-like 
cotyledons. The triangular akene longer than the calyx. Stamens 8. 

5. POLYGONELLA. Flowers on solitary jointed pedicels (nodding in fruit) in slender 
panicled racemes. Leaves jointed at the base. Embryo slender and nearly straight, 
lying in one side of the albumen. Stamens 8. 


1. RHEUM, RHUBARB. (Greek, from Rha, the old Greek name of 
rhubarb.) Only the following species common; thers are sometimes 
cult. for ornament. 


R. Rhapénticum, Linn. (i.e., Pontic Rha or Rheum). Garven R. or 
Piz Puant; the large fleshy stalks of the ample rounded leaves, filled 
with pleasantly acid juice, cooked in spring as a substitute for fruit ; 
flowers white, in late spring, in tall panicles. Old World. 


2. RUMEX, DOCK, SORREL. (Old Latin name.) The three en- 
larged sepals which cover the fruit are called valves. Flowers greenish, 
in whorls on the branches, forming panicled racemes or interrupted 
spikes. 


§ 1. Dock. Herbage bitter; flowers perfect or partly monecious, in 
summer. 


* In marshes; stem erect, stout; leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong, flat, 
not wavy ; valves entire or obscurely wavy-toothed in the jirst species. 2 


+ Pedicels longer than the fruiting calyx. 


R. Britannica, Linn. Grear Water Dock. Common N.; 5°-6° 
high ; leaves often 1°-2° long, the margins obscurely erose-crenulate ; 
flowers nodding on slender pedicels which are about twice the length of 
the fruiting calyx ; the valves round-ovate or almost orbicular, very obtuse 
and obscurely cordate, thin, finely reticulated, nearly 1! wide, each bear- 
ingagrain. N. Eng. and N. J., W. 

R. verticillatus, Linn. Swamp D. Common N.; 3°9-5° high; fruit- 
bearing pedicels slender and club-shaped, abruptly reflexed, 3-4 times 
longer than the calyx; valves somewhat rhombic and with narrow blunt 
apex, each bearing a very large grain; leaves thickish, the lowest often 
heart-shaped at base ; raceme long and nearly leafless, the whorls loose. 


+ + Pedicels shorter than the fruiting calyx. 


R. salicifdlius, Weinm. Wuire D. Salt marshes and lake borders ; 
1°-3° high ; leaves narrowly or linear-lanceolate ; pedicels much shorter 


BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 369 


than the fruiting calyx and in much crowded whorls, forming a spike ; 
valves triangular and small, one or all with a very large grain; root 
white. N. Eng. to Great Lakes and W. 

R. altissimus, Wood. Parte D. 29-6° high; pedicels nodding, 
shorter than the fruiting calyx, which has broadly ovate, loosely reti- 
culated valves, one with a large grain, the others commonly naked ; root 
yellow. Moist grounds, N. J., W. 


* * Sandy seashore and river banks N.; 5!-12' high, spreading. @ 


R. maritimus, Linn. Gorpen D. Minutely pubescent; leaves lance- 
linear, wavy-margined, the lower auricled or heart-shaped at base ; whorls 
much crowded into leafy spikes; valves rhombic-oblong with a tapering 
point, turning orange-colored, a large grain on the back and 2 or 3 long 
stout bristles on each margin. 


* * * Weeds nat. from Eu. in cult. or waste ground; stem erect, 29-49 
high ; lower leaves or some of them heart-shaped at base, all more or 
less wavy; root commonly yellow and spindle-shaped. 2 


+ Valves conspicuously toothed at base, one (chiefly) grain-bearing. 


R. obtusifélius, Linn. Birrer D. Leaves little wavy, the upper lance- 
oblong and acute, lower oblong-heart-shaped and obtuse ; whorls loose 
and distant ; valves ovate, partly halberd-shaped, usually only one grain- 
bearing. 


+ + Valves entire or obscurely denticulate, one or more grain-bearing 
(or sometimes all naked in the last). 


++ Leaves with wavy or crisped margins. 


R. crispus, Linn. Curtep D. Leaves green, lanceolate, very wavy- 
curled, the lower rather truncate than heart-shaped at base; whorts 
crowded in long racemes ; valves rounded, heart-shaped, nearly entire, 
mostly grain-bearing. Hybridizes with R. obtusifolius. 

R. sanguineus, Linn. Bioopy-veinep or Rep D. Leaves red-veined, 
less curled, lanceolate or oblong, often fiddle-shaped ; whorls distant, in 
long slender and leafless spikes ; pedicels very short, jointed at the base ; 
valves narrowly oblong and obtuse, one or more grain-bearing. 

R. conglomeratus, Murray. SMALLER GREEN D. Like the last, but 
the panicle leafy, the leaves never fiddle-shaped, the pedicels jointed 
below the middle, the valves acutish and all grain-bearing. Moist 
grounds. ++ ++ Leaves not curly- nor wavy-margined. 

R. Patiéntia, Linn. Patience D., Herp Patience. Very tall and 
strong species, cuit. as a pot herb and sparingly escaped ; leaves large, 
ovate-oblong or lanceolate and often broadest above the middle; valves 
very large and thin (3! or more broad), one bearing a small grain, or its 
midrib thickened at the base. 


§ 2. Sorrers. Herbage acid; some leaves halberd-shaped, others with 
entire narrowed base; flowers diccious, small, in a terminal naked 
panicle; valves naked ; flowers spring and summer. 2 


R. Acetosé/ia, Linn. Common or SHEEP Sorret. Low weed in all 
sterile fields ; leaves lance-oblong or halberd-shaped, the lobes or auricles 
narrow ; pedicels jointed with the flower; ovate valves hardly enlarging 
in fruit. Eu. 

R. Acetosa, Linn. Strong and tall (19-3°) ; leaves auriculate at the 
base, the radical ones broad and very obtuse and on long slender stalks, 
the cauline long-oblong-lanceolate ; inner valves orbicular and enlarging 
in fruit, the small outer ones reflexed. Cult, as a spring vegetable, and 
sparingly escarped E. Eu. 


GRAY’S F. F. & G. BOT. —24 


370 BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 


3. POLYGONUM, KNOTWEED, JOINTWEED. (Greek: many: 
jointed.) Chiefly weeds ; some with rather showy flowers ; the follow- 
ing are the commonest; flowers late summer and autumn. 


§ 1. Flowers along the stem, nearly sessile in the axils of the almost 
sessile linear or oblong leaves, small, greenish-white ; sheaths scarious, 
usually cleft or torn and fringed. 


* Stems leafy throughout. 


P. maritimum, Linn. Glaucous, prostrate, the stems stout and short- 
jointed ; leaves oval to linear-oblong, thick, surpassing the nodes ; stipules 
very prominent. Seacoast, Mass., 8S. 2 

P. aviculare, Linn. Common KnorweEep or DoorweEEp. Generally 
prostrate or creeping, bluish-green, growing everywhere in hard soils 
about yards, the stems and roots strong; leaves small, oblong or lanceo- 
late, acute or acutish ; sepals very small, green and pinkish. 

P. eréctum, Linn. Erect or ascending, loose in habit, 19-29; leaves 
oblong or oval and obtuse; flowers larger than in the last, on more evi- 
dent pedicels. Roadsides. @ 


* * Stems with much reduced or bract-like leaves above. 


P. ramosissimum, Michx. Nearly erect, much branched, and rigid 
striate stems 29-4° high; lanceolate or linear leaves tapering into a 
petiole, and a glossy akene; sepals 6 and stamens 6 or 3, or else sepals 
5 with 4 or 5 stamens. Mass., W. 

P. ténue, Michx. Slender, upright, with thread-like branches, along 
which the upper flowers form a loose leafy spike ; leaves narrow linear, 
acute ; akene shining. Dry soil, N. Eng., S.and W. @ 


§ 2. Flowers collected in terminal spikes or spike-like racemes, rose-purple 
or jlesh-color, or rarely white or greenish. 


* Leaves lanceolate, oblong, or ovate, chiefly petioled ; sheaths cylindrical ; 
Jlowers several from each bract of the spike, 5-parted. 


+ Sheaths and bracts not ciliate (except rarely in the first) nor fringed, 
the sheaths without a border ; sepals not punctate ; style 2-cleft. 


++ @ Spikes narrow or loose ; leaves narrow. 


P. lapathifdlium, Linn. Tall, 19-6° high; leaves tapering from near 
the base to a narrow point (4/-12’ long); glabrous, or the peduncles 
rough with scattered sessile glands; spikes linear, nodding; flowers 
flesh-color or pale rose ; the 6 stamens and 2 styles included ; akene flat, 
with concave sides. Wet places, N. Eng., W. Very variable, one form 
(var. incanum) with leaves hoary beneath. 

P. Pennsylvanicum, Linn. Stems 1°-8° high, the branches above 
and peduncles bristly with stalked glands ; spikes oblong, short and blunt, 
erect; flowers rose-purple; stamens 8, a little protruding; style 2-cleft ; 
akene with flat sides. Common in moist places. 


++ ++ 2/ Spikes usually heavy and dense ; leaves broad. 


P. amphibium, Linn. Water P. Chiefly N.; in water, stems root- 
ing below, often simple, bearing a single ovate or oblong dense spike or 
head of pretty large and showy rose-red flowers; leaves rather thick, 
oblong, heart-oblong, lance-ovate or lanceolate, mostly long-petioled, 
often floating ; stamens 5. 

P. Muhlenbérgii, Watson. Decumbent or nearly erect, rough with 
ghort appressed or glandular hairs ; leaves thinnish, broad-lanceolate and 
large, long-acuminate; spike 1/-3! long. Generally in muddy places, 
N. Eng., W. and 8. 


BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. Si 


« + Sheaths with an abruptly spreading leafy border (which sometimes 
falls off), or else the sheaths and bracts bristly-ciliate. 


+ Style 2-cleft, and akene somewhat flattened ; sepals not punctate. 
= 2 Stem rooting at base, ascending. 


P. Hartwrightii, Gray. Stem very leafy, the leaves narrow and 
short-stalked; stems rough-hairy, at least on the sheaths and bracts; 
sheaths generally with a conspicuous, leafy border; flowers and fruit 
like P. amphibium. Wet or muddy places, N. Eng., W. 


= = @ Stems erect. 


P. Careyi, Olney. Swamps from Penn., N. and E.; leaves narrowly 
lanceolate, roughish, tapering both ways; sheaths margined or ciliate ; 
peduncles glandular, bristly ; stamens 5. 

P. orienta/e, Linn. Princr’s FeEatHER. Gardens and cultivated grounds, 
from India; with large, ovate, pointed leaves, and 7 stamens; very tall, 
with ciliate or bordered sheaths, soft-hairy ; flowers in cylindrical nod- 
ding spikes. 

P. Persicaria, Linn. Lapy’s Tuums. Nat. from Eu., near dwellings ; 
about 1° high ; upper face of leaves with a dark blotch near the middle; 
sheaths somewhat bristly-ciliate ; spikes oblong, dense, erect, on naked 
peduncles; flowers greenish-purple ; stamens mostly 6; style 2-8-cleft ; 
akene either flattish or triangular. 


++ ++ Style generally 3-parted and the akene triangular; sepals mostly 
dotted. 


= Herbage not acrid nor punctate with pellucid dots. 


P. hydropiperoides, Michx. Stems slender, rising out of shallow 
water, 19°-3° high ; leaves narrowly lanceolate or lance-oblong ; sheaths 
hairy and fringed with long bristles; spikes erect, slender; flowers 
small, pale or white ; stamens 8; style 3-cleft ; akene sharply triangular. 
Common. 2 


= = Herbage (smooth) pungently acrid; leaves and pale sepals marked 
with pellucid dots or glands, in which the acrid quality resides. 


P. acre, HBK. Water SmMArTWEED. Stems rooting at the decum- 
bent base, rising 2°-4° high ; leaves lanceolate or linear, taper-pointed ; 
spikes slender, erect; flowers whitish or pale flesh-color; stamens 8; 
akene sharply triangular, shining. Common in wet places. 2 

P. Hydrépiper, Linn. Common S. or WarTer Perrer. Low or wet 
grounds N.; 1°-2° high; leaves oblong-lanceolate; spikes nodding, 
mostly short; flowers greenish-white ; stamens 6; akene either flat or 
obtusely triangular. @ 


* * Leaves ovate, short-petioled ; sheaths cylindrical, fringed-hairy ; green- 
ish flowers 1-8 from each bract of the long and slender spikes, unequally 
4-parted ; the 2 styles reflexed on the lenticular akene and hooked at the tip. 


P. Virginianum, Linn. Nearly smooth, 2°-4° high; leaves rough- 
ciliate, 3’-6’ long; flower somewhat curved; stamens 5. Frequent in 
thickets. 2 


« * * Leaves heart-shaped or arrow-shaped, petioled; sheaths half- 
cylindrical. 


+ TeaR THums. Stems with spreading branches, the angles and petioles 
armed with sharp refleced prickles, by which the plant is enabled almost 
to climb ; flowers in peduncled heads or short racemes, white or flesh- 
color. Q@) 


P. arifdlium, Linn. Low grounds; leaves halberd-shaped, long-peti- 
oled ; the peduncles glandular-bristly ; stamens 6; styles 2; akene len- 
ticular. ; 


ole BIRTHWORT FAMILY. 


P. sagittatum, Linn. Low grounds; leaves arrow-shaped, short-peti- 
oled; the peduncles naked; stamens mostly 8; styles 8; akene sharply 
5-angled. 


+ + Brack Binpweep. Stems twining, not prickly ; flowers whitish, in 
loose, panicled racemes ; three outermost of the 5 divisions of the calyx 
keeled or crested, at least in fruit; stamens 8; styles 3; akenes trian- 
gular. 

P. Convélyulus, Linn. Brack BinpwEEpD. Low twining or spreading 
weed from Eu., in cultivated fields, etc.; smoothish, with heart-shaped 
and almost halberd-shaped leaves, and very small flowers. @ 

P. cilindde, Michx. Rocky shady places; tall-twining, rather downy ; 
a ring of reflexed bristles at the joints ; leaves angled-heart-shaped ; outer 
sepals hardly keeled. 2 

P. dumetorum, Linn., var. scandens, Gray. Cuiimpine Fase Buck- 
wHEAT. Moist thickets; tall-twining, 6°-12°, smooth ; joints naked; 
leaves heart-shaped or approaching halberd-shaped ; panicles leafy ; outer 
sepals strongly keeled and in fruit irregularly winged. 2 


4. FAGOPYRUM, BUCKWHEAT. (The botanical name, from the 
Greek, and the popular name, from the German, both denote Beech- 
wheat, the grain resembling a diminutive beech-nut.) Cult. from N. 
Asia, for the flour of its grain; flowers summer. @) (Lessons, Fig. 
342, 344.) 

F. esculéntum, Meench. Common B. Nearly smooth; leaves triangular- 
heart-shaped, inclining to halberd-shaped or arrow-shaped, on long 
petioles ; sheaths half-cylindrical ; flowers white or nearly so, in corym- 
bose panicles ; stamens 8, with as many honey-bearing glands interposed ; 
styles 38; acutely triangular akene large. 

F. Tatéricum, Gertn. Tartary or InprAN WuHeAT. Cult. for flour; like 
the other, but flowers smaller and tinged with yellowish; grain smaller, 

with its less acute angles wavy, dull, and roughish. 


5. POLYGONELLA. (Diminutive of Polygonum.) 


P. articulata, Meisn. A slender iittle plant, bushy-branching, 4/-12/ 
high ; leaves small and thread-like or at length none; the sheaths trun- 
cate, naked, rigid ; many-jointed raceme with a single flower under each 
bract; flowers rose-colored, nodding; stamens 8; akene triangular. 
Sandy dry soils, on the coast, Me., S., and along the Great Lakes. @ 


XCVII. ARISTOLOCHIACEH, BIRTHWORT FAMILY. 


Known from all other apetalous orders by the numerous 
ovules and seeds in a 6-celled ovary, to which the lower part 
of the lurid calyx is adherent, the latter mostly 3-lobed, the 
stamens generally 6 or 12, and more or less united with the 
style. Anthers adnate and turned outwards. Calyx dull- 
colored, valvate in the bud. Leaves petioled, usually heart- 
shaped, not serrate. Flowers solitary, perfect, commonly 
large and odd. Bitter, tonic or stimulant, sometimes aro 
matic plants. 


BIRTHWORT FAMILY. 373 


1 ASARUM. Low stemless herbs, with one or two leaves on long petioles, and a flower 
at the end of a creeping aromatic rootstock, the flowers therefore close to the ground. 
Calyx regular, with 3 equal lobes. Stamens 12, distinct, borne on the apex of the 
ovary or the base of the stout style, usually. pointed beyond the anther. Seeds large, 
thickish, in a rather fleshy and irregularly bursting pod. 

2. ARISTOLOCHIA. Leafy-stemmed herbs or woody twiners. Calyx tubular, variously 
irregular, often curved. Filaments none; anthers adherent directly and by their 
whole inner face to the outside of the 3-6-lobed stigma. Seeds very flat, in a dry 6- 
valved pod, 


1. ASARUM, ASARABACCA, WILD GINGER. (Ancient name, 
of obscure derivation.) On hillsides in rich woods; flowers spring. 2 


* Filaments slender, much longer than the short anthers ; style 1, thick, bear- 
ing 6 thick stigmas ; leaves a single pair with a peduncle between them. 


A. Canadénse, Linn. Canapa WILp GINGER, sometimes called SNakr- 
root. Soft-pubescent; leaves broadly heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, 
not evergreen ; calyx bell-shaped, but cleft down to the adherent ovary, 
brown-purple inside, the abruptly spreading lobes pointed. Rich woods, 
commonest N. 


* * Filaments short or almost none ; anthers oblong-linear ; styles 6, each 
2-cleft, bearing the stigma below the cleft; leaves thick and evergreen, 
smooth, often mottled, usually only one each year; rootstocks in a close 
cluster. 


A. Virginicum, Linn. Vireria W. Along the Alleghanies, Va., 
S.; leaves small, rounded, heart-shaped ; calyx tubular-bell-shaped with 
a somewhat narrowed throat and broad short lobes, the base coherent 
only with base of the ovary. 

A. arifolium, Michx. Va., S., has larger, somewhat halberd-shaped 
leaves, and very short and blunt lobes to the calyx. 


ae ARISTOLOCHIA, BIRTHWORT. (Ancient name, from medicinal 
properties.) Cells of the anthers in our species 4, in a horizontal row 
under each of the 3 lobes of the stigma, i.e., two contiguous 2-celled 
anthers in each set, or 6 in all. Flowers in and above the axils. Sev- 
eral curious species in greenhouses. 


* Flowers all next the root, curved like the letter S, contracted in the 
middle and at the throat. 


A. Serpentaria, Linn. VirGinta SnNakeroor (used in medicine). 
Rich woods, chiefly in Middle States and S.; low, downy herb; stems 
clustered, about 1° high ; leaves ovate or oblong and heart-shaped, some- 
times halberd-form, acute. 2/ 


¢~ : 
* * Flowers from accessory axillary buds, strongly curved, contracted at 
the mouth. 


A. Sipho, L’Her. Pire Vine, DurcHMman’s Pier (from the shape of 
the curved calyx). Rich woods from Penn., along the mountains S., 
and planted for arbors; very tall-climbing woody twiner, smooth, but the 
rounded heart-shaped leaves often downy beneath, these becoming 8/—12! 
broad; peduncles with a clasping bract, drooping ; calyx 13! long, in- 
flated above the ovary, narrowing above, contracted at the throat, the 
flat border brown-purple and obscurely 3-lobed ; flowers late spring. 

A. tomentdsa, Sims. A more slender woody climber, with smaller, 
rounder, and very veiny, downy leaves, and yellowish flower, with an 
oblique, almost closed, brownish orifice, the borders reflexed; flowers 
late spring orsummer. N.C., S. and W. 


874 PEPPER FAMILY. 


XCVIII. PIPERACEH, PEPPER FAMILY. 


Herbs (or the cultivated species sometimes woody) with 
alternate or opposite, entire leaves, and wholly naked generally 
perfect flowers in spikes, the ovary single or 3-5 together, and 
esther separate or more or less united at the base, the ovules 
few in Saururus or only 1 in some other genera. Mostly 


tropical. 
* Ovary of 3-4 carpels slightly united at the base. 


1. SAURURUS. Stamens 6-8, hypogynous, the long white filaments distinct. Stigmas, 


recurved. Leaves alternate. 
* x Ovary simple, 1-seeded. 


2. PIPER. Stamens 2-6, the anther cells generally distinct. Stigmas 3-5 (rarely 2). 
Leaves alternate. 

8. PEPEROMIA. Stamens 2, the cells united in 1 2-valved cell. Stigma sessile. Leaves 
alternate, opposite, or verticillate. 


1. SAURURUS, LIZARD’S TAIL. (Greek: lizard-tail, from the 
peduncled terminal spike.) 2, 


S. cémuus, Linn. Wet swamps and borders of brooks, Conn., W. 
and S.; stem jointed, 2° high, branching ; leaves heart-shaped, with con- 
verging ribs, petioled; flowers white and fragrant, crowded in a dense 
but slender tail-like spike, with the end nodding. (Lessons, Fig. 234.) 


2. PIPER, PEPPER. (Ancient name.) A large genus of tropical 
plants, in greenhouses sometimes represented by 


P. nigrum, Linn. Preprer Puiant. A trailing or climbing woody 
plant, with broadly ovate and acuminate petioled leaves ; flowers in cat- 
kins 3/-6! long, the fruit changing from green to red and black. E. Indies. 
Back Pepper is the product of this plant. WuiTrE PEPPER is the same 
product with the external covering removed. CusBess are from P. Cu- 
BEBA, Of the E. Indies. 


3. PEPEROMIA. (Name means Pepper-like.) Many tropical species, 
of which several are in cultivation in greenhouses for their variously 
marked leaves, which are usually thick or somewhat succulent, Fol- 
lowing are the commonest, all from S. Amer. 


* Leaves alternate. 


P. Sandérsii, C.DC. (P. VerscHarrétti.) Leaves long-stalked, 
orbicular or cordate-ovate, thick, bright green along the veins and white 
between. 

P. arifdlia, Mig. Leaves long-stalked, round-ovate, cordate or retuse- 
truncate at the base, thinnish, variegated with green and gray. 

P. maculésa, Dietr. Leaves broadly elliptic-ovate and very fleshy, 
bright green, the petioles spotted with purple. 


* * Leaves opposite. 


P. marmorata, Hook. f. Leaves ovate and crowded, thick, with a rich 
green mottled and variegated with white. 


LAUREL FAMILY. 875 


XCIX. LAURACEH, LAUREL FAMILY. 


Spicy-aromatic trees or shrubs, the alternate simple leaves 
(with entire margins but sometimes lobed) more or less marked 
with minute pellucid dots; the regular flowers with a calyx of 
4 or 6 colored sepals imbricated in two ranks in the bud, and 
free from the ovary; the latter is terminated by a simple 
style and stigma, is 1-celled with a hanging ovule, and in fruit 
becomes a berry or drupe. The stamens furnish a special 
character, their anthers opening by uplifted valves. To this 
family belong the classical Laurel or Bay, the Cinnamon, the 


Camphor tree, ete. 

x Flowers perfect, in axillary panicles. 

1, PERSEA. Calyx 6-parted, persistent at the base of the berry. Stamens 12 with anthers, 
the 3 outer of which are turned outwards, 6 others inward, the remainder being 3 
glands or sterile filaments forming an innermost row. The two proper cells of the 
anther, with a lower and an upper chamber, make 4 compartments, each opening by 
a valve in the manner of a trap-door. 

* « Flowers wholly or nearly diecious, greenish yellow ; leaves deciduous. 
+ Anthers 4-celled and 4-valved. 


2. SASSAFRAS. Flowers in an open corymbed and peduneled cluster, with spreading 6- 
parted calyx ; sterile ones with 9 stamens in 3 rows, the filaments of the three inner 
with a pair of yellow stalked glands on their base. Fertile flowers with 6 rudiments 
of stamens and an ovoid ovary, becoming a drupe. 

8. LITSEA. Flowers in small lateral clustered umbels, with 6-parted deciduous calyx; 
sterile ones with 9 similar stamens; anthers turned inwards. Fertile flowers with 
a globular ovary, surrounded by numerous rudiments of stamens, and becoming a 
globular drupe or berry. 

+ + Anthers 2-celled and 2-valved. 

4. LINDERA. Flowers in sessile lateral clusters, with a 6-parted honey-yellow calyx; 
sterile ones with 9 stamens; the inner 3 filaments lobed and glandular at base. Fer- 
tile flowers with a globular ovary, surrounded by numerous rudiments of stamens. 
Berry red, oval; the stalk not thickened. 


1. PERSEA, RED BAY. (Ancient name of some Oriental tree.) 
Leaves evergreen ; flowers greenish-white, in summer. The ALLIGATOR 
Pear or Avocapo of the tropics is P. GRATfssIMA. 


P. Carolinénsis, Nees. Carorina Rep Bay. Tree or large shrub, in 
low grounds, from Del., S.; hoary when young, the oblong leaves soon 
smooth above ; berries blue on a red stalk. 


2. SASSAFRAS. (The popular name of this very well-known tree. ) 


S. officinale, Nees. Sassarras. A fine tree, with mucilaginous yel- 
lowish twigs and foliage, spicy bark, flowers appearing in spring with the 
leaves ; these ovate and obovate, and some of them 3-cleft, smooth when 
old ; fruit blue on a club- shaped, rather fleshy stalk. Sandy or sterile 
land, Mass., W. and 8. 


3. LITSEA. (Chinese name.) | 


L. geniculata, Benth. & Hook. Ponp Spice. Along ponds in pine 
barrens from Va., S.; large shrub, soon smooth, with forking and diver- 


3876 MEZEREUM FAMILY. 


gent or zigzag branches, rather coriaceous oval or oblong leaves (3/-1' 
long), appearing later than the flowers in spring ; these in little crowded 
clusters of 2-4 from 2-4-leaved involucres ; fruit red, globular. 


4. LINDERA, SPICEBUSH, WILD ALLSPICE, FEVERBUSH. 
(John Linder, a Swedish botanist.) Shrubs ; flowers in spring, pre- 
ceding the leaves. 


L. Benzoin, Blume. Common S. or Bensamin Busu. Damp rich 
woods N. Eng., W. and 8.; 6°-15° high, almost smooth; leaves thin, 
obovate-oblong, acute at base, 3/—-5/ long. 

L. melissefolia, Blume. Wet grounds, N. Car., W. and S.; 2°-8° 
high, silky-pubescent ; leaves oblong, obtuse or slightly heart-shaped at 
base, 1/-2' long; when old, smooth above. 


C. THYMELZACEA, MEZEREUM FAMILY. 


Shrubs with acrid and very tough fibrous bark, entire leaves, 
and perfect flowers with a simple corolla-like calyx, bearing 
twice as many stamens as its lobes (usually 8), the anthers 
of the ordinary sort; the free ovary 1-celled, with a single 
hanging ovule, becoming a berry-like fruit. Flowers commonly 
in umbel-like clusters. 


1. DIRCA. Calyx tubular, without any spreading lobes, the wavy-truncate border some 
times obscurely indicating 4 teeth. The 8 stamens and the style long and slender, 
protruding. 

2. DAPHNE. Calyx salver-shaped or somewhat funnel-shaped; the 4 lobes spreading, 
the 8 anthers nearly sessile on its tube, included. Style very short or none; stigma 
capitate. 


1. DIRCA, LEATHERWOOD, MOOSEWOOD. (Name obscure.) 


D. paltstris, Linn. Shrub 2°-6° high, with tender white wood, but 
very tough bark, used by the Indians for thongs (whence the popular 
names), the numerous branches as if jointed; leaves obovate or oval, 
alternate, nearly smooth, deciduous; flowers before the leaves in earliest 
spring, honey-yellow, few in a cluster from a bud of 3 or 4 dark-hairy 
scales forming an involucre ; berry reddish. Rich damp woods ; common 
N. and S. 


2. DAPHNE. (Mythological name, the nymph transformed by Apollo 
into a Laurel.) The following are cult. for ornament. 


* Leaves deciduous. 


G. Mezéreum, Linn. Merzereum. Hardy low shrub from Eu.; 19-3° 
high, with purple-rose-colored (rarely white) flowers, in lateral clusters 
on shoots of the preceding year, in early spring, before the lanceolate 
very smooth green leaves ; berries red. 


* * Leaves evergreen. 


D. Cnedrum, Linn. Uardy under-shrub from Eu., spreading and 
branching, with crowded lance-oblong or oblanceolate leaves (less than 
1’ long), and a terminal cluster of handsome rose-pink flowers in spring. 


OLEASTER FAMILY. sere 


D. odéra, Thunb. (D. Japonica and D. Sinénsis). Sweer Darune. 
Greenhouse shrub from China, with bright green, lance-oblong leaves, 
and terminal clusters of white or pale pink sweet-scented flowers, in 
winter. 


CI. ELHZAGNACEH, OLEASTER FAMILY. 


Silvery-scurfy shrubs or small trees, often having dicecious 
inconspicuous flowers, the calyx tube of the fertile ones itself 
inclosing the ovary, becoming fleshy and ripening into a sort 
of berry around the akene-like true fruit, the seed of which is 
erect. Otherwise much like the preceding family. Leaves 
entire. 


1. ELHAGNUS. Flowers perfect and axillary, with a 4-cleft calyx (the border deciduous). 
Stamens 4, inserted on the throat. Style linear, the stigma on the side. Fruit drupe- 
like, containing a long 8-grooved stone. Leaves alternate. 

2. SHEPHERDIA. Flowers diccious, the calyx 4-cleft and, in the pistillate flowers, in- 
closing the ovary. Stamens 8, alternating with 8 projections on the disk. Style 
slender. Fruit berry-like. Leaves opposite. 


1. ELZIAGNUS, OLEASTER. (Greek: sacred olive, first applied to 
the Chaste tree.) Small trees or bushes, with light or white foliage. 


* Pedicels much longer than the flowers or fruit (1'-3'). 


E. Iéngipes, Gray. Goumi. (E. Epuvis of nurseries.) Diffuse tall 
bush with oval thin leaves, green above and silvery-shining below, and 
single axillary flowers followed by hanging, oblong, rusty-punctate drupes. 
Japan. Cult. for the edible fruit. 


* * Pedicels little, if at all, exceeding the flowers. 


EB. argéntea, Pursh. Sitver Berry. Wild from Minn., W., and 
sometimes cult.; 6°-12° high, stoloniferous, the young branches bearing 
rusty scales; leaves elliptic or lanceolate and undulate, silvery-scurfy 
and rusty ; flowers numerous and fragrant, followed by round-ovoid and 
mealy edible fruit. 

E. horténsis, Bieb. Oveaster. Tall shrub or small tree, often spiny, 
cult. from the Old World for the whiteness of its cottony shoots and 
under surfaces of the narrow-lanceolate or lance-ovate, mostly obtuse 
leaves ; flowers small and yellowish inside, but silvery without, fragrant, 
followed by small red fruits. The Russran OLive, somewhat planted in 
the West, is var. Songérica, Bernh. 


2. SHEPHERDIA. (John Shepherd was once curator of the Liver- 
pool Botanic Garden. ) 


S. Canadénsis, Nutt. A low shrub along our northern borders, with 
oval leaves, soon green above, but silvery and with some rusty scurf 
beneath, 4-parted flowers, and yellowish berries. 

S. argéntea, Nutt. Burratro Berry. Shrub through the plains and 
mountains far W. and N. W., and planted for ornament and fruit, has 
oblong leaves with narrowed base, silvery both sides, and edible acid red 
berries. 


378 SANDALWOOD FAMILY. 


CII. LORANTHACEH, MISTLETOE FAMILY. 


Shrub-like small plants with hard greenish foliage, closely 
allied to the next family and differing chiefly in the more 
reduced flowers and the habit. Parasitic on the branches of 
trees; represented in this country chiefly by 


Phoradéndron flavéscens, Nutt. American or FALsEe MISTLETOE. 
With obovate or oval, yellowish-green, thick, slightly petioled leaves, and 
short, yellowish, jointed spikes in their axils, of dicecious greenish flowers, 
the fertile ones ripening white berries. On deciduous trees, N. J., W. 
and S. 


CIII. SANTALACEH, SANDALWOOD FAMILY. 


Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with entire leaves and a 4—5-cleft 
ealyx valvate in the bud and its tube joined to the 1-celled 
ovary, which contains 2-4 ovules hanging from the top of a 
stalk-like central placenta, but the fruit always 1-seeded and 
indehiscent. Style 1. Stamens as many as the lobes of the 
calyx and opposite them. 


1. COMANDRA. Flowers perfect, in umbel-form clusters. Calyx bell-shaped or urn- 
shaped, provided with a 5-lobed disk above the ovary. Fruit drupe-like or nut-like, 
bearing the persistent calyx lobes on its top. Low perennials, often parasitic on roots 
of other plants. 

2. PYRULARIA. Flowers generally imperfect, in spikes or racemes. Calyx 4-5-cleft, 
the divisions recurved, and, in the sterile flowers, with a hairy tuft at the base. Fer- 
tile flowers with a pear-shaped ovary, which becomes a fleshy, drupe-like fruit. Shrubs 
or trees. 


id. COMANDRA, BASTARD TOAD FLAX. (Greek: hair and sta- 
mens. ) 


C. umbellata, Nutt. Dry ground, common N.; parasitic on the roots 
of shrubs and trees. Known by the 5 stamens with their anthers con- 
nected with the face of the white calyx lobes, behind them by a tuft of 
thread-like hairs (to which the name alludes). Stems 6/-10! high, with 
many small, oblong, pale, alternate, and almost sessile entire leaves. Has 
much the aspect of Hypericum. 

C. livida, Rich. Grows on L. Superior, and has larger leaves, 3-5- 
flowered axillary peduncles, short calyx tube with ovate lobes, short 
style, and pulpy red berry. 


2. PYRULARIA. (From Pyrus, from the shape of the fruit.) ~ 


P. pubera, Michx. O1v Nut, Burrato Nor. Shrub 39-129 high, 
growing in rich woods in the mountains of Penn. and 8.; shoots minutely 
downy when young, but becoming glabrous; leaves obovate-oblong, 
mostly acute, soft and very veiny and minutely punctate; fruit an inch 
long. 


SPURGE FAMILY. 879 


CIV. EUPHORBIACEH, SPURGE FAMILY. 


Plants with mostly milky acrid juice and monecious or 
dicecious flowers, of very various structure; the ovary and 
fruit commonly 3-celled and with single or at most a pair of 
hanging ovules and seeds in each cell. A large family in warm 
countries, always difficult for the beginner. The peculiar 
characters of the flowers are more fully specified in the fol- 
lowing synopsis. 

* Ovules and seeds only one in each cell. 


+ Flowers. both staminate and pistillate, really destitute both of calyx and corolla; a 
pistillate an@ numerous staminate ones surrounded by a cup-like involucre 
which imitates a calyx, so that the whole may be taken for one perfect flower. 


1. EUPHORBIA. These plants may be known, mostly, by having the 3-lobed ovary 
raised out of the cup, on a curyed stalk, its 3 short styles each 2-cleft, making 6 
stigmas. Fruit when ripe bursting into the 3 carpels, and each splitting into 2 valves, 
discharging the seed. What seems to be a stamen with a jointed filament is really 
a staminate flower, in the axil of a slender bract, consisting of a single stamen on a 
pedicel, the joint being the junction. 


+ + Flowers of both kinds provided with a distinct calyz. 
++ Stamens 5 or more. 
= Flowers in cymose (2-8-forked) panicles ; stamens 10 or more. 


2- JATROPHA. Fertile flowers in the main forks of the panicle. Calyx colored like a 
corolla, in the sterile flowers mostly salver-shaped and 5-lobed, enclosing 10-380 sta- 
mens, somewhat monadelphous in two or more ranks; in the fertile 5-parted. Styles 
8, united below, once or twice forked at the apex. Pod 3-celled, 3-seeded. Leaves 
alternate, long-petioled, with stipules. 


= = Flowers in terminal racemes or spikes. 
| Leaves scarcely or not at all lobed, often entire. 
°o Ovary and fruit \-celled. 


8. CROTONOPSIS. Flowers monecious, in very small terminal or lateral spikes or clus- 
ters, the lower ones fertile. Sterile flowers with an equally 5-parted calyx, 5 spatu- 
late petals, and 5 stamens opposite the petals. Fertile flowers with unequally 
8-5-parted calyx, 0 petals, but 5 petal-like scales opposite the divisions of the calyx. 


oo Ovary 244 (commonly 3-) celled, or rarely 1-celled in No. 6. 


4. CROTON. Flowers monecious or diccious, generally in racemes or spikes. Sterile 
flowers with a normally 5-parted calyx, as many petals or rudiments as there are calyx 
lobes and alternating with lobes of the disk, the stamens 5 or more. Fertile flawers 
with a 5-10-cleft or parted calyx, the petals 0 or very small rudiments. 

5. CODI4£UM. Flowers monecious. Sterile flowers with a membranaceous 3-6-parted 
calyx, the divisions imbricated and becoming reflexed, five short scale-like petals 
alternating with as many glands, and many or numerous stamens. Fertile flowers 
with a 5-cleft calyx but no petals, the ovary surrounded by 5 scales. 

§. ACALYPHA. Flowers in small clusters disposed in spikes, staminate above, fertile at 
base; or sometimes the two sorts in separate spikes. Calyx of sterile flowers, 4- 
parted, of fertile 3-5-parted. Stamens 8-16, short, monadelphous at base ; the 2 cells 
of the anther long and hanging. Styles 3, cut-fringed on the upper face, red. Pod 
of 3 (rarely 2 or 1) lobes or cells. Fertile flower clusters embraced by 4 leaf-like cut 
lobed bract. Leaves alternate, petioled, with stipules, serrate. 


380 SPURGE FAMILY. 


| | Leaves prominently digitate-lobed. 


7. RICINUS. Flowers in large panicled clusters, the fertile above, the staminate below. 
Calyx 5-parted. Stamens very many, in several bundles. Styles 3, united at base, 
each 2-parted, red. Pcd large, 3-lobed, with 3 large seeds. (Lessons, Fig. 419.) 
Leaves alternate, with stipules. 


++++ Stamens 2 or 3. 


8. TRAGIA. Flowers monecious and apetalous, in racemes. Sterile flowers with 3-& 
cleft calyx. Fertile flowers with 3-S-parted persistent calyx. Calyx lobes valvate in 
the bud. Plants pubescent or hairy. 

9. STILLINGIA. Flowers in a terminal spike, naked and staminate above, a few fertile 
flowers at base. Calyx 2-3-cleft. Stamens 2, rarely 3. Pod 3-lobed. Stigmas 3, 
simple. Bracts with a fleshy gland on each side. Leaves alternate, stipulate. 
Plants glabrous. 


» * Ovules and mostly seeds 2 in each cell of the ovary and 3-horned pod. Juice not 
milky in the following, which have monecious flowers, mostly 4 sepals, 4 ex- 
serted stamens in the sterile, and 3 awl-shaped spreading or recurved styles or 
stigmas in the fertile, flowers. 


10. BUXUS. Flowers in small sessile bracted clusters in the axils of the thick and ever- 
green entire opposite leaves. Shrubs or trees. 

11. PACHYSANDRA. Flowers in naked lateral spikes, staminate above, a few fertile 
flowers at base. Filaments long, thickish and flat, white. Nearly herbaceous, low, 
tufted ; leaves barely evergreen, alternate, coarsely few-toothed. 

12. PHYLLANTHUS. Flowers axillary and monecious. Calyx commonly 5-6-parted, 
imbricated in the bud. Petals 0. Stamens generally 3. Ovules 2 in each cell, 
Leaves alternate in 2 ranks. 


1. EUPHORBIA, SPURGE. (Said to be named for Zuphorbus, phy- 
sician to King Juba.) Flowers commonly in late summer. Only the 
commonest species mentioned here. 


* Shrubby species of the conservatory, winter-flowering, with red bracts 
or leaves. 


E. pulchérrima, Willd., or Pornsertia, of Mexico ; unarmed stout shrub, 
with ovate or oblong and angled or sinuately few-lobed leaves, rather 
downy beneath, those next the flowers mostly entire (4/-5! long) and of 
the brightest vermilion-red ; flowers in globular greenish involucres bear- 
ing a great yellow gland at the top on one side. 

E. spléndens, Bojer. Crown or Tuorns. Mauritius; smooth with 
thick and horridly prickly stems, oblong-spatulate, mucronate leaves, and 
slender, clammy peduncles, bearing a cyme of several deep-red apparently 
2-petalous flowers ; but the seeming petals are bracts around the cup-like 
involucre of the real flowers. 

E. falgens, Karw. (E. Jacquin1®FLora). Mexico; unarmed, smooth, 
with slender recurved branches and broadly lanceolate leaves, few-flow- 
ered ; peduncles shorter than the petioles; what appears like a 5-cleft 
corolla are the bright red lobes of the involucre. 


* * Herbs natives of or naturalized in the country, the last and sometimes 
a few of the others cult. in gardens ; flowers late summer. 


+ Glands of the involucre with more or less conspicuous petal-like margins 
or appendages, these usually white or rose-colored (obscure in the first). 


++ Leaves all opposite, small and short-stalked, oblique at the base. @ 
= Seeds not roughened ; leaves entire, and the entire plant glabrous. 


E. polygonifdlia, Linn. A prostrate, spreading, reddish little plant 
growing on the sands of the seacoast and along the Great Lakes; leaves 


SPURGE FAMILY. 381 


oblong-linear, obtuse and mucronate ; lobes of the involucre longer than 
the minute and unappendaged glands. 


= = Seeds minutely roughened or wrinkled; leaves serrulate, and the 
plant often hairy. 


E. glyptospérma, Engelm. Glakrous or rarely slightly puberulent, 
erect or spreading ; leaves linear-oblong and mostly falcate, very unequal 
at the base, serrulate near the obtuse apex; stipules lanceolate and cut; 
seeds sharply 4-angled, marked with 5 or .6 sharp transverse wrinkles. 
Ontario, W. 

E. maculata, Linn. Prostrate ; leaves oblong-linear, very oblique at 
base, serrulate above, blotched in the. center; pods sharp-angled, very 
small, with 4 shallow grooves. Common along roads and in dry fields. 

E. humistrata, Engel. Procumbent, hairy, or puberulent; leaves 
elliptic or obovate, very oblique at the base, sparsely hairy underneath, 
sometimes with a brown spot on the upper side; involucre cleft on the 
back, the truncate or crenate appendages red or white; seeds ovate, 
obtusely angled and minutely roughened. Rich places, Ind., W. 

E. Préslii, Guss. Ascending 10/-20' high; leaves ovate-oblong or 
linear-oblong, serrate, often with red spot or margins; appendages 
entire; pod blunt-angled; seeds ovate, obtusely angled, wrinkled and 
tubercled, blackish. Common. 


++ ++ Leaves opposite or whorled at the top of the stem, ulternate or scat- 
tered below, larger; plants strict. 


E. marginata, Pursh. Snow on tHE Mountain. Wild on the plains 
W. of the Mississippi, and cult. for ornament; leaves pale, ovate or oval, 
sessile, the lower alternate, uppermost in threes or pairs and broadly 
white-margined ; flower-cup with 5 white petal-like appendages behind 
as many saucer-shaped glands. Stout, 2°-3° high. 

E. corollata, Linn. Gravelly or sandy soil, from N. Y., S. and W.; 
2°-3° high; leaves varying from ovate to linear, entire, the lower alter- 
nate, upper whorled and opposite ; flower cups umbelled, long-stalked, 
with 5 bright white conspicuous appendages, imitating a 5-cleft corolla. 2 


+ + Glands of the involucre destitute of petal-like appendages. 


++ Involucres (or ‘‘ flowers’) in terminal clusters, with few or solitary 
glands ; all, or the uppermost, leaves opposite, variable ; stipules small 
and glandular. @) 


E. dentata, Michx. Rich soil from Penn. S. and W.; hairy, only the 
lower leaves alternate, the upper opposite, varying from ovate to linear, 
uppermost paler or whitish at base, and the few glands of the flower cup 
short-stalked. 

E. heterophylla, Linn. Glabrous ; leaves alternate, ovate and sinuate- 
toothed, or fiddle-shaped, or some of them lanceolate or linear and 
entire ; the upper with red base; no petal-like appendages to the flower 
cup and only 1 or 2 sessile glands. Minn., S. 


++ ++ Involucres in a terminal forked or umbel-like inflorescence, wiih 4 or 
5 entire or crescent-shaped glands ; plants ascending or erect, generally 
glabrous ; stipules 0. 


= Leaves of the commonly erect stem alternate or scattered; those of the 
umbel-like inflorescence whorled or opposite and of different shape, 
usually roundish; glands of the flower cup mostly 4. Weeds or weed- 
like. 

|| Glands of the flower cup or involucre transversely oval and obtuse. @ 


E. platyphylia, Linn. Nat. from Eu. N.; upper stem-leaves lance-oblong- 
acute, minutely serrulate ; uppermost heart-shaped ; floral ones triangu- 


382 SPURGE FAMILY. 


lar-ovate and heart-shaped; umbel 5-rayed; glands large and ‘sessile ; 
pod beset with depressed warts ; seed smooth. 

E. obtusata, Pursh. Like the preceding, but taller, 19-29 high ; stem 
leaves oblong-spatulate and obtuse, the upper heart-shaped ; floral ones 
dilated-ovate ; umbel once or twice 3-rayed, then 2-rayed; glands of 
flower cup short-stalked ; pods long-warty. Va., W. and 8. 

E. dictyospérma, Fisch. & Meyer. Resembles the preceding, but 
slender ; leaves obtusely serrate ; glands small, almost sessile ; seeds 
delicately reticulated. Md. to Minn., and S. 

E. Helioscépia, Linn. Weed from Eu., in waste places N.; with stouter 
ascending stems 6/-12! high; leaves all obovate and rounded or notched 
at the end, the lower wedge-shaped, finely serrate ; umbel first with 5, 
then 3, and at length with 2 rays; glands orbicular and stalked; pods 
smooth and even; seeds with honeycomb-like surface. 


\| || @lands of the flower cup with 2 long horns ; pod smooth ; seeds sculp- 
tured or pitted and pale. @ @ 


E. Péplus, Linn. Waste places from Eu.; stem erect ; leaves petioled, 
entire, round-obovate, the upper floral ones ovate ; umbel first 3-rayed, 
afterwards 2-forked ; pod 2-crested on each lobe. 

E. commutata, Engelm. Wild from Minn. and Md., S. W., on shady 
slopes; stems with decumbent base; leaves obovate, the upper sessile, 
the rounded floral ones broader than long; umbel 3-forked ; pod crest- 
less ; flowers early summer. 


\| || || Glands crescent-shaped; pod granular; seeds smooth, dark-col- 
ored. 


IE: eA beat Linn. Cypress Spurce. Gardens from Eu. and run- 
ning wild E.; in dense clusters 6/-10' high, smooth ; stem and branches 
crowded with small linear entire leaves, the floral ones small and rounded 
heart-shaped ; umbel many-rayed. 


= = Leaves ail or chiefly opposite, entire, smooth, almost sessile; pod 
smooth. 


E. Ipecacudnhe, Linn. Ipecac Spurce. Sandy soil from Conn., S. 
and W.; branching repeatedly from the long perpendicular root, widely 
spreading; leaves barely 1/ long, varying from obovate to linear; pe- 
duncles solitary in the forks, slender; flower-cup dull-purple, with 6 
glands. 2 

E. Lthyris, Lin. Caper SpurGE, Mote Prant. Cult. from Eu., in 
country gardens; glaucous; stem erect, stout, 2°-3° high ; leaves thick ; 
those of the stem lance-linear, floral ones oblong-ovate and heart-shaped ; 
umbel 4-rayed, then forking; glands short-horned. @ 


2. JATROPHA. (Name not applicable.) Chiefly tropical plants ; one 
is a weedy wild plant, viz. 


J. stimuldsa, Michx. TreaAp-sorTLy or SpurGE NETTLE, names refer- 
ring to its stinging bristly hairs, which are like those of Nettles ; dry 
sandy soil, branching, 6/-12! high; leaves rounded heart-shaped, 3-5- 
lobed or variously cleft or parted ; flowers slender, white ; stamens 10, 
their filaments almost separate. Sandy soil, Va.,S. 2 


3. CROTONOPSIS. (Croton-like.) @ 


C. linearis, Michx. A low, slender plant with alternate or opposite 
linear or lanceolate leaves, green above and silvery-hoary and scurfy 
beneath, as are the branches. Sandy soil, N. J., W. and S. 


SPURGE FAMILY. 383 


4. CROTON. (Greek name of the Castor-oil plant.) (@ 


C. glandulésus, Linn. MRough-hairy and glandular, umbellately 
branched ; leaves oblong or linear-oblong and obtusely toothed ; sterile 
flowers with 4-parted calyx, 4 petals and 4 rays on the disk, and 8 sta- 
mens ; fertile flowers clustered at the base of the sterile spike, with 5 
parted calyx, very minute rudiments of petals, and three 2-cleft styles ; 
1°-2°. Va., W. and S. 

C. capitatus, Michx. ensely soft-woolly and somewhat glandular, 
1°-2° ; leaves lance-oblong or long-oblong, rounded at the base, entire, 
on long stalks; sterile flowers with 5-parted calyx, 5 petals and 5 glands 
alternating, and 10-14 stamens ; fertile flowers capitate at the base of the 
short sterile spike, with 7-12-parted calyx, 0 petals, and 3 styles twice or 
thrice 2-parted. Barrens, N. J., S. and W. 

C. monanthégynus, Michx. Plant a foot or two high, rusty-glandu- 
lar and whitish-stellate-pubescent ; leaves narrow-oblong to ovate-oblong, 
entire ; sterile flowers few on the summits of short and erect peduncles, 
with 3-5-parted calyx and as many petals and glands, and 3-8-stamens ; 
fertile flowers solitary or few on short recurved peduncles, with 5-parted 
calyx, 0 petals, 5 glands, and 2 sessile, 2-parted stigmas. Barren lands, 
Ind., S. and W. 


5. CODIZUM. (Name constructed from the Malayan name of one 
species.) Plants growing in the Oriental tropics and known in green- 
houses as Crotons. The cultivated forms are very numerous, being 
distinguished by the handsome markings of the foliage. The common- 
est species represented in these forms is C. variegatum, Blume (C. pfc- 
tum of horticultural literature). 


6. ACALYPHA. (Ancient Greek name of Nettle.) Several species 
are cult. in choice greenhouses for ornamental foliage. Flowering 
through late summer and autumn. 


A. Virginica, Linn. A common, coarse, low weed in fields, etc.; 
smoothish or hairy, turning purplish, with leaves varying from ovate to 
ovate-oblong, serrate ; fertile flowers in short clusters; pod and seed 
smoothish. There is a variety with linear leaves. 

A. Caroliniana, Ell. Has thin heart-shaped, closely serrate leaves, 
mostly a long terminal fertile spike, pods beset with soft prickles, and 
seeds rough-wrinkled. N.J., W.andS. @ 


7. RICINUS, PALMA CHRISTI, CASTOR-OIL PLANT. (Latin 
name of a bug, which the seed resembles.) 


R. communis, Linn. A sort of tree, but cult. in temperate climates as 
a stately annual, for its seeds, from which castor-oil is expressed, and in 
ornamental grounds for its magnificent foliage ; the peltate and palmately 
‘7-11-cleft leaves 1°-2° broad, or even more ; flowers late summer. There 
is only one species, although some of the most distinct forms have been 
given specific names. Probably African. 


8. TRAGIA. (Named for Bock, an early herbalist, whose Latin name 
was Tragus.) Ours 2f 
* Plant not truly twining ; leaves short-stalked. 


T. innécua, Walt. Erect and branched, soft-hairy and not stinging, 
6/-12'; leaves obovate-oblong to narrow-linear, acute at the base; sta- 
mens 2. Sandy soil, Va., S. 


384 NETTLE FAMILY. 


T. nepetzfdlia, Cav. Erect or very slightly twining, bearing stinging 
hairs; leaves ovate- or triangular-lanceolate, cordate or truncate at the 
base ; stamens 3-5. Va., S. 


* * Plant twining ; leaves (except the uppermost) long-stalked. 
T. macrocarpa, Willd. Leaves ovate and acuminate, deeply cordate, 
serrate. Ky., S. 


9. STILLINGIA. (Named for Dr. B. Stillingfleet.) Very smooth 
plants, only S.; flowering all summer. 


* Herb; leaves serrulate. 


S. sylvdtica, Linn. Query’s Deticur. Dry soil, Va., S. and W.; 
1°-8° high, clustered from a woody root; leaves crowded, almost sessile, 
varying from obovate to lance-linear, serrulate ; stamens 2. 


* * Shrubby ; leaves entire. 


S. ligustrina, Michx. River swamps from N. Car., S.; 6°-12° high ; 
leaves lance-obovate or oblong ; spikes short ; stamens mostly 3. 

S. sebifera, Michx. TaLtow ‘TREE of China, planted S. Car. and S.; 
tree 20°-40° high ; leaves rhombic-ovate, long-petioled; stamens 2; seeds 
white, yielding a useful vegetable tallow or wax. 


10. BUXUS, BOX. (Ancient Latin, from the Greek name of the 
Box Tree.) : 


B. sempérvirens, Linn. ‘TREE Box, and its more common var. NANA, 
the Dwarr Box, with much smaller leaves, from the Mediterranean, are 
planted N., chiefly for borders, especially the Dwarf Box. 

11. PACHYSANDRA. (Greek: thick stamens.) Y 


P. procimbens, Michx. Rocky woods, W. slope of the Alleghanies, 
from Ky., S., and in some gardens ; developing its copious spikes from 
the base of the short procumbent densely tufted stems, in early spring. 


12. PHYLLANTHUS. (Greek: leaf, blossom: the flowers in some 
species being borne on dilated, leaf-like branches. ) 


P. Carolinénsis, Walt. A low and slender plant, growing in gravelly 
soils from Penn., S. and W.; leaves short-stalked, obovate or oval; flow- 
ers generally 2 in each axil, 1 staminate, 1 fertile, both almost sessile. @ 


CV. URTICACEH, NETTLE FAMILY. 


This family, taken in the largest sense, includes very various 
apetalous plants, with monecious or dicecious flowers (except 
in the Elm Subfamily), having a distinct calyx free from the 
1-seeded (but sometimes 2-celled) fruit. Stamens as many as 
the lobes of the calyx and opposite them, or sometimes fewer. 
Inner bark generally tough. Leaves with stipules, which are 
sometimes early deciduous. 


J. ELM SUBFAMILY. Trees, the juice not milky. Leaves 
alternate, 2-ranked, simple; stipules small and falling early. 


NETTLE FAMILY. 385 


Flowers moneciously polygamous, or perfect, with the fila- 
ments not inflexed in the bud, and 2 diverging styles or long 
stigmas. Ovary 1-2-celled, with 1 or 2 hanging ovules, in 
fruit always 1-celled and 1-seeded. 


« Fruit dry, winged or nut like. Anthers turned outwards. 


1. ULMUS. Calyx bell-shaped, 4-9-cleft. Stamens 4-9; filaments long and slender. 
Ovary mostly 2-celled, becoming a 1-celled thin samara or key-fruit winged all round 
(Lessons, Fig. 390). Flowers in clusters in axils of last year’s leaves, in early spring, 
before the leaves of the season, purplish or yellowish-green. Leaves straight-veined, 
serrate. 

2. PLANERA. Like Elm, but flowers more polygamous, appearing with the leaves in 
small axillary clusters; the lobes of the calyx and stamens only 4 or 5; the 1-celled 
1-ovuled ovary forming a wingless nut-like fruit. 


* « Fruit a berry-like globular small drupe. Anthers turned inward. 


8. CELTIS. Calyx 5-6-parted, persistent. Stamens 5 or 6. Stigmas very long, tapering. 
Ovary and drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded. Flowers greenish, in the axils of the leaves; 
the lower ones mostly staminate and clustered, the upper fertile and mostly solitary 
on a slender peduncle. 


II. HEMP SUBFAMILY. Rough herbs, with watery 
juice and tough fibrous bark. Leaves mostly opposite and 
palmately lobed or compound. Flowers dicecious, greenish ; 
the sterile in axillary loose compound racemes or panicles, the 
fertile in close clusters or catkins; calyx of the former with 
5 sepals, of the latter 1 seale-like sepal embracing the ovary 
and akene. Stigmas or hairy styles 2, long. 

4. CANNABIS. Erect herb. Stamens 5, drooping. Fertile flowers in irregular spiked 
clusters. Leaves of 5-7 lanceolate irregularly toothed leaflets. 
5. HUMULUS. Tall-twining. Stamens erect. Pertile flowers in solitary short catkins 


or spikes, 2 flowers under each of the broad thin bracts which make the scales of the 
strobile or hop fruit. 


Ill. FIG SUBFAMILY. Woody plants, generally trees, 
with milky or colored acrid or poisonous juice. Leaves alter- 
nate. Flowers strictly moncecious or dicwcious. Styles or 
stigmas commonly 2. 


* Flowers of both kinds mized, lining the inside of a closed fleshy receptacle, or hollow 
Slower stalk, which ripens into what seems to bea sort of berry. 


6. FICUS. Receptacle in which the flowers are concealed borne in the axil of the leaves. 
Akene seed-like. Stipules large, successively enveloping the young leaves in the 
bud, falling off as the leaves expand. (Lessons, Figs. 405, 406, 407.) 


» * Flowers of the two kinds mostly separate; the fertile crowded in catkin-like spikes 
or heads, which become fleshy in fruit ; filaments inflexed in the bud, spreading 
elastically when the calya expands. 


7. MACLURA. Flowers diecious; the sterile in racemes, and nearly like those of Mul- 
berry; the fertile densely crowded in a large spherical head, its calyx of 4 unequal 
sepals, in fruit inclosing the small akene; the whole head ripening into a fleshy 
yellow mass, resembling an orange with a roughish surface. 


GRAY’S F. F. & G. BOT. —25 


386 NETTLE FAMILY. 


8. MORUS. Flowers usually monecious, both sorts in catkin-like spikes. Calyx 4-parted. 
Stamens 4. Fertile spike altogether becoming an oval or oblong multipie pulpy 
fruit imitating a blackberry, but the pulp consists of the calyx, bracts, etc., of the 
flowers, each inclosing a small akene. (Lessons, Figs. 408, 409, 410.) 

9. BROUSSONETIA. Flowers dicecious; the sterile in cylindrical catkins, and like those 
of Mulberry ; the fertile in globular heads, mixed with little bristly scales, their calyx 
urn-shaped and 3-4-toothed, out of which the ripened ovary protrudes and forms a 
club-shaped rather fleshy fruit. Style single. 


IV. NETTLE SUBFAMILY, prorrer. Herbs, as to our 
wild species, with bland watery juice and tough fibrous bark; 
many are armed with stinging hairs. Flowers moncecious or 
dicecious, greenish. Filaments transversely wrinkled and in- 
flexed in the bud, straightening elastically when the calyx 
opens. Fruit an akene; style or stigma one and simple. 


* Plant bearing stinging bristles or hairs. 


10. URTICA. Flowers in racemed, spiked, or head-like clusters; the calyx in both sorts 
of 4 separate sepals. Stamens 4. Stigma a sessile globular tuft. Akene flat, ovate, 
straight and erect, inclosed between the larger pair of sepals. Leaves opposite. 

11. LAPORTEA. Flowers in loose open cymes, the upper chiefly fertile, and lower sterile ; 
the latter with 5 sepals and stamens; the former of 4 very unequal sepals, the two 
outer or one of them minute. Stigma slender awl-shaped, hairy down one side, per- 
sistent on the ovate flat very oblique and nearly naked akene, which is soon retlexed 
on its wing-margined pedicel. Leaves large, alternate. 


x x Plant not stinging. 


12. BOEHMERIA. Flowers either diecious or intermixed, clustered in spikes, not involu- 
crate ; the sterile as in Urtica; the fertile with a tubular or urn-shaped calyx barely 
toothed at the apex, inclosing the ovary and closely investing the oblong flat akene. 
Style long and slender, the stigma on one side. Leaves opposite and serrate. 

18. PARIETARIA. Flowers moneciously polygamous, the different kinds intermixed in 
involucrate-bracted cymose axillary clusters. Sterile flowers like Behmeria. Fertile 
flowers with a tubular or bell-form 4lobed and nerved calyx inclosing the akenes. 
Style slender or none, the stigma tufted. Leaves alternate, entire. 


1. ULMUS, ELM. (The classical Latin name.) Fine trees in deep, 
mostly moist or alluviatsoil. Flowers early spring ; fruit in early summer. 


* Leaves rough and harsh on the upper, soft and usually downy on the lower 
surface; seed in the middle of the orbicular or round-oval fruit, far away 
from the shallow notch ; flower-clusters globular ; pedicels very short. 


U. filva, Michx. Stiprpery Etm. Rather small tree, with tough red- 
dish wood, well-known very mucilaginous inner bark, and rusty-downy 
buds ; leaves 4/-8/ long, doubly serrate, very rough above ; these and the 
flowers sweet-scented in drying ; calyx lobes and stamens 7-9 ; fruit much 
less than 1’ long, the seed-bearing center pubescent. N. Eng., W. and S. 

U. montana, Wither. Wycu-eLm or Scorcu ELtm. Commonly planted, 
from Eu.; leaves smaller and less rough ; buds not downy ; calyx lobes 
and stamens about 5; fruits 1’ long, smooth. 


* * Leaves smooth above, smaller ; notch at the summit of the fruit reach- 
ing nearly to the seed-bearing cell; fruit only about 3! long. 


+ Flowers in close clusters ; pedicels very short or hardly any ; stamens 
4 or 5; fruit smooth, round-obovate. 


U. campéstris, Linn. EnGuLish Erm. Large tree from Eu., with rather 
short horizontal or ascending branches; leaves 2/-4/ long, mostly or soon 


NETTLE FAMILY. 387 


smooth. Immensely variable under cultivation, and known under many 
names. The Cork Exum, U. suserosa, is a form of this species with 
thick plates of cork on the branches. 


+ + Flowers soon hanging on slender stalks, which are jointed above the 
middle; fruit ovate or oval, with 2 sharp teeth at apex, the margin 
downy-ciliate, at least when young. 


U. Americana, Linn. American or WHITE ELm. Well known large 
tree, with long ascending branches gradually spreading, drooping slender 
branchlets, which are smooth as well as the buds, not corky ; the abruptly 
pointed leaves 2/-4’ long ; flowers in close clusters, with usually 7-9 calyx 
lobes and stamens; fruit smooth except the margins, its incurved points 
closing the notch. The tree is very variable in habit of growth. Forms 
of it are known as Rock Erm and WarTerR Erm. (Lessons, Fig. 80.) 

U. racemdsa, Thomas. Corky WuitE Exm, Rock Etm of some 
eastern communities. Resembles the foregoing, but with downy-ciliate 
bud scales ; branches becoming corky, young branchlets somewhat pubes- 
cent, leaves with straighter veins, and flowers racemed. Vt., S. and W. 

U. alata, Michx. Wuanoo or WincED Exim. Va. to Mo. and S.; 
small tree, with bud scales and branchlets nearly smooth, winged plates 
of cork on the branches, and small thickish leaves (1/-2’ long) almost 
sessile. 


a PLANERA, PLANER TREE. (J. J. Planer, a German botanist.) 
Flowers greenish, appearing with the leaves in early spring. 


P. aquatica, Gmel. American P. River swamps, from Ky., S. and 
W.; small tree ; leaves ovate-oblong, smooth ; fruit stalked in the calyx, 
beset with irregular warts or crests. 


3. CELTIS, HACKBERRY or NETTLE TREE. (Ancient Greek 
name for the Lotus berry.) Flowers spring; fruit ripe in autumn, 
eatable. 

