ei y of Tor ospys —?# Ga CATIONS t// , £ OF THE FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ) F phhiana . (er boy Zz ae fee ctt SERIES) VotumE VII Cuicaco, U. S. A. 1905-1912 en It — F1iELD MusEUM OF NATURAL HIsrTory. PUBLICATION I61. ZOOLOGICAL SERIES. Vot. VII, No. 13. CONTENTS AND INDEX TO VOLUME VII, NUMBERS I TO 12. CHARLES B. Cory, Curator, Department of Zodlogy. Cuicaco, U. S. A. IQ12. CONTENTS PAGE. -— Annotated List of a Collection of Reptiles from Southern California and northern Lower California. By Seth Eugene Meek, Ph. D.......... I- 20 +A Catalogue of the Fishes of Bermuda, with Notes on a Collection made in 1905 for the Field Museum. By Dr. Tarleton H. Bean............ 2I- 92 Description of three New Species of Fishes from Middle America. By SP MIOtES SOCIO PAGO. os occa nike s slncpyW es pecwnnccercccsesyessccces 93- 96 _ \ Synopsis of the Fishes of the Great Lakes of Nicaragua. By Seth Eugene r RS ae esa et ia Paice Cbg eb 'scs cd esepseiesecescce 97-132 Notes on Fresh-water Fishes from Mexico and Central America. By Seth FZ PN MR eee so 055.05 dveln vnsaes tc scccgecscosvess 133-158 ~The Zodlogy of Lakes Amatitlan and Atitlan, Guatemala, with Special Reference to Ichthyology. By Seth Eugene Meek................. 159-206 New Species of Fishes from Tropical America. By Seth Eugene Meek.... 207-212 “ Description of two new Pulmonate Mollusks with a List of other Species from the Solomon Islands, collected by Doctor G. A. Dorsey. By Wirtteen Preebee Pell, D. Go... wo eck c cece ccenceccccccccess 213-222 “ A Synoptic List of the Fishes known to occur within fifty miles of Chicago. By S. E. Meek and S. F. Hildebrand. ............-..--:eeeeeeeees 223-338 _ L-Notes on Some Cleride of Middle and North America, with Descriptions of Dee as BOP Bic Boe WOUND Ss vi ccc saccvsccccscessectscarecs 339-402 __ © Batrachians and Reptiles from British East Africa. By Seth Eugene Meek 403-414 __ Notes on Batrachians and Reptiles from the Islands north of Venezuela. : _ By Seth Eugene Meek............----+-s00eeeeeeeereeeeeeeeeees 415-418 ail 324 Blunt-headed Darter. Boleosoma camurum Forbes.............--.---- 325 Sand Darter. Ammocrypta pellucida (Baird)... .. einen ote sa acy es 326 Banded Darter. Etheostoma zonale (Cope)... .......--.--50200000e00> 327 Rainbow Darter; Soldier-fish. Etheostoma ceruleum Storer............ 329 Spindle-shaped Darter. Boleichthys fusiformis (Girard)................ 331 Least Darter. Microperca punciulata Putnam.............-.--+-+++:- 332 Yellow Bass; Striped Bass. Morone interrupia Gill..............+.-+-- 334 Common Sculpin; Miller's Thumb. Cottus ictalops (Raf.)............. 336 TEXT VIEWS es i Un cb SMG pss 450 65 seo c0ccencener 115 Volcan de Agua from Lake Abentitlen eel aan nad Se ga ae 160 Hotel Laguna, Lake Amatitlan........... mere See ale Cids bp.aece fe eke 161 ne A SURAEERO SEIOOND S08 WOOT ONG... sas cc cc cscs ssdceccencucssnstce 162 mone mear Outlet Of Lake Amatitian. .................02-cccccncacensteces 163 Delta at mouth of Lobos River, Lake Amatitlan....................... 163, 164 NT SS 165 Rice crema. Leics AmAtitiag oo... acc ccc nc cccccncsavece 166 Willows on upper portion of Lake Amatitlan...................0000eee00ee 169 Gr Mtn ee ca tan dapencsccerevecccesctecca 169 WUE Bet teiCi ee i ae wnc ac cuecectanee I7I PRMINOTINIOHn, TRU MeN te ae civ co's cnn ccccccccsasescedes 177 Lake Atitlan, showing depth where soundings were made.................-. 179 Lake Atitlan near Panajachel..................- A RN Dc ee 181 PiGi Temi omen NARs Cus GU ere o hiia Se ka Uae 6 5 as 0 o's oS Law ao kbd os oe 185 Fish Runways, Santa Catarina, Lake Atitlan...................-cceecccees 187 Eatching Seplciai Ties Meee pices sos os oat oo ck edocs bab eo bac cace 187 Fishing for Mojarras, Lake Amatitlan. .. 2... 2.25... chscecssccucscnscvace 190 XI ERRATA Page 362, 4th line from bottom, for Pecilichroa Haagi, read Pecilochroa Haagi. Page 379) 6th line from top, for Rev. Henry Steven Gorham, read Rev. Henry Page 416, 14th line from top, for Oxbelis accuminatus, read Oxybelis acuminatus. +e FiELD CoLuMBIAN MusEUM PUBLICATION 104. ZOOLOGICAL SERIES. Vo. VII, No. 1. AN. ANNOTATED LIST OF A COLLECTION OF REPTILES FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AND NORTHERN LOWER CALIFORNIA. ee a ee a Te ee, ee BY SetH Eucene Meek, Ph. D. Assistant Curator of Department. D. G. Ex.ior, F. R. S. E. Curator of Department. Cuicaco, U. S. A. November, 1905. ANNOTATED LIST OF A COLLECTION OF REPTILES FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AND NORTHERN LOWER CALIFORNIA. By SETH EUGENE MEEK, Ph. D. The following paper is based on a collection of Reptiles obtained by Mr. Edmund Heller in southern California and northern Lower California. A very complete account of the region in question, accompanied by maps, is given by Professor D.G. Elliot in his papers* on the Mammals collected by Mr. Heller in this same area. Mr. Heller has furnished the writer valuable field notes, which have here been incorporated; these notes are indicated by quotation marks. I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Dr. L. Stejneger, Curator of Reptiles in the U. S. National Museum, for assistance in identifying a large portion of this collection. One species of Crotalus, from Tombstone, Arizona, is also described as new in this paper. Family Testudinidze. -Clemmys marmorata (Baird & Girard). Paciric TERRAPIN. “This species is not rare in ponds along the Mojave River.’’ No specimens were secured. Gopherus agassizii (Cooper). Drsert TorToIseE. Six specimens of this species were secured north of Daggett, in the Calico mining district. ‘‘They had apparently just emerged from their winter hibernation, some being taken within a few feet of their burrows. The burrows were usually made in light, gravelly soil, in which they were sunk obliquely to a depth of about two feet. In this locality (2,500 to 3,500 feet altitude) they were found on a peculiar slate-colored soil in the lower part of the tree yucca zone. Soon after a shower they are said to be usually common, but during the hottest months, when most of the vegetation is dormant, they retreat to their burrows and hibernate.” *Field Col. Mus. Pub. Zool. Ser. Vol. III, 199-206, 271-283. 3 4 FieLp CoLuMBIAN MusEUM Family Eublepharide. Coleonyx variegatus (Baird). BANDED GECKO. One specimen of this species was secured at San Felipe, Lower California. Family Iguanidze. Dipsosaurus dorsalis (Baird & Girard). CrREsTED LIZARD. “This lizard is very common about the sand dunes in Death Val- ley, where it lives in burrows beneath the stems of mesquite. It is often seen on the stems of thé mesquite, eating the foliage. This lizard was very abundant in mesquite thickets at the base of the Panamint Mountains. It is apparently scarce in Lower California, all of the individuals seen there were taken.”’ Specimens were taken in California at Furnace Creek, Mesquite Valley, Ballarat, and Daggett, and in Lower California at San Felipe Bay. Uma notata Baird. Sanp Lizarp. Puare I. Uma notata* Baird is based on a small specimen from the “ Mojave Desert.”’ The description given by Baird is very short, and this, supplemented by Cope in his work on North American Reptilest, is rather unsatisfactory. The specimens in the collection studied by me agree fairly well with the above brief accounts of this species, except in the number of femoral pores. The number of these vary greatly. The main row has from 23 to 31, while in many specimens there is a partial second row, which usually contains from 1 to 6 additional pores. Professor Cope gives 17 or 18 in the type. I here append a detailed description of the species, based on the material at hand, and also a table of measurements. It is hoped this will aid some in properly defining the species of this interesting and little-known group. Body rather broad, depressed, its greatest width 2% to 2% in its length; tail broad and depressed, the depressed arm not quite reaching groin; the depressed leg reaches beyond gular fold to ear or eye; occipital plate small, subtriangular, and separated from the small plates of the supraocular region by four or five rows of scales; *Proc, Acad, Nat. Sci., Phila., 1858, 257. tRep. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1898, 277. Table of Measurements (in mm.) of Uma ornata Baird. SEX. a 4 SBN CETIODY sos 6 sin ones cc ccees 89.5 | 112.8 TARO SRS iis ous cana s Sone peed ee Eee Soout ta-eer.< 33 .t-day cess Preece 18.8 20.5 Width of head......... een a altuiawed tia oaee 17.8 SHITE CP ONIRE is «dices SeWeaies 16.1 17.7 TAG SUUE-AUE 655s 0h Coch wkd eS ben 39.0 42.5 RPMI TOU Gig oie 5 banc a enegiee 60.0 70.0 Length of tibia......... 26.4 30.0 Base of fifth toe to end of fourth toe.) 26.0 26.0 Femoral pores, main row....... cecal 30.27 1° 29.29 Femoral pores, additional row......| 0.0 1.2 Wimmer tH cc ci Ges sis ae ee es Pe Spots behind femoral pores......... absent | present 27.2 27.31 O.!1 lew eww eee absent & fr) 4 g g g ge ge 3 4 84.5 | 77.0 84.5 | 73.0 | 70.0 | 70.§ | 69.0 | 58.5 | 64.5 | 64.0 exeees| 92.0 | 65.0 | 69:5 L 75:0 |eeeeees 91.0 | $9.0 | °74:0 . feveen's 17.8 | 37.5 | 18.5 | 16.0 | I5.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 14.3 | 15.3 | 14.6 15.§ | 1§.§ | 16:0 {|.3§:0_.| 13.0 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 12.8 | 13.5 | 12.8 15.4 | 15.5 | 16.0 | 14.4 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 53.0, 132.4} .23.0: 1-92,3 38.0 | 40.0 | 37.3 | 33-0 | 32.0 | 34.0 | 30.0 | 28.0 | 30.0 | 27.5 63.5 | 59-7 | 62.4 | 56.4 | 52.8 | 52.6 | 49.5 | 44-5 | 44.0 | 45-4 25.0 | 26:0 | 26.1 | 22.3 | 22.0 | 22.5 | 20.3 | 19.5 | 21.§ | 20.0 25.0 | 25.0 | 26.0 | 22.2 | 21.0 | 21.4 | 24.0 | I9.0 | 21.4 | 19.8 26.25 | 26.27 | 29.30 | 25.31 | 28.26 | 29.32 | 23.27 | 25.28 | 28.29 | 30.28 2.0 | 5.5 ‘5,6 1.2/| 4.3 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 3.2 | 3.0 3.6 Sept FO 7 | bial oie RAS 5 3 hee 5 [este es present| absent | absent} present present|present| absent absent |present absent 6 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusSEUM plates on anterior third of head larger than those of supraocular and parietal regions; three canthal scales, the first one very small, the second largest; six scales forming a suborbital ridge, the fourth much the largest, the anterior scale of this ridge being separated from the labials by five or six rows of small scales, the fourth scale by two rows; superior labials nine, inferior twelve or thirteen; the first five labials margined by a row of flat scales much larger than those on throat, a second row of large scales between this row and labials posterior to fifth labial; scales on the anterior surface of humerus large, pointed but not keeled; scales of throat and just back of gular fold smaller than the others on under-surface of the head; scales on margin of gular fold slightly enlarged; eyelids margined with scale- like processes, and covered with minute scales; anterior margin of . femur and under surface of tibia with enlarged scales; scales anterior to femoral pores larger than those posterior; free scales forming the fringe, external side of sole and on fourth toe, larger than those on second and third toes, those on first and fifth toes minute; scales on dorsal region small and rounded, those on belly flat and larger; lateral scales smallest; anterior margin of the ear with narrow elongated scales; scales on tail similar to those on body, becoming ee pos- teriorly; males with enlarged post anal scales. Color light reticulated with black, forming circles or ellipses on the center of dorsal region, with a brown spot in the center of each; sides and head spotted with brown and black, under surface of head white with black spots, usually forming three rows on each side, and extending backwards, meeting in the center; throat with two black crescents; a black lateral blotch, and a small black blotch occasionally on each side just behind the inner femoral pores; under surface of tail with from three to seven black spots. Below is given by Mr. Heller the coloration in life of an old male. “Above creamy white blotched with irregular black blotches form- ing occelated spots with black centers, the black marking every- where edged with ferruginous; anterior part of nape and occiput without occellations, the dark spots becoming brownish; head above light brownish, banded irregularly with dusky; tail above brownish color without occellations, anteriorly marked with black reticula- tions, posteriorly with rusty markings extending along median line to the tip; forelegs spotted above with black and rusty on a brownish clay ground, the spots becoming obsolete on the phalanges; hind legs light brownish, clay spotted, with rusty on thighs; distally spotted with dusky; sides of head spotted like nape; the sides of body with a large median inky black spot; two similar spots before the hind eee ees REPTILES FROM So. Ca.ir. anp L. CaLir.—MEEK 7 leg; thigh anteriorly light olive, becoming golden distally; beneath thigh at base of tail a small black spot margined with golden; posterior part of thigh spotted with golden olive; sides of tail golden yellow; tip of chin rusty, forethroat dusky banded on whitish ground; throat barred with black; fore part of chest behind collar spotted with olive and blackish; belly and chest whitish; hind legs beneath the same, with light olive wash; a blackish blotch posterior to beginning of femoral pores on each side, tail below like the thighs, near the tip crossed by a few black bars.” “This species was taken only in the drifting sand areas of the bed of the Mojave River, where it is acommon form. It has the peculiar habit of burying itself in the sand when pursued. The peculiar fringe of scales along the toes evidently serves to give the lizard sufficient speed over the loose sand to force its body beneath the sur- face. The sharp depresssed snout is evidently another modification to aid it in getting beneath the sand. Usually the entire body is buried, but occasionally the tip of the tail protrudes. Their peculiar mottled coloration does not render them protectively colored on the white sand, but their peculiar mode of eluding pursuers renders this unnecessary, and at the same time limits them to areas covered by fine drifting sand. “The food of this species consists largely of the leaves of a for- get-me-not (Cryptonthe), which is abundant among the sand dunes. The young leaves of the desert willow (Chilopsts) are also eaten. The insect food consists of caterpillars, ants, bees, ete. One speci- men was seen several feet up on an oblique limb of a desert willow, in search of the young leaves which were just budding.” Specimens were secured at Daggett, California. Callisaurus ventralis (Hallowell). GriprRoN-TAILED Lizarp. “This is one of the most abundant species in southeastern Cali- fornia and the eastern half of the northern portion of Lower Cali- fornia. At San Felipe, Lower California, it was the most abundant lizard observed. This species inhabits dry, sandy regions. It was very abundant on the floor of Death Valley, in sandy washes, and on sandy mesas in the deserts, and in the mouths of cafions at the base of the Inyo and Panamint Mountains.” Specimens were secured at the following localities: Keeler, Emi- grant Cafon, Mesquite Valley, Furnace Creek, Ballarat, Lone Willow Springs, Pilot Knob, Lanes Mill, Owens Lake and Daggett, Cali- fornia; Trinidad, San Matias, San Felipe, Cafion Esperanza, San Antonio, Matomi, and Aguas Escondita, Lower California. 8 FrieLtp CoLuMBIAN MusEUM Crotaphytus baileyi Stejneger. BaiLey’s Lizarp. “This lizard is very common on rocky ground in southeastern California and south into Lower California to the foothills near San Felipe Bay. It was also observed in Lower California at Trinidad and Cafion Esperanza. In the Panamint Mountains it was common everywhere in rocky ground from 2,000 to 8,o00 feet, although on the east slope it was not observed below 4,000 feet. In the Inyo Mountains this species was occasionally seen from the base to over 8,000 feet. Those at 8,000 feet were more grayish and smaller than the ones living at lower elevations.” In all of the specimens taken there are two rows of scales between the supraorbitals. This species varies much in color. Some are profusely spotted with white, others have very few spots. The | young usually have prominent white bars across the back, while in adults from the same locality these bars are quite indistinct. Owing to the constancy of the two rows of scales between the supraorbitals, I follow Dr. Stejneger in using the name proposed by him for this lizard. Specimens were secured at the following localities: Beveridge Canon, Coso Valley, Shepherd Cafion, Emigrant Cafion, Wild Rose Springs, and Hannopee Cafion, California; San Felipe and San Salado, Lower California. In the collections of the Museum are specimens from Winslow and Tombstone, Arizona, and Grand Junc- tion, Colorado. These, with one exception (one from Winslow, Arizona), have the two rows of scales between the supraocular. In the exception there is but one scale, which extends across this space. This is probably the accidental fusing of two scales. Crotaphytus wislizenii Baird & Girard. Lroparp Lizarp. “This species is more active and wary than the preceding, with which it is usually associated, though much less abundant. It was not observed at a higher altitude than 7,000 feet. One individual was seen in Lockwood Valley at 5,000 feet, and one in Cuddy Cafion lower down. These places are near Ft. Tejon.’’ Two specimens were taken at Owens Lake, California. In the young the light bars on the back are more prominent, and at this stage they much resemble the following species. In life the lighter colors are red or are deeply tinged with that color. The food of this species consists largely of smaller lizards, chiefly species of Uta and Cnemidophorus.”’ Specimens were secured at the following places: Coso Valley, Emigrant Cafion, Furnace Creek, Wild Rose Springs, Coal Kilns, ReprTiLes FROM So. Ca.ir. anp L. CaLir.—MEEK 9 Lone Willow Springs, Pilot Knob, and Lanes Mill, California; San Quentin, Lower California. Crotaphytus silus Stejneger. SHORT-NOSED LEopaRD Lizarp. “Common in the San Joaquin Valley nozth of Rose Station, where they are found living in abandoned burrows of the Kangaroo- rat, Perodipus. They do not leave the level floor of the valley, but extend to the base of the hills near the mouth of the Cafion de las Uvas. The species is very wary, which is doubtless due to the open and exposed nature of their habitat. All the stomachs examined contained grasshoppers. The adults in life were bright lemon yellow on the belly and under surfaces of the limbs and tail. Above they were cross-barred like the young of C. wislizenti, of which their coloration is probably an arrested stage.” The throat of this species contains much less black than that of _ the preceding. There is usually in the center a longitudinal dark stripe with a few irregular elongated blotches on each side. On the throat of C. baileyi the black is arranged in several longitudinal bands. Specimens in the collection were secured at Rose Station, Cali- fornia. Sauromalus ater Duméril. ALDERMAN Lizarp. CHUCK-WALLA. “This is the largest lizard native to the State of California. It is reported to be common in mid-summer in the rocky cafions of the mountains near Daggett, and in the rocky cafions entering Death Valley. This species is common in the Panamint and Inyo moun- tains, from their bases to about 6,000 feet. It is much sought for by the Panamint Indians for food. Their method of hunting them consists of searching the cracks in cliffs, from which retreats they are secured by means of a wire hook inserted in their bodies. It probably nowhere exceeds an altitude of over 6,000 feet. “This species is reported to occur in the summer in the desert ranges of the northern part of Lower California.”’ One specimen was taken at Beveridge Cafion, one at Furnace Creek, and two in Hannopee Cajion, California. Uta mearnsi Stejneger. MEARNS’ Lizarp. This species is quite plentiful in the northern portion of Lower California. Specimens were collected at the following localities: San Salado, San Matias, Cafion Esperanza, Parral, and Matomi, Lower California. Io FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM Uta graciosa (Hallowell). LoNG-TAILEp Uta. “This rare species was observed only on trees and bushes at San Felipe, Lower California, where four specimens were taken. This lizard apparently does not have a wide range.”’ Uta stansburiana Baird & Girard. BROWN-SHOULDERED LIZARD. This extremely variable lizard is very generally distributed in southeastern California and northern Lower California. “In the Panamint and Inyo mountains it was found at an altitude of 8,000 feet. It is also abundant in the San Joaquin Valley, and in the mountains about Ft. Tejon, reaching on Mt. Pifios an altitude of 6,000 feet. This species appears to be at home in river washes, on sandy soil, and on rocky ground. The color ranges from a dark blue to a light gray, all being more or less profusely spotted with white. In general, those taken on sandy soil are the lighest in color.” Specimens of this species were taken in the following named places: Mesquite Valley, Beveridge Cafion, Coso Valley, Furnace Creek, Ballarat, Coal Kilns, Lone Willow Springs, Pilot Knob, Daggett, Mt. Pifios, Piru Creek, Ft. Tejon, California; Hansons Lagoon, El Alamo, San Salado Cafion, Trinidad, San Matias, Cafion Esperanza, Agua de las Fresas, San Felipe, San Antonio, Santa Rosa, Parral, Matomi, and San Quentin, Lower California. Uta microscutata Van Denburgh. SMALL-scALED UTA. This species is rather common in the northern portion of Lower California. The specimens in the collection vary from nearly a uni- form blue black to a gray, belly usually blue with a few white spots on the margins. They were taken as follows: San Salado Cafion, San Matias, Cafion Esperanza, San Antonio, Parral, San Quentin, and Rosarito, Lower California. Sceloporus magister Hallowell. Scary Lizarp. This is the largest species of the genus included in this paper. The length from tip of snout to vent is about 100 mm. “This species is common on rocky ledges and trunks of yuccas in southeastern California. In the Panamint Mountains it is found at an altitude of 7,500 feet.”’ Specimens were secured in the following localities: Lone Pine, Emigrant Cafion, Coal Kilns, Lone Willow Springs, Pilot Knob, Little Owens’ Lake, and Lanes Mill, California. ‘‘A few individuals were seen on yuccas in Antelope Valley near Manzana.”’ REPTILES FROM So. CaLir. AND L. CaLir.—MEEK II Sceloporus zosteromus Cope. This large lizard is apparently distributed throughout the entire peninsula of Lower California. This species resembles the preceding and may prove to be only a variety of that species. Sceloporus clarkti B & G, which does not occur in the region under discussion, is quite distinct from either. From my study of the material of this group in the museum I am led to accept the views of Dr. Stejneger.* Specimens of this species were taken in the following localities: San Jose, Matomi, Rosarito, and San Quentin, Lower California. Sceloporus orcutti Stejneger. Dusky Scary Lizarp. This lizard is common in the northern part of Lower California, where it attains about the same size as does S. zosteromus. It was also observed by Mr. Heller to be quite common at Los Encinos, Lower California. Specimens were secured at the following localities: San Salado Cafion, Trinidad, San Matias, Agua de las Fresas, Cafion Esperanza, Parral, Matomi, Rosarito, and San Antonio, Lower California. Sceloporus biseriatus Hallowell. Fence Lizarp. This very variable and widely distributed species is quite as abundant as any of the genus in the region treated of in this paper. “It is usually found on trees or shrubs, frequently at an altitude of 8,000 feet.” Specimens were secured at the following places: Beveridge Cafion, Lone Pine, Hot Springs, Coso Valley, Coal Kilns, Hannopee Cafion, Wild Rose Springs, Piru Creek, and Ft. Tejon, California; Hansons Lagoon, Trinidad, San Jose, Santa Rosa, Rosarito Divide, and San Antonio, Lower California. This species was also seen by Mr. Heller at Santa Tomas and Los Encinos, Lower California. Sceloporus graciosus Baird & Girard. Mountain Lizarp. This species has a considerable vertical range. “It was seen on Telescope Peak at an altitude of 10,500 feet. In the Inyo Mountains it was abundant on granite boulders and in sage brush at from 7,000 to 8,500 feet. A few were seen at Ramshaw Meadows at 9,000 feet, and in Lockwood Valley near Ft. Tejon.” Specimens were secured at the following localities: Beveridge Cafion, Coal Kilns, Hot Springs, and Telescope Peak, California; Agua de las Fresas, Vallecitos, and La Grulla, Lower California. *N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 178. I2 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MuSEUM Phrynosoma Dlainvillii Gray. BLaInviILLe’s Hornep Toap. A few specimens of this species were secured at Neenach and Mt. Pifios, California, and, Trinidad and San Salado, Lower California. Phrynosoma frontale Van Denburgh. One specimen from Rose Station, California. A horned toad, probably this species was observed to be common in Lockwood Valley. These were a peculiar wood-brown above, with the under surfaces bright chrome yellow in life.’’ Phrynosoma platyrhinus Girard. Drsert HorNeEp Toap. This species is more abundantly distributed over Southern Cali- fornia than any other member of the genus. ‘“‘It is usually found in the desert where the surface is stony, gravelly, or sandy. In the Panamint Mountains it was found at the base to about 7,000 feet. Specimens of the desert horned toad were taken in the following places: Mesquite Valley, Coso Valley, Furnace Creek, Wild Rose Springs, Coal Kilns, Pilot Knob, Antelope Valley, and Ballarat, Cali- fornia; San Felipe, Lower California. “This species was found to be quite abundant at Palm Springs, Lone Willow Springs, and on the gravelly washes and mesas through- out Death Valley.” Phrynosoma coronatum (Blainville). One specimen from San Quentin, Lower California. Family Anguidze. Gerrhonotus scincicauda (Skilton). ALLIGATOR LIZARD. A few specimens of this species were secured near Ft. Tejon, and Piru Creek, California, and at San Antonio, Lower California. Gerrhonotus palmeri Stejneger. Mountain ALLIGATOR LIZARD. Apparently not common, “generally found along creeks or in dry meadows. A few were seen near Lone Pine, at an altitude of 9,000 feet.” A few specimens were secured at Hot Springs, California. Reprites FROM So. Cauir. anp L. Catir.—MEEK 13 Family Anniellidz. Anniella pulchra Gray. Sitvery Foor.ess Lizarp. One specimen of this species was taken at San Salado Cafion and one at San Jose in Lower California. Family Xantusiide. Xantusia vigilis Baird. Desert Nicut Lizarp. “This species is found beneath the prostrate limbs of the yucca tree (Yucca arborescens) in the Mojave Valley. In Lower California, at San Matias Pass, it inhabits the fallen trunks of a smaller yucca tree. This species was also observed beneath the prostrate limbs of tree yuccas in the Antelope Valley, and at Piru Creek about the tree yuccas on the east slope of the Inyo Mountains.” Specimens were secured at Lanes Mill, Piru Creek, Neenach, and Mojave, California. Family Teiidz. Cnemidophorus tigris Baird & Girard. Desert Wuipral. This species is very abundant in the southeastern part of Cali- fornia. ‘‘It is found on the desert and on the mountain sides to the lower edge of the Pifion zone.”’ Individuals of this species living in sandy regions are much lighter in color than those living in the mountains. The under surface of the light-colored ones is nearly white, no spots on the chin, and the black or dark blue of the belly being in blotches on its anterior half. The under surface of some of the darker specimens is nearly a uniform blue, with scarcely any trace of spots. All grades are found between these two extremes. The color of the dorsal region varies greatly. On the young are six longitudinal white lines, later white spots form between these lines. These spots increase in size until they extend to the light lines, and thus are formed irregular, narrow, dark cross bars, the lines becoming later quite or entirely obliterated. Most of the species of this genus undergo a similar change. The result is that species have been unduly multiplied. Professgr Cope noted this change in color pattern 14 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MUSEUM and regarded it not due to age, because all specimens having the same eolor pattern were not of equal size. In this connection it must be remembered that cold-blooded ani- mals do not, in general, grow as uniformly as do warm-blooded ones, and so two lizards of the same age may differ greatly in size. The color pattern of a particular stage may also develop quite indepen- dently of age. About all we can say in this connection is that one particular pattern appears before another certain one does, and that the earlier pattern is usually associated with the smaller individuals. This genus of lizards is badly in need of careful revision, but this can not be accomplished except with a large series of various ages of each species. captured. The sidewinder is common in northeastern Lower Cali- fornia, where it is confined to low gulf strip.” Specimens of this species were secured at the following localities: Mesquite Valley, California,—scales 21-150-21; length of body 457mm. ; tail, 38.1mm.,—scales 21-142-25; length of body 330mm.; tail 38.1mm Ballarat, California,—scales 21-148-18; length of body 417mm.; tail 44.5mm.,—scales 23-140-24; length of body 238mm.; tail 25.4mm. Daggett, California,—scales 21-141-25; length of body 266mm.; tail 30.6mm. Oro Grande, California,—scales 23-143-17; length of body 404mm.; tail 27.9mm. San Felipe, Lower California,—-scales 23-148-19 ; length of body 592mm.; tail 38.1mm. Crotalus mitchellii (Cope). BLEAcHED RATTLESNAKE. Two specimens of this species were secured in Lower California, where it appears to be not very common. The smaller one has ten rattles, the larger six. Parral, Lower California,—scales 25-174-25; length of body 744mm.; tail 60.9mm. San Matias, Lower California,—scales 25-177-24; length of body 970mm.; tail 60.9mm. Crotalus willardi sp. nov. Pare III. One specimen, No. 902, from Tombstone, Arizona. Scales 25-160-24, length of body 380mm.; tail 35mm.; head flat, the snout slightly elevated; rostral higher than wide in contact with the prenasals; scales on top of head small, the anterior ones slightly enlarged, and with their anterior edges elevated; preocular large, not divided vertically; scales in front of supraocular small; loreal single; supra labials 14; inferior labials 13; two rows of scales between supralabials and eye; eight rows of scales between supraocular plates; REPTILES FROM So. CaLir. AND L. CaLir.— MEEK 19 ten rows between their anterior angles; first three rows of scales with- out keels. Color light olive brown, more or less irregularly blotched with white; dorsal region crossed by nineteen lighter bands, each one scale length in width and narrowly margined with black; dorsal transverse bars about nine scale lengths apart; no transverse bands on tail; ven- tral surface much speckled and mottled with black, becoming darker posteriorly ; small black dots on sides, these most numerous near ven- tral region; supraocular light ash color; a large ashy blotch on occiput more or less reticulated posteriorly with darker; snout and region between supraoculars olive brown; a distinct white line one scale wide from upper edge of prenasal above pit to upper edge of seventh supralabial, passing obliquely downward to tenth supra- labial and backward covering the last four supralabials; a white line on lower half of first five supralabials, passing downward and back- ward on lower jaw to white on throat; the space between these bands brown; rostral with white median line. In general, this species bears some resemblance to Crotalus lepidus Kennicott. It differs in being light brown instead of greenish gray, and in having shorter transverse dorsal bars, which are much lighter than the ground color, instead of black cross bars, which are so characteristic of C. lepidus. Named for Professor F. C. Willard, of Tombstone, Arizona, its discoverer. Ww 79) BIAN MU M COLU D FIEL FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM. ZOOLOGY, PLATE il. CROTALUS HELLERI Meek. 44g j +144 So aa Fietp CoL_umBian Museum. 