C. occidentalis, Linn. American H. Small or middle-sized tree, of 
rich low grounds ; with reticulated, ovate and taper-pointed, serrate or 
entire leaves, oblique or partly heart-shaped at base, sweet thin-fleshed 


fruit as large as a pea. Var. pumila, a straggling bush, chiefly S., only 
4°-10° high. 


4. CANNABIS, HEMP. (The ancient Greek name.) Flowers all 
summer. (@) 


C. sativa, Linn. Common Hemp. Tall coarse plant from the Old 
World ; cult. for the fibers of its stem, and spontaneous in moist yards. 


5. HUMULUS, HOP. (Name obscure.) Flowerssummer. 2 


H. Lupulus, Linn. Common Hor. Wild in alluvial soil N. Eng., W., 
and also cult. from Eu. for hops; the aromatic bitterness resides in the 
yellow resinous grains which appear on the fruiting calyx, akenes, etc.; 
feria almost prickly downwards ; leaves heart-shaped and strongly 3-7- 
obed. 


6. PICUS, FIG. (The Latin, altered from the Greek name of the 
Fig.) 
F. Carica, Linn. Common Fic. Cult. from the Levant, as a house- 


plant N.; leaves broad, 3-5-lobed, roughish above, rather downy beneath ; 
figs single in the axils, pear-shaped, luscious, (Lessons, Figs. 405-407.) 


388 NETTLE FAMILY. 


F. elastica, Roxb. Inp1a-Rupper Tree of E. Indies (not that of S. 
Amer.); tree cult. in conservatories for its beautiful leaves, 6'-10/ long, 
oval-oblong, entire, thick, smooth, bright green, glossy above. 

F. pdmila, Linn, (F. rkpens and F. stiputAra). China; a delicate 
creeping species, fixing itself firmly by rootlets and covering walls in con- 
servatories; leaves 1’ or less long, oblong-ovate, with unequal partly 
heart-shaped base. 


7. MACLURA, OSAGE ORANGE. (Named for the late Mr. Maclure, 
founder of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. ) 


M. aurantiaca, Nutt. Common O., or Bors p’arc (Bow Woop, the 
tough yellow wood used for bows by the Indians). Low bushy tree from 
Kan. and Mo., S.; multiplying rapidly by its running roots; planted for 
hedges, especially W.; armed with slender and very sharp spines ; leaves 
lance-ovate, entire, very glossy ; flowers spring. 


8. MORUS, MULBERRY. (Old Greek and Latin name.) Trees. 
Leaves heart-shaped or ovate, mostly serrate, often palmately lobed ; 
short catkin-like spikes axillary or lateral; flowers spring; fruit in 
summer, eatable. (Lessons, Figs. 408-410.) 


* Leaves bright and glabrous, and mostly glossy above. 


M. G/ba, Linn. Wnuite Mucserry. Leaves light green, rather small, 
smooth or very nearly so above and often shining, the veins prominent 
beneath and whitish, variously lobed or divided, the basal lobes unequal, 
the teeth large and for the most part rounded or nearly obtuse, the 
branches gray or grayish-yellow. Fruits small in the half wild form, 
which is common along fences in the E. States, whitish or purple, but in 
the cultivated varieties, as New American, an inch or two long and purple- 
black. The commonest mulberry of the N. From China. The Russian 
Muperry is a form of it (var. Tatdrica, Loudon). 


x * Leaves dull green, mostly more or less rough. 


M. latifolia, Poiret. (M. mutticattis). Murticavtis Muvperry. A 
strong-growing small tree or giant shrub, with dull, roughish, and very 
large long-pointed leaves, which are seldom or never prominently lobed, 
and which are often convex above, bearing black sweet fruit. Original 


of the Downing Mulberry, although the New American (M. alba) often’ 


passes for that variety; also used for stocks upon which to graft other 
sorts. Not fully hardy in the Northern States. Once much recommended 
here for the silkworm. China. 

M. nigra, Linn. Brack Muperry. Leaves dark dull green, rather 
large, tapering into a prominent point, commonly very rough above, 
usually not lobed, the base equal or very nearly so upon both sides, the 
teeth rather small and close, the branches brown; fruit large and sweet, 
black or very dark-colored. Native of Asia, probably of Persia and adjacent 
regions. Cult. in the Old World for its fruit, but in America it is very little 
grown. It is not hardy, except in protected places, in N. Eng. and N. Y. 

M. rdbra, Linn. Rep Murserry. Leaves usually large, very various, 
those on the young shoots deeply lobed, with very oblique and rounded 
sinuses in the base of which there are no teeth, the upper surface rough 
and the lower one soft or variously pubescent, the teeth medium or com- 
paratively small and either rounded or bluntish. Generally distributed 
from western N. Eng. to Neb., and southward to the Gulf, being much 
more abundant and attaining a larger size in the south. The fruit is deep 
red, or when fully ripe, almost black, variable in size, often very good, 
nearly always having an agreeable slight acidity, Also cult, as Hicks, 
Stubbs, ete. 


PLANE TREE FAMILY. 389 


9. BROUSSONETIA, PAPER MULBERRY. (Named for P. N. V. 
Broussonet, a French herbalists) 
B. papyrifera, Vent. Cult. as a shade tree from N. Y., S.; spreading 
by suckers, with a very fibrous bark ; leaves rough above, downy beneath, 


serrate, some of them ovate or slightly heart-shaped, others 3-cleft or 
variously lobed ; flowering in spring. Japan and adjacent regions. 


10. URTICA, NETTLE. (The classical Latin name.) Common in 
waste grounds and near dwellings ; flowerssummer. . 
* Flower clusters in branching panicled spikes ; often diecious. 2 
U. grAcilis, Ait. Fence rows, etc., common ; 2°-6° high, with ovate- 
lanceolate, serrate leaves, long petioles, rather few stings, and slender 
spikes. 
U. dioica, Linn. A weed from Eu., full of stings, 2°-3° high, with 
heart-ovate more deeply serrate leaves, downy beneath and shorter petioles. 


* * Flower clusters shorter than the petiole, mostly 2 in the same axil, 
containing both sorts of flowers ; stings scattered. @ 


U. drens, Linn. Weed from Eu., not common ; 8/-12! high, with ovate 
leaves deeply cut into long spreading teeth ; flower clusters small, loose ; 


stings few. 
U. chamedryoides, Pursh. Slender, with heart-ovate or lance-ovate 
leaves moderately toothed, and dense flower clusters ; stingssparse. Ky.,S. 


11. LAPORTEA, WOOD NETTLE. (Named for M. Laporte.) 2 


L. Canadénsis, Gaud. Moist and rich woods; 2°-3° high; ovate 
leaves 4/-7’ long and long-petioled, a single 2-cleft stipule in the axil; 
flowers all summer. 


12: BCEHMERIA, FALSE NETTLE. (Named for Prof. G. R. Boh- 
mer of Germany.) 2 
B. cylindrica, Willd. Moist shady grounds, 1°-3° high, smoothish ; 
leaves mostly opposite, ovate or lance-ovate, 3-neryed, serrate, long-peti- 
oled; flower-clusters crowded in long narrow interrupted spikes, in summer. 
B. nivea, Gaud. Ramre, or the Grass-CLrorn PLant of China; 3°-4° 
high, with ovate leaves white-downy beneath ; planted S. for its valuable 
textile fibers. 


13. PARIETARIA, PELLITORY. (Latin, from its habit of growing 
on walls.) @ 
P. Pennsylvanica, Muhl. Low, only sparingly branched, or simple, 


minutely downy; leaves thin and veiny, roughish with opaque dots, 
oblong-lanceolate. Shady places, Mass., W. and 8S. 


CVI. PLATANACEH, PLANE TREE FAMILY. 
This small order consists merely of the genus 


1. PLATANUS, PLANE TREE. (The ancient name of the Oriental 
species, from the Greek word for broad, alluding either to the leaves 
or the wide-spreading branches.) Flowers monecious, in separate 
naked heads hanging on slender peduncles; the sterile of many short 
stamens with club-shaped little scales intermixed ; the fertile of club- 


390 WALNUT FAMILY. 


shaped or inversely pyramidal ovaries mixed with little scales and 
tipped with a slender awl-shaped simple style, ripening into a sort of 
akene with a tawny-hairy contracted base. No evident calyx. Leaves 
alternate, palmately lobed or angled, the hollowed base of the petiole 
covering and concealing the axillary bud (Lessons, Fig. 74); stipules 
sheathing, like those of the Polygonum Family. Flowers spring. 

P. occidentalis, Linn. AMERICAN PLANE, SYCAMORE, or BUTTONWOOD. 
Well-known large tree by river banks, with white close bark separating 
in thin brittle plates; leaves truncate or heart-shaped at base, rather 
ual until old, the short lobes sharp-pointed, and fertile heads 
solitary. 

P.. Snientalie, Linn. ORIENTAL PLANE, especially its var. ACERIFOLIA, 
occasionally planted in this country, is very like ours, but is not so hardy, 
has leaves more cut and sooner smooth, the heads larger. 


CVII. JUGLANDACEZ, WALNUT FAMILY. 


Trees with alternate pinnate leaves, no stipules, and mone- 
cious flowers; the sterile ones in catkins with an irregular 
calyx and several stamens; the fertile single or 2 or more in 
a cluster, with a 3-5-lobed calyx, the tube of which is adherent 
to the ovary, sometimes bearing petals. Ovary incompletely 
2-4-celled, but with only a single ovule, erect from its base, and 
ripens into a large fruit, the bony inner part of which forms 
the nut, the fleshy at length dry outer part the husk. Seed 
4-lobed, filled with the fleshy and oily embryo, the large and 
separated cotyledons deeply 2-lobed and crumpled or corru- 
gated. 


1. JUGLANS. Sterile flowers in solitary catkins from the wood of the preceding year, 
each with 12-40 stamens on very short filaments. Fertile flowers on a terminal 
peduncle, with a 4-toothed calyx, 4 little green petals and 2 club-shaped and fringed 
conspicuous stigmas. Husk of the fruit drying up before splitting. Bark and shoots 
resinous-aromatic and strong-scented. Buds several, one over the other, the upper- 
most far above the axil (Lessons, Fig. 78). Pith in plates. Leaflets numerous. 

2. CARYA. Sterile flowers in clustered lateral catkins, with 3-10 almost sessile anthers. 
Fertile flowers 2-5 in a cluster on a terminal peduncle; no petals; stigmas 2 or 4, 
large. Husk of the fruit splitting into 4 valves, and falling away from the smovth 
nut. Valuable timber and nut trees, with very hard and tough wood, and scaly buds 
single (Lessons, Fig. 73), from which are usually put forth both kinds of flowers, 
the sterile below and the fertile above the leaves. 


1. JUGLANS, WALNUT. (Name from Jovis glans, the nut of Jupiter.) 
Flowers spring; fruit ripe in autumn. Seed sweet and edible. 


* Nut with rough and furrowed surface, from which the dried husk does 
not fall away ; seed very oily. 


J. cingrea, Linn. Burrernut or Wuite W. Middle-sized tree with 
smooth gray branches, growing from N. Eng. to Kan. and S.; stalks and 
shoots clammy-downy ; leaflets downy, at least beneath, oblong-lanceo- 
late, pointed, serrate; fruit oblong; nut with very rugged ridges. 


WALNUT FAMILY. 391 


J. Sieboldiana, Maxim. Japanese W. Tree of medium to large size, 
with pubescent shoots and leaves; leaflets 11-17, large, elliptic-oblong 
and acuminate, sessile, sometimes not strictly opposite, rather coarsely 
serrate ; fruits in long clusters of 10-20, inversely top-shaped when the 
husk is on, the shell thin and very little furrowed, the nude nut 1/-2/ 
long. Japan. 

J. nigra, Linn. Brack W. Large tree, with dark rough branches ; 
stalks and shoots not clammy, minutely downy; leaflets smoothish, 
ovate-lanceolate, serrate ; fruit spherical (rarely ovoid and sometimes the 
husk striped). Mass., S. and W. 


* x Husk friable, separating when dry from the roundish and smoothish 
thin-shelled nut. 


J. régia, Linn. Enerish Watnvrt, so called, but native of Asia ; leaf- 
lets oval, entire, smoothish ; fruit ripens sparingly in Middle States. 


2. CARYA, HICKORY. (Greek name of the Walnut, applied to these 
North American trees.) Flowers in rather late spring; nuts fall in 
autumn. 


* Sterile catkins in a sessile cluster; leaflets 13-15, short-stalked; nut 
edible. 


C. olivzeférmis, Nutt, Pecan. Along rivers, from Ind. and Ia., S.; 
leaflets oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed ; nut cylindrical-oblong, olive- 
shaped, the seed delicious. Now cult. in the S. 


x * Sterile catkins 3 or more together on a common peduncle ; leaflets 
sessile or nearly so, of 5-9 or rarely 11-18 leaflets; nut globular or 
short-oval. 


+ Nuts sweet-tasted and edible (the hickory-nuts of the market); the 
husk splitting into 4 thick and hard valves; buds large, of aboui 10 
scales. 


C. alba, Nutt. SmerrearK or SHacparK H. Bark of old trunks 
very shaggy, separating in rough wide strips; inner bud scales becoming 
very large and conspicuous on the young shoot; leaflets 5, the 3 upper 
much larger and lance-obovate; nut white, the meat high-flavored. N. 
Eng., W. and S. 

C. sulcata, Nutt. Western or Bic SHetitpark H., Kinenurt. Dif- 
fers from the foregoing in lighter-colored heart wood, 7-9 leaflets more 
downy beneath; fruit with very thick husk 4-ribbed above the middle, 
and larger yellowish or dull-white nut (sometimes 2’ long) mostly with 
a point at both ends. N. Y., S. W. 

C. tomentosa, Nutt. Mocker Nut or WuiTeHkEArT H. Bark rough, 
but not splitting off in strips; shoots and lower surface of the leaves 
woolly-downy when young; leaflets 7-9, lance-obovate, or the lower 
lance-oblong ; fruit with very thick hard husk, and globular nut (not 
flattish on the sides) brownish, very thick-shelled, hardly fit to eat. N. 
Eng., W. and S., commonly on rich hillsides. 

C. microcarpa, Nutt. Bark somewhat shaggy, but separating in nar- 
row thin plates; foliage glabrous; fruit rather small and thin-husked, 
edible, but not rich. N. Y. to Del. and Ill. Foliage and fruit smaller 
than C. alba. 


+ + Nuts bitter, in a rather thin and friable husk, which splits only at 
the top, or tardily to near the base ; bark on the trunk close ; bud scales 
falling early. 


C. porcina, Nutt. Brown or Broom H., Pienut. Bark of trunk 
rough and furrowed, but not separating in plates; bud scales about 10, 


392 OAK FAMILY. 


small; shoots and leaves nearly smooth ; leaflets 5-7, obovate-lanceolate ; 
fruit pear-shaped; nut oblong or oval, hard-shelled, seed at first sweet, 
then bitterish. Me., S. and W. 

C. amara. Nutt. Birrer Nut. Moist or low grounds, N. Eng., W. 
and S.; bark of trunk smooth and very close ; yellowish bud scales about 
6; shoots and leaves pubescent when young; leaflets 7-11, lanceolate or 
lance-oblong ; fruit globular; nut white, thin-shelled, and tender, also 
globular ; seed at first sweet, then very bitter. 

C. aquatica, Nutt. Warer H. River swamps, S. Car., S. Small 
tree, with rough bark; bud scales as in the last; leaflets 9-13, lanceolate, 
smooth ; nut thin-shelled, 4-angular, flattish; seed very bitter. 


CVIII. MYRICACEZ, SWEET GALE FAMILY. 


Shrubs, with resinous-dotted often fragrant simple leaves, 
and moneecious or dicecious flowers solitary under a scale-like 
bract, both kinds in short scaly catkins or heads, and destitute 
of any proper calyx or involucre, the 1-seeded fruit a fleshy 
little drupe or at length dry nut, commonly coated with wax. 
1. MYRICA. Flowers diecious or monecious, the catkins from lateral scaly buds ; each 


flower with a pair of bractlets; the sterile of 2-8 stamens; the fertile of an ovary bear- 
ing 2 slender stigmas and surrounded by a few little scales. 


a1 MYRICA, BAYBERRY, SWEET GALE. (Ancient name of some 
aromatic shrub.) Flowers spring, with or earlier than the leaves. 


« Leaves entire or simply serrate ; flowers mostly diecious, the ovary with 
2-4 scales at base and the nut globular. 


M. Gale, Linn. Sweet Gare. Cold bogs N.; 19-4° high, with pale 
wedge-lanceolate leaves, serrate towards the apex; little nuts crowded, 
and as if winged by a pair of scales. 

M. cerffera, Linn. Bayperry, Wax Myrtre. Along the coast, 
Canada S., and on Lake Erie; shrub 2°-8° high, with fragrant lance- 
oblong or lanceolate mostly entire leaves, becoming glossy above, the 
scattered bony nuts thickly incrusted with greenish or white wax, and 
appearing like berries. 


* * Leaves pinnatifid; flowers mostly monecious, the ovary with 8 long 
linear scales at base, the nut ovoid-oblong. 


M. asplenifdlia, Endl. Swerrr Fern. In sterile soil, N. Eng. tu 
Minn., and S.; 19-2° high, with linear-lanceolate downy leaves, pinnatifid 
into many short and rounded lobes, resembling a Fern, and sweet-aro- 
matic. 


CIX. CUPULIFERZ, OAK FAMILY. 


Trees or shrubs, with alternate and simple straight-veined 
leaves, very deciduous stipules, and monecious flowers; the 
sterile in slender catkins (except in the Beech); the fertile 
solitary, clustered or spiked, and furnished with an involucre 
which forms a cup or covering to the 1-celled 1-seeded nut, or in 
the Birches and Alders with no involucre. Fruit a rounded, 


OAK FAMILY. Sys 


angled or winged nut, coming from an ovary with 2 or more 
cells having 1 or 2 ovules hanging from the summit of each; 
but all except one cell and one ovule are abortive. There is 
a calyx adhering to the ovary, as is shown by the minute 
teeth crowning its summit. Seed filled by the embryo, which 
has thick and fleshy cotyledons. 


* Sterile and fertile flowers in separate scaly catkins ; fertile flowers with no calyx or 
involucre; fruit flat or winged, small; stigmas 2, thread-like. 

1. BETULA. Sterile catkins long and hanging, with 3 flowers under each shield-shaped 
scaly bract, each with a scale bearing 4 short stamens with 1-celled anthers. (Lessons, 
Fig. 207.) Fertile catkins stout; 2 or 3 flowers under each 3-lobed bract, each of a 
naked ovary ripening into a rounded broadly winged scale-like little key-fruit, tipped 
with the 2 stigmas. 

2. ALNUS. Flowers much as in Betula, but usually a distinct 3-5-parted calyx; anthers 
2-celled ; oval fertile catkins composed of thick and at length woody persistent scales ; 
and the little nutlets less winged or wingless. 


«* x Sterile flowers in pendulous catkins, the fertile in a short cluster or head; the 
sterile consisting of a few short stamens partly adhering to the bract, and des- 
titute of any proper calyx ; the anthers 1-celled; fertile flowers in pairs under 
each bract of a head, spike, or short catkin, each with one or two bractlets, form- 
ing a foliaceous or sac-like involucre to the nut. Sterile catkins rather dense. 


8. CORYLUS. Scales of the sterile catkin consisting of a bract to the inside of which 2 

i bractlets and several stamens adhere. Fertile flowers in a little head, like a scaly 
bud; stigmas 2, long and red. Nut rather large, bony, wholly or partly inclosed in 
a leaf-like or tubular and cut-lobed or toothed involucre. 

4. OSTRYA. Scales of the sterile catkin simple. Fertile flowers in a sort of slender cat- 
kin, its bracts deciduous, each flower an ovary tipped with 2 long slender stigmas 
and inclosed in a tubular bractlet, which becomes a bladdery greenish-white oblong 
bag, in the bottom of which is the little nut; these together form a sort of hop-like 
fruit. 

5. CARPINUS. Sterile catkin asin Ostrya. Fertile flowers in a sort of slender loose cat- 
kin; each with a pair of separate 3-lobed bractlets, which become leaf-like, one each 
side of the small nerved nut. 


» x x Sterile flowers in hanging catkins or a pendulous head, with a distinct 4-1-lobed 
calyx and 3-20 slender stamens ; fertile flowers 1-4 in a cup or bur-like invo- 
lucre. 


+ Sterile flowers clustered in slender catizins ; their bracts inconspicuous or decid- 
uous. 


§. QUERCUS. Stamens 3-12. Fertile flower only one in the bud-like involucre, which 
becomes a scaly cup. Stigma 3-lobed. Nut (acorn) terete, with a firm shell, from 
which the thick cotyledons do not emerge in germination. (Lessons, Figs. 86, 37, 388.) 

7 CASTANEA. Stamens 8-20. Fertile flowers few (commonly 8) in each involucre, one 
or more ripening; stigmas mostly 6 or 7, bristle-shaped. Nuts coriaceous, ovoid, 
when more than one flattened on one or both sides, inclosed in the hard and thick 
very prickly bur-like at length 4-valved involuere. Cotyledons somewhat folded 
together and cohering, remaining underground in germination. 


+ + Sterile flowers in small heads on drooping peduncles. 


8. FAGUS. Calyx of sterile flowers bell-shaped, 5-7-cleft, containing 8-16 long stamens. 
Fertile flowers 2 together on the summit of a scaly-bracted peduncle; the innermost 
scales uniting form the 4-lobed involucre ; ovary 3-celled when young, crowned by 6 
awl-shaped calyx teeth and a 3-cleft or 3 thread-like styles; in fruit @ pair of sharply 
8-sided nuts in the 4-cleft soft-prickly rigid involucre. Cotyledons thick, somewhat 
crumpled together, but rising and expanding in germination. (Lessons, Figs. 31-33.) 


394 OAK FAMILY. 


1. BETULA, BIRCH. (The ancient Latin name.) Trees with slender 
spray (or a few low shrubs), more or less spicy-aromatic twigs, sessile 
scaly buds, flowers in early spring along with the leaves; the sterile 
catkins golden yellow; the fertile ones mostly terminating very short 
2-leaved branches of the season. 


* Trunk with brown or yellow-gray bark, the inner bark, twigs and thin 
straight-veined leaves spicy-aromatic; petioles short; thick fruiting 
catkins with their thin scales rather persistent ; fruit with narrow wing. 


B. lénta, Linn. Sweet, Brack, or CuERRY Biren. A rather large tree, 
50°-75°, with fine-grained valuable wood, dark brown close bark on the 
trunk (not peeling in thin layers) and bronze-reddish twigs, very aromatic; 
leaves oblong-ovate and somewhat heart-shaped, sharply doubly serrate ali 
round, soon glossy above and almost smooth; fruiting catkins oblong- 
cylindrical, the scales with divergent lobes. Rich woods, N. Eng., W. and 8. 

B. lutea, Michx. f. YrvLiow or Gray Bircu. Less aromatic; bark 
of trunk yellowish-gray and somewhat silvery, separating in thin layers ; 
leaves duller, more downy, and rarely at all heart-shaped ; fruiting cat- 
kins short-oblong, with thinner and narrower barely spreading-lobed 
scales. Same general range. 


« « Trunk with chalky-white bark peeling horizontally in thin sheets ; 
leaves and narrow cylindrical smooth catkins slender-stalked ; bracts 
falling with the broad-winged fruit. 


B. Glba, Linn. European Wuite Brrcu, but much cultivated, partic- 
ularly the weeping and cut-leaved forms ; tree 50°-60°, with open top, and 
small (in the normal form) leaves which are triangular-ovate with a truncate 
or rounded (or even somewhat cordate) base, and not strongly acuminate. 

B. populifdlia, Ait. American WuiTe Bircu, Gray Brreu. Small 
slender tree, 15°-30°, with mostly larger dangling leaves than the last, 
very lustrous above, strongly triangular-ovate or diamond-ovate, the base 
slanting, and the apex very long-acuminate. Poor soils, N. Eng. to Del., 
and L. Ontario. 

B. papyrifera, Marsh. Paper or Canoe Bircu. Large tree, from upper 
part of Penn. N., mostly far N. and N. W.; with ovate and even heart- 
shaped leaves (dull and often pubescent beneath, and dark green above), 
and more papery bark than in White Birch, separating in ample sheets. 


* * * Trunk with greenish-brown bark, hardly peeling in layers, reddish 
twigs little aromatic, and oblong downy short-stalked catkins ; wings of 
Sruit broad. 

B. nigra, Linn. River or Rev Biren. Middle-sized tree of low river 
banks, commonest S. (but growing from Mass. to Minn. and §.); leaves 
rhombic-ovate, whitish and mostly downy beneath. 

* * * * Shrubs with brown tight bark, small thickish crenate leaves, and 

oblong or cylindrical glabrous mostly erect short-peduncled catkins. 

B. pumila, Linn. Low or Dwarr Bircu. Erect or ascending, 2°-8° ; 
leaves obovate or orbicular, soft-downy beneath. Bogs, Conn., S. and W. 


2. ALNUS, ALDER. (Ancient Latin name.) Small trees or shrubs, 
with narrow leaf-buds of very few scales and often stalked, and catkins 
mostly clustered or racemed on leafless branchlets or peduncles. 

* Flowers with the leaves in spring, the sterile from catkins which were 
naked over winter, while the fertile catkin was inclosed in a scaly bud. 


A. viridis, DC. Green or Mountain ALDER. On mountains and far 
N.; 3°-8° high ; leaves round-oval or ovate, glutinous ; fruit with a broad 
thin wing. 


OAK FAMILY. 395 


* * Flowers in earliest spring, much before the leaves, both sorts from 
catkins which have remained naked over winter ; wing of fruit narrow 
and thickish. 


A. serrulata, Willd. Smoorn A. Common especially S. (Mass. to 
Minn., and S.); 6°-12° high, with obovate smooth or smoothish leaves 
green both sides and sharply serrate. 

A. incana, Willd. SpeckLtep or Hoary A. Common N., along 
streams ; 8°-20° high; with broadly oval or ovate leaves rounded at base, 
serrate, and often coarsely toothed, whitened and commonly downy 
beneath. 

A. glutindsa, Willd. Cult. from Eu., under seyeral names, some forms 
cut-leaved ; leaves round-obovate and scalloped, and finely sharp-toothed, 
a tuft of down in the axils of the veins beneath, the young growth and 
petioles glutinous. 


3. CORYLUS, HAZELNUT, FILBERT. (Classical Latin name.) 
Shrubs, with flowers in early spring preceding the rounded-heart-shaped, 
doubly serrate, at first downy leaves. Edible nuts ripe in autumn. 

C. Avellana, Linn. Evrorran H., Firsert or Cosnur. Occasionally 
planted ; 6°-10° high, with bristly shoots, and smoothish deeply-cleft 
involucre about the length of the (1/ long) oval nut. 

C. Americana, Walt. American H. Thickets; 4°9-6° high, with 
more downy shoots, leaves, and involucre, the latter open down to the 
smaller globular nut in the form of a pair of broad cut-toothed leafy 
bracts. N. Eng. to Dak., and S, 

C. rostrata, Ait. Beakep H. Thickets and banks, mostly N.; 2°-5° 
high, with more ovate and scarcely heart-shaped leaves, the densely bristly 
involucre prolonged in a narrow curved tube much beyond the ovoid nut. 


4. OSTRYA, HOP HORNBEAM. (Classical name.) Slender trees, with 
very hard wood; flowers appearing with the Birch-like leaves, in spring. 
O. Virginica, Willd. American H., Ironwoop or LeEverwoop. Tree 

20°-650° high, with brownish rough bark, and oblong-ovate taper-pointed 


sharply doubly-serrate leaves downy beneath, the sacs of the fruit bristly 
at base. Wood white. Common. 


3: CARPINUS, HORNBEAM. (Ancient Latin name.) Low trees or 
tall shrubs, with furrowed trunks and very hard wood, the close gray 
bark and small leaves resembling those of the Beech ; flowers with the 
leaves, in spring. 

C. Caroliniana, Walt. American H., Brur or Water Beecu. Banks 
of streams N. Eng. to Minn., and S.; 10°-20° high; with ovate-oblong 


pointed doubly serrate leaves, becoming smooth, and halberd-3-lobed 
bracts of the involucre. 


6. QUERCUS, OAK. (The classical Latin name.) Flowersin spring ; 
acorns ripe in autumn. Natural hybrids occur. 


§ 1. ANNUAL-FRUITED Oaks, the acorns maturing the autumn of the Jirst 
year, therefore on the wood of the season, usually in the axil of the 
leaves, out of which they are often raised on a peduncle; kernel com- 
monly sweet-tasted ; no bristles on the lobes or teeth of the leaves. 


* Wuirte Oaks, with lyrately or sinuately pinnatifid and deciduous leaves. 
+- Leaves not glaucous or white beneath. 


Q. Robur, Linn. Evrorran or Eneuisn Oak. Large, strong tree; 
leaves small, sinuate-lobed, but hardly pinnatifid ; acorn oblong, over 1 


396 OAK FAMILY. 


long, one or a few in a cluster, which is nearly sessile in the axils in var. 
SESSILIFLORA, raised on a slender peduncle in var. pepUNCULATA, Various 
forms are cult. for ornament, especially yellow-leaved and cut-leaved 
marionles: tau: + + Leaves pale or whitish beneath. 

Q. alba, Linn. Wuire Oak. Rich soil, Me. to Minn., and §S.; large 
tree with whitish bark ; leaves soon smooth, bright green above, whitish 
beneath, with 3-9 oblong or linear obtuse and mostly entire oblique lobes ; 
the shallow rough cup very much shorter than the ovoid-oblong (about 
1’ long) acorn; seed edible. 

Q. stellata, Wang. Post, Roucu, Box Wuirr or Iron Oak. Small 
tree in barren soil, commonest S., with very durable wood ; thickish leaves 
grayish-downy beneath, pale and rough above, sinuately 5-7-lobed, the 
lobes divergent and rounded, the upper pair larger and sometimes 1-3- 
notched ; naked cup deep saucer-shaped, half or one third the length of 
the small acorn. 

Q. macrocarpa, Michx. Bur Oak, Over-cur or Mossy-cur Oak. 
Middle-sized tree in fertile soil, commonest W., but occurs in N. Eng.; 
with obovate or oblong lyrately pinnatifid leaves of various shape, pale 
or downy beneath, smooth above; cup deep, thick and woody, from 
hardly 1’ to 2’ in diameter, covered with hard and thick pointed scales, 
the upper ones tapering into bristly points, making a mossy-fringed 
border ; acorn 1/-1}! long, half or wholly covered by the cup. 

Q. lyrata, Walt. Sournern Over-cup Oak. Large tree in river 
swainps, from N. Car., S. and W.; leaves crowded at the end of the 
branchlets, obovate-oblong, with 7-9 triangular and entire acute lobes, 
glossy above, whitish-downy beneath ; cup sessile, globular, rough with 
rugged scales, almost covering the globular nut. : 


* * CHESTNUT Oaks, with toothed or sinuate leaves, not lobed except 
slightly in the jirst species, white or whitish-downy beneath ; cup hoary, 
about half the length of the oblong-ovoid edible acorn. 


+ Tall forest trees. 


Q. bicolor, Willd. Swamp Wuirre Oax. Handsome tree, with leaves 
intermediate between the White and the Chestnut Oaks, being more or 
less obovate and sinuate-toothed, or some of them nearly pinnatifid, hoary 
with soft down beneath, wedge-shaped at base, the main veins only 6-5 
pairs and not prominent ; peduncle in fruit longer than the petiole ; cup 
often mossy-fringed at the margin; acorn hardly 1! long. Streams, 
banks, and swamps, Me. to Minn., and S. 

Q. Michauxii, Nutt. Basker or Cow Oak. Leaves oval or obovate, 
acute, blunt or even cordate at the base, dentate, rigid, very tomentose 
beneath ; fruit short-peduncled, the cup shallow and without fringe, but 
covered with hard and stout acute scales; acorns 13/ long. Large tree, 
growing in swamps and along streams from Del. and S. Ind., S. 

Q. Prinus, Linn. Cuestnur Oak. Large, rough-barked tree, on banks 
and hillsides, from Mass. and N. Y., S.; leaves variable, thick, obovate, 
oblong or even nearly lanceolate, base acute or obtuse, undulately crenate- 
toothed, pale and minutely downy beneath ; fruiting peduncles shorter 
than the leaf stalks ; cup thick, generally tuberculate ; acorn 1/-1}/ long. 

Q. Muhlenbérgii, Engelm. Yrrttow Oak, Cuestnut Oak. Leaves 
much like those of the Chestnut, 5/-7’ long, slender-stalked, oblong or 
lanceolate, acute, obtuse at the base, nearly equally and rather sharply 
toothed ; cup nearly sessile, shallow and thin, with small appressed scales ; 
acorn small, 3/-3/ long. Rich lands, Mass. to Minn., and S. 


+ + Bush, rarely tree-like at the West. 


Q. prinoldes, Willd. Dwarr Cuestnur Oak, or CHINQUAPIN Oak. 
Barren or sandy soil, ranging with the last; shrub 2°-4° high, with obe- 


OAK FAMILY. 397 


vate or oblong-sinuate leaves narrowed at base ; and acorn and cup like 
that of Q. Muhlenbergii, but very much smaller ; producing little abor- 
tive acorns in the axils of some of the scales of the cup. 


* * * Live Oak, with evergreen coriaceous leaves, not lobed. 


Q. virens, Ait. Live Oax. Barrens or sands along the coast, trom 
Va., S.; small or large tree, or a mere shrub, with very durable firm wood, 
the branchlets and lower face of the small oblong entire (or rarely spiny- 
toothed) leaves hoary; conspicuous peduncle bearing 1-8 small fruits, 
with top-shaped cup and oblong acorn. 


§ 2. BieNNIAL-FRUITED Oaks, the acorns not maturing until the autumn 
of the second year, and therefore borne on old wood below the leaves of 
the season, on short and thick peduncles or none; kernel always bitter ; 
tip or lobes of the leaves commonly bristle-pointed. 


« Buack and Rep Oaks, with long-petioled and sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid 
deciduous leaves. 


+ Mature leaves smooth on both sides or nearly so, generally ovate, oblong, 
or some of the larger obovate in outline, and varying from sinuately to 
deeply pinnatifid, turning various shades of red or crimson in late 
autumn ; wood coarse-grained. 


++ Leaves with wedge-shaped base and short petiole, rather thick and cori- 
aceous. 


Q. Catesbzi, Michx. Turkey or Barrens Scrup Oak. Small tree 
in pine barrens, N. Car., S.; leaves deeply pinnatifid or 3-5-cleft, the 
long and narrow or unequal lobes somewhat scythe-shaped and often 
nearly entire ; cup very thick and of coarse scales, 1! or less broad, half 
inclosing the ovoid nut. 


++ ++ Leaves mostly rounded or obtuse at the base, slender-petioled, thinner. 


Q. rubra, Linn. Rep Oak. Common in rich and poor soil in N. 
States; large open-topped tree, with dark gray smoothish bark, very 
coarse reddish wood, and thinnish moderately pinnatifid leaves; cup 
saucer-shaped, sessile or on a short and abrupt narrow neck, of fine close 
scales, very much shorter than the nearly oblong acorn, which is 1’ or 
less in length. 

Q. coccinea, Wang. Scarrer Oak. Dry or barely moist soil, Me. 
to Minn., and S.; large tree with gray bark, the interior reddish, rather 
firm leaves more or less glossy above and deeply pinnatifid ; cup coarse- 
scaly, top-shaped or hemispherical with a conical scaly base, covering 
half or more of the roundish acorn (this 3/-}/ long). 

Var. tinctdria, Gray. QuERcITRON, YELLOW-BARKED, or BLAck Oak. 
Bark of trunk darker-colored, thicker, rougher, internally orange (quer- 
citron), and much more valuable to the tanner and dyer; cup less top- 
shaped ; leaves less pinnatifid or some of them barely sinuate, thinner, 
less glossy, and more like those of Q. rubra. Ranges with the species. 

Q. paltistris, Du Roi. Swamp Spanisu or Pin Oak. Low grounds, 
Mass. to Minn., and S.; middle-sized tree, with less coarse wood, deeply 
pinnatifid smooth leaves with their divergent lobes separated by broad 
and rounded sinuses; cup flat-saucer-shaped, with a short scaly base or 
stalk, of fine scales, very much shorter than the roundish acorn, which is 
barely 4/ in length. 


+ + Leaves downy beneath even when mature; cup saucer-shaped with 
top-shaped base. 


Q. falcata, Michx. SpanisH Oak. Dry soil, Long Island to Mo., and 
S.; large tree, with oblong leaves obtuse or rounded at base, 3-5-lobed 


398 OAK FAMILY. 


towards the top, grayish or yellowish-downy beneath, the lobes mostly 
narrow and entire or sparingly toothed and somewhat curved; acorn 
globular, hardly 4/ long. 

Q. Hicifdlia, Wang. Bear or Brack Scrus Oak. Sterile hills and 
barrens, mostly N. and W.; shrub 3°-8° high, straggling ; leaves obovate 
with wedge-shaped base, above angularly 3—7-lobed, whitish-downy be- 
neath ; acorn ovoid, barely 3! long. 


* * THICKISH-LEAVED Oaks, some of them almost or quite evergreen at 
the South, coriaceous but deciduous N., entire, sparingly toothed, or 
barely 3-lobed at the summit. 


+ Leaves widening upwards, where they are sometimes moderately 3-5- 
lobed ; acorns globular, ovoid, small. 


Q. aquatica, Walt. Water Oak. A small tree, with very smooth 
and glossy, obovate-spatulate, oblanceolate, or wedge-oblong leaves, 
long-tapering at base ; cup saucer-shaped. Wet ground, from Del., S. 

Q. nigra, Linn. Brack-sack or BARREN Oak. Barrens, from N. Y., 
S. and W.; low tree (8°-25° high), with wedge-shaped leaves widely 
dilated and mostly 3-lobed at summit, but often rounded at the narrow 
base, rusty-downy beneath, smooth and glossy above ; cup top-shaped, 
coarse-scaly. 


+ + Leaves generally entire, not widened upwards; acorns spherical, 
small. 


Q. imbricaria, Michx. Laurer or SHincre Oak. A _ middle-sized 
tree, with laurel-like, lance-oblong leaves glossy above, more or less downy 
beneath ; cup saucer-shaped or top-shaped. Rich soils, Penn., W. 
and S. 

Q. cinérea, Michx. Upranp Wittow Oak. Dry pine barrens, N. 
Car., S.; small tree or shrub ; resembles Live Oak, but more downy, nar- 
rower-leaved, the cup shallow, and small acorn globular. 

Q. Phéllos, Linn. Wittow Oak. Sandy low woods from N. Y., 8S. 
and W.; a middle-sized tree, remarkable for its linear-lanceolate, smooth, 
willow-like leaves narrowed at both ends. 


7. CASTANEA, CHESTNUT. (Classical name, taken from that of 
a town in Thessaly.) Flowers in summer, appearing later than the 
elongated strongly straight-veined and merely serrate leaves. 


C. sativa, Mill. European Curestnut. Large tree, with oblong-lance- 
olate leaves, which are abruptly pointed or not long-petioled, the teeth 
rather small but ending in a prominent, generally somewhat incurved 
spine ; when mature smooth and green both sides; nuts large, 2 or 3 in 
each involucre. Several varieties are cult. for the large nuts. 

Var. Americana, Watson. AmrrRIcAN C. Larger freer-growing tree, 
with mostly larger and broader and thinner leaves, which are prominently 
taper-pointed, the teeth large and crowned with longer and more spread- 
ing spines ; nuts smaller but better. Also cult. in a few named varieties. 
Rocky woods, Me. to Mich., and S. 

C. Jap6nica, Blume. Japanese C. Small tree, with narrow (oblong- 
lanceolate) small leaves which are truncate or cordate at the base, and 
white-tomentose beneath, mostly long-pointed, the teeth small and sharply 
awn-pointed. Somewhat planted for its very large nuts. 

C. pumila, Mill. Curyeguapin. Sandy dry soil chiefly Penn., S. and 
W.; shrub or small tree, with lance-oblong leaves, whitish-downy beneath, 
and very sweet nut, solitary in the involucre, and therefore terete. 


WILLOW FAMILY. 3YY 


8. FAGUS, BEECH. (Classical Latin name, from the Greek, alluding 
to the nuts being good to eat.) Flowers appearing with the (straight- 
veined and serrate) leaves, in spring. 


F. ferruginea, Ait. American Beecu. Forest tree, with fine-grained 
wood, close and smooth light-gray bark, and light horizontal spray ; the 
leaves oblong-ovate and taper-pointed, distinctly toothed, thin, their silky 
hairs early deciduous, the very straight veins all ending in the salient 
teeth ; common on rich lands. 

F. sylvética, Linn. European Bercn. Occasionally planted ; is dis- 
tinguished by broader and shorter, firmer, more hairy, and wavy-toothed 
leaves, some of the main veins tending to the sinuses. Copper BEECH is 
a variety with crimson-purple foliage ; there are also weeping forms. 


CX. SALICACEHZ, WILLOW FAMILY. 


Trees or shrubs, with bitter bark, soft light wood, alternate 
undivided leaves, either persistent or deciduous stipules, and 
dicecious flowers; both kinds in catkins, one flower under each 
bract or scale, the staminate of naked stamens only, the fertile 
of a 1-celled ovary which becomes a 2—4-valved pod with 2-4 
parietal or basal placentz, bearing numerous seeds furnished 
with a tuft of long cottony down at one end. 


1. SALIX. Scales of the catkins entire. Sterile flowers of few or rarely many stamens, 
acconipanied by 1 or 2 little glands. Fertile flowers with a little gland at the base of 
the ovary on the inner side; stigmas 2, short, each sometimes 2-lobed. Catkins gen- 
erally erect, appearing before, with or following the leaves. Shrubs or trees with 
lithe branches, mostly 1-scaled buds and narrow leaves. 

2. POPULUS. Scales of the catkins cut or cleft at the apex. Flowers on a cup-shaped 
oblique disk. Stamens usually numerous. Stigmas long. Catkins drooping; flowers 
preceding the leaves, which are mostly broad. Buds scaly. 


1. SALIX, WILLOW, OSIER. (The classical Latin name.) The 
Willows, especially the numerous wild ones, are much too difficult for 
the beginner to undertake. For their study the Manual must be used. 
The following are the common ones planted from the Old World, with 
some of the most tree-like wild ones. 


* Flowers earlier than the leaves ; catkins sessile along the shoot of pre- 
ceding year. 


S. vimindlis, Linn. Basket W. or Oster. Of Eu.; twigs used for 
basket work; has lance-linear, entire, slender-pointed leaves 3/-6! long 
and satiny-white underneath. Stamens 2, separate. Occasionally planted. 

S. purpurea, Linn. Known by the reddish or olive-colored twigs, lateral 
catkins before the oblanceolate, serrulate, and glaucous leaves and with 
dark scales, red anthers, and sessile downy ovary. Stamens 2, but their 
filaments and often the anthers also united into one. Established on low 
grounds and banks in some places, and planted for basket and tying 
material ; also ornamental forms, one of which is known as S. Napo- 
LEONIS. Eu. 

S. Caprea, Linn. Goat W. of Eu. In this country known chiefly in 
its weeping form (the Kitmarnock WILLow), and as a stock upon which 


400 WILLOW FAMILY. 


many other ornamental willows are grafted. Moderate-sized tree, with 
brown or reddish branches and thick oval or lance-oval wavy-margined 
and irregularly toothed leaves, which are white-tomentose below and 
short-stalked ; young growth pubescent. 


* * Flowers slightly earlier than the leaves but rather late in spring, on 
lateral catkins which have 4 or 5 leafy bracts at their base. 


S. cordata, Muhl. A common wild species along streams, badly 
named, as the leaves are seldom heart-shaped at base and generally 
lanceolate, often tapering to both ends, sharply serrate, smooth, pale or 
whitish beneath ; stipules on young shoots conspicuous, ovate or kidney- 
shaped ; ovary slender-stalked, tapering, smooth. Variable. 

S. incana, Schrank. (S. rosmarinirovia of horticulturists.) Leaves 
long-linear, with somewhat revolute entire edges, white-cottony below, 
nearly sessile, dull-green above; catkins small and slender; young 
growth more or less cottony. Cult. for ornament, usually as a graft 
upon some other species. 


* * « Flowers in loose catkins terminating leafy lateral shoots of the 
season, therefore later than the leaves, in late spring or early summer. 


+ Leaves remotely denticulate ; stamens 2; capsule glabrous or silky. 


S. longifolia, Muhl. Lone-teavep W. Banks N.; shrub, with very 
long lance-linear, nearly sessile leaves, grayish-hairy when young ; catkins 
with narrow yellowish scales; the stalked ovary bearing large stigmas. 


+ + Leaves closely serrate with inflexed teeth ; copsule glabrous. 
++ Stamens generally 2; leaves lanceolate and long-acuminate. 


S. fragilis, Linn. Crack W. Leaves green and glabrous, pale or 
glaucous beneath, 3/-6/ long; stipules (if present) half-cordate ; capsule 
long-conical, short-stalked. Tall tree, planted for shade and ornament. Eu. 

S. G/ba, Linn. Wuire W. Leaves ashy-gray or silky-white on both 
sides except when old, 2/-4/ long; stipules ovate-lanceolate, deciduous ; 
capsule ovate-conical, nearly or quite sessile. Eu. Very variable and 
much mixed with 8. fragilis. Forms with yellow twigs (var. vITELLINA) 
are cultivated. Var. ARGENTEA, with very silver-gray foliage, is the S. 
REGALIs Of horticulturists. 

S. Babylénica, Tourn. Werrprinc W. Planted from the Orient; a 
familiar tree, with very slender drooping branches, and linear-lanceolate 
leaves white beneath ; in the monstrous variety called aNNULARIS, Hoop 
W., the leaves are curved into a ring. 


++ ++ Stamens 3 or more ; leaves often broader. 


S. nigra, Marsh. Brack W. River banks; 15°-50°; bark rough ; 
narrow-lanceolate, taper-pointed leaves ; 3-6 stamens; short-ovate pods. 

S. pentadndra, Linn. (S. raurirovia of horticulturists.) Bay W. Hand- 
some tree, planted from Eu. for the very glossy, lanceolate, taper-pointed 
leaves, of the same hue on both sides, the staminate catkins of golden- 
yellow flowers also handsome ; stamens cominonly 5; pods tapering. 

S. lucida, Muhl. American Bay W. Grows in wet ground N.; like 
the last, but a shrub, with shorter catkins on a less leafy short branch. 


2. POPULUS, POPLAR, ASPEN. (Classical name.) Quick-grow- 
ing, soft-wooded trees, mostly with glossy dangling leaves. 


* Batsam Popars, with more or less elongated resinous sticky buds. 
+ Petioles terete or not prominently flattened. 


P. balsamffera, Linn. Baxrsam Popiar, Tacamanac. A tall upright 
tree, with a narrow straight top, growing in woods and along streams in 


WILLOW FAMILY. 401 


the N. States, and also in N. Eu. and Asia; leaves thick and firm, erect, 
whitened beneath, ovate-lanceolate or oval, tapering towards the top and 
sometimes at the base, finely and obtusely toothed; young branches 
nearly cylindrical. Also cult. in many forms, the marked types being: 
var. viminadlis, Loudon, of moderate stature, sharply angled twigs and 
broad-lanceolate willow-like twigs ; and var. /at/fo/ia, Loudon (P. Notésri 
of nurserymen), with large ovate or cordate-ovate rather blunt leaves. 
Var. candicans, Gray. Baim or GiLEap. A strong-growing, spreading 
tree, frequently planted, and esteemed for its vigor and hardiness and the 
resinous fragrance of its large buds in springtime. Leaves are broad, 
heart-shaped, green above and veiny and rusty-white beneath, the leaf-stalk 
usually hairy and somewhat flattened. L. Ontario, Mich., etc. Rare wild. 


+ + Petioles prominently flattened, so that the leaves dangle in the wind. 


P. laurifilia, Ledeb. (P. Certinensis.) Large tree, planted from 
Siberia ; leaves broad-ovate in outline, with a rounded or tapering base 
and rather short point at the apex; the margin rather closely toothed, 
wavy ; leaf-stalk comparatively short, only moderately flattened, gland- 
less at the top; stipules present and conspicuous ; shoots slightly hairy. 

P. monilffera, Ait. Corronwoop, Carotina Poritar. Leaves trian- 
gular-ovate in outline, with a straight or truncate base and a long point 
at the apex; margin coarsely scallop-toothed, plane; leaf-stalk long, 
much flattened beneath the blade of the leaf, and commonly bearing two 
or three gland-like bodies at its top; stipules absent or minute (falling 
early); shoots glabrous. Large tree; common. 

P. nigra, Linn. Brack Porrar, of Eu. A medium-sized tree, very 
sparingly planted, with broadly triangular or diamond-ovate, small leaves, 
which are not deeply toothed, and commonly hairy young shoots. It is 
familiar in this country in the 

Var. /té/ica, Du Roi. (P. pivarAra, P. FasTiciATa.) LomBarpy Popr- 
LAR. A tree of very tall strict growth, glabrous young shoots, and more 
tapering base to the leaves. Probably Asian. 


* * WHITE PopLarRs or ASPENS, with short, non-glutinous, often pubescent 
uds. 


+ Petioles terete. 


P. heterophylla, Linn. Downy Poprar. 40°-80° high ; leaves round- 
ovate or heart-shaped, with the sinus closed by the overlapping lobes, 
obtuse, serrate with incurved teeth, 3/-5’ long, white wool deciduous only 
with age, leaving traces on the veins beneath and on the petioles; fruit- 
ing catkins smooth. Swamps, Conn. to IIl., and 8S. 


+ + Petioles strongly flattened (except in some forms of the first). 
++ Leaves cottony, at least beneath, even when old. 


P. Glba, Linn. Asete or Wuite P. Tree planted from Eu., with 
spreading branches, roundish, slightly heart-shaped, wavy-toothed or 
lobed leaves soon green above, very white-cottony beneath ; spreads in- 
veterately by the root. Many varieties, of which the most marked is var. 
Bou.eEAna, with deeply lobed white-bottomed leaves, and a fastigiate habit. 


++ ++ Leaves cottony when unfolding, but soon smooth and green on both 
sides ; bark smooth and close, greenish-white. 


P. tremuloides, Michx. American A. Small tree, common in woods 
N.; small roundish-heart-shaped leaves with small regular teeth ; scales 
of catkins cut into 3 or 4 linear lobes, fringed with long hairs. 

P. grandidentata, Michx. Larger Am. A. Middle-sized tree, common 
in woods ; larger roundish-ovate leaves with coarse irregular blunt teeth ; 
scales unequally 5-6-cleft, slightly fringed. Weeping forms in cultivation. 


GRAY’S F. F. & G. BOT. — 26 


402 FROGBIT FAMILY. 


Suspciass II. MONOCOTYLEDONS (or ENDOGENS). 


Distinguished by having the woody matter of the stem in 
distinct bundles scattered without obvious order through- 
out its whole breadth, never so arranged as all to come in 
a circle; when abundant enough to form proper wood, as 
in Palms and the like, this is hardest and the bundles most 
crowded toward the circumference. Embryo with a sin- 
gle cotyledon; the first leaves in germination alternate. 
Leaves mostly, but not always, parallel-veined. Parts of 
the flower almost always in threes, never in fives. See 
Lessons, p. 138, and for style of vegetation, p. 26, Fig. T1. 

The plants of this class may be arranged under three 
generally well-marked divisions. 


I. PETALOIDEOUS DIVISION. 


Flowers with a perianth (calyx and corolla) which is 
usually (except in Rush-like plants) colored, not on a 
spadix. 


CXI. HYDROCHARIDACEH, FROGBIT FAMILY. 


Water plants, with dicecious, moncecious, or polygamous 
flowers on scape-like peduncles from a sort of spathe of one 
or two leaves, or sessile, the perianth in the fertile flowers of 
6 parts united below into a tube which is coherent with the 
surface of a compound ovary; stamens 3-12, sometimes mono- 
delphous; stigmas 3 or 6. Fruit ripening under water. 


* Growing under water, the fertile flowers only rising to the surface ; the sterile (not 
often detected) breaking off their short stalks, and floating on the surface around 
the pistillate flowers. 


1. ELODEA. Stems leafy and branching. Fertile flowers rising from a tubular spathe ; 
the perianth prolonged into an exceedingly slender stalk-like tube, 6-lobed at top, 
commonly bearing 3-9 apparently good stamens; ovary 1-celled with a few ovules on 
the walls ; style coherent with the tube of the perianth ; stigmas 3, notched. 

2, VALLISNERIA. Stemless; leaves all in tufts from creeping rootstocks. Fertile 
flowers with a tubular spathe, raised to the surface of the water on an extremely long 
and slender scape; tube of the perianth not prolonged beyond the 1-celled ovary, with 
8 obovate outer lobes (sepals) and 3 small inner linear ones (petals), and no stamens. 
Ovules very numerous, lining the walls. Stigmas 3, sessile, 2-lobed. Fruit cylindrical, 
berry-like. 


ORCHIS FAMILY. 403 


* « Floating, spreading by proliferous shoots ; leaves long-petioled, rounded heart- 
shaped. 


3. LIMNOBIUM. Flowers monecious or diecious, from sessile or short-stalked leaf-like 
spathes, the sterile spathe of one leaf surrounding 3 long-pediceled staminate flowers ; 
the fertile 2-leaved, with one short-pediceled flower. Perianth of 3 outer oval lobes 
(calyx) and 3 narrow inner ones (petals). A cluster of 6-12 unequal monadelphous 
stamens in the sterile flower ; some aw]-shaped rudiments of stamens and a 6-9-celled 
ovary in the fertile flower; stigmas 6-9, each 2-parted. Fruit berry-like, many 
seeded. 

By 
1. ELODEA (or ANACHARIS), WATERWEED. (Greek: marshy.) 
Flowers summer. 2/ 


BE. Canadénsis, Michx, Slow streams and ponds; a rather homely 
weed, with long branching stems, beset with pairs or whorls of pellucid 
and veinless, l-nerved, minutely serrulate, sessile leaves (3/-1’ long), 
varying from linear to ovate-oblong, the thread-like tube of the yellowish 
perianth often several inches long. 


2. VALLISNERIA, TAPE GRASS, EELGRASS of fresh water. 
(Named for A. Vallisneri, an early Italian botanist.) Flowers late 
summer. 2 


V. spiralis, Linn. In clear ponds and slow streams, with bright green 
and grass-like linear leaves (1°-2° long), delicately nerved and netted ; 
fertile scapes rising 2°-4° long, according to the depth of the water, after- 
wards coiling up spirally and drawing the fruit under water to ripen. 
The leaves of this and the preceding are excellent to show cyclosis. 


3. LIMNOBIUM, FROGBIT. (Greek: living in pools.) Flowers 
whitish, the fertile ones larger, in summer. 2, 


L. Spéngia, Richard. Floating free on still water, N. J.. W. and S.; 
rooting copiously ; leaves 1/2’ long, purple beneath, tumid at base, with 
spongy air cells. 


CXII. ORCHIDACEH, ORCHIS FAMILY. 


Herbs, with perfect flowers of peculiar structure, the perianth 
adherent to the 1-celled ovary (which has numberless minute 
ovules on 3 parietal placentz), its chiefly corolla-like 6 parts 
irregular, 3 in an outer set answering to sepals, 3 within and 
alternate with these answering to petals, one of these, generally 
larger and always different from the others, called the Jabellum 
or lip; the 1 or 2 stamens are gynandrous, being borne on or 
connected with the style or stigma (Lessons, Fig. 284); the 
pollen is mostly coherent in masses of peculiar appearance, 
celled pollinia (Lessons, Figs. 320, 321, 322). All perennials, 
and all depend more or less upon insects for fertilization. 
Beginners will not very easily comprehend the remarkable 
structure of most Orchideous flowers, There are numerous 


404 ORCHIS FAMILY. 


species and hybrids in cultivation in choice greenhouses, but 
only the commonest or most conspicuous wild species are 
mentioned here. 


« Epipnyte or Arr-PLant Oronips. Of these a great variety are cultivated in the 
choicest conservatories. We have one genus in the most Southern States. 


1. EPIDENDRUM. The 8 sepals and 2 petals nearly alike and widely spreading ; the odd 
petal or lip larger and 3-lobed, its base united with the style, which bears a lid-like 
anther, containing 4-stalked pollen masses, over the glutinous stigma, 


* * TERRESTRIAL Orcuips, growing in the soil, in woods or low grounds, but sometimes 
leafless and parasitic on roots. 


+ Anther only one, but of 2 cells, which when separated (as in Orchis) must not be mis- 
taken for two anthers ; pollen collected into one or more masses in each cell ; 
stigma a glutinous surface. 


++ Lip, or odd petal, sac-like and inflated. 


2. CALYPSO. Sepals and petals nearly similar, lanceolate and pointed. Lip larger than 
the other parts ($' long), Lady’s Slipper-like and hairy inside. Pollen masses 2, 
waxy, each 2-parted, sessile. Delicate little plant with a 1-flowered scape, and a 
single radical leaf. 

++ 4+ Lip neither saccate nor spurred (or spur adnate to the ovary); anther inverted 
on the apex of the style, commonly attached by a sort of hinge ; pollen 2 or 4 
separate soft masses, not attached to a stalk or gland. 


= Flowers mostly small, dull-colored, in a spike or raceme on a brownish or yellowish 
leafless scape ; pollen masses 4, globular, soft-waxy. 


3. APLECTRUM. Flowers as in the next, but no trace of a spur or sac, larger. Scave 
rising from a large solid bulb or corm, which also produces, at a different season, a 
broad and many-nerved green leaf. 

4, CORALLORHIZA. Flowers with sepals and petals nearly alike; the lip broader, 2. 
ridged on the face below, from its base descending a short sac or obscure spur which 
adheres to the upper part of the ovary. Scape with sheaths in place of leaves; the 
root or rootstock thickish, much branched and coral-like. 


= — Flowers rather large; pollen masses soft, of lightly-connected powdery grains. 


5. ARETHUSA. Flower cnly one, on a naked scape; the 3 sepals and 2 petals lanceolate 

* and nearly alike, all united at the base, ascending and arching over the top of the 

long and somewhat wing-margined style, on the petal-like top of which rests the 

helmet-shaped hinged anther, over a little shelf, the lower face of which is the stigma. 

Lip broad, erect, with a recurving rounded apex and a bearded crest down the face. 
Pollen masses 4, 2 in each cell of the anther. 

6. CALOPOGON. Flowers 2, 3, or several, in a raceme-like loose spike ; the lip turned 
towards the axis, diverging widely from the slender (above wing-margined) style, 
narrower at base, larger and rounded at the apex, strongly bearded along the face. 
Sepals and the 2 petals nearly alike, lance-ovate, separate and spreading. Anther 
lid-like ; pollen masses 4. 

1. POGONIA. Flowers one or few terminating a leaf-bearing stem ; the sepals and petals 
separate; lip erested or 8-lobed. Style club-shaped, wingless; stigma lateral. 
Anther lid-like, somewhat. stalked ; pollen masses 2, only 1 in each cell. 


t+4+ 4+ Lip not spurred or saccate; anthers borne on the back of the style, below its 
tip, erect or inclined ; the ovate stigma on the front. Flowers in a spike, small, 
white. 

8. SPIRANTHES. Flowers oblique on the ovary, all the parts of the perianth erect or 
conniving, the lower part of the lip involute around the style and with a callosity on 
each side of the base, its narrower tip somewhat recurved and crisped. Pollen masses 
2 (one to each cell), each 2-parted into a thin plate (composed of grains lightly united 
by delicate threads), their summits united to the back of a narrow boat-shaped sticky 
gland set in the beaked tip over the stigma. Leaves not variegated. 


ORCHIS FAMILY. 405 


9. GOODYERA. Flowers like Spiranthes, but the lip more sac-shaped, closely sessile, 
and destitute of the callous protuberances at base. Leaves variegated with white 
veining. 


++ ++ ++ ++ Lip produced underneath into a free honey-bearing horn or spur ; pollen of 
each cell all connected by elastic threads with a central axis or stalk ; the lower 
end of which is a sticky gland or disk, by adhesion to which the whole mass of 
pollen is dragged from the opening anther and carried off by insects. 


10. ORCHIS. The 3 sepals and 2 petals are conniving and arched on the upper side of the 
flower; the lip turned downwards (i.e. as the flower stands on its twisted ovary). 
Anther erect, its two cells parallel and contiguous ; the 2 glands side by side just 
over the concave stigma, and inclosed in a sort of pouch or pocket opening at the 
top. 

11. HABENARIA. Flower generally as in Orchis, but the lateral sepals commonly spread- 
ing; the glands attached to the pollen masses naked and exposed. 


+ + Anthers 2 (Lessons, Fig. 234), borne one on each side of the style, and a trowel- 
shaped body on the upper side answers to the third stamen, the one that alone is 
present in other Orchids; pollen powdery or pulpy; stigma roughish, not 
glutinous. 


12. CYPRIPEDIUM. Sepals in appearance generally only 2, and petals 2, besides the lip 
which is a large inflated sac, into the mouth of which the style, bearing the stamens 
and terminated by the broad terminal stigma, is declined. Pollen sticky on the sur- 
face, as if with a delicate coat of varnish, powdery or at length pulpy underneath. 


i. EPIDENDRUM. (Name in Greek means upon a tree, i.e. an epi- 
phyte.) 
E. conépseum, Ait. S. Car., S. and W., on the boughs of Magnolia, 
etc., clinging to the bark by its matted roots, its tuberous rootstocks 
bearing thick and firm lanceolate leaves (1/-3/ long), and scapes 2!-6! 


long, with a raceme of small greenish and purplish flowers, in summer. 
(Lessons, Fig. 88.) 


2. CALYPSO. (The goddess Calypso.) 


C. borealis, Salisb. Local plant, in mossy bogs and woods, Me. to 
Minn.; corm solid ; flowers handsome, large and showy, purple, pink and 
yellow, on a scape 3/-6/ high ; leaf ovate and thin, petioled, with 3 ribs. 


3. APLECTRUM, PUTTYROOT, ADAM-AND-EVE. (Name, Greek: 
destitute of spur.) 


A. hyemale, Nutt. Woods, in rich mold, N. Eng. to Minn., and S. 
in the mountains ; scape and dingy flowers in early summer; the large 
oval and plaited-nerved petioled leaf appears towards autumn and lasts 
over winter; solid bulbs one each year, connected by a slender stalk, 
those of at least two years found together (whence one of the popular 
names), 1’ thick, filled with strong glutinous matter, which has been used 
for cement, whence the other name. 


4. CORALLORHIZA, CORAL ROOT (which the name means in 
Greek). No green herbage ; plants probably parasitic on roots. 


C. innata, R.Br. Low woods, N. Eng. to Minn., and S. in the moun- 
tains ; 3/-6! high, yellowish, with 5-10 very small almost sessile flowers ; 
lip 3-lobed or halberd-shaped at base ; flowers in spring. 

C. odontorhiza, Nutt. Rich woods, Mass. to Mich., and S.; 6/—16! 
high, thickened at base, brownish or purplish, with 6-20 pediceled flowers, 
and lip not lobed but rather stalked at base, the spur obsolete. 


406 ORCHIS FAMILY. 


C. multiflora, Nutt. In dry woods, N. Eng., W. and S.; 9!-20! high, 
purplish, stout, with 10-80 short-pediceled flowers, lip deeply 3-lobed, and 
adnate spur manifest. 


5. ARETHUSA. (Arethusa, the nymph.) Flowers late spring. 


A. bulbdsa, Linn. A charming little plant, in wet bogs N.; consists 
of a scape 6/-10! high rising from a solid bulb or corm, sheathed belcw 
with one or two green bracts, and terminated with the bright rose-pin< 
flower 1/-2! long. 