1d PUBLICATION 108. ZOOLOGICAL SERIES. Vout. VII, No. 2. A CATALOGUE OF THE FISHES OF BER- MUDA,WITH NOTES ON ACOLLECTION MADE IN 1905 FOR THE FIELD MU- : SEUM. BY Dr. TARLETON H. Bean, State Fish Culturist of New York. D. G. Exuior, F. RS. E. Curator of Department. Cuicaco, U.S. A. July, 1906. ae ee ee a Se ‘ ale 5 eS oe, ee ese Lt alee ee glia eee ie he ae | A CATALOGUE OF THE FISHES OF BERMUDA, WITH NOTES ON A COLLECTION MADE IN 1905 FOR THE FIELD MUSEUM. BY DR. TARLETON H. BEAN STATE FISH CULTURIST OF NEW YORK. INTRODUCTION, The Bermuda Islands, over three hundred in number, with their Ce se a reefs are nearly included between the parallels of 32° 10’ and 32° 20’ N., and between the meridians of 64° 40’ and 65° W. from Greenwich. The group is about 600 miles east of Cape Hat- - teras, and about 1,000 miles from the nearest island of the West Indies. ‘The line of the outer reef incloses an approximately elliptical area, whose major and minor axes are respectively about twenty-five and about twelve miles in length. The major axis trends about N. 50° E. Only a very small part of the elliptical area thus described is dry land. The dry land is almost confined to the south-easterly side of the ellipse, forming a narrow and ‘broken strip about fifteen miles in length, and nowhere more than three miles in width. The areas of the principal islands are as follows: , ACRES “The Main Island ....,......-. CA Sen ee et were Le 9,725 Meee AMON WP EMRRONDE T, Aoo se Sha oS a > Solan Oh so OS door 706 eer ORY TRIM. acths ye Ae SNS kewl oo aR as 8. Bae 702 Peak 6 Talend 2 ey sai aks Seen ee 65 247. Brotula barbata (Bl. & Schn.). GoopE, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, x1v, Oct., 1877, 291. 248. Brosmophycis verrilli Garman. BarBour, Bull. M. C..Z., xtv1, No. 7, 1905, 131. CCXVI. Family Regalecidze. 249. Regalecus glesne (Ascanius). GoopeE, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, xiv, Oct., 1877, 292, as Regalecus gladius CCXIX. Family Pleuronectidz. 250. Platophrys lunatus (Linnzus). PvLare Fisu. 5272 No. 88. Nonsuch Id. Seine. Sept. 3. 5273 No. 415. Well Bay, Cooper’s Id. Seine. Sept. 26. 5274 No. 434. Castle Harbor. Sept. 30. 251. Platophrys ocellatus (Agassiz). PLATE Fis, 5275 No. 157. Well Bay, Cooper’s Id. Seine. Sept. s. 5276 No, 520. Nonsuch Bay. Seine. 4 spec. Oct. 4. 5277. No. 680. Nonsuch Bay. Seine. Sept. 26. 5278 No. 684. Long Bay, Cooper's Id. Seine. Young, Sept. 25. 5279 No. 716. Cable Bay, Tucker’s Town. Seine. Young, Sept. 26. eee Juty, 1906. CaTaLoGue or BermupA FisHes— BEan. 87 252. Syacium micrurum Ranz. Goope, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, x1v, Oct., 1877, 291, as Hemirhom- bus aramaca. ‘ 253. Syacium papillosum (L.). ~ Goong, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, xiv, Oct.,1877, 291, as Hemirhombus soleeformis. CCXXII. Family Antennariidze. 254. Antennarius nuttingii Garman. Toap Fisu. 4851 No. g29. TheReach, St.George’s. L. Mowbray. March 20, 1903. A beautiful example of this species was obtained from M. L. Mow- bray, who collected it in The Reach, St. George’s Id., March 20,1903. It is 234 inches long to base of middle caudal rays. The first dorsal spine has four narrow white rings on its upper half. The “bait”’ is white and well developed. The spinules in the skin are nearly all bifid. In the Key to Antennarius in Bull. 47, U.S. N. M.. p. 2718, it is stated that the inside of the mouth of A. nuttingit is white, but by reference to the fish or to Garman’s description, on p. 2724 of the same Bulletin, it will be found that the inside of the mouth is black. 255. Antennarius scaber (Cuv.). Toap Fisu. 4852 No.927. The Reach, St. George’s. L. Mowbray. Sept. 14, 1904. D. 111, 12; A. 7; spinules.mostly bifid, but sometimes trifid, and extending upon all the fins. Both nostrils tubular, but the anterior tube the longer. In this individual, which is 4% inches long to base of middle cau- dal rays, the caudal, ventral, and pectoral fins are;covered with small roundish dark spots; the soft dorsal has about three rows of dark spots,the lowermost row containing three spots,which are larger than the eye; the anal fin is almost banded with dark spots and blotches; the lower anterior half of the soft dorsal has a series of long, dark brown blotches extending downward upon the back; the body and head are marbled with dark brown streaks and blotches; the belly has numerous small, brownish spots, none of them as big as the eye. Pupil blue; iris dark slaty. 88 FieELD CoLuMBIAN MusEuM—ZOO6LOoGY, VoL. VII. , FiGURE 14. ANTENNARIUS VERRUCOSUS Bean. 256. Antennarius verrucosus Bean. Toap Fisu. BEAN, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., x1x, Feb. 26, 1906, 31. 4853 No. 928. TheReach, St. George’s. L.Mowbray. 1904. D. 11, 12; -A.'7; P. 10; v. 6. First dorsal spine long and slender, extending to base of third spine; “‘bait’’ not present, and no doubt accidentally lost. Second spine free; third spine firmly joined by its membrane to skin of back and held in a recumbent position. What remains of the first spine is nearly as long as the upper jaw. The second spine is % as long as the upper jaw. The third spine is about twice as long as the second. The caudal fin is” as long as the intermaxilla. The longest dorsal ray is little more than half as long as the caudal. The body and fins are everywhere rough, but the prickles are small; on the sides, back, and belly in front of the ventrals are many roundish raised clusters of spinules, forming distinct elevations. The mouth is almost vertical along the line of the intermaxilla , the upper jaw equals the distance from the pectoral to the vent. Eve small, only about % length of upper jaw and \% width of inter- orbital space. : : Color in spirits: Pale yellowish; inside of mouth whitish; head and body irregularly mottled with dots and lines of brownish; soft dorsal with about four small, roundish, ocellated dark spots, none of them quite as large as the eye; a diffuse dusky blotch on rays of soft dorsal, extending downward on the back, where it encloses a darker nucleus almost cross-shaped on the right side, and resembling the upper part of a figure 3 on the left side; caudal of left side with ten small irregular eS Jury, 1906. CaTaLocue or BermupA Fisnes— BEAN. 89 dark spots, besides a few smaller ones; spots similar, but not so numer- ous on right side; an ocellated oblong dark spot on the anal fin, be- sides several much smaller spots; about eight small dark spots at bases of pectoral rays; a dusky patch under each pectoral fin, as long as the upper jaw, and in width about % of its length; a smaller, dif- ‘fuse blotch in front of the vent; belly behind ventrals with a few -very small dark points. The length of the example without caudal fin is 334 inches. 257. Antennarius principis (C_ & \V.). ‘ Goopg, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, xiv, Oct., 1877, 290, as Pterophryne principis, 258. Antennarius stellifer Barbour. BarsBour, Bull, M. C. Z., xtvi, No. 7, 1905, 132, pl. 4. 259. Antennarius radiosus Garman. A specimen of this species was presented to the U.S. National Museum by Mr. F. Goodwin Gosling who collected it in Bermuda. It is number 50000 of the National Museum catalogue of fishes. The specimen is 234 inches long including the caudal. The “bait” is trifid, one branch pale and longer than the other two which are short and dark. The dark ocellus under the soft dorsal is slightly longer than the eye, its width equal to the length of the eye. 260. Pterophryne gibba (Mitchil!). Toap Fish; Mouse Fisu. 5290 No. 129. Off North Shore. Under Sargassum. Sept. 9. 5291 No. 403. Flatts. Under Sargassum. Oct. ro. 5292 No. 736. Jones Bay, Cooper’sId. Underrock. Oct. 28. 5293 No. 850. Ely’s Harbor. Seine. Sept. 20. 261. Pterophryne histrio (Linnzeus). Devit Fisn. Goope, Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, xiv, Oct., 1877, 290, as Pterophryne picta. ee FreLp CoLUMBIAN Museum PUBLICATION 116. ZOOLOGICAL SERIES. Vot. VII, No. 3. DESCRIPTION OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF FISHES FROM MIDDLE AMERICA BY SETH EvuGEeNne MEEK, Assistant Curator of Department. CuHaRLes B. Cory, Curator of Department. Cuicaco, U.S. A. July, 1906. DESCRIPTION OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF FISHES FROM MIDDLE AMERICA. BY SETH EUGENE MEEK. In a collection of fishes recently made by me in Guatemala, | find several specimens of Cichlasoma trimaculatum (Gthr.). Com- paring these with the specimens from Achotal, Mexico, which I listed as belonging to this species, I find the latter to be a different species and one undescribed. In the following paper it and two new species of fishes from Guatemala are described. Family Siluridz. Rhamdia cabrerae sp. nov. Type No. 5500, Amatitlan, Guatemala. Total length, 136 mm. Head, 4.61; depth, 5.30; D. 1,7; A. 11. Body elongate, robust, compressed posteriorly ; head somewhat depressed ; narrowed forward; upper jaw the longer; maxillary barbels reaching to or slightly past . base of pectorals; outer mandibidular barbels barely reaching gill openings; eye small, 5 in head, slightly before middle of the head; snout 2.70 in head; interorbital 2.75; head covered with soft skin; fontanelle extending to base of occipital process ; the bridge at posterior margin of orbits; occipital process very short; humeral process small, not reaching beyond third of pectoral spine; pectoral spine strong not pungent, its inner margin serrate, its length 2.40 in head; dorsal spine weak; height of dorsal fin 1.40 in head, its length 1.95; last dorsal ray slightly in advance of base of ventrals; base of pectoral to base of ventral 3.60 in body; snout to base of dorsal 3.20 in body; adipose fin 3.50 in body; base of anal 1.50 in head; caudal fin short, the lower lobe the larger; least depth of caudal peduncle 1.60 in head. Color, dark brownish, ventral region silvery, no lateral band, fins dark, no distinct band on middle of dorsal. This fish apparently does not grow large. The largest seen by me was 160 mm. in length. Collected by S. E. Meek. . Named for Sefior Don Manuel Estrada Cabrera, President of the Republic of Guatemala, whose interest in the study of the fishes of Lake Amatitlan led to its discovery. 93 94 FreLp CoLumMBIAN MusEumM— Zoo .oey, Vout. VII Family Cichlidz. Cichlasoma centrale sp. nov. Type No. 5510, Caballo Blanco, Guatemala. Total length, 103 Head 2.61; depth 2.34; D. XVI, 11; A. VII, 8; scales 6-32-11. Body elongate, rather robust, the dorsal region not much elevated, the profile nearly a straight-line; mouth rather large, the lower jaw the longer; the two anterior teeth of upper jaw much larger than the others; anterior pair of teeth of lower jaw small, the next pair on each side canine-like; maxillary reaching vertical from anterior margin of orbit, its length 3 in head; preorbital 5.76; postorbital 2.25; diameter of eye 3.66; mandible 2.14; lower lip without frenum; cheeks with 6 rows of scales; longest dorsal spine 2.72 in head; longest anal spine 2.50; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.54; pectoral fin scarcely reaching first anal spine, its length 1.45 in head; tips of - ventral reaching to base of first anal spine, length 1.48; tips of ventrals and middle dorsal rays not produced; caudal fin rounded. Color, dark olivaceous; sides with 7 faint vertical bars; a black spot on middle of each of last four bars. A black ocellated spot on upper half of base of caudal fin; no dark lateral band; a black spot on shoulder just above anterior end of lateral line; a a few faint brownish spots on base of soft dorsal and anal. This species bears some resemblance to Cichlasoma trimaculatum (Gthr.). It is more slender, has lower dorsal and anal fins, and shorter ventrals. The tips of the ventrals in a specimen of C. trimaculatum (Gthr.) 97 mm. in length reach to base of 4th anal spine. Collected by S. E. Meek. Cichlasoma tenue sp. nov. Type No. 3781, Achotal, Vera Cruz, Mexico, Total length 95 mm. Head 2.48; depth 2.45; D. XVI or XVII, 9 or 10; A. VI or VI, 7. Body elongate not robust, dorsal region not elevated, the profile nearly straight, mouth rather large, the lower jaw the longer; the anterior pair of teeth of upper jaw enlarged; the anterior pair of lower jaw small, the next pair on each side canine-like; lips thick, the lower without frenum; maxillary reaching vertical from anterior margin of eye, its length 2.95 in head; preorbital 6.10; postorbital 2.20; eye 3.45; mandible 2.14; cheeks with 5 rows of scales; longest dorsal spine 2.65; longest anal spine 2.50; least depth of caudal 2.65; pectoral fin reaching first anal spine, length 1.46 in head; tips rr i ~~ ee ee ee ene ee Juty, 1906. CatTaLoGuE or BERMupDA FisHEs — MEEK. 95 of ventrals reaching base of 4th anal spine, 1.35 in head; tips of ventrals and dorsal and anal fins produced in filaments; caudal fin rounded. Color, light olivaceous, sides with 7 obscure dark bars; a black humeral spot, a more or less ocellated spot on upper half of base of caudal; a faint dark blotch usually on middle of last 4 bars, the one on 4th bar prominent; no spots on vertical fin. In a former paper* I identified these specimens as Cichlasoma trimaculatum (Gthr.). Since then I have obtained specimens of that species from Caballo Blanco, Guatemala, and find it a much deeper fish than the one here described. In the Museum are six specimens of this species ranging in length from 47 mm. to .104 mm. Collected by Heller and Barber. * Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1905, 245. ae seas gts ’ FIELD CoL_uMBIAN MusEuM. Fe PUBLICATION 121. ZOOLOGICAL SERIES. Vo. VII, No. 4. SYNOPSIS OP THE FISHES OF THE GREAT LAKES OF NICARAGUA BY SeTH EuGENE MEEK, Assistant Curator of Department. CHARLES B. Cory, Curator of Department of Zodlogy Cuicaco, U.S. A. July, 1907 ~ = oo é ft Wniee Ki eed ie Da PE OR er. Ae TER ee. Ree eee a y Cee es me ie , ee a a an a Mabie aula! Why Ai ad “atk ey A's 0 : ‘4 - oe ee er tO Se es ¥ SYNOPSIS OF THE FISHES OF THE GREAT LAKES OF NICARAGUA. BY SETH EUGENE MEEK. The following synopsis is based on a collection of fishes made by the writerin March, 1906. As the collection contains quite large series of several species hitherto known from one or a very few individuals, it seems advisable to re-describe these and give a somewhat complete account of the other species. In the present paper are given keys and descriptions which will enable one to identify quite easily any or all species known to inhabit these lakes. Lake Nicaragua, the largest of the lakes in Nicaragua, is about 110 miles in length with an average width of about 40 miles, and a maximum depth of about 25 fathoms. Lake Managua is much smaller, having a length of about 40 miles, a maximum width of about 25 miles, and a maximum depth of about 15 fathoms. In the spring of 1906 the water in the lakes was much lower than usual for this time of year. Captain Tooth, who has been _a sailor on Lake Managua for more than a decade, told me he never ‘saw the lake so low as then. The shore of this lake near Managua, Momotomba, and San Francisco is rocky or sandy. Aquatic vegeta- tion, which is reported to be very abundant along the shores in time of high water, had disappeared, the lake being at this time about ~ 2 fathoms below high-water mark. The water in this lake was reddish in color and contained in suspension a considerable amount of fine silt. It was only with much difficulty that the water would pass through a net used for collecting plankton. The temperature of the lake, taken at several places at a depth of 2 fathoms, was 83° F. The tempera- ture of a bucket of water drawn from a well in Managua from a depth of 100 feet was 83° F. This temperature was found at about 5 fath- oms in Lake Tiscapa, a small volcanic lake near Managua, and at same altitude as Lake Managua. The same temperature was observed in Lake Nicaragua in 3 fathoms of water off the steamboat pier. Only the northern end of Lake Nicaragua was visited. Its shores, in the vicinity of Granada, are sandy and with a very limited quantity of aquatic vegetation in extreme low water. The collections of fishes were made at the following places: Lake Managua, at Managua and Momotomba; Lagoon, at San Francisco; Lake Tiscapa, near Managua; Lake Managua, near Granada; Lagoon 97 ° 98 FIELD COLUMBIAN Museum — Zoo oecy, Vou. VII. Jenicero, between Lakes Managua and Nicaragua; and Lagoon Cis- playa, south of Granada. Lake Tiscapa appears to be in the basin of a volcanic crater. The lake is nearly circular, about one fourth of a mile in diameter. It is surrounded by a wall about 200 feet above the lake. It is reported to be very.deep. Two species of fishes inhabit this lake in considerable numbers, Cichlasoma citrinellum, and Poectlia sphenops. Not far from Lake Managua, and between La Paz and Masaya, are several of these small volcanic lakes. All except one, Nahapa, whose water is reported to be very alkaline, contain fishes. The Superintendent of the Nicaragua Railroad informed me that the two volcanic lakes near Masaya were about 135 fathoms in depth, and that these were the deepest of all. There are no boats on any of these lakes. The walls about them were so steep that collecting fishes in — them was difficult, and so the short time at my command was devoted to collecting in more favorable localities. : Lagoon Jenicero was little more than the remnant of a partially dry swamp. The water was nowhere more than a foot deep, under ~ which was a layer of partially decomposed vegetable matter about 3 feet thick, in which it was impossible to draw a seine. A 75-foot seine was placed in a semicircle, the natives drove the fish. into this enclosure, then drew the ends of the net together, completing the circle. By stirring up the mud in the center, the fishes would swim against the net, where they were caught by the natives. _ Fishes in this lagoon were abundant. The scarcity of Poecilia sphenops and Roeboides guatemalensis, two species of mud-loving fishes, was noticeable; also the absence of the smaller fishes, except the Cichlids. The Tropical Gar was quite plentiful. -The Guapote is caught here in considerable numbers.. These fishes are taken with a cast net anda gillnet. Three men form a triangle by standing about 25 feet apart. A cast net of about 10 feet in diameter is thrown in this triangle by one of the men. The three men then quickly force the lead line into the mud. They then run their hands over the surface of the net, catching hold of any large Guapotes, the lead line is then raised and the fishes taken out, placed in a dug-out and taken to a large basket-like box. The gill net is a crude affair about 30 or 40 feet long, and about two feet in depth. It is run out in a straight line and then the fishes are driven into it. Each setting would yield from 1 to 3 or 4 Guapotes. Only a few Mojarras large enough for the market are taken in this lagoon. Lagoon Cisplaya is simply an estuary of a small stream, and is thus connected with the lake. The great lakes of Nicaragua appear quite well stocked with large fishes, most of which are edible. Ret CORSE : July, 1907. FIsHES OF Great Lakes, NICARAGUA—MEEK. 99 The Roballo and the large Mojarras are excellent food fishes. The smaller species, except the Melaniris sardina, known as Sardina, are not seen in the markets; this species is taken during the breeding season in large numbers. They are eaten fresh at this time, and many are dried and marketed in this way. One of the peculiar Ichthic features of the inkoo't is the red, or par- tially red, Cichlids or Mojarras. They are very abundant in the large lakes, and are reported to occur in some of the smaller ones. In Lake Tiscapa there are no red forms, nor any red on any of the fishes taken there. Red forms occur in Lakes Asososco, Masaya, and Apoyo. I did not find any red fishes in Lagoon Jenicero, and the fishermen there informed me that none were found init. The cause of this rubrism* is not known. I have never seen it among fishes in any other body of water. Judging from the drawings of species from Lake Peten, Guatemala, it appears to be present in some of the Cichlids there. About 8 per cent of the fishes noticed in the markets of Managua were red, or partially so, and were sold as Mojarras Colorados. These red forms appeared to be the best sellers, but for this I could learn no reason. The dark color on the fishes only partially red was darker than on the fishes with normal colora- tion. There was a slight tinge of red on the breast of many specimens of apparently normal color. Rubrism was entirely absent in all the fishes taken from Lake Tiscapa and Lagoon Jenicero. The pres- ence of salt-water fishes in Lake Nicaragua is interesting. These, no doubt, became stranded there at a time when the lake was more intimately connected with the sea than it isnow. It is hardly prob- able that they have come up over the falls at the head of the Rio San Juan in late years, for they have not entered Lake Managua, and the falls between the lakes are not so difficult to pass, as those ‘in the Rio San Juan. All of these salt-water genera represented in Lake Managua have representatives in brackish and fresh water, and are found in company with species of Cichlids. So few fishes are known from the eastern streams of Central America between the Rio Montagua in Guatemala and Panama, that it is impossible to discuss _ the relationship of the fish fauna of the lakes and that of the neigh- boring rivers with much degree of certainty. I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Sefior Don Dioclesiano Chaves, taxidermist of the National Museum in Managua, and his two assistants, also to Sr. Latino, student of the College in Managua, for assistance in making the collections in Lakes Tiscapa and Managua. * Rubrism is known to occur in Cichlasoma citrinellum, Cichlasoma erythreum - and Cichlasoma labiatum. 100 FieLD CoLuMBIAN Musgeum— Zo6é.oey, VoL. VII. To U. S. Vice-Consul A. O. Wallace I am also much indebted for many courtesies. Through his efforts I was enabled to get my outfit into the country without duty or delay. His interest in the work and the many personal favors granted are certainly much appreciated. The following notes and the accompanying figure are given to explain the terms used in the descriptions: 1. Head. 2. Snout. 3. Eye. 4. Premaxillary. 5. Maxillary. 6. Supplemental maxillary. 7. Mandible, or lower jaw. 8. Sym- physis. 9. Cheek. 10. Preopercle. 11. Opercle. 12. Subopercle. 13. Spinous portion of dorsal fin. 14. Soft portion of dorsal fin. 15. Base of dorsal fin. 16. Pectoral fin. 17. Anal fin. 18. Ven- tral fin. 19. Base of caudal fin (last vertebra). 20. Caudal fin. 21. Lateral line. 22. Depth of the fish. 23. Depth of caudal. peduncle. 24. Caudal peduncle. The PROFILE of the fish, unless otherwise mentioned, is the curve from the highest point on the back to the tip of the snout. The ORIGIN of the DORSAL or ANAL FIN is the insertion of its first spine or ray. . Fishes in general, and especially those treated of in this paper, breathe by means of GILLS, which are fine, hair-like projections (BRAN- cH#), usually supported on the outer curves of cartilaginous or bony arches known as GILL ARCHES; in the true fishes, the normal number on each side is four. The GILL RAKERS are a series of bony appen- dages variously formed along the inner edge of the anterior gill arch. The GILL MEMBRANES usually serve to attach the GILL COVERS to the istHMus, which is the thick, fleshy projection between the gill openings. The BRANCHIOSTEGAL MEMBRANES are attached to the lower posterior portions of the gill covers; the cartilaginous or bony supports of this membrane are the BRANCHIOSTEGAL RAYS. The PHARYNGEAL BONES are behind the gills and at the beginning of the @sOPHAGUS; in true fishes, they represent a fifth gill arch. The fins of fishes are composed of spINEs and RAys, the former being stiff, bony structures usually connected by a thin membrane; the rays are rather weak, jointed, cartilaginous structures, and are also connected by a thin membrane. A CYCLOID SCALE has its posterior margin smooth; such scales are usually found on soft-rayed fishes. A CTENOID SCALE has its pos- terior margin rough or toothed; such scales are characteristic of the spiny-rayed fishes. The Lenotu of the Bopy of the FisH is measured from the tip of the upper jaw to the base of the caudal fin or end of the last vertebra; the TOTAL LENGTH, fromextreme ends of the fish. The LENGTH of the 6, Cevetees cts hh : é Cre b/ ce bE Oc ces MEG ¢ 102 FieLp CoLumBian Museum — Zoé.oecy, Vou. VII. HEAD is measured from tip or upper jaw to the posterior edge of the opercle; the LencTH of the snout, from tip of upper jaw to anterior margin of the orbit. The preptH of the Bopy is measured at its deepest part, none of the fins being included; the DEPTH of CAUDAL PEDUNCLE is measured at its narrowest part, its length from base of last anal ray to end of last vertebra. The SCALES in the LATERAL SERIES are counted from upper edge of opercle to base of caudal fin, the TRANSVERSE SERIES from the dor- sal fin to ventrals or origin of anal, whichever is nearest the middle of the body. In making the transverse count the scale on the lateral line, when it is present, is counted with those on the upper part of the body. The LENGTH of the DORSAL and ANAL FINS is measured along their BAsEs; the HEIGHT is the length of their spines or rays. The length of the other fins is measured from attachment to the body to the tips of the longest rays. In order to abbreviate, the following expressions are used: “* HEAD 4” indicates that the head of the fish is contained 4 times in the distance from the tip of the snout to the end of the last caudal verte- bra; ‘‘ DEpTH 4”’ that the greatest depth (none of the fins being included) is contained 4 times in the same distance; ‘‘D. 8”’ indicates that the fish has a single dorsal fin which is composed of 8 soft rays; “D. iv, 9,” that the dorsal fin is single and is composed of 4 spines and 9 soft rays; ‘‘D. iv-9,” that there are two dorsal fins, the first one composed of 4 spines and the other of 9 soft rays. Spines are always indicated in roman letters, soft rays by figures. The abbrevi- ations used in the count of other fin rays and spines are similarly explained. The diameter of the eye, the length of the snout, and many other short measurements are compared with the length of the head. ‘‘Eye 3 in head,” ‘“‘Snout 3 in head,” indicate that each is contained 3 times in the length of the head. In these particular cases ‘‘'% of the length of head’’ would mean the same thing. KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF FISHES OF THE GREAT LAKES OF NICARAGUA, a. Gill openings slit-like, 5 in number, on each side. b. Gill openings lateral; no spiracles; snout not produced into a long flat blade. Galeide 103 bb. Gill openings ventral; spiracles present; snout produced into a long, thin, flat blade, armed with teeth along each edge. Pristide 104 Juty, 1907. FisHes or Great Lakes, NICARAGUA— MEEK. 103 aa. Gill openings, one on each side. c. Ventral fins present, abdominal, not composed of 1 spine and 5 soft rays. d. Tail heterocercal; scales rhomboidal, very hard, ganoid. Leptsosteide 104 dd. Tail not heterocercal; scales absent or normal. e. Adipose fin on dorsal region present. f. Body without scales; mouth and chin with barbels; adipose . fin long, longer than head. Silurid@ 105 ff. Body with scales; mouth and chin without barbels; adipose fin very small. Characinide 107 ee. No adipose fin on dorsal region. g. Gular plate present between branches of lower jaw; scales very large. Elopide 111 gg. No gular plate. h. Ventral region compressed, armed with bony serre. Dorosomide 112 hh. Ventral region without bony serre. ' i. Dorsal fin single, of soft rays only. Poecilitide 112 ii. Dorsal fins 2, the first of slender spines, the second of soft rays. Atherinide 114 cc. Ventral fins thoracic, each composed of 1 spine and 5 soft rays. j. Dorsal fin with more than 8 spines; anal spines 3 or more. k. Lateral line not interrupted; nostril double on each side; anal spines 3, the nad very long and strong, longer than third. Haemulide 116 _kk. Lateral line interrupted on each side; nostril single on each side; anal spines more than 3, the second shorter than the : _ third. Cichide 117 jj. Dorsal fin with less than 8 spines; anal spine single. Gobtide 131 Family Galeidz. ‘ . | Genus Carcharhinus Blainville. Sharks with a-robust body, broad depressed head, inferior mouth, strongly serrate teeth in both jaws and no spiracles; first dorsal fin large, second small. Carcharhinus nicaraguensis (Gill & Bransford). TiGRONE. Eulamia nicaraguensts Gill & Bransford, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Fad ab nee eae — f ey i , J 4 : 104 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MuseEuMmM— Zo6.oGy, Vou. VII. Phila., 1877, 190, Lake Nicaragua; Rio San Juan. This species is reported to be very abundant in the lower end of Lake Nicaragua, and in the San Juan River, its outlet. It is reported to be very ferocious, and many incidents are mentioned of persons attacked by it. Either this or some other species is very abundant on the bar of the Colorado River, one of the outlets of the Rio San Juan. I did not secure any specimens of this species. Family Pristidze. Genus Pristis Latham. Body elongate; snout produced into a long, thin, flat blade with a series of strong teeth on each edge; mouth inferior; teeth small, spiracle present; a fold along each side of tail. Pristis antiquorum Latham. Pristis antiquorum Ginther, Cat., vit1, 438, 1870; Gill & Bransford, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1877. 190, Granada. : In Granada I saw several saws of this shark, but was unable to secure any specimens. The identification of this species is doubtful. Family Lepisosteidz. Genus Lepisosteus Lacépéde. Body elongate, covered with hard rhombic scales; jaws long, beak-like, armed with pointed teeth; an accessory gill on inner side of the opercle; tail heterocercal. Lepisosteus tropicus (Gill). Atractosteus tropicus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1863, 172, Streams near Panama. Head 3.1; depth 7.0 to 8.0; D. 8; A. 8; scales 52. Body elon- gate, snout short, broad, its length 1.7 to 1.8 in head; width of pos- terior end of snout 4.8 to 5.2; eye 9.0 to 14.0; least depth of caudal peduncle 4.3 to 4.9; upper jaw with two series of enlarged teeth, the lower with one. This species occurs in both lakes. It is reported to grow to a length of 6 feet or more. The largest specimen collected by me is 800 mm, The jaws of a much larger specimen were found on the _ JuLy, 1907. FisHes or Great Lakes, NICARAGUA— MEEK. 105 beach of Lake Managua near Momotomba. This species is certainly not much different from L. tristoechus of Cuba and the Southern States, and a comparison of specimens of each of similar size should be made. I saw no specimens of-this species in the markets, and do not know whether or not it is ever used for food by the inhabitants of the lake region. Specimens were taken in Lagoon Jenicero, at the north end of Lake Nicaragua, and in a small lagoon south of Granada, 350 to 800 mm. Family Siluridz. Genus Rhamdia Bleeker. Bacrzes. Body elongate; head rather narrow; occipital process small or wanting; adipose fin long, adnate to back for its entire length; bar- bels 6; posterior nostril without a barbel. Three closely related species of this genus are known to occur in the lakes. a. Body slender, depth about 6; maxillary barbels short, not reaching past middle of base of dorsal fin; interorbital width, 3.3 to 3.4 in head. managuensts 105 aa. Body robust, depth 4.1 to 4.6; maxillary barbels longer, reach- ing nearly to or beyond origin of adipose dorsal. b. Interorbital width 3.1 to 3.4; maxillary barbels reaching nearly to or slightly past origin of adipose fin. ; nicaraguensts 106 bb. Interorbital width 2.4 to 2.6; maxillary barbels reaching past middle of adipose fin. barbata 106 Rhamdia managuensis (Ginther). BaGRE; CHUCHIN. Pimelodus managuensits Ginther, Fishes Central Amer., 474, 1868, Lake Managua. Head 4.5 to 4.7; depth 5.9 to 6; D. 1-6; A. 12. Body long, slender; head moderate, flattish, interorbital width 3.3 to 3.4 in head; snout 2.3 to 2.4 in head; diameter of eye 6 in head; upper jaw the longer; gill rakers 3+10; maxillary barbels not reaching to or slightly past origin of dorsal spine; outer mandibulary barbels scarcely reaching base of pectoral spine; dorsal spine weak, its length 3.1 to 3-6 in head; length of dorsal 1.7 to 1.8 in head, its height 1.6 to 1.7; origin of dorsal to tip of snout 2.2 in length of body; adipose fin long, rather low, its length 2.4 to 2.5 in length of body, its height 6.8 to 7-1 in head; distance from last dorsal ray to origin of adipose fin 106 FreELD CoLUMBIAN MusgeuM — Zo6Locy, Vou. VII. 4.8 to 5 in head; length of pectoral fin 1.6 to 1.7 in head; pectoral spine 2.4 to 2.5 in head; humeral spine about half length of pectoral spine; ventral fin 1.8 in head; anal fin short, its length 1.6 in head, tips of anal rays not reaching end of adipose fin; caudal peduncle slender, its least depth 2.6 to 2.7 in head; caudal fin deeply forked, © its lower lobe the larger. Color light olivaceous, more or less silvery; no lateral shade or band; indistinct light dorsal band, tips of dorsal fin dark, all other fins plain. Managua (2), 205 to 240 mm. Rhamdia nicaraguensis (Giinther). BAGRE; CHUCHIN. Pimelodus nicaraguensis Ginther, Cat.,v.125, 1864, Lake Nicaragua. ; Rhamdia nicaraguensts Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. , 1877, 190. Head 4.1 to 4.6; depth 4.4 to 4.9; D. 1.6; A. 11 to 13. Body rather slender; head flattish, interorbital width 3.1 to 3.4; snout 2.3 to 2.5 in head; diameter of eye 4.6 to 6 in head; upper jaw the longer; gill rakers 3+9; maxillary barbels reaching nearly to or slightly past origin of adipose fin, outer mandibulary barbels to or slightly past base of pectoral spine; dorsal spine weak, its length 3.2 to 3.6 in head; length of dorsal fin 1.8 to 1.9 in head, its height 1.5 to 1.8; origin of dorsal to end of snout 2.7. to 2.9 in body; adipose fin long, its length 2.3 to 2.6 in body, its height 6.5 to 7 in head; dis- tance from last dorsal ray to origin of adipose fin 3.6 to 4.7 in head; length of pectoral fin 1.6 to 1.7 in head, its spine 2.00 to 2.5; humeral spine about half length of pectoral spine; ventral fin 1.6 to 1.8 in head; anal fin moderate, its length 1.4 to 1.8 in head; tips of anal rays not reaching end of adipose fin, caudal peduncle slender, its least _ depth 2.6 in head; caudal fin deeply forked, its lower lobe the longer. Color light olivaceous, with slight bluish tinge; no distinct lateral band; light band across dorsal very faint; tips of dorsal fin dark, other fins plain. Managua (18), 150 to 250 mm.; San Francisco (1), 155 mm. Rhamdia barbata sp. nov. BAGRE; CHUCHIN, Type, No. 5906, F. M. N. H.; length, 200 mm,; San Francisco, Nicaragua. Head 3.7 to 4; depth 4.3 to 4.6; D. 1-6; A. 1roorrz. Body robust; head large, broad; interorbital width 2.4 to 2.6 in head; top of head nearly flat; snout 2.6 to 2.8 in head; diameter of eye 5 to 6.7; upper jaw slightly the longer; gill rakers 34-6; maxillary bar- bels large and long, their tips reaching past middle of adipose fin; JuLy, 1907. FisHes or Great LAKes, NICARAGUA—MEEK. _ 107 outer mandibulary barbels reaching to middle of pectoral; dorsal spine strong, its length 2.7 in head; length of dorsal, 1.9 in head, its height 1.7; origin of dorsal to tip of snout 2.7 to 2.9 in length of body; adipose fin long and high, its length 2.3 to 2.6 in body, its greatest height 4.3 to 5 in length of head; distance from last dorsal ray to adipose fin 5.7 to 6.8 in head; length of pectoral fin 1.6 to 1.7 in head; pectoral spine robust, its length 2.2 to 2.3 in head; humeral spine about half length of pectoral spine; ventral 1.8 to 1.9 in head; anal short, its length 2.0 to 2.3 in head; tips of anal rays not reaching end of adipose fin; caudal peduncle strong, its least depth 2.2 in head; caudal fin deeply forked, the lower lobe the longer. Color dark olivaceous, more or less mottled with darker, being darkest on middle of sides; a light band on dorsal fin near its base ; other fins rather dark, all plain. San. Francisco (8), 150 to 240; Managua (1), 240. Family Characinide. Tue Cuaracins. This family is represented in the lake by five species, which are easily recognized by their thin cycloid scales, presence of a small posterior adipose fin, and the absence of scales on the head. ‘These species belong to four genera, which are distinguished as follows: a. Teeth in upper jaw in two or three series. b. Teeth in upper jaw in two series; anal fin with less than 30 rays; scales 36. Astyanax 107 bb. Teeth in upper jaw in 3 series; anal rays about 35; scales about 54. Brycon 109 aa. Teeth in upper jaw in a single series. c. Scales large, less than 45 in the transverse series; anal rays less than 30. Bramocharax 110 ce. Scales small, about 80, in transverse series; anal rays more than 40. Reboides 111 Genus Astyanax Baird & Girard. a, Snout long, its length 3.3 to 3.5 in head; maxillary 2 to 2.2 in head. nasutus 108 aa. Snout short, its length 3.7 to 4.2 in head; maxillary 2.3 to 2.6 in head. @neus 108 108 FreELD CoLUMBIAN MusrEuM— Zo6.oey, VoL. VII. Astyanax nasutus sp. nov. : Type, No. 5909, F. M.N.H.; length, 125 mm.; Lake perk. Managua, Nicaragua. Head 3.9 to 4.3; depth 2.7 to 2.9; D: 1.9; A. 25 or 26; scales 8-36-7. Body elongate, compressed; profile between nape and end of snout slightly concave; top of head quite flat; dorsal and ventral outlines about equally convex; snout long, its length 3.3 to 3.5 in head; maxillary slender, its tip reaching past vertical from front of orbit, its length 2 to 2.2 in head; chin very prominent; eye 2.9 to 3.1 in head; gill rakers slender, 8+11; origin of dorsal fin slightly behind that of ventrals, its distance from tip of snout 1.9 in length of body; base of dorsal 1.8 in its height, its height 1.1 in head; origin of anal fin slightly behind base of last dorsal ray, its distance from snout 1.5 to 1.6 in length of body; base of anal 3.6 in length of body; pectoral fins not reaching ventrals, length 1.2 to 1.3 in head; ventrals reach- ing to or slightly past vent, length 1.6 to 1.7 in head; lateral line complete, decurved. Color light olivaceous, a broad plumbeous band from upper edge of opercle to base of caudal, broadening into a caudal blotch; humeral spot present. Managua (12), 85 to 125 mm.; Cisplaya (1), 95 mm. Astyanax zneus (Giinther). Head 3.9 to 4.4; depth 2.4 to 3.2; D. 1.9; A. 26 to 28; scales 8-38-6. Body compressed, more or less elongate; ventral outlines usually more curved than the dorsal; profile from nape to end of snout straight or concave; snout short, 3.7 to 4. 2 in head; maxillary slender, its tip reaching vertical from orbit, length 2.3 to 2.6; jaws subequal; mandible 2 to 2.4 in head; eye 2.8 to 3.8; gill rakers slender, 7 to g9+10 or 11; origin of dorsal to tip of snout 1.9 to 2.1 in length of body; base of dorsal % height of fin, its longest ray 1.0 to 1.3 in head; base of anal fin 3.1 to 3.5 in body, equalling or slightly longer than head; origin of anal fin behind vertical from base to last ray of dorsal, its distance from tip of snout 1.5 to 1.6 in body; pectoral fin in the deeper individuals reaching base of ventrals, in larger or slender individuals falling short at this point by one or two scale lengths; length of pectorals 1.1 to 1.3 in head; ventrals reaching to or slightly past vent; length of ventral 1.5 to 1.7 in head; lateral line decurved, complete. Color light olive, silvery, a dark lateral band from upper edge of opercle to base of caudal; one or two dark humeral spots; an elongate caudal blotch. There is a considerable amount of variation in this JuLy, 1907. Fishes or GREAT Lakes, NICARAGUA— MEEK. 109 species. Some are quite slender, others deeper. The lateral band is More prominent on some individuals than on others. The two humeral spots may be present on one side, and but one present on the other. A comparison of the material listed below with a con- siderable number of specimens from Caballo Blanco, San Jose del Idolo, Lake Amatitlan and El Rancho, Guatemala, show no.con- stant differences. Tetragonopterus humilis Ginther, Cat., v, 325, 1864, Lake Amatit- lan, Guatemala, is evidently based upon'a slender specimen of this species. . This species is very abundant in Lakes Managua and Nicaragua. It does not occur in Lake Tiscapa. Momotomba (47), 55 to 115 mm.; Managua (165), 55 to 100 mm.; San Francisco (2), 60 and 65 mm.; Granada (25), 75 to 110 mm,; Cisplaya (6), 45 to 65 mm. Genus Bryecon Miller & Troschel. Brycon dentex (Giinther). SABALO. Chalcinopsts dentex Gill & Bransford, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1877, 188, Lake Nicaragua. Head 4.1; depth 3.6; D. 10; A. 35; scales 17-54. Body elongate, compressed; dorsal and ventral outline about evenly convex; profile from nape to end of snout very slightly concave; upper jaw project- ing, exposing two series of teeth; teeth of upper jaw with three series of tricuspid teeth, the two outer series small and in the portion of upper jaw usually projecting beyond the lower; the posterior series large and opposed to the single row of three to five cuspid teeth on edge of maxillary; gill rakers long and slender, 12 +13; maxillary long and slender, extending to vertical from middle of eye, its length 2.1 in head; snout pointed, overhanging the mouth, its length 3.6 in head; adipose eyelid slightly developed; diameter of eye 3.1 to 3.6 in head; mandible strong, 2.2 in head; origin of dorsal over middle of space between origin of ventral and anal fins, its distance from end of snout 1.8 in body; origin of anal under last dorsal rays, its distance from snout 1.6 in body; base of dorsal 2.1 in head, its height 1.4; base of anal 3.2 to 3.3 in body; tip of pectoral nearly reaching ventrals; ventrals to vent; no lateral line. Color silvery below, dark bluish above; fins all plain. This species is said to grow to a length of a foot or more. It is considered a good food fish, and it is often dried and marketed in that IIo FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEuM— Zo6.LocGy, Vot. VII. state. The Guapote and Roballo only are regarded as its superior. © Momotomba (1), 160 mm.; Managua (2), 130 and 160; Granada (3), 235 mm. Genus Bramocharax Gill. Two species of this genus occur in the lakes. a. Body robust, its depth 2.7 in length. bransfordi 110 aa. Body slender, its depth 3.4 to 3.9 in length. elongatus 110 Bramocharax bransfordi Gill Bramocharax bransfordi Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +i Phila.. 1877, 190, Lake Nicaragua. I did not secure any specimens of this species. Bramocharax elongatus sp. nov. SABALITO. Type, No. 5922, F. M.N. H.; length, 130 mm.; Lake Managua, Managua, Nicaragua. Head 3.1 to 3.3; depth 3.4 to 3.9; D. 10; A. 25 to 28; scales 8-41-6. Body elongated, compressed; snout slender, pointed, the upper jaw slightly the longer; snout 3.2 to 3.4 in head; maxillary long and slender, its tip reaching to vertical from middle, of pupil, 2.1 to 2.2 in head; mandible 2 in head; diameter of eye 3.6 to 4.0 in head; teeth in each jaw in one series; two anterior teeth of each jaw enlarged and canine-like, the upper ones extending beyond tip of lower jaw; one or two lateral teeth in lower jaw enlarged; all the teeth more or less compressed, the smaller ones, especially those on edge of maxillary, with one or two basal cusps; gill rakers 9 +11; origin of dorsal slightly behind ventrals, its distance from tip of snout 1.9 to 2.0 in body; base of dorsal fin 2.2 to 2.4 in head, its height 1.4; base of anal 3.6 to 3.8 in body; adipose fin opposite last anal rays; tips of pectorals reaching nearly to or slightly past base of ventrals, 1.6 to 1.8 in head; ventrals not reaching anal, 2.0 to 2.2 in head; least depth caudal peduncle 3.0 to 3.2 in head; lateral line decurved; caudal fin forked; air bladder in two parts, the posterior about twice the size of anterior; tube connecting air bladder with the cesophagus rising from anterior end of posterior lobe. : Color olivaceous, darker above; a dark humeral spot; a dark lateral band from upper edge of opercle to base of caudal, ending in a blotch; fins all plain. Momotomba (4), 121 to 131 mm, . Managua (21), t11 to 150 mm, . Juty, 1907. FisHes or Great Lakes, NiCcARAGUA— MEEK. III Genus Reeboides Gunther. But one species of this genus is known to occur in Central America, Reeboides guatemalensis Giinther. Head 3.9; depth 2.9 to 3; D. 10; A. 48; scales 18-80-19. Body elognate, much compressed; profile,S-shaped; head small; mouth large, oblique; maxillary reaching vertical from middle of eye, its length 2 in head; upper jaw the longer;. mandible strong, its length 1.9 in head; diameter of eye 2.9 to 3.2; interorbital width 2.9 to 3.2 in head; jaws subequal; gill rakers slender, 7+9; origin of dorsal behind that of anal, its distance from end of snout 1.8 to 1.9 in length of body; length of dorsal 2 in head, its height equaling head; anal fin very long, its base 1.9 in body; origin of anal to tip of snout 2.3 to 2.4 in body; pectorals 1.2 in head; ventrals 1.3; lateral line straight, complete. Color olivaceous, a darkish band made up of small dark spots above lateral line; a faint humeral blotch; membrane of anal fin with - many small dots, other fins usually plain, occasionally a black spot just below lateral line and above middle of pectoral fin. A single specimen of this species from San Geronimo, Oaxaca, Mexico, has the upper jaw decidedly longer than the lower; in all other respects like specimens from San Francisco, Nicaragua. This species occurs in the waters of the Pacific Slope from San Geronimo, Oaxaca, in Mexico to Lake Nicaragua, and in the Rio Chagres. It was not taken by Miller in the Rio Montagua, and is not known from any Atlantic Coast stream north of the lakes in Nicaragua. San Francisco (17), 65 to 125 mm.; Jenicero (1), 85 mm. Family Eloepidze. The presence of a gular plate between the branches of the lower jaw at once distinguishes this family from all others represented in the lakes. Tarpon atlanticus? (Cuvier & Valenciennes). SABALO. Megalops , Gill & Bransford, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., ~ 1877, 187, Toro Rapids, Rio San Juan. _ Head 4; depth 3.8; D. 12; A. 20; scales 42. Body compressed, little elevated; dorsal filament longer than head; mouth large, armed © with pointed teeth. 112 FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEumM— Zo6LoGy, VoL. VII. Color uniform, bright silvery, back darker. I did not see or secure any specimens of this species. So far as I could learn, it is not taken in Lake Managua, and is not abundant in Lake Nicaragua. This species is known as Sabalo. The same. name is also used for Brycon dentex. This species is said by the natives to grow to a greater length than the height of a man. Family Dorosomide. Genus Dorosoma Rafinesque. Dorosoma chavesi sp. nov. SABALO. wig Type, No. 5928, F. M. N. H.; length, 170 mm. ; Lagoon Jenicero, Granada, Nicaragua. Optisthonema libertatis Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1877, 187, Lake Nicaragua (nec Gunther). Head 2.7 to 3.1; depth 2.8; D. 12 to 15; A. 26 to 30; scales 74 to 78; scutes 17 to 19-9 to 10. Body elongate, compressed, the ventral outline more curved than the dorsal; head large; mouth large, the jaws subequal; maxillary very long and slender, its tip reaching vertical from middle of eye, without distinct notch on its outer margin, its length 3 to 3.3 in head; supplemental maxillary bone slender; mandible strong, its length 2.1 in head; eye large, with well-developed adipose eyelid, its diameter 3 to 3.3 in head; origin of dorsal fin nearer base of caudal than tip of snout; last ray of dorsal slightly produced in most individuals but seldom reaching half-way to base of caudal fin; tips of ventrals reaching slightly past base of ven- trals; base of anal shorter than head, its length 1.1 to 1.5 in length of head; scales persistent. Color steel-blue above, silvery below; a black humeral spot; fins all plain. This species differs from other known members of the genus in the larger head, longer and more slender maxillary and premaxillary, and . having base of anal fin shorter than the head. Named for Sefior Don Dioclesiano Chaves, of the National Museum of Nicaragua. Momotomba (15), 47 to 80 mm.; Managua (35), 60 to 180 mm.; San Francisco (6), 145 to 165 mm.; Jenicero (20), 160 to 210 mm, Family Poeciliidz. Of this family there are but two genera so far known to occur in the lake. : a. ere eh JuLy, 1907. FIsHES OF GREAT Lakes, NICARAGUA— MEEK. 113 a. Intestinal canal comparatively short, usually about the length of the body; teeth not movable. Paragambusia 113 aa. Intestinal canal comparatively elongate, usually coiled on the ventral and right side; teeth movable. Pecilia 113 Genus Paragambusia Meek. Paragambusia nicaraguensis (Giinther). Gambusia nicaraguensis Ginther, Cat., v1, 336, 1866, Lake Nicara- gua: Gunther, Fishes Cent. Amer., 483, Pl. Lxxxu, fig. 3, 1869, Lake Nicaragua: Gill & Bransford, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1877, 187. Head 3.5; depth 2.5; D. 6; A. 10; scales to-26. Body much compressed; head small, depressed; interorbital flat, 1.7 in head; snout 3.3; diameter of eye 3; origin of dorsal fin (9 ) almost entirely behind anal, its distance from base of caudal 2 in its distance from tip of snout; anal fin of female with its first 3 or 4 rays produced and falciform, the longest ray equaling distance from tip of snout to base of pectoral fin; pectoral fin equaling length of head; ventral 2 in head, one of its rays slightly produced; peritoneum black; alimentary canal less than the length of the fish. Color light brownish; dorsal and caudal fins spotted with black dots; in the larger females the produced anal rays are black; a dark bar downward and backward from eye. This fish reaches a length of about 25 mm. This species is known from the Atlantic streams of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, the Rio Montagua in Guatemala, and Lake Nicaragua. No individuals of this species were taken by me in Nicaragua. Genus Poecilia Bloch & Schneider. One species of this genus occurs in the lake. . Pecilia sphenops (Cuvier & Valenciennes). JULUMINA. Pecilia dovti Ginther, Cat., v, 344, 1866, Lake of Nicaragua; Lake Amatitlan, Guatemala: Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1877, 187, Lake Nicaragua. Head 3.5 to 4.4; depth 2.8 to 3.4; D. 8 to 10; A. 8 org; scales 9 to 11-25 to 29. Body robust,compressed; back not much elevated; interorbital area nearly flat 1.7 to 1.8 in head; snout 2.2 to 4.5 in head; 114 Fietp Cotumpian Musrum— Zoé.ocy, Vor. VII. diameter of eye 3.2 to 4.2; dorsal fin in advance of anal, midway between base of caudal and posterior margin of eye; dorsal fin in old males extremely high, its longest ray longer than head; least depth of caudal peduncle 1.1 to 1.6 in head; intestinal canal coiled on right ~ side, very elongate. Color variable, usually dusky brown above, lighter below; edges of scales usually light, forming more or less indistinct lateral stripes; males usually have light vertical bars. This species is very abundant in Lakes Managua, Nicaragua and Tiscapa. ' Momotomba (200), 55 to rr5 mm.; Managua (12), 60 to 125 mm.; Tiscapa (90), 35 to 955 mm.; San Francisco (80), 80 to 120 mm.; Jenicero (25), 40 to r10 mm.; Cisplaya (30), go to 130 mm. Family Atherinide. Genus Melaniris Meek. Melaniris sardina sp. nov. SARDINA. Chirostoma guatemalensis Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1877, 187, Lake Nicaragua (nec Giinther). Type, No. 5937, F. M. N. H.; length, 65 mm.; Lake Managua, Managua, Nicaragua. Head 4.25; depth 4.43; D. 111 or Iv-g or 10; A. 20 to 23; scales 9-37 to 39. Body elongate, moderately compressed; mouth small, very oblique; teeth well developed; snout short, 4.00 in head; mandible strong, its length 2.40 in head; eye large, its diameter 2.65 in head; interorbital width 2.40 in head; spinous dorsal low, its origin behind origin of anal, midway between base of caudal and the posterior margin of opercle; origin of anal fin midway between base of caudal and middle of eye, its base about 4% longer than head; scales with margins smooth or slightly crenate; posterior portion of lateral line usually complete on the last 6 to ro scales, its anterior portion represented by pores scattered on anterior scales on lower half of body. Color silvery, dorsal region with dark punctulations; sides with a narrow plumbeous band, best developed on posterior half of body; ° iris black; soft dorsal slightly dusky, other fins plain. This species differs from Melaniris balsanus Meek in having a larger eye, smaller and more oblique mouth. It is also a slightly larger fish. This species was found to be very abundant along the shores of Lake Managua and northern end of Lake Nicaragua. It spawns in er ee ON rie ere, JuLy, 1907. FisHes or Great LAKes, NICARAGUA— MEEK. 115 March, evidently depositing its eggs, when possible, in shady places in shallow water. The natives capture these by placing small bushes along the shore about three feet apart in shallow water. These fishes come in large numbers into the shade of these bushes to deposit their eggs. The natives draw their hand nets around the bases of these bushes, catching from a few to a quart of these fishes at each dip. The fishes are thrown into holes scooped in the sand. They are then spread on the sand and left there until dry, after which they are ready for market. They are also eaten fresh as ‘‘ white bait,’’ and are very palatable. wd * FISHING FOR SARDINAS. Squier thus describes the fisheries in Lake Managua: “At one point bushes were planted in the lake, like fish-wiers, between which women were stationed with scoop-nets, wherewith they ladled out myriads of little silvery fishes, from the size of a large needle to that of a shrimp, which they threw into kettle-shaped holes, scooped in the sand, where, in the evening light, leaping up in their dying throes, they looked like a shimmering mass of molten silver. These little fish are called Sardinas by the natives, and are cooked in omelets, constituting a very excellent dish.” “‘The first travellers in Nicaragua mention this novel fishery as then practiced by the Aborigines, and it has remained unchanged to the present hour.”’ 116 FIELD CoLUMBIAN Museum — Zoé6éLocy, Vou. VII. It is interesting to note that the writer has seen Chirostoma jordant Woolman, captured in the same way along the shore of Lago del Cuitzeo, Michoacan, Mexico. The dried fishes are packed in sacks and shipped to many places in aie Mexico. Momotomba (8), 60 to 70 mm.; Managua (300), 55 to7omm.; Cis- playa (1), 60 mm. Family Heemulidz. Tue GRUNTERS. Body oblong, compressed, covered with moderate-sized scales; lateral line concurrent with the back; head large; premaxillaries | protractile; maxillary without a supplemental bone, and for the most of its length, slipping under the preorbital; no barbels; teeth in jaws, none on vomer or palatines; ventral fins thoracic, its rays 1.5. A large family of shore fishes, perch-like in form, a few entering fresh water. Genus Pomadasis Lacépéde. RoOBALLO. Mouth small, terminal low, maxillary scarcely to middle of eye; teeth small, on jaws only, in villiform bands; preopercle serrate. Pomadasis grandis sp. nov. ROBALLO, Type, No. 5939, F. M. N. H.; length, 345 mm.; Lake Nicaragua, Granada, Nicaragua. Head 3.14; depth 3.47; D. xm, 12; A. m1, 7; scales 8-58-16. Body elongate, .dorsal region not much elevated; profile nearly straight; mouth moderate, maxillary not quite reaching vertical from front of orbit, its length 2.96 in head; mandible 2.62; snout 2.70; diameter of eye 4.96; interorbital 4.27; top of head covered with small ctenoid scales; preopercle serrate, the serre being larger just above angle; teeth in bands, the outer scarcely enlarged; gill rakers 6 +12; origin of dorsal over base of pectoral, its distance from tip of snout 2.64 in body; fifth dorsal spine the longest, 2.11 in head; second anal spine very robust, its length 1.62 in head; tip of second anal reaching slightly beyond tips of soft rays; third anal spine much smaller than the second; pectoral fins short, 1.64 in head; ventral 1.65; caudal peduncle rather slender, its length 2.04 in head; depth 4.27; soft dorsal and soft anal with a small sheath of scales at their bases; scales above lateral line in rows parallel to lateral line; caudal fin lunate. > ep ae Se Juty, 1907. FisHes or Great Lakes, NICARAGUA—MEEK. 117 Color light olivaceous, each scale with a lighter center, forming rather indistincts lines along the rows of scales; fins all plain. This species is apparently not abundant in the lake. I did not see a single fresh specimen in the markets. The only specimen taken was caught in my collecting seine. It is known as Roballo, and is regarded as an excellent food fish. Family Ciehlidge. Tue Cicniips; ‘‘Mojarras.”’ Body compressed, deep or elongate, covered with rather large ctenoid scales; lateral line interrupted, usually ceasing near end of dorsal fin, then recommencing farther down on middle of caudal pe- duncle; mouth terminal; teeth in jaws conical, lobate or incisor-like ; no teeth on vomer or palatines; nostril single on each side; dorsal - fin single, the spinous portion usually longer than soft portion; anal fin with three or more spines; air bladder present; caudal fin rounded to slightly forked. The fishes which are known as Mojarras, and their allies, inhabiting the lakes and rivers of Nicaragua, belong to this family. a. Teeth all conical or cylindrical. Cichlasoma 117 aa. Anterior teeth compressed. b. Anterior teeth with edges entire. Neetroplus 130 bb. Anterior teeth with edges tricuspid. Herotilipia 130 Genus Cichlasoma Swainson. “Moyarras,” CICHLIDs. To this genus belong the Cichlids or Mojarras with conical or cylin- drical teeth. Those found in Nicaraguan lakes belong to four groups which may best be regarded as subgenera. In the following key are given the important features distinguishing these subgenera and the species. a. Mouth large, the mandible more than half the length of the head; two anterior teeth in upper jaw enlarged and canine- like; anterior teeth of lower jaw very small, these followed by two canine-like teeth, the posterior being the larger; fold of lower lip continuous (Parapetenta). b. Preorbital narrow, its depth 8.1 to 9.5 in length of head; cheeks with about 6 rows of scales. managuense 119 bb. Preorbital broad, its depth 4.5 to 5.0 in head; cheeks with about 10 rows of scales. dovit 120 118 eee. ii. dd. ce. Il. kk, FieELD CoLuMBIAN MuseEumM— Zo6Locy, Vou. VII. Mouth smaller, the mandible less than half the length of the head; teeth subequal, anterior occasionally slightly enlarged. Soft dorsal, anal. and caudal fin scaly at base, the scales on interradial membranes; fold of the lower lip continuous. Base of anal fin shorter than the head; anal spines less than 9; lower margin of eye above a line from upper lip to upper edge | of base of pectoral Slee cee Lips normal. Dorsal spines low, the last one 3.4 to 3.7 in length of head; pec- toral fin short, 1.3 to 1.4 in head. granadense 121. Dorsal spines high, the last one 2.3 to 3.0 in length of head; pec- toral fins longer, 1.0 to 1.2 in head. citrinellum 121 Lips very broad, slightly produced medianly. Snout short, 2.36 in head; depth, 2.14 in body; lips very broad, not thick; color not red. dorsatum 123 Snout longer, 2.10 in head; depth, 2.36 in body; lips broad and thick; color red, or nearly so. erythreum 124 Lips broad and thick, medianly produced into a long triangu- lar flap. Red or yellowish to nearly black with red blotches, dark indi- viduals with bars and lateral and caudal spots indefinite or absent. labiatum 124 Olivaceous with dark bars and prominent lateral and caudal spots; <> lobochilus 125 Base of anal fin longer than the head, its spines 9 or more; lower margin of eye on or below a line from upper lip to upper edge of base of pectoral (Archocentrus). centrarchus 126 Soft dorsal, anal and caudal fins not scaly at their bases; fold of the lower lip not continuous. Mouth moderate; snout pointed; pectoral fin long, reaching to or beyond last anal spine (Thorichthys). Interobital narrow, 3.5 to 3.7 in length of the head; depth of body 2.1 to 2.2 in length; no dark lateral band; caudal fin profusely spotted or barred. rostratum 126 Interorbital broader, 2.8 to 2.9 in head; depth of body 1.9 to 2.0 in length; a dark lateral band from eye to lateral spot; caudal fin not spotted. longimanus 127 Mouth small; snout rounded or bluntish; pectoral fin shorter, not reaching middle of spinous portion of anal fin (Theraps). Body deep, 2.1 in head; profile moderately steep; vertical fins unspotted, nigntum 128 Body elongate, 2.4 to 2.7 in head; profile very steep. JuLy, 1907. FisHes or GREAT LAKES, NICARAGUA— MEEK. 119 n. No dark lateral band; vertical fins profusely spotted. nicaraguense 129 nn. A dark lateral band; vertical fins unspotted. balteaum 129 Parapetenia. ‘Cichlasoma managuense (Giinther). GUAPOTE. Heros managuensis Ginther, Fishes Cent. Amer., 463, Pl. Lxxvu, fig. 3, 1869, Lake Managua; Lake Nicaragua. Head 2.6 to 2.8; depth 2.5 to 2.7; D. xvi or x1x—1o to 12; A. vil or viir—8 or 9; scales 6 or 7-36-11. Body elongate, robust, pro- file slightly concave in interorbital area, the rest convex; mouth large, the gape slightly oblique; end of maxillary reaching slightly past ver- tical from anterior margin of orbit, its length 2.1 to 2.5 in head; lower jaw the longer, mandible 1.6 to 1.8 in head; lips thick, the lower with free border; teeth in jaws in one series, the anterior two in upper jaw enlarged; two canine-like in lower jaw on each side; teeth conical; _ snout long, pointed, its length 3.2 to 3.5 in head; preorbital narrow, 8.1 to 9.5 in head; postorbital 1.8 to 2.1 in head; cheeks broad, cov- ered by six rows of scales; eye 4.3 to 5.3 in head; gill rakers 3 to 10; dorsal and anal fins low, the spines weak; longest dorsal spine 2.6 to - 3.5 in head; longest anal spine 2.6 to 3.3; middle rays of soft dorsal and anal longest, their tips reaching near middle of caudal fin; pec- torals short, not reaching beyond ventrals, 1.4 to 1.6 in head; ven- trals to first anal spine, length 1.4 to 1.7 in head; origin of first dorsal spine to tip of snout 2.5 to 2.6 in head; a line from lower margin of upper lip to base of last anal ray passes lower margin of orbit and upper margin of pectoral base, to middle of caudal passes through lower portion of eye. Color dark olivaceous, much mottled; no distinct vertical bars; usually a dark lateral band broken into blotches; a dark band from eye to upper portion of opercle; a similar one from eye to base of pec- toral; usually three rows of blotches parallel to this one and below it; a black spot on base of pectoral; vertical fins with large black blotches, sometimes arranged in rows; ventrals dark; pectorals plain. The coloration of the sexes in this species is the same. This species is very abundant in Lake Nicaragua. It was also taken in considerable numbers in the Lagoon Jenicero, north of Lake Nicaragua. This lagoon at the time of my visit contained only a small amount of water. The mud in it was so thick that a seine could not be used. The temperature of the water was 83° F. One would 120 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM— ZO6LoGy, VoL, VII. hardly suspect that fishes suitable for food could be found in such muddy, warm water. Yet the Guapote taken from here sold as readily in the market at Granada as did the best fishes from the Lake. Their flesh was firm, white and flaky, and of good flavor. The vitality of these fishes is remarkable. Those in the market are often found to be living after they have been taken from the water for some time. I purchased two of these fishes in the market at Granada one morning, carried them to the hotel, and-left them while eating my breakfast and for some half an hour afterwards. I then put them in water, and ina short time they were as lively asever. This species is certainly worthy of the attention of fish culturists. It grows to a length of about 500 mm. In shape it resembles our black bass. It is, however; a thicker fish. Managua (15), 75 to 245 mm.; San Francisco (1), 150 mm.; Jeni- cero (13), 50 to 225 mm.; Cisplaya (4), 90 to 110 mm.; Granada (6), 150 to I9g5 mm. Cichlasoma dovii Gitinther. |. GUAPOTE. Heros dovia Ginther, Proc. Zodl. Soc., Lond., 1864, 154, Lake Nicaragua; Gill and Bransford, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1877, 183. « Head 2.5 to 2.6; depth-2.5 to 2.6; D. xviti—12 or 13; A. Vit or vili-8 or g; scales 7-35-11. Body elongate, not much compressed ; dorsal region little elevated; profile slightly concave above eyes, the rest convex; mouth large, the gape oblique; end of maxillary reach- ing vertical from front of orbit, its length 2.1 to 2.3 in head; lower jaw the longer, mandible 1.6 to 1.8 in length of head; lips thick, the lower with free border; teeth in jaws in one series; anterior 2 of upper jaw enlarged, two teeth on each side of anterior portion of lower jaw enlarged; teeth all conical; snout long, pointed, its length 2.4 to 2.6 in head; preorbital broad, 4.5 to 5.0 in head; postorbital 2.2 to 2.3; gill rakers 3 +9 or 10; cheek broad, covered by 10 rows of scales; premaxillary process to posterior part of orbit 1.5 to 1.7 in head; eye 5.2 to 5.7 in head; dorsal and anal fins low, the spines weak, longest dorsal spine about 3.7 in head; longest anal spine about 3.9; soft rays of dorsal reach middle of caudal in largest specimens, in smaller ones to base of caudal; pectoral short, its tip not reaching past tip of ventral, length 1.7 to 1.9 in head; tip of ventrals not reaching first anal spine, length of ventral 1.7 to 1.9 in head; origin of dorsal to tip of snout 2.4 to 2.5 in head; a line from margin of upper lip to base of | last anal ray passes just above base of pectoral to middle of caudal, midway between lower margin of orbit to base of pectoral; male Juty, 1907. FisHes orf Great Lakes, NICARAGUA— MEEK. 121 develops the nuchal hump; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.5 in head ; caudal fin rounded. Color dark olivaceous; six or seven dark bands; lateral band more or less broken into blotches; body and head of males with numer- ous small, black spots, those on body forming longitudinal lines along rows of scales; vertical fins spotted; females without the small, black spots; a dark band downward and backward from the eye; a dark spot above base of pectoral and one on its base; vertical fins unspotted. The dark caudal spot is more prominent on the females. This is the largest Cichlid in the lakes of Nicaragua. It grows to a length of about 50 cm. Managua (11), 170 to 405 mm.; Granada (4), 145 to 150 mm. _Erythrichthus subgen. nov. (Type, Heros citrinellus Ganther.) Cichlasoma granadense sp. nov. Type, No. 5951, F. M. N. H.; length, 155 mm.; Lake Nicaragua, Granada, Nicaragua. Head 2.5 to’ 2.6; depth 2.1 to 2.2; D. xvi, 11 or 12; A. vil, 7 to 9; scales 7-31-12. Body moderately robust; dorsal region slightly elevated; profile slightly concave above eyes; nuchal region but little developed; mouth small; maxillary reaching slightly more than half-way to front of orbits, its length 3.3 to 3.5 in head; mandi- ble 2.7 to 2.8; snout 2.5 to 2.7 in head; preorbital 4.2 to 4.6; post- orbital 2.5 to 2.6; diameter of eye 3.8 to 4.0; eye to lower margin of subopercle 2.6 to 2.9; teeth small, pointed, the anterior ones slightly enlarged ; lips moderately thick, the lower with its edge free; gill rakers short, 4+8; cheeks with 4 rows of scales; spinous dorsal very low, its last spine 3.4 to 3.7 in head; last anal spine 3.0 to 3.2 in head; soft rays of dorsal and anal not much produced, their tips seldom reaching middle of caudal; origin of dorsal fin to tip of snout 2.2 to 2.3 in body; base of anal 3.7 to 3.9 in body; pectoral fin reaching second or third anal spine, 1.3 to 1.4 in head; ventral fin 1.2 in head; caudal fin short, rounded. Color very dark, sides with 7 dark bars, no distinct lateral spot; caudal spot present. This species differs from C. citrinellum in the smaller mouth, lower dorsal fin, the larger eye, and darker coloration. Managua (2), 135 to 145 mm.; San Francisco (4), 100 to 150 mm.; Jenicero (1), 150 mm.; Granada (3), 140 to r50 mm, Cichlasoma citrinellum Génther. MojJARRA CONTARA. Heros cttrinellus Ginther, Proc. Zoél. Soc., Lond., 1864, 153. Lake 122 FIELD CoLuMBIAN MuseuM— Zoo ocy, Vot. VII. Nicaragua; Lake Managua: Gill & Bransford, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1877, 182, Lake Nicaragua. Heros bastlaris Gill & Bransford, 1. c. 182, Lake Nicaragua. Head 2.5 to 2.7; depth 1.8 to 2.3; D. xvi to xvi, 11 to 13; A. vi to vill, 7 to 9; scales 8-32-11. Body compressed, profile slightly concave at interorbital; dorsal region elevated; mouth moderate, its gape oblique; end of maxillary not reaching vertical from front of orbit, its length 2.8 to 3.2 in head; mandible strong, its length 2.3 to 2.6 in head; preorbital broad, 3.5 to 4.8 in head; postorbital 2.2 to 2.4; diameter of eye 3.9 to 4.6; distance from lower margin of orbit to lower edge of subopercle 2.3 to 2.8; distance from tip of snout to scales on nape 1.8 to 2.0 in head; gill rakers 3 +10; cheeks with five rows of scales; lower lip with margin free; origin of dorsal fin above base of pectoral, its distance from end of snout 2.2 to 2.4 in body; dorsal spines increase in length rapidly to fifth spine, then gradually to last spine; length of last dorsal spine 2.3 to 3.0 in head; last anal spine 2.2 to 3.0 in head; base of anal fin 3.3 to 3.7 in body; middle rays of soft dorsal and anal attenuated, in some of the larger specimens . (z80 mm.) these filaments reaching nearly to end of caudal fin; pec- toral fin short, its tip not reaching anal fin in some of the larger indi- viduals, to-fourth anal spine in some smaller ones (100 mm.); length of pectoral 1.0 to 1.2 in head; ventral with rays produced, length 1 to 1.2 in head; tips of ventrals reaching third to fifth anal spine; caudal peduncle deeper than long, its depth 2.5 to 2.8 in head, its length 3.1 to 3.8 in head; caudal fin rounded, its middle rays slightly emarginate. Color variable, typical color dark olivaceous; sides with 7 dark bars; usually a dark spot on 4th bar just below the lateral band; on larger individuals (180 mm.) scarcely a trace of this spot, on smaller individuals (g0 mm.) a spot on each bar, giving the appearance of an interrupted lateral band; a black caudal spot above lateral line; ver- tical fins plain or with a few faint dark spots. This species is very abundant in Lake Tiscapa, Nicaragua. The above description is based on a number of individuals ranging from 100 to187 mm. This species is also very abundant in Lake Managua and Lake Nicaragua. It is the only Cichlid inhabiting Lake Tiscapa, so far as known. Of all the species fishes in these lakes, this one is by far the most variable. 1 made many repeated efforts to divide this material listed below in from two to a half-dozen or more species, but in all cases I | was unable to find any tangible constant characters to define them. To ver JuLty, 1907. Fisues of Great LAKEs, NICARAGUA— MEEK. 123 regard them as more than one species meant only to limit the number by the material at hand, and so I have lumped them all in one. The fact that no red forms were found in Lake Tiscapa and Lagoon Jenicero led me to believe that there was possibly one form or species in which rubrism did not occur, but I found myself unable to dis- cover any constant character or characters to separate it from the others, except on color alone. As to form, some individuals are very deep, others quite elongate. On some with normal color there are well defined lateral bars but no trace of a lateral spot, on other spect- mens of same size or larger, the lateral blotch is well defined. On some of the more elongate forms (of about 140 mm.) from Lake ~ Nicaragua the nuchal hump is well developed, while on many of the larger individuals it is quite absent. There were no markings or pecu- liarities that I was able to correlate with sex or size. Itis possible that more than one species should be recognized here, and no doubt such will some day be the case, especially if some enthusiastic student of fishes has at his command a far less amount of material than I have had the opportunity to examine. Dark forms:— Momotomba (9), 65 to 195 mm.; Managua (77), go to 280 mm.; Tiscapa (21), 110 to 180 mm.; San Francisco (15), 65 to 155 mm.; Jenicero (11), 50 to 150 mm.; Granada (61), 130 to 250 mm,; Cisplaya (5), 40 to 120 mm. Red forms:— Momotomba (1), 265; Managua (17), 160 to 260 mm. Granada (29), 130 to 260. Cichlasoma dorsatum sp. nov. Type, No. 5971, F. M. N. H.; length, 179 mm.; Lake Managua, Managua, Nicaragua. _ Head 2.4 to 2.5; depth 2.1 to 2.2; D. xv, 11; A. vu, 8; scales 7-32-11. Body deep, dorsal region elevated, profile slightly concave; nuchal region slightly gibbous; jaws subequal; lips very broad, the lower with free margin; anterior teeth enlarged, those of upper jaw the larger; snout moderately pointed, 2.4 to 2.7 in head; preorbital 4.3 to 4.5; postorbital 2.4 to 2.5; diameter of eye’3.6 to 4.11; eye to margin of subopercle 2.7 to 3.1; mouth moderate, slightly oblique; — maxillary nearly reaching vertical from anterior of eye, its length 2.7 to 2.9 in head; mandible 2.3 to 2.4; interorbital 2.9 to 3.1; snout to _ scales on nape 1.9 to 2.0; cheeks with four rows of scales; dorsal fin rather low, its last spine 2.3 to 2.6 in head; middle rays of dorsal fin . _ reaching to middle of caudal fin, those of anal shorter; origin of dorsal to tip of snout 2.1 to 2.2 in body; base of anal fin 3.7 to 3.8 in body, its last spine 2.4 to 2.7 in head; ventral fins reaching third anal spine, 124 FIELD COLUMBIAN MusEuM— Zo6LoGy, VoL. VII. 1.2 to 1.4 in head; pectoral fin long, its tip reaching soft rays of anal, 1.1 to 1.2 in head; length of caudal peduncle 3.4 to 4.0 in head, its depth 2.6 to 2.7; soft dorsal, anal and caudal with scales extending on basal third. Color dark olivaceous; sides with seven black cross bands, the fourth darkest, but without definite black lateral blotch; a black spot on upper half of base of caudal; fins unspotted. The lips of this species are quite similar to those of the following species. The fish, however, is deeper, and with dorsal region more elevated. It also has a shorter snout. Managua (3), 115, 179; Granada (1), 200mm.; 2 Fenicets (1),95 mm. Cichlasoma erythreum (Giinther). Heros erythreus Ginther, Fishes Cent. Amer., 457, Pl. Lxxv, fig. _ 2, 1869, Lake Managua. Head 2.56; depth 2.36; D. xvii—11; A. vil, 9; scales, 7-32-11. Body rather elongate, dorsal region not much elevated; profile slightly concave in supraorbital region; nuchal region slightly gibbous; jaws subequal; lips thick, the lower with free margin; center of each lip with a slight prominence; anterior teeth of upper jaw enlarged, rather wide set; anterior teeth of lower jaw similar but smaller; snout rather pointed, its length 2.10 in head; preorbital 4.03 in head; postorbital 2.63 in head; diameter of eye 4.96; eye to margin of subopercle, 2.58; - mouth moderate, slightly oblique; maxillary not reaching vertical from anterior margin of orbit, its length 2.74 in head; mandible 2.45; interorbital 2.91; snout to scales on nape 1.80; cheeks with four rows of scales; dorsal fin rather low, its last spine 2.68 in head; middle rays of dorsal fin produced, their tips reaching past middle of caudal fin; those of anal fin to first third of caudal; origin of dorsal to tip of snout 2.25 in body; base of anal fin 3.66 in body, its last spine 2.85 in head; ventrals reaching third anal spine, 1.24 in head; length of caudal peduncle, 3.60 in head, its depth 2.82. Color red with a yellowish tinge; some scales on the body dark; tips of soft dorsal rays black; all other fins red. The lips of this individual have each a slight triangular protuber- ance, suggesting the triangular flap of C. lobochilus and C. labiatum. One individual taken in Lake Managua, near Granada, length 224 mm. Cichlasoma labiatum (Ginther). Heros labiatus Ginther, Proc, Zoédl. Soc., Lond., 1864, 27, Pl. tv, . fig. 1, Lake Nicaragua: Gill & Bransford, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1877, 182. Juty, 1907. FisHes or Great Lakes, NICARAGUA— MEEK. 125 Head 2.4; depth 2.3 to 2.5; D. xvi to xvii 10 to 12; A. vu, 8; scales 7-32-11. Body elongate, in general form like the preceding; maxillary 2.8 to 2.9 in head; snout 2.2 to 2.4; mandible 2.2 to 2.4; interorbital 3.6 to 3.9; preorbital 4.3 to 4.6; postorbital 2.4 to 2.7; diameter of eye 4.4 to 4.6; eye to subopercle 2.8 to 3.0; lips and denti- tion as in the preceding species; last dorsal spine 2.7 to 3.0 in head; last anal spine 2.5 to 2.8; pectoral 1.3 to 1.4; ventral 1.3 to 1.5; length of caudal peduncle 3.8 to 4.2, its depth 2.8 to 3.1; origin of dor- sal to snout 2.1 to 2.3 in body; base of anal 3.8 to 4.0; snout to scales on nape 1.8 to 1.9 in head; scales on cheeks usually in 3 rows, seldom in 4 rows; gill rakers 4+10 or 11. Color red to nearly black; some individuals with only tips of caudal and dorsal fins with black; others with small patches of red on ventral region; darkest individuals with traces of black bars and spots on side, suggesting markings of the following species, with which this species may prove to be identical. The specimens seen and collected by me average smaller than those of following species, but the grada- tion in color and general appearance of the material examined by me is not sufficient to justify the uniting of these two species. Granada (8), 125 to 195 mm. Cichlasoma: lobochilus (Giinther). Heros lobochilus Ginther, Fishes Cent. Amer., 487, Pl. xxv, fig. 1, 1869, Lake Managua, Head 2.4; depth 2.3 to 2.4; D. xvi or xvi, ro to 12; A. vu, 7 or 8; scales 8-32~11. Body elongate, dorsal region moderately elevated, declining gradually to the tail; profile straight to nape; the nape gibbous or not; head narrow, rather pointed; mouth oblique, the maxillary not reaching vertical from anterior margin of orbit, its length 2.6 to 2.8 in head; snout 2.2 to 2.4; mandible 2.2 to 2.4; pre- orbital 3.9 to 4.4, being deeper in the larger individuals; postorbital 2.6 to 2.8; diameter of eye 4.6 to 5.1; distance from eye to margin of subopercle 2.5 to 3.1; interorbital 3.1 to 3.8; tip of snout to scales of nape 1.7 to 1.9; lips thick, each with a long triangular flap; anterior teeth in each jaw somewhat enlarged and wide set; scales on cheek in four rows; dorsal spines increasing rapidly to 4” spines, then gradually to last spine; last dorsal spine 2.7 to 3.4 in head, the spines being shorter in the larger individuals; the last anal spine 2.8 to 3.4; the base of anal fin 4 to 4.1 in head; middle rays of soft dorsal and anal produced, their tips reaching nearly to or past middle of caudal; pectoral fins reaching from 2” to 4” anal spine, length 1.4 to 1.5 in head; ventrals reaching 2” to 5” anal spine, length 1.4 to 1.6; a line 126 FieELD CoLUMBIAN MuseEuM— Zo6LoGy, Vot. VII. drawn from meeting of jaws to base of last anal ray passes across upper third of base of pectoral; to middle of base of caudal passing nearly midway between eye and base of pectoral. Color light olivaceous, sides with 7 dark bars; a black blotch on fourth bar under lateral line; a black spot on upper half of base of caudal; soft dorsal, anal and caudal fins, usually with small, dark spots; ventral dusky; middle of each scale lighter than the rest, giving more or less distinct lines along the rows of scales. The lateral and caudal spots as distinct on large as on small individuals. Managua (19), 130 to 240 mm.; Granada (4), 125 to 135 mm. Archocentrus. Cichlasoma centrarchus (Gill & Bransford). Heros centrarchus Gill & Bransford, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci:, Phila., 1877, 185, Lake Nicaragua. Head 2.6 to 2.8; depth 1.9 to 2.1; D. xv or xvi, 8 or 9; A. Ix. or xX, 7 to 9; scales 6-28-11. Body deep, compressed; profile nearly evenly convex; mouth small, little oblique; fold of the lower lip continuous; snout 3.0 to 3.5 in head; maxillary 3.2 to 3.6; mandible 2.4 to 2.6; preorbital 6.0 to 7.0; postorbital 2.1 to 2.3; interorbital 2.4 to 2.5; diameter of eye 3.4 to 3.6; eye to subopercle 2.8 to 3.2; gill rakers 8+17; dorsal spines rather light, last dorsal spine 2.0 to 2.3 in head; last anal spine 2.0 to 2.2; origin of dorsal fin to snout 2.1 to 2.4 in body; base of anal 2.3 to 2.6; caudal peduncle short, its length 3.6 to 4.4 in head, its depth 2.1 to 2.3; soft dorsal and anal scaly at base on interradial membranes; caudal fin rounded, its middle rays slightly emarginate. Color olivaceous; sides with 7 dark vertical bars; a dark caudal spot; opercle with one or two black blotches; pectorals light; other fins dark or dusky, without spots. Very abundant in sluggish water. Largest specimen taken 150 mm, Momotomba (3), 90 to too mm.; San Francisco (1), 95 mm.; Jenicero (66), 27 to 150 mm.; Cisplaya (18), 45 to 120 mm, Thorichthys, Cichlasoma rostratum (Gill & Bransford). Heros rostratus Gill & Bransford, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1877, 181, Lake Nicaragua. JuLy, 1907. Fishes oF GREAT Lakes, NICARAGUA— MEEK. 127 Head 2.3 to 2.4; depth 2.1 to 2.2; D. Xvi or XVII, ro or 11; A. vi, 7 or 18; scales 7-32-11. Body deep, compressed, profile nearly straight; snout long, pointed, 2.1 to 2.2 in head; mouth, nearly horizontal; maxillary not reaching vertical from eye, its length 3.2 to 3.4 in head; mandible 2.4 to 2.6; preorbital 3.7 to 4.0; post- orbital 2.7 to 2.9; diameter of eye 3.5 to 3.7; interorbital 3.5 to 3.7; snout to scales on nape 1.6 to 1.7; lower lip with a frenum; eye to lower margin of subopercle 2.7 to 2.9; dorsal fin high, its last spine 2.3 to 2.7 in head; last anal spine 2.3 to 2.8; gill rakers 5 +15; origin of dorsal fin to tip of snout 2.0 to 2.2 in body; base of anal 3.8 to 3.9; pectoral fin very long, reaching middle of soft portion of anal, its length 1.0 to 1.2 in head; ventral reaching third or fourth anal spine, 1.3 to 1.4 in head; scales on cheeks in 5 or 6 rows; length of caudal peduncle 3.4 to 3.6 in head, its depth 2.8 to 3.0; caudal fin slightly forked; nuchal hump developed on larger specimens (160 mm.). Color light olivaceous, sides with six indistinct dark vertical bars; no dark band on the side; a dark lateral and a dark caudal spot; soft dorsal and anal with light spots; caudal profusely spotted or barred; upper and the lower jaws very dark or black. This species may possibly prove to be the males of the following: Managua (3), 135 to 160 mm.; San Francisco (8), 110 to 145 mm.; Granada (18), 155 to 170; Jenicero (6), 100 to 170 mm.; Cisplaya (6), 160 to 170. Cichlasoma longimanus (Ginther). Heros longimanus Ginther, Fishes Cent. Amer., 453, Pl. Lxxu, fig. 2, 1869, Lake Nicaragua: Gill & Bransford, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1877, 182, Lake Nicaragua. Head 2.4 to 2.5; depth 1.9 to 2.0; D. xvi or xvil, 9 or 10; A. vil 7 or 8; scales 6-30-11. In form and general appearance this species resembles the preceding; snout 2.2 to 3.5 in head; maxillary 3.1 to 3.2; mandible 2.4 to 2.6; preorbital 3.5 to 3.8; postorbital 2.4 to 2.5; diameter of eye 3.1 to 3.8; eye to subopercle 2.4 to 2.6; interorbital 2.8 to 2.9; snout to scales on nape 1.8 to 1.9; last dorsal spine 2.2 to 2.6; last anal spine 2.1 to 2.5; pectoral 1.0; ventral 1.0 to 1.2; length of caudal peduncle 2.9 to 3.2; depth of caudal peduncle 2.4 to 2.5; origin of dorsal to tip of snout 2.1 to 2.2 in body; base of anal fin 3.2 to 3.4; lower lip with a frenum; caudal fin slightly forked; no nuchal hump on largest specimens (155 mm.). Color dark olivaceous; sides with six or 7 indistinct vertical bars; a dark band from eye to lateral spot; no distinct caudal spot; posterior 128 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM — ZoG6LoGy, VoL. VII. portions of dorsal and anal fins with light spots; caudal fin plain or with very few light spots. The individuals of this species in the collection range in length from 45 mm. to 165 mm. An examination of 6 of the larger ones to determine sex showed these to be females. I was unable to determine positively the sex of the younger individuals. I also examined a number of individuals of the preceding species, all of which proved to be males. It is quite probable that C. rostratum and C. longima- nus are the same species, the former being males, the latter females. The material that I have examined is insufficient to positively de- termine this point, and so I have preferred to recognize the two species rather than substitute one doubt for another by combining them. Momotomba (1), roo mm.; Managua (5); 100 to 125 mm.; San Francisco (9), 90 to 125 mm.; Jenicero (55), 45 to 155 mm.; Cis- playa (12), 100 to 165 mm. Theraps. Cichlasoma nigritum sp. nov. Type, No. 5979, F. M. N. H.; length, 142 mm.; Lake Nicaragua, Granada, Nicaragua. Head 2.95; depth 2.09; D. xvi, 12; A. vit, 9; scales 8-32-12. Body deep, compressed, dorsal region elevated, profile steep, evenly convex, with slight interorbital depression; mouth small with conical teeth, the anterior ones slightly the larger; maxillary not reaching vertical from front of orbit, its length 3.62 in head; snout 2.41; mandible 2.89; preorbital 4.01; postorbital 2.58; diameter of eye 3-35; distance of eye to lower margin of subopercle 2.58; interorbital 2.68; tip of snout to scales of nape 2.76; lower lip with a broad frenum; scales on cheek in five rows; origin of dorsal fin over base of pectoral, its distance from tip of snout 2.27 in body; dorsal spines increase rapidly to fifth, then gradually to last one; last dorsal spine 1.90 in head; last anal spine 1.72; base of anal fin 3.68 in body; middle rays of dorsal and anal fins.reaching past middle of caudal; pectoral short, 1.2 in head, its tips not reaching first anal spine; ventrals 1.05 in head, their tips reaching third anal spine; caudal fin rounded, its middle slightly marginate. Color dark olivaceous, plain; middle of scales darkest, forming faint lateral stripes; no lateral or caudal blotch; no dark lateral band; soft dorsal with few dark spots; all of the fins except pectorals dark. One specimen 142 mm, in length. -Juty, 1907. FisHes oF Great Lakes, NICARAGUA— MEEK. 129 This species resembles the two preceding species. It has, however, a much less gibbous profile, a deeper body, and different coloration. ‘ , Cichlasoma nicaraguense (Ginther). Heros nicaraguensis Gunther, Proc. Zoél. Soc., Lond., 1864, 153, Lake Nicaragua: Gill & Bransford, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1787, 184, Lake Nicaragua. Head 2.8 to 3.0; depth 2.4 to 2.5; D. xvii or XIX, 10 or 11; A. vill or 1X, 7 or 8; scales 7-33-12. Body elongate, compressed ; profile very steep, in individuals with nuchal hump developed; profile nearly vertical; mouth small, nearly horizontal; snout 2.5 to 2.7; maxillary 3.0 to 3.6; mandible 2.6 to 2.7; preorbital 3.1 to 4.0; postorbital 2.4 to 2.6; interorbital 2.1 to 3.0; diameter of eye 3.0 to 3.07; eye to subopercle 2.0 to 2.6; last dorsal spine 2.0 to 2.2; last anal spine 1.9 to 2.1; soft dorsal and anal rays reaching nearly to middle of caudal; pectorals short, not reaching first anal spine, 1.1 to 1.2 in head; ventrals 0.9 to 1.0 in head, reaching from first to fourth anal spine; original of dorsal to tip of snout 2.4 to 2.5 in body; base of anal 3.4 to 3.5; length of caudal peduncle 2.1 to 2.4 in head, its depth 2.3 to 2.5; caudal fin slightly forked. Color olivaceous, sides with six or seven faint vertical bars, most conspicuous in the young (95 mm.); no distinct longitudinal band; a prominent dark lateral spot; no caudal spot. In the larger in- dividuals (190 mm.) the bars and lateral blotch inconspicuous; vertical fins with many dark spots. The nuchal hump is very prom- _inent on the larger individuals I have examined, all of which are males. Momotomba (5), roo to 120 mm.; Managua (11), 80 to 135 mm.; Granada (13), 155 to 205 mm. Cichlasoma balteatum (Gill & Bransford). Heros balteatus Gill & Bransford, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1877, 184, Lake Nicaragua. Head 3.0 to 3.1; depth 2.5 to 2.7; D. xix, 10; A. vill, 7 or 8; scales 7-32-12. In general form this species somewhat resembles the preceding; snout 2.4 to 2.5 in head; maxillary 3.2 to 3.4; mandible 2.6 to 2.8; preorbital 3.3 to 3.9; postorbital 2.5 to 2.6; interorbital 2.4 to 2.6; diameter of eye 3.1 to 3.3; eye to subopercle 2.3 to 2.6; longest dorsal spine 2.1 to 2.2; longest anal spine 1.9 to 2.9; length of caudal peduncle 2.4 to 2.6; depth of caudal peduncle 2.4 to 2.6; pectoral 1.1 to 1.2; ventral 1.0 to 1.2; origin of dorsal to snout 2.4 to 2.5; base of anal, 3.4 to 3.5. 130 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM— Zo6LoGy, VoL. VII. Color light olivaceous, a dark band from eye to base of caudal ending in a black caudal spot. The few dark blotches at base of dorsal indicate the possible presence of vertical bars in the young; vertical fins unspotted. Three specimens, all males, from Lake Nicaragua near Granada. Length 154, 155 and 160 mm. respectively. One 97 mm. from Lake ‘Managua at Momotomba. So far as I can determine, all specimens listed under the preceding species are females. It is very probable that these two species should be united, C. nicaraguense being based on females, C. balteatum on the males of the same species. The material examined by me is only sufficient to suggest this ieee. but hardly sufficient to warrant my making it. Managua (6), go to 115 mm.; Granada (3), 155 to 165 mm. Genus Neetroplus Gunther. Anterior teeth in each jaw truncate, incisor-like. Neetroplus nematopsis (Giinther). Neetroplus nicaraguensis Gill & Bransford, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1877, Nicaragua. Head 3.0 to 3.3; depth 2.3 to 2.4; D. XvilI or XIX, g or Io; A. vi or vil, 7 or 8; scales 7-33-11. Body elongate, compressed ; profile steep; mouth small, nearly horizontal, the snout prominent, overhanging the lower jaw; lower lip with a frenum; snout 2.1 in head; maxillary 2.7 to 3.7; mandible 2.6 to 3.0; preorbital 3.3 to 3.7; postorbital 2.5 to 3.0; interorbital 2.1 to 2.4; diameter of eye 2.7 to 3.2; eye to subopercle 2.0 to 2.3; last dorsal spine 1.9 to 2.1; last anal spine 1.7 to 1.9; origin of dorsal to tip of snout 2.4 to 2.9 in body; base of anal 3.8 to 4.1; pectoral fin short, 1.1 to 1.3 in head; ventrals 8 or 9; gill rakers 2 +8; caudal peduncle long, its length 2.4 to 2.5 in head, its depth 2.1 to 2.3; caudal fin subtruncate. Color dark olivaceous; a dark bar downward and backward from base of 9th and roth dorsal spines; fins all plain. Momotomba (1), 97 mm.; Managua (33), 45 to 135 mm. Genus Herotilpia Pellegrin. Anterior teeth in each jaw incisor-like, tricuspid; occasionally a few of the anterior teeth of outer series truncate or slightly trilobed. Juty, 1907. Fisues or Great Lakes, NicARAGUA— MEEK. 131 Herotilpia multispinosa (Gunther). PICACULA. Heros multispinosus Gunther, Fishes of Cent. Amer., 453, pl. LXXIV, fig. 2, 1869, Lake Managua. Head 2.7 to 2.9; depth 1.9 to 2.0; D. xix, 8; A. XI or xi, 7; * seales 6-29-11. Body deep robust; profile evenly convex; mouth small, little oblique; snout 2.7 to 3.0 in head; maxillary 3.5 to 4.2; mandible 2.7 to 3.0; preorbital 4.9 to 5.3; postorbital 2.1 to 2.3; interorbital 2.0 to 2.3; diameter of eye 3.0 to 3.3; eye to subopercle 2.9 to 3.0; dorsal fin rather low, last spine 2.5 to 2.7 in head; longest anal spine 2.1 to 2.7; pectoral fins short, 1.1 to 1.2 in head; ventral fins 0.9 to 1.1; origin of dorsal to tip of snout 2.2 to 2.3 in body; base of anal 2.4 to 2.5; caudal peduncle short, its length 4.0 to 5.7 in head, its depth 1.8 to 2.1; caudal fin rounded. Color olivaceous; sides with 7 broad dark bands; a dark band from eye to lateral spot; a dark caudal spot; fins dark, unspotted. Momotomba (1), 75 mm.; Granada (1), 65 mm.; Jenicero (38), 45 to 110 mm.; Cisplaya (11), 60 to 115 mm. Family Gobiide. Genus Philypnus Cuy, & Val. Body elongate, terete anteriorly, compressed posteriorly; head elongate, depressed; mouth large, the lower jaw the longer; teeth in jaws small, slender, recurved, the outer scarcely enlarged; teeth on vomer villiform, in a broad crescent-shaped patch; gill openings extending forward to below posterior angle of mouth, the isthmus very narrow; scales ctenoid, covering most of the head; ventrals separate, the rays 1.5. Philypnus dormitor Lacépéde. GUAVINA. Eleotris longiceps Ginther, Proc. Zodl. Soc., Lond., 1864, 151, Lake Nicaragua: Giinther, Fishes Cent. Amer., 440, 1868, Lake Nicaragua. Philypnus longiceps Gill & Bransford, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, 181, Lake Nicaragua. _ Head 2.7 to 3.0; depth 5.2 to 5.7; D. vi or vil, 1.9 or 1.10; A. I.9 or 1.10; scales 52 to 63. Body elongate; lower jaw the longer; maxillary 1.8 to 2.4 in head; interorbital 4.5 to 4.9; diameter of eye 5.3 to 6.1. Color dark olivaceous, much mottled with darker; young with a dark irregular band on sides, this band much broken and quite obsolete 132 “Fretp Caucus Mustum — Zostosy, Vou: VIL. in large individuals. The young (55 mm.) from ‘the Wicntamite Tales have a less developed lateral band than specimens of same size from Tehuantepec and San Francisco in southern Mexico. The Nicaragua - specimens are also darker. This species grows to a length of about 50 cm. and is regarded as a very good food fish. Itis not es comer, ‘in the markets. - Momotomba (5), 55 to 195 mm.; Granada (sy, 150 ta 2351 mm. Managua (14), 118 to 228 mm. — FieELD CoLuMBIAN MUSEUM. ie PusiicatTion No. 124. ZOOLOGICAL SERIES. Vo. VII, No.s. NOTES ON FRESH-WATER FISHES FROM MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA BY SerH EuGene MEEK, Assistant Curator of Department. CHARLES B. Cory, Curator of Department of Zodlogy. Cuicaco, U. S. A. October, 1997.5 o, ~~ ~ NOTES ON FRESH-WATER FISHES FROM MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. By SETH EUGENE MEEK. During the past year and a half the Museum has received from Mexico and Central America several collections of fresh-water fishes. The Central American countries represented are Guatemala, Beliz, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. In the following paper those from each country are listed separately. The largest collections are from Guate- mala and are listed first. These collections were made during January and February, 1906, as follows: Collections made by the writer are from the Motagua River at El Rancho, Lake Amatitlan, Mazatenango ~. San José del Idolo and Caballo Blanco; a collection made by Dr. N Dearborn, Rio Motagua, Los Amates; a collection made by C. M. Bar- ber in Lake Atitlan. The Rio Motagua at El Rancho and at Los Amates flows with a swift current over sandy and rocky bottom. It is a large stream, but does not appear to be well supplied with fishes, especially in its upper _ course. Its fishes were studied some two years ago by Newton Miller*, who has given an excellent account of the ichthyology of this river, which is the largest one in the Republic. The water-courses visited by the writer at Mazatenango and San José del Idolo, are swift mountain streams, flowing for the most part over rocky bottoms. The Rio Tilapa at Caballo Blanco drains the western slope of the volcano Santa Maria, and since the eruption of 1902 it has been almost without fishes. At Caballo Blanco this river is very wide, but averages in February less than a footin depth. It is overloaded with sediment from the ashes thrown out during that erup- tion. A collection of fishes was made in the Rio Isquia a short dis- tance south of Caballo Blanco. In these the current was sluggish, and fishes were more abundant in them than in the waters of the higher lands. The physical features and the biology of the lakes Amatitlan and Atitlan will be described in a paper now in preparation. The study of these lakes was made under the patronage of the Guatemalan government. I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. Combs, U. S. Min ister to Mexico, his secretary, Mr. Brown, and to Mr. Winslow, U. S. * Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1907, pp. 95-124. 133 .134 Fietb CoLuMBIAN MusEuM — Zoouocy, Vot. VII. Consul General, for many courtesies; also to Mr. Hodgson, General Manager, and Mr. Tisdal, Assistant General Manager of the Guate- mala Central Railroad, who very materially aided me in transpor: tation. Family Siluridze. Rhamdia parryi (Eigenmann). Head 4.1 to 4.3 in length of body; depth 4.5 to 4.8; snout to aurea 2.7 to 2.8; length of adipose fin 3.3 to 3.6; snout 2. 