6. CALOPOGON. (Greek: beautiful beard, referring to the lip.) 
Flowers early summer. 


C. pulchéllus, R.Br. Scape 19-2° high, from a small solid bulb, 
slender, bearing next the base a long linear or lanceolate many-nerved 
grass-like leaf, and at the summit 2-6 beautiful pink-purple flowers (1! 
broad), the lip as if hinged at its base, bearded with white, yellow, and 
purple club-shaped hairs. Bogs, N.; one of the common orchids. 


7. POGONIA. (Greek: bearded, i.e. on the lip; this is hardly the 
case in most of our species.) We have several, but the only widely 
common one is 


P. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Wet bogs, ranging with the Calopogon, 
and in blossom at the same time; stem 6/—9/ high, from a root of thick 
fibers, bearing an oval or lance-oblong, closely sessile leaf near the middle, 
and a smaller one or bract near the terminal flower, with sometimes 
a second flower in its axil; flower 1’ long, pale rose-color or whitish, 
sweet-scented ; sepals and petals nearly alike; lip erect, beard-crested 
and fringed. 


8. SPIRANTHES, LADIES’ TRESSES. (Name Greek, denoting 
that the flowers are spiral; they often are apparently spirally twisted 
in the spike.) Flowers white. The species are difficult ; the following 
are the commonest. 


* Flowers crowded in 3 ranks in a close spike ; wet banks or bogs. 


S. latifolia, Torr. Known by its oblong or lance-oblong leaves (1/-3! 
long), all at the base of the scape, and narrow spike of small smooth 
flowers, early in June. Moist places, Vt. to Minn. and Del. 

S. Romanzoffiana, Cham. Cold bogs, N. Eng., W.; 5/-15! high, 
with oblong-lanceolate or grassy-linear leaves, a dense spike of flowers 
at midsummer, all 3 sepals and 2 petals conniving to form an upper lip. 

S. cérnua, Richard. 6'—20/ high, with lance-linear leaves, cylindrical 
often lengthened spike, and lower sepals not upturned but parallel with 
the lower petal or lip; flowersin autumn. Moist sandy places. Variable. 


* x Flowers in one straight or often spirally twisted rank, tn summer. 


S. preecox, Watson. Wet grassy places from N. Eng., S.; stem 1°-2° 
high, towards its base and at the fleshy root bearing linear or lance-linear 
leaves, which mostly last through the flowering season ; spike dense and 
much twisted, rather downy. 

S. gracilis, Bigelow. Hills and sandy plains; scape slender, 8/—18! 
high, bearing a slender spike; leaves all from the tuberous root, short, 
ovate or oblong, apt to wither away before the small flowers appear in 
late summer. 


ORCHIS FAMILY. 407 


9. GOODYERA, RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN. (John Goodyear, 
an English botanist.) Flowers small, in summer, greenish-white, spiked 
on a scape ; the leaves all clustered at the root, ovate, small. 


« Lip strongly saccate, with a short and spreading or recurved tip. 


G. répens, R.Br. Evergreen woods, N.; 3/-8/ high, slender; flowers 
in a loose one-sided spike, with ovate recurved tip. 

G. pubéscens, R.Br. 6/-12! high ; larger, with leaves more beautifully 
white-reticulated, and flowers not one-sided in the denser spike; lip 
globular, the tip very short. Rich woods. 


x * Lip barely saccate and tapering. 


G. Menziésii, Lindl. Woods from N. Eng., W.; 9/-12/ high; leaves 
less reticulated ; flowers loose in the spike, narrower and pointed in the 
bud, the lip hardly sac-shaped at the base and tapering to a narrow apex. 


10. ORCHIS. (The ancient Greek name.) We have only two true 
Orchises, viz., 


O. spectabilis, Linn. Snowy Orcuis. Plant with 2 oblong-obovate, 
thick, glossy leaves (3/-5' long) from the fleshy-fibrous root, and a leafy- 
bracted scape 4/-7/ high, bearing in a loose spike a few pretty flowers, 
pink-purple, the ovate lip white; in late spring. Rich woods, N. Eng., 
W. and S&S. 

O. rotundifélia, Pursh. Stem 5/-9/ high, 1-leaved at the base and 
naked above, the leaf orbicular to oblong, 3’ or less long; flowers rose- 
purple except the lip, which is white and spotted with purple. Woods 
and bogs, N. Eng., W. 


aT: HABENARIA, REIN ORCHIS. (Latin habena, a rein or thong, 
from the shape of the lip of the corolla in some species.) Flowers in 
a terminal spike, each in the axil of a bract, in late spring and summer. 
In all but one species the ovary twists and the lip occupies the lower 
or anterior side of the flower. (Lessons, Figs. 320-522.) The follow- 
ing is an easy arrangement of the commonest species. 


« Lip not fringed, often entire ; flowers never rose or purple. 


+ Stem leafy; leaves oblong or lanceolate ; flowers small; anther cells 
nearly parallel. 


++ Flowers yellow. 


H. integra, Spreng. Pine barrens from N. J., S.; resembles H. cris- 
tata, having small, bright, orange-yellow flowers, but the lip is ovate and 
entire or barely crenulate ; one or two lower leaves elongated and acute, 
oblong-lanceolate, the others becoming bract-like; spur awl-shaped, 


ding. 
Geeeuding ++ ++ Flowers white (greenish-white in the last). 


H. nivea, Spreng. Sandy bogs, Del., S.; 1°-2° high, all the upper 
leaves bract-like ; flowers in a loose cylindrical spike, very small, dif- 
ferent from all the rest in having the (white) ovary without a twist, and 
the linear-oblong entire lip with its long thread-like spur therefore looking 
inwards. 

H. dilatata, Gray. Resembles the next, grows in same places, but is 
commonly more slender and with linear leaves ; flowers white and nar- 
row, open, the lanceolate lip having a rhombic-dilated base ; glands strap- 
shaped, large, approximate. Bogs, N. 


408 ORCHIS FAMILY. 


H. hyperbodrea, R.Br. Cold low woods and bogs, N.; 6’-2° high, 
very leafy ; leaves lanceolate ; spike dense, often long; flowers greenish, 
the lanceolate lip like the other petals, spreading, entire, about the length 
of the incurved spur ; glands orbicular. 


++ ++ ++ Flowers green. 


H. viréscens, Spreng. Stem 10/-20’ high, with a conspicuously 
bracted at length, long and loose spike of small flowers ; the lip oblong, 
almost truncate at the apex, its base with a tooth on each side and a 
nasal protuberance on the face; spur slender, club-shaped. Wet places, 
N. Eng., W. and S. 

H. bracteata, R.Br. Cold damp woods N. (S. in the mountains); 
6/-12! high, with lower leaves obovate, upper reduced to bracts of the 
short spike, which are much longer than the flowers; lip truncate and 
2-3-toothed at the tip, very much longer than the sac-shaped spur. 


+ + Stem a naked scape; the leaves only 2 at the ground; flowers pretty 
large in a loose spike; anther cells widely diverging at their tapering 
or beak-like projecting base. 


H. orbiculata, Torr. Great GREEN O. Rich, mostly evergreen 
woods and hillsides N., and in the mountains S.; a striking plant; its 
exactly orbicular leaves 4/-8! wide, bright green above and silvery be- 
neath, lying flat on the ground; scape 1°-2° high, bracted, bearing many 
large greenish-white flowers in a loose raceme; sepals roundish ; lip 
narrowly spatulate-linear and drooping ; spur 14’ long, curved, gradually 
thickened towards the blunt tip ; flowers July. 

H. Hoékeri, Torr. Smaller in all parts; flowers in June; the orbicular 
leaves only 3/-5! broad and flat on the ground ; scape naked, 6’-12/ high, 
bearing fewer yellowish-green flowers in a strict spike; sepals lance- 
ovate ; lip lanceolate and pointed, incurved, the other petals lance-awl- 
shaped ; spur slender, acute, nearly 1/ long. Swamps and damp woods, 
N. A variety (var. oblongifdlia, Paine) has oblong leaves. 


x « Lip and often the other petals cut-fringed or cleft, shorter than the 
long curving spur ; cells of the anther more or less diverging and tapering 
below, the sticky gland at their lower end strongly projecting forwards. 
These are our handsomest wild Orchises; all grow in bogs or low 
grounds; stems leafy, 1°-4° high. 


+ Flowers bright orange-yellow, in late summer ; glands orbicular, pros 
jecting on the beak-pointed bases of the very diverging anther cells; 
ovary and pod long, tapering to the summit. 


H. cristata, R.Br. Leaves narrow, and flowers small; petals crenate, 
and the ovate lip with a narrow lacerate fringe; bracts nearly the length 
of the crowded flowers ; incurved spur little longer than the lip. Bogs, 
IN. Jen: 

H. ciliaris, R. Br. Yerrow Frincep O. Taller ; 14°-2° high ; leaves 
oblong or lanceolate; spike short, of many crowded, very showy and 
much larger flowers; petals cut-fringed at apex, the oblong body of the 
lip (about half the length of the spur) narrower than the copious long 
and fine fringe; bracts shorter than the ovaries. N. Eng., S. and W. 


+ + Flowers bright white, in summer; the lip fringe-margined but not 
cleft. 


H. blepharigléttis, Torr. Wuite Frincep O. Like the last, but 
rather smaller, 1° high, the fringe of the lance-oblong lip hardly equal to 
the width of its body. There is a form with less fringed lip. Peat 
bogs, N. 


ORCHIS FAMILY. 409 


»- «= + Flowers greenish or yellowish-white, in late summer ; glands oval 
or lanceolate, almost facing each other ; spike long and loose. 


H. leucophza, Gray. N. Y., W. and S.; 2°-4° high; leaves lance: 
oblong; flowers rather large, the fan-shaped lip 3-parted, #/ long, and 
many-cleft to the middle into a thread-like fringe. 

H. lacera, R.Br. Raccep Frincep O. Lower, 1°-2° high; leaves 
lanceolate or oblong; petals oblong-linear, entire ; divisions of the slen- 
der-stalked 3-parted lip narrow and slenderly fringed. Bogs N., also S., 
in high lands. 


+++ + Flowers violet-purple, in summer ; the lip fan-shaped, 3-parted 
nearly down to the stalk-like base, and the divisions more or less fringed. 


H. psycdodes, Gray. SmaLLter PurpLte Frincep O. Frequent in 
moist grassy places, especially N.; leaves oblong, above passing into 
jance-linear bracts; spike cylindrical, 4/-10/ long, crowded with smaller 
and fragrant flowers; lateral petals wedge-obovate, almost entire ; lip 
spreading, only 3’ wide, cut into denser fringe. 

H. fimbriata, R.Br. LarcGer PureLte Frincep O. Lower leaves 
oval or oblong, upper few and small; raceme-like spike oblong, with 
rather few large flowers in early summer ; petals oblong, toothed down 
the sides; lip almost 1’ wide, hanging, cut into a delicate fringe. Wet 
meadows N., also S. to N. Car. 

H. peramncea, Gray. Meadows and banks, Penn., W. and S., along 
and near the mountains ; flowers of size intermediate between the two 
preceding, the broad wedge-shaped lobes of the lip moderately cut-toothed, 
but not fringed. 


12. CYPRIPEDIUM, LADY’S SLIPPER, MOCCASIN FLOWER. 
(Greek name for Venus, joined to that for a slipper or buskin.) Among 
the most ornamental and curious of our wild flowers, blooming in 
spring and early summer. Rootstocks very short and knotty, produc- 
ing long and coarse fibrous roots. Many tropical species and hybrids 
are in cultivation. (Lessons, Fig. 284.) 


* The three sevals separate ; stem leafy, one-flowered. 


C. arietinum, R.Br. Rawm’s-Heap L. The smailest species, with 
slender stem 6/-10/ high, oblong-lanceolate leaves, and a dingy, purplish, 
drooping flower, the sac conical and in some positions resembling a ram’s 
head, one sepal lance-ovate, the two others and the two petals linear. 
Cold woods and swamps, Me. to Minn. 


x * Two of the sepals united by their edges into one under the sac or 
slipper, but their very tips sometimes separate. 


+ Stem 1°-2° high, leafy to the 1-5-flowered summit; leaves lance-oblong 
or ovate, with many somewhat plaited nerves, more or less pubescent ; 
sac or slipper horizontal, much inflated, open by a rather large round 
orifice. 


++ Sepals and linear wavy-twisted petals brownish, pointed, larger than 
the sac. 


C. cAndidum, Muhl. Smarty Wuire L. Small, barely 1° high, 
slightly pubescent ; sac like that of the next, but white-purple inside ; 
sepals ovate-lanceolate. Bogs (rare), N. Y., W. and S. 

C. parvifldrum, Salisb. Smarter Yettow L. Like the next, and 
in similar situations, but stems and leaves generally smaller, and flower 
about half the size, somewhat fragrant, the sac broader than high, deep 
yellow, and the lance-ovate sepals brownev. 


410 BANANA FAMILY. 


C. pubéscens, Willd. Yrritow Lapy’s Supper. Sac light yellow, 
higher than broad, convex above; sepals long-lanceolate ; flowers early 
summer, scentless; woods and bogs N., and S. in the mountains. A 
leafy plant, 2° high. 


++ ++ Sepals and petals broad or roundish and flat, white, not larger than 
the sac. 


C. spectdbile, Swartz. Snowy L. In bogs and rich low woods N., 
and along the mountains S.; downy, 2° or more high, with leaves 6'—8! 
long, white flowers with the globular lip (14! long) painted with pink- 
purple, in July. One of the handsomest and most interesting of all wild 
flowers. 


+ + Scape naked, bearing a small bract and one flower at summit. 


C. acatle, Ait. Sremiess L. Moist or sandy ground N., mostly in 
the shade of evergreens ; scape 8/-12! high ; sepals and petals greenish or 
purplish, the latter linear, shorter than the rose-purple (often whitish), 
oblong-obovate, drooping sac, which is split down the front but nearly 
closed ; flowers in spring. 


CXIII. SCITAMINEZ, BANANA FAMILY. 


A group of tropical or subtropical perennial plants, with 
leaves having distinct petiole and blade, the latter traversed 
by nerves running from the midrib to the margin; flowers 
irregular, with a perianth of at least two ranks of divisions, 
below all combined into a tube which is adherent to the 3-celled 
ovary; the stamens 1-6 and distinct. We have two wild 
representatives on our southeastern borders; the many culti- 
vated ones are chiefly grown for their ornamental foliage, and 
some of them are rarely seen in blossom. They are therefore 
seldom available for botanical study. 


I. GINGER SUBFAMILY. Seeds, rootstocks, or roots 
hot-aromatic. Stamen 1, with a 2-celled anther, commonly 
embracing the style, but not united with it; staminodia some- 
times present. GrincER is the dried rhizomes of ZinGIBER 
OFFICINALE Of the tropics. 

1. HEDYCHIUM. Flowers with a slender tube bearing 6 divisions which may be likened 
to those of an Orchideous flower, one (answering to the lip) much larger and broader 


than the 5 others, and a very long, protruding, reddish filament terminated by a yellow 
unappendaged anther sheathing the style up almost to the stigma. 


II. ARROWROOT or INDIAN SHOT SUBFAMILY. 
No hot-aromatic properties, the thick rootstocks, etc., com- 
monly containing much starch, from which genuine arrowroot 
is produced. Stamen 1, with a 1-celled anther. ARROWROOT 
is the product of species of MARANTA, 


BANANA FAMILY. 41) 


«x Capsule 1-celled and 1-seeded. 


2. THALIA. Stemless herbs, with an elongated scape and radical long-stalked leaves. 
Corolla tubular, the three exterior divisions similar and equal, the interior ones une- 
qual (the anterior division broad and hooded, one elongated and clawed and one partly 
adnate to the stamen and furnished with two bristles on one side). Stigma 2-lipped. 

«x x Ovary 3-celled (rarely 2-celled), the cells 1-ovuled. 

$ CALATHEA. Strong-growing ornamental-leaved plants with flowers in imbricated 
bracteate heads or cone-like spikes or rarely in somewhat lax spikes. Outer 3 seg- 
ments of perianth lanceolate, the 3 inner ones irregular and obtuse. Corolla tube often 
slender. Staminodia present and petal-like. 

* x x Capsule 3-celled, the cells several-» -seeded. 


4. CANNA. Mostly tall plants with showy flowers in an erect spike or raceme terminating 
the stem. Stamen a petal-like filament with the anther upon one side. 


Ill. BANANA SUBFAMILY prorver. Not aromatic or 
pungent. Stamens 5 with 2-celled anthers, and an abortive 
naked filament. 


5. MUSA. Strong somewhat palm-like plants with flowers in long nodding bracteate 
spikes or racemes. Calyx tubular and elongated, 3-5-toothed and inclosing the small 
corolla. Fruit fleshy and indehiscent. 

6. STRELITZIA. One cultivated species, with the scape bearing at apex an oblique or 
horizontal and rigid conduplicate spathe, from which several large and strange-looking 
blossoms appear in succession ; the 3 outer divisions of the perianth 3’+4’ long, orange- 
yellow, one of them conduplicate and taper-pointed, and somewhat like the two larger 
of the bright blue inner set, or true petals, which are united and cover the stamens, 
the other petal inconspicuous. 


1. HEDYCHIUM, GARLAND FLOWER. (Greek, sweet and snow, 
referring to the fragrant white flowers of H. coronarium.) In green- 
houses. c 
H. Gardneridnum, Roscoe. Stems 3°-5° high; leaves broadly lanceo- 

late or oblong, clasping, 2-ranked ; flowers light yellow, fragrant, in a 

large terminal spike. India. 

H. coronarium, Kern. Plant 2°-5°, with 2-ranked, oblong, sessile 
leaves, and large, snow-white, sweet flowers, the lip nearly 2! wide. 

Often grown in conservatories with aquatics. E. Indies. 


2. THALIA. (J. Thalius, a German botanist, died in 1588.) 


T. dealbata, Roscoe. Plant dusted over with a white powder ; heart- 
ovate, long-petioled leaves all from the root ; reed-like scape (8°-5° high) 
branching above into panicled erect spikes of small, much-bracted, purple 
flowers. Ponds and bogs, S. Car., 8. and W. 


3. CALATHEA. (Greek: a basket, alluding either to the basket- 
shaped stigma or to the use of the leaves in basket-making in S. Amer.) 
The plants are generally known as Marantas. Natives of trop. Amer. 
Following are the commonest in greenhouses. 


* Leaves marked only by transverse bars. 


C. zebrina, Lindl. The oblong leaves 2 or 3 feet long, purple beneath, 
the upper surface satiny and with alternating stripes of deep and pale 
green ; flowers dull purple, inconspicuous, in a bracted head or spike 
near the ground on a short scape. The commonest species. 


412 BANANA FAMILY. 


x « Leaves margined, or marked by bands running lengthwise the blade. 
+ Leaf margined with green, the face blotched. 


C. Makoyana, E. Morr. (MarAnra ovivAris). Leaves small for the genus 
(6'-8' long), oblong, mostly unequilateral ; central part of the leaf semi- 
transparent and blotched with deep green between the veins, intermediate 
portion blotched with dull yellow and white ; leaf stalks purplish. 


+ + Leaf more or less regularly banded lengthwise. 


C. résea-picta, Regel. Leaves nearly orbicular, rich glossy green, 
banded between the midrib and margin by a rose-colored zone ; midrib 
rose-colored. 

C. Vandenhéckei, Regel. Leaves rich dark green above, with lighter 
transverse shades, purplish beneath ; midrib broadly margined with sil- 
very-white, and the face marked by two bands of the same color. 

C. Warscewiczii, Kern. Leaves large (often 2° long), velvety-green, 
with a feathery stripe of yellow-green running from base to apex upon 
either side of the midrib. 


4. CANNA, INDIAN SHOT. (Name obscure.) The 3 small green 
leaves which remain on the capsule are the sepals. The showy parts 
of the flower, inside the petals, are the petal-like staminodia, the upper 
two or three of which are very prominent. Tropical (mostly American) 
plants, now much used in lawn decorations. The cultivated forms, 
which are much confused, are chiefly from the following: 


* Corolla lodes and staminodia united into a short tube, the two or three 
upper staminodia being developed. 


+ Upper staminodia 3. 


C. Indica, Linn. Inp1an Suor. First species introduced ; stem slender, 
glabrous and green, 3°-5° high; leaves oblong, acute, green, lower ones 
a foot long; flowers in a loose, simple raceme, with suborbicular green 
bracts; sepals green; petals pale green, lanceolate, 13! or less long; 
staminodia bright red, lip reddish-yellow, spotted with red. The Cannas 
known as C. LimMBATA or AUREO-VITTATA (the upper staminodia red bor- 
dered with yellow), and C. coccfnra (with red-tinged sepals and petals, 
and often bordered staminodia) are evidently forms of this species. 

C. latifolia, Miller (C. Giganrza). Stem very stout, often 10° or more 
high, pubescent ; leaves oblong and acute, green, the lower ones some- 
times 3°-4° long; flowers in a lax racemed panicle, the lower bracts 
brown and several inches long, but the uppermost oblong and green, and 
becoming less than an inch in length ; sepals small, oblong, green ; petals 
2’ long, lanceolate, red-tinged; staminodia oblanceolate, bright red, 
large, the lip plain red and notched at the apex. 

C. gladca, Linn. Stem 5°-6°, green and glaucous, as are the leaves; 
the latter oblong-lanceolate and very acute, the lower ones 14° long; 
racemes lax, either simple or forked; sepals lanceolate, small, green ; 
petals 2/ or less long, lanceolate, yellowish-green ; staminodia clear pale 
yellow, 3! or less long, the lip linear and notched, pale yellow. C. ANN&I 
is an offshoot or hybrid of this, and was the parent of many of the older 


] , 
Pe + + Upper staminodia usually 2. 


C. /dtea, Miller. (Comprising C. pALLIpa with the upper staminodia 
pale yellow and red-spotted ; and C. auranriaca with red-tinged petals, 
upper staminodia and lip bright reddish-yellow, the lip spotted with red.) 
Stems slender, green and glabrous, 3°-4° high ; leaves green, oblong and 


BANANA FAMILY. 413 


acute, 1° long; raceme lax, simple or forked, the bracts small and obtuse, 
green ; sepals very small (4! long), oblong and greenish; petals lanceo- 
late, about 1’ long, pale green ; staminodia oblanceolate and pale yellow, 
2! or less long, the lip linear, notched, pale yellow, not spotted. 

C. Warscewiczii, Dietr. Stem glabrous, 3°-4° high, light purple; 
leaves purple-brown, oblong and acute, 13° or less long; raceme simple 
and rather dense, the bracts ovate, brown and very glaucous; sepals 
oblong-lanceolate, small, glaucous; petals lanceolate, red-tinged and 
glaucous, 2’ long; staminodia (sometimes 3) oblanceolate, 3! or less long, 
sometimes obscurely notched, bright scarlet, the lip plain bright scarlet, 
and distinctly notched. 

C. specidsa, Roscoe. Stem 5°-6° high, green and glabrous ; leaves green, 
broad-oblong and acute, the lowermost often 2° long; panicle deeply 
forked ; sepals lanceolate and pale red; petals 2! long, lanceolate, pale 
red ; staminodia notched, bright red, 3/ long, the lip also notched at the 
apex, and bright reddish-yellow. Himalayas. 

C. discolor, Lindl. Stem 5°-10° high, glabrous and glaucous, purple ; 
leaves broad, oblong and acute, claret-brown, the lowermost sometimes 
3° long ; panicle deeply forked, the bracts orbicular ; sepais small, lance- 
olate and green; petals lanceolate, pale green ; staminodia oblanceolate 
and entire, bright red, 2}° long; lip lanceolate and notched, brick-red. 


* * Corolla tube 2' or more long; upper staminodia 3, clawed; lip 
. orbicular. 


C. flaccida, Salisb. Wild in swamps, S. Car., S.; 2°-4° high, with 
ovate-lanceolate, pointed leaves, and yellow flowers 3/-4! long; all the 
inner divisions obovate and wavy, lax, the 3 corolla lobes reflexed. 


* * * Corolla tube as long as the blades of the staminodia ; flowers large 
and pendulous. 


C. iridiflora, Ruiz. & Pav. Stem 6°-10° high, green; leaves oblong, 
slightly pubescent beneath, bright green; panicle composed of several 
drooping racemes ; sepals 1’ long, lanceolate, green ; corolla lobes lance- 
olate, red-brown ; staminodia 3, somewhat longer than the corolla lobes, 
bright red, the lip of the same color and notched. 

C. EnemAnnt of gardens is a hybrid of this and probably C. Warsce- 
wiczii. The modern race of dwarf and Crozy ‘flowering’? Cannas is 
mostly sprung from this garden form again crossed, the red-flowered ones 
being mainly hybrids of C. Ehemanni and C. Warscewiczii, and the yel- 
low-flowered ones largely of C. Ehemanni and C. glauca. 

C. liliiflbra, Warsc. Similar to C. iridiflora in habit, but the flowers 
white and fragrant. Not yet common, but it will undoubtedly play an 
important part in garden forms in the future. 


5. MUSA, BANANA, PLANTAIN. (Antonius Musa, physician to 
Augustus. ) 


M. Sapiéntum, Linn. Banana. Cult. for foliage and for the well- 
known fruit ; the enwrapping bases of the huge leaves forming a sort of 
tree-like, succulent stem, 10°-20° high; the flower stalk rising through 
the center, and developing a drooping spike, the flowers clustered in the 
axil of its purplish bracts; berry oblong, by long cultivation (from off- 
shoots) seedless. (Lessons, Fig. 71.) 

M. Cavendishii, Lamb. A dwarf species, flowering at a few feet in 
height, is more manageable in greenhouses ; leaves 2°-3° long. China. 

M. Enséte, Gmel. Now very popular amongst gardeners, much used 
for planting out in summer; leaves nearly erect, 10°-16° long and 3°-4° 
wide, bright green, with a stout crimson midrib ; stem 10°-20° high and 
becoming very thick, Abyssinia. 


414 BLOODWORT FAMILY. 


6. STRELITZIA. (Charlotte of Mecklenburgh-Strelitz, wife of 
George III.) 


S. Regine, Ait. PARADISE or Birp’s Toneur FLrower. A large stem- 
less conservatory plant, from the Cape of Good Hope, winter-flowering, 
with 2-ranked root-leaves, their long rigid petioles bearing an ovate-oblong 
thick blade. 


CXIV. BROMELIACEH, PINEAPPLE FAMILY. 


Tropical or subtropical plants (mostly herbs), the greater 
part epiphytes, with dry or fleshy, mostly rigid, smooth or 
scurfy leaves, often prickly edged, and perfect flowers with 6 
stamens and 6-cleft perianth. Represented by several species 
of Tillandsia in Florida, a small one further north, and several 
species of various genera in choice conservatories. 

Andnas sativus, Schult. (or ANANASSA SATIVA). PINEAPPLE. Cult. for 
its ‘* fruit,’ which is a fleshy cone-like spike, comprising the fleshy berries 
and bracts ; flowers abortive. It issometimes grown for foliage, especially 
a striped-leaved variety. Trop. Amer. 

Tillandsia usneoides, Linn. Lone Moss or Birack Moss. Hanging 
from trees in the low country from the Dismal Swamp, S.; gray-scurfy, 
with thread-shaped, branching stems, linear-awl-shaped recurved leaves, 
and small, sessile, green flowers; the ovary free, forming a narrow, 3- 


valved pod, filled with club-shaped hairy-stalked seeds ; flowers summer. 
(Lessons, Fig. 88.) 


CXV. HHMODORACEH, BLOODWORT FAMILY. 


Fibrous-rooted, herbaceous plants, with perfect and regular 
3-6-androus flowers, which are scurfy or woolly outside; peri- 
anth tubular below and united with the 3-celled ovary, 6-lobed 
above; style 1, sometimes 3-parted; capsule loculicidal, 3-00- 
seeded, crowned or inclosed by the persistent perianth; leaves 
usually equitant. 


* Calyx tube adherent to the whole length of the ovary ; style not parted. 


1. LACHNANTHES. Flower woolly outside. Stamens 3, opposite the 8 inner divisions of 


the perianth, the filaments exserted, and the anthers fixed by the middle. Leaves, 
equitant. 
«x « Calyx tube joined only to the base of the ovary ; style at length 3-parted. 

2. LOPHIOLA. Flower densely woolly outside. Stamens 6, included, inserted on the 
base of the perianth, the anthers fixed by the base. Leaves equitant. 


8. ALETRIS. Flower scurfy-roughened outside. Stamens 6, included, inserted on the 
throat of the perianth. Leaves flat and spreading. 


1. LACHNANTHES, REDROOT. (Greek ; woolly blossom.) 2 


L. tinctoria, Ell. Stem 2°-8° high ; leaves sword-shaped, scattered 
on the stem and clustered at its base ; flowers dingy yellow, in a terminal 
dense compound cyme. Sandy swamps, Mass., S. 


IRIS FAMILY. 415 


2. LOPHIOLA. (Greek: small crest, referring to a woolly tuft near 
the base of the perianth lobes.) 2 
L. atrea, Ker. Stem leafless and woolly above, creeping at the base, 


2° high ; leaves linear and nearly smooth ; flowers dingy yellow inside, 
in a crowded cyme. Pine barrens, N. J., S. 


3. ALETRIS, COLICROOT, STAR GRASS. (Name Greek, allud- 
ing to the apparent mealiness of the flowers.) Stemless, the flowers in 
a wand-like raceme ; scape 2°-3° high, arising from a cluster of lance- 
olate leaves. 2 


A. farindsa, Linn. Flowers white, oblong-tubular, the perianth lobes 
lance-oblong. Woods, Mass. to Minn., and S. 

A. aurea, Walt. Flowers yellow and shorter, bell-shaped, the lobes 
short-ovate. Barrens, N. J., S. 


CXVI. IRIDACEH, IRIS FAMILY. 


Perennial herbs with bulbous, cormous (Lessons, Figs. 105, 
106), or tuberous (sometimes fibrous) roots, distinguished by 
the equitant (Lessons, Figs, 164, 165), erect, 2-ranked leaves, 
and the 3 stamens with anthers facing outwards. Flowers per- 
fect and showy, colored, mostly from a spathe of two or more 
leaves or bracts; the tube of the perianth coherent with the 
3-celled ovary and often prolonged beyond it, its divisions 6 in 
two sets (answering to sepals and petals), each convolute in 
the bud. Style 1-, or rarely 3-cleft; stigmas 3, opposite the 3 
stamens and the outer divisions of the perianth. Fruit a 3- 
celled and many-seeded pod. (Lessons, Figs. 395, 396.) 


* Spathe generally 2- or more flowered (1-flowered in some Irises), terminal or pedun- 
culate; flowers generally stalked in the spathe. 


+ Perianth of 3 outer recurving, and 3 inner commonly smaller erect or incurving 
divisions ; stigmas, or more properly lobes of the style, petal-like. 


1. IRIS. Flowers with tube either slightly or much prolonged beyond the ovary, in the 

latter case coherent also with the style. Stamens under the overarching branches of 

_ the style; anthers linear or oblong, fixed by the base. The real stigma is a shelf or 

short lip on the lower face of the petal-like branch of the style, only its inner surface 
stigmatic. Pod 3-6-angled. Roots rhizomatous or tuberous. 


+ + Perianth deeply cleft or parted into 6 widely spreading divisions ; stamens mona- 
delphous to the top; style long ; stigmas 3 or 6, thread-like ; flowers opening in 
sunshine and but once for a few hours. 


2. TIGRIDIA. From a corm with some hard brittle coating. Leaves lanceolate, large, 
very much plaited. Three outer divisions of the perianth very large and with a con- 
cave base; the other 8 very much smaller and fiddle-shaped. Stigmas 3, each 
2-cleft. 

8. SISYRINCHIUM. Root mostly fibrous. Leaves grass-like. Divisions of the wheel 
shaped flower all alike. Stigmas 3. simple. 


416 IRIS FAMILY. 


+ ++ Perianth parted almost to the base into 6 nearly equal widely spreading divis- 
ions ; stamens separate or nearly so; style 3-6-lobed. 


4. NEMASTYLIS. Stem simple or sparingly branching above, from acorm. Divisions 
of the flower obovate. Filaments awl-shaped, much shorter than the linear anthers. 
Style short, its 3 lobes parted each into two, bearing long and thread-like diverging 
stigmas. Pod truncate. Seeds dry, angular. 

5. BELAMCANDA. Foliage and aspect of an Iris with leafy branching stem, from a 
rootstock. Divisions of the flower oblong with a narrow base. Filaments slender, 
much longer than the anthers. Style long, club-shaped, its simple branches tipped 


with a broad and blunt stigma. Pod pear-shaped ; the valves falling away expose 
the center covered with black berry-like seeds, 


x « Spathe 1-flowered, the fiowers sessile in the spathe (except No. 6.) 
+ Perianth regular or very nearly so, the stamens equilateral. 


++ Plant stemless, i.e., the leaves and flowers arising directly from thecorm. (Lessons, 
Figs. 105, 106.) 


6. CROCUS. Ovary and pod seldom raised above ground; perianth with a long and slen- 
der tube ; its oval or roundish divisions alike, or the 3 inner rather smaller, concave, 
fully spreading only in sunshine. Leaves with revolute margins. 


t+++ Plants with prominent stems. 
= Three branches of the style not divided. 


7. SCHIZOSTYLIS. Root a scarcely thickened rhizome. Flowers spicate-scattered on 
the side of a simple peduncle, red and showy, the tube slender and somewhat enlarged 
at the throat, the perianth lobes oblong or ovate and widely spreading. Branches of 
the style long and subulate. Spathe greenish, lanceolate. 

8. IXIA. Cormous plants, with showy flowers in simple or branched spikes. Perianth 
tube long and slender, the limb ascending or salver-shaped. Branches of the style 
linear, recurved. Spathe short and membranaceous. 


= = Branches of the style 2-divided or -cleft. 


9. FREESIA. Plants of small size, with coated corms and flowers erect in a secund lateral 
short raceme; perianth tube long and expanding upwards, generally curved, the 
lobes half-spreading. Spathe as in Ixia. 


+ + Perianth generally oblique, curved, or otherwise irregular ; stamens mostly uni- 
lateral. 


++ Flowers in short often secund racemes, or loose panicled spikes. Stylebranches not 
divided. 


= Inflorescence dense, pilose. 


10. BABIANA. Cormous plants, with flowers of striking colors and usually pilose leaves 
and stem. Flowers in a simple short pilose spike-like cluster or raceme, the tube 
generally short, erect, the lobes erect-spreading, and clawed or contracted at the 
base. Small plants, with plaited leaves. 


= = Inflorescence mostly looser, essentially glabrous. 


11. CROCOSMA. Cormoas, with a slender stem ending in a lax panicle. Perianth tube 
slender, cylindrical and curved, not dilated at the throat, the lobes spreading in star- 
like form. Stigmas dilated and denticulate. Leaves sheathing much of the base of 
the stem. 

12. TRITONIA. Cormous, mostly rather tall. Flowers showy, mostly in loose racemes, 
these either solitary and terminal, or spiked. Perianth with a slender tube either 
short or long, and which is not prominently dilated above, the lobes nearly equal @ 
oblique and concaye or bell-form-spreading. Branches of the style slender, thick- 
ened or dilated at the apex. Spathe short and membranaceous, often toothed. 

18. SPARAXIS. Cormous, small, nearly simple plants, with few yellow scattered or loosely 
spicate yellow flowers. Perianth tube short, dilated in the throat, the limb some- 
what unequal, the lobes erect-spreading. Branches of the style slender. Spathe 
broad and scarious, more or less striate, fimbriate at the apex. 


IRIS FAMILY. 417 


4+4+ Flowers numerous in a stiff terminal generally 1 sided spike. 


14. GLADIOLUS. Cormous. Stem rather tall, leafy ; flowers irregular, the short-funnel- 
shaped tube being somewhat curved, and the divisions more or less unequal, the 
flower commonly oblique or as if somewhat 2-lipped. Perianth tubular at base, the 
6 divisions all more or less spreading. Stamens separate. Style long. Stigmas 3, 
more or less dilated. Stamens (inserted on the tube) and style ascending. Leaves 
sword-shaped, strongly nerved. 


ale IRIS, FLOWER-DE-LUCE, BLUE FLAG. (Greek, the rainbow.) 
Many interesting and curious species cultivated in choice collections. 
Flowers spring and early summer. (Lessons, Figs. 58, 59, 395, 396.) 


Selle Iris proper, with creeping rootstocks or rarely the root fibrous. 
(Native species of our region belong here.) 


* Tall, the several-flowered often branching stems 1°-8° high ; tube of the 
Jlower short ; flowers late spring and summer. 


+ Outer divisions (or ‘‘falls’’) of the perianth beardless and crestless. 
++ Flowers yellow. 


!. PseudGcorus, Linn. Yrtrow Iris. Wet marshes in Eu., with very 
long linear leaves and bright flowers, is sparingly cultivated, and some- 
times spontaneous. 


++ ++ Flowers copper-colored or dull reddish-brown. 


I. filva, Ker. (I. ctprea.) Flowers 2! long, the tube about the 
length of the 6-angled ovary, the divisions spreading; ovary 6-angled 
and not surpassing the tube of the perianth. Swamps, S. Ill, 8. 


++ ++ ++ Flowers in shades of blue or purple (rarely white), sometimes 
spotted and streaked. 


= Leaves flat and broad, sword-shaped. 


I. levigata, Fisch. & Mey. (I. Kampreri). Japanese Iris. Tall spe- 
cies (2°-3° high), with very large flowers, which are often or commonly 
borne singly, and which, in some garden varieties, measure 8/—10/ across, 
and are broad and flat; outer lobes of the perianth mostly purple with 
a yellow blotch at the base and often streaked, very large and rounded ; 
inner divisions commonly bright purple; leaves thin and pale green ; 
stem glaucous. Cultivated (from Japan) in many forms and colors. 
Rhizome short and stout. 

I. tripétala, Walt. In pine barren swamps, N. Car., S.; with rather 
short sword-shaped glaucous leaves, and few blue flowers (2/—3/ long), 
variegated with yellow and purple, the inner divisions very short and 
wedge-shaped, the tube shorter than the 3-angled ovary. 

I. versicolor, Linn. Larcer Buus Frac. Stout; stem angled on 
one side; leaves sword-shaped, }/ wide; flowers light blue, variegated 
with some yellow, white, and purple, hardly 3/ long, the inflated tube 
shorter than the obtusely 3-angled ovary; pod oblong, 3-angled, the seeds 
more or less 2-rowed in each cell. Common in swamps. 

I. Caroliniana, Watson. In N. Car.; like the last, but the leaves long 
and lax, and greener, and the larger seeds in a single row in each cell. 


= = Leaves linear, sometimes stiffish. 


I. prismatica, Pursh. (I. Virefxica). Stenper Bive Frag. Slender, 
with very narrow leaves, and blue flowers with some white (barely .2’ 
long), on slender peduncles, with hardly any tube beyond the 3-angled 
ovary. Me. to N. Car. 


— 27 


418 IRIS FAMILY. 


/. graminea, Linn. Root leaves 2°-8° long, and often surpassing the 
iss-fowered stem; flower purple-blue, with yellow in the throat, slightly 
fragrant, with narrow divisions. Cult. S. Eu. 

/. tuberésa, Linn. SwNaxke’s-HEAD Iris. Leaves very long, often 
twice or thrice longer than the 1-flowered stem (which is 12/-18! high) ; 
inner perianth divisions erect and light colored, the outer drooping and 
black-purple ; root short, almost bulb-like. §. Eu. 


+ + Outer divisions of the perianth bearded or crested. 


++ Flower mostly solitary and terminal, very large, streaked with brown- 
black. 


/. Susiana, Linn. A curious species from Persia, not quite hardy in the 
N. States; all divisions of the perianth large and limp, rounded, about 
equal in size, marked with dark spots and lines on a lilac-white ground. 
Stem 10/-18/ high, at flowering time (early spring), exceeding the broad- 
ish leaves. 

++ ++ Flowers generally few or several, of ordinary size. 


= Body color of the flowers blue or violet. 


I. hexagona, Walt. S. Car. and S., near the coast ; with simple stem, 
narrowish long leaves, and deep blue variegated flowers, 4’ long, the outer 
divisions crested, the tube longer than the 6-angled ovary. 

!. GermGnica, Linn. Common FLower-prE-Luce of the gardens, with 
very large, scentless flowers, the deep violet pendent outer divisions 3/ 
long, the obovate inner ones nearly as large, lighter and bluer. Eu. 

/. sambdcina, Linn. Etprr-scentep F. ‘Taller, 3° or 4° high, and 
longer-leaved ; the flowers about half as large as in the preceding, the 
outer divisions less reflexed, violet, but whitish and yellowish toward the 
base, painted with deeper-colored lines or veins; upper divisions pale 
grayish- or brownish-blue ; spathe broadly scarious-margined. S. Eu. 

/. sqgua/ens, Linn.. Very like preceding, with longer dull violet outer 
divisions to the flower whitish and striped at base, and purplish-buff- 
colored inner divisions. Eu. and Asia. 


= = Body color of the flowers white, mostly with markings of yellow. 


/. variegata, Linn. Flowers small, with spatulate-obovate divisions 2/ 
long, white with pale yellow, the outer divisions veined with dark purple 
and purplish-tinged in the middle. Eu. 

/. Florentina, Linn. FLorence or Sweet F. Stems 2°-3° high, with 
broad leaves, and white faintly sweet-scented flowers, bluish-veined, the 
obovate outer divisions 2}/-3' long, with yellow beard. Its violet-scented 
rootstock yields orrts root. S. Eu. 


* * Dwarf, with simple very short stems (or only leafy tufts), 1-3-flowered 
in early spring, from creeping and branching slender (or thickened in 
I. pumila) rootstocks, here and there tuberous-thickened ; flowers violet- 
blue, with a long slender tube. 


+ Outer perianth lobes crestless. 


I. vérna, Linn. StenpeR Dwarr Iris. Wooded hillsides, froia Penn. 
and Ky., S.; with linear grassy leaves, tube of flower about the length of 
its almost equal divisons, which are on slender orange-yellow claws, the 


outer ones crestless. 
++ Outer lobes crested. 


I. cristata, Ait. Along the Alleghanies, and W., sometimes cult.; 
with lanceolate leaves, or the upper ovate-lanceolate ; tube of flower (2! 


long), much longer than the scarcely stalked divisions, the outer ones 
erested ; pod sharply triangular. 


IRIS FAMILY. 419 


/. pdmila, Linn. Dwarr Garpen Iris. Stem very short (4’-6/ high); 
the violet and purple flower close to the ground, with slender tube and 
obovate divisions hardly exceeding the short sword-shaped leaves. Eu. 


§ 2. XrpHion ; the roots bulbous, giving rise to a single stem. 
x Leaves at flowering time only 2! or 3! long. 


/. Pérsica, Linn. Prrsian Irts. A choice tender plant, dwarf, nearly 
stemless, the flower on a long tube, earlier than the leaves, delicately fra- 
grant, bluish, with a deep-purple spot at the tip of the outer divisions, 
the inner divisions very small and spreading. 


* * Leaves a foot or more long at flowering time. 
+ Flower with a prominent tube (2'-3' long). 


/. reticulata, Bieb. From Persia; stem a foot or so high, the leaves 
equaling the flowers and finally surpassing them ; flower one, rather large 
with narrow divisions, violet-purple, the limb spotted with violet and 
streaked with yellow; flowers very early; leaves generally 2 together. 


+ + Flower with scarcely any tube. 


I. Xiphium, Linn. (I. vureAris of gardeners). SpanisH I. Leaves 4-6 
on the stem, remaining green during winter; the stem 1°-2° high and 
sometimes 2-flowered ; flowers 3/-5! across, the outer divisions orbicular 
and refilexed, the inner ones erect, all purple and veiny ; spathes 3/4’ 
long, not inflated. Flowers coriander-scented. Spain. 

I. xiphioldes, Ebrh. (I. Aneuica.) S. Eu; 8 or 4 leaves on the stem 
aud about 6 at its base, larger than in the last and not persisting during 
winter; plant 1°-2° high, 2-3-flowered ; flowers large, lilac-purple, more 
or less marked with yellow and feathered with white on the face of the 
round-oblong outer divisions ; tubers larger and rounder than in the last ; 
spathe 3/—4/ long, inflated. Flowers scentless, later than the last. 


2. TIGRIDIA, TIGER FLOWER (as the name denotes). Flowers 
summer, 


T. Pavénia, Ker. From Mexico, the principal species, with several 
varieties, planted out for summer flowering, sends up a stem 2° high, 
bearing in succession a few very large showy flowers 5! or 6’ across, 
purple or orange-red, the dark center gaudily spotted with crimson or 
purple. T. concurriora of gardens is a form with bright yellow flowers. 
T. GRANDIFLORA is a form with very large, bright orange-red flowers. 


3. SISYRINCHIUM, BLUE-EYED GRASS. (Greek: hog’s snout, 
the application not apparent.) Flowers all summer. 


S. angustifolium, Mill. Scape 4/-12’ high, simple, with a solitary 
terminal spathe, the outer bract more or less elongated ; flowers blue 
(rarely white) changing to purple, the divisions notched or jagged and 
bristle-pointed ; seeds large and globose, nearly smooth. Grassy plants, 
growing in little clumps or tufts ; common. 

S. anceps, Cav. Usually taller and branching, the spathes 2 or more , 
seeds small and ovate, deeply pitted. Common. 


4. NEMASTYLIS. (Greek: thread-like style, applicable here to the 
stigmas.) Flowers spring and summer. 
N. ccelestina, Nutt. Pine barrens S. Car., S.; 1°-2° high, with hand- 


some but fugacious bright blue flowers ; the leaves mainly from the small 
bulb, linear and plaited. 


420 IRIS FAMILY. 


5. BELAMCANDA (or PARDANTHUS), BLACKBERRY LILY. 
(East Indian name.) Flowers late summer. 


B. Chinénsis, Adans. China; cult. in country gardens and escaping 
into roadsides ; 3°-4° high, more branching than an Iris; the divisions 
of the orange-colored flower (1! long) mottled above with crimson spots, 
the fruit, when the valves fall and expose the berry-like seeds, imitating 
a blackberry, whence the common name. 


6. CROCUS. (Greek name of Saffron.) Cultivated from Eu. and W. 
Asia. (Lessons, Figs. 105, 106.) 


* Spring flowering. 
+ Yellow-flowered. 


C. Susianus, Ker. Crorn or Goip Crocus. Leaves 6-8 in a tuft, 
reaching the flower, narrowly linear, the edges revolute and the center 
with a white stripe; perianth tube exserted, the segments 14/ or less 
long, bright orange-yellow and soon reflexed, the outer ones flushed or 
brown-striped on the outside ; anthers orange, longer than the glabrous 
filaments ; style branches exceeding the anthers. Crimea. 

C. mesiacus, Ker. Durcu C. Later flowered; leaves 6-8 in a tuft, 
surpassing the flower, narrowly linear, the edges reflexed, and a white 
stripe ; perianth tube 2-3 times longer than the limb ; flower bright yellow, 
the segments very obtuse, not striped (a striped variety) ; anthers pale 
yellow and somewhat hastate at the base, somewhat longer than the 
papillose filaments ; style branches not equaling the anthers. Greece to 
Asia Minor. There is a form with cream-white flowers. 

C. sTELLARIS, with fewer leaves in a tuft, little exserted perianth 
tube, flowers bright orange and the outer segments striped and feathered 
on the back, anthers pale yellow and longer than the glabrous filaments, 
and style branches somewhat exceeding the anthers, is a supposed hybrid 
of the above, known only in cultivation. 


+ + Lilac- or white-flowered. ~ 


C. biflérus, Miller. Scotcu C. Leaves 4-6 in a tuft, surpassing the 
flowers, white-striped and very narrow; tube exserted, the upper seg- 
ments 14/ or less long, tinged with purple, the lower ones with 3 purple 
stripes down the back; throat slightly bearded, yellowish; anthers 
orange, longer than the papillose orange filaments ; style branches orange- 
red. Sterile. Variable. 

C. versicolor, Ker. Leaves 4-5, like the last; tube exserted; upper 
segments either pale or dark purple, the lower ones purple outside and 
also purple-marked ; throat glabrous, whitish or yellow; anthers yellow, 
twice longer than the white filaments ; style branches yellow. S. Eu. 

C. vérnus, All. Leaves 2-4, equaling the flower, glaucous beneath ; 
segments 1/-12! long, lilac or white and often striped with purple ; throat 
pubescent, not yellow ; anthers lemon-yellow, longer than the white fila- 
ments; style branches orange-yellow. Eu. The commonest species. 


* * Autumn flowering. 


C. sativus, Linn. Fart Crocus. With violet purple and fragrant 
flowers, in autumn, is rarely seen here. Its long and narrow orange-red 
stigmas are saffron. Asia Minor. 


7. SCHIZOSTYLIS. (Greek: cut style, referring to the 3 long 
branches.) 


S. coccinea, Backh. & Harv. Crimson Frac, Karrir Lity. Not very 
tender, with long and keeled linear leaves, and stems 3° high, bearing a 


IRIS FAMILY. © 421 


spike of bright crimson-red flowers 2' across, the ovate acute lobes all 
alike and widely spreading from a narrow tube ; the slender style deeply 
cleft (whence the name) into 3 thread-like branches. 8, Africa. 


8. IXIA. (Greek for birdlime, referring to the clammy juice of some 
species.) Cape of Good Hope. 


* Perianth tube short and cylindrical. 
+ Filaments distinct. 
++ Flowers with a black-purple throat. 


I. maculata, Linn. (I. conica.) Stem terete and slender, sometimes 
branched, 1°-2° high ; flowers many in dense erect spikes ; perianth tube 
twice longer than spathe, the bell-form limb yellow and an inch or less 
long. 

/. viridiflora, Lam. Stem long and slender (14°-8°), simple ; flowers 
. many in a long spike; perianth tube little longer than the spathe, the 
limb pale green. 

!. hybrida, Ker. A foot high, slender, the raceme flexuose and many- 
flowered ; flowers white, with a tinge of pink, small. 


++ ++ Flowers with no marking in the throat. 


I. patens, Ait. Stem terete, 12/-20' high, often branched ; flowers 
many in rather dense spikes, the bell-form limb pale red ; perianth tube 
little longer than the spathe ; radical or basal leaves usually 4. 

/. speciésa, Andr. (1. crarrroipes.) Stem slender and terete, com- 
monly simple, 6/-15! high; flowers few in an erect spike, the tube little 
longer than the spathe, and the limb dark crimson ; basal leaves 6 or 6. 


+ + Filaments more or less united. 


/. monadélpha, Delar. Stem 10/-20! high, slender, simple or branched ; 
flowers few in a short spike, the tube often twice as long as the spathe, 
the limb lilac, throat greenish or blue. There are varieties with purplish 
flowers (var. PURPUREA), with yellow and black-blotched flowers (var. 
VERS{COLOR), etc. 


* * Perianth tube dilated into funnel-shape at the top. 


I. odorata, Ker. (I. rrécra.) Stem slender and terete, branched ; 
flowers fragrant, in a short spike, yellow. 


9. FREESIA. (Derivation unknown.) Popular plants for forcing, 
from Cape of Good Hope. 


F. refrdcta, Klatt. Stems slender, often branched, 12/-20' high, the 
flowers at its top in a slender secund, nearly horizontal raceme ; flowers 
white marked by violet lines or yellowish, or pure white (var. ALBA), 2/— 
3/ long, very fragrant, gradually narrowed into a very slender tube, the 
lobes spreading ; leaves flat. 

F. Leichtlinii, Klatt, perhaps a form of the above, has pale yellow 
flowers which are abruptly narrowed into a short tube, the lobes more 
erect. 


10. BABIANA. (Said to come from the Dutch word for baboon, 
because the bulbs are eaten by that animal.) Cape of Good Hope. 


* Perianth nearly rotate. 


B. stricta, Ker. (B. purptrea.) Stem 12/-20! high; basal leaves 
ensiform and hairy, not reaching the spikes, the latter 1-8, moderately 


422 IRIS FAMILY. 


dense and many-flowered ; perianth usually lilac-red, the tube as long as 
the spathe, and the lobes oblong-lanceolate. ‘There are many forms, as 
yar. RUBRO-CYANEA, With lilac-red limb and bright red throat, and var. 
SULPHUREA, With flowers milk-white or sulphur-yellow. 


* * Perianth distinctly ringent. 
+ Segments oblong. 


B. plicata, Ker. (B. puncrAra, B. FRAGRANS.) Stem mostly shorter 
than the hairy lanceolate leaves; flowers in a simple or forked spike, 
reddish or lilac, with the tube as long as the spathe. 

B. disticha, Ker. Differs from the above chiefly in its longer perianth 
tube, which is distinctly projected from the spathe. - 


a + Segments oblong- or lingulate-clawed. 


B. ringens, Ker. Stem 1°-1}° high, pilose ; leaves linear and glabrous, 
many, thick; flowers 8-12 in a dense 1-sided spike, red with a greenish 
tube, the latter rather longer than the spathe. 


11. CROCOSMA. (Greek for saffron smell, alluding to the odor of 
the dried flowers.) Cape of Good Hope. 


C. adrea, Planch. The only species ; stem terete and branched, 2°-4° 
high, with a few small leaves; spikes lax and few-flowered, flexuose ; 
flowers brownish-yellow, the tube an inch or less long. 


12: TRITONIA. (Triton, a vane, alluding to the variable directions 
of the anthers in different species.) Cape of Good Hope. In gardens, 
more often known as MonTBRETIA. 


«x Perianth segments equal, oblong ; flowers small. 


T. scillaris, Baker. ({x1a scriiAris.) Stem 19°, slender, simple or 
branched ; basal leaves 4-6, plane, linear ; spike 3/-4’ long, lax and flexuose ; 
flowers pink, the tube cylindrical and somewhat longer than the spathe. 


* * Perianth segments more or less unequal, oblong or obovate. 
+ Flowers whitish or pale pink. 


T. crispa, Ker. ({xra crfspa, Montpréria LacerAta.) Stem slender 
and terete, simple or branched, 6/-12/ high ; basal leaves 4-6, linear and 
very crispy or curled ; spikes secund, 4-10-flowered ; perianth tube 2! or 
less long, funnel-form at the top. 


+ + Flowers yellow, sometimes blotched. 
++ Segments obovate, much imbricated. 


T. crocata, Ker. Stem slender, 12/-18! high, simple, or branched 
below; basal leaves 4-6, linear and plane ;- flowers 4-10 in lax secund 
spikes; flower bright brown-yellow, the tube rather longer than the 
spathe. 

T. dedsta, Ker., differs only in having a purple-black spot on the claws 
of the 3 outer segments. 

T. hyalina, Baker. Like T. crocata, except that the segments are nar- 
rowed into a spatulate base or claw which has an inflexed hyaline margin. 


++ ++ Segments oblong, less imbricated. 


T. Péttsii, Benth. (Montprkria Porsiu.) Stems 2°-38° high and 
branched ; basal leaves 4-6, linear and plane; spikes lax, 6/-9' long ; 
flower bright yellow, with a tinge of red, the segments about half or less 
the length of the broad tube. 

MonrTBRETIA CROCOSM#FLORA is a hybrid of the above and Crocosma 
aurea. 


IRIS FAMILY. 423 


13. SPARAXIS. (Greek: to tear, referring to the torn spathes.) 
Cape of Good Hope. 


S. grandifléra, Ker. (S. rumpriara, S. vAcera, S. LiriAco, S. arRo- 
PURPUREA, and others.) Stem terete and erect, 6/-2° high, simple or 
branched, with a few linear or lanceolate leaves near the base ; flowers 
yellow or purple (but variable in cultivation), the segments 1’ or more long. 

S. tricolor, Ker. (S. versfcotor, S. tineAra, and others.) Differs 
from the last in always having a bright yellow throat and a dark blotch 
at the base of each segment. 


14. GLADIOLUS, CORN FLAG. (Name a diminutive of the Latin 
word for sword, from the leaves.) A genus of about 130 species, many 
of which are in cultivation. The commonest garden forms are hybrids, 
derived from the following, in which the perianth tube is funnel-shaped, 
and the segments are not distinctly narrowed into claws. 

* Leaves subterete or linear. 


G. tristis, Linn. Leaves 3, subterete, strongly 3-5-ribbed, a foot or 
two long; stem slender and terete, 1°-2° high; flowers 3-4, yellowish- 
white, in a loose secund spike, fragrant ; flower 2/-3! long, the tube curved 
and longer than the oblong and acute falcate segments. Cape of Good 
Hope. G. c6éncotor is a form with paler flowers, noted as being one of 
the parents of the garden race, G. Cotvfiie1 (see G. cardinalis). 

G. cuspiddtus, Jacq. Leaves 3-4, flat but linear; stems 1°-2° high ; 
flowers white or pale pink with a spade-shaped blotch in the center of the 
3 outer segments, 4-8 in a very lax, nearly or quite equilateral spike ; 
perianth tube 2/-3! long, slightly curved, the segments oblong-lanceolate 
and wavy. Cape of Good Hope. 


x * Leaves distinctly ensiform. 
+ Flowers (at least the body-color) yellow. 


G. purpdreo-aurdatus, Hook. f. Leaves 3-4, rigid, the lowest about 1° 
long; stem 2°-4° high ; flowers 10-15 in a lax secund spike ; flower yel- 
lowish, with a large red-brown blotch on the 2 inner segments of the 
outer series, the tube curved and less than an inch long, the segments 
obovate and spatulate or clawed. Cape of Good Hope. This, with the 
hybrid G. Gandavensis, is a parent of the hybrid race known as G. Lr- 
MOINEI, Which has bright yellow and red flowers with brown blotches on 
the lower segments. 

G. psittacinus, Hook. Leaves about 4, rigid, 1°-2° long; stem 2°-3°; 
flowers many in a lax secund spike; flower with a yellow ground and 
coarsely grained with red, the curved tube 2/ or less long, the upper seg- 
ments obovate and much hooded, the 3 lower reflexed and much smaller. 
Cape of Good Hope. Parent, with G. cardinalis, of the hybrid class G. 
GaNDAVENsIs, to which belong most of the older bright-flowered and late 
varieties. The upper segment, in these varieties, is usually horizontal 
and strongly hooded. G. Brencutyensis, of like parentage, is still a 
popular strain. 


+ + Flowers normally white, at least in ground-color. 


G. oppositiflorus, Herb. Leaves 3-4, crowded, the lowest 1°-2° long ; 
stem 2°-3° high ; flowers often 30-40, in a dense 2-ranked spike ; flower 
white, the tube slender and curved (13 or less long), the segments oblong- 
spatulate and subacute. Cape. Interesting as being a parent, with 
G. cardinalis, of the hybrids known as G. ramosus (sometimes called 
G. FLor1IBUNDUS, but not to be confounded with the species of that name). 
This hybrid race is little known in this country, as it does not flower 
well unless the corms are planted in the fall. The plants are tall, with 


424 AMARYLLIS FAMILY. 


jarge, open, bright red flowers marked with dark blotches at the base of 
the 3 lower segments. 

G. b/andus, Ait. Leaves about 4, crowded, broad ; stems 1°-2¢ high ; 
flowers 4-8, in a lax spike ; flower white, tinged with red, with a curved 
tube 13! long, the upper segments oblong, and the lower ones oblong- 
clawed with a reddish blotch. There are white, lilac and pink-flowered 
varieties. G. pupisUNDus and G. SporrorruHiANnus are hybrids of this 
and G. cardinalis. 


+ + + Flowers normally in pronounced shades of red or purple. 
++ Lower segments with a median white line. 


G. Byzantinus, Miller. Leaves commonly 3, laxly ribbed, about 1° 
long; stem 1}°-2° high; flowers many in a lax spike which is 6/-9! 
long ; flower dark purple, the lower 5 segments with a claw as long as the 
blade, the upper segment slightly imbricated when the flower is fully 
open, the tube only slightly curved ; filaments shorter than the anthers. 
Eastern Mediterranean region. ‘The hardiest species. 

G. commanis, Linn. Leaves 3-4, laxly nerved, a foot or less long; 
stem 14°-2° high ; spike lax, secund, 4-8-flowered ; flower bright purple, 
smaller than the last, the tube curved, the segments an inch long and all 
connivent when the blossom is open, the 3 lower with a long claw; fila- 
ments the length of the anthers, or longer. There are white forms. 
S. Eu. Little planted now. 


++ ++ Lower segments white-blotched. 


G. cardinalis, Curt. Leaves glaucous-green, not rigid; stem 2°-3° 
high ; spike 12-20-flowered, in a lax suberect spike ; flower bright scar- 
let, the tube nearly straight and 13’ long, the upper segments oblong- 
spatulate and the 3 lower shorter and narrower. Cape of Good Hope. 
One parent (with G, tristis) of G. CoLvfLiLE1, a race with bright scarlet 
nearly erect flowers and oblong acute segments, the lower 3 having a long 
blotch of yellow at the base. A white-flowered form of this race is in 
cultivation (known as the Brive). G. cardinalis is also one parent of 
G. Gandavensis, G. ramosus, and G. pudibundus (see above). 

G. Saundérsii, Hook. f. Leaves 4-6, rigid and strongly ribbed; stem 
1}°-2° high; spike very lax and 6-8-flowered ; flower bright scarlet, with 
a curved tube 13! or less long, the 3 upper segments oblong-spatulate and 
connivent, the 3 lower narrower and shorter, with a large white blotch 
and scarlet spots. Cape of Good Hope. The G. Nance1Anus type is a 
hybrid of this and G. Lemoinei (see G. purpureo-auratus). 


CXVII. AMARYLLIDACEA, AMARYLLIS FAMILY. 


Chiefly perennial and glabrous herbs, with leaves and scape 
from a bulb, corm, ete., the leaves nerved from the base, and 
rarely with any distinction of blade and petiole ; the perianth 
regular or but moderately irregular and colored, its tube ad- 
herent to the surface of the 3-celled ovary; and 6 stamens 
with good anthers. Style single. Capsule several— o-seeded. 
3ulbs acrid, some of them poisonous. ‘To this family belong 
many of the choicer bulbs of house culture, only the com- 
monest here noticed. Flowers often lily-like, but differing in 
the inferior ovary. 


AMARYLLIS FAMILY. 425 


* Scape and linear hairy leaves from a little solid bulb or corm. 


1. HYPOXIS. Perianth 6-parted nearly to the ovary, spreading, greenish outside, yellow 
within, persistent and withering on the pod. 


* » Scape and mostly smooth leaves from a coated bulb, the stem leafless or nearly so. 
+ A cup-shaped, funnel shaped, or saucer-shaped crown on the throat of the perianth. 


2. NARCISSUS. Perianth with a more or less cylindrical tube, 6 equal widely spreading 
divisions, and stamens of unequal length included in the cup or crown. Scape with 
one or more flowers, from a scarious 1-leayed spathe. 


+ + No true crown in the throat of the perianth, but sometimes represented by scales, 
or the filaments united by a web-like or crown like tissue. 


++ Anthers erect, not versatile; perianth tube \\; filaments on the ovary at the base of 
the 6-parted perianth. 


8. GALANTHUS. Scape with usually a single small flower on a nodding pedicel. Peri- 
anth of 6 oblong separate concave pieces ; the three inne: shorter, less spreading, 
and notched at the end. Anthers and style pointed. 

4, LEUCOIUM. Scape bearing 1-7 flowers on nodding pedicels. Perianth of 6 nearly 
separate oval divisions, all alike. Anthers blunt. Style thickish upwards. 


++ ++ Anthers fixed by the middle and versatile ; perianth tube often evident or long; 
Jilaments borne on the perianth. 


= Perianth tube 0, or exceedingly short. 