4 to 2.8 in head; interorbital 3.3 to 3.6; diameter of eye 4.5 to-4.8; pectoral spine 1.8 to 1.9; base of anal 1.3 to 1.6; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.3 to 2.4; - anal rays 10 or 11; maxillary barbels reaching to middle of base of dorsal fin. Sides with a dark lateral band. Caballo Blanco (5), 85 to 126 mm.; San José del Idolo (1), 130 mm. Rhamdia cabrere Meek. : This species much resembles the preceding. It has a shorter head, - a more slender body, a less elevated dorsal region, and shorter fins. The maxillary barbels.are much shorter, their tips seldom reaching base of pectoral spine, and not to its middle. - Lake Amatitlan (36), 75 to 145 mm. Rhamdia godmani (Giinther). Head 2.25; depth 5.45; D. 1.7; A. 10; snout to dorsal fin 2.88 in body;. length of adipose fin 2.72; maxillary barbels reaching slightly past origin of adipose fin; base of dorsal 1.83 in head; its height 1.68; height of adipose fin 7.45; base of anal 2.90; pectoral spine 2.51; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.58; diameter of eye 6.78; interor- bital 2.58; snout 2.45. Color bluish, ventral region white; a light bar on dorsal fin. This species differs from Rhamdia nicaraguense, which it most reseninits, in having a longer head. One specimen from El] Rancho, 223 mm. Family Characinidze. Astyanax eneus (Giinther). Tetragonopterus fasciatus Ginther, Cat., v, 322, 1864 (part), Hua- muchal; Rio Guacalate; Rio Chisoy, Vera Paz; Mexico; Cor- dova; Guatemala; Central America. Pa * Ocr., 1907. _ Presu-waTer Fisnes — MEEK. 135 Tetragonopterus eneus Ginther, Proc. Zodl. Soc, Lond., 1860, 319, | Oaxaca, Mexico: Ginther, Cat., v, 326, Oaxaca, Mexico: fie . Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub., Zodl. Ser., v, 86, 1904, Rivers of Isthmus of Tehuantepec on both sides of the divide. Tetragonopterus micropthalmus Ginther, Cat., v, 324, 1864, Lake Amatitlan, Guatemala; Pacific Coast of Guatemala; Rio Rimac. Tetragonopterus humilis Ganther, Cat., v, 326, 1864, Lake Amati- tlan, Guatemala. This species is exceedingly variable. In the material listed below I am unable to recognize but one species. El Rancho (80), 70 to 130 mm.; Los Amates (35), 55 to 85 mm.; Lake Amatitlan (46), 50 to 120 mm.; San José del Idolo (35), 55 to 120 mm.; Caballo Blanco (43), 55 to 110 mm. Reeboides guatemalensis (Ginther). This species is quite abundant in lowland streams or bayous where there is little or no current. San José del Idolo (100), 40 to 60 mm.; Caballo Blanco (17), 55 to 8 5 mm. . eee eS Brycon dentex Gunther. None of the specimens taken by me was large. El Rancho (45), 43 to 123 mm.; Los Amates (2), 80 to 90 mm. Family Gymnotidz. Gymnotus carapo Linneus. ANGUIA. Two specimens from outlet of Lake Amatitlan are much darker than a single individual in the collection from Los Amates taken by : Miller. ‘i Los Amates 170 mm., head 8. 50; depth 10.00 in total length; snout 2.79 in head; jaterorbital 2.67; greatest width of head 1.54. Outlet of Lake Amatitlan 146 mm.; head 8.14 in total length; depth 9.15; snout 3.00 in head; interorbital 2.47; head 8.30 in total length; depth 8.00;. snout 2.77 in head; interorbital 2.38; greatest width of head 1.43. These two specimens from Amatitlan are of a dark brownish color, the smaller one has a few darker markings on ventral region, while the 136 Fretp CotumBIAN Museum — Zodétocy, Vot. VII. larger one is profusely covered with small dark spots. One specimen from Los Amates, Guatemala, is of a very light uniform color. No dark or light bars are present on any of these specimens. Two speci- mens in the Museum collection from South America have quite a differ- ent coloration; one is a very dark brownish color crossed by narrow yellowish bars, which are less than half as wide as the interspaces; on the other the yellow bars are much wider and nearly as wide as the interspaces. The darker bars are more or less interrupted by partial light yellow bars. This species is reported as very scarce in the head of the outlet of Lake Amatitlan. It is very tenacious of life and so is prized for the aquarium. It is also regarded as a very superior food fish. Family Poeciliide. Fundulus punctatus (Ginther). JuLUMINA. Head 3.4 to 3.8; depth 3.4 to 3.5; D. 12 to 13; A. 14 to 15; scales 10-32. Body elongate, somewhat robust; snout 3.4 to 3.6 in head; interorbital area slightly convex, its width 2.1 to 2.2 in head; diameter of eye 3.4 to 3.6; origin of dorsal to tip of snout 1.3 to 1.5 in body; base of dorsal 1.7 to 2.1 in head; base of anal 1.6 to 2.0; pectoral not. reaching ventrals, 1.6 to 1.8 in head; ventrals reaching slightly more than half way to anal, 2.3 to 2.5 in head; length of caudal peduncle 1.5 to 1.6 in head, its least depth 1.7 to 1.9 in head. Color dark olivaceous; a rather indistinct dark lateral band, most conspicuous on posterior half of fish, many of the scales on posterior half of body each with a dark spot, making the caudal peduncle irregu- larly spotted; two rows of spots on dorsal near its base, the rest of the fin irregularly covered with small black spots; proximal half of caudal fin with small black spots; other fins pale, unspotted. Mazatenango (7), 60 to 100 mm.; San José del Idolo (2), 65 to 70 mm. Fundulus guatemalensis Giinther. JULUMINA. Fundulus guatemalensis Ginther, Fishes Cent. Amer., 482, pl. LXXxIV, figs. 3 and 4, 1869, Lake Duefias; Amatitlan; Rio Guacalate.* Fundulus pachycephalus Gunther, 1. c.,-482, pl. uxxxiv, fig. 6, Lake Amatitlan. *Probably Fundulus punctatus. 4 ab Sn Mey’ h f ian r : yeh ig by Ae As oa , ' ER AERC are a eas Sage NO 7 d pon 4 goats Sale edink ES OR re gece ESM a Set Age Rg “ NCP STs GA oe ey ae 2 erie, eae ae yee ti ee ” 3 = a Fe di i r “a De oe Oa hg 2 EE OcT., 1907. FRESH-WATER FISHES — MEEK. 137 This species much resembles the former. It differs from that species in having a deeper and more robust body and in having a more uniform coloration. In this species the lateral band is less prominent and there are no, or very few, spots on caudal peduncle and none on dorsal and caudal fins. Head 3.4 to 3.6 in body; depth 2.9 to 3.1; origin of dorsal to snout 1.3 to 1.5; snout 3.4 to 3.6 in head; diameter of eye 3.4 to 3.6; interorbital 2.1 to 2.2; base of dorsal 1.7 to 2.1; base of anal 1.6 to 2.0; pectoral 1.6 to 1.8; ventral 2.3 to 2.5; length of caudal peduncle 1.5 to 1.6; depth of caudal peduncle 1.7 to 1.9; scales 11-35. Lake Amatitlan (53), 50 to 90 mm.; Atitlan (1) 54 mm. Gambusia fasciata Meek. Abundant in lowland streams near Caballo Blanco. The vertical bands on sides vary from 4 to 9. Caballo Blanco (100), 40 to 70 mm. Heterandria pleurospilus (Ginther). Very abundant in lowland streams. The large black spots on the sides distinguish this species from H. /utzt, which it most resembles. This species is only known from the western slope of Isthmus of Te- huantepec and Guatemala, Mazatenango (75), 33 to 60 mm.; San José del Idolo (180), 30 to 75 mm.; Caballo Blanco (18), 35 to 75 mm. Heterandria lutzi Meek. Mr. Miller found this species to be very abundant in the lower course of the Rio Motagua. It is not known to occur on the Pacific slope. El Rancho (24), 30 to 75 mm. Pecilia sphenops Cuvier & Valenciennes. PEscapirTo. Pecilia sphenops Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., xvii1, 130, 1846, Vera Cruz: Ginther, Cat., v1, 344, 1866, Vera Cruz: Garman, (part) Mem., Mus., Comp. Zodl., 1895, 59, pl. iv, fig. 13, Mexico and Central America: Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 1896, 694: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub., Zoél. Ser., v, 153, 1904, Monterey and Rio Balsas to Isthmus of Tehuantepec: Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1907, 107, Rio Motagua from El Rancho to its mouth. 138 FieLD CoLUuMBIAN MusEuM — Zoo.Locy, Vor. VII. Molienisia fasciata Miller & Troschel, Mon. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, 1844, 36, Mexico. Gambusia modesta Troschel, Miller’s Reise in Mexico, iii, 639, 1865, Mexico. Pectlia mexicana Steindachner, Sitzber. Akad. Wiss., Wein, 1863, 178, Southern Mexico: Gunther, Cat., vi, 340, 1866, Chiapam; Duefias; River Choisoy, Vera Paz; Lake Amatitlan: Jordan & Evermann, |. c. 692: B. A. Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1898, Santa Maria, Vera Cruz. Pecilia thermalis* Steindachner, Akad. Wiss., Wein, 1863, 181, Warm springs in Central America. Pecilia chisoyensis Giinther, Cat., vi, 342, 1866, River Choisoy, Vera Paz: Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 693. Pecilia petenensis Giinther, Cat., vi, 342, Lake Peten: Jordan & . Evermann, l. c., 694. Pecilia dov1t Giinther, Cat., vi, 344, 1866, Lake Nicaragua; Lake of Amatitlan: Gill & Bransford, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1877, 183: Jordan & Evermann, |. c., 695. Pecilia limantouri Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., 1900, 129, fig. 10, Rio Tamesin, Tampico: Jordan & Evermann, l. c., 1900, 3153: Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, 320, Victoria, Tamaulipas. Pecilia butlert Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888, 330, Rio Pre- sidio, near Mazatlan: Jordan & Evermann, 1. c., 691: Ever- mann & Goldsborough, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1902, 151, Salt water in Gulf of Tehauntepec, Salina Cruz: Meek, Field Col. Mus. Pub., Zodl. Ser., v., 151, 1904. This species is extremely variable, and is widely distributed. It is found in salt, brackish and fresh water, its vertical range is from sea level to over 6000 feet in Guatemala. Where found it is extremely abundant. It occurs in low, stagnant pools to swift mountain streams. This species is often reported to live in hot springs, and to exist in water near the boiling point. At Laguna, on Lake Amatitlan, are a number of hot springs at the water’s edge. The discharge from these springs forms a rather thin layer of hot water on the surface fora — distance of about 15 meters from the spring. As these fishes approach within a meter or so of the spring they have the appearance of swim- ming in very hot water. The temperature of the water on the surface is scalding hot, while the stratum below is less than 90° F. It is in this *The specimens from San Salvador, warm springs, recorded by Dr. Ginther (Cat., vi, 341, 1866) under this name have been made the basis of a new species, Pacilia salvatoris (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1907, 65) by Mr. Regan. —_ a | - SE Oct., 1907. FRESH-WATER FisHEs — MEEK. 139 lower, cooler stratum that these fishes are found. Mr. Smith of Ohio University caught a lot of these fishes one day and placed them in the hot water of the spring. All of them were killed soon after striking the hot water. These fishes are abundant in the warm water near springs, where they feed on the abundant algae there. It is doubtful if they ever for any length of time endure a temperature of more than to0o° F.. In Guatemala City I was unable to secure a thermometer which would register over 110° F. and so was unable to take the tem- perature of these springs. In many places near the springs one could quickly plunge his hand into the water and easily demonstrate that the surface water was too hot for comfort, while the temperature of the water beneath was not much warmer than that out in the lake. The water in the spring was warm enough to scald chickens, and it would cook eggs soft in about 6 to 8 minutes and fairly hard in about I5 minutes. In water of this temperature, and even much cooler, fishes could not live. Some time since I asked Mr. Regan to examine the types of the several apparently nominal species described by Dr. Ginther. This he kindly did, and in arranging the synonymy above I have not de- parted much from the results of his study of this species. The family to which this species belongs is being monographed by Mr. Regan. El Rancho (85), 29 to 53 mm.; Lake Amatitlan (200), Lake Atit- lan (100), 40 to 95 mm.; San José del Idolo (40), 55 to 110 mm.; Caballo Blanco (21), 50 to 90 mm. Family Atherinidz. Thyrina meeki Miller. . A few individuals of this species were taken in the current of the Rio Motagua at El Rancho. El Rancho (15), 40 to 95 mm. Family Mugilidz. Agonostomus monticola (Bancroft). TRucHA. This species is quite common in clear, swift, rocky streams, many can be seen among the boulders but their capture is difficult. San José del Idolo (1), 82 mm. 140 Fietp CoLUmBIAN Museum — Zoo.ocy, Vot. VII. Family Centropomide. Centropomus nigrescens Giinther. Caballo Blanco (15), 50 to 135 mm. Family Lutianidz. Neomenis argentiventris (Peters). One small specimen taken in fresh water. -Color in life red, in spirits a nearly uniform reddish-brown, lighter in ventral region. Head 2.53; depth 2.53; D. x. 16; A. iii, 8; scales 50; 7 rows of scales between dorsal fin and lateral line; maxillary reaching to ante- rior margin of pupil, its length 2.62 in head; mandible 1.94; snout 3-48; diameter of eye 3.06; interorbital 5.86; longest dorsal spine 2.35; second anal spine 2.23; pectoral eet slightly past vent, 1.27 in head. Caballo Blanco (1), 70 mm. Family Cichlid. Cichlasoma macracanthum (Giinther). San José del Idolo (1), 50 mm.; Caballo Blanco (2). Cichlasoma centrale Meek. Caballo Blanco (1), 103 mm. Cichlasoma trimaculatum (Giinther). This species has a deeper and more compressed body than that of Cichlasoma mojarra Meek. It also has a less pointed snout, smaller mouth, shorter anal base, a narrower preorbital, larger eye, higher dorsal and anal fins, longer pectoral fins, and a deeper caudal peduncle. The dark vertical bars on posterior half of body are also more prom- inent, The following is a comparison of three specimens of nearly equal size of each of these two species. C. trimaculatum: Total length 171 to 200 mm. Head 2.3 to 2.6; — OcT., 1907. FRESH-WATER FisHEs — MEEK. 141 depth 1.8 to 1.9; preorbital 5.6 to 5.7 in head; eye 3.8 to 4.3; last ‘dorsal spine 2.3 to 2.5; last anal spine 2.3 to 2.5; pectoral 1.2 to 1.3; length of caudal peduncle 4.0 to 4.2, its depth 2.1 to 2.2; D. xvi to XViii, 11 or 12; base of anal 3.1 to 3.3. C. mojarra: Total length 200 to 241 mm. Head 2.5 to 2.6; depth 2.1 to 2.2; preorbital 4.9 to 5.1 in head; eye 4.5 to 4.9; last dorsal spine 2.8 to 2.9; last dorsal spine 2.7 to 2.9; pectoral 1.2 to 1.3; length of caudal peduncle 3.6 to 4.0, its depth 2.4 to 2.6; D. xvii or xviii, 11; A. vii, 8; base of anal 3.5 to 3.6 in body. Caballo Blanco (4), 100 to 205 mm. Cichlasoma guttulatum (Ginther). This species is quite abundant in Lake Amatitlan. It is the largest fish in the lake and the one most prized for food. Mr. Regan in his account of this family in the Biol. Cent.-Amer., 20, suggests that Cichlasoma zonatum Meek may be identical with this species. It is, however, a much deeper fish; depth 2.11; depth 2.4 to 2.6 in C. guttulatum. In C. zonatum the profile is much steeper, the dorsal region more elevated, and the mouth smaller and more inferior, than in C. guttulatum. In C. zonatum the dorsal formula is D. xvii, XVili-to or 11; anal vi, 8 org. In the original description the dorsal rays are erroneously given as 6. Lake Amatitlan (100), 70 to 220 mm.; San José del Idolo (4), 50 to 95 mm.; Caballo Blanco (7), 50 to 165 mm. Cichlasoma maculicauda Regan. Cichlasoma manana Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1907, 116, Rio, Motagua, Algeria; Rio Kilagua, Los Amates; Rio Tene- dores. There is little doubt, as suggested by Miller, of the identity of C. -maculicauda and C. manana. The two specimens examined by me agree well with the description given by Regan and by Miller. Los Amates (2), 220 and 230 mm. Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum (Giinther). This species is very abundant in Lake Amatitlan. It is also quite common in Lake Atitlan. It lives near shore in the larger aquatic vegetation, on the tender portions of which it feeds. The inhabitants near Lake Atitlan use them for food. This fish never grows large and being full of small bones it is seldom used for food at Lake Amatitlan. 142 Fietp CoLuMBIAN MusEuM — Zoo.Loey, Vovt. VII. The absence of better fish is the only excuse for eating it at Lake Atitlan. Lake Amatitlan (350), 30 to 1oo mm.; Lake Atitlan (55), 30 to 100 mm. ; Cichlasoma milleri sp. nov. Type no. 5529, F. M.N.H.; length 195 mm.; El Rancho, Guate- mala. Head 3.0 to 3.2; depth 2.4 to 2.6; D. xvii to xix, 10 to 12; A. vi, 8 org; scales 7-32-12. Body oblong, dorsal region little elevated; profile curved, moderately steep, mouth low, moderate; maxillary not reaching vertical from anterior margin of orbit; its length.3.0 to 3.5 in head; lips thick, the lower with margin free, though slightly less free in center than sides; lower jaw slightly the shorter, mandible 2.6 to 2.7 in head; preorbital 3.7 to 4.3; postorbital 2.4 to 2.6; snout 2.1 to 2.5; interorbital 2.6 to 2.9; diameter of eye 3.9 to 4.6; eye to mar- gin of subopercle 2.4 to 2.6; snout to scales on nape 1.8 to 2.3; origin of dorsal to tip of snout 2.4 to 2.5 in body; base of anal 3.9 to 4.2; dorsal spines rather low, the last few spines much the longest; last dorsal spine 2.1 to 2.4 in head, last anal spine 2.1 to 2.4 in head; pec- toral and ventral fins short, their tips not reaching to first anal spine; length of pectoral 1.3 to 1.4 in head; ventral 1.3 to 1.4; length of caudal peduncle 2.3 to 2.5 in head, its depth 2.2 to 2.3; caudal fin trun- cate; no prominent nuchal hump developed on any of the specimens; gill rakers short, 2 + 7. Color olivaceous, the larger individuals (over 115 mm.) much dark- er, sides with six dark vertical bars; a dark lateral band prominent on smaller (less than 115 mm.) individuals, not well defined on the larger individuals, no lateral or humeral spot, sides in larger individuals with light lines along the rows of scales; a dark caudal spot; soft dorsal and anal and caudal fins with light and brownish spots; a narrow dark line from end of maxillary on cheek below eye; usually a few dark spots on cheeks. Named for Mr. Newton Miller, who has much increased our knowledge of Guatemalan Fishes. Rio Motagua, El Rancho, Guatemala (14), 32 to 195 mm. Los Amates, Guatemala (1), 224 mm. Cichlasoma ellioti (Meek). El Rancho (13), 30 to 135 mm. Cichlasoma montaguensis (Giinther). One male 200 mm., three females 115 to 163 mm., eight small ones ih a ANS ak ate PNR PR RI ESR Oy, ce en bP tte a Meeks ey re Se ae. OctT., 1907. PRESH-WATER FisHEs — MEEK. 143 33 to 53 mm., the lateral band more prominent on females than on males; females with a dark band downward and backward from eye, also a dark spot at base of pectoral; vertical fins unspotted; male with small black spots on head and on nuchal region; vertical fins profusely spotted. The small specimens have a very distinct lateral blotch, otherwise they resemble the females. The differences in color in the sexes of this species much resemble those in the sexes of Ctchla- soma dovii Giinther of the great lakes of Nicaragua. Mr. Miller* has incorrectly considered this species the same as Cichlasoma managuensts Gunther, a certainly very different species. This species is close to Cichlasoma fredrichsthalis Heckel, with which it has been identified by Mr. Miller. El Rancho (12), 33 to 200 mm. Family Liognathide. _Gerres peruvianus Cuv. & Val. Caballo Blanco (3), 45 to 60 mm. Eucinostomus californiensis (Gill). Caballo Blanco (3), 65 mm. Family Gobiidz. . Dormitator maculatus (Bloch). Caballo Blanco (3), 38 to 45 mm. Philypnus maculatus (Giinther). Guavina. The dark lateral band on these specimens is more distinct than on specimens from the east side; anal fin usually with 10 rays, occa- sionally 9. San José del Idolo (1), 190 mm.; Caballa Blanco (25), 45 to r20 mm. The following list is made up from four small collections from Costa Rica sent to the Museum by Dr. Anastasio Alfaro, Director of the National Museum of Costa Rica. With a few exceptions they are *Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1907, 119. 144 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM — ZoOLocGy, VOL. VII. from fresh water. The collections are interesting as coming from a region in which the fishes are little known. Family Siluridee. Rhamdia regani sp. nov. Barsupo. Type No. 6019, F. M. N. H.; length 93 mm.; Turrialba, Costa Rica. Head 4.6 to 4.8; depth 5.5 to 5.9; D. 1-6; A.1ror12z. Body elongate; head flattish above covered with smooth skin; lower jaw slightly the longer; width of head 5.8 to 6.5 in body; snout 2.7 to 2.8 in head; eye small, 4.7 to 5.1 in head; interorbital 2.6 to 2.7; snout to origin of dorsal fin 2.6 to 2.7 in body; occipital process very short; fontanelle present, extending nearly to occipital process, bridge be- tween the eyes; maxillary barbels short, reaching about to middle of pectoral fin; base of adipose fin shorter than its distance from dorsal, its length 4.6 to 5.0 in body, its distance from dorsal 4.3 to 4.5 in body; dorsal spine weak;- base of dorsal fin 2.2 to 2.4 in head, its height 1.5 to 1.6; pectoral spine about ¥% length of fin, its length 2.8 to 3.0 in head; inner edge of pectoral spine denticulate. Color greenish olive, head darker, fins all plain. Close to Pime- lodus rogersi Regan. Dr. Alfaro states that one female of this species contained 6500 eggs. Named for Mr. C. T. Regan of the British Mu- seum, who has much increased our knowledge of tropical American fishes. Turrialba, 600 meters (12), 75 to 175 mm.; Rio Tiribi, San José (5), 92 to 140 mm. Rhamdia brachycephalus (Regan). Turrialba (1), 148 mm. Family Cyprinide. Carassius auratus (Linnzus). Prez Dorapo. This species is not a native of Costa Rica, It is the introduced gold fish often seen in aquariums. Costa Rica, Pacific side (1), 124 mm.; San José (in captivity) (1), 112 mm, be Ue ee ee OL a ae ee gs Oe ee ee ee a hee oa ie cl leila — i va ™ bee Bos a eg ae eS ee a OctT., 1907. FRESH-WATER FISHES — MEEK. . 145 Family Characinidz. Astyanax cerstedii (Kroyer). Head 4.16; depth 2.82; base of anal 3.09; anal rays 29; longest dorsal ray equalling length of head; pectoral fin 1.15 in head, its tips reaching ventral; ventrals to anal fin; diameter of eye 2.80 in head; interorbital 2.69. Color greenish olive, a dark silvery lateral band becoming quite black on its posterior half. Turrialba, 600 meters (1), 78 mm.; Rio Siguires (1), 115 mm.; Rio Machuca, 200 meters (1), 116 mm. Astyanax zneus (Giinther). SAaRpINIA. Head 4.15; depth 3.19; base of anal 3.60; anal rays 25; longest dorsal ray 1.11 in head; pectoral fin 1.25 in head, its tip not reaching ventrals. Ventrals not to anal fin; diameter of eye 3.33 in head; in- terorbital 2.50. Color olivaceous, lateral band bluish silvery, not darker on its pos- terior half. Costa Rica, Pacific side (1), 83 mm.; Rio Siguares, Turricares (1), 94 mm. r Reeboides guatemalensis (Giinther). Santo Domingo, 200 meters (2), 103 and r10 mm. Family Peoeciliide. Rivulus flabellicauda Regan. Barspupo RogueRo; RIMoRA. Centers of scales the darker; fins uniform dark, without dark spots; caudal ocelus present. Mr. Regan’s description of this species is so brief that I make this identification with some doubt.* El Guayabo (3), 54 to 63 mm. Gambusia annectens Regan. OLOoMINA. Type No. 6025, F. M. N. H.; length 50 mm.; Turrialba, Costa Rica. Head 3.8 to 3.9; depth 3.3 to 3.6; D.g or1o; A.8org;scales31. Body *The specimen described by me as Cynodontichthys (misprinted Cynodonich- this) a Field Col. Mus. Pub., Zoél. Ser., v, 101, is apparently a Rivulus. 146 Fre_p CotumBIAN Museum — Zootoey, Vou. VII. - father robust; top of head nearly flat; interorbital 1.7 to 1.8 in head; snout 3.7 to 4.0; diameter of eye 2.5 to 2.7; origin of dorsal slightly behind that of anal, and slightly nearer tip of caudal than end of snout; midway between base of caudal and base of pectoral fin, its distance from tip of snout 1.5 to 1.6 in body; pectoral fin reaching slightly past base of ventrals, 1.3 in head; depth of caudal peduncle 1.5 in head. Color greenish olive, middle of each scale with a dark spot forming longitudinal lines along rows of scales; females with no bars or lateral band; males with a broken lateral band crossed by rather indistinct bars; dorsal fin in both sexes with a row of black dots near its base, and with second row at about basal third of fin, other fins plain. Among the specimens from San José are two males, length of each 31 mm.; anal fin very long, 2.46 in body. The smallest female in the collection is 37 mm. in length. Dr. Alfaro states that this species feeds on the larve of mosquitoes. Turrialba, 600 meters (1), 50 mm.; Pacific side (2), 45 mm.; San José (16), 31 to 58 mm.; Quebrada de los Negros (1), 59 mm.; San Isidro (1), 56 mm. : Gambusia terrabensis Regan. OLOMINA. Type No. 6227, F. M.N. H.; length §2.5 mm.; Los Canas, Alajue- la, Costa Rica. Head 4; depth 3.3; D. 10; A. 8; scales 28. Body robust; top of head flat; interorbital 1.7 in head; snout short 3.7 in head; diameter of eye 2.9; origin of dorsal over that of anal, its distance from tip of caudal slightly greater tian from tip of snout; its distance from tip of snout 1.7 in body; pectoral not reaching ventrals, 1.3 in head; depth of caudal peduncle 1.5 in head. Color greenish olive, edges of scales black; no trace of lateral band or bars; dorsal fin with interradial membranes black; anal fin with a black spot on base of its middle 5 rays to tip of 2d and 3d rays, other fins plain. Except in color markings this species much resembles the former. Los Cafias, Alajuela, Costa Rica, 900 meters (5), 52.5 and 55 mm. Collected June 19, 1907. Platypoecilus tropicus sp. nov. Type No. 6027, F. M. N. H.; length 63 mm.; Turrialba, Costa Rica, Head 3.6 to 3.8; depth 3.2 to 3.5; D. 9 or 10; A. 8; scales 28. Body robust; dorsal region slightly elevated; top of head slightly convex; interorbital 1.9 to 2.0 in head; snout 3.6 to 4.0; diameter of ta SS ee hea tee ae eS Oct., 1907. © FRESH-wATER Fishes — MEEK. 147 eye 2.5 to 2.7; pectoral reaching nearly to middle of ventrals, its length 1.1 to 1.2; origin of dorsal in advance of that of anal, its dis- tance from tip to snout 1.6 to 1.8 in body; depth of caudal peduncle 1.3 to 1.6 in head; dorsal of male much higher than that of female. Color light olivaceous; dorsal in female light with a few black dots; other fins plain; dorsal of male nearly uniformly blackish on lower half, then slightly spotted becoming plain on distal fifth; a large black blotch on caudal peduncle extending on proximal half of the caudal fin, other fins plain. Turrialba, 600 meters (2), 59 and 62 mm. Peecilia tenuis sp. nov. OLomINA. Type No. 6028, F. M. N. H.; length 64 mm.; Tiribi, Costa Rica. Head 3.8 to 3.9; depth 4.0 to 4.5; D. 8 or 9; A. 7; scales 31. Body elongate slender, much compressed posteriorly; top of head flat, interorbital 1.8 in head; diameter of eye 3.2 to 3.5; snout 3.9 to 4.1; origin of dorsal slightly in advance of anal (in female), its dis- tance from tip of snout 1.7 in body; pectoral reaching middle of ven- tral, its length 1.1 to 1.2 in head; depth of caudal peduncle 1.5 to 1.6 in head. Color olivaceous without stripes or bars, a black spot on base of dorsal fin, above which are a few black dots, other fins plain. Tiribi, 1160 meters (2), 64 and 70 mm.; San José (2), 45 and 55 mm., Rio Maria Aguilar (2), 45 and 50 mm. Family Mugilide. Agonostomus monticola (Bancroft). Head 3.69; depth 3.67; D. iv-1, 8; A. ii, 9; scales 42; maxillary - reaching vertical from anterior margin of pupil, its length 3.76 in head; diameter of eye 3.47; distance between origins of two dorsals 1.06 in head; longest dorsal spine 1.57; pectoral reaching slightly past origin of anal fin; lips moderately thick. Individuals of this species under 80 mm. in length have very thin lips, those longer than too mm. have thick lips. The lower jaw be- comes shorter in the individuals with the thickest lips. From a con- siderable series of this species examined by me it appears that the lips thicken and the lower jaw shortens with age. The growth of fishes is not uniform, and one must not expect the largest individuals are al- 148 FIELD CoLuMBIAN Museum — Zoo tocy, Vou. VII. ways the oldest. The specimen in the Museum which has the thickest lips is 220 mm. in length, the largest specimen is 240 mm. in length. Santo Domingo, 200 meters (1), 118 mm.; near oe (2); 98 mm. ea Sardinal, Santa Clara (1), 235 mm. Joturus pichardi Poey. Boso. Very common in the markets. Reventazon River, Costa Rica, 600 meters (1), 300 mm.; El Sar- dinal, Santa Clara (1), 270 mm. . Family Tetraodontide. Eumycterias punctatissimus (Giinther). Isle del Coco (1), 67 mm. Family Cichlid. Cichlasoma alfari sp. nov. : Type No. 6032, F. M. N. H.; length '93 mm.; Turrialba, Costa Rica. Head 2.6; depth 2.4 to 2.6; D. xvii or xviii, 11; A. vi or vii, 8; scales 7 - 32-13. Body compressed, elongate, profile moderately convex; mouth small, little oblique, the margin of the upper lip below the level of the eye; lower lips without free margin; snout pointed, 2.3 to 2.6 in head; maxillary 3.3 to 3.4; mandible 2.4 to 2.5; preor- bital 3.7 to 4.3; postorbital 2.7 to 2.8; eye 2.9 to 3.1; interorbital 3.2 to 3.5; eye to subopercle 2.6 to 2.9; dorsal fin low, its origin to tip of snout 2.2 to 2.3 in body; base of anal fin 3.4 to 3.7; dorsal spine rap- idly increases in size to fourth, the rest of nearly uniform length; last - dorsal spine 2.8 to 2.9 in head; last anal spine 2.4 to 2.7; pectorals reaching to second or third anal spine, length 1.3 in head; ventral 1.3; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.8 in head, its length 3.0; scales on cheek in 6 rows; gill rakers short 3 + 9. Color of type olivaceous, upper half of body with slight traces of vertical bars; a dark band from eye to base of caudal; no lateral spot; a small black spot on upper half of base of caudal fin; sides of head and anterior half of body with many small blue spots; a black blotch on spinous dorsal from fifth to twelfth spine; spinous dorsal Rg een ee, a Pad ae Ra Sy ee Nag ee a ee o awe OcT., 1907. FRESH-WATER FISHES — MEEK. 149 with a narrow light border, probably red in life; a few light spots on spinous dorsal, caudal and anal with dark margin, other fins plain. This species resembles Cichlasoma balteatum Gill & Bransford; it differs from that species in the less convex profile, larger mouth, more pointed snout, and lower spinous dorsal. The dark band on this species is concurrent with lateral line, on C. balteatum it is straight. There is no trace of a lateral spot. The color of the spinous dorsal fin, and the blue spots on the body are characters not possessed by C. balteatum. Turrialba, 600 meters (4), 60 to 93 mm. Family Gobiidze. Sicydium altum sp.nov. BoguerRpo RoguerRo; Rimora. Type No. 6034, F. M. N. H.; length ror mm.; Turrialba, Costa Rica. : Head 4.42; depth 5.08; D. vi- 1, 10; A. 1,10; scalesg2. Body elongate, subcylindrical; mouth subinferior, horizontal, maxillary scarcely reaching vertical from middle of eye; lower jaw much the shorter; teeth of upper jaw slender, bicuspid; teeth of lower jaw mostly concealed, the larger anterior ones pointed and slightly “curved backwards; eyes small, 4.75 in head; interorbital 3.80; snout 2.25; origin of anal fin midway between base of caudal and posterior margin of opercle; occiput with small scales not extending past pos- terior margin of orbits; pectoral fin broad, shorter than head, its length 1.20 in head; ventral 1.72; dorsal spines not reaching soft dorsal; no naked patch or strip on the abdomen except just behind ventral fins. Color dark olivaceous, no spots or bars, ventral region lighter, fins all plain except anal rays, which are tipped with black. Turrialba, 600 meters (1), too mm.; El Guayabo (2), 95 and 105 mm. Family Gobiesocide. Gobiesox fulvus sp. nov. Type No. 6035, F. M. N. H.; length 80 mm.; Isle de Coco. Head 2.61; depth 6.04; D. 9; A. 7. Body broad anteriorly, 150 FieLtp CoLtuMBIAN Museum — Zo6é.oey, Vov. VII. compressed posteriorly; width of head 1.20 in its length; mouth wide, 1.46 in length of head; interorbital 3.20 in head; diameter of eye 5.32; ventral disc broad, subcircular, its length 1.18 in head, its width 1.24; origin of anal fin under middle of dorsal; origin of dorsal slightly nearer base of caudal than base of pectoral, its distance from snout 1.38 in length of body; pectoral fin broad, composed of 20 rays, preopercular spine present, rather weak, concealed by skin. Color nearly uniform brownish, no spots or bars, a black blotch on anterior rays of dorsal fin; distal half of fin lighter than basal half, caudal and pectoral unicolor, brownish. Chonophorus transandeanus (Giinther). Scales 63-18. Rio Machuca (1), 200 mm. The following is a list of fishes collected in Beliz by Dr. Bailey of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and sent to the Museum for identification Family Siluride. Rhamdia godmani (Giinther). ‘ Head 3.8 to 4.2; depth 4.6 to 5.4; D. 1,6; A. 10 or 11; snout to origin of dorsal 2.8 to 2.9 in body; base of adipose fin 2.7 to 2.9; snout 2.5 to 2.6 in head; diameter of eye 6.2 to 6.5; interorbital 2.7; base © of dorsal fin 1.7 to 1.8; its height 1.6 to 1.7; pectoral spine 2.2 to 2.4; . base of anal fin 2.0 to 2.2; caudal peduncle 2.3 to 2.5; last dorsal ray to origin of adipose fin 4.5 to 4.7; humeral process about half length of pectoral fin. Color dark olivaceous, no lateral band; a light band across middle of dorsal fin. Beliz (2), 172 and 186 mm. Family Characinide. Astyanax zneus (Giinther). Beliz (17), 75 to 125 mm. EP ae as te tn ae Tie “I ae ae aa Oct., 1907. FRESH-WATER FisHESs — MEEK. Family Poeciliide. Belonesox belizanus Kner. Beliz (2), 95 and 140 mm. _Pseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus (Heckel). Beliz (1), 67 mm. Family Symbranchidze. Symbranchus marmoratus Bloch. Beliz (1), 330 mm. Family Cichlidze. Cichlasoma spilurum Miller. Beliz (7), 70 to 100 mm. Cichlasoma maculicauda Regan. 