5. SPREKELIA. Scape strong and tall, mostly 1-flowered, the bract one and spathe-like. 
Flower very showy, with no tube, the upper segments ascending and the lower ones 
concave. Seales between the filainents small. 

6. NERINE. Scape strong, several- or many-flowered, the perianth tube nearly obsolete. 
Flowers erect or slightly declined, the segments narrow and spreading or recurved. 
Filaments thickened at the base with no scales between them, prominently pro- 
truded. Leaves strap-shaped. 


== Perianth tube evident, often long. 
| Scape 1-jlowered. 


7. ZEPHYRANTHES. Scape stout but low, the flower arising from a simple bract. 
Perianth funnel-form, the tube mostly short ; segments all similar, spreading. Scales 
amongst the filaments very small or 0. 


{| Scape more than 1-flowered (except rarely in No. 8). 
o Filaments distinct. 
x Small scales between the filaments. 


8. HTPPEASTRUM. Scape strong and hollow, often tall, the large flowers in an umbel 
(rarely reduced to 1). Bracts 2, involucrate, distinct. Perianth tube long or short, 
dilated in the throat and more or less declined, the lobes nearly equal and erect- 
spreading. Scales often wanting on the lower segments. 


x x No scales between the filaments. 


9. CRINUM. Perianth with a long slender straight or curved tube and 6 mostly long and 
narrow spreading or recurved divisions. Stamens long. Scape solid, bearing few 
or many sessile or short-pediceled flowers, in an umbel. Bulb often columnar and 
rising as if into a sort of stem. Leaves in several ranks. 

10. AMARYLLIS. Perianth various; the divisions oblong or lanceolate, and the tube 
ribbed, short and declined. Flowers large and fragrant, umbellate and pediceled. 
Scape solid. Leaves mostly 2-ranked. 

11. VALLOTA. Flowers large and showy, short-pediceled and umbellate. Perianth widely 
flaring above, the tube short and straight, the segments oblong-ovate and connected 
at the base by a small callus, Involucral bracts 2 or 3. Style declined. Scape strong 
and hollow. 


426 AMARYLLIS FAMILY. 


o o Filaments united by a web-cike or cup-like tissue. 
x Perianth tube much dilated at the throat. 


12. PANCRATIUM. Perianth funnel-shaped, the tube generally long, the segments nar- 
row and erect-spreading. Involucral bracts 2, thin. Cup uniting the filaments bear- 
ing teeth or lobes between. Ovules many in each cell. Flowers generally umbellate. 
Leaves linear or strap-shaped. 


x x Perianth tube cylindrical. 


18. HYMENOCALLIS. Perianth tube long and slender, straight, the lobes narrow or 
linear and recurved. Involucral bracts 2 or more, scarious. Cup not toothed. 
Ovules 2 in each cell. Flowers white, fragrant, in an umbel-like cluster. Leaves 
strap-shaped. 

14. EUCHARIS. Perianth tube straight or curved, the segments broad and spreading. 
Cup entire or toothed between the filaments. Bracts several or many, the 2 or 3 
outer ones involucre-like. Ovules 2-o in each cell. Flowers white in umbels, 
showy. Leaves broad, narrowed into distinct petioles. 


* « * Stems leafy, or scape beset with bracts, from a tuberous rootstock or crown. 
+ Perianth tube 0. 


15. ALSTRGEMERIA. Stems slender and weak or disposed to climb, leafy to the top, the 
thin lanceolate or linear leaves commonly twisting or turning over. Flowers in a 
terminal umbel. Perianth 6-parted nearly or quite to the ovary, rather bell-shaped, 
often irregular as if somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens more or less declined. Style 
slender ; stigma 3-cleft. 

+ + Perianth tube evident. 

16. POLIANTHES. Stem erect and simple from a thick tuber, bearing long-linear chan- 
neled leaves, and a spike of white flowers. Perianth with a cylindrical and somewhat 
funnel-shaped slightly curved tube, and 6 about equal spreading lobes. Stamens 
included in the tube; anthers erect. The summit of the ovary and pod free from 
the calyx tube; in this and other respects it approaches the Lily Family. 

17. AGAVE. Leaves thick and fleshy with a hard rind and a commonly spiny margin, 
tufted on the crown, which produces thick fibrous roots, and suckers and offsets ; 
in flowering sends up a bracted scape, bearing a spike or panicle of yellowish flowers 
Perianth tubular-funnel-shaped, persistent, with 6 narrow almost equal divisions. 
Stamens projecting ; anthers linear, versatile. Pod containing numerous flat seeds. 


1. HYPOXIS, STAR GRASS. (Greek: sub-acid, once applied to 
some other plant.) 


H. erécta, Linn. Common in grass; with few-flowered scape 3/8! 
high, and leaves at length longer; yellow star-like flower over 3! broad. 


2. NARCISSUS. (Greek name, that of the young man in mythology 
who is said to have been changed into this flower.) Popular ornamental 
bulbous plants, running into many varieties and much confused by 
hybridization. Following are the chief horticultural types : 


* Crown as long as the divisions of the perianth, or longer. — DAFFODILS. 
+ Leaves flat, glaucous. 


N. Pseudo-Narcissus, Linn. Darropit, Trumpet D. Scape 1-flowered, 
short; flower large, yellow, with a short and broad tube, and a large 
bell-shaped cup, having a wavy-toothed or crisped margin ; double-flow- 
ered forms are common. Eu. 

+ + Leaves linear, subterete, green. 

N. Bulbocédium, Linn. Hoor Prrricoar D. Flowers bright yellow; 

tube and crown about equal in length, the crown expanded and very 


AMARYLLIS FAMILY. 427 


indistinctly toothed ; segments of the perianth linear and ascending ; 
stamens declined; scape 4/-8! high, 1-flowered, more or less surpassed 
by the leaves: S. Eu. and N. Africa. 


* * Crown half to three fourths as long as the perianth divisions. 
+ Leaves flat, glaucous. 


N. incompardbilis, Curt. Flowers yellow, solitary, 2'-23!’ broad, the 
tube about 1/ deep and cylindrical, the perianth divisions spreading, 
oblong-lanceolate ; crown plicate and lobed, of a deeper shade than the 
segments ; scape 1° high. Eu. 


+ + Leaves linear and caniculate, green. 


N. odérus, Linn. Flowers yellow, 2-5 on a scape, only slightly fra- 
grant; tube 4/-3/ long, open at the throat; segments oblong-lanceolate 
and acute ; crown plaited ; scape 19-15° high. Variable. Spain. 


* * * Crown less than half the length of the divisions. 
+ Leaves flat, glaucescent. 
++ Scape many-flowered. 


N. Tazétta, Linn. (N. poryAnruos). Poryantuus N. Leaves glau- 
cous ; flowers fragrant, numerous in an umbel, yellow or sometimes 
white, with the crown golden or orange color. Bulb large (often 2 
thick), the scape 1°-2° high. Runs into many forms. Eu. The CHINESE 
SACRED Liy is var. ORIENTALIS, with a more spreading and crenulate 
Gaeoe ++ ++ Scape 1-3-flowered. 

N. biflérus, Curt. Primrose Prerervess of the old gardeners ; flowers 
white or pale straw-colored, 1-3 on the scape, the crown pure yellow. 
Thought to be a hybrid between the last and the next. 

N. poéticus, Linn. Port’s N. Scape 1-flowered; crown of the snow- 
white flower edged with pink, hardly at all projecting from the yellowish 
throat ; in full double-flowered varieties the crown disappears. Common 
in cult. S. Eu. : 

+ + Leaves linear and subterete. 

N. Jonguilla, Linn. Jonaquit, Flowers 2 to 5, small; yellow, very 
fragrant ; segments spreading horizontally, oblanceolate or obovate-cus- 
pidate ; tube slender. There isa double form. S. Eu. 


3. GALANTHUS, SNOWDROP. (Greek: milk and flower, probably 
from the color.) Flowers earliest spring. 

G. nivalis, Linn. Sends up in earliest spring a pair of linear pale 
leaves and a scape 3/-6’ high, bearing its delicate drooping white flower, 
the inner divisions tipped with green ; a variety is full double. 

G. Imperatri, Bertol. Larger, with very narrow-based outer segments. 
Italy. 


4. LEUCOIUM, SNOWFLAKE. (Ancient Greek name, meaning 
White Violet.) In gardens from Eu.; much like Snowdrops on a 
larger scale, flowering later, the scape more leafy at base, and leaves 
bright green. 

L. vérnum, Linn. Scape about 1° high, mostly 1-flowered in spring ; 
pod pear-shaped and 6-sided. 


L. @estivum, Linn. Scape 2° high, bearing 3-7 rather broader flowers 
in late spring or early summer; pod rounder. 


428 AMARYLLIS FAMILY. 


5. SPREKELIA. (J. H. Sprekelsen, a German botanist of last cen- 
tury, who wrote upon liliaceous plants.) 


S. formosissima, Herb. JAacoBEaANn or St. JAMes’s Lity. Cult. from 
Mexico; scape 2° high, bearing a single large and declined deep crimson- 
red flower, with hardly any tube, and 2-lipped, as it were, three divisions 
recurved-spreading upwards, three turned downwards, these at base 
involute around the lower part of the deflexed stamens and style. 


6. NERINE. (Name of the water nymph.) Cape of Good Hope. 


N. Sarniénsis, Herb. Guernsey Lity. Scape 2°-8° high, bearing an 
umbel of wavy pale salmon-colored flowers, which have the segments 
recurved ; leaves thick, appearing after the flowers. There are crimson- 
flowered forms. 


7. ZEBPHYRANTHES. (Greek: wind jlower, a fanciful name.) 
Generally called AMarYLLIs in gardens. 


Z. Atamasco, Herb. Atamasco Lity. Penn., S. in low grounds; 
scape 6/-12’ high, mostly shorter than the glossy leaves; flower 2/—3! 
long, single from a 2-cleft spathe, regular, funnel-form, white and pink- 
ish ; stamens and style declined. 

Z. candida, Herb. PrRuviAN Swamp Lity. Flowers pure white, not 
fragrant, rising just above the bright green fleshy leaves (scape 6/—12! 
high); segments nearly equal, ovate and obtuse, an inch long. S. Amer. 

Z. rosea, Lindl. Farry Linry. Flowers larger, rose-colored, regular 
and erect ; segments rotate, sharp-pointed, green below the middle; plant 
tufted, the leaves striate. Cuba. 


8. HIPPEASTRUM. (Greek: knight and star, from some fancied 
resemblance in the flowers of H. equestre.) Often known in gardens 


a8: AMARYLLIS. * Flower clear white, red-striped. 

H. vittatum, Herb. Peru; double red feathery stripes on each of the 
segments (which are erose and more or less recurved at the tip); tube 
trumpet-like, about twice longer than the lobes, greenish. Very hand- 
Some: * * Flowers red or orange. 

H. adlicum, Herb. Lity or tHE Pavace. Brazil; flower very large 
and handsome, the large segments crimson and striate, with a blotch of 
red-purple and a green base ; leaves green and striate ; 1°-2° high; tube 
very short and open, the segments widely spreading. 

H. equéstre, Herb. Barpapos Lity. Mexico; flowers medium large 
and normally orange-red, but running into light red and striped sorts; 
stamens strongly curved upwards at their ends ; tube slender and curved, 
becoming dilated, mostly longer than the wavy-cuspidate segments. 

H. Regine, Herb. Mexico; has 2-4 large, almost regular nodding 
flowers, crimson-red, with hardly any tube, and the deflexed stamens 
curved strongly upwards at the end. 

H. Jounsoni is a robust hybrid with dull red flowers, each segment 
with a white stripe. Common. 


9. CRINUM. (Greek name for a Lily.) Showy conservatory plants, 
chiefly from tropical regions ; one wild S. 
* Flowers red. 


C. amGbile, Donn. The huge bulb rising into a column ; leaves becom- 
ing several feet long and 3/-5’ wide; flowers numerous, 8/—10/ long, crim- 
son-purple outside, paler or white within. Sumatra, 


AMARYLLIS FAMILY. 429 


* « Flowers white. 


C. AsiGticum, Linn. Tropical Asia; slender perianth tube 3/-4’ long, 
green tinged ; flowers about 20 in an umbel, the linear segments 2/-3! 
long. Bulb 4/-5! in diam., with a long neck, the peduncle sharp-edged, 
2° high. 

C. Americanum, Linn. River swamps Fla., W.; scape 1°-2° high, 
from a globular bulb; flower white, 6/-7/ long; leaves concave and ob- 
tuse, remotely denticulate. 


10. AMARYLLIS. (Dedicated to the nymph of this name.) 


A. Belladé6nna, Linn. Brtiapvonna Lity. Cape of Good Hope; has 
elongated bulbs, channeled narrow leaves shorter than the solid scape, 
and several almost regular large rose-red fragrant flowers, funnel-form 
with very short tube, the stamens not much declined. 


11. VALLOTA. (Pierre Valot, an early French botanist.) 


V. purpdrea, Herb. (or AmaryYitis speciosa). Cape of Good Hope ; 
the scarlet-red flowers with short funnel-shaped tube, rather longer than 
the broad-ovate and nearly equal spreading divisions. Popular green- 
house plant, with scape 2°-3° high, the leaves (equaling the scape) 
lance-linear. 


12. PANCRATIUM. (Greek: all potent, probably in reference to 
some supposed medicinal qualities. ) 


P. maritimum, Linn. Sea Darropir. Glaucous; leaves linear, erect ; 
scape barely flattish ; perianth 5/ long, its green tube enlarging at summit 
into the funnel-shaped 12-toothed cup, to the lower part of which the 
spreading narrow-lanceolate divisions of the perianth are united. Salt 
marshes, S. Car.,S. (Eu.) 


13. HYMENOCALLIS. (Beautiful membrane, Greek name referring 
to the cup connecting the filaments.) Several species wild, S. and W. 


H. lacera, Salisb. (PANcRATIUM RoTATUM, or P. MexicAnuM). Leaves 
linear strap-shaped, widely spreading, bright green, 2’ or more wide ; 
scape sharply 2-edged, 2-6-flowered ; slender tube of the perianth and its 
linear widely spreading divisions each about 3’ long, the latter wholly 
free from the short and broadly open wavy-edged saucer-like cup ; bulb 
bearing runners. Low banks and swamps, N. Car., S. 

H. occidentalis, Kunth. Leaves strap-shaped, glaucous, 14! or less 
broad ; scape 3-6-flowered, the bracts narrow and about 2! long ; tube 4! 
or less long, the linear white segments nearly the same length ; crown 
about 1/ long, tubular below and broadly funnel-form above, the margin 
either entire or toothed ; bulbs without runners. S. Ill., S. 


14. EUCHARIS. (Greek: very graceful.) From 8S, Amer., in green- 
houses. 

E. grandiflora, Planch. & Linden. (E. AmazOnica). Scape 2°4° high, 
bearing 3-6 white, drooping, large (4'-5’ wide) flowers in an umbel ; crown 
green-tinged ; leaves several, the petiole mostly rather larger than the 
wide, strongly ribbed blade. 


15. ALSTRCEMERIA. (Named by Linneus for his friend Baron 
Alstroemer.) Several species of the conservatory, from W. 8S. Amer., 
of mixed species. 


A. Pelegrina, Linn. Laity or rue Incas, from Peru. Flowers few or 
solitary at the end of the branches, open, rose-colored or whitish, blotched 


430 YAM FAMILY. 


with pink and spotted with purple, with some yellow on the inner 
divisions. 

A. pulché/la, Linn. f. (A. psitracina). Flowers umbelled, funnel-form 
in shape, the spatulate divisions more erect and close, red, tipped with 
green and brown-spotted. 

A. versicolor, Ruiz. & Pay. Flowers few, terminating the drooping or 
spreading branches, yellow spotted with purple. 


16. POLIANTHES, TUBEROSE. (Name probably from Greek words 
for white and flower; therefore not Polyanthes. The popular name 
relates to the tuberous rootstock, therefore not Tube-rose, but Tuber-ose.) 


P. tuberdsa, Linn. The only species originally from Mexico; the tall 
stem with long several-ranked leaves at base, and shorter and sparser ones 
towards the many-flowered spike (produced in autumn when planted 
out) ; the blossoms very fragrant, white, or slightly tinged with rose, the 
choicer sorts full-double. 


17. AGAVE, AMERICAN ALOE. (Greek word for noble.) Plants 
flower only after some years, and die after maturing the fruit. 


A. Virginica, Linn. Sterile soil from Md. to IIll., and S.; has lance- 
oblong denticulate and spiny-tipped leaves 6/-12’ long, and scape bearing 
a loose simple spike of small flowers, 3°-6° high. 

A. Americana, Linn. The Common Century PLANT or AMERICAN ALOE. 
With very thick spiny-toothed and spine-pointed leaves, 2°-4° long, pale 
green, or a variety yellowish-striped, the scape when developed from old 
plants (said, erroneously, to flower only after 1060 years in cool climates) 
tree-like, bearing an ample panicle. Mexico. (Lessons, Fig. 169.) 


CXVIII. DIOSCOREACEH, YAM FAMILY. 


Twining plants, from tubers or thick rootstocks or roots, 
having ribbed and netted-veined petioled leaves more or less 
imitating those of Exogens, and small greenish or whitish 
regular dicecious flowers, with the tube of the perianth in the 
fertile ones adhering to the 3-celled ovary; its 6 divisions 
regular and parted to near the base or to the ovary. Styles 3, 
distinct or nearly so. Ovules and seeds 1 or 2 in each cell. 


1. DIOSCORBA, YAM. (Named for Dioscorides.) Flowers in axillary 
panicles or racemes ; stamens 6 in the sterile ones, separate. Fertile 
ones producing a 38-celled, 8-winged pod, when ripe splitting through 
the wings. Flowers summer. Several species are cult. in the tropics. 2 


D. villésa, Linn. Wrip Yam. Sends up from a knotty rootstock its 
slender stems, bearing heart-shaped, pointed leaves, either alternate, 
opposite, or some in fours, 9-11-ribbed, and with prominent cross-vein- 
lets. In thickets, commoner S.; slightly downy, or usually almost 
smooth, so that the specific name is not a good one. 

D. divaricata, Blanco. (D. BarAras). CHrInEsE YAM, CrnNAMON VINE. 
Cult. from China and Japan (probably native to the Philippine Is.), for 
ornament, or for its very deep and long farinaceous roots, — a substitute 
for potatoes; leaves very smooth, heart-shaped, partly halberd-shaped, 
and opposite, with little bulblets in the axils, 


LILY FAMILY. 431 


OD. bulbifera, ‘Linn. Arr Potato. Leaves alternate, cordate-ovate and 
prominently cuspidate, glabrous, 9-nerved (the two lower ones upon 
_ either side united at the base), on stalks longer than the blade ; flowers 
in lax and simple axillary drooping racemes. Somewhat cult. in Gulf 
States for the large angular edible gray tubers (4'-6’ long), in the axils 
of the leaves. Tropical Asia. 


CXIX. LILIACEA, LILY FAMILY. 


Large family, known as a whole by its regular symmetrical 
flowers, with perianth of 6 (in one instance of 4 and another 
of 8) parts, as many stamens with 2-celled anthers standing 
in front of the divisions, and a free 3-celled (rarely 2-celled) 
ovary. Perianth either partly or wholly colored, or greenish, 
but not glumaceous. Fruit a few—many-seeded dry pod or 
soft berry. Flowers not from a spathe, except in Allium, ete. 
Chiefly herbs, with entire leaves; perennials. The chief genera 
are here presented in an easy arrangement. 


I. SMILAX SUBFAMILY. Chiefly woody-stemmed plants, 
a few herbaceous, climbing or supported by a pair of tendrils 
on the sides of the petiole, having 3-9-ribbed and netted-veined 
leaves and small dicecious flowers in axillary umbels; stigmas 
mostly 3, long and diverging, sessile; fruit a berry; the 
anthers are only 1-celled, opening by one longitudinal slit 
(the division of the cell, if any, corresponding with the slit). 


1. SMILAX. Characters of the Subfamily. 


II. ASPARAGUS SUBFAMILY. With parallel-veined 
mostly alternate leaves, branching or simple stems from a 
rootstock (at least there is no bulb), a single style (if cleft or 
lobed at all only at the summit), and fruit a few-—several- 
seeded berry. Pedicels very often with a joint in the middle 
or under the flower. Flower almost always small, and white 
or greenish, chiefly perfect. 


* Plants with small scales in place of leaves, from the axils of which are produced 
false leaves, i.e. bodies which by their position are seen to be of the nature of 
branches, but which imitate and act as leaves. Perianth greenish or whitish, 
6-parted, the stamens borne on its base. Berry 3-celled, the cells 2-seeded. 


2. ASPARAGUS. Flowers greenish-yellow, bell-shaped, scattered along the much divided 
branches; er, in one group, 2 or 3 in the axils, greenish-white ; the linear-oblong 
divisions of the perianth recurved. The so-called leaves ranging from very narrow 
to lance-ovate. Stems often twining. 


432 LILY FAMILY. 


» ** Herbs with ordinary broad leaves. 


+ Perianth bell-shaped, of 6 (4 in No. 7) separate and similar deciducus divisions ; sta- 
mens on the receptacle or nearly so. 


++ Flowers erect, few or several tn an umbel on a naked scape. 


S. CLINTONIA. Base of the scape sheathed by the stalks of a few large oval or oblong 
and ciliate root leaves. Filaments long and slender ; anthers linear or oblong. Style 
long. Ovary 2-3-celled, becoming a blue berry. Rootstocks creeping, like those of 
Lily of the Valley, which the leaves also resemble. 


++ ++ Flowers single or few, hanging at the end of the leafy spreading branches, or sub- 
axillary. 


4. DISPORUM. Flowers on slender simple stalks, yellowish. Divisions of the perianth 
lanceolate or linear. Filaments much longer than the linear-oblong blunt anthers. 
Ovary with a pair of hanging ovules in each of the 3 cells, becoming an ovoid or 
oblong and pointed red berry. Rootstock short, not creeping ; herbage downy. 

5. STREPTOPUS. Flowers single or rarely in pairs along the leafy and forking stem, 
just out of the axils of the ovate clasping leaves ; the slender peduncle usually bent 
in the middle. Divisions of the perianth lanceolate, acute, the three inner ones 
keeled. Anthers arrow-shaped, on short and flattish filaments, Ovary 3-celled, 
making a red many-seeded berry. 


++ ++++ Flowers in terminal racemes. 


6. SMILACINA. Raceme or cluster of racemes terminating a leaf-bearing stem. Flowers 
small, white. Perianth 6-parted. Filaments slender; anthers short. Ovary 8- 
celled, making a berry. Rootstocks mostly creeping. 

7. MAIANTHEMUM. Stem low, only 2-leaved. Flower 4-parted, with 4 stamens, 2- 
celled ovary and 2-lobed stigma, 


+ + Perianth of one piece, more or less deeply lobed, the stamens inserted on 
the tube. 


++ Segments 6; flowers on a conspicuous scape or a leafy stem. 


8. CONVALLARIA. Flowers nodding in a one-sided raceme, on an angled scape which 
rises, with the (about) two oblong leaves, from a running rootstock. Perianth short 
bell-shaped, with 6 recurving lobes. Stamens included. Style stout. Ovary with 
several ovules, becoming a few-seeded red berry. 

9. POLYGONATUM. Flowers nodding in the axils of the leaves along a leafy and re- 
curving simple stem, which rises from a long and thickened rootstock. Perianth 
greenish, cylindrical, 6-lobed or 6-toothed, bearing the 6 included stamens at or 
above the middle of the tube. Style slender, Ovary 3-celled with few ovules in 
each cell, in fruit becoming a globular black or blue few-seeded berry. 


++++ Segments 8; flowers inconspicuous because borne close to the ground. 


10. ASPIDISTRA. Remarkable because the lurid-purple flowers are borne at the surface 
of the ground upon 1-flowered scapes. Stamens 8. Stigma broadly pellate, mush- 
room-like. Leaves with a distinct petiole and ovate-lanceolate limb, all radical. 


III. BELLWORT SUBFAMILY. With alternate and 
broad not grass-like parallel-veined leaves; stem from a root- 
stock or from fibrous roots, branching and leafy; style one at 
the base, but 3-cleft or 3-parted. Fruit a pod, few-seeded. 
Anthers turned rather outwards than inwards. Perianth of 6 
almost similar and wholly separate pieces, deciduous. Not 
acrid nor poisonous. Plants intermediate between the preved- 
ing group and the next two. 


LILY FAMILY. 433 


11. UVULARIA. Stem terete. Flowers solitary, drooping, yellowish ; the perianth nar- 
rowly bell-shaped and lily-like, the sepals spatulate-lanceolate and acuminate, with 
a honey-bearing groove or pit at the erect narrowed base. Stamens short, one at 
the base of each division; anthers linear, much longer than the filaments. Pod 
truncate, 3-lobed, loculicidal from the top. Seeds thick and roundish. Leaves per 
foliate. 

12. OAKESIA. Stem angled. Flowers opposite the leaves (by the growth of the stem), 
the segments not acuminate. Capsule thin, elliptical, acutish at each end, sharply 
3-winged and tardily dehiscent. Leaves sessile. 


IV. TRILLIUM SUBFAMILY. With netted-veined leaves 
all in one or two whorls on an otherwise naked stem, which 
rises from a fleshy rootstock; styles or sessile stigmas 3, sepa- 
rate down to the ovary. Fruit a berry. 


18. TRILLIUM. Perianth of 3 green persistent sepals, and 3 colored petals; the latter at 
length withering away after flowering, but not deciduous. Anthers linear, adnate, 
on short filaments, looking inwards. Awl-shaped styles or stigmas persistent. 
Ovary 3-6-angled. Berry purple or red, ovate, many-seeded. 

jJ4. MEDEOLA. Perianth of 6 oblong and distinct nearly similar pieces, recurved, decidu- 
ous. Anthers oblong, shorter than the slender filaments. Stigmas or styles long 
and diverging or recurved on the globular ovary, deciduous. Berry dark-purple, 
few-seeded. 


V. MELANTHIUM SUBFAMILY. With alternate and 
parallel-veined leaves; stem simple, at least up to the panicles ; 
and flowers often polygamous, sometimes dicecious; styles or 
sessile stigmas 3, separate down to the ovary. Fruit a pod. 
Anthers almost always turned outwards. Perianth withering 
or persisting, not deciduous, the 6 parts generally alike. 
Mostly acrid or poisonous plants, some used in medicine. 


« Perianth with a long tube rising directly from a thin-coated solid bulb or corm; 
anthers 2-celled. Stemless. 


15. COLCHICUM. Perianth resembling that cf a Crocus. Stamens borne on the throa’ 
of the long-tubular perianth. Styles very long. 


« x Perianth without an evident tube, of 6 distinct or almost separate divisions. 
+ Anthers 2-celled, short ; flowers in a simple raceme or spike ; pod loculicidal. 
++ Leaves all at the base of the stem, the latter sometimes bracteate. 


16. HELONIAS. Flowers perfect, in a short dense raceme, lilac-purple, turning green in 
fruit ; the divisions spatulate-oblong, spreading. Filaments slender; anthers blue. 
Pod 3-lobed ; cells many-seeded. 

11. TOFIELDA. Flowers perfect, in a close raceme or spike, mostly with a small 3-bracted 
involucre beneath. Perianth white or greenish, the sepals concave, oblong or obo- 
vate, 3-nerved. Styles awl-shaped. Capsule 3-angled, the cells many-seeded. 
Tufted, from creeping rhizomes. 


++ ++ Stems very leafy. 


18. CHAMALIRIUM. Flowers dicecious or mostly so. Perianth of 6 small and narrow 
white pieces. Pod ovoid-oblong, many-seeded. Spike or raceme slender. 

‘9. XEROPHYLLUM. Flowers perfect, in a compact raceme, white ; the divisions oval. 
sessile, widely spreading, naked. Filaments awl-shaped. Pod globular. 8-lobed, 
with 2 wingless seeds in each cell. 

GRAY’S F. F, & G. BOT. —28 


484 LILY FAMILY. 


++ Anthers kidney-shaped or round heart-shaped, the two cells confluent into one, 
shield-shape after opening ; styles awl-shaped ; pod 3-horned, septicidal; seeds 
commonly flat or thin-margined. 


++ Stem pubescent above, tall and leafy, from a rootstock ; leaves generally broader 
than linear. 


20. MELANTHIUM. Flowers polygamous, in racemes forming an open pyramidal panicle. 
Perianth cream-colored, turning green or brownish with age, perfectly free from the 
ovary, its heart-shaped or oblong and partly halberd-shaped widely spreading divis- 
ions raised on a claw and marked with a pair of darker spots or glands. Filaments 
short, adhering to the claws of the perianth, persistent. Seeds several in each cell, 
broadly winged. Leaves lanceolate or linear, mostly grass-like. Stem roughish- 
downy above, its base more or less bulbous. 

21. VERATRUM. Flowers polygamous, in panicled racemes. Perianth greenish or 
brownish, its obovate-oblong divisions narrowed at base, free from the ovary, not 
spotted. Filaments short. Seeds rather numerous, wing-margined. Leaves broad, 
many-nerved. Base of the leafy stem more or less bulb-like, producing many long 
white roots. 


++ ++ Stem glabrous and more slender, generally from a bulb ; leaves linear. 


22. STENANTHIUM. Flowers polygamous, in panicled racemes on a leafy stem. Peri-~ 
anth white, with spreading and not spotted lanceolate divisions tapering to a narrow 
point from a broader base, which coheres with the base of the ovary. Stamens very 
short. Seeds several, wingless. Leaves linear, keeled, grass-like. 

23. ZYGADENUS. Flowers perfect or polygamous, in a terminal panicle. Perianth 
greenish-white, its oblong or ovate widely spreading divisions spotted with a pair of 
roundish glands or colored spots near the sessile or almost sessile base. Stamens 
free from and about the length of the perianth. Leaves linear, grass-like; stem and 
whole plant smooth. 

24. AMIANTHIUM. Flowers perfect, mostly in a simple raceme. Perianth white, the 
oval or obovate spreading divisions without claws or spots. Filaments long and 
slender. Seeds wingless, 1-4 in each cell. Leaves chietly from the bulbous base of 
the scape-like stem, linear, keeled, grass-like. 


VI. LILY SUBFAMILY proper (including Asphodel 
Family). Distinguished by the single undivided style (or 
rarely a sessile stigma), and fruit a loculicidal pod. Perianth 
with all 6 parts generally corolla-like, and in all the following 
nearly similar. Leaves parallel-veined or ribbed, sometimes 
with netted veins also. Stem or scape mostly simple. 


+ Bulbous plants (bulbs either tunicate or coated); stem always herbaceous ; radical 
leaves not in large clumps. 


+ Stem leafy, especially above, the leaves often whorled or crowded ; divisions of the 
perianth with a honey-bearing furrow or spot at or near the base; style long ; 
stigmas or lobes 3; pod packed with 2 rows of depressed and flat soft-coated 
seeds in each cell. Flowers large, often several. 


25. LILIUM. Flower bell-shaped or funnel-form with the separate or partly united divis- 
ions spreading or recurved above; the honey-bearing groove beginning at their base. 
Anthers linear, at first erect, at length versatile. Pod oblong. Bulb mostly scaly. 
(Lessons, Figs. 107-110.) 

26. FRITILLARIA. Divisions of the bell-shaped flower distinct, not at all recurving ; the 
honey-bearing spot above their base. Bulb coated or scaly. Flowers always nodding, 
often spotted. 


LILY FAMILY. 435 


# + Stem 2-leaved or few-leaved at or towards the base, naked above and ordinarily 
l.flowered at summit ; the six pieces of the bell-shaped perianth separate ; sta- 
mens on the receptacle or nearly so ; anthers erect ; seeds many, pale. 


2%. TULIPA. Stem 1-2-leaved above the ground, bearing an erect large flower. Divisions 
of the perianth broad, not recurved nor spreading. Ovary and pod triangular, colum- 
nar ; stigmas 8, sessile. Seeds nearly as in Lily. 

28, CALOCHORTUS. Stem few-leaved, 1-few-flowered. Flowers large and handsome, of 
various colors, erect or pendulous, the 3 outer divisions small greenish, and sepal- 
like, but the 3 inner ones very broad and bearded on the inside and usually blotched 
at the base, all widely spreading. Capsule oblong, 3-angled. 

29. ERYTHRONIUM. Scape 2-leaved from the ground, bearing a nodding flower. Divis- 
ions of the perianth lanceolate, recurved or spreading above. Ovary and pod obo- 
vate; seeds globular. Style long, more or less club-shaped. 


+++ Scape naked, bearing 1 to several or many flowers ; seeds few, globular or 
angled ; leaves linear or nearly so. 


++ Flowers in umbels (or in Nos. 30 and 31 sometimes solitary or twin). 


80. BRODLA&A. Perianth of various colors, funnel-form or companulate, the lobes erect 
or somewhat spreading and equaling or exceeding the length of the tube. Stamens 
6 or 8, with staminodia between, the filaments very short. Stigma 3-fid or 3-sulcate. 
Leaves channeled or flat. 

81. MILLA. Perianth white, greenish outside, salver-like, the 6 lobes rotate-spreading ; 
tube long-campanulate. Stamens 6, inserted on the tube, exserted, the anthers long 
and connivent about the style, but the filaments very short. Stigma 3-parted. Leaves 
very narrow, glaucous, hollow. 

82. ALLIUM. Flowers ina simple umbel, from a 1-2-leaved or scarious spathe, the lobes 
colored ; cells of ovary 1-2-seeded, and pod lobed ; style persistent, slender; stigma 
entire. Plants onion-scented. 

83. NOTHOSCORDUM. Differs from Allium in the greenish or yellowish-white flowers, 
several-seeded cells, scarcely-lobed pod, and absence of onion odor. 


++ ++ Flowers in racemes or spikes (subcorymbose in No. 34). 
= Perianth parted almost or quite to the base. 


84. ORNITHOGALUM. Flowers bracted, white, wheel-shaped. Style 3-sided; stigma 
3-angled. 

35. SCILLA. Flowers mostly blue, the divisions 1-nerved. Filaments often broadened at 
the base. Stigma capitate. 

86. CAMASSIA. Flowers blue in ours, the divisions 8- or more-nerved. Filaments fili- 
form. Stigma 3-fid. 


= = Perianth with a pronounced tube, the stamens upon the throat. 


87. CHIONODOXA. Flowers small, mostly blue, stalked in a short raceme, the tube 
shorter than the recurved-spreading acute segments. Filaments all broadly dilated. 
Style short, the stigmas small or capitate. Cells 4-6-seeded. 

88. MUSCARI. Flowers in a dense raceme; the globular or urn-shaped constricted- 
mouthed perianth nearly 6-toothed. 

89. HYACINTHUS. The short-funnel-shaped or bell-shaped perlanth 6-cleft, throat open, 
the lobes spreading. 


« « Plants with tuberous rootstocks or fibrous-rooted crown ; stem always herbaceous ; 
radical leaves often forming large clumps by the spread of the rootstock. 
Scape (in ours) leafless. 


+ Flowers in a 2-bracted umbel. 


40, AGAPANTHUS. Perianth blue, tubular at base, with 6 widely spreading divisions 
nearly regular. Pod triangular, many-seeded. Seeds flat, brownish, winged above. 
Leaves linear, flat, 


436 LILY FAMILY. 


+ + Flowers paniculate on a somewhat branching scape. 


41. HEMEROCALLIS. Perianth yellow, lasting but a day, funnel-form, with short narrow 
tube closely investing the ovary ; the nearly similar divisions more or less spreading. 
Pod thick, at first fleshy. Seeds few in each cell, roundish, with a hard and brittle 
black coat. Leaves linear, grassy and soft, keeled. 

42. PHORMIUM. Perianth lurid or yellowish, with a short incurved tube, the 3 exterior 
segments lanceolate and erect, the 8 interior slender and slightly spreading at the 
tips. Stamens exserted. Ovules numerous in each cell. Capsule 3-angled. Rhi- 
zome short, not fleshy. Leaves radical, long-linear-ensiform, stiff and evergreen, 
strongly keeled. Panicle long, with short secund branches. 


+++ Flowers in a dense spike. 


43. KNIPHOFIA. Flowers very many, reflexed in a dense spike on a bracted scape. 
Perianth tubular, regular, red or yellow, 6-toothed. Stamens and style straight, pro- 
truding from the tubular perianth. Filaments of two lengths. Pod many-seeded. 
Leaves narrow-linear, long and grassy, keeled, crowded at the root. 


+ ++ + Flowers in racemes, which are mostly simple. 
++ Leaves ovate or heart-shaped, netted-veined between the ribs, and on long petioles. 


44, FUNKIA. Flowers in a raceme, blue or white. Perianth funnel-form, 6-cleft, the 
lobes hardly spreading, somewhat irregular. Pod oblong, prismatic, many-seeded. 
Seeds flat, black, with a soft and thin coat, winged at the apex. 


++++ Leaves narrow, mostly linear. 


45. ASPHODELUS. Perianth segments distinct or nearly so, white with a yellowish line 
in the center. Stamens hypogynous, shorter than the segments, erect or slightly 
declined, the filaments dilated at the base and covering the ovary. Ovules 2 in each 
cell. Capsule obscurely 3-angled. Rhizome small, sometimes annual. Leayes linear, 
strap-shaped or fistulose. 

46. SCHGENOLIRION. Perianth white or yellow, withering-persistent, the segments dis- 
tinct and 3-5-nerved. Stamens hypogynous, shorter than the segments, the filaments 
filiform. Ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule short and truncate, 3-angled. Rhizome 
tuberous. Leaves long-linear. 

47. PARADISEA. Perianth funnel-form, the segments distinct and erect-spreading, nar- 
row at the base, the upper portion oblong-spatulate and 3-nerved. Stamens hypo- 
gynous and declined, scarcely shorter than the perianth, the filaments filiform. 
Ovules many in each cell. Capsule ovoid and coriaceous. Rhizome very short. 


«x x * Stem a woody trunk, either short or tree-like, bearing a crown of sword-shaped, 
Sleshy or thin leaves ; no bulb. 


+ Leaves short, very thick and fleshy, 2-ranked, crowded on the very short stem, at the 
base of the scape. 


48, ALOE. Flowers racemed on a slender bracted scape. Perianth tube straight or slightly 
curved, the segments elongated. Stamens hypogynous, equaling or exceeding the 
perianth. Seeds many, 3-angled. 


+ + Leaves long, often stiff and sharp-edged, mostly many-ranked, either clustered 
near the ground or borne upon the short trunk. 


49. YUCCA. Flowers in an ample terminal compound panicle, large, often polygamous, 
white or whitish. Perianth of 6 separate oval or oblong acute divisions, not decid- 
uous, the 3 inner broader, longer than the stamens. Stigmas 8, sessile. Pod oblong, 
many-seeded ; the depressed seeds as in Lily. 

50. CORDYLINE. Stem woody, often eventually rising several feet high. Leaves mostly 
at the top of the stem, firm, mostly about lanceolate. Perianth cylindraceous or 
narrowly bell-form, the tube short. Ovyules many in each cell. Fruit fleshy, small 
and nearly globular, mostly indehiscent. Flowers small in a large panicle, 


LILY FAMILY. 437 


1. SMILAX, GREEN BRIER, CAT BRIER, or CHINA BRIER. 
(Ancient Greek name.) In thickets and low grounds; flowers small, 
greenish, in clusters on axillary peduncles, in summer, or several of 
the Southern prickly ones in spring. 


* Stems herbaceous, never prickly, smooth; leaves thin, mucronate- 
tipped ; ovules and seeds usually a pair in each cell; berries blue-black, 
with a bloom; plant, or parts of it, sometimes pubescent. 


S. herbacea, Linn. Carrion FLower (the scent of the blossoms jus- 
tifies the name). Erect and recurving, often without tendrils, or low- 
climbing, very variable in size, generally smooth ; leaves ovate-oblong or 
roundish and mostly heart-shaped, 7-9-nerved; peduncles sometimes 
short, generally 3/4! or even 6/-8! long, even much surpassing the leaves, 
20-40-flowered. Moist places. Common. 

S. tamnifdlia, Michx. Pine barrens, N.J.,S.; differs in its heart- 
shaped and some halberd-shaped only 5-nerved leaves; peduncles rather 
longer than the petioles, and berry fewer-seeded. 

S. ecirrhata, Watson. Erect, 3° or less high, the upper petioles ten- 
dril-bearing or commonly no tendrils, glabrous ; lower leaves bract-like, 
the others thin and 5-7-nerved, broadly ovate-elliptical to roundish, acute, 
mostly cordate at the base, sometimes verticillate, sparsely pubescent 
beneath ; umbels 10-20-flowered on peduncles about the length of the 
petioles ; berry 3-seeded. Mich. to Minn. and Mo., and S. Car. 


* * Stems woody, often prickly; ovules and seeds only one in each cell; 
plant glabrous throughout (except the third). 


~ Leaves often glossy, 5-9-ribbed ; stigmas and cells of ovary 3 (except in 
S. pumila). 


++ Berries red ; peduncles rather short ; leaves 5-ribbed ; prickles few. 


S. lanceolata, Linn. Climbs high; leaves evergreen, lance-ovate or 
lanceolate, acute at both ends; rootstock tuberous; fruit ripening the 
second year. Va., S. and W. 

S. Walteri, Pursh. Pine barrens, N. J., S.; 6° high; leaves decid- 
uous, ovate or lance-oval, roundish or slightly heart-shaped ; peduncles 
fiat ; rootstock creeping. 

S. pumila, Walt. Rising only 1°-8° high, not prickly, soft-downy, 
with ovate or oblong and heart-shaped, 5-ribbed, evergreen leaves, when 
old smooth above ; peduncles twice as long as petioles, densely-flowered ; 
berries ripening the second year. Dry soil, S. Car. to Fla. 


++ ++ Berries black, often with a bloom ; leaves mostly roundish or some- 
what heart-shaped at base ; peduncles almost always Jlat. 


= Peduncle not longer than the petiole. 


S. rotundifolia, Linn. Common Green Brier. Common in thickets; 
yellowish-green, often high-climbing; branchlets more or less square, 
armed with scattered prickles; leaves ovate or round-ovate, thickish, 
green both sides, 2/-3’ long; peduncles few-flowered. 

Var. quadrangularis, Gray, more common W., has 4-angled branchlets. 


= = Peduncle longer than the petiole, but not twice as long. 


S. glatca, Walt. Mostly S. of N. Y., but less prickly than the preced- 
ing, the ovate leaves glaucous beneath, and seldom at all heart-shaped, 
smooth-edged, and peduncles longer than petiole; branches terete ; 
branchlets obscurely 4-angled. 

S. bona-néx, Linn. Differs from preceding, in the leaves varying 
from round-heart-shaped to fiddle-shaped and halberd-shaped, green both 


438 LILY FAMILY. 


sides, pointed, and the edges often sparsely bristly ; branches and pranch- 
lets angled. S. Mass., S. and W. 


= = = Peduncle 2-4 times as long as the petiole. 


S. hispida, Muhl. Rootstock long; stem high-climbing, below beset 
with long and dark, bristly prickles ; leaves ovate and heart-shaped, green 
both sides, thin, 4/-5/ long; flat peduncles 13/-2/ long ; flowers larger than 
in the Common Green Brier. Conn. to Minn., and 8. 

S. Pseudo-China, Linn. Cuina Brier. Rootstock tuberous; prickles 
none or rare ; leaves ovate and heart-shaped, green both sides, often con- 
tracted in the middle, and rough-ciliate, 3/-5' long; flat peduncles 2/-3! 
long. N.J., W. and S. 


+ + Leaves evergreen; stigma, cell of the ovary, and seed only one. 


S. laurifdlia, Linn. Very smooth, high-climbing stem, with some 
prickles ; leaves thick, glossy, varying from ovate to lanceolate, 3-nerved ; 
peduncles not exceeding the petiole and pedicels; berries black. Pine 
barrens, N. J., S. ; 


2. ASPARAGUS. (The ancient Greek name.) Flowers early summer. 


A. officinalis, Linn. Common Asparacus. Cult. from Eu., for its escu- 
lent spring shoots, spontaneous about gardens and waste places; tall, 
bushy-branched, the leaves thread-shaped ; berries red. 

A. plumésus, Baker. A S. African plant, much grown by florists for 
the delicate spray ; climbing (or dwarf in var. NANus), the false leaves 
1! or less long in tufts, disposed in frond-like, slender branches; flowers 
small and white, stalked, on the tips of the branchlets. 

A. medeoloides, Thunb. (or MyRSIPHYLLUM ASPARAGOIDES). “SMILAX”’ 
of the florists ; a very smooth, delicate twiner, cult. in conservatories for 
winter decoration; the bright green so-called leaves (see Lessons, Fig. 
167) 1/ or more long, glossy-green both sides, nerved, set edgewise on the 
branch, but turning so as to present an upper and under face ; the small 
flowers produced in winter, sweet-scented, with reddish anthers ; berries 
greenish. Cape of Good Hope. 


3. CLIN TONIA. (Named for DeWitt Clinton, once governor of New 
York.) Cold moist woods ; flowers early summer. 


C. borealis, Raf. Only N. and along the mountains; flowers 2-7, 
greenish-yellow, over 3/ long ; berry rather many-seeded. 

C. umbellata, Torr. Along the Alleghanies, N. Y.,8.; flowers numer- 
ous. 1! long, white, speckled with green or purplish dots ; seeds only 2 in 
each cell. 


4. DISPORUM. (Greek: double-seeded, from the 2-ovuled cells.) 

D. lanugindsum, Benth. & Hook. Rich woods, the whole length of 
the Alleghany region to Canada; branches widely spreading; leaves 
ovate-oblong, pointed, rounded, or slightly heart-shaped at the sessile base ; 
flowers 3! long, greenish; style with 3 stigmas ; flowers late spring. 


5. STREPTOPUS, TWISTED STALK (which the name denotes in 
Greek). In cold or wet woods; flowers in late spring and early sum- 
mer; small, barely 3/ long. 

S. amplexifdlius, DC. Stem stout, rough at base, 2°-3° high ; leaves 
strongly clasping, smooth, glaucous beneath ; flower whitish, on a long 


stalk with abrupt bend above the middle; anthers slender-pointed ; 
stigma truncate. N. Eng. to Minn. and O., and S. in the mountains. 


LILY FAMILY. 439 


S. rdseus, Michx. Stem 1°-2° high; leaves green, finely ciliate, and 
with the few branches beset with more short and fine bristly hairs ; flower 
rose-purple, on a less bent stalk; anthers 2-horned, stigma 3-cleft. Simi- 
lar range. 


6. SMILACINA, FALSE SOLOMON’S SEAL. (Name a diminu- 
tive of Smilax, which these plants do not resemble.) Woods or low 
grounds ; white flowers late spring. 


* Flowers in a terminal panicle ; stamens exserted. 


S. racemosa, Desf. Fatse Spikenarpb. 2° high, minutely downy, leafy 
to the top; the oblong or lance-oval leaves ciliate, pointed at each end; 
flowers small (sometimes pinkish), crowded in a compound raceme ; the 
divisions of perianth narrow ; berries pale red and speckled. Canada, S. 

* * Flowers in a simple small raceme ; stamens included. 

S. stellata, Desf. Moist places, N.; 1°-2° high, smooth, or the 7-12 
lance-oblong leaves minutely downy when young; raceme several-flow- 
ered ; berries blackish. 

S. trifolia, Desf. Cold bogs N.; 3/-6' high, smooth, with mostly 3 
oblong leaves tapering to a sheathing base ; raceme loose, few-flowered ; 
berries red. 


7. MAIANTHEMUM. (Greek: mayflower.) 


M. Canadénse, Desf. In moist woods and on banks N.; 3/-6! high; 
stem bearing 2 (sometimes 3) heart-shaped leaves, and a short raceme of 
small flowers ; berries red. Common. 


8. CONVALLARIA, LILY OF THE VALLEY. (Name altered 
from the Latin Lilium convallium, of which the English name is a 
translation.) Flowers late spring. 

C. majalis, Linn. The only true species, cult. everywhere, from Eu., 


and wild on the higher Alleghanies; its small, sweet-scented, white 
flowers familiar. (Lessons, Fig. 113.) 


oS: POLYGONATUM, SOLOMON’S SEAL. (Greek: many-jointed.) 

The English name is from the rootstocks, the impression of the seal 

being the scar left by the death and separation of the stem of a former 

year; Lessons, Fig. 99.) Stem recurving or turned to one side. Flow- 
ers late spring and early summer. 

P. bifldrum, Ell. Smatier S. Wooded banks; 1°-38° high; the 
ovate-oblong or lance-oblong leaves nearly sessile and glaucous, or mi- 
nutely whitish-dowiuy beneath; peduncles mostly 2-flowered ; filaments 
roughened, borne above the middle of the tube. 

P. gigantéum, Dietr. Larcer S. Alluvial grounds N.; 3°-8° high, 
smooth ; leaves ovate, partly clasping ; peduncles 2-8-flowered ; filaments 
smooth and naked, borne on the middle of the tube. 


10. ASPIDISTRA. (Greek: a small round shield, alluding to the 
shape of the flower. ) 

A. ldrida, Ker. China; a popular florist’s plant, grown for the stiff, 
evergreen, shining, striate-green (or white-striped), oblong-lanceolate, 
sharp-pointed leaves, all of which are radical; blade 12’-20/ long, nar- 
rowed into a channeled petiole a third its length. 


440 LILY FAMILY. 


11. UVULARIA, BELLWORT. (Name from the Latin uvula or 
palate ; from the hanging flowers.) Stems 6/-2° high, naked below, 
leafy above ; flowers spring. All in rich woods. 


U. grandiflora, Smith. The common one from W. N. Eng., W. and 
S.; with pale, greenish-yellow flower 1}! long and smooth, or nearly so 
inside ; stamens exeeeding the styles; plant not glaucous. 

U. perfoliata, Linn. Smaller, with sharper tips to the anthers, and 
parts of the barely yellowish perianth granular-roughened inside; stamens 
shorter than the styles; plant glaucous throughout. N. Eng., W. and S&S. 
(Lessons, Fig. 162.) 


12. OAKESIA. (Named for William Oakes, an early New England 
botanist. ) 


O. sessilifélia, Watson. Common, especially N.; 6/-12! high, with 
pale, lance-oblong, sessile or somewhat clasping leaves, which taper at 
each end and are glaucous beneath, and whitish, cream-colored flower 3! 
long; pod stalked. 

O. pubérula, Watson. Slightly puberulent ; leaves oval and rounded 
at base, shining, the edges slightly rough ; pod not stalked. Va.,S. 


13. TRILLIUM, THREE-LEAVED NIGHTSHADE, WAKE-ROBIN, 
BIRTHROOT. (Latin: triplum, triple, the parts throughout being in 
threes.) Low stem from a short tuber-like rootstock (Lessons, Figs. 
100, 226, 227), bearing a whorl of three green, conspicuously netted- 
veined, ovate or rhomboidal leaves, and a terminal flower, in spring. 
All grow in rich or moist woods, or the last in bogs. 


* Flower sessile; petals and sepals narrow, the former spatulate, dull 
purple. 

T. séssile, Linn. From Penn. to Minn., and S.; leaves sessile, often 
blotched, ovate, or rhomboidal; petals sessile, rather erect, turning 
greenish, long-persisting. 

T. recurvatum, Beck. Differs in having the ovate or obovate leaves 
narrowed at base into a petiole, sepals reflexed, and pointed petals with 
a narrowed base. O., W. and N.W. 


* « Flower raised on a peduncle; petals withering away soon after flow- 
ering. 
+ Peduncle erect or inclined; leaves rhombic-ovate, sessile by a wedge- 
shaped base, abruptly taper-pointed ; petals flat. 


T. eréctum, Linn. Purpre T. or BirtHroor. Not so large as the 
next; the petals (varying from dull dark purple to white or pink) ovate, 
widely spreading, little longer than the sepals, 1/-1}/ long; stigmas stout 
and spreading or recurved ; flowers ill-scented. N. Eng., W. and S. 

T. grandiflorum, Salisb. GreatT-FLOWERED WuitEe T. Flowering 
rather late; handsome, the obovate petals 2'-23! long, much larger than 
the sepals, gradually recurving from an erect base, pure white, in age 
becoming rose-colored ; stigmas very slender and erect, or nearly so. 
Common N. 


+ + Peduncle recurved from the first under the short-petioled or almost 
sessile leaves, not longer than the ovary and recurved white petals. * 


T. cérmuum, Linn. Noppinxe 'T. Leaves rhombic-ovate ; petals oblong, 
ovate, acute, 4/-3/ long; styles separate. N. Eng., W. and 8. 

T. stylosum, Nutt. Upper country N. Car. to Fla.; leaves oblong, 
tapering to both ends; petals oblong, tinged with rose-color, much longer 
and broader than the sepals; styles united at base. 


LILY FAMILY. 441 


e+ + Peduncle nearly erect; leaves rounded at the base and short- 

petioled. 

T. nivale, Riddell. Dwarr Wuite T. From W. Penn., N. W.; very 

early-flowering, 2/-4’ high; leaves oval or ovate, obtuse ; petals oblong, 
obtuse, pure white, 1’ long; styles slender. 

T. erythroc4érpum, Michx. Paintep T. Low woods or bogs N.; 

leaves ovate, taper-pointed ; petals lance-ovate, pointed, wavy, white with 
pink stripes at the base; berry bright red. 


14. MEDEOLA, INDIAN CUCUMBER (from the taste of the tuber- 
ous white and horizontal rootstock; the Latin name from Medéa, the 
sorceress). Flowers early summer. 

M. Virginica, Linn. The only species ; simple stem, 1°-8° high, cot- 
tony when young, bearing near the middle a whorl of 5-9 obovate-lanceo- 

late, thin and veiny, but also parallel-ribbed leaves, and another of 3 


(rarely 4 or 5) much smaller ovate ones at the top, around an umbel of 
a few small recurved-stalked flowers. N. Eng., W. and S. 


ES: COLCHICUM. (The country, Colchis, in Asia Minor.) Flowers 
in autumn ; sends up the lanceolate root leaves the next spring. Spar- 
ingly cult. from Eu. for ornament. 

C. autumnale, Linn. Common C. Mostly with rose-purple or lilac 
flowers ; leaves 6/-12/ long, lanceolate. 


C. variegatum, Linn. Has shorter and wavy leaves, and perianth 
variegated with small purple squares, as if tessellated. 


16. HELONIAS. (Probably from the Greek for swamp, in which the 
species grows.) Flowers spring. 


H. bullata, Linn. Rare and local plant, from N. J. to E. Va., but 
sometimes cult.; very smooth, the tuberous rootstock producing a tuft of 
oblong or lance-spatulate, evergreen leaves, from the center of which 
rises in spring a leafless scape 1°-2° high, bearing the rather handsome 
flowers. 


17. TOFIELDIA, FALSE ASPHODEL. (Tofield was a Yorkshire 
botanist of last century.) 


* Glabrous; pedicels solitary or in pairs, in a raceme. 


T. glabra, Nutt. Stem 1°-3° high, 2-3 leaved ; raceme 2/—8! long, the 
pedicels sometimes in pairs; flowers whitish, small. N. Car., S. 


* * Pubescent, at least above ; pedicels mostly in 3’s. 


T. glutindsa, Willd. Stem 13° or less high, that and the pedicels very 
glutinous with dark glands; leaves broad-linear but short ; perianth re- 
maining soft in withering. Me. to Minn., and S. in the mountains, in 
moist grounds. 

T. pubens, Ait. Taller, roughened with minute glands; leaves narrow 
rae pu ee perianth becoming rigid about the capsule. Pine barrens, 
aN. "9 . 


18. CHAMZILIRIUM, DEVIL’S BIT. (Greek: Ground Lily, the 
genus having been founded upon an undeveloped specimen.) Flowers 
summer. 


C. Carolinanum, Willd. Brazine Star. Low grounds, N. Eng., S. 
and §. W. Rootstock short and abrupt, sending up a stem 19-8° high, 


442 LILY FAMILY. 


bearing flat, lanceolate leaves at base, some shorter ones up the stem, and 
a wand-like spike or raceme of small bractless flowers, the sterile ones, 
from the stamens, appearing yellow. 


19. XBROPHYLLUM. (Greek: arid-leaved, the narrow leaves being 
dry and rigid.) Flowers early summer. 


X. setifdlium, Michx. Pine barrens, N. J.,S.; a striking plant, with 
the aspect of an Asphodel; simple, stout stem rising 2°-4° high from a 
thick or bulb-like base, densely beset at base with very long, needle- 
shaped, rigid, recurving leaves, above with shorter ones, which at length 
are reduced to bristle-like bracts ; the crowded, white flowers showy. 


20. MELANTHIUM. (Greek: black flower, the perianth turning 
darker, yet not black.) Flowers summer. 


* Sepals bearing a double gland on the claw. 


M. Virginicum, Linn. Buncu FLower. Moist grounds, N. Eng., 
S. and W. ; 3°-5° high ; lowest leaves sometimes 1! wide, the upper few 
and small; flowers rather large; the sepals flat, ovate to oblong or 
slightly hastate ; seed 10 in each cell. 

M. latifolium, Desr. Leaves twice broader, rather oblanceolate ; 
sepals undulate ; the claw very narrow ; seeds 4-8 in each cell. Conn., S. 


* * Sepals glandless, oblanceolate. 


M. parvifldrum, Watson. Alleghanies, Va., 8.; stem 2°-5°, naked 
above; leaves oval to oblanceolate; seeds 4-6 in each cell; flowers 
greenish. 


21. VERATRUM, FALSE HELLEBORE. (Old name, from Latin 
vereater, truly black.) Mostly pubescent, stout herbs; the roots yield 
the acrid poisonous veratrin. Flowers summer. 


V. viride, Ait. American Waite HeLLEBoRE, or INDIAN POKE. 
Low grounds, mostly N.; stout stem 2°-4° high, thickly beset with the 
broadly oval or ovate strongly plaited, sheath-clasping leaves; panicle of 
spike-like racemes pyramidal; flowers yellowish-green, turning greener 
with age. 


22. STENANTHIUM. (Name Greek: narrow flower.) Flowers 
summer. 


S. angustifdlium, Gray. Alleghanies, Va., S.; 2°-4° high, very 
slender; the leaves long and narrow (}! or less broad) ; flowers white, 
only }/ long, in a prolonged terminal and many shorter lateral racemes, 
making an ample, light panicle; pod strongly reflexed, with spreading 
beaks. 

S. robtistum, Watson. Stem stout and leafy (8°-5° high) ; the leaves 
3! or less broad; panicle sometimes 2° long; sepals white or green, }/ 
long ; pod erect, with recurved beaks. Penn., S. 


23. ZYGADENUS. (Name in Greek means yoked glands.) Flowers 
summer. 


Z. glabérrimus, Michx. Pine barren bogs, Va., S.; 19-8° high, from 
a running rootstock; leaves rather rigid, keeled, nerved, taper-pointed ; 
panicle many-flowered ; divisions of perianth 3! long, a pair of round 
spots above the narrowed base. 


LILY FAMILY. 443 


Z. élegans, Pursh. Bogs in the Northern States ; 19-3° high, from a 
bulb; leaves flat, pale; flowers rather few; base of perianth coherent 
with that of the ovary, the divisions marked with an inversely heart- 
shaped spot. 

Z. angustifolius, Watson. Pine barrens, N. Car., S.; stem hardly 
bulbous at base, 2’ high; leaves narrow, acute, pale; seeds linear, not 
fleshy ; perianth free from the ovary. 


24. AMIANTHIUM, FLY POISON. (Name, from the Greek, al- 
ludes to the flowers destitute of the spots or glands of Melanthium and 
Zygadenus.) Flowers summer, turning greenish or purplish with age. 


A. muscetéxicum, Gray. Broap-teavep F. Open woods from 
N. J., S.; with a rather large bulb at the base of the stem, bearing many 
broadly linear (5/-1'! wide) blunt leaves; raceme dense; flowers rather 
large ; seeds few, red, and fleshy. 


25. LILIUM, LILY. (The classical Latin name, from the Greek.) 
The following are the commonest types, wild and cultivated. (Les. 
sons, Figs. 107, 108, 109, 110, 309.) 


* Perianth funnel-form, the segments oblanceolate ; leaves linear or lance- 
olate, sessile, or nearly so; flowers chiefly white in ours. 


+ Leaves scattered. 


L. longiflorum, Thunb. Lone-rLowErep Wuite L. Japan and China; 
1°-3° high, with lanceolate leaves, and a single horizontal funnel-form 
flower, 5’ or 6’ long, the narrow tubular portion longer than the rather 
widely spreading portion ; leaves shining-green, 5-nerved, linear to lance- 
olate. Var. Exfmium (L. Harrfsi of florists), Easter Lity, is a rather 
more showy form used for forcing. 

L. Jap6nicum, Thunb. (L. opdrum). Japan Wuite L, Cult. from 
Japan; 2° high, with mostly only one flower, which is nodding and 
larger than in the foregoing, below connivent into a narrower tube, and 
above with the divisions more widely spreading ; leaves dark green, longer 
and broader (often #/ wide) than the last. L. Brownir is a taller form 
with larger flowers, more leaves, the flowers often 3 or 4 together, and 
purple on the outside. 

L. cGndidum, Linn. Common Wuirte Lity. From S, Eu. vo Persia ; 
with lanceolate leaves, and few or many, small (2/-3/ long), bell-shaped 
flowers, smooth inside, sometimes double ; stem 2°-3°, with many spread- 
ing, mostly linear leaves. Flowers sometimes colored outside. 


+ + Leaves more or less verticillate. 


L. Washingtonidnum, Kellogg. Stem 3°-5° high, with many oblanceo- 
late leaves ; flowers horizontal or nearly so, white but becoming purplish, 
very fragrant, 2/-4/ long, in racemes 1° long; segments not recurved. 
Ore. and Cal. 


* « Perianth open-funnel-shaped, nodding, the segments widest below the 
middle and widely spreading ; leaves sessile or short-stalked ; flowers 
speckled or spotted in ours. 

+ Leaves sessile. 


L. tigrinum, Ker. Tiger Bureeer-Bearine L. Stem 4°-5° high, 
cottony ; leaves lanceolate, scattered, with bulblets in the axils; flowers 
mostly nodding, panicled, numerous, very showy, orange-red, the divis- 
ions about 4! long, black-spotted inside, the divisions without claws, 
rolled back. China and Japan. (Lessons, Fig. 110.) 


444 LILY FAMILY. 


~ + Leaves short-stalked. 


L. specidsum, Thunb. Stem 1°-3° high; leaves scattered, lance-ovate 
or oblong, pointed, slightly petioled ; flowers few, odorous, the strongly 
revolute divisions about 5! long, white or pale rose-color, with prominent 
purple warty projections inside ; now of many varieties. Japan. 

L. auratum, Lindl, GoLpEN-BaANDED L. Japan; stem 1°9-2° high; 
leaves lanceolate, scattered ; flowers 1-3, barely nodding, sweet-scented, 
very large, the ovate-lanceolate divisions 6’ or more long, spreading almost 
from the base and the tips revolute, white, with a light yellow band down 
the middle of the upper face, which is spotted all over with prominent 
purple spots and rough with bristly projections near the base ; one of the 
most showy species, in many forms. 


* * * Perianth open and erect, the segments falcate-expanded (rarely 
somewhat revolute); flowers orange or scarlet. 


+ Leaves mostly verticillate. 


L. Philadélphicum, Linn. Witp OrancGe-Rep Lity. Dry land, 
N. Eng., W. and S.; 19-29 high, with lanceolate or lance-linear leaves 
nearly all in whorls of 5-8, and 1-3 open-bell-shaped, reddish-orange 
flowers 24!-3/ long, spotted inside with dark purple, the divisions widely 
separate and on slender claws. 


+ + Leaves few or scattered. 
++ Stem slender, terete, and glabrous. 


L. Catesbei, Walt. Sournern Rep L. 19°-2° high, with scattered, 
linear-lanceolate leaves, a solitary and large, nearly scarlet flower; the 
oblong-lanceolate divisions wavy-margined, recurving above, 3/-4! long, 
with very slender claws, crimson-spotted on a yellow ground within. Pine 
barrens, N. Car. and Mo., 8. 


++ ++ Stem stouter, furrowed, mostly loosely cobwebby. 


L. bulbiferum, Linn. BuLexiet-pearine L. Cult. in old gardens, from 
Eu.; 14°-8° high, producing bulblets in the axils of the lanceolate irregu- 
larly scattered leaves, and few reddish-orange flowers, the divisions 2/—23! 
long, with some rough brownish projections inside at base, but hardly 
spotted, without claws, conniving at the broad base, the upper part 
spreading. 

L. créceum, Chaix. Stem 3°-6°, purple-spotted above, the 3-5-nerved 
leaves linear and squarose ; flowers (in cult. forms) several in a deltoid- 
umbellate raceme, the segments 2/3! long, exterior ones oblong-lanceo- 
late with a spatulate base, interior ones ovate-lanceolate with a distinctly 
clawed base, all of a beautiful golden color and scarlet-tinted. Eu. Once 
common in gardens. 

L. élegans, ‘Thunb. A Japanese Lily, now much cultivated under a 
variety of forms and names ; stem often only 1° high, with broad (1! wide) 
leaves 5-7-nerved, lanceolate ; flowers 1-4 and terminal, expanding to 5! 
or 6! across, the oblong-spatulate, obtuse segments 3/—4! long, all (in the 
type) pale scarlet, red, and not spotted. 


* * *% * Perianth very open or spreading, erect, with strongly reflexed seg- 
ments ; flowers mostly in colors. 
+ Leaves verticillate. 
++ Bulbs producing rhizomes. 


L. Canadénse, Linn. Canapa L. Rhizomes slender; stem 2°-5° 
high, bearing few or several long-peduncled flowers ; leaves lanceolate, 
all in remote whorls, their edges and nerves minutely rough ; divisions 


LILY FAMILY. 445 


of the flower 2’-3! long, recurved-spreading abov2 the middle; capsule 
top-shaped and obtuse ; moist meadows ; the commonest wild Lily N. 

L. supérbum, Linn. American Turx’s-cap L. Stem 3/-7! high, 
bearing few or many flowers in a pyramidal panicle ; leaves lanceolate, 
smooth, lower ones whorled, scattered ; divisions of the flower strongly 
rolled backwards, about 3/ long. 

Var. Carolinianum, Chapm. In the low country S ; 2°-8° high, with 
broader leaves and only 1-3 flowers more variegated with yellow. 

L. pardalinum, Kellogg. Rhizomes thick and branching ; leaves flat 
and smooth, narrowly lanceolate to linear, the middle ones in whorls of 
9-15; flowers 3-6 in a corymb or lax umbel, bright orange-red and lighter 
yellow in the center, 2/-3/ long, the segments strongly revolute ; capsule 
oblong and acutish. Central Cal., N.; cult. in various forms. 


++ ++ Bulbs not rhizomatous. 


L. Humbdl/dtii, Roezl. & Leicht. Cal.; a handsome species 4°-5° high, 
with red-spotted stems; leaves in a few 10-15-leaved whorls, oblanceo- 
late, undulate and somewhat scabrous ; flowers several or many in a deltoid 
panicle, 3/-4! long, reddish-orange, the acute segments strongly revolute 
and the outer ones narrowed abruptly into a short broad claw. 

L. MGrtagon, Linn. Turk’s-car or Marracon L. Eu.; 3°-5° high, 
with lance-oblong leaves in whorls, their edges rough, and a panicle of 
rather small but showy, light violet-purple or flesh-color (rarely white) 
‘lowers, dotted with small, brown-purple spots. 


+ + Leaves few or scattered. 
++ Lanceolate many-nerved leaves. 


LE monadé/phum, M. Bieb. Variable species from the Caucasus and 
Persia ; 3°-5° high, stout; leaves ciliate, ascending ; flowers bright pale 
yellow, with light red at the base, 2/-4! long, 20-30 of them in a tall 
pyramidal cluster. Grown also as L. Cotcuicum and L. Szovfrstanum. 


++ ++ Narrow-linear 1- or few-nerved leaves. 


L. testdceum, Lindl. Unknown wild, and probably a hybrid of L. can- 
didum and L. Chalcedonicum ; stem 49-5° high, furrowed, lightly brown- 
puberulent; leaves many, ascending, obscurely 3-6-nerved, the margins 
often whitish-puberulent ; flowers yellow tinged with dull red, 2/-3/ long, 
3-10 of them in a thyrsoid raceme, the broad (?/-1') segments minutely 
red-punctate near the base and strongly revolute. ° 

L. Pompénium, Linn. Turspan L. Eu.; slender, with scattered and 
crowded lance-linear or lance-awl-shaped leaves, and several small orange- 
red or scarlet (rarely white) flowers, their lanceolate acute divisions some- 
what bearded inside. This and the next small-flowered, and not common 
in gardens. 

L. Chalced6nicum, Linn. Rep L. Stem thickly beset with scattered, 
narrow, lance-linear, erect leaves, their margins rough-pubescent ; flowers 
several, scarlet or vermilion, the narrow divisions bearded towards the 
base within, not spotted. Southeastern Eu. 


26. FRITILLARIA. (Latin: fritillus, a dice-box, from the shape of 
the flower, which differs from a Lily in its more cup-shaped outline, the 
divisions not spreading.) Flowers spring. 


F. Meleagris, Linn. Gu1NeA-HEN Firower. Cult. from Eu.; 1° high, 
with linear alternate leaves, mostly solitary terminal flower purplish, 
tessellated with blue and purple or whitish; the honey-bearing spot 
Darrow. 

F. imperialis, Linn. Crown-tmprriav. Cult. from Asia; a stately 
herb of early spring, 3°-4° high, rather thickly beset along the middle 


446 LILY FAMILY. 


with lanceolate or lance-oblong, bright green leaves, more or less in 
whorls ; flowers several, hanging in a sort of umbel under the terminal 
crown or tuft of leaves, large, orange-yellow, or sometimes almost crim- 
son, a round pearly gland on the base of each division ; pod 6-angled. 


27. TULIPA, TULIP. (Name from the Turkish word for turban, 
which the flower sometimes resembles.) Flowers spring and early 
summer; much mixed in cultivation. Following are the cbief types. 


* Flower white, funnel-form or narrow-campanulate; leaves linear ; 
bulb pilose. 


T. Clusiana, Vent. Lavy Turip. Slender species, 12/-18/ high, with 
four or five long-linear and channeled leaves; flower delicate white, red- 
tinged on the outside, and a black-purple base, the narrow segments 
bluntish ; filaments and anthers black. Mediterranean region. 


* * Flower mostly in shades of red or yellow, bell-form; leaves broad ; 
bulb nearly or quite glabrous. 


+ Perianth segments all acuminate. 


T. suavéolens, Roth. Duc Van Tuox T, An early-flowering Tulip of 
dwarf habit, from the Caspian region ; perianth large, with the six oblong 
segments all alike, fragrant, in shades of red and yellow; peduncle 
downy ; leaves few, very broad. 

T. acuminata, Vahl. Turxisa T. Flower variable in color, mostly 
red, 3/-4/ long, the segments very long-acuminate-pointed ; peduncle 
glabrous ; leaves 3-6, broad. Native country unknown. 

T. ELeGaANs is a garden form (probably hybrid of T. suaveolens and T. 
Gesneriana, with a minutely downy peduncle, campanulate perianth 3/—4! 
long, which is bright red with a yellow eye, the segments acute-pointed. 

T. RETROFLEXA, an evident hybrid of T. acuminata and T. Gesneriana, 
has bright yellow flowers, about 3/ long, the oblong segments gradually 
narrowed to a point ; stamens yellow. 


. + Perianth segments all very obtuse, with a small cusp in the center. 


T. Gesneriana, Linn. Common T. Parent of most of the common late- 
flowering sorts, from Asia Minor; leaves 3-6 and broad; peduncle gla- 
brous ; flower large, very variable in color. T. FULGENs is a form with 
bright red flowers with a yellow eye. The Parrot Tuxips, with long, 
lcose and fringed segments, are var. DRACONTIA. 


28. CALOCHORTUS, MARIPOSA LILY. (Greek: beautiful grass.) 
Californian plants of many species, some now becoming frequent in 
cultivation. Glands at the base of the perianth. 


* Inner perianth segments strongly arched and pitted, the glands with a 
transverse scale or fringe. 


C. Glbus, Dougl. Stem 1°-3°, branching, the nodding flowers white, 
with a purplish base ; inner segments acute, 1’ long, bearded and ciliate. 

C. pulchéllus, Dougl. Stem 1°-2° high, branching, the nodding flower 
yellow or orange; inner segments bearded and ciliate, deeply pitted. 


* « Flowers open-campanulate (segments not arched), the glands densely 
hairy but without scales. 


C. lQteus, Dougl. Stem bulbiferous at the base, 1-6-flowered; leaves 
narrow; outer segments narrow-lanceolate, yellow with a brown spot; 
inner segments yellow or orange, lined with brownish purple. Variable. 

C. vendstus, Benth. Differs in having white or pale lilac inner seg- 
ments with a reddish spot at the top, a brownish yellcw-bordered center, 
and a brownish base, | 


LILY FAMILY. 447 


29. ERYTHRONIUM, DOGTOOTH VIOLET. (Name from the 
Greek word for red.) Flowers spring. 


EB. Americanum, Ker. YeE.Litow D. or ApprEr’s Toncue. Moist or 
low woods, very common E.; leaves oblong-lanceolate, mottled and dotted 
with dark-purplish and whitish; flower light yellow. 

E. albidum, Nutt. Wuire D. N. J., W.; leaves less or not at all 
spotted ; flower bluish-white. 


30. BRODIZA. (J. J. Brodie, a botanist of Scotland.) Several spe- 
cies upon the Pacific coast, several of them occasionally cultivated, but 
only the following species, from S. Amer., is common in gardens. 


B. uniflora. (TRiTeELEta, or Mitta, UNIFLORA). STAR FLOWER. 
Scape 4/-14! high, 1-flowered (very rarely 2-flowered), with a sheathing 
spathe below the flower, the latter pale violet or almost white with a 
purple stripe in the center of each oblong blunt-pointed segment, 1/-13/ 
long ; leaves several, flat and grass-like, striate, glaucous, as long as the 
scape. Often confounded with the next. 


31. MILLA. (J. Milla, a Spanish gardener.) 


M. bifléra, Cav. Scape smooth, 4/-12! high, bearing 1-5 nearly equal 
pedicels 3/-6/ long; perianth 13/-2! long, snow-white inside but greenish 
outside ; leaves nearly terete and rough. Mexico. 


32. ALLIUM, ONION, LEEK, GARLIC, ete. (Ancient Latin name.) 
Taste and odor alliaceous. 


* Leaves broad and flat ; flowers white, in summer. 


A. tricéccum, Ait. Witp Leek. Rich wocds N.; bulbs clustered, 
large, pointed, sending up in spring 2 or 3 large, lance-oblong, flat leaves, 
and after they wither, in summer, a many-flowered umbel on a naked 
scape. 

A. Moly, Linn. Gotpen Gartic. Cult. for ornament in some gardens; 
leaves broadly lanceolate ; scape 1° high ; flowers numerous, large, golden 
yekow. * * Leaves linear, grass-like, or awl-like, not hollow. 

+ Umbel nodding. 


A. cémuum, Roth. Banks, through the Alleghany region and N. W.; 
scape angular, 19-2° long, often nodding at the apex; pedicels of the 
loose, many-flowered umbel drooping; flowers light rose-color; leaves 
linear, sharply keeled on the back, channeled. 


++ Umbel erect. 


A. mutdbile, Michx. Dry sandy soil N. Car., S.; scape 1° high, 
terete, bearing an umbel of white flowers changing to rose-color; leaves 
narrow, concave; bulb coated with a fibrous network. 

A. sativum, Linn. Garpen Garuic. Bulbs clustered, pointed; leaves 
lance-linear, keeled ; flowers few, purple, or bulblets in their place ; fila- 
ments all broad and 38-cleft. Eu. 

A. Pérrum, Linn. Garpen Lrerex. Bulb elongated, single; leaves 
broadly linear, keeled or folded ; flowers in a head, white, with some rose- 
colored stripes ; 3 of the filaments 3-forked. Eu. 


* * * Leaves terete and hollow. 
+ Bulbs cespitose, crowning a rhizome; the plant, therefore, tufted. 


A. Schcenéprasum, Linn. Curves. Low, in mats ; leaves awl-shaped, 
equaling the scape ; flowers purple-rose-color, its divisions lanceolate and 


448 LILY FAMILY. 


pointed, long; filaments simple. Cult. for flavoring, and also wild on our 
northern borders. 
+ + Bulbs distinct, the plant not tufted. 


A. vinedle, Linn. Fireitp or Crow Gartic. A weed from Eu. in gar- 
dens and waste low grounds; slender scape sheathed to the middle by 
the hollow thread-shaped leaves, which are grooved down the upper side ; 
flowers greenish-rose-color ; often their place is occupied by bulblets. 

A. Ascalénicum, Linn. Suartot. Bulb with oblong offsets; leaves 
awl-shaped ; flowers lilac-purple; 3 of the filaments 38-forked. Old 
World. 

A. Cépa, Linn. Onion. Bulb depressed, large, sometimes making 
offsets; leaves much shorter than the hollow, inflated scape; flowers 
white, or bulblets in their place. Persia. 

A. fistulésum, Linn. WertsH Onion, CrpouLr. Differs from the last 
in forming no distinct bulb, the numerous glaucous leaves somewhat 
clustered. ‘The leaves are used for soups and flavoring. Siberia. 


33. NOTHOSCORDUM. (Greek: false garlic.) 


N. striatum, Kunth. Low pine barrens and prairies, Va. to IIl., and 
S.; scape and leaves 6/-12! high, the latter involute and striate on the 
back ; flowers 3-10 in the umbel; ovules and seeds several in each cell; 
flowers nearly white, in spring. 


34. ORNITHOGALUM, STAR-OF-BETHLEHEM. (Name in Greek 
means bird’s-milk, a current expression for some marvelous thing.) 
Flowers early summer. 


* Flowers nodding in a loose unilateral raceme. 


0. ndtans, Linn. Scape 8’-16! high; flowers 5 or 6, 1! long, on very 
short pedicels, white with green on the under side. Cult., and sparingly 
escaped E. S. Eu. 


* « Flowers erect in racemes or corymbs. 


0. umbellatum, Linn. Common S. or Ten-o’ctock. From Eu.; in old 
gardens and escaped into some low meadows ; leaves long and grass-like ; 
flowers bright white within, green outside, opening in the sun, on slender 
stalks. 

0. Ardbicum, Linn. Mediterranean region, now frequent in green- 
houses; scape stout, 19-2°, with a 6-12-flowered, rounded or deltoid 
raceme ; leaves flat, 1/ or less broad; flowers large, white, with a black 
center, odorous. 

0. caudatum, Ait. Sra Onton. Scape terete and often 3! high, with 
30-100 small, greenish-white flowers in a long raceme ; leaves few, fleshy, 
flat, strap-shaped and long-pointed. Cape of Good Hope. Conservato- 
ries and window gardens. 


35. SCILLA, SQUILL. (The ancient name.) Several species are in 
cultivation ; the commonest is 
S. Sibirica, Andr. Scapes several from each bulb, 3/-8! high, 2 to 3- 
flowered in earliest spring; leaves 2 to 4, narrow-strap-shaped and finely 
striate ; flowers deep blue, #/ or less long, often slightly drooping, on 
short stalks, the acute segments widely spreading. Russia and Siberia. 


36. CAMASSIA, CAMASS. (From the Indian name.) 


C. Fraseri, Torr. Witp Hyracrinrno, QuamasH. Moist banks and 
prairies from W. Penn., W. and S. W.; scape and linear-keeled leaves 1° 
high ; flowers pale blue, in a long loose raceme, in spring. 


LILY FAMILY. 449 


37. CHIONODOXA. (Greek: glory of the show, referring to the 
early flowering.) 


C. Lucilie, Boiss. A pretty little bulbous plant from Asia Minor: 
scape 6! high, bearing a raceme of 3 to 6, and sometimes more, flowers 
which are deep blue shading to white in the center (a variety is white- 
flowered), the acute segments widely spreading or even recurved, and ex- 
panding to nearly 1’ across; leaves narrow. 


38. MUSCARI, GRAPE or GLOBE HYACINTH. (Name from the 
musky scent of the flowers in one species.) Flowers spring. 


M. botryoides, Mill. Common Grape Hyacintu of country gardens, 
escaping into lawns and fields; a pretty little plant, sending up in early 
spring its narrow linear leaves, and a scape (5/-7’ high) bearing a dense 
raceme of globular deep blue flowers which are barely }/ long, resembling 
minute grapes, scentless. Eu. 

M. moschatum, Willd. Musk Hyacrintu. Glaucous, with larger and 
ovoid-oblong, livid, musky-scented flowers, and linear-lanceolate shorter 
leaves. Asia Minor. 

M. comésum, Mill. Larger, 9! high, with violet-colored oblong flowers, 
on longer pedicels in a loose raceme, the uppermost in a tuft and abor- 
tive ; the monstrous variety most cultivated produces, later in the season, 
from the tufted apex of the scape a large panicled mass of abortive, con- 
torted, bright blue branchlets, of a striking and handsome appearance. 
S. Eu. 


39. HYACIN THUS, HYACINTH. (Mythological name.) The so- 
called H. cAnpicans, of gardens, a plant 4°-6° high and bearing 20 to 
100 bell-shaped, creamy flowers, is GaLTOnIA cANDICANS, Decne., of S. 
Africa. 


H. orientalis, Linn. Common H. Of the Levant, with its raceme of 
blue flowers, is the parent of numberless cultivated varieties, of divers 
colors, single, and double ; tube of the perianth more or less ventricose, 
the segments oblong-spatulate. Flowers spring. 

Var. G/bulus, Baker, of S. France, is the parent of the Roman Hya- 
cintus. It is slenderer, with more erect leaves, flowers small and whit, 
and the tube scarcely ventricose, bearing oblong segments. 


40. AGAPANTHUS. (Of Greek words for amiable flower.) One 
species. 

A. umbell/atus, L’ Her. A handsome house plant, turned out blooms in 
summer ; leaves large, bright-green (a variegated variety), 19-2° long ; 
scape 14°-2° high, bearing an umbel of pretty large blue flowers. There 
are many garden forms, varying chiefly in color of flowers (some white) 
and size of plant. Cape of Good Hope. 


41. HEMEROCALLIS, DAY LILY. (Name, in Greek, means beaut) 
of a day, the large flower ephemeral.) Cult. from the Old World, 
especially in country gardens; the first species escaped into roadsides ; 
flowers summer. 

H. filva, Linn. Common Day Liny. A familiar, rather coarse and 
tall plant, with broadish linear leaves and tawny orange flower, the inner 
divisions wavy and obtuse. 

H. flava, Linn. Yrttow D. Less coarse, with narrower leaves and 


clear light yellow, fragrant flowers, the inner divisions acute. Less com- 
mon than the other, but handsomer. 


GRAY’S F. F. & G. BOT. — 29 


450 LILY FAMILY. 


42. PHORMIUM, NEW ZEALAND FLAX. (Greek: basket, from 
the use made of the fiber.) 
P. ténax, Linn. Neariy hardy N., but does not flower; the very firm, 
finely nerved, linear, evergreen leaves (a variegated variety) tufted on 


matted rootstocks, strongly keeled, conduplicate below, nearly flat above, 
yielding a very strong fiber for cordage. New Zealand. 


43. KNIPHOFIA. (Johann H. Kniphof, a German physician of the 
last century.) Flowers unpleasantly scented, showy, in autumn. 

K. aloides, Moench. (or Triroma UvArtia). Rep-Hor Poker PLAnt, 
or Frame Frower. Ornamental in autumn, the scape rising from the 
thick clumps of long grassy leaves 3° or 4° high, the cylindrical spike or 
raceme producing a long succession of flowers, which are at first erect 
and coral-red ; soon they hang over and change to orange and at length 
to greenish yellow. Roots half hardy N. Cape of Good Hope. 


44. FUNKIA. (Named for H. Funck, a German botanist.) Orna- 
mental, hardy plants with large cordate-ovate ribbed leaves in clumps, 
cult. from Japan and China; flowers summer. 

F. subcordata, Spreng. Wuire Day Lity. The species with long, 
white, and tubular-funnel-form flowers. 


F. ovata, Spreng. Buivue D. (F. ceartrea). With smaller, more nod- 
ding, blue or violet flowers, abruptly expanded above the narrow tube. 


45. ASPHODELUS, ASPHODEL. (Ancient name.) The A. 1v- 
TEus of gardens is ASPHODELINE LUTEA, Reichb., from Eu., distin- 
guished from the true asphodels chiefly by the leafy stem and yellow 
flowers. The ones seen in gardens are: 

A. fistulésus, Linn. Leaves hollow, striate and awl-like; stem 16/-20: 
high. Eu. 

A. G/bus, Willd. Leaves linear and keeled; peduncles clustered. Eu. 


46. SCHCENOLIRION. (Greek: rush lily.) We have two species 
in Georgia and Florida. 

S. crdceum, Gray. Stem 1° high, very slender; raceme 1/-4! long, 
simple ; bracts ovate and somewhat obtuse, purple ; flowers yellow tinged 
with red, the segments narrow. 

S. Elliéttii, Feay. Stouter, 2° high; racemes mostly panicled, each 
becoming 2/-4! long; bracts ovate or acuminate ; flowers white, the seg- 
ments oval and 5-nerved. 


47. PARADISEA. (Paradise, of which this very ordinary plant is 
supposed to be a fit inhabitant.) The genus AnrHericum (including 

” PHatAncium) differs from this in its rotate perianth, 4-8-ovuled cells, 
often angular pod, and the anthers attached between their basal lobes 
(in Paradisea, attached on the back). There are two or three species 
sometimes found in gardens, chiefly the European A. LirrAco, Linn., 
with stem sparingly branched. carge white flowers (1/-13! across) and 
curved style; and A. ramdsum, Linn., with more branching stems, 
smaller flowers and a straight style. 
P. Lili€strum, Bertol. Sr. Bruno’s Liry. Stems or scapes simple, 1° 

2° high, bearing 10-20 white, bell-like, fragrant flowers, nearly or quite 


LILY FAMILY. 451 


2! long; segments with a greenish spot on the point; leaves narrow and 
flat, all radical. S. Eu.; the only species. 


48. ALOE. (Name from the Arabic.) A large and difficult genus of 
succulent mostly S. African plants. Probably the commonest is 


A. variegata, Linn. Leaves ascending and lanceolate, 4’—5! long, con- 
cave above and keeled below, denticulate, green spotted with gray and 
margined with white ; flowers 14’ long, reddish, in a simple loose raceme 
3’-4! long ; scape 1° or less high. 


49. YUCCA, BEAR GRASS, SPANISH BAYONET. (American 
aboriginal name.). Cult. for ornament, but only the nearly stemless 
species is really hardy N. Flowers summer, large ; and whole plant ot 
striking appearance. The common ones, under various names and 
varieties, mainly belong to the following: 


«x Trunk short, covered with leaves, rising only a foot or two above the 
ground ; flowering stalk scape-like ; pod dry. 


Y. filamentdsa, Pursh. Common Bear Grass, or ADAM’s NEEDLE. 
From Md. S.; leaves lanceolate, 19-2° long, spreading, moderately rigid, 
tipped with a weak prickly point, the smooth edges bearing thread-like 
filaments ; scape 3°-6° high; flowers white or pale cream-color, some- 
times tinged purplish. 

Y. angustifolia, Pursh. Smaller, with erect and narrow linear leaves, 
few threads on their white margins, and yellowish-white flowers. 
S. Dak., S. 


* * Trunk arborescent, 2°-8° high in wild plants on the sands of the coast 
S., or much higher in conservatories, naked below; no threads to the 
leaves. 


Y. gloridsa, Linn. Trunk low, generally simple ; leaves coriaceous, 
smooth-edged, slender-spiny tipped, 1°-2° long, 1/-14! wide ; flowers white, 
or purplish-tinged outside, in a short-peduncled panicle. N. Car., 8. 

Y. aloifdlia, Linn. Spanish Bayonet. Trunk 4°-20° high, branch- 
ing when old; leaves very rigid, strongly spiny-tipped, with very rough- 
serrulate, saw-like edges, 2° or more long, 14/-2! wide ; the short panicle 
nearly sessile. N. Car. S. 


50. CORDYLINE. (Greek: club, referring to the shape of the roots 
in some species.) Various species in choice conservatories, commonly 
known as Drac@nas, cultivated for the foliage, which is often hand. 
somely colored. 


C. indivisa, Steud. Leaves 2°-4° long, and only an inch or two broad, 
long-tapering, curving, dark green. New Zealand. 

C. australis, Hook. f. Hardier; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 2°-3° long 

and 2/-4! broad, prominently striate. New Zealand. 
'-€. Banksii, Hook. f. Stem trunk-like and becoming several feet high ; 
leaves long-lanceolate (4°-6° long), finely striate, with several prominent 
veins or ribs ; fiowers white. New Zealand; an excellent species, but not 
yet very common. 

C. terminalis, Kunth. The commonest one in cultivation, from tropical 
Asia; leaves 19-2° long, lanceolate and coriaceous, narrowed to both 
ends, green, bronze or crimson, clustered near the ends of the branches 
or the top of the trunk (the latter ordinarily 4° or less high) ; flowers 
in branched panicles. Parent of most garden Draca@Nnas. C. CANNA- 
FOLIA is a form of this. 


452 PICKEREL WEED FAMILY. 


CXX. PONTEDERIACEH, PICKEREL WEED FAMILY. 


A few water plants, with perfect and more or less irregular 
flowers from a spathe, the perianth with 6 petal-like divisions 
and free from the 3-celled ovary ; stamens 3 or 6, unequal or 
dissimilar, inserted in the throat of the perianth; style 1, the 
stigma 3- or 6-lobed or toothed. 


* Stamens 6; perianth funnel-form. 


1, PONTEDERIA. Flowers in a terminal spike. Perianth of 6 divisions irregularly united 
below in a tube, the 3 most united forming an upper lip of 3 lobes, the others more 
spreading and with more or less separate or lightly cohering claws forming the lower 
lip, open only for a day, rolling up from the apex downwards as it closes; the 6-ribbed 
base thickening, turning green, and inclosing the fruit. Stamens 6, the 3 lower in the 
throat, with incurved filaments ; the 3 upper lower down and shorter, often imperfect. 
Ovary 3-celled, 2 cells empty, one with a hanging ovule. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded 
utricle. 

EICHHORNIA. Differs in having the flowers spicate-racemose or paniculate, the 3 
cells of the ovary all developing and each many-ovuled, the upper stamens included 
and the lower ones exserted. Plant (in ours) floating free. 


no 
. 


x x Stamens 3: perianth salver-form. 


8. HETERANTHERA. Flowers 1-few from a spathe which bursts from the sheathing 
side or base of a petiole. Perianth tube slender, the limb nearly equally parted and 
ephemeral. Capsule 1-celled or incompletely 3-celled, many-seeded. 


1. PONTEDERIA, PICKEREL WEED. (J. Pontedera, an early 
Italian botanist. ) 


P. cordata, Linn. Common P. Everywhere in shallow water; stem 
{°-2° high, naked below, above bearing a single, petioled, heart-shaped 
ana oblong or lance-arrow-shaped, obtuse leaf, and a spike of purplish- 
blue, small flowers ; upper lobe with a conspicuous yellowish-green spot ; 
flowers allsummer. 2/ 


2. EICHHORNIA. (J. A. F. Eichhorn, a German.) 


E. specidsa, Kunth. (E. crAssipes, PONTEDERIA AZUREA). From S. 
Amer., now frequent in greenhouses, and in lily ponds in summer; leaf 
blade nearly orbicular, shining green, the petiole terete and swollen mid- 
way into a hollow bladder; flower large (14’ long), violet, several in a 
raceme ; roots feather-like and purplish, free in the water. 


3. HETERANTHERA, MUD PLANTAIN. (Greek: unlike anthers.) 


* Stamens unequal, the two posterior with ovate yellow anthers, the other 
longer with an oblong or sagittate greenish anther. 


H. renifé6rmis, Ruiz. & Pav. In mud or shallow water, Conn., S. and 
W.; with floating, round-kidney-shaped leaves on long petioles, and 3-5 
ephemeral white flowers, their perianth with a slender tube, bearing 6 
nearly equal divisions. 

H. limodsa, Vahl. In mud, Va., S.and W.; distinguished by its oblong 
or lance-oblong leaves, and solitary, larger, blue flower. 


* * Stamens all alike, with sagittate anthers. 


H. (or ScHOLi“ERA) graminea, Vahl. Water Star Grass. A grass- 
i > vi j ds ith 
lixe weed growing under water in streams, from N. Eng., W. andS., wit 


SPIDERWORT FAMILY. 453 


branching stems beset with linear, pellucid, sessile leaves ; the flower with 
a slender, pale yellow perianth, of 6 narrow, equal divisions raised to the 
surface on a very slender tube. 


CXXI. COMMELINACEA, SPIDERWORT FAMILY. 


Herbs with mucilaginous juice, jointed and mostly branch 
ing leafy stems, and perfect sometimes irregular flowers, hav- 
ing a perianth of usually 3 green and persistent sepals, and 3 
ephemeral petals (these commonly melt into jelly the night 
after expansion); 6 stamens, some of them often imperfect, 
and a free 2-3-celled ovary; style and stigma one. Pod 2-3- 
celled, few-seeded. Leaves ovate to linear, flat, sheathing at 
the base. Not aquatic, the greater part tropical. 


x Perfect stamens 3, the other 3 with sterile cross-shaped anthers. 


1. COMMELINA. Flowers blue, irregular. Sepals unequal, 2 of them sometimes united 
by their contiguous margins. Two of the petals rounded and on slender claws, the 
odd one smaller or abortive. Filaments naked. Leaves abruptly contracted and 
sheathing at base, the uppermost forming a spathe for the flowers. 


x x Stamens all 6 perfect, or rarely | imperfect. 


2. TRADESCANTIA. Flowers regular. Petals all alike and distinct, ovate, sessile. Sta- 
mens with bearded tilaments. Ovary 2-3-celled, the cells 2-ovuled. Erect herbs with 
flowers in axillary and terminal umbellate clusters or heads (Lessons, Fig. 330). 

8. ZEBRINA. Flowers irregular. Calyx tubular below, either equally 3-parted, or 2-parted 
above and a broader lobe below. Corolla with a slender tube longer than the calyx, 
the lobes ovate and spreading, subequal. Filaments nude or bearded. Ovary 3-celled, 
each cell 1-2-ovyuled. ‘Trailing or scandent herbs, with flowers mostly in 2’s. 


1. COMMELINA, DAY FLOWER. (J. & G. Commelin, early Dutch 
botanical authors. A third brother published nothing. In naming this 
genus for them, Linneus is understood to have designated the two 
former by the full-developed petals, the latter by the smaller or abortive 
petal.) Ours are branching perennials, or continued by rooting from 
the joints ; in alluvial or moist shady soil; flowers all summer. 


* Cells 1-seeded ; seeds smooth. 


C. erécta, Linn. Stem slender and low; leaves lin_ar ; cells all dehis- 
cent. ~Fenn., 8. 

C. Virginica, Linn. S.N. Y., S. and W.; stems reclining and root- 
ing at base; leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrower ; spathes scattered, 
conduplicate, round-heart- shaped when laid open; odd petal inconspicu- 
ous ; dorsal cell indehiscent, scabrous. 


* * Ventral cells usually 2-seeded (2-ovuled), and the dorsal one 1-seeded. 


C. nudifldra, Linn. Slender and creeping, glabrous ; leaves small and 
lanceolate ; margins of the cordate-ovate spathe not united ; seeds reticu- 
lated. Del. to Ind., and 8S. 

C. hirtélla, Vahi. Stem erect (2°-4°) and stout ; lcaves larger, lance- 
olate, the sheaths brown-bearded ; margins of the spathe united ; seeds 
smooth. Penn., W. and S. 


454 WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY. 


2. TRADESCANTIA, SPIDERWORT. (Named for the gardener. 
botanist Tradescant.) Leaves sheathed at the base. 2 
* Umbels sessile at the end of the stem and branches between a pair of 
leaves, or later also in the lower axils ; flowering in summer. 


T. Virginica, Linn. W.N. Y., W. and S.; also in gardens; leaves 
lance-linear, tapering regularly from the base to the point, ciliate ; umbels 
terminal ; flowers blue, in garden varieties purple or white. There are 
forms with broader leaves, lower stature, and pubescent stems and leaves. 

* * Umbels one or two on a naked peduncle. 

T. rdsea, Vent. Sandy woods, Md., S. and W.; slender, 6/-12’ high, 

smooth, with linear, grass-like leaves, and rose-colored flowers 3! wide. 


3. ZEBRINA. (Name refers to the stripes often present on the leaves.) 


Z. péndula, Schnitzl. (TrRaprEscANTIA zEBRINA and T. TRfCOLOR). 
Wanpberinc Jew. Common in greenhouses and window baskets , 
spreads by branching and rooting freely; the lance-ovate or oblong 
rather succulent leaves crimson beneath, and green or purplish above, 
often variegated with two broad stripes of silvery white. Mexico. 2 


CXXII. ALISMACEH, WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY. 


Marsh herbs, with flowers on scapes or scape-like stems, in 
panicles, racemes, or spikes, with distinct calyx and corolla, 
viz. 8 persistent green sepals and 3 conspicuous white petals, 
and many distinct pistils which are 1-celled and mostly 1- 
ovuled; stamens 6 or more, on the receptacle. Flowers long- 
stalked, loosely racemed or panicled, with dry lanceolate bracts 
at the base. Fruit an akene in ours. Leaves sheathing, some- 
times reduced to petioles. Juice sometimes milky. 


1. ALISMA. Flowers perfect, loosely panicled. Petals involute in the bud. Stamens 6. 
Ovaries many, in a ring, very flat-sided, becoming coriaceous flat akenes, 2-3-keeled 
on the back. 

2. ECHINODORUS. Flowers perfect, in proliferous umbels. Petals imbricated in the 
bud. Stamens 9or more. Ovaries heaped in a head, becoming wingless akenes. 

8. SAGITTARIA. Flowers monecious, rarely dicecious or polygamous, in successive 
whorls, the sterile at the summit of the scape ; the lowest fertile. Stamens usually 
numerous. Ovaries very many, heaped on the globular receptacle, in fruit becom- 
ing flat and winged akenes. 


1. ALISMA, WATER PLANTAIN. (The old Greek name, of un- 
certain meaning.) Flowers all late summer. 

A. Plantago, Linn. Shallow water; leaves long-petioled, varying 
from ovate or oblong-heart-shaped to lanceolate, 3-5-ribbed ; panicle 1°-2° 
long, of very many and loose, small, white flowers. Variable. 2 
2. ECHINODORUS. (From Greek words for prickly jlask, the head 

of fruit being as it were prickly-pointed by the styles, but hardly so in 

our species.) The following occur in muddy or wet places ; flowers sum- 
mer; the flowering shoots or scapes mostly proliferous and creeping. 


BE. parvulus, Engelm. A tiny plant, 1/-3’ high, with lanceolate or 
spatulate leaves, few-flowered umbels, 9 stamens, and almost pointless 
akenes. Mass., W.andS. @ 


WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY. 455 


E. rostratus, Engelm. Leaves broadly heart-shaped (1/—3/ long, not 
including the petiole), shorter than the erect scape, which bears a panicle 
of proliferous umbels ; flower almost 4/ wide ; 12 stamens ; akenes beaked 
with slender styles. Ill., W. and S. 

EB. radicans, Engelm. Leaves broadly heart-shaped and larger (3/-8! 
wide), which are very open or almost truncate at base; the creeping 
scapes or stems becoming 1°-4° long and bearing many whorls ; flowers 
3'-3! broad ; akenes short-beaked. Ill. W.andS. 2? 


3. SAGITTARIA, ARROWHEAD. (From the Latin for arrow, 
on account of the sagittate leaves which prevail in the genus.) In 
shallow water; flowers allsummer. 2 


* Filaments long and slender, i.e. as long as the linear-oblong anthers. 


S. varidbilis, Engelm. The common species everywhere, exceedingly 
variable ; almost all the well-developed leaves arrow-shaped ; filaments 
nearly twice the length of the anthers, smooth ; sepals reflexed after 
flowering ; akenes broadly obovate, with a long and curved beak; calyx 
remaining open. ‘The lobes of the leaves are sometimes very narrow- 
linear (var. gracilis, Engelm), and sometimes the petioles, upper part 
of the scape, the bracts, and sepals are pubescent (var. pubéscens, 
Engelm). Other well-marked forms occur. 

S. Montevidénsis, Cham. & Schtecht. From S. Amer., now frequently 
grown in aquaria; distinguished from the above by a deep purple spot at 
the base of the flower inside, thick pedicels of the pistillate flowers, and 
sepals erect after flowering. 

S. lancifdlia, Linn. Common from Md. and Ky., S. ; with the stouv 
leaves 1°-3° and scapes 2°-5° high, the coriaceous blade of the former 
lance-oblong and always tapering into the thick petiole, the nerves nearly 
all from the thick and prominent midrib. 

S. calycina, Engelm. Along rivers, often much immersed; many of 
the leaves linear or with no blades; the others mostly halberd-shaped ; 
scapes weak, 3/-9! high ; pedicels with fruit recurved ; filaments roughish, 
only as long as the anthers ; akenes obovate, tipped with short horizontal 
style ; calyx appressed to head of fruit and partly covering it; the fertile 
flowers show 9-12 stamens, the sterile occasionally some rudiments of 
pistils. Me., W. and S. 


* * Filaments very short and broad. 


S. heterophylla, Pursh. Scapes 3/-2° high, weak ; the fertile flowers 
almost sessile, the sterile long-pediceled ; filaments glandular-pubescent ; 
akenes narrow-obovate, with a long, erect beak ; leaves linear, lanceolate 
or lance-oblong, arrow-shaped with narrow lobes or entire. N. Eng., 
W. and S. 

S. graminea, Michx. Common S.; known from the foregoing by 
the slender pedicels of both kinds of flowers; small, almost beakless 
akenes ; and leaves rarely arrow-shaped ; the phyllodia flat. N. Eng., 
W. and S. 

S. téres, Watson. N. Eng. to N. J., in shallow water ; scape 6/-20! 
nigh; phyllodia terete, acutely attenuate upwards, very rarely with a 
narrow blade; pedicels all very slender and spreading, in 1-3 whorls; 
filaments 12, dilated and pubescent ; akene obovate, with an erect beak, 
the margins crenate-crested. 

S. natans, Michx., var. lorata, Chapm. Known by the small size 
(1'-3' high), few flowers, usually only one of them fertile and recurved 
in fruit ; stamens only about 7, with glabrous filaments ; akenes obovate, 
with erect beak; and leaves without a true blade. N. Y., S., near the 
coast. 


456 RUSH FAMILY. 


Four small families, mostly of rush-like plants, are some- 
what related to the foregoing, but they are unattractive to the 
beginner and are rather too recondite for description here. 
For their study, the Manual should be consulted. These are 


CXXIII. XYRIDACEZ, YELLOW-EYED GRASS F. 


Small, rush-like herbs, with equitant leaves, like Bulrushes 
in having flowers in a head or spike, one under each firm 
glume-like bract, but with a regular perianth of 3 sepals and 
3 colored (yellow) petals; also a 1-celled many-seeded ovary 
and pod with 3 parietal placentz, and a 3-cleft stigma. Over 
a dozen species of XyRis in our territory, mostly in boggy 
places or pine barrens. 


CXXIV. MAYACEH, MAYACA FAMILY. 


Moss-like aquatic plants, densely clothed with narrow-linear, 
sessile, and pellucid leaves, and bearing axillary, naked, 1- 
flowered peduncles, the perfect white flower 3-androus. One 
species, MayAca MicHatxu, in shallow water, Va., S. 


CXXV. ERIOCAULONACEH, PIPEWORT FAMILY. 


Another small group of marsh or aquatic herbs, of rush-like 
appearance, with a head of moncecious, white-bearded flowers, 
in structure somewhat like the Yellow-eyed Grass, terminat- 
ing a naked scape, at the base of which is a tuft of grassy awl- 
shaped, linear, or lanceolate leaves of loose cellular texture, 
not equitant, but the upper surface concave. A half dozen spe- 
cies in the genera ERI0cAULON, P#PALANTHUS, LACHNOCAULON. 


CXXVI. JUNCACEH, RUSH FAMILY. 


Plants with the appearance and herbage of Sedges and 
Grasses, yet with flowers of the structure of the Lily Family, 
having a complete perianth of 6 parts, 3 outer and 3 inner, 
but greenish and glume-like. Stamens 6 or 3, style 1; stigmas 3. 


1. JUNCUS. Ovary and pod 3-celled or almost 3-celled, many-seeded. Herbage smooth; 
stems often leafless, generally pithy. 
z. LUZULA. Ovary and pod 1-celled, with 3 parietal placente, and one seed to each. 
Stems and leaves often soft-hairy. 
The only conspicuous species is JUNcus EFFUsUS, Linn., the Common 
Buvrusn, in low grounds; has soft and pliant stems in clumps, 2°-4° 
high ; panicle of many greenish flowers; 3 stamens; and very blunt poa. 


ARUM FAMILY. 457 


II. Spapicreous DIvIsIon. 


Flowers either naked, i.e. destitute of calyx and corolla, 
or these, if present, not brightly colored, collected in the 
sort ot spike called a spadix, which is embraced or sub- 
tended by the kind of developing bract termed a spathe. 
The most familiar examples of this division are offered by 
the Arum Family. There are various exceptions to this 
style of inflorescence, and the division, like all others, is 
merely artificial, but it will serve to aid the beginner. 
The first two families are too difficult for the beginner. 


CXXVII. NAIADACEZ, PONDWEED FAMILY. 


Marsh or aquatic plants with stems mostly leafy and jointed, 
the leaves stipulate or sheathing, the flowers (sumetimes not 
spathaceous) perfect or unisexual, with 4 or 6 distinct incon- 
spicuous segments, or the perianth tubular, or even wanting. 
Stamens 1-6. Ovaries 1-6, distinct or nearly so, 1-celled and 
usually 1-ovuled, the fruit follicular or fleshy. Our genera are 
TRIGLOCHIN, SCHEUCHZERIA, With bladeless leaves, allied to 
the water Plantain Family, the former with naked, scape-like 
stems; and PoramocEtTon, the PoNnpWeEEps, with many diff- 
cult species, RUprra and ZosTERA, grass-like immersed plants 
on the seacoast, ZANNICHELLIA, a Similar plant in fresh water, 
and NAras, slender and inconspicuous branchy plants, mostly 
in fresh water. 


CXXVIII. LEMNACEH, DUCKWEED FAMILY. 


Minute, stemless plants reduced to a floating leaf-like body 
three fourths inch or less long (in Lemna) or even to minute, 
green grains (in WouFFIA). The least of flowering plants. 


CXXIX. ARACEH, ARUM FAMILY. 


Perennial herbs with pungent or acrid watery juice, leaves 
often with veins reticulated so as to resemble those of Dicoty- 
ledons, small perfect or imperfect flowers in a fleshy head or 
spike called a spadix, usually furnished with the colored or 
peculiar enveloping bract called a spathe. Floral envelopes 


458 ARUM FAMILY. 


4-6, or 0. Fruit generally a berry. A large family in the 
tropics, and comprising many plants of choice collections, cul- 
tivated for the foliage, or for the showy, so-called “ flowers,” 
which are really colored spathes. 


« Plants with expanded leaf blade (never linear), and with spreading nerves or veins. 
+ Spadix surrounded by a conspicuous, generally colored, spathe. 
++ Leaves (in ours) compound. 


1, ARIS-EMA. Leaves only one or two, with stalks sheathing the simple stem, which 
rises from a fleshy corm, and terminates in a long spadix bearing nude flowers only 
at its base, where it is enveloped by the convolute lower part of the greenish or pur- 
plish spathe. Sterile flowers above the fertile, each of a few sessile anthers ; the 
fertile each a 1-celled 5-6-ovuled ovary, in fruit becoming a scarlet berry ; commonly 
diecious, the stamens being abortive in one plant, the pistils abortive in the other. 


++ ++ Leaves simple. 


= Foliage of ordinary size, the leaves arrow shaped or heart shaped, or sometimes 
nearly lanceolate. 


| Spathe convolute (its margins overlapping below) about the spadix. 


2. ARUM. Leaves hastate or sagittate, with the scape from a thick rhizome. Spathe 
convolute below, large, the blade ovate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly dark-colored, 
spotted or green. Spadix shorter than the spathe, sessile. Flowers without enve- 
lopes, moneecious, the staminate above. Ovary oblong and obtuse, 1-celled, 6—s - 
seeded. Berry obovoid, many-seeded. 

3. PELTANDRA. Leaves arrow-shaped-; these and the scape from a tufted fibrous root. 
Spathe convolute to the pointed apex, green, wavy-margined. Spadix long and 
tapering, covered completely with nude flowers, i.e. above with naked shield-shaped 
anthers each of 5 or 6 cells, opening by a hole at the top, below with 1-celled ovaries 
bearing several erect ovules, in fruit a 1-3-seeded fleshy bag. Seeds obovate, sur: 
rounded by a tenacious jelly. 

4. RICHARDIA. Leaves arrow-shaped ; these and the long scape from a short tuberous 
rootstock. Spathe broad, spreading above, convolute at base around the slender 
cylindrical spadix, which is densely covered above with yellow anthers, below with 
ovaries, each incompletely 3-celled, and containing several hanging ovules. Flowers 
with no envelopes. 


| | Spathe shell-form or hooded, inclosing the globular spadix, in which the flowers are 
as it were nearly immersed. 


5. SYMPLOCARPUS. Leaves ovate, very large and veiny, short-petioled, appearing 
much later than the flowers from a fibrous-rooted corm or short rootstock. Spathe 
ovate, incurved, thick, barely raised out of the ground. Each flower has 4 hooded 
sepals, 4 stamens with 2-celled anthers turned outwards, and a 1-celled, 1-ovuled 
ovary tipped with a short awl-shaped style; the fruit is the enlarged spongy spadix 
under the rough surface of which are imbedded large fleshy seeds. 


| | | Spathe open and spreading (not rolling around the spadix). 


6. CALLA. Leaves heart-shaped, on long petioles ; these and the peduncles from a creep- 
ing rootstock. Spathe open, the upper face bright white, spreading widely at the 
base of the oblong spadix, which is wholly covered with the nude flowers; the lower 
ones perfect, having 6 stamens around a 1-celled ovary ; the upper often of stamens 
only. Berries red, containing a few oblong seeds, surrounded with jelly. 

7. ANTHURIUM. Leaves various. Plant sometimes with a distinet stem or trunk (even 
climbing in some species). Flowers all perfect and fertile, and with a 4-parted 
perianth, the spadix generally elongated and prominent. Spathe ovate to lanceolate, 
widely spreading or reflexed, thickish and mostly of a waxy texture. Ovary 2-celled, 
with 1-2 ovules in each cell, but usually only 1 seed in each fruit. 


ARUM FAMILY. 459 


== Foliage very large, often handsomely colored, the leaves usually peltate. 


8. COLOCASIA. Leaves peftate, and with a notch at the base. Spathe convolute, yel- 
lowish, much longer than the spadix, the limb spreading; the latter covered with 
ovaries at base, above with some abortive rudiments, still higher erowded with 
numerous 6-8-celled sessile anthers, and the pointed summit naked. Ovary 1-celled, 
with numerous ovules in 2 series. 

9. CALADIUM. Leaves mostly peltate, notched at the base, rich green or party-colored. 
Spathe conyolute, constricted at the throat, white, the limb boat-shaped, longer than 
the stipitate spadix; the latter with staminate flowers above and ovaries below. 
Ovary 2-3-celled, with many ovules in each. 


+ + Spadix naked ; i.e., the spathe incomplete and distant, appearing like a bract on 
the scape. 


10. ORONTIUM. Leaves oblong and veiny, unequilateral, blunt, abruptly narrowed into 
a stout petiole. Flowers perfect, crowded on the narrow short spadix, with 4 or 6 
sepals and as many stamens. Ovary 1-celled, 1-oyuled, becoming a green utricle. 

«x x Plants with leaves linear, flag-like, nerved ; spadix appearing lateral, 

11. ACORUS. Spadix cylindrical, naked, emerging from the side of a 2-edged simple scape 
resembling the leaves, densely covered with perfect flowers. Sepals 6, concave. 
Stamens 6, with linear filaments and kidney-shaped anthers. Ovary 2-3-celled, with 
several hanging ovules in each cell, becoming dry in fruit, ripening only one or two 
small seeds. 


1. ARISZIMA, INDIAN TURNIP, etc. (Greek: blood arum, from 
the spotted leaves of some species.) Veiny-leaved plants, their turnip- 
shaped corm farinaceous, but imbued with an intensely pungent juice, 
which is somewhat dissipated in drying. 2 


A. triphyllum, Torr. Common Inp1an Turnip. In rich woods; leaves 
mostly 2, each of 3 oblong, pointed leaflets; stalks and spathe either 
green or variegated with whitish and dark purple stripes or spots, the 
latter with broad or flat summit incurved over the top of the club-shaped 
and blunt spadix. 

_ A. Dracéntium, Schott. Dracon Arum, DraGcon Root, or GREEN 
Dracon, Low grounds; leaf mostly solitary, its petiole 1°-2° long, bear- 
ing 7-11 pedate, lance-oblong, pointed leaflets ; the greenish spathe wholly 
rolled into a tube with a short slender point, very much shorter than the 
long and tapering tail-like spathe. 


2. ARUM. (Ancient name.) The Dracon Puiant of Eu., known as 
A. Dractncutus (but properly DractncuLus vuLeAris, Schott.), 
with pedate leaves and brown spathe, is sometimes cultivated. 


A. palestinum, Boiss. (A. sAxctum of plant merchants.) Brack 
Catia. Spathe about 1° long, mossy-green or purplish outside, rich vel- 
vety black inside and yellowish-white at the base of the tube, standing 
above the leaves, the latter triangular-hastate. Syria, etc. 


3. PELTANDRA, ARROW ARUM. (Greek words meaning shield- 
shaped stamen, from the form of the anthers.) Flowers summer. 2, 


P. undulata, Raf. Root fibrous; scape about equaling the leaves, 
19°-14° high; lobes of the leaves acutish, rather long; spathe greenish, 
wavy on the margin ; sterile (upper) portion of the spadix several times 
longer than the pistillate portion. Ponds, N. Eng., W. and S. 

P. Alba, Raf. Root tuberous; lobes of the leaves short and broad, 
obtuse ; spathe shorter, white, not wavy; sterile portion of the spadix 
about the length of the pistillate portion. N. Car., 8. 


460 ARUM FAMILY. 


4. RICHARDIA. (Named for the French botanist, L. C. Richard.) 
The first species is referred by some recent writers to the genus Zan- 
TEDESCHIA. 2 


R. Africana, Kunth. ®ruropran or Eeyrrian Catyua, Cava Lity, 
of common house culture, but a native of the Cape of Good Hope and not 
a true Calla. <A familiar plant, with glossy-green, broadly sagittate 
leaves and large, pure white spathes. There are dwarf varieties. 

R. Glbo-maculata, Hook. f. Sporrep Catia. Leaves long-hastate, 
cuspidate at the end, with oblong, white blotches ; spathe smaller than in 
the last, greenish-white. Cape of Good Hope. 

R. hastata, Hook. tf. YrLLOw Catia. Leaves soft, hastate-ovate, cus- 
pidate, not spotted ; spathe greenish-yellow, with a long-cuspidate limb. 
Cape of Good Hope. 


5. SYMPLOCARPUS, SKUNK CABBAGE. (Greek for fruit grown 
together.) 2 


S. foetidus, Salisb. The only species, in swamps and wet woods, 
mostly N.; sending up, in earliest spring, its purple-tinged or striped 
turtle-head-like spathe inclosing the head of flowers, and later the large 
leaves, when full grown 1°-2° long, in a cabbage-like tuft; the fruit 
2/-3' in diameter, the hard bullet-like seeds almost }! wide, ripe in 
autumn. 


6. CALLA, WATER ARUM. (An ancient name.) Flowers early 
summer. 2, 


C. paltistris, Linn. Cold and wet bogs from Penn., N.; a low and 
small, rather handsome plant; leaves 3/-4! long; filaments slender ; 
anthers 2-celled. 


7. ANTHURIUM. (Greek: tail flower, referring to the projecting 
spadix.) Many species are cultivated in choice collections, but the fol- 
lowing are probably the commonest, the two first being grown for the 
gaudy spathes and spadices, and the two last chiefly for the fine foliage. 


x Leaves ovate-lanceolate or narrower. 


A. Scherzerianum, Schott. Leaves evergreen, oblong-lanceolate, deep, 
rich green, spreading or recurved, tapering at the base, 1°-2° long, the 
blade not oblique; scapes slender and surpassing the leaves, bright 
red; spathe ovate-oblong, somewhat cordate, brilliant red (like the 
spadix), 3/4’ long. There are many forms in cultivation, including one 
or two with white spathes. Guatemala. 

A. Andreanum, Linden. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, cordate at the base, 
deep green, the blade oblique or hanging on the petiole ; scapes some- 
what overtopping the leaves; spathe broadly ovate and cordate, 6/-10! 
long, wrinkled, orange-red ; the spadix yellowish. Colombia. 


x * Leaves ovate or broader. 


A. crystG/linum, Linden & André. Leaves broadly ovate and deeply 
cordate, acuminate, bright velvety green, and the principal veins mar- 
gined with crystal-white (violet color when young), the blade hanging or 
oblique on the petiole ; spathe linear-oblong, acuminate, green. Peru. 

A. magnificum, Linden. Leaves large, broadly ovate, abruptly acumi- 
nate ; the basal lobes large and rounded, the blade hanging; spathe short- 
oblong and recurved, both it and the spadix green. Colombia. 


CAT-TAIL FAMILY. 461 


8. COLOCASIA. (The ancient Greek name of the common spe- 
cies:) 2 


C. antiquérum, Schott. One variety (var. escu/énta, Schott.) cult. in 
the hot parts of the world for its farinaceous, thick rootstocks (which are 
esculent when the acrid principle is driven off by heat, as also the leaves), 
and in gardens for its magnificent foliage, the pale ovate-arrow-shaped 
leaves being 2°-3° long when well grown ; the stalk attached much below 
the middle, the notch not deep. 


9. CALADIUM. (Name obscure.) Well-known plants grown in 
glass houses for their great leaves, which are now broken up into very 
many styles of markings. The specific types are often unrecognizable 
in the horticultural varieties, but most of them have come from the 
two following Brazilian species. 


C. bicolor, Vent. The chief species ; rhizome depressed-globose ; leaves 
sagittate-ovate or ovate-triangular, the upper portion nearly ovate and 
narrowly cuspidate at the apex; the lobes oblong-ovate and obtuse and 
more or less connate, the blade variously colored above and somewhat 
glaucous below ; tube of spathe green outside, but whitish-green or violet 
inside, the limb white and cuspidate and scarcely twice longer than the 
tube ; pistillate portion of the spadix yellow or pale orange, the sterile 
portion narrow and of about equal length. 

C. picturdtum, C. Koch. Rhizome spherical and tuberculous ; leaves 
sagittate-lanceolate, the upper portion triangular to ovate-lanceolate, the 
lobes lanceolate and somewhat acute and mostly not connate, the blade 
variously colored above and pale beneath ; spathe tube green outside, 
purplish- or yellowish-green inside, the limb cuspidate-apiculate and 
shorter than the tube, white or yellowish; sterile portion of spadix 
shorter than pistillate portion. 


10. ORONTIUM, GOLDEN CLUB. (Name obscure.) 


O. aqudticum, Linn. Leaves and scapes arising from a deep root- 
stock ; scape 19-2° high, mostly decumbent; the spike or spadix 2/-3! 
long and scarcely thicker than the scape. Ponds, Mass., S.; the only 
species. 


11. ACORUS, SWEET FLAG or CALAMUS. (Ancient name, of 
obscure origin.) 2 


A. Cdlamus, Linn. Common Sweet Frac. In wet grounds; send- 
ing up the 2-edged sword-shaped leaves, 2° or more high, from the hori- 
zontal, pungent, aromatic rootstock; flowers early summer. There is a 
striped-leaved variety. 


CXXX. TYPHACEH, CAT-TAIL FAMILY. 


Perennial marsh herbs, or some truly aquatic, with linear 
and straight-nerved erect (unless floating) long sessile leaves, 
sheathing at base, and moncecious flowers on a dry spadix, 
destitute of calyx and corolla; the fruit dry and nut-like, 
1-seeded, rarely 2-seeded. 


1, TYPHA. Flowers indefinite, in a dense cylindrical spike terminating the long and 
simple reed-like stem; the upper part of stamens only, mixed with long hairs: the 


462 SCREW PINE FAMILY. 


lower and thicker part of slender-stalked ovaries tapering into a style and below sur- 
rounded by numerous club-shaped bristles, which form the copious down of the fruit. 

2. SPARGANIUM. Flowers collected in separate dense heads, scattered along the summit 
of the leafy stem; the upper ones of stamens only with some minute scales inter- 
posed, the lower of pistils, each ovary with a few small scales at its base, the whole 
ripening into a spherical head of small nuts, which are wedge-shaped below and with 
a pointed tip. 


ak TYPHA, CAT-TAIL FLAG, (Greek, for fen, in which these 
plants abound.) Flowers early summer. 


T. latifolia, Linn. Common C. or ReEep-mace. With flat leaves, these 
and the stem 6°-10° high ; pistillate flowers without bractlets ;. no. in- 
terval between the sterile and fertile part of the spike. Common in 
marshes. 

T. angustifolia, Linn. Narrow-LeEavep C. Less common, mostly 
near the coast, smaller; leaves narrower, more channeled toward the 
base ; pistillate flowers with hair-like bractlets; commonly a space be- 
tween the sterile and the fertile part of the spike. 


2: SPARGANIUM, BUR REED. (Name from Greek for a /illet, 
alluding to the ribbon-shaped leaves.) Flowers summer. 


x Fruit sessile, broad and truncate, often 2-seeded. 


S. euryc4rpum, Engelm. Great B. Border of ponds and streams 
N. Eng. to Va., and W.; 3°-5° high, with panicled-spiked heads, the 
fertile when in fruit 1)’ thick, the nuts broad-tipped ; stigmas 2; leaves 
3'-3’ wide, flat on upper side, keeled and concave-sided on the other. 


* x Fruit slightly stipitate, narrower, always 1-celled. 


S. simplex, Smatier B. In water; erect, or sometimes floating ; 19-2° 
high, mostly with a simple row of heads ; leaves narrower ; stigma simple, 
linear, as long as the style; nuts tapering to both ends and with a stalked 
base. N. Eng. to N.J.,and W. Very variable. 

S. minimum, Fries. Smariest B. Mostly with leaves floating in 
shallow water (6-10! long) and flat; heads few; stigma simple, oval; 
nuts oval, short-pointed and short-stalked. N, Eng. to Penn., and W. 


CXXXI. PANDANACEH, SCREW PINE FAMILY. 


Represented in greenhouses by PANDANUus Urixis, Bory, the 
striped-leaved P. Virrcni1, Hort., and some other species of 
the same genus, known as Screw Pines, all tropical. They 
are palm-like bushes, ranging from 5°-15° high as commonly 
grown, with prickly-toothed ensiform stiff leaves crowded on 
woody stems. They seldom blossom in conservatories. The 
flowers are dicecious, the staminate ones in a mostly branched 
spadix, the pistillates in a simple dense spadix. Spathes per- 
sistent or deciduous, dry or colored. Perianth 0. Stamens 
numerous. Ovary 1-celled, or the ovaries united into a 2-0- 
celled compound one. Fruit berry-like or a woody drupe. 


PALM FAMILY. 4638 


CXXXII. PALMACEH, PALM FAMILY. 


Tree-like or bushy, with thick woody trunk-like stem, grow- 
ing from the terminal bud, and a spadix of small perfect or 
imperfect flowers; sepals and petals each 3, distinct or con- 
nate; stamens usually 6, in 2 series, opposite the sepals and 
petals; staminodia sometimes present; ovary free, 1-7-celled 
(commonly 3-celled), sometimes lobed or divided into nearly 
separate carpels; fruit a berry, or a dry or more or less fleshy 
drupe. There are three genera in our region (more in extreme 
S. Florida). 


» Style or stigma from the base of the ovary. 


J. SABAL. Flowers perfect. Ovary 3-lobed, the style short, stigma truncate. Spadix 
long-branching, glabrous, longer and shorter than the leaves. Either low or tall spe- 
cies of fan-palms, without spines. 


x x Style or stigma from the top of the ovary. 


2, RHAPIDOPHYLLUM. Flowers polygamo-diecious, the segments imbricated in the 
bud. Carpels free, the stigmas sessile and distinct. Spadix branching and densely 
flowered, small, short-peduncled. Low palms, with fan-like, long-stalked leaves and 
dry spiny sheaths. 

8. SEREN ZA. Flowers perfect, the segments valvate. Carpels free at the base, the style 
one, long and slender. Spadix long and branching, densely tomentose, much shorter 
than the leaves. Stem creeping. Leaves fan-like. No spines. 


1. SABAL, PALMETTO. (Name unexplained.) 


S. Palmétto, Rem. & Schult. Cassace Patmetro. Of the sandy 
coast from N. Car., S., our only tree palm; stem 20°-40° high, erect and 
simple, leafy at the summit, the petiole smooth ; leaves 5°-8° long, cor- 
date in outline, pinnatifid, and recurved at the summit, with thread-like 
filaments in the sinuses ; drupe globose ; spadix spreading, mostly shorter 
than the leaves. 

S. Adansonii, Guerns. Dwarr Patmetto. Leaves rising from a stem 
underground, smooth-edged, and circular in outline, slightly pinnatifid, 
glaucous, with a few filaments in the sinuses, the petiole smooth ; fruit 
globose ; spadix erect and much longer than the leaves. Low districts, 
Neamt. 


2. RHAPIDOPHYLLUM. (Greek: Rhapis-leaved, from its resem- 
blance to the genus Rhapis.) 


R. (or Cuam#&nrops) Hystrix, Wendl. & Drude. Brive Patmerro. 
S. Car., S.; stems erect or creeping, only 2°-3° long; leaves pale or glau- 
cous, 3°-4° high, circular in outline, with numerous 2-4-toothed divis- 
ions, the petiole rough-edged ; spathes. oblong and woolly ; drupe ovoid. 
The only species. 


3. SERENZIA. (Named for Sereno Watson, late curator of the Gray 
Herbarium, Cambridge, Mass.) 
S. serrulata, Hook. f. Saw Paumerto. Trunk creeping on the 


ground ; short petioles spiny-margined, whence the popular name ; leaves 
circular, with 15-30 erect slightly cleft divisions and no thread-like fila- 


404 PALM FAMILY. 


ments in the sinuses; drupe ovoid-oblong. Sandy soil, S. Car., S.; the 
only species. 

The Cocoanut (Cocos NucfrerRA) and the Date PALM (PH&NIXx DAc- 
TYL{FERA) are cultivated in the extreme south, the former along the 
coast of southeastern Florida. Many palms are grown in conservatories, 
of which the following are some of the commonest : 


* Fan Pavcms; i.e., those with leaves circular in general outline (but often 
deeply cleft) and digitate-veined. 