151 Head 2.90; depth 1.90; D. xvi, 12; A. v, 8; snout to origin of dorsal 2.46 in body; snout 2.75 in head; preorbital 4.35; interorbital 2.75; maxillary 2.97; mandible 2.72; last dorsal spine 2.04; last anal spine 1.83; pectoral not reaching first anal spine, 1.20 in head; ven- tral-1.16; length of caudal peduncle 2.97; depth of caudal peduncle 2.20; caudal peduncle with black blotches, no distinct bars. Beliz (1), 106 mm. Cichlasoma hedricki Meek. Beliz (3), 60 to 65 mm. Cichlasoma acutum Miller. Beliz (1), 108 mm. Cichlasoma montaguense (Giinther). Beliz (2), 100 to 105 mm. 152 FieLD CoLuMBIAN MusEuM — Zooé.toey, Vo t. VII. We list here a small collection of fishes received from Sr. Diocle- siano Chaves of the National Museum of Nicaragua. A few of these are from Lake Managua, the others from Lago. de Asososca and Lago de Guila. The former lake contains fresh water and is reported by Mr. Chaves to be very good to drink. He also states that the fishes from this lake are very good to eat, though the species are few. The red mojarra he says soon loses its color when taken from the water and turns white. Lago de Guila is on the Peninsula of Chiltepe, its water is slightly saline. Family Characinide. Brycon dentex (Giinther). SABALo. ‘Lake Managua (2), 310 and 375 mm. Family Cichlid. Cichlasoma managuense (Gtinther). GuAPpore. Lago de Guila (1), 300 mm. Cichlasoma citrinellum (Giinther). MojARRA. The specimens of this species lately received from Nicaragua, show the same ranges of variation as those collected by myself and treated of in a former paper. These were sent under different local or common names. Those of the ordinary coloration were called “‘mojarra.’’ The specimens which had the spaces between the dark bars the whitest were either “‘red banded or white banded mojarras.” The very dark specimens were called black mojarras. Some speci- mens are slender, the distance from origin of soft dorsal to origin of soft anal being quite narrow. This species appears to be very abun- dant in all lakes in western Nicaragua where fishes are found Lago de Guila (5), (‘black mojarra’’) 88 to 180 mm., (7) (‘‘white banded mojarra”’) 130 to 210 mm., (2), (‘‘red banded mojarra’’) 45 to 185 mm.; Lago de Asososca (3), ‘‘mojarra’’, 140 mm.; (3), (‘red mojarra’’) 140 to 215 mm.; Lake Managua (9), (‘‘mojarra’’) 140 to 230 mm. Cichlasoma rostratum (Gill & Bransford). LArGe MASAMICHE. These specimens are all males. On all the nuchal hump is well developed. The largest specimen has many small brown spots on Nag a prs. cs bon $ By \ oe e: re é oF f ; 3 Ocr., 1907. FRESH-WATER FisHEs — MEEK. 153 | the side under and above the pectorals. The examination of these specimens rather strengthens the belief that this species is based on males alone, the females being C. longimanus (Gimnther). Mr. Chaves says this fish does not come out in abundance till October. Lake Managua (8), 200 to 260 mm. Neetroplus nematopus (Giinther). SHort-racep MOJARRA. Lago de Guila (1), 88 mm. Family Gobiida. Philypnus dormitor Lacépéde GuaAvina. These specimens were quite dark and much mottled. On the larger specimens there is scarcely a trace of the lateral band; even in the smallest it is indistinct. - Lake Asososca (15), 110 to 230 mm.; Lago de Guila (7), 120 to 215mm, The following is a list of fishes collected by the writer in Mexico, at San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato, Jesus Maria, San Luis Obisbo, and Roderiquez Nuevo Leon, and by E. Heller and C. M. Barber at Sa- binas, Coahuila. San Miguel is on a small stream which flows over a sandy bed into the Rio Lerma. There isa small stream at Jesus Maria which belongs to the Rio Panuco system. It is almost without water during the dry season. At the Hacienda a dam is built across the narrow valley forming above it a small lake. In this 4 species of fishes were taken two of which, (L. nigrescens and A. mexicanus), belong to the Rio Grande fauna; the other two, (N. calientis and S. atripinnts), to the fauna of the Rio Lerma. The Rio Sabinas and the Rio Salado flow into the Rio Grande. The fishes taken from these places have all except one, Cycleptus elongatus, been previously taken from the Rio Grande or its tributaries in Mexico. Family Lepisosteidz. Lepisosteus osseus (Linnzus). Roderiguez (5). 154 FreELD CoLUMBIAN MusEeumM — Zootoecy, Vout. VII. Family Siluride. Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). Puyon. Roderiguez (8), 100 to 165 mm. Family Catostomide. Carpiodes microstomus Meek. . Sabinas (3), 65 to 115 mm. Carpiodes elongatus Meek. BerEsucGo. Roderiguez (3), 130 to 310 mm. Cycleptus elongatus (Le Sueur). This fish is nowhere abundant, and has previously been known only from the larger streams of the Mississippi valley. The finding of it in the Rio Grande basin in Mexico considerably extends its known distribution. Head 3.75; depth 5.15; snout to dorsal fin 2.06; dorsal rays 32; scales 55. Color uniformly light olive; lower two-thirds of tail black.. Roderiguez (3), 48.to 52 mm. Moxostoma congestum (Baird & Girard). Sabinas (4), 43 to 53 mm. Family Cyprinid. Pimephales notatus Rafinesque. Sabinas (4), 40 to 53 mm. Leuciscus nigrescens (Girard). San Miguel (2), 115 to 125 mm.; Jesus Maria (70), 55 to 75 mm. : Ocr., 1907. FRESH-WATER FisHes — MEEK. 155 Notropis braytoni Jordan & Evermann. Sabinas (15), 45 to-65 mm. Notropis calientis Jordan & Snyder. San Miguel (34), 45 to 63 mm.; Jesus Maria (60), 35 to 45 mm. Notropis lutrensis (Baird & Girard). Roderiguez (23), 45 to 50mm. Notropis santarosaliz Meek. Roderiguez (21), 50 to 65 mm. Hybopsis zstivalis (Girard). Roderiguez (41), 50 to 60 mm. Family Characinide. Astyanax mexicanus (Filippi). Jesus Maria (8), 60 to 90 mm.; Roderiguez (49), 55 to 75 mm.; Sabinas (8), 45 to 60 mm. Family Dorosomide. Dorosoma exile Jordan & Gilbert. Sabinas (20), 45 to90 mm.; Roderiguez (1), 165 mm. Family Poeciliidz. Characodon variatus Bean. San Miguel (290), 35 to 70 mm. Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard). San Miguel (60), 30 to so mm. 156 FiELD CoLuMBIAN MusrEuM — Zoo.Loecy, Vot. VII. Goodea atripinnis Jordan. Jesus Maria (175), 30 to 50 mm.; San Miguel (19), 33 to 75 mm. Family Atherinidze. Chirostoma arge (Jordan & Snyder). San Miguel (47), 33 to75 mm. _~ Family Scienidz. Haploidonotus grunniens Rafinesque. MATALOTE. Roderiguez (7), 145 to 260 mm. ~ r Family Centrarchidz. Lepomis pallidus (Mitchill). Sabinas (50), 40 to 110 mm.; Roderiguez (12). Lepomis megalotis (Rafinesque). Sabinas (6), 75 to 105 mm.; Roderiguez (2), 93 mm. Family Cichlide. Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum (Baird & Girard). The dentition of this species varies greatly, especially so if we con- sider Neetroplus carpintus Jordan and Snyder identical with it. In my account of the genus Neetroplus (Field Mus. Pub., Zodl. Ser., V., 221) I called attention to the fact that the incisor teeth of N. carpintis were not always evident. Owing to the variation in color and form as well as in dentition, I am inclined to. believe Mr. Regan is correct in combining these two supposed species. The smallest specimens (50 mm.) usually have pointed conical teeth. Other specimens (100 to 150 mm.) may have very few incisor-like teeth while in others of the same size these teeth are quite evident. For fishes of the length ee eS ee: es OE ae eS ae a er ene ‘7. ==" Me ee eee Se Ocr., 1907. _ FRESH-WATER FisHes — MEEK. 157 of 150 mm. it is difficult to say which is the oldest because they grow so irregularly. The incisor-like teeth have the appearance, however, of becoming more developed in this species with age, though perhaps very irregularly so. I do not believe that we can retain the genus Herichthys on the character of dentition alone. The genus Neetroplus is based on the incisor-like teeth of N. nematopus, but these flat truncate teeth are quite different from the more or less compressed truncate or rounded anterior teeth which we usually find in many of the larger individuals of the species in question. So far as I have studied them, by far the larger number of the Cichlasoma appear to have a quite uniform and regular dentition. The teeth in the young are conical and pointed, while usually in the larger and apparently older individuals some or all of them are more or less blunt at the tips. To give this character specific or generic value one must distin- guish between teeth which are worn or changed by age, and those whose structure is constant, but to do this is very difficult. Roderiguez (5), 30 to 55 mm. FiELD CoLumBian Museum. PuBLIcATION No. 127. ZOOLOGICAL SERIES. VoL. VII, No. 6. THE ZOOLOGY OF LAKES AMATITLAN AND ATITLAN, GUATEMALA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ICHTHYOLOGY BY SetH EuGene MEEK, Assistant Curator of Department. CHARLES B. Cory, ’ Curator of Department of Zodlogy. Cuicaco, U. S. A. April, 1908. Sere” ee The Zoology of Lakes Amatitlan and Atitlan, Guatemala, 7 with Special Reference to Ichthyology. By SETH EUGENE MEEK. The following paper is the result of a study, under the patronage of the Government of Guatemala, of Lakes Amatitlan and Atitlan for the purpose of determining whether and how the quantity and quality of the useful food and game fishes of these lakes could be increased, and to determine the suitability of the waters for the introduction of species of food-fishes from the United States and elsewhere, and the possibilities of fish-cultural operations. This investigation was undertaken at the request of His Excellency, Sefior Don Manuel Estrada Cabrera, President of the Republic of Guatemala. Most attention was given to Lake Amatitlan, which is only twenty miles from the City of Guatemala, and easily accessible to the residents of that city. The field work was done during the months of January and February, 1906. In this I received considerable assistance from Dr. Kellerman and Mr. Smith, of the Ohio State University, who were in Guatemala at this time collecting plants, and from Dr. N. Dearborn and Mr. C. M. Barber, who were then in Guatemala col- lecting birds and mammals for this Museum. For notes and other aids concerning the plants of this region, I am indebted to Miss Josephine E. Tilden,* of the University of Minnesota, Dr. J. M. Green- man, of this Museum, and Mr. H. W. Clark,t of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. In the study of the collections of animals made during this time, I received the assistance of specialists to whom credit is given in the accounts of the groups studied by each. I also received many cour- tesies from Dr. B. W. Evermann, in charge of the Division of Scientific Enquiry of the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries. Mr. J. W. Titcomb, in charge of the Division of Fish Culture U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, kindly assisted me in that portion of this paper relating to the reeommenda- tions of the most suitable fishes from the United States for introduc- tion into these lakes. I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. Combs, U. S. Minister to Guatemala, his secretary, Mr. Brown, * Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 1908, 106-110. + Proc. Biol. Soc Wash. 1908, 92-105. 159 160 Fretp CoLUMBIAN MusgEumM — Zoo.toecy, Vo t. VII. and to Mr. Winslow, U. S. Consul General, for many courtesies; also © to Mr. Hodgson and Mr. Tisdal, of the Guatemala Central Railroad, who very materially aided me in transportation. I am especially indebted to Mr. Carlos Palma, of the Consulate of Cuba, who very greatly aided me in my business relations with the Government Officials of Guatemala. It is, perhaps, not out of place here to state that this investigation grew out of a desire of President Cabrera to do something to increase the value of the food supply of Lake Amatitlan. He therefore asked Hon. George M. Bowers, U. S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, to recommend some person who was properly trained to make the neces- sary preliminary investigation, to insure the best possible results. Very little has been done towards the study of the Zodlogy of tropical lakes, which makes the study of these bodies of water of some scientific value. The Government of Guatemala has already begun to establish a Fish Cultural station on Lake Amatitlan, the results of which will be watched with considerable interest. It might also be well to note here that no attempt was made to collect and study the insects in or about the lake. The species of insects most important-in an investigation of this kind are those forms whose larve live for a time in the water. During the winter, or dry season, these insects are less active than in the summer, or wet season. VOLCAN DE AGUA FROM LAKE AMATITLAN APRIL, 1908. LAKES AMATITLAN AND ATITLAN— MEEK. 161 LAKE AMATITLAN. Lake Amatitlan is situated on the Pacific slope of Guatemala in lat. 90° 30’ N., long. 14° 25’ W. Its surface is about 4,000 feet above sea level, and about 1,000 feet below the plateau on which the City of Guatemala is built. It is strictly a mountain lake, the depression which it occupies having been formed when the surrounding mountains took their present form. It may, therefore, best be considered as HOTEL LAGUNA, LAKE AMATITLAN occupying the bottom of a depression in the plateau above mentioned. The lake and its small valley are surrounded by mountains whose average altitude, except the cafion and a few low hills to the south- west, is from about 800 to 1,300 feet above its surface. It occupies an area near the head waters of the Michatoya River, through which its waters find an outlet to the sea. During the earliest portion of its history it was somewhat oval in outline, its greatest width being about 3 miles, its length about 8 miles. The long diameter of the lake is nearly in a northwest and southeast direction. To the north- east is a small valley which is drained into the lake by the Lobos River, the only stream which flows into the lake during the entire year. This stream has the appearance of having shifted its position 162 FieELpD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM — Zoo.Locy, Vovt. VII. many times during the past centuries, and to have been responsible for transporting much of the material which has filled up about two- fifths of the lake. The material worn from the mountains by rain has been transported by the inlet and other small streams to the lake, form- ing that portion of the low land bordering it to the north and east. LAKE AMATITLAN FROM ITS UPPER END This land has so encroached on the lake that now it is narrowest near its middle, where it is only one-fourth of a mile wide. The bottom at this place is of soft mud, apparently to a considerable depth. This is evi- dent from the fact that much trouble was experienced in making a fill across this narrow portion for the railroad. This fill sank out of sight as soon as the soft material of which the bottom of the lake is composed became overloaded. It required much more material to make the railroad fill than the depth of the water indicated. To the northwest, the mountains consist of hard granite rock and basaltic columns. The other mountains about the lake are mostly composed of loose material, much of it being volcanic ashes, pumice, and other soft material, which is easily eroded. The hills which border APRIL, 1908. LAKES AMATITLAN AND ATITLAN— MEEK. 162 SHORE NEAR OUTLET OF LAKE AMATITLAN DELTA AT MouTH OF LosBos RivER LAKE AMATITLAN 164 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—ZOoO oey, Vou. VII. the valley to the north are composed mostly of this softer material. Even now, in low water, the Lobos River, which drains this valley, rolls along on its bottom a considerable amount of this material, form- ing at its mouth a small though quite typical delta. The valley about and above Moran shows evidence of considerable erosion, and the material carried away forms a large portion of the low land below this city. Lake Amatitlan is about 8 miles long, and about 2% miles wide at either end, and 4% milenearits middle. The fill on which the rail- DELTA AT MOUTH OF LOBOS RivER, LAKE AMATITLAN road is built divides the lake into two parts, or two quite similar basins. The upper is the smaller, and near its center is 95 feet in depth. The lower and larger portion is 110 feet deep. In its nar- rowest portion, both above and below the railroad, the lake is 50 feet deep. The bottom of the lake is a quite uniform basin; the lake is deepest where widest, and the slope from shore line to bottom is everywhere steep and quite uniform. The bottom is covered with a light mud, mixed with the remains of small plantlife. Ata depth of about three feet this mud becomes somewhat firm, and is a clay-like substance of a grayish-blue color. The bottom at the base of the tules is quite firm, being covered with a light mud, sand, and gravel. 165 LAKES AMATITLAN AND ATITLAN— MEEK. APRIL, 1908. NV LLILLYAY 347] 4O dv) HNOLNOD = .. yy, . -_* . oot fee ~-%z, Powe ray oe eee ee 166 FrieELD CoLuMBIAN MusEuM—ZOoOo.Loey, Vot. VII. The temperature of the water in the lake is very uniform. During the time of these investigations, the surface temperature varied from 70° F. at 6:30 A. M. during the last few days in January, to 76° F. at noon to 4 P.M. about the middle of January. The heat of the sun during the day does not warm the water at the surface to a depth of more than 5 to to feet, while during the night it cools off quite rapidly. From January 22 to February 1, the temperature of the air at 6:30 A. M. was from 53° F. to 60° F., while during the day it seldom rose to 70° F. These ten days of cool weather did not cool HoT SPRING, LAGUNA, LAKE AMATITLAN the water in the lake more than one or two degrees. From my obser- vation it is quite evident that the water in the lake never becomes cooler than 69° F., and that it is never, except near the surface, more than two or three degrees warmer than this. These temperatures were taken with a Nigretti-Zamba deep-sea thermometer. The bottom temperatures taken were not always recorded, for all of these taken at the bottom on any one day were the same. Along the south and east ends of the lake are a number of warm or hot springs. These springs discharge their waters into the lake at its surface, where it forms only a thin layer of hot water over a small area near the spring, and soon becomes the same temperature as the air. The hot springs influence the temperature of the water in the APRIL, 1908. Lakes AMATITLAN AND ATITLAN— MEEK. 167 lake only a few feet from the shore, and then only at the surface. The many bottom temperatures which I took in all parts of the lake did not indicate any local sources of heat in the bed of the lake. I was unable to secure a thermometer in the City of Guatemala which would register over 110° F. and so I was unable to take the temperature of the water as it came from these hot springs. The largest and hottest one, near the station of Laguna, was hot enough to boil eggs very suc- cessfully. In 6 minutes the egg would be soft boiled, at ro to 12 minutes medium, and at 15 minutes the yolk would be hard but the white was quite soft. The small fishes (Pacilia sphenops) will swim nearly up to these springs, but they remain in the cooler layer of water near the bottom. They appear to be swimming in water hot enough to scald one’s hand, but in reality are in water not warmer than go° or 100° F. A few of these fishes were placed by mein water taken directly from the spring, and these died almost immediately. These small fishes, although they come very close to the spring, do so in the lower stratum of water. The hot springs on the margin of Lake Amatitlan are too small and too near the surface to have any influence on the general temperature of the water in the lake. The water is only moderately clear. A white disc 12 inches in diameter cannot be seen at a depth of over 10 to 15 feet, seldom over 12 feet. The same disc is plainly visible in Atitlan at a depth of 45 feet. The lack of clearness is due more to the abundance of Plankton (microscopic animals and plants) in the water than to the fine, silt-like material held in suspension. The water in Lake Amatitlan is slightly alkaline, having a specific gravity of about 1.002 (specific gravity of sea water is 1.027). Compared with water from Lake Michigan, it contains relatively larger quantities of soda, potash, lime, magnesia, soluble silica, and chlorine. It also contains a small quantity of iron and aluminum. The following table gives a comparison of the more common mineral substances as found in Lake Amatitlan and Lake Michigan. The analysis of the water from Lake Michigan was made in office of Chicago Board of Health; that of Lake Amatitlan by Mr. R. Gwirz, in charge of the Government Chemical Laboratory of 168 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEumM — Zoo.oey, Vou. VII. Guatemala. From these analyses, the following table was prepared by Mr. Nichols, of this Museum: Parts per million. L. Michigan. L. Amatitlan. Silica... 5 6 ious sd ee a 9. es ee 5.00 40.00 Calcium Carbonate «i640 oie e se ces os Sl 50.00 140.00 Magnesium Carbonate. c5.. sucess. . os eee 16.68 27.30 Calcitun. Sulpiiate. oso si lo oes 1S a2-97 trace Sod. & Pot. Chloride....... aug Seles. vas Pe 14.75 210.00 Sod.'& Pot:: Garbonatese 2 a es. Saas 2.24 pate Ferric Oxide & Alumings 03... 205s Se trace 6.00 Phosphates.) ois See es ox OS eee eae ks trace Potassium. Nitratesicce is 3 oS ie o's ce nee 2.00 Nitrates 620 oe a ee Gavin, “"“ none Ammonia 3553 ass es RN eer St ee 02 Oxygen consumed — in acid 6Obs oa Oe ie eee Hepes 4.6 in alkaline solicit aa cae Ree ge 4.6 ‘Lotal Solids 25s ise ie sos crattare Cee eee ees III.40 421.00 It will be noticed that the total solids in the water of Lake Ama- titlan is nearly four times that of Lake Michigan, although but about 1.2 per cent of that of sea water. The water of Lake Amatitlan, though considerably used by the residents for drinking purposes, is not a good potable water. It is slightly salty to the taste, and its oxygen consuming power indicates the presence of considerable de- composing organic matter, and consequently the probable presence of bacteria. It is probable that this test of the water was made some time after the water was taken from the lake, and is not a fair indica- tion of its actual condition. By the residents of this region the lake water is regarded as poor for drinking purposes. The amount of mineral matter in the lake is too small to unfit the water for fresh water fish life. The volume of water is large, and the inflow and the outflow great enough to prevent the lake water from ever becoming salty to any harmful extent. The shore vegetation of the lake may be characterized as only moderately abundant. A few large trees, as the Willow (Salix Humboldtiana), and several species belonging to the genus Ficus (Rubber-trees) grow close to the water’s edge, their low, drooping branches being often bathed by the waves. These trees afford a con- siderable amount of shade, which appears to be a favored hiding place for fishes in the lake. This, and other land vegetation, supports a large number of Fungi and Epiphytes (Orchids and Bromeliads) attrac- tive to insects, which are constantly falling into the lake and forming a supply of food for fishes. There are no extensive forest areas on the. ee Fe a Le lg ry eee ea aE ee APRIL, 1908. LAKES AMATITLAN AND ATITLAN— MEEK. 169 WILLOWS ON UPPER PORTION OF DELTA, LAKE AMATITLAN UppPER END OF LAKE AMATITLAN 170 FieLD CoLuMBIAN Museum — Zootoey, Vou. VII. sides of the mountains immediately bordering the lake. The low flat area to the north and east is under cultivation. On it are grown sugar cane, lemons, oranges, and various other tropical fruits. The - shrubs which grow close to the water’s edge belong mostly to the Composite, and with these are usually associated many species of Lichens, Mosses, Hepatics, Ferns, and the like. The flowering plants of the marshes are only moderately abundant along the shores of Lake Amatitlan, for there is very little low wet land along the margins, and very small areas of shallow water. The sudden great depth makes it quite impossible for the higher aquatic plants, particularly the marsh plants, to secure a foothold. The most conspicuous of these marsh plants is a species of Cat-tail (Typha angustifolia), and a tall Rush (Scirpus sp.). These two species - are recognized as Tules by the natives, who cut and dry them for weaving into mats. They usually grow together, and when this occurs one is generally much more abundant than the other. The Rush is the more abundant of the two in the deeper water. Neither of these grows where the water is more than five or six feet in depth, more than half of the plant being above the water. A small Spike Rush (Eleo- charis sp.) is quite abundant along the shore next the lowland where sandy. It grows toa height of from one to eight inches, and is usually entirely submerged. It is at the base of these Cat-tails and Rushes that the larger Mojarras find their best breeding and spawning grounds, and where the fishermen find the capture of these fishes the easiest. There are two species of grasses growing in patches along the shore of the lake. The larger one (Panicum sp.) is more common on the south side of the lake, more particularly where the margin is rocky. In general appearance it resembles sugar cane more than it does any other plant growing in the water of the lake, the other grass (Phrag- mites sp.) is widely distributed here, but is nowhere abundant. It occurs mostly on the side adjacent to the lowlands. There are two floating plants which occur on the lake; the smaller (Salvinia natans) is the more widely distributed, being found in most places where there is other vegetation, and especially so in the neigh- borhood of warm springs. The larger of these floating plants is the Water Lettuce (Pistia obcordata), not found except along the shore next the low lands, It is abundant at only one plant, about one half mile above the railroad. The inhabitants call this plant La Chuga. It is easily distinguished from all other floating plants by its broad leaves growing in the form of rosettes. There are several species of Pickerelweeds growing in the shallow eo ee od, aati calcein yale a APRIL, 1908. LAKES AMATITLAN AND ATITLAN— MEEK. 171 water where theycan get a foothold. In most places, especially next the low lands, these plants are very abundant, usually growing toa depth of 20 feet or more. They are usually submerged, though occasionally the upper leaves or those in the shallow water float on the surface. Two species of these (Potamogeton lucens and Potamogeton sp.) are very abundant where found. Associated with these is a Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum), and two or three species of Chara are abun- dant. These submerged plants are very important in connection with fish food supply, since the absence of such plants means absence of the WILD LETTUCE, LAKE AMATITLAN small animals and insect larve, as well as a decrease in the quantity of alge. The tender portions of these plants furnish a considerable supply of food for the smaller fishes in the lake. There is in Lake Amatitlan a considerable quantity of microscopic organism, or Plankton, enough to prevent the water from being suffi- ciently clear to see a white object a foot in diameter deeper than 12 or 15 feet. The Phytoplankton here much exceeds the Zoéplankton; in Lake Atitlan the reverse is true. In general the Zodplankton is dependent on Phytoplankton for its food supply. The Phytoplankton of Lake Amatitlan consists chiefly of alge. Closely allied to but not properly included in Plankton are the larger forms of filamentous alge. These are usually associated with the marsh plants and are often 172 FieLp CoLtumMBIAN Museum — Zootocy, Vot. VII. attached to rocks, pieces of dead timber, sticks, and to the branches of trees which touch the water. The non-filamentous forms, or the blue- green slimes, are very abundant, and with many of these are associated filamentous forms. Some species grow in considerable quantities in very warm water near the warm springs. The most conspicuous and by far the most abundant of these blue-green forms is a species of Clathrocystis. It is exceedingly abundant near the surface in the upper half of the lake, or rather that portion above the railroad, but is not noticeable to the naked eye on that portion of the lake below the railroad. Associated with this form, in colonies, are several species of Anacystis and Anabena. Belonging to these genera are the char- acteristic ‘‘Wasserbliite’’ plants, but these nowhere on the lake or near its margins formed a scum on the surface, and so, in the strict sense, ‘‘Wasserbltite’’ cannot be said to exist on the lake in January and February, especially so on its lower half; although, in a broader use of the term, the presence of Anabena and Clathrocystis in such abundance indicated that it did exist to a limited extent, at least, on the upper half of the lake. ‘‘Wasserbltite’’ is considered by some writers to be injurious to fishes, especially so in small stagnant ponds. While this may be true in small ponds, it certainly is not in such large bodies of water as this lake, where the surface is frequently agitated. These forms do form a portion of the food supply of the fishes in this lake, and no doubt furnish the important food supply of Ento- mostraca. : The fact that the water in Lake Amatitlan has about the same tem- perature during the entire year would indicate that Plankton was quite uniform in quantity at all times; a condition which is not true, however, of our northern lakes. In Lake Amatitlan the Phytoplankton is much more abundant in January and February than the Zoéplankton. In Lake Atitlan the reverse is true. Lake Atitlan, the larger lake, is about 1,000 feet higher. Its water will average from one to two degrees cooler than Lake Amatitlan. It has no outlet, and its drainage area is very small. That portion of Lake Amatitlan which is the least disturbed by the inflow and the outflow of water contains by far the greatest abundance of Phytoplankton, The abundance of the blue-green alge previously mentioned on one portion of lake, and not on the other, is not well understood. The only reason I am able to suggest why they are so much more abundant in the upper part of the lake than in the lower is that the drainage into this portion of the lake is small compared to that received by the lower portion. The upper part of the lake becomes APRIL, 1908. LAKES AMATITLAN AND ATITLAN— MEEK. 173 to some extent a body of partially stagnant water. In the lower portion there is a constant flowing in of a considerable amount of water at its upper portion, and a constant outflow at the opposite end. This would tend to decrease the quantity of any floating parti- cles in the water. Much of the alge floats on or near the surface. It is often driven together by the wind, forming on the surface of the lake large, blue-green patches. The alge to which these species are most nearly related form a large portion of the food supply for micro- scopic animal life, and for small fishes which feed on vegetation. The Algz and softer portions of the other water plants furnish a large part of the food supply for the young fishes, and also for the adult of the three most abundant species of fishes (Pescadito, Serica, and Mojarra) in the lake. The water of Lake Atitlan is very clear as compared with that of Lake Amatitlan and, as noted above, the amount of Plankton material in it is very much less. So far as I could discover there are no diseases among the