Livisténa Chinénsis, R.Br. (LatAnta Borponica). S. China; leaves 
green, 4°-6° across, on spiny petioles of about the same length, the blade 
cut into many hanging segments which extend one fourth or one third its 
depth. A common species with very wide-spreading growth. 

Chamerops hdmilis, Linn. Mediterranean region ; dwarf species, with 
leaves glaucous on both sides, the blades divided nearly to the base into 
12-20 erect, nearly linear segments ; petioles twice longer than the leaves 
(3°-4°), with stout spines on the edges. 

Thrinax radiata, Lodd. (T. ELeGANns). S. Amer.; leaves green, either 
glabrous or puberulent beneath, 1°-24° long, the blade divided two thirds 
its length into 40 or more very slender spreading or recurved divisions ; 
petioles slender but stiff, longer than the leaves. Known for its graceful 
habit and umbrella-like foliage. 

Rhapis flabelliformis, Linn. f. China and Japan; stems several and 
slender, erect, with persistent leaf sheaths ; leaves rather small, the blade 
5-11-parted into plaited truncate or erose ciliate-margined divisions, the 
petiole much longer than the blade, and very obscurely denticulate. 


* * FeaTHER Pawns; i.e., the leaves long and pinnate or pinnately 
parted. 


Chrysalidocaérpus (or Arkca) /utéscens, Wendl. Madagascar; one of 
the best of the feather-palms for general culture ; leaves very long (4°- 
10°), erect-spreading and arching at the top, light green, the pinnz 70-100, 
alternate, lanceolate and long-pointed ; petiole shallow-grooved on top, 
especially in its lower half. 

Howéa (Kintra) Be/moreana, Becc. KE. Indies ; leaf blade much shorter 
than in the last, the pinne more nearly opposite and 20-50 in number ; 
petiole flat on top. 

Ptychospérma Cunninghaémii, Wendl. (SEaArORTHIA ELEGANS). Aus- 
tralia; trunk slender and shedding its sheaths, terete; leaves 4°-10° 
long, with many very slender pinnz which are unequally bifid at the apex, 
dark green above and silvery beneath. 

Hyophorbe Verschaffélti, Wendl. Small or medium sized palm from 
Madagascar, with nearly erect leaves, 4°-6° long, and curving gracefully 
at the end; midrib white, unarmed; pinne narrow-lanceolate, 10-80 
pairs, 2’ or less wide; stem triangular from the sheathing leaf bases. 

Geonéma gracilis, Wendl. Costa Rica; a graceful, small species with 
long-arching, pinnate leaves which are red when young, but becoming 
dark green ; moncecious. 

Chamed6rea élegans, Mart. Mexico; dwarf species with unarmed 
stem ; dicecious; leaves 2°-4° long, drooping ; pinne 10! or less long and 
1’ broad, but tapering each way ; petioles slightly channeled. 

Cocos Weddelliana, Wendl. S. Amer. ; a very elegant, small palm, with 
a slender, fibrous-netted trunk ; leaves 2°-6° long, dark green above and 
glaucous beneath, gracefully curved ; pinne numerous and very narrow ; 
petiole short. Popular, and stands rough usage. 

Caryéta sobolifera, Linn. A rather small palm of tropical Asia, dis- 
tinguished by 2-pinnate leaves, the pinnule fish-tail-shape ; petioles black- 
scaly when young; foliage bright green and graceful ; plant suckers from 
the root. Useful species for decorative work. 


SEDGE FAMILY. 465 


III. GuumMaAceowus DIvIsIon. 


Flowers inclosed or subtended by glumes or husk-like 
bracts; no proper calyx or corolla, except sometimes mi- 
nute bristles or scales which represent the perianth. Stems 
of the straw-like sort, called culms. 


CXXXIII. CYPERACEH, SEDGE FAMILY. 


Some rush-like, others grass-like plants, with flowers in 
spikes or heads, one in the axil of each glume, the glume 
being a scale-like or husk-like bract. No calyx nor corolla, 
except some vestiges in the form of bristles or occasionally 
scales, or a sac which imitates a perianth; the 1-celled 1- 
ovuled ovary in fruit an akene. Divisions of the style 2 when 
the akene is flattish or lenticular, or 3, when it. is usually tri- 
angular. Leaves, when present, very commonly 3-ranked, and 
their sheath a closed tube; the stem not hollow. A large 
family, to be studied in the Manual, and too difficult for the 
beginner. The most prominent genera are the following: 


* Flowers commonly all perfect. 


+ Spikelets usually many-flowered with only one or two of the lower 
scales without flowers. 


++ Scales 2-ranked, the spikelet therefore flat. 
= No bristles about the akene, and no beak at tts top. 


1. CYPERUS. Spikelets few-many-flowered, mostly flat and slender, 
in simple or compound terminal umbels or heads. Culms mostly tri- 
angular and simple, most of the leaves at the base. Many species in 
low grounds ; three should be mentioned here: 


C. rottindus, Linn. Nut Grass, Coco Grass. A bad weed in sandy 
lands from L. I., S. ; early leaves grass-like and tufted, 3/-6’ high, followed 
later in the season by a single, leafless, triangular culm, 6/—20! high ; 
umbel simple or slightly compound, about equaling its involucral leaves, 
its rays few, and each one bearing 4-9 dark-chestnut, 12—40-flowered, 
acute spikelets; scales nerveless. ‘The plant is introduced in the N. 
It persists in the soil by means of little, nut-like tubers which are borne 
from several inches to 4° away from the base of plant, on stolons. 

C. esculéntus, Linn. Cuura. Cultivated, especially at the S., for 
its edible tubers, which are clustered about the base of the plant, and 
also wild; early leaves 15/-30' high, slightly rough, about as long as the 
stem; umbel 4-7-rayed, sometimes compound, much shorter than the 
involucral leaves ; spikelets numerous and light colored, 12-30-flowered, 
the scales nerved. ‘The cultivated form rarely flowers in the N. 


GRAY’S ¥. F. & G. BOT. — 30 


466 SEDGE FAMILY. 


C. alternifolius, Linn. UmBretia PLant. A greenhouse aquatic from 
Madagascar ; culms in clumps, 2°-6° tall, smooth and triangular, leafless 
below, but bearing a leafy, many-rayed, great involucre at the top, from 
the axils of which spring slender-peduncled small clusters of flowers. 

C. Papyrus, Linn. (ParYrus anriquORum). EGyprian PAPER PLANT. 
Sometimes grown in aquaria, not hardy N.; sends up a jointless triangular 
stem 4°-10° high, which is terminated by a great involucre of very narrow 
drooping or bending leaves. 


= = Bristles about the akene, which is beaked on top. 


2. DULICHIUM. Spikelets 6-10-flowered, sessile in 2 ranks on axil- 
lary peduncles springing from the sheaths of the leaves. Perianth com- 
posed of 6-9 barbed bristles. 

One species, D. spathaceum, Pers., in bogs and on borders of ponds, 
remarkable in the family for having terete and hollow culms, 1°-2° high. 
++ ++ Scales not 2-ranked, the spikelet therefore terete. 
= Bristles 0; culm leafy. 

3. FIMBRISTYLIS. Spikelets umbelled, the involucral leaves 2-3. 
Small plants of either low or dry grounds, of about a half dozen species 
in our territory. 

= = Bristles generally present ; culm leafy or naked. 

|| Style somewhat thickened or bulbous at the base, and persistent upon the 

top of the akene. 

4. ELEOCHARIS. Spike one, and without involucre, terminating a 
slender, simple, leafless culm. Many species (mostly small) in moist 
grounds and borders of ponds. 


|| || Style not swollen at the base, deciduous. 


5. SCIRPUS. Spikelets generally clustered in a compound umbel. 
Bristles (sometimes 0) barbed. Mostly tall, rush-like, leafy, cominon 
plants, but in some species the stems are slender and leafless, and the 
spike is single and terminal, thus approaching Eleocharis, but the invo- 
lucre is present in the form of a scale or small leaf. This genus now 
includes IséLepPis, to which the slender species with a solitary terminal 
spike, leafless and jointless culms, have been referred. 


6. ERIOPHORUM. Like Scirpus, but the bristles not barbed and 
often becoming silky and long exserted in fruit. A few plants in bogs, 
mostly distinguished when mature by the white, or rusty, woolly heads. 

+ + Spikelets only 1-2-flowered, and 2 or many of the lower scales jflower- 

less. 

7. RHYNCHOSPORA. Spikelets flattish, clustered, or panicled, 
often whitish or rusty in color. Bristles usually surrounding the 
beaked or tubercle-topped akene. A score of critical species, mostly 
small and slender plants, in bogs. 


8. CLADIUM. Spikelets terete. Akene not tubercled, and no bris- 
tles. A single species, C. mariscoides, Torr., 1°-2% high, in wet 
places, with small, rusty cymes of capitate spikelets. 


GRASS FAMILY. 467 


« * Flowers unisexual (plants monecious or diecious). 


9. SCLERIA. Monecious. No bristles, and the bony or crustaceous 
akene naked. About a score of small plants known as Nur Rusu. 


10. CAREX. Monccious or dicecious. Ordinarily no bristles, but the 
lenticular or triangular akene inclosed in a sac or perigynium. <A vast 
genus, comprising over 200 species in our region, much too difficult for 
the beginner. Common in all low grounds and in open woods. 


CXXXIV. GRAMINEH, GRASS FAMILY. 


Grasses, known from other glumaceous plants by their 2- 
ranked leaves having open sheaths, the jointed stems com- 
monly, but not always hollow, and the glumes in pairs, viz. a 
pair to each spikelet even when it consists of a single flower 
(these called glumes proper), then a succeeding pair (flowering 
glumes), rarely one of them wanting, these each inclosing a 
thinner scale or palet. Flower, when perfect, as it more com- 
monly is, consisting of 3 stamens (rarely 1, 2, or 6), and a 
pistil, with 2 styles or a 2-cleft style, and 2 either hairy or 
plumose-branched stigmas; ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, becoming 
a caryopsis (the thin pericarp adnate to the seed and seeming 
to be an integral part of it); the floury part is the albumen of 
the seed, outside of which lies the embryo (Lessons, Figs. 
66-70). 

The real structure and arrangement of the flowers and spike- 
lets of Grasses are too difficult and recondite for a beginner. 
For their study the Manual must be used; in which the gen- 
era both of this and the Sedge Family are illustrated by plates. 
Here is offered merely a short way of reaching the names of 
the commonest or most conspicuous species. 


I. Cerrar Grats, cultivated for the seed-like fruits. (II., p. 468; III. 
p.460; IV., p. 470; V.,p. 471; VI, p. 4735. VII., p. 475). 


* Stems hollow, or soon becoming so, making straw when cut. 
+ Spikelets in panicles, often crowded, but not so as to form a spike. 


Oryza sativa, Linn. Rice. Cult.S., from Asia, in low grounds ; 2°-4° 
high, with upper surface of the lance-linear leaves rough ; flowers one and 
perfect in each spikelet, with or without rudiments of others ; branches of 
the panicle erect ; outer glumes minute, the inner coriaceous, very much 
flattened laterally, so as to be strongly boat-shaped or conduplicate, clos- 
ing over the grain and falling with it, the outer one commonly bearing an 
awn; stamens6. @ 


468 GRASS FAMILY. 


Avéna sativa, Linn. Common Oat. From Old World; soft and smooth, 
with a loose panicle of large, drooping spikelets, the palets investing the 
grain ; one flower with a long, twisted awn on the back, the other awn- 
less; flowers 2 or 3 in the spikelet, perfect, or the uppermost rudimen- 
tary. 

A. hole Linn. Naxkep Oar. Rarely cult., from Old World; has nar- 
rower, roughish leaves, 8 or 4 flowers in the spikelet, and grain loose in 
the palets. @ 


+ + Spikelets in strict spikes, or in such a dense panicle as to appear to 
be spicate. 


++ Glumes 2 to each spikelet. 


Triticum sativum, Lam. Wuerar. Spike dense, somewhat 4-sided ; 
the spikelets crowded, 4—5-flowered, turgid ; glumes ventricose, blunt ; 
palet either awned or awnless; grain free. Unknown wild. @ 

Secale cered/e, Linn. Ryr. Tall; spike as in wheat; spikelets with 
only 2 perfect flowers; glumes a little distant, bristly towards the base ; 
lower palet ventricose, long awned; grain brown. Probably from W. 
Asia. @ 


++ ++ Glumes 6 at each joint, in front of the 3 spikelets, forming an involucre. 


Hoérdeum sativum, Jessen. Common Baruey. From the Old World; 
spike dense, the 3 spikelets at each joint of the rhachis all with a fertile 
flower, its lower palet long-awned. Originally from W. Asia. @ 

H. distichon, Linn. Two-rowrp Bartry. From Tartary ; evidently 
a cultivated state of the above; only one spikelet at each joint of the 
rhachis with a fertile flower, the two lateral spikelets being reduced to 
sterile rudiments ; the flowers therefore two-rowed in the spike. @ 

H. hexdstichon, Linn. Srx-Rowep Bariey. Another form of H. 
sativum, with roundish spikes, its joints very short and the flowers diver- 
gently 6-rowed. Not common. 


* * Stems pithy and thick, not becoming hollow. 


Zéa Mays, Linn. Maize, Inp1AN Corn. Stem terminated by the clus- 
tered, slender spikes of staminate flowers (the tassel) in 2-flowered spike- 
lets ; the pistillate flowers in a dense and many-rowed spike borne on a 
short axillary branch (the ear), two flowers within each pair of glumes, 
but the lower one neutral, the upper pistillate, with an extremely long 
style, the sik. Very many forms. Cent. andS. Amer. @ _ (Lessons, 
Figs. 66-70.) 


II. Canes AND SorGuHuMS, with pithy, solid stems. Cultivated for sugar 
or broom-making (occasionally for fodder). Spikelets clustered or 
scattered in an ample panicle, each with one perfect and one neutral or 
staminate flower. 


Sérghum vulgare, Pers. (ANDROPOGON SORGHUM of some writers). In- 
DIAN, Peart or Brack Mitietr. rom Africa or India; a tall, maize- 
like plant without silky down in the spikelets ; glumes coriaceous, russet- 
color. Var. CERNUUM, GUINEA Corn, has densely contracted panicle, 
and is cult. for the grain. Var. Dtrra, Doura, or Karrir Corn, has 
densely contracted panicles. Var. saccHARATUM, Common SorGHUM, 
CHINESE SuGAaR Cane, Impuen, &c., cult. for the syrup of the stem and 
for fodder; and Broom Corn, with open, long-rayed panicles, for the 
well-known corn brooms. (@) 

Saccharum officindrum, Linn. SuGar Cane. Cult. far S. ; rarely left 
to flower, propagated by cuttings of the stem; stem 8°-29° high, 1/—2! 
thick ; long, white, silky down with the flowers, 2 


GRASS FAMILY. 469 


Ill. Meapow anp Fopper Grasses. Species of widely differing char- 
acteristics in the different parts of the country. Oat Grass (see V.) is 
sometimes grown in meadows, and Gama Grass (see VII.) is used for 


odder. ; : 
J x Flowers in loose panicles. 


+ Spreading inveterately by creeping rootstocks. 


Sérghum Halapénse, Linn. (ANDROPOGON ARUNDINACEUS). JOHNSON 
Grass. Guinea Grass (erroneously). A coarse grass, 4°-7° high, much 
prized for hay in the S.; leaves long, loose, and flat; with a prominent, 
white, raised midrib ; panicle long and very open; the spikelets reddish 
and each bearing one or two awns. Old World. By some thought to be 
the parent of the Sorghums. 2/ 


+ + Not spreading widely by rootstocks. 
++ Flower 1 in each spikelet and perfect, but sometimes rudiments of others. 


Agréstis Glba, Linn. Fiorix or Wuite Bent Grass. Stems with pro- 
cumbent or creeping base; ligule long, acute, and conspicuous ; panicle 
contracting after flowering, with roughish branches, greenish or slightly 
purplish ; a valuable meadow grass. 2/ 

Var. vulgaris, Thurb. Repror. Rather low (19-2}°) and delicate 
grass of meadows and pastures, with oblong spreading panicle of small 
purple or purplish spikelets ; ligule short and truncate. 2/ 

Calamagréstis Canadénsis, Beauv. Biur Joinr Grass. In all bogs 
N., and in reclaimed low meadows, much liked by cattle ; 3°-5° high ; © 
resembles an Agrostis, but taller, and with a tuft of downy long hairs 
around the flower almost its length, the flowering glume with a delicate 
awn low down on its back and scarcely stouter than the surrounding 
down. 2/ 

Pénicum miliaceum, Linn. True Mituer. Spikelets all pedicellate in 
an umbel-form panicle, each with 3 empty glumes and 1 flower; tall 
grass (3°-4°) with loose, soft leaves and drooping panicle. Probably E. 
Indian. @ 


++ ++ Flowers several in each spikelet, most or all of them perfect. 


= Panicle contracted in 1-sided clusters ; glumes compressed on the sides 
and carinate. 


Dactylis glomerata, Linn. Orcuarp Grass. Nat. from Eu. in mead- 
ows and yards; a tall and coarse, but valuable grass for hay, etc., flour- 
ishes in shady places, 3° high; with broadly linear, rather rough, pale, 
and keeled leaves, and a dense panicle of one-sided clusters, on which the 
spikelets are much crowded, each 3-4-flowered, the glumes tapering into 
a short awn, rough-ciliate on the keel; flowers early summer. 


= = Panicle symmetrical, diffuse ; glumes compressed and carinate and 
pubescent or cobwebby at the base in the Poas, but simply convex and 
glabrous in Festuca. 


Pda serdtina, Ehrh. Fowt Merapow Grass, Fatse Repror. An 
important native grass in wet meadows N.; flowers in late summer in 
a loose panicle, the 2-4-flowered spikelets green with dull purple ; flower- 
ing glume very obscurely nerved. 2/ 

P. trivialis, Linn. Rouguish Meapow Grass. An introduced meadow 
and pasture grass, N.; flowering before midsummer, with open panicle of 
green spikelets, these mostly 3-flowered, the flowering glume prominently 
5-nerved ; sheaths and leaves roughish; ligule oblong, acute. A white- 
striped variety, is cult. for ornament. 2/ 

P. praténsis, Linn. June Grass, Kentucky Briur Grass. Dry 
meadows and pastures, spreading by running rootstocks, and with a 


410 GRASS FAMILY. 


panicle often purplish and more crowded than in the foregoing ; flowering 
in earliest summer, the sheath smooth, and ligule short and blunt; flow- 
ering glume hairy along the margins and the 5 nerves. Makes the ear- 
liest hay. Very variable. 2 

Festaca elatior, Linn. ‘Tart Meapow Fescur. A rather rigid grass of 
meadows and pastures, nat. from Eu.; 1°-4° high, with green flat leaves, 
a narrow panicle with short branches appressed before and after flower- 
ing, 5-10-flowered green spikelets, the flowering glume blunt, or acute, 
or rarely with a short awn. 2 


* * Flowers in densely contracted panicles and therefore seeming to be 
spicate. 


«a Awn borne low down on the back of one or two palets. 


Anthoxanthum odoratum, Linn. SwrEt-sCcENTED VERNAL Grass. Nat. 
from Eu.; low, slender, soft and smooth; the pale brown or greenish 
spikelets crowded in an evident, spikelike panicle; each composed of a 
pair of thin, very unequal glumes, above and within these a pair of obcor- 
date or 2-lobed, hairy, empty, flowering glumes, one with a bent awn 
from near its base, the other with a shorter awn higher up; aboye and 
within these a pair of very small, smooth and roundish palets, of parch- 
ment-like texture, inclosing 2 stamens and the 2-styled pistil, finally 
investing the grain. 2/ 

Alopecurus praténsis, Linn. Mrapow Foxtarr. Introduced from Eu., 
abundantly into meadows E.; flowering in spring; stem about 2° high, 
bearing few pale soft leaves, terminated by a cylindrical soft and dense 
spike, or what seems to be so, for the spikelets are really borne on short 
side branches, not on the main axis; these spikelets very flat, contrary 
to the glumes, which are conduplicate, united by their edges towards the 
base, keeled, fringed-ciliate on the keel; these inclose a single condupli- 
cate flowering glume (the upper one wholly wanting), which bears a long 
awn from below the middle of the back, and surrounds 3 stamens and 
the pistil. 2 


a + Awn, uf any, from the apex of the glumes or palets. 


Phiéum praténse, Linn, Timorny, Cat-rart Grass, Herp’s Grass. 
introduced from Eu.; a coarse but most valuable meadow grass, 29-49 
high, with green roughish head, 3/-8/ long; spikelets densely crowded in 
a long, perfectly cylindrical, apparent spike, each spikelet strictly 1-flow- 
ered; glumes 2, keeled and nearly conduplicate, awn-pointed, much 
larger and of firmer texture than the thin and truncate awnless flowering 
glumes. 2/ 

Setaria Itélica, Kunth. Huneartan Grass, Bencat Grass. Cult, for 
fodder, 3°-5° high, with rather large leaves, a compound or interrupted 
so-called spike, which is evidently a contracted panicle, sometimes 6/—9! 
long, and nodding when ripe; bristles short and few in a cluster; spike- 
lets each with a single perfect flower, and by the side of it one or two thin 
palets of a sterile usually neutral flower. Often cult. as MILLET. 


IV. Lawn anp Pasture Grasses. The best and the commonest lawn 
grass North and Kast is June Grass or Kentucky Blue Grass, already 
described, and it is the commonest basis of old pastures. Redtop is 
also common in lawns and pastures, but it is generally run out after a 
time by June Grass. Sweet Vernal and Orchard Grass are often found 
in lawns. Other common lawn and pusture Grasses are the following : 


* Flowers in open panicles. 


Agréstis canina, Linn. Brown Brent, Roope Istanp Bent. A 
very dwarf fine grass, making a dense close sod upon poor soils ; culms 
8/-2° high ; root leaves involute-bristle-form, but those of the culm flat ; 


GRASS FAMILY. 471 


panicle loose, brownish, rarely pale; glumes very acute, the flowering 
one awned on the back at or below the middle. 2 

' Festuca ovina, Linn. SHeep’s Fescur. Fine-leaved grass, }9-2° high, 

tufted, with slender or involute pale leaves, 3-8-flowered spikelets in a 

short 1-sided panicle, open in flowering, contracted afterwards, the flower- 

ing glume rolled up, almost awl-shaped and tipped with a sharp point or 

bristle-like awn. 2 


x * Flowers in slender spikes, which are either solitary (in the first) or 
digitate. 


Lolium perénne, Linn. Darnet, Rye Grass, Ray Grass.  Intro- 
duced from Eu.; a good pasturage grass, 1°-2° high, with loose spike 
5/-6! long, of 12 or more about 7-flowered spikelets placed edgewise, so 
that one row of flowers is next the glume, the other next the zigzag 
rhachis ; glume only one to the solitary spikelet, which stands edgewise ; 
flowering glume short-awned or awnless. 2 

Cynodon Déctylon, Pers. Brrmupa or ScutcH Genes An introduced 
weed chiefly S., where it is useful in sandy soil, where a better grass is 
not to be had; creeping extensively, the rigid creeping stems with short 
flattish leaves, and sending up flowering shoots a few inches high, bear- 
ing 3-5 slender spikes; flower only one to each spikelet, and a mere rudi- 
ment beyond it, awnless. 2 


* * * Plant diecious or monecious ; the staminate spikelets 2-3-flowered 
and sessile in 2 rows in 2-4 short, 1-sided, pedunculate spikes ; fertile 
spikelets 1-flowered, in a pair of 1-sided, capitate clusters, sessile in the 
sheaths of the upper leaves. 


Buchloé dactyloides, Engelm. Burrato Grass. Low and tufted, 
less than 4/-8/ high; sterile ‘spikes less than 4/ long; male plant taller 
than the female. Plains W. of the Miss., where it is a le ading pasture grass. 


V. WeeEpy AND INTRODUCED GRAsseEs, mostly in cultiwated lands or 
about waste places, not cultivated. 


* Flowers in an open panicle. 
+ Spikelets large, drooping when mature. 


Brdmus, Brome Grass. Spikelets large, at length drooping in an 
open panicle ; containing 5-10 or more flowers, the flowering glume with 
a short bristle point or an awn from the blunt, rounded tip or notch, 
the palet soon adhering to the grain. Coarse grasses; 2 or 3 wild 
species are common, and the following are weeds of cultivation, from Eu. 
The first three have flowers imbricated over each other, the spikelets 
therefore rather dense. ‘The last three have loose spikelets, the flowers 
soon separating from one another. 

B. secGl/inus, Linn. Common Cuess, Cureat. Well known in wheat- 
fields, and once thought to be a degenerated form of wheat; nearly smooth ; 
panicle open and spreading, even in fruit ; spikelets turgid ; flowers laid 
broadly over each other in the two ranks ; flowering glume convex on the 
back, concave within, awnless or short-awned. @ 

B. racemésus, Linn. Upricut Cuess. Like the other, but with nar- 
rower erect panicle contracted in fruit, flowering glume slender-awned, 
and sheaths sometimes hairy. @) @ 

B. mél/lis, Linn. Sorr Cness. Like the preceding, but soft-downy, 
with denser conical-ovate spikelets, and the long-awned glume acute. 


B. Gsper, Linn. Culm slender and panicle small; spikelets loosely 
5-9-flowered ; the flowers oblong or lanceolate ; elume linear-lanceolate, 
searcely keeled, and hairy near the margins, rather longer than the awn ; 
sheaths and lower leaves downy or hairy. 2 


AT2Z GRASS FAMILY. 


B. stérilis, Linn. Leaves rather downy, but the culm glabrous ; pani- 
cle open; the spikelets on long, nearly straight, and simple peduncles ; 
the slender, awl-like flowers 5-9, and 7-nerved, and roughish ; the awn 1! 
long. Not yet common. @ @) 

B. tectérum, Linn. More common than the last; panicle lax and some- 
what 1-sided; the spikelets pubescent and more numerous, on very slen- 
der, curving pedicels ; leaves short. @ @ 


+ + Spikelets of ordinary or small size, spreading or erect. 
= Flowers not awned. 


Pda. Meapvow Grass. Several common species; known by the open 
panicle of 3-10-flowered spikelets ; the glumes and flowering glumes blunt 
(no awn nor pointed tip), the latter laterally compressed and boat-shaped, 
with scarious or white, membranaceous edges, and usually some delicate, 
cobwebby hairs towards the base. The commonest is JuNE Grass, already 
mentioned, which is sometimes a weed. The only other weedy ones are: 

P. Gnnua, Linn. Low Spear Grass. Very low, weedy grass in cult. 
ground, waste places, paths, etc. Flowers in spring or again in sum- 
mer. Eu. 

P. compréssa, Linn. Wire Grass, Encrish Brug Grass. In cul- 
tivated soil, often a very bad intruder; pale, with low, very flat stems, 
rising obliquely from a creeping base ; panicle small, Eu. 2 

Panicum capillare, Linn. Tumsie Grass, Orp Witcu Grass. A 
diffuse plant, common in cornfields and other cultivated grounds, and 
rolling before the wind in the fall; sheaths, and usually the leaves, hairy ; 
panicle very compound, with long, capillary divisions; spikelet with 1 
perfect flower, the lower glume half the length of the upper empty one. @) 


= = Flowers with a bent or twisted awn. 
|| One flower perfect, and one staminate only. 


Arrenathérum avenaceum, Beauv. Oat Grass, Grass OF THE ANDES. 
Rather coarse but soft grass, introduced from Eu. into meadows and 
fields ; thin and very unequal glumes, including a staminate flower, the 
lower glume of which bears a long, bent awn below its middle ; above this 
a perfect flower with its glume bristle-pointed from near the tip, and above 
that a rudiment of a third flower. Sometimes grown as a meadow grass, 
S.and W. 2 

Hélcus lanatus, Linn. Vetver Grass, Meapow Sort Grass. Intro- 
duced from Eu. into meadows and yards, not very common, 14°-2° high, 
well distinguished by its paleness and velvety softness, being soft downy 
all over ; panicle crowded ; the flowers only 2 in the spikelet, small, rather 
distant, the lower one perfect and awnless, the upper staminate and with 
a curved or hooked awn below the tip. 2 


|| || Flowers several (about 7) in the spikelet. 


Danthonia spicata, Beauv. Poverty Grass. A thin, wild grass, 
1°-2° high, growing in sterile soils; spikelets few and whitish, subspi- 
cate; flowering glume loosely hairy, with stout and pointless teeth, be- 
tween which arises a conspicuous awn; tufted, with very narrow leaves. 2/ 


x * Flowers in spikes or dense spike-like panicles. (For Bermuda Grass, 
see IV.) 


+ Spikelets strictly spiked, all on one side of a flattened, jointless rhachis, 
much crowded; the 2-5 spikes digitate, i.e. all on the apex of the flower- 
ing stem. Finger Grass might be sought here; see Panicum, next page. 


Elusine indica, Gertn. Cran Grass, Yarp Grass, Doa’s-Tait Grass, 
or Wire Grass. Introduced only in yards or lawns N., more abundant $., 
where it is valuable for cattle ; low, spreading pale ; flowers 8-5 or more 


GRASS FAMILY. 473 


in each spikelet, the uppermost generally imperfect ; seed loose, propor- 
tionally large, rough-wrinkled ; glumes and palets pointless. @ 

E. Agyptiaca, Pers. Ecyptian Grass. Yards and fields, chiefly a 
weed, S.; creeping over the ground, low; spikes dense and thickish; 
glumes flattened laterally and keeled, one of them awn-pointed, the 
lower one awned. Both from the Old World. 

Agropyrum répens, Beauv. Coucn, Quack, Quitcn, or Quick Grass. 
Spreads amazingly by its vigorous, long, running rootstocks, is a pest 
in cultivated fields, and is too coarse and hard for a meadow grass; 
2°-3° high ; many forms, introduced from Eu. ; spikelets 4—8-flowered ; 
flowering glume either pointless or short-awned ; glumes a pair to the sin- 
gle spikelet, right and left at each joint of the rhachis. 2/ 


+ + Spikelets in a contracted panicle or seeming spike, or if spiked some- 
what on one side of the rhachis; each with a single, perfect flower, its 
palets of coriaceous or cartilaginous texture ; by the side of it are either 
one or two thin glumes of a@ sterile, usually neutral flower. 


++ One or many slender bristles at the base of each spikelet. 


Setdria gladca, Beauv. Foxrtair, Pigeon Grass. In stubble and cul- 
tivated grounds, low; spike tawny yellow, dense; long bristles 6-11-in a 
cluster, rough upwards; perfect flower wrinkled crosswise. Eu. 

S. viridis, Beauy. Green Foxratit, BorrLte Grass. Has less dense and 
greener spike, fewer bristles, rough upwards, and perfect flower striate 
lengthwise. Eu. Common. @) Thought by some to be the parent of 
Hungarian Grass (see III.). 

S. verticillata, Beauv. Spike cylindrical and pale green, with appar- 
ently whorled spikelets or clusters ; bristles single or in pairs and rough 
downwards. Eu. Notcommon. @ 


++ ++ No bristles at the base of the spikelets. 


Panicum sanguindle, Linn. Fincer Grass or Cras Grass. Chiefly a 
weed in cult. fields and about yards in late summer and autumn, but use- 
ful in thin grounds S. for hay; herbage reddish; spikes 4-15, slender, 
digitate, nearly 1-sided; spikelets seemingly 1-flowered, the upper empty 
glume half the length of the flower, the lower one small; Eu. 

P. glabrum, Gaudin. More prostrate and lower; spikes 2-6, widely 
spreading ; upper empty glume equaling the flower, but the lower one 
almost wanting. Waste lands, commonest S. Eu. 

P. Crus-gé/li, Linn. Cocx’sroor, BARNYARD Grass. Common, weedy 
grass of barnyards and low, rich grounds ; coarse, with rather broad leaves, 
and numerous, seeming spikes along the naked summit of the flowering 
stems, often forming a sort of panicle; spikelets with one fertile and one 
sterile flower, the glume of the latter bearing a rough awn. Eu. 

Phdlaris Canariénsis, Linn. Canary Grass. Cult. from Eu. for 
canary seed, and running wild in some waste places; 1°-2° high, with 
the panicle contracted into a sort of oblong spike ; the glumes with wing- 
like keels ; and a little scale or rudimentary, sterile flower at the base. @ 


+ + + Spikelets 1-5, inclosed in a globular and spiny bur or involucre. 


Cénchrus tribuloides, Linn. Bur Grass, Hepcrnoc Grass. A low, 
spreading grass along the seashore and Great Lakes, and in sandy places ; 
spike composed of 8-20 spherical, prickly heads or burs which detach 
easily and adhere to clothing. @ 

VI. Ornamentart Grassgs, regularly cultivated in gardens. 


*« Annual (or biennial) grasses grown for use in dried flower bouquets, or 
one cult. for curiosity. (Feather Grass, in * * * may be sought here.) 


+ Spikelets compact and mostly large, oblong or ovate-shaped, hanging. 
8romus unioloides, HBK. (CeRATOCHLOA PENDULA). Rather stout 


474 GRASS FAMILY. 


and broad-leaved, with drooping, large, 6-10-flowered spikelets much flat. 
tened laterally, so that the lower glumes are almost conduplicate and 
keeled on the back; awns very short. 2f Trop. Amer. and W. United 
States ; has been recommended for fodder S. 

B. brizeférmis, Fisch. & Mey. Elegant grass, in clumps; 2° high, with 
many large, drooping, oblong-ovate, silvery-yellow, 12-30-flowered spike. 
lets ; awns 0; lower sheaths and often the short leaves hairy. Caucasus, 

Briza mGxima, Linn. LarGre QuaKkine Grass or RATTLESNAKE GRASS, 
A low grass, with the hanging, ovate-heart-shaped, 12-20-flowered spike. 
lets somewhat like those of Bromus, but pointless, very tumid, purplish, 
becoming dry and papery, rattling in the wind, —whence the common 
name; awns0. Eu. 

B. minor, Linn. (B. Grdciuis). Lirrte QuaKinc Grass. Smaller, 
with triangular-ovate spikelets, which are about 7-flowered; glumes 
longer than the flowers. Very delicate and pretty. Eu. and Asia. 


+ + Spikelets large, but loose, oat-like. 


Avéna stérilis, Linn. ANimatepD Oat. Sometimes grown for the curi- 
ous movements of the ripe florets due to the hygroscopic action of the 
profuse covering of hairs; panicle very large; the spikelets about twice 
the size of those of the Common Oat. Eu. 


+ + + Singular grass, with imperfect flowers ; the perfect one (with 1 or 
2 sterile ones) borne inside a seed-like, pearly, flask-shaped pouch formed 
by the sheath of a leaf; sterile inflorescence projecting from the flask. 


Colx Ldécryma-J6bi, Linn. Jop’s Tears, Tear Grass. Plant 20-40 
high, grown for the ornamental clusters of so-called ‘‘seeds’’ (these 
sometimes used for rosaries), which are as large as a cherry stone, shining 
and whitish. India and China. 


« * Diffuse, half-creeping perennial grass with small simple panicles, 
grown in conservatories. 


Oplismenus BurmGnni, Pal. (PAxtcum vartecAtum of florists). Slender 
and spreading plants grown in pots, hanging baskets and under benches, 
known by its spreading, narrow-lanceolate, long-pointed leaves (2/4! 
long), which are more or less perfectly 2-ranked and in the common form 
neatly striped with white and pink after the manner of the Wandering 
Jew. Recalls depauperate forms of Barnyard Grass. Tropical Asia. 


x * * Tall perennial grasses, grown for lawn decoration. 
+ Panicle very silky-hairy, the hairs on the rhachis or in the flower. 


MiscGnthus Sinénsis, Anders. (EurAria Japonica and varieties). 
ZeBra Grass. A stately grass from Japan, the forms with leaves striped 
or banded (EurAria zEBrRiNA, etc., of nurserymen) with yellow, now the 
most common; 4°-9° high, with long slender leaves, and a rather small 
erect panicle late in the season; spikelets 1-flowered, stamens 3, flower- 
ing glumes more or less bifid, and awned between the teeth. 

Gynérium argénteum, Nees. Pampas Grass. Tall, reed-like grass, 
from S. Amer., with a large tuft of rigid linear and tapering recurved- 
spreading leaves, several feet in length; the flowering stem 6 to 12 feet 
high and overtopping the leaves in autumn, bearing an ample silvery-silky 
panicle ; spikelets loosely 2-2» -flowered. 

Eria@nthus Ravénne, Beauy. Prume Grass. Stems 5°-10° high, bear- 
ing plume-like, violet or brownish, silky panicles 1°-2° long; leaves for 
the most part in a clump at the base of the stems; spikelets awned, with 
one perfect flower; rhachis of the branches of the panicle jointed. S. Eu. 

Aréndo Dénax, Linn. 8°-20° high, grown for its stately habit (and the 
striped leaves of one variety); leaves comparatively short, broad and flat, 


GRASS FAMILY 475 


alternate and sheathing on the Maize-like stem; spikelets 8-4-flowered, 
all perfect; glume bifid; axes of the spikelets naked, but the flowers 
furnished with long hairs. S. Eu. Seldom flowers in N. States. 


+ + Long plumose awns from the empty glumes; spikelets 1-flowered. 


Stipa pennata, Linn, Frearuer Grass. Plant 2°-8° high, bearing long, 
slender, often drooping, feather-like panicles ; awns twisted, 8-10 times 
longer than the glumes. Eu. Sometimes used for bouquets. 


+ + + Spikes not silky-hairy nor plumose. 


Phalaris arundinacea, Linn. Rerep Canary Grass (the striped 
yariety is the familiar Rrgson Grass of country gardens). Bogs and low 
grounds ; 2°-4° high, with flat leaves nearly 4! wide, flowering in early 
summer, in a pretty, dense, contracted panicle, but open when the blos- 
soms expand; the ovate outer whitish glumes longer and much thinner 
than the blunt coriaceous flowering glumes; a hairy rudiment or append- 
age at the base of each of the latter. 


VII. Wixp Grasses, which are distinguished for tall reed-like growth. 
* Stems pithy, not hollow. 


Tripsacum dactyloides, Linn. Gama Grass, Sesame Grass. Moist 
soil, Conn., S.; nutritious, but coarse ; leaves almost as large as those of 
Indian corn; spike (the upper part staminate, the lower pistillate) nar- 
row, composed of a row of joints which break apart at maturity ; the fer- 
tile cylindrical, the externally cartilaginous spikelets immersed in the 
rhachis, the sterile part thinner and flat. Sometimes used for fodder S. 


* * Stems hollow at maturity. 
+ Flowers monecious, staminate and pistillate separate in the panicle. 


Zizania aquatica, Linn. Inp1an Rice or Water Oars. In water, 
commonest N. W.; with leaves almost as long as those of Indian Corn, the 
upper part of the ample panicle bearing pistillate flowers on erect, club- 
shaped pedicels, the lower bearing staminate flowers on spreading 
branches; each flower or spikelet with only one pair of glumes, the outer 
one long-awned ; grain slender, 4! long, used for food by N. W. Indians. @ 


+ + Flower one and perfect in each spikelet, but sometimes with rudi- 
ments of others. 


AmméO6phila arundinacea, Host. Sra-sanp Reep. Beaches, Me., S., 
and on the Great Lakes, where it serves a useful purpose in binding the 
sand by its rootstocks ; has the panicle contracted into a long spike-like 
inflorescence ; leaves long and strong ; spikelets pale, rather rigid, the hairs 
at the base of the flowers, two thirds shorter than they. 2/ 

Phalaris arundinacea, Linn. The wild form may be sought here (see 
Vale): 


+ + + Flowers several tn each spikelet, all or nearly all perfect. 


Phragmites communis, Trin. Common Reep. Noble grass, in 
marshes ; 5°-12° high, with leaves 1/-2! wide, the stems dying down to 
the base; panicle in late summer or autumn, loose; spikelets 3-7-flow- 
ered, beset with white, silky, long hairs. 2, 

Arundinaria macrospérma, Michx. Larce Cane. Forming the 
cane brakes, Ky., S.; with woody stems 109-20° high and leaves 1/!—2! 
wide, branching the second year, at length flowering from the branches, 
in February or March; the panicle of a few small racemes of large many- 
flowered naked spikelets, the flowering glume usually downy. 2 

Var. suffruticdsa, Munro. SmatLter Reep, Switcu Cane. Only 
4°-10° high, and more branching ; leaves narrower. Md., W. and S. 


476 PINE FAMILY. 


Cuass II. GYMNOSPERMS. 


Plants with no closed ovary, style, or stigma, but ovules 
and seeds naked on a scale or some other sort of trans- 
formed leaf, or in Yew at the end of a scaly-bracted stalk ; 
the mouth of the ovule receiving the pollen directly. 
Leaves not netted-veined. Cotyledons often more than 2. 
(Lessons, Figs. 56, 57, 8837-339, 411-413.) 


CXXXV. CONIFER, PINE FAMILY. 


Trees or shrubs, with wood of homogeneous fiber (no ducts), 
resinous juice, commonly needle-shaped or awl-shaped leaves 
(mostly evergreen), and monecious or sometimes diccious 
flowers destitute of both calyx and corolla, and in catkins, or 
the like. 

Aside from the species here described, there are the follow- 
ing, amongst others, in cultivation: ARAUCARIAS, particularly 
A. IMBRICATA, Pav., the Monkey Puzzur, from Peru, with 
ovate-lanceolate, pointed, stiff, keeled leaves, grown under glass, 
and in the open 8.; Scrap6pirys VERTICILLATA, Sieb. & Zucc., 
Parasot Tree, from Japan, grown out of doors, with long, 
linear, verticillate leaves; CEPHALOTAXUS DRUPACEA, Sieb. & 
Zuce. (known also as C. Forrtnr), a straggling shrub planted 
from Japan in the middle and southern states with dicecious, 
flat, linear, 2-rowed leaves, and a drupe-like fruit the size of a 
small plum which ripens the second year. 


J. PINE SUBFAMILY, proper. These are true Conifere, 
or cone-bearing trees, the fertile flowers being in a scaly catkin 
which becomes a strobile or scaly cone. The scales are each 
in the axil of a bract (which is sometimes evident and pro- 
jecting, but often concealed in the full-grown cone), and bear 
a pair of ovules adhering to their inner face next the base, the 
orifice downwards, and the 2-winged seeds peel off the scale 
as the latter expands at maturity. They all have scaly buds. 
Leaves scattered or fascicled. 


PINE FAMILY. 477 


« Cones maturing the second year, and the scales becoming thick and corky. 

1. PINUS. Leaves persistent, long and needle-shaped, 2, 3, or 5 in a cluster from the axii 
of dry bud scales, developed after the scaly shoot of the season lengthens. Sterile 
catkins clustered at the base of the shoot of the season; each stamen answers to 
a flower, reduced to a 2-celled anther, with hardly any filament. Cone woody, mostly 
large, maturing in the autumn of the second year. Cotyledons of the embryo 
several. (See Lessons, Figs. 56, 57, 184, 185, 411-413.) 

» * Cones maturing the first year (except in No. 6), the scales remaining thin. 
+ Leaves persistent ; i.e., evergreen. 
++ With cones pendulous or reflexed, their scales persistent. 

2. PICEA. Cones terminal. Sterile flowers mostly axillary (sometimes terminal), on 
branchlets of the preceding year. Leaves needle-shaped and 4-angled, sessile, scat- 
tered or spirally disposed. 

8. TSUGA. Cones on the ends of last year’s branchlets. Sterile flowers in a sub-globose 
cluster springing from the axils of last year’s leaves. Leaves short, flat and whitened 
beneath, short-petioled, 2-ranked. 

4. PSEUDOTSUGA. Cones large, the bracts more or less exserted and spreading or 
reflexed, causing the cones to appear fringed. Leaves flat, short-petioled, 2-ranked. 

++ ++ With cones erect, the scales at length deciduous. 

5. ABLES. Cones on the upper side of spreading branches, the bracts mostly exserted. 
Sterile flowers from the axils of last year’s leaves. Leaves flat, whitened, and with 
the midrib prominent beneath, sessile, scattered, but appearing 2-ranked on hori- 
zontal branches. 

6. CEDRUS. Leaves as in Larix, but rigid and persistent. Cones globular, large, of very 
broad thin scales. + + Leaves deciduous. 


7. LARIX. Leaves all falling in autumn, soft, short-needle-shaped, in spring, developed 
very many in a dense cluster from axillary buds of the previous summer, those on 
shoots of the season similar but scattered. Cones as in Abies, the scales persistent. 
(Lessons, Figs. 184, 387.) 


II. CYPRESS SUBFAMILY. These have both kinds of 
flowers in short, often globular, catkins of few scales; the fer- 
tile making a globular or ovate, small cone, which is often 
fleshy when young, sometimes imitating a berry. The branches 
appear and the shoots grow on without the intervention of 
any scaly buds. Leaves often opposite or whorled, sometimes 
scale-like and adnate to the branch. 


* Scales of the globular cone with a pointed bract behind each wedge-shaped scale, partly 
cohering with its back. 

8. CRYPTOMERIA. Cone terminating a leafy branch, the recurved tip of the bract and 
awl-shaped lobes of the top of the scales projecting. 

* * Scales of the fruit simple, no bract behind them. 

+ Fruit asort of cone, dry and hard when mature ; flowers monecious, rarely diecious. 

++ Leaves deciduous, thin and delicate, flat. 

9. TAXODIUM. Two kinds of flowers on the same branches; the sterile catkin spike- 
panicled, of few stamens ; the fertile in small clusters. Cone globular, firmly closed 
till mature, of several very thick-topped and angular shield-shaped scales, a pair of 
erect 3-angled seeds on their stalk. 

++ ++ Leaves evergreen, linear and awl-shaped, alternate, free, destitute of glands 

10. SEQUOIA. Catkins globular, the scales of the fertile ones bearing several ovules. 
Cone woody ; the shield-shaped scales closed without overlapping, and bearing 3-3 
Hiat wing-margined seeds hanging from the upper part. of their stalk-like bese. 


478 PINE FAMILY. 


++ ++++ Leaves evergreen, opposite, awl-shaped and scale shaped (the former on the 
more vigorous lengthening shoots, the latter closely imbricated and decussate 
on the succeeding branchlets), commonly with a resinous gland on the back. 
Seeds and ovules erect ; cotyledons only 2 or 3. 


11. CUPRESSUS. Cones spherical; the shield-shaped scales closing by their well-fitted 
margins, not overlapping, separating at maturity, each scale bearing many ovules 
and narrowly-winged seeds, its broad summit with a central boss or short point. 

12, CHAMAECYPARIS. Cone globose, terminal, firmly closed, but opening at maturity, 
the scales peltate. Sterile flowers composed of shield-shaped, scale-like filaments 
- bearing 2-4 anther cells. Leaves small and scale-like, appressed or spreading. Seeds 
2-3 below each scale, in which it differs chiefly from Cupressus. 

18. THUJA. Cones oblong or globular, the scales not shield-shaped, but concave and fixed 
by their base, overlapping in pairs, pointed if at all from or near their summit, 
spreading open at maturity, each bearing a single pair of ovules and winged seeds. 
(Lessons, Figs. 338, 339.) 


+ + Fruit berry-like ; flowers commonly diecious. 


14. JUNIPERUS. Catkins very small, lateral; the fertile catkin of 3-6 fleshy scales grow- 
ing together, and ripening into a sort of globular berry, containing 1-3 bony seeds 
Leaves evergreen, opposite or whorled. 


Ill. YEW SUBFAMILY. Distinguished by having the 
fertile catkin, if it may be so called, reduced to a single, ter 
minal flower, consisting of an ovule only, surrounded by some 
bracts or a fleshy disk, ripening into a nut-like or drupe-like 
seed; cotyledons only 2. There is nothing answering to the 
scales of a pine cone. Leaf buds scaly as in the true Pine 
Family. Flowers mostly dicecious, axillary. 


15. TAXUS. Leaves linear, appearing more or less 2-ranked, green both sides. Both kinds 
of catkins, if such they may be called, are small axillary buds imbricated with per: 
sistent scales, bearing at the apex, one a few naked stamens each with 3-8 anther 
cells under a somewhat shield-shaped apex, the other an ovate ovule. This in fruit 
becomes a nut-like blackish seed, resting in the bottom of a berry-like red cup. 

16. TORREYA. Leaves, catkins, etc., nearly as in Taxus. Stamens more scale-shaped 
at top, each bearing 4 hanging anther cells. Naked seed resembling a thin-fleshed 
drupe or when dry a nut, with no cup around it, as large as a nutmeg, which it 
resembles also in the brain-like interior structure. 

17. GINKGO. Leaves wedge-shaped and fan-shaped, deeply 2-cleft and the lobes wavy- 
toothed and somewhat cleft at the broad truncate end, traversed with straight simple 
or forking nerves or veins, like a Fern. Flowers not often seen. Sterile catkins 
slender and loose. Seed drupe-like, and with a fleshy short cup around its base. 

18, PODOCARPUS. The fleshy seed raised on a sort of stalk. Leaves sometimes much 
unlike those of other Coniferous trees, being large, linear, lanceolate, or even ovate, 
and veinless, except the midrib. 


1. PINUS, PINE. (The classical Latin name.) Flowers in late 
spring. 

* Wuite Pres, with soft leaves 5 in the cluster, their sheath and the 
scale underneath early deciduous; cones long, cylindrical, terminal, 


hanging, falling after shedding the seeds, their scales hardly if at all 
thickened at the end, pointless ; seed thin-shelled and winged. 


P. Strébus, Linn. Wuite Pine. Tall tree mostly in poor soil, 
Penn., N,, and along the mountains to Ga.; with soft, white wood invalu- 


PINE FAMILY. 479 


able for lumber, smooth, greenish bark on young trunks and branches; 
pale or glaucous, slender leaves 3/-4’ long; and narrow cones 5/-6! long. 

P. excé/sa, Wall. Buoran or HimaLtayan WuitE P. Ornamental tree 
barely hardy far N.; with the drooping and glaucous-green, slender leaves 
and the cones nearly twice the length of those of White Pine ; cone 6/-10! 
long, with large, wedge-like, loosely imbricated scales. 


x * Nur Prygs, with leaves, etc., as in the preceding section, but short, 
thick cones of fewer and thick, pointless scales, and large, hard-shelled, 
edible seeds destitute of a wing. 


P. Cémbra, Linn. CempBra or Swiss Stone P. of the higher Alps; 
small, slow-growing, very hardy, ornamental tree, with green, 4-sided 
leaves 3/4’ long and much crowded on the erect branches ; cones round- 
oval, erect, 2/ long; the round seeds as large as peas. 


* * * Pircu Pines and their relatives, with leaves only 2 or 3 in the 
cluster, scaly-sheathed at the base; wood resinous. 


+ Leaves 3 in the cluster. All natives, but the last Californian. 
++ Cones terminal; leaves long and slender. 


P. paltistris, Mill. Lone-Leavep or SourHern YeLiLow Pine. Lofty, 
striking tree of pine barrens from S. Va., S.; with leaves 10/-15/ long, 
very resinous wood, and cones 6/-10! long; the scales tipped with a re- 
flexed, short spine. 


++ ++ Cones lateral and persistent on the branch long after shedding the 
seed ; the scales thickened at the end, often tipped with a cusp or spine ; 
leaves rigid. 


P. Tézda, Linn. Losrotiy or Oxp-Fietp P. Small tree, in light 
soil, from Del., S., with less resinous wood than the last; dark-green 
leaves 6/-10’ long; and solitary cones 3/-5' long; the scales tipped with 
a short, straight, or incurved spine. 

P. rigida, Mill. Norruern Pircnu P. Sandy or thin, rocky soil; 
abounding along the coast N. and in the upper country S.; a stout tree, 
with dark-green leaves 3/-5! long from short sheaths ; clustered, ovate- 
conical cones 2/—3! long ; the scales tipped with a recurved spine or prickle. 
(Lessons, Figs. 411-413.) 

P. seré6tina, Michx. Ponp P. Small tree in wet ground from N. Car., 
S.; with valueless wood ; leaves 4/-8/ long, and mostly opposite, round- 
ovate cones 2/-3/ long, their scales tipped with a very small and weak 
prickle. 

P. ponderésa, Dougl. Planted from Cal., where it is a characteristic 
tree, with heavy wood, deep-green leaves 6/-11' long, and clustered cones 
about 3/ long, reflexed on a short stalk. 


+ + Leaves only 2 in the sheath (Lessons, Fig. 185), or a few of them 
sometimes in threes, mostly differ. 


+ Scales of the cone tipped with a distinct beak or prickle, often recurved. 


P. sylvéstris, Linn. Scorcu Pine (wrongly called also Scotch Fir). 
The common Pine of N. Eu.; middle-sized tree, known by the bluish- 
white hue of its flat leaves (2/-4’ long), reddish bark on the trunk, and 
narrow, tapering cones ; the scales with tubercle-like tips. Common in 
cultivation. 

P. montana, Du Roi. The dwarf Mueuo Pring, or P. Mucuo of nurs- 
evies, is a native of S. Eu.; usually a spreading shrub or bushy tree, 
2°-10° high, with stiff leaves 2/-3/ long, and smallish, tapering cones with 
slight points to the scales. 


48U PINE FAMILY. 


P. ptingens, Michx. f. Tarre Mountain or Prickiy Pine. Along 
the Alleghanies from Penn. to S. Car. ; middle-sized tree, with dark 
bluish-green leaves only about 2/ long ; but the heavy and clustered, ovate 
cones fully 3/ long, the scales being armed with a very strong, somewhat 
hooked spine. 

P. inops, Ait. Jersey Scrus P. Low, straggling tree of barrens 
and sterile hills, from Long Island, S. and W., with drooping branchlets ; 
leaves 1/-3! long ; solitary ovate-oblong cones 2! long, reflexed on a short 
stalk; the scales tipped with an awl-shaped prickle. 

P. mitis, Michx. Yrrirow Pine, SHORT-LEAVED YELLOW Pine. A 
middle-sized tree in sandy or dry soil, with firm, fine-grained wood, slen- 
der leaves (not rarely in threes) 3/-5! long; and mostly solitary, ovate, 
or oblong-conical cones barely 2! long; the scales tipped with a minute, 
weak prickle. Staten Island, W. and S. 


++ ++ Scales of the cone not beaked, but often wrinkled or uneven. 


P. Austriaca, Hoss. Austrian P. A probable variety of P. Larfcro, 
or Corsican P. of S. Eu.; a fast-growing, massive tree, with very rough 
branches ; dark-green, slender, but rigid leaves, 4/-6’ long; and conical 
cones 23/-3/ long. Commonly planted. 

P. Massoniana, Lamb. China, now frequently cultivated, particularly 
the form with party-colored white and green leaves, which are 5’-7' 
long and slender; cones very small, solitary, or 2—-3-verticillate. 

P. Banksiana, Lamb. Gray or NorTHeRN Scrus P. Jack P. Along 
our northern frontiers and extending N., on rocky banks; straggling 
shrub or tree, 5°-20° high, with oblique or contorted leaves 1’ long ; 
curved cones barely 2! long persisting on the branches several years ; 
blunt scales. 

P. resindsa, Ait. Rep Pine, Norway Pine. The Latin name not 
a good one, as the tree is not especially resinous; dry woods N. from N. 
Eng. to Minn. ; 50°-80° high, with reddish and smoothish bark, compact 
wood, dark-green leaves 4/-6’ long and not rigid; and ovate-conical, 
smooth cones about 2’ long, at the apex of the branch and falling after 
shedding the seed, their scales slightly thickened at the end and without 
any prickly point. Much used for lumber in Mich, and W. 


2. PICEA, SPRUCE. (Latin name.) 


* Foliage distinctly glaucous, so that the tree has a whitish or bluish cast. 
(Leaves glaucous both above and below.) 


P. pingens, Engelm. Cotorapo BLuE Spruce. Of conical, slow 
growth, with spreading, horizontal branches; branchlets smooth and 
shining ; leaves 1’ or less long, very sharp-pointed, stiff, in the best 
forms densely glaucous-blue (varies into almost green forms) ; cones 
solitary or clustered, cylindrical, 2}/-5! long. Rocky Mountains. 

P. Alba, Link. Wuuire Spruce. Along our northern borders and N. ; 
when planted a very handsome tree, with pale, glaucous leaves ; cylindri- 
cal, nodding cones about 2’ long, falling the first winter; the thinner 
scales with a firm, even edge. 


* * Foliage green or nearly so (leaves glaucous, if at all, only on the 
under side). 


+ Cones 4’ or less long. 


P. nigra, Link. Brack or Dousie Spruce. Cold woods and swamps 
N. and along the mountains S.; middle-sized tree, with leaves (seldom 
over 3/ long) dark-green (a glaucous-whitish variety E.); its ovate cones 
recurving on short branches, 1/-1}! long, persistent for several years , thin, 
rigid scales with thin, often eroded edge. 


PINE FAMILY. 481 


P. Alcockiana, Carr. Leaves rigid and more or less curved, distinctly 
4-sided, but flattened, sharp-pointed, slightly glaucous on the two under 
sides ; cones oblong and tapering at both ends, 2’-3! long; the scales 
brown, shining, and striate, and minutely toothed. A tree of close, 
graceful habit, planted from Japan. Confounded with P. Ajanénsis, 
Fischer, also of Japan and Northeast Asia, which differs in having flat 
leaves which are glaucous-blue beneath, the scales of the cones less 
rounded and more deeply toothed, and the branches more rigid. 

P. polita, Carr. Tree of conical growth and projecting branchlets, 
these latter very rigid and cream-yellow; leaves on all sides of the 
branches short, erect, and rigid, slightly faleate, very sharp-pointed, 4- 
sided, with the faces slightly hollowed ; cones ellipsoidal, 3/4’ long ; the 
coriaceous scales light-brown and minutely notched. Japan. 

P. orientalis, Carr. Handsome tree with very slender branches and 
retaining its lower branches next the ground; leaves close-set upon all 
sides of the branchlets and deep, glossy green, stiff, not sharp; cones 
somewhat cylindrical, 2-3!’ long, pointed at the top. Caucasus. Not 
fully hardy in Northern States. 


+ + Cones 5 -7!' long. 


P. excélsa, Link. Norway Spruce. The most common and most 
vigorous species, planted from Eu. ; fine, large tree, with stout branches, 
deep-green leaves larger than in the next, the mature hanging cones light 
colored and very conspicuous. Runs into numerous horticultural varie- 
ties, some of the dwarf ones growing only 3°-5° high. 


3. TSUGA, HEMLOCK SPRUCE. (Japanese name.) 


T. Canadénsis, Carr. Hemiocx. Common forest tree on hills and 
in swamps N., and planted for ornament; large tree, with coarse wood, 
light and spreading spray, broadish-linear and blunt leaves only 3! long, 
green above and whitish beneath, and oval cones only 3! or 3! long, their 
bracts very short and hidden. There are several cultivated varieties. 


4. PSEUDOTSUGA, DOUGLAS SPRUCE. (False Tsuga.) 


P. Doug/aésii, Carr. One of the tall trees from Rocky Mountains and 
W. to the Pacific, planted in two or three forms; slender leaves 1! or 
more long, light green, indistinctly 2-ranked; cones 2/-3/ long, loose, 
with pointed and toothed bracts projecting beyond the scales. 


5. ABIES, FIR. (Classical Latin name.—The names Apres and 
Picea, for Fir and Spruce, are just oppositely used by different authors. 
Linnzus employed the former for Spruce, the latter for Fir, and so do 
some late writers. The ancients used the names just the other way, 
and the later botanists mostly follow them.) Flowers late spring. 


* Barsam Firs, native trees; bark yielding Canada balsam from 
blisters, etc. 


A. balsamea, Miller. Common B. Small tree of cold or wet grounds 
N.; handsome when young, but soon becoming ragged, with poor wood, 
narrow linear leaves #/ or less than 1/ long and much crowded, cylin- 
drical violet-colored cones 2/4! long and 1’ thick, their bracts with only 
the abrupt slender point projecting. 

A. Fraseri, Lindl. Frasrer’s or Sournern B. Along the higher Alle- 
ghanies, N. Car., S.; small tree, like the preceding ; but the small cones 
(only 1/-2/ long) oblong-ovate, with the short-pointed upper part of the 
bracts conspicuously projecting and reflexed. 


482 PINE FAMILY. 


* * Sitver Firs, very choice ornamental exotic trees. 
a Leaves blunt. 


A. pectinata, DC. Eurorran Sitver Fir. Large tree having slender 
horizontal branches with narrow leaves (greener above than in Balsam F., 
nearly as white beneath, and 1}! long) forming a flat spray ; cones 6/-8/ 
long, cylindrical, with slender projecting points to the bracts. 

A. Nordmanniana, Spach. Caucasus; with thicker-set and broader, 
more glossy leaves than the foregoing, linear, curved, 1! long, deep green 
above and whitened beneath ; cones large and ovate (5/-6! long); branches 
rigid and horizontal, very leafy. 

A. Sibirica, Ledeb. (A. Pfcuta). Sipertan Sirver F. With thicker- 
set leaves than those of European Silver Fir, dark-green above and less 
white beneath ; cones only 3/ long, their short bracts concealed under the 
scales. 


+ + Leaves acute or pointed, especially on main shoots, rigid, widely and 
about equally spreading on both sides. 


A. Cephalénica, Link. CrPHALONIAN SILVER Fir. Remarkable for its 
very stiff, almost prickly-pointed, squarrose, close-set leaves, dark-green 
above, white beneath; cones 5/-6’ long, like those of A. pectinata. 
Greece, etc. 

A. Pinsapo, Boiss. Spanisu Sirver Frr. Resembles the last, but not 
so hardy, with leaves less pointed, and the bracts of the cones concealed ; 
cones cylindrical, 4/-5! long. Spain. 


6. CEDRUS, CEDAR, i.e. of Lebanon. (Ancient Greek name.) Wood 
reddish, fragrant. Cult. for ornament, but precarious in this climate. 


C. Libans, Barrel. Crpar or Lepanon. With dark foliage and stiff 
horizontal branches, the terminal shoot erect ; cones 3/—4/ long, peduncled, 
oblong-oval, maturing the second (or third ?) year; not hardy. 

C. Deodara, Loud. DroparC. Of Himalayas; with lighter drooping 
spray on young trees, and larger whitish leaves. Somewhat planted S.; 
now considered to be only a form of the first. 


te LARIX, LARCH. (The ancient name.) Trees planted for orna- 
ment and valuable for timber ; branches slender, the young ones pendu- 
lous; flowers in earliest spring, much before the leaves appear ; catkins 
from lateral spurs or broad buds; the sterile globular, yellow; the 
fertile oval, crimson-red, being the color of the bracts. The commonest 
ones described here. Others are in cultivation. 


L. Europea, DC. European Larcu, A fine fast-growing tree, with 
leaves about 1! long, and cones 1! long, of numerous scales. There is a 
weeping form. 

L. Americana, Michx. Amersoan LArcn, Tamarack or HackMa- 
Tack. Swamps N.; slender tree with shorter and paler leaves, and small 
cones of few scales, only }/ or 3/ long. 


8. CRYPTOMERIA. (From the Greek, means concealed parts or 
joints.) Evergreen tree from Japan. 
C. Japénica, D.Don. Often in conservatories and in the open from 


Long Island (sparingly), S.; leaves crowded, awl-shaped, many-ranked, 
edgewise and decurrent on the stem. 


PINE FAMILY. 483 


9. TAXODIUM, BALD CYPRESS. (Greek: Yew-like; the resem- 
blance is only in the shape of the leaves.) Flowers before the leaves, 
in earliest spring. 

T. distichum, Richard. American B. or SoutHeRN Cypress. Large 
tree in swamps, from Del., S., and planted even N.; branchlets slender, 
many of them falling in autumn like leafstalks; leaves light green, 3’ 
long, narrow-linear, 2-ranked, on some flower-bearing shoots awl-shaped 
and imbricated ; cones 1’ or less thick. 


10. SEQUOIA, REDWOOD. (Named for the Cherokee half-breed 
Indian See-qua-yah, who invented an alphabet for his nation.) Very 
celebrated, gigantic, Californian trees, with fibrous bark, not unlike 
that of Taxodium, and soft, fissile, dull red wood. Neither species is 
hardy in New England, or safe in the Middle States; but the second 
is disposed to stand. 


S. sempérvirens, Endl. Common Repwoop of the coast ranges of Cal.; 
with flat and linear acute leaves 2-ranked on the branches, but small awl- 
shaped and scattered ones on the erect or leading shoots, and small globu- 
lar cones (barely 1! long). 

S. gigantéa, Torr. Giant Repwoop (in Eng. called WeLLineronta) 
of the Sierra Nevada; with all the leaves awl-shaped and distributed 
round the branch ; cones ovoid, 1}/-2! long. 


11. CUPRESSUS, CYPRESS. Classical name of the Oriental Cypress, 
namely, 


C. sempérvirens, Linn. Planted only far S.; stiff narrow tree, with 
slender erect branches, dark foliage, and cone 1’ in diameter, each scale 
many-seeded. 


12. CHAMZICYPARIS, FALSE CYPRESS. (Greek: ground cypress.) 
# Wuite Cepar, with rather stiff branches and closely appressed leaves. 


C. sphreroidea, Spach. Common Wuite Cepar. Tree of low grounds, 
from Me., S., with white valuable wood, slender spray, and pale, glaucous- 
green, triangular-awl-shaped leaves much finer than in Arbor Vite ; cones 
hardly 4! wide, with few seeds to each scale, and these almost wingless. 


* * CYPRESSES of cultivation, ours with drooping spray. 


C. Lawsoniana, Parl. A most graceful species, with thickly set and 
plume-like, flat, pendulous spray of bluish-green hue, and cones scarcely 
above }/ in thickness, their scales bearing 2-4 ovules and ripening 2 or 3 
seeds; male catkins red. N. Cal., where it reaches 100° in height. 
Many varieties are in cultivation. Half hardy N. 

C. Nutkaénsis, Spach. (THuyOpsis BOREALIS). Nootka Sounp Cy- 
press. Like the last, but more robust in habit, its foliage pale-green, 
and its male catkins sulphur-yellow. Hardier, and cult. in several forms. 
Ore., N. 


* « « Retinosporas of cultivation, with more erect branchlets and some- 
times slightly spreading leaves. Japan. 


C. pisifera, Sieb. & Zucc. Pyramidal tree, or generally a bush as 
seen in cultivation, with feathery spray, slender branchlets, and dis- 
tinctly 4-rowed, scale-like, somewhat distant, sharp leaves, which are 
brownish-green above, bearing 2 glaucous lines beneath ; cones the size 
of small peas, with 8-12 scales which are irregularly crenulate on the 
margin. The forms in cultivation, as RetrndsporaA PLUMOSA, R. ERI- 
coipes, R. squarrosa and R. FILf{fFERA, are considered to be forms of 
this species, 


484 PINE FAMILY. 


C. obtdsa, Sieb. & Zucce. Distinguished from the above by its obtusish 
and closely appressed leaves, larger cones (4/ in diam.) which have & 
(rarely 9 or 10) cones with entire-margined scales, which, however, are 
furnished with a tubercle-like tip in the center. RerrindspoRA TETRA- 
GONnA, R, FiticoipeEs, and R. tycopopioipes belong here. 


13. THUJA, ARBOR VITA. (Ancient name of some resin-bearing 
evergreen.) The varieties planted in collections are very numerous ; 
the following are the principal natural types, by some taken for genera. 
(Lessons, Fig. 166.) 


T. occidentalis, Linn. American ArBor Vit&, or Wuite CepArR 
(incorrectly) of the N. and of lumbermen.- Common tree N., in swamps 
and cool, moist woods, much planted, especially for hedges and screens ; 
leaves mostly of the scale-shaped sort, blunt, and adnate ; cones oblong, 
rather soft, the oblong scales pointless, and bearing 2 thin-winged seeds. 
Many nursery varieties, some of which, especially var. ERICOIDES or 
HeEATH-LIKE A., have the loose, awl-shaped sort of leaves. SrBeRIAN 
Arbor Vit is a form of it. 

T. orientalis, Linn. (BiOTA ORIENTALIS). CurinesE A. Not hardy far 
N.; small tree, with even the scale-shaped leaves acute; cone larger, 
with thicker scales tipped with a recurving, horn-like apex or appendage, 
each 2-seeded, and the seeds hard-shelled and wingless. Numerous forms 
are cultivated. 

T. dolabrata, Linn. (Tuuy6psis DOLABRATA). Japan. Remarkable for 
its very flat spray, broad and very blunt, large leaves (sometimes }’ long) 
green above and white beneath; the cone with thick and rounded scales, 
each with 5_wing-margined seeds. 


14. JUNIPERUS, JUNIPER. (Classical Latin name.) Flowers late 
spring. 


«x Leaves like those of Cypress and Arbor Vite (both scale-like and avl- 
shaped, small, the former sort minute and very adnate). 


J. Virginiana, Linn. Rep Cepar, Savin. A familiar shrub and 
small or large tree, with most durable and valuable, reddish, odorous 
wood ; the small fruit dark with a white bloom, erect on the short sup- 
porting branchlet. 

J. Sabina, Linn., var. procimbens, Pursh. Rocky banks, trailing 
over the ground along our northern borders, with the scale-shaped leaves 
less acute, and the fruit nodding on the short, peduncle-like, recurved 
branchlet. 

J. Chinénsis, Linn. Low or medium-sized, dicwcious tree of upright 
habit ; male plant with numerous branches, the upper ones ascending or 
erect, the leaves generally in 3’s, stiff and spreading, green or glau- 
cous; female plant with longer and more distant branches, the leaves 
shorter and more appressed and in pairs; berries dull-violet, small. 
China to Nepaul. 


* * Leaves all of one sort, in whorls of 8, jointed with the stem, linear 
with an awl-shaped, prickly point ; the midrib prominent, also the rib- 
like margins. 


J. communis, Linn. Common Juniper. Erect or spreading shrub, 
with very sharp-pointed leaves, green below and white on the upper face ; 
berries large and smooth. The wild, low, much spreading variety is com- 
mon N. in sterile or rocky ground. Var. Hipérnica, a very erect, tree- 
like shrub, forming a narrow column, is most planted for ornament, 
From Eu. Many cult, forms 


CYCAD FAMILY. 485 


1S: TAXUS, YEW. (Classical name, from the Greek for a bow: the 
tough wood was chosen for bows.) Flowers early spring. 


T. baccadta, Linn. European Yew. Low tree, with thick, upright 
trunk, spreading, short branches, and pointed, dark-green leaves about 1/ 
long ; when planted in this country forms only ashrub. Var. FASTIGIATA, 
Ir1sH Yew. A singular form, making a narrow column, the branches 
appressed ; the leaves shorter, broader, and scarcely in two ranks. 

T. tardiva, Laws. (T. appréssa). Low tree or shrub, with no dis- 
tinct leader, and therefore making a flat top; leaves short, ovate-oblong, 
and very dark-green, 2-rowed ; berries pale-pink. Said to have come from 
Japan, but probably only a form of T. baccata. 

T. cuspidata, Sieb. & Zucc. Small tree or hardy bush, with the habit of 
T. baccata, but looser ; leaves broader and abruptly pointed, leathery in 
texture and lighter-colored, 2-ranked on the branchlets, but scattered on 
the older growth. Japan. 

T. Canadénsis, Willd. American Y., Grounp Hemiock. A strag- 
gling bush on shady banks and hills, N. J., to Minn. and N. ; widely spread- 
ing on the ground ; leaves green and linear, short ; berries light-red. 


16. TORREYA. (Dr. John Torrey, a distinguished American botan- 
ist.) Flowers in spring. 
T. taxifolia, Arn. Woods in Fla.; a handsome tree, but with the 


wood and foliage ill-scented ; leaves like those of Yew, but longer and 
tapering to a sharp point; hardy as a shrub as far north as N. Y. 


17. GINKGO, GINKGO TREE. (Japanese name.) 


G. biloba, Linn. (SavisptrtaA ADIANTIFOLIA). MAIDENHAIR TREE. 
A most singular tree, planted from China and Japan, hardy N.; branches 
spreading ; the fan-shaped, maidenhair-like, alternate leaves with their 
slender stalks 3’ or 4’ long; fruit a drupe an inch or more long, with a 
stone like that of the plum, the meat edible. Dicecious or monecious. 


18. PODOCARPUS. (Greek: stalked jruit.) 

P. Chinénsis, Wall. A very erect shrub, like the Irish Yew not fully 
hardy N.; leaves linear-lanceolate, 2/-3! long; fruit ovoid. China. 

P. Nageia, R. Br. Handsome, erect tree with slender and sometimes 
pendulous branches; leaves broadly ovate, attenuated at the point and 
slightly glaucous ; fruit globose, dark-purple. Japan 


CXXXVI. CYCADACEH, CYCAD FAMILY. 


Trees or shrubs with palm-like trunks which increase by a 
terminal bud; the leaves pinnate and coiled in the bud, like 
ferns. Flowers dicecious, the fertile consisting of 2 ovules 
under scales, and arranged in cones or on the margins of con- 
tracted leaves. Only two species need be mentioned here: 


Cycas revoldta, Thunb. (Lessons, Fig. 47.) Japan; a palm-like, low 
tree of conservatories, wrongly called Saco Partm; leaves 2°-6° long, 
curving vutwards, the pinne stiff, dark-green ; stem commonly simple. 

Zamia integrifdlia, Willd. Coonrtie of S. Fla., whose root-like trunk, 
which does not rise above ground, furnishes a kind of flour called FLoripa 
Arrow Roor; leaves petioled and spreading, with pumerous lanceolate 
or linear-lanceolate pinne. 


SERIES IL. 


FLOWERLESS OR CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS! 


Those which fructify without true flowers; that is, with- 
out stamens and pistils, and produce spores (simple cells) 
in place of seeds. 


Cuass III. ACROGENS. 


The highest class of Flowerless Plants, those with a 
distinct axis, or stem, growing from the apex, containing 
woody matter and ducts, and bearing leaves, or something 
answering to leaves. 


CXXXVII. EQUISETACEX, HORSETAIL FAMILY. 


Perennial plants, rising from creeping rootstocks; the stems 
mostly hollow, furrowed, many-jointed, with mere scales at 
the joints united into a sheath in place of leaves; either 
simple or with branches in whorls about the joints; fructifica- 
tion in terminal cone-like spikes, composed of 5-angled, short- 
stalked, and shield-shaped scales, each bearing on the under 
surface about 6 one-celled spore cases. Contains but one 
genus, Equiskrum, the Horsrraits or Scourtna RusHEs, 
in low places. For the species the student should consult the 
Manual. (Lessons, Figs. 495-498.) 


CXXXVIII. FILICES, FERN FAMILY. 


Plants with creeping or ascending rootstocks, or even erect 
trunks, bearing distinct leaves (fronds) on stalks (or stipes) 
which are rolled up (circinate) in the bud, and bear commonly 


1 The account of the Flowerless Plants in the original edition was prepared by Professor 
D. C. Eaton of Yale College. 


FERN FAMILY. 487 


on the under surface or on the edges the simple fructification, 
consisting of 1-celled spore cases (technically called sporangia) 
variously grouped in dots, lines, or masses (called sori or fruit 
dots) and containing but one kind of minute, 1-celled, powdery, 
numerous spores, which are discharged when the sporangia 
finally split open. A large family, most abundant in warm 
and moist regions. 


[ The divisions of a pinnatifid frond are properly called segments; of 
a pinnate frond, pinne ; of a 2-3-4-pinnate frond, pinnules or ultimate 
segments. The stalk of the frond is a stipe ; its continuation through the 
frond, the rhachis ; its branches, partial or secondary rhachises. A rha- 
chis bordered by the leafy portion becomes a midrib, which may be primary, 
secondary, etc. ] 


I. POLYPODIUM SUBFAMILY. Characterized by stalked 
spore cases, having a vertical, incomplete, many-jointed, elastic 
ring, which straightens at maturity, breaking open the spore 
case transversely, and so discharging the spores. Spore cases 
rarely if ever on very narrow thread-like branches; the fruit 
dots often covered by a scale-like involucre (the indusium). 


§ 1. No definite fruit dots, but the spore cases in large patches on the under surface of 
the fertile frond, or entirely covering the under surface; no indusium. 


1, ACROSTICHUM § CHRYSODIUM. Fronds simple or pinnately branched, with retic- 
ulated veins; spore cases covering the whole under surface of the frond or of its 
upper divisions. 

2. PLATYCERIUM. Fronds irregularly forking ; veins reticulated ; spore cases in large 
patches on special portions of the under surface. 


§ 2. Spore cases on the back of the frond, sometimes near the margin, in dots or lines 
(sori) placed on the veins or at the ends of the veins, but without indusium of 
any kind. 


3. POLYPODIUM. Fronds simple or pinnate, rarely twice pinnate; veins free or retic- 
ulated ; fruit dots round or roundish, at the ends of the veins, or at the point where 
several veins meet (anastomose). Stalk articulated to the rootstock, and leaving a 
distinct scar when decayed away. 

(15. PHEGOPTERIS may be sought here.) 

4. GYMNOGRAMME § CEROPTERIS. Fronds compound, more or less covered beneath 
with white or yellow waxy powder ; iruit dots in long often forking lines on the 
veins. 

5. NOTHOLENA. Fronds once or twice pinnate, woolly, scaly or powdery beneath ; 
fruit dots at the ends of the veins, forming a line next the margin of the divisions. 


§3. Spore cases on the back along the margin of the frond, provided with an involucre 
formed of its refleced and more or less altered margin. 


6. ADIANTUM. Fruit dots at the ends of the veins, borne on the inner side of a reflexed 
portion of the margin. Stalk dark and polished, sometimes chaffy-bristly. Pinnules 
always separate, distinctly stalked or almost sessile, but never decurrent on the 
rhachis. 

7. PTERIS. Spore cases on a transverse, vein-like receptacle within the margin, which 
connects the ends of the veins, and is covered by the reflexed thin margin. Stalk 
light-colored (except in § Doryopteris). Pinnules or ultimate segments adnate to 
the rhachis, often decurrent. 


488 FERN FAMILY. 


8. 


§ 4. 


10. 


11. 


§ 5. 


12. 


13. 


14, 


§ 6. 


15. 


16. 


le 


18. 


§ 7. 


19. 


§ 8. 


20. 


PELL#A. Spore cases in short lines on the upper part of the veins, conftuent in a 
sub-marginal band of fructification, white within, more or less covered by the re- 
flexed and commonly thin margin. Stalk dark and polished, sometimes chaffy. 
Pinnules mostly distinct, sessile or nearly so. 

CHEILANTHES. Fruit dots minute and at the ends of the veins, distinct or nearly 
contiguous, and covered by an indusium formed of the reflexed margin of the pinnule 
or of its lobes. Fronds mostly hairy or chaffy, low, 2-3-pinnate, the sterile and 
fertile ones nearly alike. 


Fruit dots oblong or linear, on transverse reticulating veinlets, in rows near the 
midrib and parallel to it ; indusium of the same shape as the fruit dot, opening 
toward the midrib and attached by the outer edge to the fruitful cross-veinlet. 


WOODWARDIA. Fruit dots straight, oblong-linear, in chain-like rows, partly sunken 
in shallow cavities of the under surface of the frond. Rather large, native. Veins retic- 
ulated, often very much so. 

BLECHNUM. Fruit dots linear and nearly or wholly continuous, parallel with the 
midrib and close to it. Indusium thin and membranaceous, distinct from the edge 
of the frond. Veins forked, usually free. Fronds pinnate (in ours), 


Fruit dots oblong or linear, on one or both sides of oblique veinlets, with involu- 
cres of like shape attached by one edge to the veinlet and free along the other. 


ASPLENIUM. Fruit dots single and placed on the upper side of the veinlets, rarely 
double and set back to back on both sides of the same veinlet. Veins mostly free. 
SCOLOPENDRIUM. Fruit dots linear, elongated, double and placed face to face along 
contiguous veinlets; each pair thus seeming to be a single one with an indusium 
opening along the middle. Frond simple, ribbon-shaped or tongue-shaped, with free 

forking veins. 

CAMPTOSORUS. Fruit dots various, mostly short; those near the midrib double, as 
in the last; the outer ones angled, curved or straight, simpleasin Asplenium. Frond 
simple, tapering to a long and narrow usually rooting point. Veins reticulated. 

Fruit dots on the back of the veins, rarely at the ends, round or roundish, covered 
at least when young by a special indusium of the same general shape (except in 
No. 15). Sterile and fertile fronds alike or nearly so, 


PHEGOPTERIS. Agrees with Polypodium in most respects; but has the fruit dots 
smaller, and commonly on the free veins, not at their ends, and the stalk is not artic- 
ulated to the rootstock. Indusium 0. Fronds thin, ternate or bipinnate. 

ASPIDIUM. Indusium flat, round or kidney-shaped, fixed at or near the center, open- 
ing all round the edge. Mostly rather large Ferns, from once to thrice pinnate. 
Veins free in the native species. 

CYSTOPTERIS. Indusium convex, fixed by the base partly under the fruit dot, at 
length reflexed. Small Ferns, with delicate twice or thrice pinnate frond. Veins 
free. 

NEPHROLEPIS. Fruit dots circular, borne on the tip of the upper branch of a vein, 
and usually close to the margin of the frond. Indusium roundish or kidney-shaped. 
Forms pinnate, with the pinne articulated at the base, white-dotted above, the veins 
all free. 

Involucres star-shaped, with broad and ragged or else capillary and jointed rays, 
placed on the veins under the round fruit dots, sometimes at first enveloping the 
spore cases. 


WOODSIA. Small Ferns, often growing in dense tufts; fronds once or twice pinnate ; 
veins forked, free. 

Sterile fronds broad and leafy; fertile ones with contracted and rolled up 
pod-like or berry-like divisions ; indusium very obscure, irregularly semicir- 
cular, placed at the base of a short receptacle to which the spore cases are 
attached. 

ONOCLEA. Fronds scattered on along creeping rootstock or growing in a crown ; 
sterile ones either with reticulated or free veins; fertile ones pinnate or twice pin- 
nate, the divisions contracted, rolled up and berry-like. 


FERN FAMILY. 48Y 


§ 9. Fruit dots separate or laterally confluent at or near the margin of the frond, borne 
on the ends of the veins, or on the ends of very short side-veinlets ; the indusium 
attached at the base or base and sides, and opening toward the margin of the 
fruitful portion of the frond. 


21. DAVALLIA. Indusium of a single piece, flattish or often convex and shaped like half 
a goblet cut lengthwise. Exotic Ferns, mostly decompound. 

22. DICKSONIA. Indusium united by its sides with a little lobe or tooth of the frond, 
forming a minute 2-lipped cup, at first nearly or quite closed, opening as the spore 
eases ripen. Large Ferns, native or exotic, some of the latter arborescent. 


Il. CYATHEA or TREEFERN SUBFAMILY. With 
erect and tree-like stems, often many feet high. Fruit dots 
round, not marginal, naked, or with an involucre placed be- 
neath the stalked spore cases, which are seated on a globose 
or elevated receptacle, have a somewhat oblique complete ring, 


and burst open transversely. (Lessons, Fig. 500.) 

23. CYATHEA. Fruit dots on a vein or in the forking of a vein, at first inclosed in a 
globose involucre, which opens at the top, and remains cup-shaped with an entire or 
broken edge. 


24. ALSOPHILA. Fruit dots as in the last, but entirely naked, or with a rudimentary 
indusium consisting of a minute scale beneath the spore cases ; veins free. 


Ill. HYMENOPHYLLUM ‘or FILMY FERN SUB- 
FAMILY. These have very delicate and translucent fronds, 
the short-pediceled spore cases growing on a short or long 
threadlike receptacle, included in a goblet-shaped or 2-lipped 
involucre, and furnished with a complete transverse or slightly 
oblique ring. 

25. TRICHOMANES. Fruit dots marginal, at the end of a vein, which extends through 
the funnel-form or goblet-shaped involucre, as a thread-like receptacle bearing the 


spore cases ; involucres sunken more or less in the frond, and of the same pellucid 
texture. 


IV. SCHIZAA SUBFAMILY. Mostly small Ferns, or 
else with climbing fronds. Spore cases ovate, sessile, having 
a complete transverse, articulated ring or cap at the apex, and 
cpening by a longitudinal slit. 

* Ferns with elegant climbing fronds, rising from slender creeping rootstocks ; spore 
cases fixed by their side. 


26. LYGODIUM. Pinne or frondlets in pairs. Spore cases covered by imbricating scale- 
like indusia in a double row on narrow lobes of the frond. 


* * Not climbing ; rootstock short ; fronds clustered; spore cases fixed by their base; 
no indusium. 


27. ANEIMIA. Spore cases on the narrow panicled branches of the lowest pair of pinnze 
of the 1-8 pinnate frond, or on separate fronds. 

28. SCHIZAA. Spore cases in a double row on the narrow divisions of a pinnate or rarely 
pedate special appendage to the simple and linear, or fan-shaped, and sometimes 
many-forked frond. 


490 FERN FAMILY. 


V. OSMUNDA or FLOWERING FERN SUBFAMILY. 
Rather large Ferns; the spore cases covered with reticulated 
ridges, opening longitudinally into two valves, and with no 
ring, or a mere vestige of a transverse ring at the back. 


29. OSMUNDA. Rootstock very thick, creeping, the growing end producing a crown of 
tall showy fronds. Fertile fronds or parts of fronds contracted, pinnately compound, 
the narrow often thread-like divisions densely covered with nearly sessile spore 
cases. 


1. ACROSTICHUM § CHRYSODIUM. (Greek: a row at the top, the 
application not evident.) All tropical. 
A. atreum, Linn. A large evergreen Fern, along the coast of S. Fla.; 


the fronds simply pinnate, coriaceous, 2°-6° long; pinne 4/-6/ long, 
1/-2! wide, elliptical or oblong-linear. 


2. PLATYCERIUM, STAG-HORN FERN. (Name from the Greek, 
meaning broad horns.) Natives of Africa, Australia, etc.; cult. in 
conservatories. 

P. alcicé6rne, Gaud. Sterile fronds sessile, rather thin, flat and rounded, 
overlapping each other; fertile ones erect, 1° high, whitish and minutely 
downy beneath, 2-3 times forked, with divisions about 1' wide, the top- 
most ones fruitful. 


3. POLYPODIUM, POLYPODY. (Greek: many-footed, referring to 
the branching rootstock.) An immense genus, found in all parts of the 
world. 


§ 1. PoLtypopium proper. Veins free; the following native. 


P. vulgare, Linn. Common Potypropy. Rocky places N.; small, 
simply pinnatifid, evergreen, smooth both sides, 4/-10! high, 1/—3! wide, 
the numerous divisions oblong-linear; fruit dots rather large. (Lessons, 
Fig. 499.) 

P. incanum, Swartz. Shady places, Va., to Ill., and S., often on trees ; 
much like the last, but much smaller, and beneath grayish and scurfy, 
with peltate scales ; fruit dots rather small. 


§ 2. Puitespopium. Veins reticulated, with free veinlets included in the 
larger meshes. Fruit dots in 1-5 rows between the midrib and margin, 
commonly placed each one on the converging ends of a pair of veinlets. 
P. atreum, Linn. A large showy Fern of Fla., and cult. from West 

Indies ; fronds on a stout stalk, broadly ovate in outline, smooth, pale- 

green above, glaucous beneath, pinnately parted into 5-9 or more oblong- 

linear or lanceolate spreading divisions. 


4. GYMNOGRAMME § CEROPTERIS. (Greek: a naked line, from 
the elongated fruit dots.) The following cult. species have free veins, 
and the under surface of the fronds covered with a yellow or whitish 
waxy powder. 

* Fronds small and distinctly triangular or 5-angular. 
G. triangularis, Kaulf. Catirornian GoLp Fern. Frond 4/-6! long, 
on slender and polished stalks, broadly 8- or rather 5-angled in outline, 


twice pinnate below, pinnate above; pinne oblong-lanceolate, deeply 
pinnatifid into obtuse lobes. Smooth and green above, beneath of a rick 


FERN FAMILY. 491 


golden-yellow, sometimes paler ; the fertile fronds at length nearly coy- 
ered with brownish lines of spore vases. Cal. to Ariz. 


* * Fronds obscurely triangular-oblong or narrower. 
+ Twice or less pinnate. 


G. sulphdrea, Desv. West Indies ; fronds narrowly lanceolate in out- 
line, 1°-13° high, 2/-3! wide, pinnate ; pinne ovate or ovate-oblong, lower 
ones gradually smaller and very remote, pinnatifid into ovate, obtuse 
toothed or ragged lobes, the lower surface covered with sulphur-yellow 
powder. 

G. calomélanos, Kaulf. Trop. Amer., the commonest Gold and Silver 
Ferns of the conservatories, and variable ; much like the last, but broader 
and larger, the lower pinne largest, and lobes mostly acute. The powder 
white, or in var. cHRYSOPHYLLA golden-yellow. : 

G. tartdrea, Desy. (G. pEALBATA). ‘Trop. Amer.; fronds dull green 
sbove but snowy-white-powdered below, oblong-triangular, 1°-2° long 
and half as broad, the dark-chestnut-brown stipes 6/-12! long, the spear- 
lanceolate pinne largest at the base of the frond and divided into oblong, 
bluntish, nearly or quite entire segments. There are forms with yellow 
eons + + Fronds more than twice pinnate. 

G. schizophylla, Moore. Fronds from a central crown, slightly powdered 
below, about 2° long and 6! broad, on slender reddish stipes, the pinnules 
divided into very small ultimate segments. Delicate and graceful, often 
producing young plants from the fronds. Jamaica. 


5. NOTHOLZINA (spelled also Nornocuit®Na). (Greek, signifying 
spurious covering, the woolly pubescence of some species concealing 
the marginal fruit dots.) The following species are small, 4/-8’ high, 
ovate in outline, mostly tripinnate ; their ultimate divisions roundish, 
ovate or oblong, distinct, stalked, and covered beneath with a waxy 
powder ; stalk and branches dark brown and polished. 


WN. flavens, Moore (N. curysopnyiya of gardens). Central Amer. ; 
powder bright yellow; fruit dots extending from the edge almost to the 
midrib, so that it might equally well be considered a Gymnogramme. 

N. nivea, Desy. Very like the first, but the powder snowy-white, 
and the fruit dots closer to the margin; pinnules long-stalked, the seg- 
ments roundish, the terminal ones largest and either entire or 3-lobed. 
Central Amer., to N. Mexico, etc. 

N. dealbata, Kunze. Differs from the last (of which it is probably 
only a variety) in its smaller segments, which are more numerous and 
longer than broad, the terminal ones rarely lobed. Kan. and Mo., S. W. 


6. ADIANTUM, MAIDENHAIR. (Greek, meaning wnwetted, the 
rain drops not adhering to the fronds.) A large genus, most abundant 
in warm climates. 


* Frond two-forked, with elongated simply pinnate divisions springing 
JSrom the upper side of the two recurved branches ; midrib of the pinnules 
none ; veins forked from the base. 


A. pedatum, Linn. Maripennarir. In shady woods; whole plant 
smooth, 19-2° high ; principal divisions 4/-10/ long, 1/-14/ wide ; pinnules 
very numerous, oblong, broadest at the base, obtuse, lobed from the upper 
edge ; fruit dots at the top of the lobes; involucres transversely oblong 
or linear. 


492 FERN FAMILY. 


* * Frond 2-4 times pinnate, ovate-ianceolate or triangular in general 
outline. 


A. Capfllus-Véneris, Linn. Venus’s Harr, sonamed from the shining 
capillary branches of the rhachis ; native Va. and Ky., S., often in conser- 
vatories N.; twice pinnate or thrice pinnate at the base, the long upper 
part simply pinnate; pinnules about 3! broad, on very slender stalks, 
sharply wedge-shaped at the base, rounded at the top, or rhomboidal, 
commonly deeply lobed from the upper margin; fruit dots one to each 
lobe ; involucres kidney-shaped or transversely oblong. Plant 6/-12/ high, 
often pendent from damp shaded rocks in the mouths of wells, etc., in S. 
of Eu. 

A. cuneatum, Langsd. & Fisch. S. Amer.; fronds broadly*triangular in 
outline, 3-4 times pinnate; pinnules small and very numerous, wedge- 
shaped at the base, the upper edge deeply lobed ; fruit dots in deep sinuses 
of the upper margin. A. GracfLLimum, the commonest Maidenhair of 
the florists, with decompound and very delicate fronds, as a garden form 
of this species. 

A. ténerum, Swartz. Fla. and §S., and cult.; fronds deltoid, 3-4-pin- 
nate, 1°-8° long and the stipes 1° high, the pinnules cuneate and rounded 
or angled on the upper edge, sometimes deeply lobed, articulated to their 
petioles. Original of the remarkable A. Fartey&nse of horticulturists 
(from Farley Hill, Barbadoes), which has very large fronds (2°-3° long) 
and very large drooping, fringed pinnules. 


1h PTERIS, BRAKE. (The ancient Greek name for Ferns, meaning 
a wing, from the feather-like fronds.) A large and widely distributed 


Senne: * Frond simply pinnate ; pinne undivided. 

P. longifolia, Linn. Cult. from warm regions, native in S. Fla.; 
oblong-lanceolate in outline ; pinnz numerous, linear and tapering from 
a truncate or cordate base, the upper-and lower ones gradually smaller. 


* x Frond pinnate, and with the lower pairs of pinne forked or again 
pinnate, the divisions and upper pinne elongated, simple. 


P. Crética, Linn. Cult. from warm climates, native in Fla.; 19°-2° 
high ; pinne 1-4 pairs, the upper ones slightly decurrent, lower ones cleft 
almost to the base into 2-3 long, linear-lanceolate, acuminate divisions ; 
sterile ones and tips of the narrower fertile ones finely and sharply ser- 
rate. Var. ALBO-LINEATA has a whitish stripe in the middle of each 
division. 

P. serrulata, Linn. f. Cult. from China, but native in Ga. and Ala.; 
1°-14° high; pinne 3-8 pairs, all but the lowest decurrent and forming a 
wing 3!’ wide on the main rhachis ; lower pairs pinnately or pedately cut 
into several narrow linear-acuminate divisions ; upper ones simple, sterile 
ones spinulose-serrulate. 


* * * Fronds pinnate, and the numerous, primary divisions pinnately cut 
into many lobes (except sometimes the uppermost), the lowest ones 
mostly with 1-3 elongated, similarly-lobed branches on the lower side. 


P. quadriaurita, Retz. Cult. from the tropics ; fronds 1°-3° long, 6/-12' 
wide, broadly ovate in outline ; lobes of primary divisions linear-oblong, 
3/-1' long, 3/’ wide, very numerous and often crowded, mostly rather 
obtuse. Var. ARGYREA has a band of white along the middle of the pri- 
mary divisions; to this is added a tinge of red in var. TRfcOLOR. 

P. trémul/a, R.Br. Australia and New Zealand ; fronds 2°-4° long and 
mostly broad, the tip with a few, close, undivided pinnze or lobes which 
are decurrent at the base, some of the upper pinne simply pinnate, but 


FERN FAMILY. 493 


the lower ones very compound and often 19 long; fruit dots very numer- 
ous, often covering nearly the whole segment. 


* * * * Fronds broadly triangular, twice or thrice pinnate throughout ; 
lowest primary divisions long-stalked. 


P. aquilina, Linn. Common Brake. Plentiful everywhere, 19-59 
high, harsh to the touch ; the lowest, primary divisions standing obliquely 
forward ; secondary divisions pinnatifid with many oblong or linear, some- 
times hastate lobes, which in a fruiting frond are bordered everywhere 
with brown spore cases; variable. 


8. PELLZIA, CLIFF BRAKE. (Greek: dusky, descriptive of the 
stalk.) Mostly small Ferns. 


P. atropurptrea, Link. Wild, on shaded limestone; fronds tufted, 
6/-12' long, 2’-4! wide, with polished and sparingly downy stalks, 2-pin- 
nate, simply pinnate toward the top; pinnules distinct, oblong, or linear- 
oblong, rarely halberd-shaped, obtuse, or slightly mucronate ; involucre 
rather broad, and at length hidden by the spore cases. 

P. gracilis, Hook. Fronds 3/-6’ high, of very delicate texture, the 
pinne few, the lower ones being once or twice pinnately-parted; pinne 
of the fertile frond oblong or linear-oblong and entire, or nearly so; 
those of the sterile frond ovate or obovate and crenate or incised. Lime- 
stone rocks, Mass., W. and N. 

P. ternifolia, Fée. Fronds 6/—12! long, lance-linear, the opposite pinne 
of 6-12 pairs, each one cleft nearly to the base into 3 linear, rigid 
segments with inrolled edges. Trop. Amer. 


9. CHEILANTHES, LIP FERN. (Greek: Jip flower, from the forin 
of the indusium.) A few species are cultivated, not mentioned here. 


* Fronds smooth. 


C. Alabaménsis, Kunze. Fronds 2’-8! long, ovate-lanceolate and 2- 
pinnate; the pinne numerous and oblong-lanceolate, with triangular- 
oblong pinnules. Mountains, Va. and Ky., S. 


* * Fronds hairy. 


C. vestita, Swartz. Fronds 6/15! high, lanceolate, oblong, rusty-hairy, 
2-pinnate ; the pinne rather distant and triangular-ovate ; pinnules oblong 
and crowded and somewhat incised with reflexed lobes. Rocks, N. Y. 
City, 8. and W. x * * Fronds woolly or tomentose. 

C. tomentosa, Link. Fronds 12/-20! high, lance-oblong, densely 
whitish-tomentose, 3-pinnate; primary and secondary: pinne oblong or 
ovate-oblong ; pinnules distinct, the margin continuously reflexed. Moun- 
tains, Va. and Ky., S. 

C. lanugindsa, Nutt. Fronds 3/-6! high, on dark, shining stipes, 
ovate-lanceolate, whitish-woolly, 2- or 3-pinnate ; pinne ovate, the lowest 
distinct and the upper contiguous ; pinnules crenate-pinnatifid ; the mar- 
gin almost continuously reflexed. Tufted; cliffs, Minn., S. and W. 


10. WOODWARDIA, CHAIN FERN. (Thomas J. Woodward, an 
English botanist of the last century.) 


W. Virginica, Smith. Tall, growing in swamps, Me., S. and W.; 
sterile and fertile fronds alike, ovate in outline, pinnate, with lanceolate, 
deeply pinnatifid pinnz; lobes oblong, obtuse; veins reticulated, form- 
ing a single row of meshes along the midribs of pinne and of lobes, the 
outer veinlets free ; fruit dots oblong, close to the midribs. 


494 FERN FAMILY. 


W. angustifdlia, Smith. Fronds 6/-12! long, 4/-6' broad, pinnatifid 
almost to the winged rhachis into 17-27 lobes, which are broadly lanceo- 
late with copiously reticulated veins in the sterile frond, but are nar- 
rowly linear in the fertile, with a single row of narrow meshes next 
the midrib ; fruit dots linear, sausage-shaped, one in each mesh. N. Eng., 
S., near the coast ; also on L. Mich., Ark., etc. 


11. BLECHNUM. (Old Greek name.) 


B. Brasiliénse, Desv. Trunk 2°-8° high, from the top of which arise 
many long, oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid fronds, curving outwards 2°-8° ; 
segments very numerous and leathery. Brazil and Peru. 

B. occidenta/e, Linn. Fronds arising from the surface of the ground, 
9/-18’ long, and half as broad, pinnate ; the pinne 6-12 opposite pairs of 
leathery texture and oblong and entire, with an auricled or heart-shaped 
base. W. Indies. 


12. ASPLENIUM, SPLEENWORT. (Greek: refers to supposed 
action on the spleen.) A very large genus, the size of the species 
ranging from quite small up to very large and even tree-like. 


§ 1. Fronds undivided, large and showy ; cult. from East Indies, etc. 


A. Nidus, Linn. Buirp’s-Nest Fern. Fronds numerous, broadly lance- 
olate, 2°-4° long, 4'-8’ wide, entire, short-stalked, arranged in a crown 
around the central upright rootstock ; fruit dots very narrow, elongated, 
crowded, running from the stout midrib obliquely half way to the margin. 


§ 2. Fronds small, pinnatifid below, tapering into a long, entire point ; 
native. 


A. pinnatifidum, Nutt. Very rare, near Philadelphia, and sparingly 
W. and §S., especially along the Alleghanies ; fronds 3!-6! long, 3!/-1}! 
wide at the base ; lobes roundish-ovate, mostly obtuse ; fruit dots small, 
irregular. § 3. Fronds simply pinnate. 
* Small ferns, 4!-15! high. 


A. Trichémanes, Linn. Common, forming dense tufts in crevices of 
shady rocks ; fronds linear, 4/-8/ long, with black and shining stalk and 
rhachis, and many roundish or oblong, slightly crenated or entire pinne, 
about }/ long and about half as broad ; fruit dots few to each pinna. 

A. ebéneum, Ait. Frequent in rocky woods; fronds linear-lanceolate, 
narrower at the base, 8/-15! long, 1/-2! wide; stalk dark and polished ; 
pinne many, linear-oblong, often slightly curved, finely serrate, auricled 
on one or both sides at the base ; fruit dots numerous, 

A. flabellifolium, Cav. Cult. from Australia; lax, the rhachis often 
prolonged and rooting at the very end; fronds linear; pinne sharply 
wedged-shaped at the base, the broad and rounded end crenated ; fruit 
dots irregularly radiating from the base of the pinne. 


* * Large ferns, 1°-8° high. 


A. angustifdlium, Michx. Rich woods, N., and S. mainly along the 
mountains ; fronds thin, long-lanceolate ; pinne many, 3/-4! long, linear- 
lanceolate from a truncate or rounded base, acuminate, nearly entire ; 
those of the fertile frond narrower; fruit dots slightly curved, very 
eas: § 4. Fronds more than once pinnate. 

* Fruit dots more than one in each smallest division of the frond. 


A. Rita-muraria, Linn. Watt Ruz. On exposed cliffs of limestone, 
from Vt., W. and S.; fronds small, 1/-4! long, ovate, twice or thrice pin 


FERN FAMILY. 495 


nate, the few divisions rather thickish, wedge-shaped or rhomboid, toothed 
at the top; fruit dots few, becoming confluent. 

A. furcatum, Thunb. Cult. from ‘Trop. Amer., S. Africa, etc. ; fronds 
8/-15! long, 3/-6’ wide, on a somewhat hairy stalk, ovate-lanceolate, pin- 
nate with lance-oblong, acuminate pinne, which are again pinnately cut 
nearly or quite to the midrib ; divisions oblique, wedged-shaped, narrow, 
serrate, rather coriaceous, deeply marked by the forking veins ; fruit dots 
elongated, radiating from the base of the division. 

A. thelypteroides, Michx. In rich, rocky woods, not rare; fronds 
14°-8° high, thin in texture, broadly lanceolate, pinnate ; pinne 3/-6! 
long, lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid into close-set, oblong, and obtuse, mi- 
nutely toothed lobes; fruit dots 6-12 to each lobe, some of them com. 
monly double. 

A. Filix-foemina, Bernh. Lapy Fern. Common in moist woods; 
fronds large (2°-8° high, 4/-8’ broad), growing like the last in a crown, 
2-3-pinnate ; pinne lanceolate, with a narrow border to the secondary 
rhachis ; pinnules oblong and sharply serrate, or in larger plants lanceo; 
late and pinnatifid with incised lobes; fruit dots short, variously curved, 
at length confluent. 


* * Smallest divisions of the frond narrow, entire, containing but a single 
veinlet and but one fruit dot. 


A. BelGngeri, Kunze. Cult. from Malacca and Java; fronds 19-13° 
high, 2/-3/ wide, coriaceous, pale green, as is the stoutish stalk; pinne 
oblong, truncate at the base, with a rounded apex, pinnatifid to the 
winged midrib into numerous narrowly oblong and obtuse lobes, the 
upper basal ones of each pinna 2-3-cleft, the rest entire and bearing on 
the side farthest from the main rhachis a solitary elongated fruit dot. 

A. bulbiferum, Forst. Cult. from New Zealand, etc. ; fronds herba- 
ceous, ample, broadly lanceolate, 1°-8° long, 6’-12! wide, 2-3-pinnate, 
often producing leafy bulbs on the upper surface; pinne triangular- 
lanceolate, with a broadly winged midrib; pinnules lanceolate, deeply 
toothed or cut into oblong-linear lobes; fruit dots extending from the 
middle of the lobes downward almost to the midrib of the pinhules. 


13. SCOLOPENDRIUM. (Name from the Greek word for a centipede, 
suggested by the many oblique lines of fruit each side of the midrib.) 
S. vulgare, Smith. Harvt’s-roncur. Rare, among shaded rocks in 

Central New York, in Canada West and in Tenn. ; fronds 6/—18/ long, 

1/-2! wide, oblong-lanceolate from a heart-shaped base, herbaceous, the 

margin entire or wavy. Cultivated forms from England are crisped, 

crested, many-forked, etc. 


14. CAMPTOSORUS, WALKING LEAF. (Greek: meaning a bent 
Sruit dot.) 

C. rhizophyllus, Link. Damp, mossy rocks, N., and S. mainly along 
the mountains; frond evergreen, 4/--12/ long, tapering from a heart- 
shaped or auricled base 6!/'-12"' wide to a long, narrow point, which often 
roots at the end, and there gives rise to a new plant, ready to take 
another step in advance. (Lessons, Fig. 501.) 

15. PHEGOPTERIS, BEECH FERN (which the name means in 
Greek, the original species often found among beeches). Chiefly tropi- 
cal, but the following are all wild species, in rocky or shady woods. 

* Fronds twice pinnatifid ; the sessile pinne mostly forming an irregular 

and many-angled wing along the rhachis. 


P. polypodioides, Fée. Common N.; fronds 4/—9! long, longer than 
broad, triangular-ovate, slightly hairy beneath; pinne lanceolate, the 


496 FERN FAMILY. 


lower pair turned obliquely forwards ; secondary divisions crowded, ob- 
long, obtuse, entire ; fruit dots all near the margin. 

P. hexagonéptera, Fée. Common N. and §.; larger than the last, 
which it much resembles, but the frond is broader than long; lowest 
pinne much the largest and with elongated and pinnatifid divisions ; fruit 
dots not exclusively near the margin. 


* * Fronds with three primary divisions, which are stalked ; rhachis wing- 
less. 


P. Dryépteris, Fée. Common N.; fronds broadly triangular, 4’—6/ 
wide, smooth ; the three primary divisions triangular, once or twice pin- 
nate with oblong, obtuse, entire, or toothed lobes; fruit dots near the 
margin. 


16. ASPIDIUM, SHIELD FERN. (Greek for a little shield, refer- 
ring to the indusium.) A very large genus, inhabiting all parts of the 
‘ world. (Lessons, Figs. 502-504.) 


§ 1. NepHropium or Dryropreris. Indusium round-kidney-shaped or 
nearly circular, with a narrow cleft from the lower side almost to the 
center. 


* Fronds thin, decaying in early autumn (or tender hot house plants), 
pinnate; pinne simply pinnatifid, with mostly entire, obtuse lobes ; in- 
dusium small. 


+ Rootstock creeping, slender, nearly naked, and bearing scattered fronds ; 
veins free, simple, or once forked ; common in bogs and low grounds. 


A. Thelypteris, Swartz. Fronds lanceolate, 10/-18/ long, on slender 
stalks, nearly smooth; pinne lanceolate, 2/-4' long, about 4! wide, 
spreading or turned down, the lowest pair scarcely shorter; divisions ob- 
long, fruiting ones seeming acute from the revolute margins ; veins mostly 
forked ; fruit dots confluent when ripe ; indusium smooth; N. and 8. 

A. Noveboracénse, Swartz. Much like the last, but hairy beneath 
along the rhachis and veins; fronds tapering both ways from the middle ; 
lower pinne gradually smaller and distant; lobes flat, the basal ones 
often larger and incised ; veins rarely forked ; fruit dots distinct ; indu- 
sium slightly glandular. N. Car., N. and W.; common N. 


++ Rootstock oblique or erect, stouter, bearing the fronds in a crown; 
veins simple, free, or the lower ones of contiguous lobes united ; indu- 
sium hairy. 


A. patens, Swartz. Low, shady grounds, Fla. and W.; fronds 1°-2° 
high, sparsely pubescent, ovate-oblong ; pinnz 3/-6! long, 3/ wide, numer- 
ous, lanceolate from a broad base, lowest pairs a little smaller ; divisions 
oblong, slightly faleate, obtuse, or acutish ; veins entirely free; indusium 
slightly hairy. 


* * Fronds smooth, from once to thrice pinnate, growing in a crown from 
a stout and chaffy rootstock, and often remaining green through the 
winter ; veins 2-4-forked or branching. Wild species of the country. 


+ Fronds imperfectly evergreen, once-pinnate with deeply pinnatifid 
pinne, or nearly twice pinnate; fruit dots not close to the margin, in- 
dusium rather large, flat, smooth, persistent. 


A. Goldianum, Hook. Rich, moist woods, Conn., to Ky., and N.; 
fronds broadly ovate, 2°-4° high, 9/-12' wide ; pinne oblong-lanceolate, 
broadest about the middle, parted to the midrib; divisions very numer- 
ous, nearly 1’ long, somewhat scythe-shaped, rather acute, serrate with 
incurved teeth ; fruit dots very near the midvein. 


KHKKN FAMILY. 494 


A. cristatum, Swartz. Wet places in woods, frequent; fronds nar- 
rowly oblong, 19-2° high, 3-5’ wide, rather rigid, erect ; pinne triangular- 
ovate, broadest at base, pinnatifid almost to the midrib, divisions not 
many, oblong, obtuse, finely serrate, the largest ones sometimes toothed 
or pinnatifid-lobed ; fruit dots half way between midvein and margin. 

Var. Clintonianum, Eaton. In swampy woods, N., is very much 
larger every way, with fruit dots nearer the midvein, and is often mis- 
taken for A. Goldianum. 

A. Floridanum, Eaton. Wet woods, Fla.; lower pinne triangular- 
lanceolate and sterile, but the upper ones fertile, narrower, and longer, 
with very short, obtuse, rather distant divisions, which are decurrent on 
the winged, secondary rhachis. 


+ + Fronds imperfectly evergreen, twice or thrice pinnate ; the divisions 
cut-toothed or incised ; fruit dots not near the margin ; indusium rather 
small, withering away. 


A. spinulésum, Swartz. Shady woods, very common N. ; fronds thin, 
oblong-ovate ; pinne oblong-lanceolate, the lower ones broader and some- 
what triangular; pinnules very numerous, oblong-ovate, pinnately in- 
cised ; the oblong lobes with spinulose teeth toward the ends ; indusium 
smooth or minutely glandular at the margin. Has several forms. 

Var. dilatatum, Hook. In mountainous places and cool woods, N. 
Eng. to Minn., and N., is larger, broader in outline and oftenest 3-pin- 
nate; pinnules lance-oblong, the lowest greatly elongated ; indusium 
smooth and naked. 

A. Boéttii, Tuckm. Swampy woods N.; 2°-3° high, of narrow out- 
line, barely twice pinnate, with oblong-ovate toothed pinnules, or the lower 
ones pinnatifid ; indusium minutely glandular ; sterile fronds smaller and 
simpler than the fertile ones. 


++ + Fronds fully evergreen, thickish, about twice-pinnate ; fruit dots 
near the margin; indusium thickish, convex, persistent. 


A. marginale, Swartz. Rocky woods, common N. ; fronds 19-29 long, 
ovate-oblong, bluish-green, the stalk very chaffy ; pinne lanceolate, 3/—d! 
long; pinnules oblong, often curved, entire, or obtusely toothed, attached 
by a broad base to the narrowly winged, secondary rhachis; fruit dots 
close to the margin, rather large. 


§ 2. Potysticuum. Indusium orbicular, peltate, attached by the center to 
a short stalk ; veins forking, free. 


A. acrostichoides, Swartz. Curistmas Fern. Fronds 19-2° high, 
growing in crowns, with chaffy rootstocks and stalks, evergreen, shining, 
lanceolate, simply pinnate ; pinnz numerous, oblong-lanceolate from an 
unequal half-halberd-shaped base, serrulate with bristle-pointed teeth, 
rarely incised, upper ones of the fertile frond smaller and bearing copious, 
soon confluent fruit dots. Common in woods; often used in Christmas 
decorations. 


§ 5. Cyrromium. Indusium asin § Potysticuum. Fronds once pinnate ; 
veins pinnate from the midrib, pinnately branching ; the veinlets reticu- 

- lated and forming arched meshes with 1-3 free included veinlets rising 
Srom the base of the arch. 


A. faicatum, Swartz. Cult. from Japan, China, etc., and very variable ; 
fronds 19-2° high, 5/-9! broad; base of stalk chaffy with large scales ; 
pinne thick and shining, end one large and rhomboid or lalberd-shaped ; 
side ones few or many, oblong-ovate, long-pointed, nearly entire, lower 
side of base rounded, upper side angled or slightly auricled ; fruit dots in 
many rows on all or nearly all the pinne, 


498 FERN FAMILY. 


17. CYSTOPTERIS. (Greek for bladder fern, alluding to the thin, 
sometimes inflated indusium.) Species few, mostly northern. 


C. fragilis, Bernh. Shaded or moist, rocky places, common N. ; fronds 
very delicate, 4/-8’ long, with slender stalks, oblong-ovate, twice-pinnate ; 
pinne with a narrowly margined rhachis; pinnules oblong or ovate, 
toothed or incised, very variable ; indusium pointed at the upper end. 

C. bulbifera, Bernh. Wet places, oftenest in ravines, from N. Car., 
N.; fronds 1°-8° high, 38/-5! wide at the base, narrowed above and much 
elongated, twice pinnate, bearing scattered bulblets beneath ; pinnules 
oblong, obtuse, toothed or pinnatifid ; indusium roundish, truncate on 
the upper side. 


18. NEPHROLEPIS. (Greek: kidney, scale, referring to the shape 
of the indusium. ) 


N. exaltata, Schott. Fla. and the tropics, and one of the commonest 
ferns of conservatories ; fronds 19-6° long and very narrow; the pinnss 
crowded, lanceolate, entire or slightly crenulate, the upper side auricled 
at the base ; indusium kidney-shaped. 

N. davallioides, Kunze. Popular conservatory fern from E. Indies, 
with a stoloniferous base ; and pinnate fronds 2°-4° long and 1° broad, 
on rather short, strong stipes ; pinne 4/—6/ long and 4/-1! broad, lanceo- 
late, the lower ones opposite and sterile and serrate, the upper ones fer- 
tile and longer and narrower, more deeply toothed. A common form is 
var, FURCANS, in which the ends of the upper pinne, and often of the 
frond itself, are deeply 2-s0 -forked. 


19. WOODSIA. (For Joseph Woods, an English botanist.) Several 
species occur in our limits, the following being the commonest. 


W. obtusa, Torr. Rocky places, from Car., N. ; fronds 6/-18! high, 
slightly glandular, broadly lanceolate, pinnate, with ovate or oblong, deeply 
pinnatifid or again pinnate divisions ; lobes oblong, obtuse ; indusium at 
first closed, opening into a few ragged lobes. 

W. Ilvénsis, R.Br. Exposed rocks, common N., and along the Alle- 
ghanies; forms large tufts; fronds 4/-8! high, rusty chaffy beneath, 
oblong-lanceolate, pinnate; divisions ovate, obtusely lobed; indusium 
obscure, consisting of a few jointed hairs. 


20. ONOCLEA (including STRUTHIOPTERIS), SENSITIVE FERN. 
(Name, from the Greek, meaning a closed vessel, referring to the berry- 
like fructification. ) 

O. sensibilis, Linn. Brake. Common in wet places, and often a 
weed in hilly pastures ; sterile fronds of all sizes up to 2° high, broadly 
triangular-ovate, the rhachis winged ; pinne not many, lanceolate, entire, 
or obtusely lobed less than half way to the midrib, veins everywhere re- 
ticulated ; fertile fronds with few, closely appressed pinne. 

O. Struthidépteris, Hoffm. Osrricw Fern. Alluvial grounds, N.; 
sterile fronds tall, 2°-5° high, lanceolate, narrowed at the base into a 
short, angular stalk, pinnate; pinne very many, narrowly lanceolate, 
pinnatifid more than half way to the midrib; lobes numerous, oblong; 
fertile fronds very much shorter, blackish, standing erect after the others 
have withered. 


21. DAVALLIA. (Named for M. Davall, a Swiss botanist.) Many 
tropical or sub-tropical species, many cult. in conservatories. 


D. Canariénsis, Smith. Hare’s-roor Fern. Canary Islands, ete.; 
rootstock creeping above ground, covered with brownisb scales, and 


FERN FAMILY. 499 


looking not unlike an animal’s paw; fronds few, smooth, broadly tri- 
angular, $/-15/ long and about as wide, 3-4-pinnate; pinnules cut into a 
few narrow lobes; these are directed upwards, bearing at or just below 
the end a single fruit dot ; indusium whitish, deeply half-cup-shaped. 

D. tenuifélia, Swartz. India and China; rootstock creeping, crisp with 
short, chaffy hairs; fronds smooth, 1°-2° high, broadly lanceolate, 3-4- 
pinnate ; smallest divisions narrowly wedge-shaped, bearing at the trun- 
cated ends one or two fruit dots; indusium brownish, mostly broader 
than deep. 


22. DICKSONIA. (For James Dickson, an English botanist.) The 
species all but one tropical or in the southern hemisphere. Many of 
them tree-like. 


D. pilositiscula, Willd. Moist shady places, from N. Car., N.; root- 
stock creeping, slender; fronds scattered, thin, minutely glandular, pleas- 
antly odorous, lanceolate, long-pointed, 2°-3° high, mostly bipinnate ; 
pinnules pinnatifid; the divisions toothed, each bearing a minute fruit 
dot at the upper margin ; indusium globul? 

D. antarctica, Labill. Tree fern from New Zealand, a great ornament in 
large conservatories ; trunk 1°-2° thick, sometimes many feet high, bear- 
ing in a crown at the top many fronds, 6°-9° long, 2°-4° broad, coria- 
ceous, twice pinnate ; pinnules oblong, acute, pinnatifid ; the oblong-ovate 
divisions bearing 1-4 rather large fruit dots ; indusium prominent, plainly 
two-valved. 


23. CYATHEA. (Name from the Greek word for a small cup, refer- 
ring to the involucre.) Tree ferns from tropical countries. 


C. dealbata, Swartz. New Zealand, and the commonest one in cultiva- 
tion ; trunk becoming 10°-15° high; fronds from the elevated crown, 
5°-7° long, glaucous-green above and whitish beneath, 2- or 3-pinnate, 
ovate-lanceolate or tapering from the base; ultimate segments sickle 
shaped and conspicuously toothed. 


24. ALSOPHILA. (Greek words meaning grove-loving, the species 
growing in tropical forests. ) 


A. pruinata, Kaulf. S. Amer.; trunk low; rootstock short, clothed 
with bright brown wool; fronds smooth, green above, pale and glaucous, 
often almost white beneath, bipinnate; pinnules deeply toothed ; fruit 
ders solitary at the base of each tooth; spore cases mixed with woolly 

airs. 

A. australis, Brown. The commonest species, from Tasmania and 
Australia; trunk becoming 8°-15° high, bearing a flat and spreading 
crown of many 2-3-pinnate fronds 8°-20° long and with stipes 1°-2° long, 
light green above and bluish below; pinnz 1°-2° long and 6/-12! broad ; 
ultimate segments oblong-acute and somewhat falcate, serrate ; rhachis 
rough and chaffy ; entire foliage thick and leathery. 


25. TRICHOMANES. (An ancient Greek name of some Fern, refer- 
ring to the hair-like stalks.) A large genus; most of the species 
tropical. 


T. radicans, Swartz. On dripping rocks, Ky., and S., rare; fronds 
pellucid, 4/-8’ high, the stalk and rhachis narrowly winged, lanceolate, 
pinnate, with 1-2-pinnatifid ovate pinne ; involucres on short lobes, funnel- 
shaped, with long-exserted receptacles. A broader and more compound 
form is grown in Wardian cases. 


oUU FERN FAMILY. 


26. LYGODIUM, CLIMBING FERN. (Name from a Greek word, 
meaning jlexible, alluding to the twining and climbing fronds.) Not 
many species ; several species are cult. in choice collections. 


L. palmatum, Swartz. Harrrorp Fern. Low shady woods, local or 
rare; smooth, slender, and delicate, 2°-4° high, entangled among herbs ; 
pinne roundish, 12//-18" wide, deeply heart-shaped at the base, palmately 
5-7-lobed, upper ones decompound and fertile. 

L. Jap6nicum, Swartz. Conservatory plant from Japan ; climbing 10°- 
12° high, smooth; pinne ovate, 5’-9/ long, bipinnate, divisions ovate- 
lanceolate, often halberd-shaped ; divisions of the upper pinne bordered 
with narrow fertile lobes. 


27. ANEIMIA. (Greek, meaning without covering, alluding to the 
naked spore cases ; by others said to mean bloodless.) Mainly tropi- 
cal. 


A. Phyllitidis, Swartz. Cult. from 8. Amer.; 12/-18! high ; has the two 
lower pinne long-stalked, narrowly elongated, 3—4-pinnate, fertile ; middle 
portion of the frond sterile, simply pinnate ; pinne lanceolate, finely ser- 
rate ; veins reticulated. 

A. adiantoides, Swartz. S. Fla., and cult.; with lower pinne as in the 
last; middle portion sterile, 2-3-pinnate ; pinnz long-pointed ; divisions 
obovate-wedge-shaped, entire or toothed at the end, with free veins fork- 
ing from the base. 


28. SCHIZBA. (Name from the Greek verb which means to split, 
referring to the many-forked fronds of certain tropical species.) 


S. pusilla, Pursh. Wet sand, in pine woods of N. J. (also Nova Scotia 
and Newfoundland); sterile fronds very slender, flattened, simple and 
linear, curled up; fertile ones similar, but straight, 2'-3! high, bearing at 
the top the fertile portion, 2/'-3’' long, composed of about 5 pairs of 
minute pinne. (Lessons, Figs. 505-507.) 


29. OSMUNDA, FLOWERING FERN. (Osmundr, Saxon name 
of Thor, the Celtic divinity.) Species very few, fruiting in spring or 
early summer. 


« Fertile pinne at the top of the frond, like a panicle. 


O. regalis, Linn. Royar Fern. Common in swamps and wet woods, 
fruiting later than the others ; fronds truly bipinnate ; pinnules oval or 
oblong, serrnlate, obtuse, sometimes a little heart-shaped at base, or slightly 
auricled on one side ; spore cases light brown. 


* *« Fertile pinne in the middle or near the base of the leafy frond. 


O. Claytoniana, Linn. Wet places, common ; sterile fronds much 
like those of the next, but more obtuse at the top; fertile ones with 2—4 
pairs of contracted and fertile blackish pinne just below the middle, 
but otherwise like the sterile. 


* * * Fertile pinne on distinct not leafy fronds. 


O. cinnamdmea, Linn. Cinnamon Fern. Swamps, common ; sterile 
fronds 2°-5° high, broadly lanceolate, pinnate with many lanceolate, 
deeply pinnatifid pinne ; fertile ones much shorter, at first woolly, soon 
withering ; frnetification bright cinnamon color. 


ADDER’S TONGUE FERN FAMILY. 501 


CXXXIX. OPHIOGLOSSACEH, ADDER’S TONGUE FERN 
FAMILY. 


Mostly rather small ferns, with sessile, globular, coriaceous, 
opaque, and smooth spore cases in spikes or panicles, opening 
transversely into 2 valves, and wholly destitute of a ring. 
Fronds not rolled up in the bud, as they are in the true Ferns, 
rising from a very short rootstock or corm, with fleshy roots. 
Plants often somewhat fleshy. (Lessons, Fig. 508.) 


1. BOTRYCHIUM. Spore eases in pinnate or compound spikes, distinct. Sterile part 
of the frond compound ; veins free. 

2. OPHIOGLOSSUM. Spore cases cohering in a simple spike. Sterile part of frond simple 
in our species ; the veins reticulated. 


a BOTRYCHIUM, MOONWORT. (From Greek, for a bunch of 
grapes, from the appearance of the fructification.) Species few, none 
cultivated. Several inconspicuous ones occur on our northern borders. 


B. ternatum, Swartz. Shaded grassy pastures and hillsides; plant 
fleshy, 3/-10' high ; common stalk with two branches, a long-stalked, 
fertile one with twice or thrice pinnate fructification facing a triangular 
ternately compound sterile portion on a longer or shorter stalk; has 
several forms, of which the following are mostly well marked. Var. 
lunarioides has roundish, kidney-shaped, sterile divisions ; in var. obli- 
quum they are lanceolate from an oblique base ; and in var. disséctum, 
pinnatifid into narrowly toothed and ragged lobes. 

B. Virginicum, Swartz. In rich woods; plant herbaceous, not fleshy, 
6/-18' high; sterile portion sessile on the common stalk, thin, broadly 
triangular, ternate; the parts twice or thrice pinnate; divisions thin, 
oblong-lanceolate, incised or toothed ; fertile portion long-stalked, twice 
or thrice pinnate. 


2. OPHIOGLOSSUM, ADDER’S TONGUE. (Greek equivalent of 
the common name.) 


O. vulgatum, Linn. Wet meadows or hillside pastures, rare; 3/—10' 
high; sterile portion somewhat fleshy, ovate or elliptical, entire, 1/—2/ 
long, sessile near the middle of the stalk which supports the short two- 
sided spike. (Lessons, Fig. 508.) 


CXL. LYCOPODIACEZ, CLUB MOSS FAMILY. 


Flowerless plants, often moss-like or fern-like, with leafy, 
often elongated and branching stems, the spores contained in 
rather large solitary 1-3-celled spore cases borne in the axils 
of the simple mostly awl-shaped leaves (fruiting leaves often 
reduced to scales forming a sort of spike). (Lessons, Figs. 
511, 512.) Mostly evergreen plants, growing on land; stems 
more or less elongated and branching; the leaves awl-shaped, 


502 ADDER’S TONGUE FERN FAMILY. 


in 4 or more rows, less than 1’ long, the 2-valved kidney-shaped 
spore cases all of one kind, containing only minute numberless 


spores. 


1. L¥YCOPODIUM, CLUB MOSS. (Name from the Greek, meaning 
wolf’s-foot, possibly from the short hairy branches of L. clavatum.) 


§ 1. Fructification not in a distinct spike. Leaves all alike, dark green, 
rigid, in about 8 rows. 


L. lucidulum, Michx. Stems 4/-8’ long, tufted, ascending, forking; 
leaves spreading or reflexed, sharp-pointed, irregularly serrulate, dark 
green and shining. Cold woods N. 


§ 2. Fructification spiked at the top of an erect branch; fertile leaves and 
those of the creeping stems nearly alike, soft, narrowly linear, many- 
rowed. 


L. inundatum, Linn. Dwarf, the sterile stems creeping and forking, 
the fertile solitary and 1/4’ high, with a short, thick spike ; leaves lance- 
olate or awl-like and acute, mostly entire, soft. Bogs N.; uncommon. 

L. alopecuroides, Linn. Pine barren swamps, N. J., and S8.; scarcely 
evergreen; stem and sparingly forked sterile branches creeping, fertile 
ones 6/-18/ high, all rather stout and thickly clothed with spreading, soft, 
linear-awl-shaped, bristly-ciliate leaves, those of the spike with long 
slender tips. 


§ 3. Fructification spiked ; the fruiting leaves yellowish, scale-like, shorter 
and broader than those of the sterile branches. 


* Spike sessile at the top of an ordinary branch. 


L. annétinum, Linn. Cold woods N.; stem creeping, 19°-4° long; 
branches 4/-9’ high, nearly erect, once or twice forked; leaves about 
5-rowed, spreading or reflexed, rigid, lanceolate, acute, nearly entire; 
those of the solitary spikes ovate, with spreading points and ragged scari- 
ous margins. 

L. obsctrum, Linn. Grounp Pine. Moist woods, common N.; root- 
stock creeping underground, nearly leafless; stems looking much like a 
miniature hemlock, 9/-12! high; the many spreading branches with shin- 
ing, lanceolate, entire leaves in about 6 rows; leaves of the lower and 
often of the upper row smaller than the rest; spikes single, or 4-10 ona 
plant ; scales ovate pointed, margin slightly scarious, nearly entire. 


* x Spikes raised above the ordinary branches on a slender stalk which 
has only a few inconspicuous leaves. 


+ Stems creeping, very short; spikes always single. 


L. Carolinianum, Linn. Wet pine barrens, N. J.,S.; scarcely ever- 
green; stem and prostrate branches rooting underneath ; leaves soft, 
lanceolate, entire, spreading horizontally, with an upper appressed row ; 
spikes slender on stalks 4/-6/ high ; allied in habit to L. alopecuroides. 


+ + Stems extensively creeping ; spikes often in pairs or fours. 


L. clavatum, Linn. Crus Moss. Common N. in dry woods; run- 
ning stem long and leafy; branches mostly erect, cordlike, irregularly 
pinnate; branchlets 4-10, thickly covered with linear-awl-shaped, entire, 
commonly bristle-tipped leaves ; spikes mostly in pairs. Much used for 
Christmas decorations. 

L. complanatum, Linn. Dry sandy woods, commonest among ever- 
greens; running stems with scattered, awl-shaped, very small leaves; 
branches crect, several times branched; the parts repeatedly forked into 
many horizontally spreading flattened branchlets. 


SELAGINELLA FAMILY. 508 


CXLI. SELAGINELLACEA, SELAGINELLA FAMILY. 


Low, moss-like, often creeping plants, with scale-like leaves 
(mostly 4-rowed, the alternate rows often of smaller leaves), 
differing from the last family chiefly in having 1-celled spore 
cases which contain two kinds of spores (the nature of which 
need not be explained here). (Lessons, Figs. 513-515.) One 
genus: 


1. SELAGINELLA. (Name a diminutive of Selago, a species of 
Lycopodium.) Species over 200, the greater part tropical. 


§ 1. Native species. 


S. rupéstris, Spring. Exposed rocks; a common moss-like little 
evergreen; stems and densely tufted branches 1/-2! high; leaves awl- 
shaped, marked with a narrow furrow on the back, and tipped with a 
minute bristly point ; spikes four-cornered. 

S. apus, Spring. Damp places in meadows; common, especially S.; 
very delicate ; stems 2/4! high, sparingly branched ; leaves 4-rowed, those 
of the side rows spreading horizontally, scarcely 1!’ long, ovate with the 
upper side larger, minutely serrulate; intermediate ones half as large, 
erect, very acute ; spikes 2//-6’’ long. Often cult. as S. densa. 


§ 2. Cultivated, mostly tropical species, seen in conservatories; much 
branched ; leaves of the branches four-rowed, two side rows of spreading 
leaves set apparently edgewise, and two upper rows of smalier appressed 
leaves. Spike four-cornered, at the ends of the branchlets. 


* Stems trailing, sending out rootlets nearly up to the end. 


S. Kraussiana, A.Br. (Lycopdépium DENTICULATUM Of the florists.) The 
commonest conservatory species, used for edgings, etc.; stems very long, 
articulated beneath each branch; branches distant, bearing a few short 
forked branchlets, which are 2/’-3!' broad, their leaves closely placed in 
each row ; loaves bright green, the larger ones oblong-ovate, acute, rounded 
on the upper side, nearly straight on the lower, minutely denticulate ; 
smaller ones with longer often reflexed points. 


* * Stems ascending, only the lower part bearing long rootlets. 


S. Marténsii, Spring. (Lycoropium sToLonfrerum of florists). Stems 
6’-10’ long, much branched from the base; branches bipinnate, with 
copions branchlets 2//-3’’ or even 4! wide; larger leaves crowded, 
obliquely ovate, the upper side broadest, obtuse, entire; smaller ones 
ovate, with a slender often recurved point. 


* * « Stems erect, or nearly so, rooting only at the very base. 


S. erypthropus, Spring. Stalk 2'-6’ high, bright red, having a few closely 
appressed red leaves, and bearing at the top a broad frond-like stem pin- 
nately or pedately divided into a few 2-3 times pinnate branches, with 
very numerous extremely crowded branchlets 1//-14"’ wide ; leaves closely 
imbricated, obliquely ovate-oblong, curved upward, rather obtuse, ciliate ; 
smaller ones ovate, with long straight points. 


* * * * Stems in a dense, nest-like tuft, not rooting ; branches often curl- 
ing up when dry. 

Ss. ep anbilia: Spring. Brrv’s-Nest Moss, ResurrEcTION Piant. It 
is a nest-like ball when dry, but when moist it unfolds and displays the 
densely 2-3-pinnate, elegant, fern-like branches radiating from a coiled- 
up central stem; the leaves white-margined, closely imbricated, round- 
ovate, obtuse. Texas, W. and §. 


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Abele 

Abies 

Abronia 
Abutilon 
Acacia 

Acacia, false 
Acacia, rose 
Acalypha 
Acanthacere 
Acanthus 
Acanthus Family 
Acer 

Acerates 
Achillea 
Achimenes 
Achyranthes 
Acnida 
Aconite 
Aconitum 
Acorus 
Acrogens 
Acrostichum 
Actwa 
Actinidia 
Actinomeris 
Adam-and-Eve 
Adam’s Needle 
Adder’s Tongue 


Adder’s Tongue Fern 


171, 405 


501 


- Adder’s-Tongue Fern Fam- 


ily 
Adiantum 


Aischynomene 
#sculus 
Athiopian Lily 
Agapanthus 
Agave 
Ageratum 
Agrimonia 
Agrimony 
Agropyrum 
Agrostis 
Ailanthus 

Air Potato 
Akebia 
Albizzia 
Alchemille 
Alder 

Alder, black 
Aletris 
Alfalfa 
Alisma 
Alismacer 
Allamanda 
Alligator Pear 
Allium 


501 
491 


INDEX. 


Allspice ; 
Allspice, wild 
Almond 

Almond, flowering 
Alnus 

Aloe 

Aloe, American 
Alonsoa 
Alopecurus 
Aloysia 

Alsophila 
Alstremeria 
Alternanthera 
Althea 

Alum Root 
Alyssum 
Amarar.tacee 
Amaranth 
Amaranth Family 
Amarantus 
Aiarylidacee 
Amaryilis 
Amaryllis Family 
Amberboa 
Ambrosia 
Amelanchier 
American Aloe 
American Centaury 
American Columba 
American Cowslip 
Amianthium 
Ammannia 
Ammobium 
Ammophila 
Amorpha 
Ampelopsis 
Amphicarpiea 
Amsonia 

A nacardiacee 
Anacharis 
Anagallis 

Ananas 
Ananassa 
Anaphalis 
Andromeda 
Aneimia 
Anemone 
Anemonella 
Angelica 
Angelica Tree 
Angiosperms 
Animated Oat 
Anise, Star 
Anonacee 
Antennaria 
Anthemis 
Anthericum 
Anthoxanthum 
Anthurium 
Antirrhinum 


507 


429, 


Anychia 
Apetalous Division 
Aphyllon 
Apios 

Apium 
Aplectrum 

A pocynacee 
Apocynum 
Apple 

Apple of Peru 
Apricot 
Aquilegia 
Arabis 
Aracacee 
Arachis 
Aralia 
Araliacez 
Araucaria 
Arbor Vite 
Arbutus 
Arctium 
Arctostaphylos 
Areca 
Arenaria 
Arethusa 
Argemone 
Arisema 
Aristolochia 
Aristolochiacee 
Armeria 
Arnica 
Arrenatherum 
Arrow Arum 
Arrowhead 
Arrowroot 
Arrowwood 
Artemisia 
Artichoke 
Arum 

Arum Family 
Arundinaria 
Arundo 
Asarabacca 
Asarum 
Asclepiadacee 
Asclepias 
Asclepiodora 
Ascyrum 

Ash 
Ash-leaved Maple 
Asimina 
Asparagus 
Aspen 
Asphodel 
Asphodel, false 
Asphodeline 
Asphodelus 
Aspidistra 
Aspidium 
Asplenium 


410, 


247, 


d08 


Aster 236 
Astilbe 166 
Astragalus 129 
Atamasco Lily 428 
Atriplex 366 
Atropa 315 
Aubergine 314 
Aubrietia 63 
Aucuba 207 
Auricula 274 
Avena 468, 474 
Avens 150 
Avocado 375 
Azalea 268 
Babiana 421 
Baby’s Breath 15 
Baccharis 241 
Bachelor’s Button 115, 256, 
Bald Cypress 483 
Balloon Vine 109 
Ballota 354 
Balm 300, 852 
Balm of Gilead 401 
Balmony 330 
Balsam 98 
Balsam Apple 193 
Balsam Fir 481 
Banana 413 
Banana Family 410 
Baneberry 44 
Baptisia 122 
Barbadoes Fence 139 
Barbadoes Lily 428 
Barbarea 64 
Barberry 49 
Barberry Family 49 
Barley 468 
Barnyard Grass 473 
Barren Strawberry 150 
Barrenwort 50 
Bartonia 188, 294 
Basil Thyme 350 
Basswood 91 
Bastard Toad Flax 828 
Bayberry 392 
3ean 134 
Bean Tree 125 
Bearberry 266 
Bear Grass 451 
Beaver Poison 2038 
Bedstraw 217 
Bee Balm 350, 352 
Beech 399 
Beech Drops 832 
3eech Drops, false 271 
Beech Fern 495 
3eefsteak Geranium 166, 193 
Beet 3866 
Bee Tree 91 
Beetroot 362 
Beggar’s Lice 303 
Beggar’s Ticks 249 
Begoniace 193 
Begonia Family 193 
Belamecanda 420) 
Belladonna 315 
Belladonna Lily 429 
Belltlower 261 
Bellis 235 
Bellwort 440) 
Bengal Grass 470 
Benjamin Bush 376 
Bent Grass 469, 470 
Berberidacez 49 
Berberis 49 


INDEX. 


Berchemia 
Bergamot 
Bermuda Grass 
Beta 

Betonica 

Betony 

Betula 

Bidens 

Bignonia 
Bignoniacese 
Bignonia #amily 
Bilsted 
Bindweed 

Biota 

Birch 
Bird’s-nest Fern 
Bird’s-nest Moss 


309, ¢ 


Bird’s Tongue Flower 


Birthroot 
Birthwort 
Birthwort Family 
Bishop’s Cap 
Bishop’s-wort 
Bitter Cress 
Bitter Nut 
Bittersweet 
Bitterweed 
Black Alder 
Black Bean 
Blackberry 
Blackberry Lily 
Black Horehound 
Black Moss 
Black Pea 

Black Snakeroot 
Bladder Campion 
Bladder Ketmia 
Bladder Nut 
Bladder Senna 
Bladderwort 
Bladderwort Family 
Blazing Star 
Blechnum 
Bleeding Heart 
Blephilia 
Bloodroot 
Bloodwort Family 
Blue Beech 
Blueberry 
Bluebottle 

Blue Cohosh 
Blue Curls 
Bluets 
Blue-eyed Grass 
Blue Flag 

Blue Grass 

Blue Hearts 

3lue Joint Grass 
Blumenbachia 
Blue Tangle 
Blueweed 
Bocconia 
Behmeria 

Bois d’Are 
Boltonia 
Boneset 

Borage 

Borage Family 
Borago 
Borraginacese 
Boston Ivy 
Botrychium 
Bottle Brush 
Bottle Grass 
Bouncing Bet 
Boussingaultia 
Bouvardia 
Bowman’s Root 


108, 


44, 


pata } 


265, 


469, 


Bow Wood 
Box 
Boxberry 
Box Elder 
Brake 


‘Bramble 


Brasenia 
Brassica 
Brewerla 
Briza 
Broccoli 
Brodizwa 
Brome Grass 
Bromeliacez 
Bromus 
Brookweed 
Broom 
Broom Corn 


Broom Rape Family 


Broussonetia 
Browallia 

Brown Bent 
Brugmansia 
Brunella 
Brunfelsia 
Brussels Sprouts 
Bryophyllum 
Buchloé 
Buchnera 

Buck Bean 
Buckeye 
Buckthorn 
Buckthorn Family 


Buckthorn, southern 


Buckwheat 
Buckwheat Family 
Buda 

Buttalo Berry 
Buffalo Grass 
Buffalo Nut 
Bugbane 
Bugbane, false 
Bugle Weed 
Bugloss 

Bug Seed 
Bumelia 
Bunchberry 
Bunch Flower 
Burdock 

Bur Grass 

Bur Marigold 
Burnet 

Burning Bush 
Bur Reed 

Bush Clover 
Bush Honeysuckle 
Butter and Eggs 
Buttercup 
Butterfly Pea 
Butterfly Weed 
Butternut 
Butterweed 
Butterwort 
Buttonbush 
Button Snakeroot 
Buttonweed 
Buttonwood 
Buxus 


Cabbage 
Cabomba 
Cacalia 
Cactacee 
Cactus Family 
Cesalpinia 
Caiophora 
Cakile 
Calabash 


Caladium 
Calamagrostis 
Calamint 
Calamintha 
Calampelis 
Calamus 
Calandrinia 
Calathea 
Calceolaria 
Calendula 
Calico Bush 
Californian Poppy 
Calla 

Callicarpa 
Calliopsis 
Callirrhoé 
Callistemon 
Callistephus 
Calochortus 
Calonyetion 
Calopogon 
Caltha 

Caltrops 
Calumba 
Calycanthus 
Calycanthacese 
Calycocarpum 
Calypso 
Camass 
Camassia 
Camelina 
Camellia 
Camellia Family 
Campanula 
Campanulacee 
Campanula Family 
Campion 
Camptosorus 
Canada Thistle 
Canary Grass 
Cancer Root 
Candytuft 

Cane Brake 
Canna 
Cannabis 
Cantaloupe 
‘Canterbury Bells 
Cape Gooseberry 
Cape Jessamine 
Caper Family 
Capers 

Caper Spurge 
Capparidacer 
Capparis 
Caprifoliacer 
Capsella 
Capsicum 
Caragana 
Caraway 
Cardamine 
Cardinal Flower 
Cardiospermum 
Cardoon 

Carex 

Carica 
Carnation 
Carolina Allspice 
Carpinus 
Carrion Flower 
Carrot 
Carthamus 
Carum 

Carya 
Caryophyllacee 
Caryota 
Cashew Family 
Cassandra 
Cassena 


332, 


INDEX. 


Cassia 
Castanea 
Castilleia 
Castoroil Plant 


Catnip 
Cat-tail Family 
Cat-tail Flag 
Cat-tail Grass 
Cauliflower 
Caulophyllum 
Cayenne Pepper 
Ceanothus 
Cedar 
Cedronella 
Cedrus 
Celandine 
Celandine Poppy 
Celastracer 
Celastrus 
Celeriac 
Celery 

Celosia 

Celsia 

Celtis 
Cenchrus 
Centaurea 
Centaury 
Centrosema 
Century Plant 
Cephalanthus 
Cephalotaxus 
Cerastium 
Ceratochloa 
Ceratopteris 
Ceratostigma 
Cercidiphyllum 
Cercis 

Cereals 
Cereus 
Cestrum 
Chaff Seed 
Chain Fern 
Chamecy paris 
Chamedorea 
Chamelirium 
Chamerops 
Chamomile 
Charlock 
Chaste Tree 
Cheat 
Checkerberry 
Cheeses 
Cheilanthes 
Cheiranthus 
Chelidonium 
Chelone 
Chenopodiacee 
Chenopodium 
Cherry 

Chess 
Chestnut 
Chick-pea 
Chickweed 


Chickweed, forked 


Chickweed Wintergreen 275 


Chicory 

Chile Jessamine 
Chile Pepper 
Chimaphila 
Chimonanthus 
China Aster 
China Bean 
China Brier 


257 
286 


China Tree 
Chinese Cabbage 
Chinese Sumach 
Chinese Yam 
Chinquapin 


Chinquapin, water 


Chiogenes 
Chionanthus 
Chionodoxa 
Chives 
Chocolate Tree 
Chokeberry 
Choke Cherry 
Chondrilla 
Chorizema 
Chorogi 
Christmas Fern 
Chrysalidocarpus 
Chrysanthemum 
Chrysodium 
Chrysopsis 
Chufa 

Ciboule 

Cicer 
Cichorium 
Cichory 

Cicuta 
Cimicifuga 
Cinchona 
Cineraria 
Cinnamon Fern 
Cinnamon Vine 
Cinquefoil 
Circea 

Cissus 
Cistacee 
Citron 
Citrullus 
Citrus 

Cladium 
Cladrastis 
Clarkia 

Clary 

Clay tonia 
Cleavers 
Clematis 
Cleome 
Clerodendron 
Clethra 

Cliff Brake 
Climbing Fern 


Climbing Fumitory 
Climbing Hempweed 


Clintonia 
Clitoria 
Clivers 
Clotbur 

Clove Pink 
Clover 
Clover, Japan 
Clover, prairie 
Club Moss 


Club Moss Family 


Cnicus 
Cobra 
Cobnut 
Cocculus 
Cockle 
Cocklebur 
Cockscomb 
Cock’sfoot Grass 
Cocoanut 
Coco Grass 
Cocos 
Codizum 
Coffea 
Coffee 
Coffee Pea 


100, 
100, 


o1U 


Coffee Tree 
Cohosh, blue 
Coix 
Colchicum 
Coleus 
Colicroot 
Collinsia 
Collinsonia 
Colocasia 
Coltsfoot 
Columbine 
Colutea 
Comandra 
Comfrey 
Commelina 
Commelinacese 
Compass Plant 
Composite 
Composite Family 
Cone-flower 
Coniferre 
Conium 
Conobea 
Conopholis 
Convallaria 
Convolvulacese 
Convolvulus 
Convolvulus Family 
Coontie 
Ooptis 

Coral Berry 
Corallorhiza 
Coral Root 
Corchorus 
Cordyline 
Coreopsis 
Coriander 
Coriandrum 
Corispermum 
Cork Tree 
Corn 

Corn Cockle 
Cornel 
Cornelian Cherry 
Corn Flag 
Cornflower 
Corn Poppy 
Corn Salad 
Cornus 
Coronilla 
Corpse Plant 
Corydalis 
Corylus 
Cosmanthoides 
Cosmanthus 
Cosmos 
Costmary 
Cotoneaster 
Cotton 

Cotton Rose 
Cotyledon 
Couch Grass 
Cowbane 

Cow Herb 
Cow Parsnip 
Cow Pea 
Cowslip 

Cow Wheat 
Crab Appie 
Crab Grass 
Cranberry 
Cranberry Tree 
Cranesbill 
Crassula 
Crassulacere 
Crategus 
Creeping Snowberry 
Cress 


91, 


+1, 


472, 


INDEX. 


Cress, bitter 
Cress, mouse-ear 
Cress, rock 
Cress, water 
Cress, winter 
Crimson Flag 
Crinkle Root 
Crinum 
Crocosma 
Crocus 

Crosnes 
Crotalaria 
Croton 
Crotonopsis 
Crowfoot 
Crowfoot Family 
Crown-beard 
Crown Imperial 
Crown of Thorns 
Crucifere 
Cryptogamous Plants 
Cryptomeria 
Cubebs 

Cuckoo Flower 
Cucumber 
Cucumber Root 
Cucumber Tree 
Cucumis 
Cucurbita 
Cucurbitaceze 
Cudweed 
Culver’s Root 
Cunila 

Cuphea 

Cup Plant 
Cupressus 
Cupseed 
Cupulifers 
Currant 
Cuscuta 
Cushaw 
Custard Apple Family 
Cyathea 
Cycadacee 
Cycad Family 
Cycas 
Cyclamen 
Cycloloma 
Cynanchum 
Cynara 
Cynodon 
Cynoglossum 
Cyperacew 
Cyperus 
Cypress 
Cypress Vine 
Cypripedium 
Cyrtomium 
Cystopteris 
Cytisus 


Dactylis 
Daffodil 
Daffodil, sea 
Dahlia 
Dahoon 
Daisy 
Daisy, oxeye 
Dalibarda 
Dandelion 
Dangleberry 
Danthonia 
Daphne 
Darnel 

Date Palm 
Date Plum 
Datura 
Daucus 


Davalila 

Day Flewer 
Day Lily 

Dead Nettle 
Decodon 
Decumaria 
Deerberry 
Deergrass 
Delphinium 
Dentaria 
Desmanthus 
Desmodium 
Deutzia 

Devil’s Bit 
Deyilwood 
Dewberry 
Dianthera 
Dianthus 
Diapensiacee 
Diapensia Family 
Dicentra 
Dicksonia 
Dicliptera 
Diclytra 
Dicotyledons 
Dictamnus 
Dielytra 
Diervilla 
Digitalis 

Diodia 

Dionza 
Dioscorea 
Dioscoreaces 
Diospyros 
Dipsacee 
Dipsacus 

Direa 

Dishcloth Gourd 
Disporum 
Ditch Stonecrop 
Dittany 

Dock 
Dockmackie 
Dodder 
Dodocatheon 
Dogbane 
Dog’s-tail Grass 
Dogtooth Violet 
Dogwood 
Dolichos 
Doorweed 
Douglas Spruce 
Draba 

Dracena 
Dracunculus 
Dragon Arum 
Dragon Plant 
Dragon Root 
Dragon’s Head 
Dropwort 
Droseracee 
Dryopteris 
Duckweed Family 
Dudaim 
Dulichium 
Dusty Miller 
Dutchman’s Breeches 
Dutchman’s Pipe 
Dwarf Dandelion 
Dyer’s Weed 
Dyer’s Woad 
Dysodia 


Ebenacee 
Ebony Family 
Eccremocarpus 
Echeveria 
Echinacea 


449, 


132, 


283, 


Echinocactus 197 
Echinocystis 193 
Echinodorus 454 
Echinospermum 303 
Echites 286 
Echium 306 
Eelgrass 403 
Eggplant 314 
Eglantine 159 
Egyptian Bean 135 
»gyptian Grass 473 
Egyptian Lotus 53 
¥ichhornia 452 
Elzagnacesz 317 
Eleagnus 317 
f£lder 211 
Elecampane 242 
Eleocharis 466 
Elephant’s Ear 193 
Eleusine 472 
Ellisia 299 
Elm 886 
Elodea 403 
Elodes 83 
Emilia 254 
Enchanter’s Nightshade 187 
Endive 257 
Endogens 402 
English Walnut 891 
Enslenia 289 
Epidendrum 405 
Epigwa 266 
Epilobium 181 
Epimedium 50 
Epiphegus 832 
Epiphyllum 198 
Equisetaceze 486 
Equisetum 486 
Erechtites 254 
Erianthus 474 
Ericacee 262 
Erigenia 202 
Erigeron 240 
Eriocaulon 456 
Eriocaulonacer 456 
Eriophorum 466 
Erodium 94 
Eryngium 202 
Eryngo 202 
Erysimum 64 
Erythrina 133 
Erythronium 447 
Eschscholtzia 55 
Eucharidium 183 
Eucharis 429 
Eucnide 188 
Eugenia 175 
Eulalia 474 
Euonymus 104 
Eupatorium 230 
Euphorbia 880 
Euphorbiacewe 3879 
Eutoca 800 
Evening Primrose 183 


Evening Primrose Family 179 


Everlasting 241, 242, 254 
Evolyulus 810 
Exochorda 750 
Exogens 38 
Fagopyrum 87° 
Fagus 399 
Fairy Lily 428 
Fall Dandelion 257 
False Acacia 130 


False Asphodel 441 
False Bugbane 38 
False Dandelion 258 


INDEX. 
False Dragon’s Head 354 
False Flax 63 
False Hellebore 442 
False Indigo 122, 127 
_False Loosestrife 182 
Faise Mallow 88 
False Mermaid 95 
False Miterwort 166 
False Nettle 389 
False Pimpernel 329 
False Saffron 256 
False Spikenard 439 
False Solomon’s Seal 439 
Farfugium 258 
Farkleberry 265 
Feather-foil 273 
Feather Geranium 365 
Feather Grass 475 
Fedia 218 
Fennel 203 
Fennel Flower 41 
Fern Fainily 486 
Fescue Grass 470, 471 
Festuca 470, 471 
Fetid Marigold 250 
Feverbush 376 
Feverfew 251 
Fever Tree 216 
Feverwort 211 
Ficoides 199 
Ficus 387 
Fig 887 
Fig Marigold 199 
Fig Marigold Family 199 
Figwort 329 
Figwort Family 318 
Filago 241 
Filbert 3895 
Filices 486 
Fimbristylis 466 
Finger Grass 473 
Fiorin Grass 469 
Fir 481 
Fire Pink 76 
Fireweed 181, 254 
Five-finger 151 
Flame Flower 450, 
Flax 92 
Flax, false 63 
Flax Family 92 
Fleabane 240 
Floating Heart 294 
Flerkia 95 
Flower-de-Luce 417 
Flowering Fern 500 
Flowering Moss 271 
Flowering Plants 33 
Flowering Wintergreen 114 
Flowerless Plants 486 
Flower-of-an-hour 90 
Fly Poison 443 
Fodder Grasses 469 
Feniculum 203 
Forget-me-not 305 
Forked Chickweed 360 
Forsythia 280 
Fothergilla 174 
Four-o’Clock 859 
Four-o’Clock Family 358 
Fow! Meadow Grass 469 
Foxglove 326 
Foxtail Grass 470, 473 
Fragaria 152 
Fragrant Balm 352 
Franciscea 316 
Franklinia 85 
Frasera 292 
Fraxinella 99 


Fraxinus 282 
Freesia 421 
French Mulberry 342 
Fringe Tree 282 
Fritillaria 445 
Freelichia 363 
Frogbit 403 
Frogbit Family 402 
Frog Fruit 340 
Frostweed 70 
Fuchsia 186 
Fumaria 57 
Fumariace# 57 
Fumitory 58 
Fumitory, climbing 5T 
Fumitory Family 57 
Funkia 450 
Furze 124 
Gaillardia 249 
Galactia 136 
Galanthus 427 
Galax 271 
Galeopsis 354 
Galium 217 
Gall of the Earth 258 
Gama Grass 475 
Gardenia 216 
Garget 367 
Garland Flower 411 
Garlic 447 
Gas Plant 99 
Gaultheria 266 
Gaura 187 
Gaylussacia 264 
Geans 146 
Gelsemium 290 
Genista 124 
Gentian 293 
Gentiana 293 
Gentianacese 291 
Gentian Family 291 
Geonoma 464 
Georgia Bark 216 
Geraniacee 93 
Geranium 94, 96 
Geranium Family 93 
Gerardi. 327 
Germander 346 
Gesnera 835 
Gesneracee 384 
Gesneria Family 834 
Geum 150 
Gherkin 192 
Giant Hyssop 352 
Gilia 297 
Gill 852 
Gillenia 150 
Gillyflower 61 
Ginger 410 
Ginger, wild 373 
Ginseng 205 
Ginseng Family 204 
Ginkgo 485 
Glade Mallow 87 
Gladiolus 423 
Glasswort 366 
Glaucium 56 
Gleditschia 139 
Globe Amaranth 863 
Globeflower 41 
Globe Hyacinth 449 
Gloxinia 385 
Glumaceous Division 465 
Glycine 133 
Gnaphalium 241 
Goat’s Beard 149, 257 
Goat's Rue 128 


512 


Godetia 

Golden Aster 
Golden Chain 
Golden Club 
Golden Feather 
Golden Ragwort 
Golden-rod 
Golden Seal 

Gold Fern 

Gold Thread 
Gombo 
Gomphrena 
Gonolobus 
Goober 
Good-King-Henry 
Goodyera 
Gooseberry 
Gooseberry Gourd 
Goosefoot 
Goosefoot Family 
Goose Grass 
Gordonia 

Gorse 
Gossypium 
Goumi 

Gourd 

Gourd Family 
Graminex 
Granadilla 

Grape 

Grape Fruit 
Grape Hyacinth 
Grass Family 
Grass of Parnassus 
Grass of the Andes 
Gratiola 

Greek Valerian 
Green Brier 
Green Dragon 
Green Milkweed 
Green Violet 
Greenweed 
Grenadine 
Grindelia 
Griottes 
Gromwell 
Gromwell, false 
Ground Cherry 
Ground Hemlock 
Ground Ivy 
Ground Laurel 
Groundnut 
Ground Pine 
Ground Pink 
Ground Plum 
Groundsel 
Guaya 

Guernsey Lily 
Guignes 

Guinea Corn 
Guinea Hen Flower 
Guinea Squash 
Gymnocladus 
Gymnogramme 
Gymnosperms 
Gynandropsis 
Gynerium 
Gypsophila 


Habenaria 
Habrothamnus 
Hackberry 
Hackmatack 
Hemodoracee 
Halesia 
Haloragee 
Hamamelidee 
Hamamelis 


INDEX. 


Harbinger of Spring 
Hardhack 

Harebell 
Hare’s-foot Fern 
Hartford Fern 
Hart’s-tongue Fern 
Haw 

Haw, Black 
Hawkbit 
Hawkweed 
Hawthorn 
Hazelnut 

Healall 
Heart’s-ease 
Heartseed 

Heath 

Heather 

Heath Family 
Hedeoma 

Hedera 

Hedgehog Grass 
Hedge Hyssop 
Hedge Mustard 
Hedge Nettle 
Hedychium 
Helenium 
Helianthemum 
Helianthus 
Helichrysum 
Heliopsis 
Heliotrope 
Heliotropium 
Helipterum 
Hellebore 
Hellebore, false 
Hellebore, white 
Helleborus 
Helonias 
Hemerocallis 
Hemlock Spruce 
Hemp 

Hemp Nettle 
Hempweed 
Hen-and-chickens 
Henbane 

Hepatica 
Heracleum 

Herba Iimpia 

Herb Patience 
Herb Robert 
Hercules’ Club 
Herd’s Grass 
Herpestis 

Hesperis 
Heteranthera 
Heuchera 

Hibiscus 

Hickory 

Hieracium 

High Bush Cranberry 
Hippeastrum 
Hoary Pea 
Hobblebush 
Hog Peanut 
Hogweed 
Holeus 
Holly 

Holly Family 
Hollyhock 
Honesty 
Honey Locust 
Honeysuckle 
Honeysuckle Family 
Hop 

Hop Hornbeam 
Nop Tree 
Hordeum 
Horehound 


42, 211, 268 


139 


208 
387 
395 
100 
468 
354 


——— eee 


Horehound, black 
Hornbeam 
Horn Poppy 
Horse Balm 
Horse-chestnut 
Horse Gentian 
Horsemint 
Horse Nettle 
Horseradish 
Horse Sugar 
Horsetail Family 
Horseweed 
Hoteia 
Hottonia 
Hounds’-tongue 
Houseleek 
Houstonia 
Howea 

Hoya 
Huckleberry 
Hudsonia 
Humulus 
Hungarian Grass 
Husk Tomato 
Hyacinth 
Hyacinthus 
Hyacinth, wild 
Hydrangea 
Hydrastis 
Hydrocharidacez 
Hydrolea 
Hydrophyllaceze 
Hydrophyllum 
Hymenocallis 
Hyophorbe 
Hyoscyamus 
Hypericacez 
Hypericum 
Hypoxis 

Hyptis 

Uyssop 
Hyssopus 


Iberis 

Ice Plant 

Ilex 

Llicineze 
Illecebracese 
Illicium 
Ilysanthes 
Immortelle 
Impatiens 
Imphee 

Indian Bean 
Indian Cherry 
{ndian Chickweed 
Indian Corn 
Indian Cress 
Indian Cucumber Root 
Indian Currant 
Indian Fig 
Indian Hemp 
Indian Mallow 
Indian Physic 
Indian Pipe 
Indian Plantain 
Indian Poke 
Indian Rice 
Indian Shot 
Indian Tobacco 
Indian Turnip 
Indian Wheat 
India-rubber Tree 
Indigo 

Indigo, false 
Indigofera 
Indigo, wild 
Ink Berry 


122. 


Introduced Grasses 
Inula 
Ipecac, American 
Ipomea 
Ipomopsis 
Iresine 
Iridacee 
Iris 
Iris Family 
Ironweed 
Ironwood 
Isanthus 
Isatis 
Isolepis 
Isopyrum 
Italian May 
Itea 
Iva 
BS oc 
vy, poison 
Tate 


108, 


Jacobean Lily 
Jamestown Weed 
Japan Allspice 
Japan Clover 
Japanese Kose 
Jasminum 
Jatropha 
Jeffersonia 
Jerusalem Artichoke 
Jerusalem Cherry 
Jerusalem Oak 
Jerusalem Sage 
Jessamine 
Jewelweed 
Jimson Weed 
Job’s Tears 
Joe-Pye Weed 
Jobnson Grass 
Jointweed 
Jonquil 

Judas Tree 
Juglandacee 
Juglans 
Juncacer 

Juncus 
Juneberry 

June Grass 
Juniper 
Juniperus 


Kenilworth Ivy 
Kennedya 

Kentia 

Kentucky Blue Grass 
Kentucky Coffee Tree 
Kerria 

Ketmia 

Kidney Bean 
Kingnut 

Kinnikinic 
Knapweed 

Knawel 

Kniphofia 

Knotweed 

Knotwort Family 
Kelreuteria 
Kohl-rabi 

pea he 


rigia 
Kuhnia 


INDEX. 


Labiate 
Labrador Tea 
Laburnum 
Lachnanthes 
Lachnocaulon 
Lactuca 
Ladies’ Eardrops 
Ladies’ Smock 
Ladies’ Tresses 
Lady Fern 
Lady’s Slipper 
Lady’s Thumb 
Lagenaria 

Lake Cress 
Lambkill 
Lamb’s Lettuce 
Lamb’s-quarters 
Lamium 
Lampsana 
Lantana 
Laportea 
Lappa 

Lareh 

Larix 

Larkspur 
Latania 
Lathyrus 
Laurace 
Laurel 

Laurel Family 
Laurestinus 
Lavandula 
Lavender 

Lawn Grasses 
Lead Plant 
Leadwort 
Leadwort Family 
Leafeup 
Leather Flower 
Leatherleaf 
Leatherwvod 
Leavenworthia 
Lechea 

Ledum 

Leek 
Leguminose 
Leiophyllum 
Lemna 
Lemnacewe 
Lemon 

Lens 
Lentibulariacez 
Lentil 
Leontodon 
Leonurus 
Lepachys 
Lepidium 
Leptosiphon 
Lespedeza 
Lesquerella 
Lettuce 
Leucanthemum 
Leucoium 
Leucothoé 
Leverwood 
Levisticum 
Liatris 
Ligustrum 
Lilae 

Liliacez 

Lilium 

Lily 

Lily Family 
Lily of the Incas 
Lily of the Palace 
Lily of the Valley 
Lima Bean 

231! Lime 


46, 147, 


WG 


Limnanthemum 
Limnanthes 
Limnobium 
Limosella 
Linacer 
Linaria 
Linden 
Linden Family 
Lindera 
Linnea 
Linum 

Lion’s Foot 
Lip Fern 
Lippia 
Liquidambar 
Liriodendron 
Lithospermum 
Litsea 
Live-forever 
Live Oak 
Liverleaf 
Livistona 
Lizard’s Tail 
Loasa 
Loasaceze 
Loasa Family 
Lobelia 
Lobeliacez 
Lobelia Family 
Loblolly Bay 
Loco Weed 
Locust 
Locust, honey 
Leeselia 
Loganiacez 
Logania Family 
Lolium 
Lombardy Poplar 
Long Moss 
Lonicera 
Loosestrife 
Loosestrife Family 
Lopezia 
Lophanthus 
Lophiola 
Lopseed 
Loquat 
Loranthacee 
Lotus 
Lousewort 
Lovage 

Love Apple 
Love-in-a-Mist 
Love-lies-bleeding 
Lucerne 
Ludwigia 
Lutfa 

Lunaria 
Lungwort 
Lupine 
Lupinus 
Lyehnis 
Lycium 
Lycopersicum 
Lycopodiacewe 
Lycopodium 
Lycopsis 
Lycopus 
Lygodium 
Lysimachia 
Lythracee 
Lythrum 


Maclura 

Madagascar Jasmine 
Madder Family 
Mad-dog Skulleap 
Madeira Vine 


514 


Magnolia 
Magnoliacez 
Magnolia Family 
Mahaleb 
Mahernia 
Mahonia 

Mahon Stock 
Maianthemum 
Maidenhair 
Maidenhair Tree 
Maize 
Malcolmia 
Mallow 

Mallow Family 
Malope 

Malva 

Malvacete 
Malvastrum 
Mamillaria 
Mandarin 
Mandevilla 
Mandrake 
Mangel-wurzel 
Man-of-the-earth 
Maple 

Maranta 
Mare’s-tail 
Marguerite 
Marigold 
Marigold, pot 
Mariposa Lily 
Marjoram 
Markery 
Marrubium 
Marsh Cress 
Marsh Elder 
Marsh Mallow 
Marsh Marigold 
Marsh Rosemary 


410, 


Marsh St. John’s-wort 


Martynia 
Marvel of Peru 
Matrimony Vine 
Matthiola 
Maurandia 
Mayaca 

Mayaca Family 
Mayacex 

May Apple 
Mayflower 
Mayweed 
Meadow Beauty 
Meadow Foxtail 
Meadow Grasses 
Meadow Rue 


Meadow Soft Grass 


Meadowsweet 
Medeola 
Medicago 
Medick 
Melampyrum 
Melanthium 
Melastomacer 
Melastoma Family 
Melia 
Meliacee 
Melia Family 
Melilot 
Melilotus 
Melissa 

Melon 

Melon Shrub 
Melothria 
Menispermacese 
Menispermum 
Mentha 
Mentzelia 
Menyanthes 


INDEX. 


Mercury 
Mertensia 


Mesembryanthemum 


Mexican Tea 
Mezereum 
Mezereum Family 
Mignonette 


Mignonette Family 


Mikania 

Milfoil 

Milk Pea 

Milk Vetch 
Milkweed 
Milkweed Family 
Milkwort 

Milla 

Millet 


Millet, black or pear] 


Mimosa 
Mimulus 

Mina 

Mint 

Mint Family 
Mint Geranium 
Mirabilis 
Miscanthus 
Mistletoe 
Mistletoe Family 
Mitchella 
Mitella 
Miterwort 
Moccasin Flower 
Mockernut 
Mock Orange 
Modiola 

Mole Plant 
Mollugo 
Molucca Balm 
Moluccella 
Monarda 
Moneses 
Moneywort 
Monkey Flower 
Monkey Puzzle 
Monkshood 
Monocotyledons 


469, 


Monopetalous Division 


Monotropa 
Montbretia 
Moonflower 
Moonseed 
Moonseed Family 
Moonwort 
Moosewood 
Morning-Glory 
Morus 

Moss Pink 
Motherwort 
Mountain Ash 
Mountain Cherry 
Mountain Holly 
Mountain Laurel 
Mountain Mint 
Mourning Bride 
Mouse-ear Cress 


111, 


Mouse-ear Chickweed 


Mousetail 

Mud Plantain 
Mudwort 
Mugwort 
Mulberry 
Mulberry, French 
Mulberry, paper 
Mullein 

Mullein Foxglove 
Mullein Pink 
Muscari 

Musk Hyacinth 


1538, 


402 
208 
271 
422 
807 

48 

48 
501 
376 
307 
388 


Musk Mallow 87 
Muskmelon 192 
Musk Plant 326 
Musquash Root 203 
Mustard 65 
Mustard Family 58 
Myosotis 805 
Myosurus 38 
Myrica 392 
Myricacere 892 
Myrobalan 145 
Myrsiphyllum 438 
Myrtacee 175 
Myrtle Family 175 
Myrtus 175, 285 
Nabalus 258 
Negelia 835 
Naiadacere 457 
Naias 457 
Naked Broom Rape 333 
Nandina 50 
Napa 87 
Narcissus 426 
Nasturtium 63, 97 
Navelwort 805 
Neckweed 824 
Nectarine 144 
Negundo 112 
Nelumbium 52 
Nelumbo 52 
Nemastylis 419 
Nemopanthes 103 
Nemophila 299 
Nepeta 352 
Nephrodium 496 
Nephrolepsis 498 
Nerine 428 
Nerium 285 
Nettle 389 
Nettle Family 884 
Nettle Tree 387 
New Jersey Tea 106 
New Zealand Flax 450 
New Zealand Spinach 199 
Nicandra 815 
Nicotiana 816 
Nierembergia 816 
Nigella 41 
Night-blooming Cereus 196 
Nightshade 813 
Nightshade Family $11 
Nightshade, three-leaved 440 
Nine-bark 150 
Nipplewort 256 
Nolana 809 
Nonesuch 126 
Nothochlena 491 
Notholena 491 
Nothoscordum 448 
Nuphar 53 
Nut Grass 465 
Nyctaginacess 858 
Nymphea 52 
Nympheacess 51 
Nyssa 207 
Oak 895 
Oakesia 440 
Oak Family 892 
Oat 468, 474 
Oat Grass 472 
Obolaria 294 
Ocimum 846 
(Enothera 183 
Ogeechee Lime 207 
Oil Nut 878 
Okra 90 


Oldenlandia 
Old-Man-and- Woman 
Old Man Cactus 
Old Witch Grass 
Olea 

Oleaceze 
Oleander 
Oleaster 
Oleaster Family 
Olive 

Olive Family 
Olive, Russian 
Omphalodes 
Onagraceze 
Onion 
Onobrychis 
Onoclea 
Onosmodium 
Oonshiu 
Ophioglossacez 
Ophioglossum 
Opium 
Oplismenus 
Opopanax 
Opuntia 

Orach 

Orange 
Orchard Grass 
Orchidacese 
Orchis 

Orchis Family 
Origanum 
Ornamental Grasses 
Ornithogolum 
Orobanchacee 
Orontium 
Orpine 

Orpine Family 
Oryza 

Osage Orange 
Osier 
Osmanthus 
Osmorrhiza 
Osmunda 
Ostrich Fern 
Ostrya 

Oswego Tea 
Othonna 
Othonnopsis 
Oxalis 

Oxeye 

Oxeye Daisy 
Oxybaphus 
Oxydendrum 
Oyster Plant 


Pachysandra 
Peonia 
Peplanthus 
Painted Cup - 
Palmacee 
Palma Christi 
Palmetto 
Palm Family 
Pampas Grass 
Pancratium 
Pandanacee 
Pandanus 
Panicum 
Pansy 
Papaver 
Papaveracese 
Papaw 

Paper Mulberry 
Paper Reed 
Pappoose Root 
Papyrus 
Paradisea 


469, 472, 


206, 


473, 


4s, 


INDEX. 


Paradise Flower 
Parasol Tree 
Pardanthus 
Parietaria 

Paris Daisy 
Parnassia 
Paronychia 
Parsley 

Parsley Family 
Parsley Piert 
Parsnip 
Parthenium 
Partridge Berry 
Partridge Pea 
Pasque Flower 
Passiflora 
Passifloracez 
Passion Flower 
Passion Flower Family 
Pastinaca 
Pasture Grasses 
Paulownia 


Pearlwort 

Pea Tree 

Pecan 

Pedaliacez 
Pedicularis 

Peen-to 
Pelargonium 

Pellza 

Pellitory 

Peltandra 
Pennyroyal 
Pennyroyal, bastard 
Pennyroyal, false 
Penthorum 
Pentstemon 

Peony 

Peperomia 

Pepino 

Pepper, black, and white 
Pepper Family 
Peppergrass 
Pepperidge 
Peppermint 
Pepper, red 

Pepner Root 

Perilla 

Periploca 
Periwinkle 

Persea 

Persian Insect Powder 
Persimmon 
Peruvian Bark 
Peruvian Swamp Lily 
Petaloideous Division 
Petalostemon 
Pe-Tsai 

Petunia 

Phacelia 
Phenogamous Plants 
Phalangium 
Phalaris 
Phaseolus 
Phegopteris 
Phellodendron 
Philadelphus 
Phlebodium 
Phleum 

Phlomis 

Phlox 

Phlox Family 
Phenix 


473, 


Phoradendron 
Phormium 
Photinia 
Phragmites 
Phryma 
Phyllanthus 
Phyllocactus 
Phy lotaccacez 
Physalis 
Physocarpus 
Physostegia 
Phytolacca 
Picea 

Pickerel Weed 


Pickerel Weed Family 


Picotee 

Pie Plant 
Pigeon Berry 
Pigeon Grass 
Pignut 
Pigweed 
Pimpernel 
Pimpernel, false 
Pinckneya 
Pinguicula 
Pine 


Pink Family 
Pinkroot 
Pinkster Flower 
Pinus 

Pinweed 

Piper 

Piperaceze 
Pipewort Family 
Pipsissewa 
Piqueria 

Pisum 

Pitcher Plants 
Pitchforks 
Pittosporacee 
Pittosporum 
Pittosporum Family 
Pixy 

Planera 

Planer Tree 
Plane Tree 
Plane Tree Family 
Plantaginacewe 
Plantago 
Plantain 
Plantain Family 
Platanacez 
Platanus 
Platycerium 
Pleurisy Root 
Pluchea 
Plumbaginaceze 
Plumbago 
Plume Grass 
Plum 

Plum, Japan 
Poa 


Podocarpus 
Podophyllum 
Pogonia 
Poinsettia 
Poison Elder 
Poison Hemlock 
Poison Ivy 
Poison Oak 
Poker Plant 
Pokeweed 


362, 


356, 


145, 
469, 


516 


Pokeweed Family 367 
Polanisia 68 
Polemormace 295 
Polemonium 297 
Polemonium Family 295 
Polianthes 430 
Polyanthus 427 
Polygala 114 
Polygalaceze 114 
Polygala Family 114 
Polygonacee 367 
Polygonatum 439 
Polygonella 372 
Polygonum 370 
Polymnia 242 
Polypodium 490 
Polypody 490 
Polystichum 497 
Pomegranate 178 
Pomelo 101 
Pomme Blanche 128 
Pond Lily 52 
Pondweed Family 457 
Pontederia 452 
Pontederiacez 452 
Poor Man’s Weather Glass 276 
Poplar 46, 400 
Poppy 56 
Poppy, Californian DO 
Poppy, celandine 56 
Poppy, corn 56 
Poppy Family 54 
Poppy, horn 56 
Poppy, prickly 55 
Populus 400 
Portulaca 80 
Portulacacee 9 
Potamogeton 7 
Potato 313 
Potato, air 431 
Potentilla 151 
Poterium 156 
Pot Marigold 254 
Poverty Grass 472 
Prairie Clover 127 
Prairie Dock 243 
Prenanthes 258 
Prickly Ash 99 
Prickly Comfrey 305 
Prickly Pear 198 
Prickly Poppy 55 
Pride of India 101 
Prim 281 
Primrose 274 
Primrose Family 273 
Primrose Peerless 427 
Primula 274 
Primulacee 273 
Prince’s Feather 361, 3871 
Prince’s Pine 270 
Privet 281 
Prunus 143 
Pseudotsuga 481 
Psidium 175 
Psoralea 128 
Ptelea 100 
Pteris 492 
Ptychosperma 404 
Puccoon 304 
Puccoon, yellow 45 
Pulse Family 116 
Pumpkin 191 
Punica 178 
Purslane 80 
Purslane Family 79 
Puttyroot 405 
Pycnanthemum 348 
Pyrethrum 251 


INDEX. 


Pyrola 
Pyrrhopappus 
Pyrularia 
Pyrus 
Pyxidanthera 


Quack Grass 
Quaking Grass 
Quamash 
Quamoclit 
Quassia Family 
Queen of the Prairie 
Queen’s Delight 
Quercus 

Quick Grass 
Quince 

Quitch Grass 


padies na 
tagged Lady 
Ragged Robin 
Rag Gourd 
Ragweed 
Ragwort 

Ramsted 
Ranunculaces 
Ranunculus 

Rape 

Raphanus 
Raspberry 
Rattlebox 
Rattlesnake Grass 
Rattlesnake Plantain 
Rattlesnake Root 
Rattlesnake Weed 
Ray Grass 

Red Bay 

Redbud 

Red Cedar 
Red-hot Poker Plant 
Red Pepper 
Redroot 

Redtop 

Redwood 

Reed Canary Grass 
Reed Mace 

Rein Orchis 
Reinwardtia 
Reseda 
Resedacewe 
Resurrection Plant 
Retinospora 
Rhamnacee 
Rhamnus 
Rhapidophyllum 
Rhapis 

Rheum 

Rhexia 

Rhode Island Bent 
Rhododendron 
Rhodotypos 
Rhubarb 

Rhus 

Rhynchosia 
Rhynchospermum 
Rhynchospora 
Ribbon Grass 
Ribes 

Rib Grass 

Rice 

Richardia 

Rich Weed 
Ricinus 

Ripple Grass 
Rivina 

Robinia 

Robin’s Plantaia 
Roches 


106, 


Rock Cress 
Rocket 

Rocket, sea 
Rocket, yellow 
Rockrose 
Rockrose Family 
Rocky Mt. Bee Plant 
Roman Wormwood 
Romneya 

Rosa 

Rosaceze 

Rose 

Rose Acacia 
Rose Apple 
Rosebay 

Rose Family 
Rose Mallow 
Rosemary 

Rose of China 
Rosin Plant 
Rosinweed 
Rosmarinus 
Rotala 

Rowan 

Royal Fern 
Rubber Tree 
Rubiacez 
Rubus 
Rudbeckia 

Rue 

Rue Anemone 
Rue Family 
Ruellia 

Rumex 

Ruppia 

Rush Family 
Russellia 
Russian Cactus 
Russian Olive 
Russian Thistle 


Rye 
Rye Grass 


Sabal 
Sabbatia 
Sacred Bean 
Safflower 
Saffron 
Saffron, false 


Sainfoin 
Salicaceze 
Salicornia 


Salpiglossis 
Salsola 
Saltwort 
Salvia 
Sambucus 
Samolus 
Samphire 
Sandalwood Family 
Sand Myrtle 
Sand Spurrey 
Sandwort 
Sanguinaria 
Sanguisorba 
Sanicle 
Ssnicula 


Santalacen 
Sapindacew 
Sapodilla Family 
Saponaria 
Sapotacee 
Sarracenia 
Sarraceniacere 
Sarsaparilla 
Sassafras 
Satin Flower 
Satureia 
Saururus 
Savin 
Savory 
Saw Palmetto 
axifraga 
Saxifragacex 
Saxifrage 
Saxifrage Family 
Scabiosa 
Scabious 
Scarlet Runner 
Scheuchzeria 
Schizea 
Schizandra 
Schizanthus 
Schizostylis 
Schenolirion 
Schollera 
Schrankia 
peas 
ciadopitys 
Scilla 


Scirpus 
Scitaminex 
Scleranthus 
Scleria 
Sclerolepis 
Scoke 
Scolopendrium 
Scorpion Grass 
Scotch Broom 
Scouring Rush 
Screw Pine 
Screw Pine Family 


- Scrophularia 


Scrophulariace 
Scuppernong 
Scurvy Grass 
Scutch Grass 
Scutellaria 
Sea Blite 
Sea Daffodil 
Seaforthia 
Sea Lavender 
Sea Onion 
Sea Purslane 
Sea Rocket 
Sea Sand Reed 
Beare Famil 
edge Family 
Sedum 
Seedbox 
Selaginella 
Selaginellaceze 
Selaginella Family 
Self-heal 
Sempervivum 
Senebiera 
Seneca Snakeroot 
Senecio 
Senna 
Sensitive Brier 
Sensitive Fern 


204, 


Sensitive Joint Vetch 


Sensitive Plant 
Sequoia 
Serenea 


188, 


139 
483 
463 


INDEX. 
Sericocarpus 236 
Service Berry 161 
Sesame 3387 
Sesame Grass 475 
Sesamum 337 
Sesamum Family 337 
Sesbania 129 
Sesuvium 199 
Setaria 470, 473 
Seymeria 329 
Shad Bush 161 
Shaddock 101 
Shallot 448 
Sheepberry 209 
Shell Flower 354 
Shepherdia 3i7 
Shepherd’s Purse 66 
Shield Fern 496 
Shin Leaf 270 
Shooting Star 274 
Shrub Yellowroot 45 
Sicyos 193 
Sida 88 
Sidesaddle Flower 53 
Sieva Bean 134 
Silene 76 
Silk Flower 140 
Silk Tree 140 
Silkweed 287 
Silphium 242 
Silver-bell Tree 278 
Silver Berry 877 
Silverweed 52 
Simarubacee 101 
Sinningia 835 
Sisymbrium 65 
Sisyrinchium 419 
Sium 2038 
Skimmia 100 
Skullcap 358 
Skunk Cabbage 460 
Smartweed 871 
Smilacina 439 
Smilax 437, 438 
Smoke Tree 113 
Snakehead 330 
Snakeroot 114, 202, 373 
Snakeroot, black 44 
Snakeroot, button 231 
Snakeroot, white 230 
Snapdragon 825 
Sneezeweed 249 
Sneezewort 250 
Snowball 210 
Snowberry 211 
Snowdrop 278, 427 
Snowflake 427 
Snow on the Mountain 381 
Soapberry Family 108 
Soapwort 74 
Soja 133 
Solanaceze 811 
Solanum 313 
Solea 73 
Solidago 232 
Solomon’s Seal 439 
Sonchus 259 
Sophora 124 
Sorghum 468, 469 
Sorrel 368, 369 
Sorrel Tree 267 
Sour Gum Tree 207 
Sourwood 267 
Southernwood 252 
Sow Thistle 259 
Soy Bean 133 
Spadiceous Division 457 
Spanish Bayonet 451 


Sparaxis 428 
Sparganium 462 
Spatter-dock 53 
Spear Grass 472 
Spearmint 847 
Spearwort 39 
Specularia 261 
Speedwell 822 
Spergula 79 
Spergularia 79 
Spermacoce 216 
Spicebush 876 
Spiderwort 454 
Spiderwort Family 453 
Spigelia 291 
Spikenard 204 
Spikenard, false 439 
Spinach, spinage 864 
Spinacia 864 
Spindle Tree 104 
Spirzea 147 
Spiranthes 406 
Spleenwort 494 
Spoonwood 268 
Sprekelia 428 
Spring Beauty sel) 
Spruce 480 
Spurge 380 
Spurge Family 879 
Spurge Nettle 382 
Spurrey 79 
Squash 191 
Squawberry 216 
Squaw Huckleberry 265 
Squawroot 832 
Squawweed 253 
Squill 448 
Squirrel Corn 57 
Stachys 855 
Staff Tree 103 
Staff Tree Family 103 
Stag-horn Fern 490 
St. Andrew’s Cross 81 
Stapelia 290 
Staphylea 112 
Star Anise 47 
Star Cucumber 198 
Star Flower 275, 447 
Star Grass 415, 426 
Star-of-Bethlehem 448 
Starry Campion 76 
Star Thistle 256 
Starwort 78, 236 
Statice 272 
St. Bruno’s Lily 450 
Steeple Bush 148 
Steironema 275 
Stellaria 73 
Stenanthium 442 
Stephanotis / 289 
Sterculiacee 90 
Sterculia Family 90 
Stevia 229 
Stick-seed 303 
Stillingia 384 
Stipa 475 
Stitchwort 78 
St. James’s Lily 428 
St. John’s-wort 82 
St. John’s-wort Family 81 
Stock 61, 64 
Stonecrop 171 
Stone Root 347 
Storax 277 
Storksbill 94 
St. Peter’s-wort 81 
St. Peter’s Wreath 149 
Stramonium 317 


518 


Strawberry 152 
Strawberry Blite 364 
Strawberry Geranium 166 
Strawberry Spinach 364 
Strawberry Tomato 314 
Strawberry Tree 104 
Strelitzia 414 
Streptocarpus 835 
Streptopus 438 
Strophostyles 135 
Struthiopteris 498 
Stuartia 84 
Stylophorum 56 
Stylosanthes 181 
Styracacez 277 
Styrax 278 
Sueda 366 
Succory 257 
Sugar Cane 468 
Sumach 112 
Summer Savory 848 
Sundew 178 
Sundew Family 178 
Sundrop 185 
Sunflower 245 
Supple-jack 105 
Swedish Turnip 65 
Sweet Alyssum 62 
Sweet Basil 846 
Sweet Bay 46 
Sweetbrier 157 
Sweet Cicely 202 
Sweet Clover 125 
Sweet Fern 892 
Sweet Flag 461 
Sweet Gale 892 
Sweet Gale Family 392 
Sweet Gum 174 
Sweet Leaf 278 
Sweet Marjoram 849 
Sweet Pea 186 
Sweet Potato 807 
Sweet-scented Shrub 163 
Sweet-scented Vernal 
Grass 470 
Sweet Sultan 256 
Sweet William 74, 296 
Swine Cress 67 
Swiss Chard 366 
Switch Cane 475 
Sycamore 890 
Sycamore Maple 111 
Symphoricarpus 211 
Symphytum 805 
Symplocarpus 460 
Symplocos 278 
Syringa 168, 280 
Tacamahac 400 
Tacsonia 189 
Tagetes 250 
Talinum 80 
Tallow Tree 884 
Tamarack 482 
Tamariscines 81 
Tamarisk 81 
Tamarisk Family 81 
Tamarix 81 
Tanacetum 252 
Tangerine 100 
Tansy 252 
Tansy Mustard 65 
Tape Grass 403 
Taraxacum 258 
Tare 137 
Tassel Flower 254 
Taxodium 483 
Taxus 485 


INDEX. 

Tea 84 
Tea Family 84 
Tear Grass 47 

Teasel 219 
Teasel Family 219 
Tecoma 336 
Telanthera 862 
Telegraph Plant 183 
Ten-o’Clock 448 
Tephrosia 128 
Ternstreemiacess 84 
Tetragonia 199 
Teucrium 346 
Thalia 411 
Thalictrum 88 
Thelypodium 64 
Theobroma 90 
Thermopsis 123 
Thistle 255 
Thorn Apple 317 
Thoroughwort 230 
Three-leaved Nightshade 440 
Thrift 272 
Thrinax 464 
Thuja 484 
Thunbergia 338 
Thuyopsis 483, 484 
Thyme 849 
Thymeleaces 876 
Thymus 849 
Tiarella 166 
Tickseed 247 
Tick Trefoil 132 
Tiger Flower 419 
Tigridia 419 
Tilia 91 
Tiliacese 91 
Tillandsia 414 
Timothy 470 
Tissa 79 
Toadflax 825 
Tobacco 816, 317 
Tofieldia 441 
Tomato 813 
Toothache Tree 99 
Toothwort 60 
Torenia 826 
Torreya 485 
Touch-me-not 98 
Tower Mustard 62 
Trachelospermum 286 
Tradescantia 454 
Tragia 883 
Tragopogon 257 
Trailing Arbutus 266 
Trapa 187 
Trautvetteria 88 
Treacle Mustard 65 
Tread-softly 882 
Tree Ferns 489 
Tree of Heaven 101 
Trefoil 126 
Trichomanes 499 
Trichostema 346 
Trientalis 275 
Trifolium 126 
Triglochin 457 
Trilisia 231 
Trillium 440 
Triosteum 211 
Tripsacum 475 
Triteleia 447 
Triticum 468 
Tritoma 450 
Tritonia 422 
Trollius 41 
Tropeolum 97 
Trumpet Creeper 836 


Trumpet Flower 
Trumpet Vine 
Tsuga 
Tuberose 
Tulip 

Tulipa 

Tulip Tree 
Tumble Grass 
Tumbleweed 
Tupelo 
Turnip 
Turtlehead 
Tussilago 
Twin Flower 
Twinleaf 
Twisted Stalk 
Typha 
Typhacere 


Ulex 

Ulmus 
Umbelliferse 
Umbrella Plant 
Umbrella Tree 
Unicorn Plant 
Urtica 
Urticacere 
Utricularia 
Uvularia 


Vaccinium 
Valerian 
Valeriana 
Valerianacere 
Valerianella 
Valerian Family 
Vallisneria 
Vallota 
Vegetable Orange 
Vegetable Sponge 
Velvet Grass 
Velvetleaf 
Venetian Sumach 
Venus’s Flytrap 
Venus’s Hair 


Venus’s Looking-glass 


Veratrum 
Verbascum 
Verbena 
Verbenaceez 
Verbesina 
Vernal Grass 
Vernonia 
Veronica 
Vervain 
Vervain Family 
Vetch 
Vetchling 
Viburnum 
Vicia 

Vigna 

Vinca 
Vincetoxicum 
Vine Family 
Vine Peach 
Viola 

Violacere 
Violet Family 
Violets 

Viper’s Bugloss 
Virgilia 
Virginia Creeper 
Virginia Stock 
Virgin’s Bower 
Vitacer 

Vitex 

Vitis 
Volkameria 


Wake Robin 
Waldsteinia 
Walking Leaf 
Wallflower 
Wallflower, Western 
Well Pepper 

Wall Rue 

Walnut 

Walnut Family 
Wandering Jew 
Wart Cress 
Water Arum 
Water Beech 
Water Caltrops 
Water Chestnut 
Water Chinquapin 
Water Cress 
Water Hemlock 
Water Hemp 
Water Horehound 
Waterleaf 
Waterleaf Family 
Water Lily 

Water Lily Family 
Watermelon 
Water Milfoil Family 
Water Oats 
Water Parsnip 
Water Pepper 
Water Plantain 
Water Plantain Family 
Water Shield 
Water Violet 
Waterweed 

Wax Myrtle 

Wax Plant 
Waxwork 
Wayfaring Tree 
Weedy Grasses 
Weigela 
Wellingtonia 
Whahoo 

Wheat 


Whin 
White Alder 
White Cedar 


INDEX, 


White Hellebore 
White Lettuce 
White Snakeroot 
White Thorn 
Whiteweed 
Whitewood 
Whitlavia 
Whitlow Grass 
Whitlow-wort 
Wigandia 

Wild Allspice 
Wild Balsam Appie 
Wild Comfrey 
Wild Cucumber 
Wild Ginger 
Wild Grasses 
Wild Hyacinth 
Wild Indigo 
Wild Lime 

Wild Olive 

Wild Potato Vine 
Willow 

Willow Family 
Willow Herb 
Windflower 
Wineberry 
Winged Pigweed 
Winterberry 
Winter Cress 
Wintergreen 
Wire Grass 
Wistaria 
Witch-hazel 
Witch-hazel Family 
Withe-rod 

Woad 

W oad-waxen 
Wolfberry 
Wolffia 
Wolfsbane 
Wood Betony 
Woodbine 

Wood Nettle 
Woodsia 

Wood Sorrel 
Woodwardia 


Worm Grass 
Wormseed 
Wormseed Mustard 
Wormwood 

Wych Elm 


Xanthium 
Xanthoceras 
Xanthorrhiza 
Xanthoxylum 
Xeranthemum 
Xerophyllum 


3 | Xiphion 


Xyridaces 
Xyris 


Yam 

Yam Family 

Yard Grass 

‘Yarrow 

Yaupon 

xelow eyed Grass W'am- 


Yellow Jessamine 
Yellow Pond Lily 
Yellow Puccoon 
Yellow Rocket 
Yellowroot 
Yellowwood 

Yew 

Yucca 

Yuilan 


Zamia 
Zannicheilia 
Zauschneria 
Zea 

Zebra Grass 
Zebrina 
Zephyranthes 
Zingiber 
Zinnia 
Zizania 
Zostera 
Zygadenus 


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