fishes of Lake Amatitlan. The Mojarras are occasionally infested with intes- tinal parasites, but the fishes appear in good condition, which indicates that these dono harm. Parasites are occasionally noticed in the other species of fishes in the lake. Intestinal parasites are not uncommon with fishes and other animals, and their presence is not to be regarded as an indication of ill health or disease. In our northern waters there are occasionally epidemics among fishes during which many dead and dying are found along the shore. I was unable to learn of any similar epidemic among the fishes of Lake Amatitlan. If such ever occur they are not at all frequent or serious. During my stay at the lake all animal and plant life in the lake appeared vigorous and healthy. The uniform temperature of the water, the freedom from sewage, and the large volume of water, are all factors which induce a very healthful condition in this body of water. An over supply of plant life contri- butes largely to eliminate from the lake the noxious gases formed from any decomposition of animal or vegetable life, and to take up the waste products of water animals. The conditions of Lake Amatitlan, its fish food supply, the tem- perature and purity of its water, etc., are such that it should contain a far greater number of large fishes than it does at present. In general, the fishes which feed on animal life are superior as food for man to *those whose food consists mostly or entirely of plants; and it is this class of the larger fishes that is lacking in the lake. The smaller fishes, especially the Pescadito, are very abundant, and it seems best to introduce a few large species into the lake which would utilize these 174 Fretp CoLumBIAN Museum — Zoo.oey, Vo. VII. for food. In this way a species of fish (the Serica), worthless as food for man, and another species (the Pescadito), too small to ever become a desirable food fish, could probably be converted into good food fishes. In the Pacific Slope rivers of Guatemala there are no Mojarras which strictly feed on small fishes, and none larger or better than the one now found in the lake. The largest one (Cichlasoma trimacu- latum) could easily be introduced into the lake. Its introduction would, to some extent, increase the food fish supply of the lake and its presence there would do no harm. In the Rio Montagua and in Lake Isabel is a large Mojarra (Cich- lasoma motaguense) which feeds mostly on small fishes. After the completion of the Guatemala Northern Railroad the introduction of this fish into the lake could be easily accomplished. It is a larger species than the Mojarra which now lives in the lake. The Robalo (Centropomus nigrescens) and the Pepemechin (Philyp- nus dormitor) are food fish of some value. These are both found in the Pacific Coast streams of Guatemala. Concerning the value of these fishes as food or game fishes I know almost nothing. The Pepemechin is quite common in the lakes of Nicaragua, and is sold in the markets there for about the same price as is the Mojarra. The Large-mouth Black Bass, which is found in all of the streams and lakes of the eastern United States, from Lake Superior to Tampico, Mexico, is a most excellent game and food fish. It feeds almost alto- gether on small fishes. Its flesh is firm and better flavored than that of any of the Mojarras or other fishes above mentioned. This fish is a great favorite with sportsmen, who fish with hook and line for pleasure. So highly prized is it in the United States, that it has been introduced into many of the western lakes and streams. The rate of growth of the Large-mouth Black Bass varies much in different localities. Indi- viduals in some of our United States hatching stations are known to reach a weight of two to eleven pounds when two or three years of age. In lakes and streams in the southern United States this fish is often taken weighing 6 or 8 pounds, while individuals are not uncommon weighing 20 pounds or more. It grows larger and grows more rapidly in the waters of our southern states than farther north. In these southern waters it feeds during most of the year. During the winters in the northern portion of the United States the lakes and rivers become covered with ice, and the water in them under the ice is so cold that: fishes become inactive and do not eat. So there is a period of from 2 to 4 months that fishes have no chance to grow. The water in Amatitlan is always warm enough to prevent this period of inactivity, APRIL, 1908. LAKES AMATITLAN AND ATITLAN— MEEK. 175 and so fishes will grow larger in a given time there than in the United States. In this respect there is a marked difference in the growth of the Large-mouth Black Bass in the lakes of Wisconsin and of Florida. The Large-mouth Black Bass spawns in the spring. It deposits its eggs in shallow nests which it makes near the shore in shallow water. Its habits in this respect are about the same as those of the Mojarra found in Lake Amatitlan. Closely related to the Large-mouth Black Bass are the Rock Bass (Ambloplites rupestris), the Crappie (Pomoxis sparoides), and the Blue- gill (Lepomis pallidus). These seldom exceed one or two pounds in weight. They feed on small fishes and afford much pleasure in their capture with hook and line. They are excellent food fishes. These fishes could easily be introduced with the Large-mouth Black Bass. In the lakes of Nicaragua is a species of Mojarra known as Guapote (Cichlasoma managuense). In shape and form it much resembles the Large-mouth ,Black Bass of the United States. It grows to a length of 12 to18inches. This fish feeds upon smaller fishes. It is the best flavored food fish found in the lakes in Nicaragua. It will live out of water much longer than any of the fishes I have so far mentioned, which fact will greatly assist in its introduction into other waters than where found. Nothing is known of its spawning habits. Considering the temperature of the water (83° F.) in which it lives, its flesh is exceeding firm and well flavored. In the future stocking of tropical lakes with fishes, I am sure the Guapote should, and no doubt will, receive favorable consideration. In general, the fresh water fishes, when taken from cold water, have firmer flesh and are better flavored than those taken from warm water. In the northern lakes of the United States the temperature is seldom warmer than 60° F. Lake Amatitlan is 10° F. warmer. Owing to the fact that its volume of water is so great and its water so pure, it is probable that the Large- mouth Black Bass would not, to any marked degree, lose its good food qualities, and the Guapote would probably gain. There are several species of Catfishes which could easily be introduced at the same time. The best fishes to introduce into Lake Amatitlan are the Large- mouth Black Bass (Micropterus salmoides), the Rock Bass (Ambloplites rupestris), the Crappie (Pomoxis sparoides), and the Bluegill (Lepomis pallidus). The second best fish seems to be the Guapote (Cichlasoma managuense) from the lakes of Nicaragua. The third choice would be the Mojarra (Cichlasoma motaguense) from Lake Isabel and the Montagua River. There could be no objection in introducing all of these fishes at the same time. The habits of the Mojarras are not well-known, and their recom- 176 FreLp CoLtumMBI1AN Museum — Zootoey, Vou. VII. mended introduction into waters other than those in which they are now found is made with a little hesitancy. I am very sure that the introduction of those that I have named will do no harm, and the chances are that to introduce any or all of them will considerably increase the supply of food fish in the lake. If quantity of fishes or of fish food, at the expense of quality, is desired, the German Carp is recommended.* The Carp is a large, coarse fish which grows very rapidly. It is also very prolific. A female of 25 pounds’ weight, brought to the Museum a few weeks ago, contained about 1,750,000 eggs. This fish is much cultivated in small ponds in Germany, Austria and other European countries, and for small ponds they are much desired, for they grow more rapidly than do most of our better food fishes. At one year old, they weigh about one pound. At three or four years of age, they grow in ponds to a weight of 6 to 8 pounds. In large bodies of water they grow even more rapidly. In the Fox River, near Chicago, Carp are often taken of over 30 pounds weight. In the Illinois River more pounds of Carp are taken by commercial fishermen than of all other fishes com- bined. The Carp feeds upon plants, and of this class of food there is an abundance in Lake Amatitlan. If Carp are introduced into the lake, it would not be so desirable to put into it the Large-mouth Black Bass, or the other fishes men- tioned. In eating vegetation the Carp digs up the bottom, much as © dohogs. Inthis way they might destroy spawning places for Mojarras, Large-mouth Black Bass, and other fishes, and the areas suitable for, spawning places for these fish are small. In addition to this, they are sure to become abundant enough to stir mud and sand around the shores to the extent of making the water very muddy. In this way, the Carp would partially destroy some of the beauty of the lake. In the introduction of the fishes mentioned the important thing to decide is whether first-class fishes are desired or not. If they are, the Carp should not be introduced into the lake. It is not nearly so good a food fish as is the Mojarra. If Carp are introduced, the supply of fishes for food will be many times as great as it is now, and perhaps twice as much as if the other species mentioned were introduced. The introduction of Carp is quite sure to decrease the abundance of better fishes, such as the Large-mouth Black Bass, the Crappie, the Rock Bass and the Guapote. For the introduction of any of the fishes mentioned, the food supply is abundant. The water is clear and pure, and the temperature is such that they would feed during the entire year, and thus grow rapidly. ° Mr. J. W. Ticomb strongly believes German Carp should not be introduced into this lake. APRIL, 1908. LAKES AMATITLAN AND ATITLAN— MEEK. 177 In order that fishes should exist in at least fairly large numbers, they should not be disturbed during the breeding season. The supply of fishes in Lake Amatitlan is much reduced in numbers by over fishing during the breeding season. Especially is this true of the Mojarras. This fish deposits its eggs in nests made by it in the sand at the base of the Tules. When depositing their eggs, the fishes are very persistent FISHERMEN, LAKE AMATITLAN in remaining in shallow water along the shore, and so at that time they are more easily caught. In catching them by the methods used by the lake fishermen many of the nests are destroyed, and the chances for increase are much reduced. During the breeding time of food fishes a portion or all of their spawning grounds should be protected. The fishes at the breeding time are not so good to eat as at other times of the year. Another bad feature in the taking of Mojarras is the capture of such a large number of small individuals. The smaller 178 Fietp CotumB1an Mus—EumM— Zoo toey, Vo. VII. ones should not be taken from the lake. In one or two years they would grow into large fish and be more desirable. The German Carp is about the only species of fish that will increase rapidly no matter when, or where, or how caught. All other species should be protected and cared for during the breeding season; and the small ones, those less than 4 or % grown, should not be taken from the lake, but if caught should be returned immediately to the water. The spawning time of the Mojarras and the Large-mouth Black Bass is in the spring — the most of it during April, May, and June. If the laws regarding fishing in Lake Amatitlan were as strict as they are in the lakes of Illinois, Indiana, and others, of our northern states, the Mojarras there would greatly increase in numbers. The Carp need no protection, and where the volume of water is as great as it is in Lake Amatitlan, they are quite sure, if introduced, to always be plentiful. Personally, I should advise that Carp be not introduced into the lake. During a portion of January and February a maximum and mini- mum self-registering thermometer was exposed at Laguna with the following results. The coldest time of the day was between 3 and 5 A.M. The warmest was between 2 and 4 P. M. January 17, coldest 66° F. warmest 75° F. 18, 65° 3S) HOF" e & 19, ao ree z 1 e 20, > Ors \— ty YF Nee i at, Teo OR aie ye: YF baie NY 22, 5 G27." dy rh aii Me ie ccdas | Saeeean a ys ry 24, ES. jg heb a 1) Satta $e gigs See cae Oe 26, . es A 64°:=" aS 27, Fe Sori A 66°"* she 28, * cays, as 65° 5" 4 BO, wie, eee ay Tas s S800 eS ty 69° * February: 1,0 °°". 365" i 7a® * LAKE ATITLAN. Lake Atitlan is a mountain lake, whose elevation is about 5,000 feet above the sea. Except for the narrow pass to the south, through which one passes on the road between San Lucas and Patulul, the lake is surrounded by mountains, which rise directly from the water’s edge to an elevation of about 2,500 feet above its surface. There are several small streams flowing into the lake. The largest one empties Se APRIL, 1908. LAKES AMATITLAN AND ATITLAN— MEEK. 179 into the lake near the village of Jairal; the next largest near Pana- jachel. The valleys drained by these streams are each about one mile wide and two or three miles in length. So small are all of these valleys that the shore of the lake has been but very slightly changed since its formation. The lake has no visible outlet. If it ever had one it was through the San Lucas pass. On the south shore of the lake are two volcanoes, Atitlan and San Pedro, whose summits are 7,000 feet above } LAKE ATITLAN SHOWING DEPTH WHERE SOUNDINGS WERE TAKEN the lake and 12,000 feet above the level of the sea. To the north and back of the mountains bordering this side of the lake, is the plateau over which the upland road between Guatemala City and Quezaltan- ango passes. This plateau is about 5,000 feet above the lake. Lake Atitlan is about 12 miles wide and about 24 miles in length. It is one of the most beautiful of our American lakes, and is situated in a most delightful and healthful climate. Its elevation, and the scarcity of lowland and swampy places, unfit it as a habitation for mosquitoes, and so it is always free from malarial fevers. 180 FieLD CoLuMBIAN Museum — Zoo.oecy, Vou. VII. Along the greater part of the shore line the mountains rise perpen- dicularly out of the water, and so within a few feet of the water’s edge the depth is very great. At almost any point along the shore from San Lucas to Santa Cruz (the only shore where soundings were made near the water’s edge) the lake less than 14 mile from shore is between 400 and 700 feet in depth; near the middle of the eastern half of the lake its depth is over 1,000 feet. The deepest place found by me was 1,055 feet, which is probably the deepest place in the lake. The water in the lake is exceedingly clear. A white disc 12 inches in diameter can easily be seen at a depth of 45 feet. The shallow water near the shore is confined to the small stretches at the mouth of the few small inlets, and to the shore to the north of Atitlan and west of San Lucas. The margins of these areas usually support a growth of Tules such as are found in Lake Amatitlan. In these limited areas, water plants, as Chara, Potamogeton, and Alg@, are abundant. Of microscopical animal and plant life there is less to a cubic foot of water in Lake Atitlan than in Amatitlan. As compared with its immense volume of water the shore vegetation is very small and the spawning and feeding grounds for fishes are very much re- duced. The temperature of the water in Atitlan is 68 degrees. The surface during warm days becomes slightly warmer to a depth of about 5 feet. Below 5 or 10 feet the temperature of the water in the lake is 68° F. I was unable to take the temperature deeper than 750 feet, but wher- ever taken the temperature was the same. There are two small streams flowing into the lake near Panajachel. Between 3:30 and 5:30 P.M. on February 19, the temperature of the water in both of these streams near the lake was 64° F. In Lake Atitlan there are but three species of fishes, all of which are natives of Lake Amatitlan. The largest is the Serica (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum); the most abundant is the Pescadito (Pecilia sphenops), and by far the least important is the Gulumina (Fundulus guatemalensis). These fishes are much used for food by the natives, especially by those people living in Santa Catalina. These fishes are eaten only because no others are to be had. An effort is being made to introduce into this lake fishes from the rivers of the lowland. Already two or three species of Mojarra and the Pepemechin have been brought up from the lowlands and placed in a pond near San Lucas. It is very doubtful if much benefit will be derived from this effort to stock the lake, but certainly no harm can result from it. The same energy, more wisely applied, might result in more good. APRIL, 1908. LAKES AMATITLAN AND ATITLAN— MEEK. 81 This effort is an experiment, with chances in favor of increasing and improving, to a very limited extent, the fishes in the lake. The conditions for introduction of fishes into Atitlan are much different from those existing in Lake Amatitlan. Atitlan is very deep, with but a small amount of shallow water for spawning and feeding grounds. It is very certain that Lake Atitlan cannot support nearly so many fishes per cubic meter of water as can Lake Amatitlan. Its volume of water being many times greater, the capture of the fishes would be much more difficult. The stocking of this lake for strictly commercial purposes is sure to result in disppointment. LAKE ATITLAN NEAR PANAJACHEL The fact that Lake Atitlan is such a beautiful sheet of water, situ- ated at an altitude, and so completely surrounded by mountains as to insure it a delightful and healthful climate, is quite sure to cause it to become a resort for many people living in the cities and in the lowlands of Guatemala. There is nothing that would add more to the attrac- tiveness of this place than to have in the lake a fair supply of first-class game fishes,— that is, fishes whose capture with hook and line would afford recreation and pleasure. Fishes of this sort, which are common- ly known as game fishes, are the only ones that should be introduced in- tothislake. Ofall fishes the Carp should be avoided. The vegetation about the lake is too scant to ever enable this fish to become abundant 182 FIELD CoLUMBIAN Museum — Zoo.tocy, Vou. VII. enough to be of commercial value. The difficulty of taking it, or any large fishes, from the lake with nets would be so great as to make fishing for them for commercial purposes unprofitable. The water in Lake Atitlan is cool enough and pure enough to justify the introduction of Rainbow Trout (Salmo irideus). This isa very beautiful fish, a very excellent food fish, and one very popular with the professional sportsman who fishes for pleasure with hook and line. It is one of the very best American game fishes. This fish grows to a weight of ro to 12 pounds in comparatively warm water, the average weight being from 3 to 6 pounds. In very cool water the growth is slow, and the fishes may never exceed one or two pounds in weight. The introduction of the Rainbow Trout is very simple and easy, if care is taken. The eggs can be obtained at hatching stations operated by the United States Bureau of Fisheries, packed in ice and shipped to the lake, and there hatched. After trout eggs have been hatched until the eyes appear as dark spots, their development can be arrested by packing them in moss on trays which are surrounded by ice. Eggs packed in this way have been sent to Europe, Argen- tina, South America, and to New Zealand, and they could easily be taken in this way to Lake Atitlan. The small streams which flow into the lake would furnish a limited spawning area, but the supply of fishes could easily be increased by the addition of a small hatching sta- tion on one of the streams. The artificial propagation of trout presents no serious difficulties. Any intelligent person who is careful can, with a little training, successfully operate one of these stations. The Rainbow Trout is a fish which quite readily adapts itself to sur- rounding conditions. Its natural habitat is in water cooler than that found in Lake Atitlan. It is known to live in water as warm as 75° F. and it is very certain that it will do well in a large body of pure water, such as we find in the lake in question. In addition to the introduction of Rainbow Trout, the Steelhead Trout (Salmo gatrdneri) and the Landlocked Salmon (Salmo sebago) are recommended. These fishes grow larger than do the Rainbow Trout, and their eggs can be transported and hatched in the same way. The Trout and Salmon are much more easily intro- duced into the lake than are any others, and they are far more de- sirable. The next desirable fishes to introduce into Lake Atitlan are the Large-mouth Black Bass, the Rock Bass and the Crappie. These fishes would probably do well in the lake, but they should not be introduced if any or all of the species mentioned above are put into the lake. No species of fishes will ever become abundant in this body of APRIL, 1908. LAKES AMATITLAN AND ATITLAN— MEEK. 183 water, because the spawning and feeding grounds are so small, when compared with the immense volume of water in the lake. Lake Atitlan will always be attractive to the pleasure seeker, if it contains game fishes like the Rainbow Trout or the Large-mouth Black Bass. The money brought to its shores by the pleasure-seeker will, no doubt, be greater than could be realized from the capture and sale of German Carp if introduced there, for this lake is not suited for Carp, and its introduction into this lake should not be considered. The food supply is not at all large, and the great depth of the water would render the capture of the Carp very difficult. Carp should never be introduced into Lake Atitlan. The Rainbow Trout, the Steelhead, and the Landlocked Salmon are the most favored fish for this lake. If these fishes are not selected, the next best are the Large-mouth Black Bass, the Crappie, the Rock Bass, and the Bluegill. THE FISHES OF LAKES AMATITLAN AND ATITLAN. The fish fauna of these lakes is not extensive. In Lake Amatitlan occur seven species, only three of which, the smallest ones, are found in Lake Atitlan. Of those in Lake Amatitlan only three exceed a length of four or five inches, and two of these are very slender, which really leaves but one species which, if in the United States, would be considered of sufficient size to become a marketable fish. This largest species is not plentiful, due largely no doubt, to over fishing. For catching the smaller species, the ordinary cast or throw net is used. These nets vary in size from about four feet to about ten feet in diam- eter. The mesh is about % inch stretch measure. The larger Mojarras are taken with gill nets, which are usually about six feet in depth and about 100 to 300 feet in length, with a mesh of about 134 inches, stretch measure. Family Siluridz. Carrisnes; BaGRres; JuILINs. Rhamdia cabrere Meek. JuILIN. This fish inhabits the lake, though it is more abundant in the outlet. Its food consists almost entirely of insects and insect larve. The stomachs of most of those examined by me con- tained almost entirely the larve of the mosquito and the damsel fly. The Juilin seldom reaches a length of over 200 mm. It is 184 FrELD CoLUMBIAN MuseumM — ZooLoecy, Vou. VII. very slender, and so one that is full grown is not large. Asa fish for food for man, or for food for other fishes, it is of very little importance. It is reported to spawn during the sie of March, Apriland May. Lake Amatitlan, scarce. Family Gymnotidz. Ee ts. Gymnotus carapo Linnzus. ANGUILLA. This fish reaches a length of about 210 mm. It is very slender. During my stay at the lake I saw but three specimens of this species, and was unable to learn much about its habits. I was told that it is only occasionally taken in the lake, and though it is much prized as a food fish, it is too small, and found in too few numbers, to be of any economic value. This fish inhabits streams from Lake Amatitlan and Rio Motagua to the Rio de la Plata in South America. Lake Amatitlan, scarce. Family Characinidee. CHaRAcrNs. Astyanax micropthalmus Giinther. PEPpEsCcA. This fish reaches a length of about 140 mm. It is a deep fish of silvery color, with a dark band on the posterior half of the middle of the body. The food of this fish consists almost wholly of insects and insect larve. These fishes usually go to deep water in the daytime and so seldom are fished for except at night. They are most abundant in the inlets and near the outlet of the lake. The Pepescas are sold in large numbers in the markets at Ama- titlan. They spawn about May, probably April, May and June. I could secure no information in regard to their spawning habits. This fish is too small, and is found in quantities not large enough to be of much economic value. Lake Amatitlan, common. Family Poeciliidse. Kivvirisues. Fundulus guatemalensis Giinther. GuLUMINA. The Gulumina is a small, nearly cylindrical fish which grows to a length of about 85 mm. It is more abundant in the outlet of the lake than in the lake itself. This fish is seldom taken in shallow water along the shores where the Pescaditos are most MEEK. LAKES AMATITLAN AND ATITLAN APRIL, 1908. FisH TRAP. LAKE AMATITLAN FISH TRAP, LAKE AMATITLAN 186 FreELD CoLuMBIAN MusEuM—Zoo.oecy, Vou. VII. abundant. I examined many large catches of the latter and did not find in them a single species of Gulumina. I observed this small fish to be exceedingly abundant along the railroad fill. ‘During warm days, when the sun was shining brightly, they would rise in large schools near the surface of the water. On coming near the water’s edge, or approaching them slowly in a boat, they would sink to a considerable depth and hideamong the rocks. The food of this fish consists almost entirely of insects and insect larve. Itis said tospawn about Marchand April. Lakes Amati- tlan and Atitlan, scarce. Peecilia sphenops C. & V. PeEscapiTOo. There are probably more individuals of this fish in Lake Amatitlan than of all other fishes combined. It is a small fish, in shape and size much like the Gulumina. This fish is vivi- parous; that is, it brings forth its young alive. Each female has a brood of from 30 to 50 small fishes. The young are born in March and April and May. This fish feeds on filamentous alge, the larger species of free alge, and the tender parts of the Chara, Potamogeton and Ceratophyllum. They also eat mud in which microscopic animal and plant life is abundant, and also insects and insect larve when these are abundant. This species comes near shore in greater numbers during the night, yet they seem very plentiful in daytime in-shallow water. They are caught in large quantities by the residents of this region. Their flesh is quite firm and well flavored, but the many small bones and their small size prevent them from being very desirable for food. The absence of better fish, or the presence of no fish at all, and the ease with which they can be taken in large numbers, largely explains why so many are used for food by residents about the lakes. These fishes are captured by the small-mesh throw-nets used so extensively in Spanish American countries. In order to make their capture more certain and easy, the fishermen build nearly circular basins along the margins of the lake. These basins are formed by placing rocks around the margin, enclosing areas of shallow water usually about one or two feet deep and from 5 to 15 or 20 feet in diameter. These are often built in the shade of an overhanging bush, or they may or may not be covered with brush. On the side towards the lake a narrow opening is left through which these small fishes enter the basin. Ina short time the Pescaditos enter these basins in large numbers. After APRIL. 1908. LAKES AMATITLAN AND ATITLAN— MEEK. FiSH RUNWAYS, SANTA CATARINA. LAKE ATITLAN CATCHING SERICAS LAKE ATITLAN 188 FIELD CoLuMBIAN MustEuM—ZOoO.oecy, Vou. VII. they have become accustomed to these places, the fisherman removes the brush and the fish continue to enter the enclosure the same as before. When the net is thrown into the center of the enclosure, the fish become frightened and swim in all directions. By the time the net strikes the water they have gone to the edges of the basin, and not being able to escape swim back towards the opposite side and thus many are caught under the net. A few throws take most of the fish out of the basin. Soon, however, others come in and are captured in the same way. The Pesca- ditos frequent the shore and these basins in larger numbers at night than in the daytime, and so fishing for them is done mostly after sundown. In rocky places, and where there is‘no shallow water, these basins are made by digging back in the shore, and some have been made at the expense of considerable labor. These small fishes are usually more abundant along the shores where there are warm springs. On Lake Atitlan, at Santa Catarina, is a stretch of shore line where there is considerable surface of warm water. At this place narrow trenches are dug back some dis- tance, which this species frequents in large numbers, where they are easily caught. The shore of this lake contains only small areas of shallow water, and does not afford opportunities for the construction of small trap-like basins for the capture of this fish, as does the shore at Lake Amatitlan. Conical traps, made of wickerwork, are also used here to capture these fishes. The Serica is, however, more easily taken in these traps than is this species. In these lakes and neighboring waters there are evi- dently more individuals of the Pescadito than of all other fishes combined. This is especially true of Lake Atitlan. This species is very abundant in fresh and brackish water of the lowlands of southern Mexico, south to Nicaragua. In Central America it is the small fish found near the head waters of rivers on both sides of the divide. It is the small fish usually seen swimming near the hot springs in Middle America. It probably never goes in water warmer than too to 110° F. It certainly does not at Amatitlan. As food for game fishes, it will serve its purpose best. The introduction of a fish which lives on small fishes is the best means of converting this species into much better food than it at present makes. Lakes Amatitlan and Atitlan, very abundant. APRIL, 1908. LAKES AMATITLAN AND ATITLAN— MEEK. 189 Family Cichlidz. Moyjarras. Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum Giinther. Serica. Next to the Pescadito, the Serica is most abundant in the lakes. It is a small Mojarra never growing longer than 100 mm. As a food fish it is considered of little value by the people who live on Lake Amatitlan. The chief objection to it is its small size and the numerous small bones it contains. This fish is not seen in the markets and seldom in the catch of any of the fishermen there. It is very abundant along the shores where there is much vegeta- tion, as it feeds almost entirely on alge and the tender parts of the higher water plants in the lakes. It is a handsome, active fish, but of no important commercial value. This fish in Lake Atitlan is of more importance, due largely to the absence of larger fishes. It is easily captured by use of conical wickerwork traps, which are set in the water where vegetation is abundant. The Serica will enter fish traps of this style in Lake Amatitlan in far greater numbers than do any of the other species there. Its habits, so far as known, are about the same as those of the Mojarra. They deposit their eggs in April, May and June. So far as known, this fish is found only in the mountain lakes of western Guatemala, but it is not, at present, recorded from any of the rivers of the Republic. Lakes Amatitlan and Atitlan, abundant. Cichlasoma guttulatum Giinther. Mojarra. This is the largest fish in Lake Amatitlan. The largest speci- men obtained by me was 270 mm. in length. It is a very hand- some fish; its flesh is well flavored and very firm. As a food fish it is regarded as one of the very best in the fresh waters of the republic. This fish feeds to some extent on small fishes, but plants formed much the largest supply of the food of a large number of specimens examined by me. The Mojarra deposits its eggs in nests made in the sand and gravel in shallow water at the base of the Tules. I am told that they deposit their eggs in April, May and June. This fish is found in the rivers on the west slope of Guatemala. Its rather small size, and being found in rather small numbers, prevent its becoming a food fish of much importance. Over fishing, especially during the breeding season, is always sure to keep the numbers of this fish much reduced in the lake. -All of the individuals of the species which are caught, whether large or small, are used for food. These fishes are 190 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM — Zoo oey, Vot. VII. usually taken in gill nets. These nets are about one to 300 feet in length and about 6 feet in depth. A net is run out for about 2% of its length along the edge of the Tules; the ends are carried at right angles into the Tules, forming three sides of a rectangular enclosure. The fishermen then get between the shore and the net, and drive the fishes with considerable vigor towards the net. They appear to be easily gilled. The net is then taken up and put out as a seine into the deeper water just outside the line of the Tules, in the form of acircle. The boat is anchored to the Tules, FISHING FOR MOJARRAS, LAKE AMATITLAN the ends of the net are drawn to the boat, and the circle closed by lapping the ends of the net. The fishermen slowly pull in the net by the cork line, permitting it to gather in folds at each end of the boat. Usually several fishes are gilled in this way, and are taken out as the net is pulled in. The fishermen then move to another place and repeat these hauls till a sufficient number of fishes are taken. This species of fish is usually takenin daytime. It is said that at night they go into deep water. The largest numbers are taken during the months when they are breeding, for during this time they are more easily caught. The practices of the fishermen on Lake Amatitlan in taking this fish at all times of the year are very harmful to their own interests, and would not be tolerated on ApRIL, 1908. Lakes AMATITLAN AND: ATITLAN— MEEK. Ig! any lake or stream in the United States. These fish should not be disturbed when they are depositing their eggs, and at other times of the year only the larger ones captured should be retained, and all others returned to the lake. Lake Amatitlan, common. AMPHIBIANS OF LAKES AMATITLAN AND ATITLAN. One toad and three frogs are the only Amphibians taken at these lakes. During the winter and the dry season these animals are not abundant in the tropics, and the following list is not a fair index of their abundance in these places. The larger frog, Rana pipiens, is the only one used for food by the natives. It occurs at both lakes. For assistance in the identification of these species I am indebted to Dr. L. Stejneger, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Family Bufonidze. Toaps; Sapos. Bufo marinus Linneus. Toap; Sapo. . Several toads inhabit Guatemala, but this is the only species I found on the shores of Lake Amatitlan. This species deposits its eggs in shallow water, and there they develop into the larval or tadpole stage. In this stage they feed chiefly on alge. Al- though many of them are eaten by fishes they are not abundant enough to furnish any large supply of food for fishes. This toad is very abundant in the West Indies, and from southern Mexico to Brazil. It is one of the largest toads in Middle America. Abundant on shores of Lake Amatitlan, but it does not occur at Lake Atitlan. Family Ramidze. Frocs; Ranas. Rana pipiens Gmelin. Frocs; RANA. This is the larger of the two frogs found in this region. It is found in wet places and in shallow water, along the shores of both lakes. Its feet are webbed, a character which distinguishes it from the species listed below. It deposits its eggs in shallow 192 FieLp CoLuMBIAN MusEumM — Zooé.ocy, Vov. VII. water, and these develop into a larval or tadpole form, which much resembles that of toads, and which has similar habits. The tadpole or larval form of the frog is larger than that of the toad, though the adult is smaller. Lakes Amatitlan and Atitlan, common. Family Cystignathidze. Frocs; Ranas. Leptodactylus microtis Cope. Froc; RANa. This small frog is quite abundant in wet places under stones, pieces of wood or other material, which easily conceal them. Its breeding habits are the same as those of the preceding species. Though quite abundant about the shores of the lake Amatitlan it is too small to be of much economic importance. The adult - frog and the adult toad feed mostly on insects. This species was not taken at Lake Atitlan. Common at Lake Amatitlan. THE REPTILES OF LAKES AMATITLAN AND ATITLAN Reptiles were not abundant during January and February on or about the shores of these lakes, and none of those found there, except one turtle, are distinctively water animals. The following list comprises all that were taken or were common near the water’s edge. No water snakes, or rather snakes frequenting the water, were observed during my stay at these lakes. Family Iguanide. Icuanan. Basaliscus vittatus Gray. A few specimens of this species were taken along the more rocky shores of Lake Amatitlan. It is not nearly so abundant here as in the lower lands. Iguana rhinopla Gray. IGUANA. One specimen was taken during my stay at Lake Amatitlan, the only one I saw. Ctenosaura acanthura Gray. IGUANA. This species is very abundant along the rocky shores of the lake. Its eggs and flesh are eaten by the natives. This species APRIL, 1908. LAKES AMATITLAN AND ATITLAN— MEEK. 193 and the two preceding apparently do not occur on the shores of Lake Atitlan. This lizard is very abundant along streams in the lower lands of western Guatemala. Family Teiide. Ameiva undulata Gray. This small lizard is quite plentiful on the shores of both of these lakes. It seldom, if ever, enters the water, and is too small to be of any economic value. Family Cinosterids. Turt es. Cinosternum cruentatum Dumeril. TurrLe; TorruGa. The only turtle I saw at Lake Amatitlan was an individual of this species which I purchased of a native at Laguna. So far as I could learn, turtles are very scarce in this region. The specimen here listed agrees well with the accounts of the species as given by Dr. Ginther and Dr. Boulenger. Length of carapace 122 mm., width, 85 mm., depth, 62 mm.; length of anterior lobe of plastron 42 mm., of middle lobe 27 mm., of posterior lobe 45 mm.; pos- terior margin of plastron with a slight notch. The members of the family to which this species belongs are regarded as inferior for food. The introduction of one or more turtles would increase the food supply of the lake, and in no way be harmful to the fishes now there, or to the fishes introduced. THE WATER BIRDS OF LAKES AMATITLAN AND ATITLAN. The following list of water birds includes only such species as were collected, by Mr. Barber or by Dr. Dearborn, or positively identified by other means, during a brief visit to these lakes in March and April, 1906. It may be well to state in this connection that both of these lakes are centers for all bird life, at least during the dry season, when the surrounding mountains are without green vegetation, and the short alluvial valleys alone furnish green foliage and food for all classes of birds. Most of the species here named are undoubtedly to be found in this region only in 194 FieELD CoLuMBIAN MusEuM —Zootoey, Vor. VII. winter, as their breeding range is much to the northward of Guatemala. This account of the water birds of this region was kindly furnished me by Dr. Ned Dearborn* of this museum. Family Podicipedidz. Greses. Colymbus dominicus brachypterus Chapman. SHORT-WINGED GREBE. A small colony of Short-winged Grebes frequented an area of surface vegetation in a small bay of Atitlan near Panajachel, whence several specimens were collected in April. Colymbus nigricollis californicus Heermann. AMERICAN EARED GREBE. American Eared Grebes were found in small numbers at the western end of Amatitlan, and more common and generally dis- tributed near Panajachel on Atitlan. At this latter place, the Indians, by dextrous paddling in small canoes, tire out and capture these Grebes after a short but lively chase. The Grebes, as well as all the other species of water birds, remain near the shore when undisturbed, as the rapidly declining bottom of the lakes allows them only a narrow margin to feed upon. Family Anatidee. Ducks. Querquedula discors Linneus. BLUE-wINGED TEAL, One specimen of Blue-winged Teal, taken on Atitlan by Mr. Barber in February, was the only duck encountered that could be identified. A flock of several hundred ducks was seen at Ama- titlan, but they were so wild that it was impossible to approach near enough to make out what they were. The same uncertainly prevailed with regard to a few other ducks at Atitlan. Family Ardeidge. Herons. - Butorides virescens Linn@us. GREEN HERON. , ___ Green Herons were found scatteringly in all parts of the *For an account of the birds collected on this Expedition, see Publica- tion 125 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Ornithological Series, Vol. 1, No. 3, 69 to 138, 1907. APRIL, 1908. LAKES AMATITLAN AND ATITLAN— MEEK. 195 Republic that were visited. In the collection made by Mr. Barber at Atitlan is one specimen. Family Ballidze. Rais; Coors. Porzana carolina Linneus. CAROLINA RalL. Carolina Rails winter sparingly about the shores of both these lakes, specimens being taken at each of them. They follow the fringe of tules wherein are food and seclusion. Gallinule galeata Lichtenstein. FLoripa GALLINULE. A single Florida Gallinule, the only one observed, was taken at Amatitlan in February. -It was living in a patch of tules adjacent to a hot spring. Fulica americana Gmelin. Coor. Coots winter abundantly at both lakes. They procure most of their food by diving, a short distance out from shore, though they feed more or less in the strip of tules that fringes the water's edge. They dive without difficulty, notwithstanding the fact that when they come to the surface to breathe and swallow, they come up as buoyantly as pieces of cork. Coots are captured by the native boatmen at Atitlan in the same manner as Grebes are, that is to say,— by running down, when a blow from a paddle quickly ends the chase. This mode of pursuit was observed frequently at Atitlan by both Dr. Meek and Mr. Barber, but at Amatitlan the gun was the only weapon used against any sort of water-fowl. Family Seolopacidz. Syipes. Gallinago delicata Ord. Wu tson’s Snipe. Several Wilson's Snipe were seen at Atitlan in March by Mr. Barber. Acititis macularius Linnzus. Spotrep SANDPIPERS. A few Spotted Sandpipers winter in this region. One was seen at Amatitlan and two were secured at Atitlan. 196 FIELD CoLUMBIAN Museum — Zo6oLoecy, Vou. VII. Family Charadriidze. P.Lovers. Oxyechus vociferus Linneus. KILLDEER. The Killdeer winters in some parts of Guatemala — notably along the Motagua River — in considerable numbers. One was observed at Atitlan on April oth. Family Aleedinidz. KINGFISHERs. Ceryle alcyon Linneus. BELTED KINGFISHER. Belted Kingfishers were not uncommon at Atitlan, where several were seen and one taken. One was seen at Amatitlan. Ceryle americana septentrionalis Sharpe. Texas KINGFISHER. Texas Kingfishers were found at both lakes, but more com- monly at Atitlan, where two specimens were secured. THE ZOOPLANKTON OF LAKES AMATITLAN AND ATITLAN. The lowest forms of microscopic animals found in these lakes are treated under this head. They do not occur in any very great abundance and the number of species is small. The follow- ing account of these forms was kindly furnished me by Mr. H. Walton Clark, Assistant, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. Family Volvocide. Ceiastrum microporum Negeli. Not uncommon. A few specimens were found scattered through samples No. rg (Feb. 5th, Amatitlan, towing made at noon from bottom to top in 110 feet water) and No. 20 (Jan. 17th, Lake Amatitlan, in front of hotel). None of the specimens showed — the tubercles on the cells shown in many illustrations, but accord- ing to descriptions and a few figures, these may be absent. One colony appeared to possess eye-spots, onein eachcell. One colony examined measured 60 », diameter, cells 15 ~; full grown col- APRIL, 1908. LAKE AMATITLAN AND ATITLAN— MEEK. 197 onies are said to attain a diameter of 40-100 »., and individual cells as much as 25 »#. Eudorina stagnale Wolle. This is one of the common elements of the plankton, occurring in the greater number of samples, never in great abundance, but usually several, and often numerous examples could be seen in the field at the same time. It was quite frequently found in stages of active division. I have not had opportunity to compare carefully Wolle’s description of Eudorina stagnale with the description of the European form, elegans Schmidle, In a recent article on Algae from Brazil, he identifies the Eudorina found there as elegans. Family Peridinide. Peridinium tabulatum Ehrenberg. Common in most of the plankton, abundant in a good deal of it. The form at hand is that with the cleft anterior portion; diameter of a specimen measured, 65 ». Griffith and Henfrey give the length as 1-480’’, which reduces to 52. Allourexamples appear to be of nearly uniform size. They are exceedingly abundant in sample 8, collected at the west end of Lake Amatitlan, on the surface. This catch consisted mostly of insect exuvie, and it is remarkable that the greater number of the Peridiniums were crowded densely in the cast-off skins, as if they had worked their way in for food or shelter. Peridinium hirundinella 0. F. Muller. Rather common; scattered through most of the phyto- plankton from Lake Amatitlan, and also in the Atitlan material. Our specimens agree very well with the figures found in Kent, and in the figures in the Riverside Natural History. All are robust and quite rough. This species is almost cosmopolitan, having been reported - from England, India (Kent), the Great Lakes (Riverside Nat. Hist.), and from lakes in Iceland (Ostenfold). (I have so far ‘found none in Lake McDonald, Alaska, though there are several other species represented.) Apstein (1, c.) notes slender 3-horned specimens as occurring in the Dorbesdorfer Sea. All the exam- 198 FieLp CoLtumMBIAN Museum — Zootoecy, Vot. VII. ples seen from Lake Atitlan were 4-horned, but many, perhaps the majority, from Lake Amatitlan, were 3-horned. They did not appear to be more slender than the others, however. Kent gives the size as “Length 1-120” to 1-go’’-208 » to 277 w.”’ The examples at hand measured 220 » long, and 70 » wide at the broadest portion of the body. SPONGE IN LAKE AMATITLAN. Family Spongilidz. FresH-waTEeR SPONGES. Spongilla fragilis Leidy. FRESH-wATER SPONGE. So far as I was able to discover, there is but one species of Fresh-water Sponge in Lake Amatitlan (none was observed in Lake Atitlan). This sponge is not very abundant, and is usually found growing on rocks or pieces of wood in the water. It appears on these objects usually as light brown patches, although its color may vary from nearly white to a bright green. The shade of color depends much on the amount of light. The lighter shades are found in the darkest places, and the green color in bright sun- light. In general, this sponge bears some resemblance to our com- mercial sponges which grow in the sea. The important differ- ence between those in salt-water and fresh-water is in the com- position of the spicules— the harder skeleton mass. The spicules of the salt-water forms are made up of a horny elastic fibre, while those of fresh water are composed of silica. The patches of sponges found on rocks along the shore of Lake Amatitlan are subcircular, being thin at the edges and thicker in the middle. This sponge is not abundant and is of no commercial value. It is apparently of no economic importance, so far as the fish supply of the lake is concerned. This species is very widely distributed over North America, but is not known from bodies of water farther south than Lake Amatitlan. For the identification of this species, I am indebted to Dr. Edward Potts, of Philadelphia. APRIL, 1908. LAKES AMATITLAN AND ATITLAN— MEEK. 199 THE LEECHES OF LAKE AMATITLAN. By J. PERCY MOORE.* Family Glossiphoniidw. Snari Leecues. Glossophonia lineata (Verrill). This little leech was originally described from Nebraska and Florida. It is now known to range very extensively over the Pacific side of South America, through Central America, Mexico, the entire United States, and into the southern half of Canada, and is carried from place to place attached to the feet of migrating water birds. Several specimens were taken, in association with E. triannularis, under stones in Lake Amatitlan. Although presenting many varieties, a general characteristic of the species is the double line of small conical papilla along the middle of the back. The striking color pattern of brown and white in vivid contrast is also limited to this and one other species of the genus. Besides seeking concealment beneath stones and leaves in the water, it attaches itself to the bodies of snails, frogs and larger leeches, upon the first of which, as well as upon small worms and insects, it subsists. In common with other members of the genus it bears its eggs and young on the ventral surface, pro- tected by the inrolled margins, and supplied with currents of fresh water by therythmic undulations of the body. When disturbed, it rolls into a ball and remains for a time quiescent. Family Erpobdellidz. Worm Leecues. Erpobdella triannulata Sp. nov. Form moderately slender, width greatest at caudal end of clitellum, thence nearly uniform, but tapering gently to caudal end; subterete in pre-clitellar region, moderately depressed, and *Two species of Leeches were found in Lake Amatitlan, but none was was taken in Lake Atitlan, as no special search was made for them there. These leeches are small, and one, or both, species is quite abundant under stones. The small size of these animals, and the fact that they are hidden, render them of little if any economic importance. The account here given of these leeches was prepared for this paper by Dr. J. Percy Moore, of the University of Pennsylvania.—[S. E. M.] 200 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM — Zoo.toecy, Vou. VII. in cross-section elliptical in post-clitellar part; lateral margins rounded except near the caudal sucker, where thin lateral wings extend for a short distance. Mouth moderate, the upper lip rather short and broad and moderately furrowed. Eyes 3 pairs, the first much the largest and most conspicuous, situated in the dorsum of somite II, the other two pairs equal and situated one above the other at the sides of the mouth on somite IV. Clitellum thick, completely zonular, extending over 15 annuli (X b* to XIII b‘ inclusive), well defined and broader than contiguous segments. Genital orifices separated by three full annuli, the male being situated between the secondand third rings of somite XII (XII b?/a?), the female at XII/XIII. On mature worms the male orifice is prominent, with rugose margins | and elevated on a broad conical papilla. When the atrial chamber is everted this region appears as a slightly elliptical disk with the longer diameter transverse, with a slightly raised marginal rim, and near the center two small openings of the prostate horns. Completely quinque-annulate somites have all annuli of equal length, and not further subdivided except on much contracted specimens, which have all rings equally subdivided by transverse furrows across the middle. Anus large, with radical furrows sur- rounding it, situated 3 annuliinfront ofthe anus. Posterior suck- er thin, flat, its diameter about two-thirds the greatest width of the body, marked on each side by several raised radiating lines. Color, yellowish olive or dull green, marked for the entire length with four longitudinal stripes composed of numerous small black spots with pale centers in which sensory papille are situ- ated. The middle (paramedian) pair is usually the darker, and the supra-marginal duller and more diffuse, while the median light area is paler than those between the two pairs of dark stripes. Ventral surface and lateral margins plain gray or ashy and quite unpigmented. Other specimens have the dorsal pigmentation diffuse, giving an effect of dull brown or brownish black, the paramedian region being always deepest. In such specimens, the furrows are always pale, and the rings speckled with small white spots indicating the position of the sense organs. Atrium with median chamber relatively spacious, much as in Dina microstoma, not deeply bilobed nor much incised by the nerve cord; prostate cornua small, curved laterally and downward to meet the vasa deferentia, which pass forward as long loops as far as ganglion XI, APRIL, 1908. LAKES AMATITLAN AND ATITLAN— MEEK. 201 Length in moderately extended resting condition 25-30 mm., maximum width at posterior end of clitellum 3 mm., greatest depth nearly 2 mm. Egg-cases very flat, thin, yellowish, chitinoid capsules, ellip- tical, not produced at the ends, and with slightly developed thin margins; 3-4.5 mm. long and 2-3 mm. wide. They are attached by one face to the under-side of stones, sticks, etc., and each con- tains several eggs or young immersed in albumen. In the digestive tracts were found the remains of small insect larve, oligochete annelids, and other leeches, including their own species. Very abundant under rocks about the sooes of Lake Amatit- lan, Guatemala, associated with Glossiphonia lineata (Verrill) Moore. I have also received specimens from other parts of Cen- tral America, Mexico, and the mountains of southern California. A small, slender leech, seldom exceeding 30 mm. in length, pale ashy below and of a yellowish olive or dull green color above, marked by two or four dusky longitudinal stripes, which may be diffuse and coalesced. On the head are three pairs of eyes, the first and largest on the upper lip, the other close together at the sides of themouth. Inaddition to some features of the internal structure, _ this species is distinguished from related leeches by having all of the rings of the middle of the body of equal length and similar structure, and three complete rings intervening between the male and female external genital pores. It abounds about the shores of Lake Amatitlan, seeking con- cealment by day beneath stones and similar objects in the shallow waters, and at night becoming active in the pursuit of small worms, insect larve, and even the smaller members of its own species, which constitute its chief food. Having no toothed jaws, it is not an habitual blood-sucker, though it doubtless, like related species, attacks abraded surfaces of higher animals when oppor- tunity offers. Not confined to Lake Amatitlan. It has been found through Central America, Mexico, and in the mountains of southern Cali- fornia, inhabiting streams as well as lakes and ponds. The eggs are deposited, several together, in a quantity of albuminous jelly, in small, very flat, elliptical, somewhat horny capsules, provided with a thin, often frilled border, and attached firmly to the under side of stones. Type No. 2389 Collection Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 202 FreELpD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM — Zoo.Locy, Vot. VII. CRUSTACEA OF LAKES AMATITLAN AND ATITLAN. Two species of larger Crustacea occur in Lake Amatitlan, but one of these, the Freshwater Crab, occurs in both lakes. During the breeding time for these species, they form a considerable amount of the food supply taken from Lake Amatitlan. For notes and the identification of these species I am indebted to Miss Mary J. Rathbun, of the Smithsonian Institution, Washing- ton, D. C. Family Palzeemonide. SuRImps: CAMARONS/ Bithynis jamaicensis Herbst. CAMARON. The Camaron is a large shrimp which is quite abundant in the Pacific Coast streams of Middle America. It is now quite abun- dant in Lake Amatitlan, but is difficult to capture, except in April, May, and June during its breeding season. This species inhabits fresh waters from Lower California and Texas to Ecuador and Rio de Janeiro. It is also abundant in the West Indies, and wherever found it is much prized as an article of food. This large Shrimp or Camaron does not inhabit Lake Atitlan. The fact that it is abundant in the Pacific coast streams indicates that it is possibly native to Lake Amatitlan, although it is reported to have been introduced there. Lake Atitlan has no outlet, and it also has a very limited fish fauna, and so the absence of this crustacean might be expected. This Camaron is reported as abundant in the west coast rivers of Nicaragua, but is said not to occur in Lakes Managua and Nicaragua; but neither of these lakes communicates with the west coast streams. Except during the spring months, this species is said to go to deep water. At any rate they are seldom seen, or seldom captured, except during the breeding season. As an article of food, this Shrimp is very highly prized. Lake Amatitlan, abundant in breeding season. Family Potamonidz. Crass; CANGREJOs. Potamocarcinus guatemalensis Rathbun. CANGREJO. This crab is quite abundant in Lake Amatitlan, but like the Camaron is more easily captured during the breeding time, which APRIL, 1908. LAKES AMATITLAN AND ATITLAN— MEEK. 203 is in February, March, and April. The eggs of this species are laid and then attached to the legs and caudal appendages, and are thus carried until the young are of sufficient size to care for themselves. The eggs and young of the Camaron are carried in the same way. To capture these animals when thus loaded with eggs or the young means much destruction to the species. The Cangrejo is much prized for food. Individuals when taken loaded with young should at once be returned to the water. If water animals are to become abundant and useful, the wholesale destruction of the young should be avoided. There are many species of fresh water crabs found in tropical waters, inhabiting streams, lakes, ditches and damp woods. Their food, like that of the Camaron, consists of insects and other small animals, and of water plants. Their abundance in Lake Amatitlan will depend largely upon the protection given them during the time they are taking care of their young. Lakes Amatitlan and Atitlan, common. The smaller Crustacea were comparatively more abundant in Lake Atitlan than in Lake Amatitlan. Many hauls were made with the tow net at or near the surface at nearly all hours of the day, and never, except once, were these forms taken in any con- siderable quantity. On February 17th, at about 4:30 P.m., I made a surface towing in Lake Atitlan, near San Lucas, with only average results. A second short haul, made about three-quarters of an hour later resulted in securing about a pint of these small forms. This haul was made just as it begantorain. It was evident tothe naked eye that the surface of the water was alive with these small crustacea. These forms were not observed to be at the surface in such numbers on several other evenings, about this same time, when examinations were made. The collections made at both Lakes Amatitlan and Atitlan were studied by Dr. E. A. Birge, Professor of Zodlogy of the University of Wisconsin, and by his assistant, Professor C. Juday. The following account of the Phyllopoda was prepared by Dr. E. A. Birge. Family Sididz. Diaphanosoma brachyurum (Liéven) G. O. Sars. A considerable number of females, not distinguishable from the North American representatives of this species, as found 204 FreLp CotumBIAN Musgeum — Zootoey, Vou. VII. in the collections from Lakes Atitlan and Amatitlan. Length 1.o mm.; height to 0.45 mm. Family Daphnide. Daphnia pulex De Geer. By far the most abundant member of the Cladocera in the collection is a stout, semi-transparent representative of this species. The antenne are not very strong, and only slightly ciliated. The first and second abdominal processes are united at the base. There are 17-18 abdominal teeth.. The distal pecten bears 6-8 teeth, of which the proximal is smaller than the . others. The proximal pecten has about 1o small teeth. Length to 2.5 mm.; height to 1.6 mm. Lakes Atitlan and Amatitlan. Daphnia longispina O. F. Muller. A single specimen of this species was found in the collections from Lake Amatitlan. It is of the variety galeata Sars, and is not far from the form figured in Lilljeborg’s Cladocera Suecie, Pl. XVII, fig. 9. Length 1.56 mm., including spine 0.4 mm. long; height o.53 mm. Ceriodaphnia rigaudi Richard. Four immature specimens of this species were found in the collection from Lake Amatitlan. They included both varieties, three having one horn, and one specimen having two horns on the head. Length o.4 mm. Family Bosminidze. Bosmina obtusirostris G. O. Sars. A few specimens indistinguishable from this species were found in both lakes. Length 0.42 mm. Family Lyneceidz. Alona, sp. Two immature specimens of a species of this genus were found in the collection from Lake Atitlan. Length o.3 mm._ APRIL, 1908. Lakes AMATITLAN AND ATITLAN— MEEK. 205 The following account of the Copepoda was prepared by Professor Chauncy Juday, of the University of Wisconsin. In the Plankton collection, from Lakes Atitlan and Amatitlan, the Copepoda are represented by only two forms. Family Centropagidz. Diaptomus albuquerquensis Herrick. Four specimens of this species were found in the material from Lake Atitlan, and four in that from Lake Amatitlan. Length 1.4 to 1.7 mm. This form has been reported from Colorado, New Mexico, and the City of Mexico. Family Cyclopide. Cyclops oithnoides Sars. A few adults were found in the collection from Lake Atitlan. Lengtho.s5mm. A considerable number of immature specimens, which probably belong to this species, was found in the collec- tions from both lakes. SHELLS OF LAKE AMATITLAN. With the exception of one species, Spheromelania largillierti, shells are not abundant about the shores of the lake. No bivalves were taken, and probably none exists there. My stay at Lake Atitlan was short, and no shells were collected there. The few unsuccessful searches made for these indicate that shells are not abundant on the shores of this lake. For the identification of these shells I am indebted to Dr. Dall and to Dr. Bartsch, of the Smithsonian Institution. Family Melanidz. Spheromelania largillierti Phil. This is the largest and by far the most abundant species of shell found in the lake. It is found everywhere along the shore 206 FIELD CoLuMBIAN MusEuM—Zoo.toey, Vot. VII. on plants and rocks. This species deposits its eggs in January and February. The eggs are very large and are usually attached to the under side of rocks. This species is so abundant that its large gelatin-like eggs would furnish a considerable amount of food for small fishes. Itisa very abundant species in Guatemala and San Salvador to Central Nicaragua. Family Amnicolidz. Amnicola guatemalensis Fisch & Crosse. A very sthall species and very scarce. Of no economic import- ance. _ Amnicola petensis Morelet. Very small and very scarce. Of no value. Family Limnzide. Ancylus excentricus Morelet. Very small and very scarce. It is found attached to rocks. Planorbis subpronus Von Martens. Very small, rather common. Of no economic importance. FieLpD CoLuMBIAN MusEuM HS PUBLICATION 132 ZOOLOGICAL SERIES. VoL. VII, No. 7. NEW SPECIES OF FISHES FROM TROPICAL AMERICA BY SETH EuGENE MEEK, Assistant Curator of Department. CHARLES B, Cory, Curator of Department. Cuicaco, U.S. A. February, 1909. / NEW SPECIES OF FISHES FROM TROPICAL AMERICA BY SETH EUGENE MEEK During the past year the Museum has received a few small col- lections of fishes from Tropical America, among which the following appear to be undescribed: Rhamdia nasuta sp. nov. Type No. 6480, F. M. N. H.; length, 125 mm.; Buenos Aires de Terraba, Costa Rica. Head 3.65; depth 5.20; D. 1,6; A. 11. Body elongate, moderately robust; top of head flat, interorbital 3 in head; occipital process short, about twice as long as broad at base; upper jaw the longer; mouth moderate, its greatest breadth 2.40 in head; eye 5.20; snout 2.68; maxillary barbels nearly reach- ing adipose fin; dorsal spine weak, its length 3.80 in head; pectoral spine strong, its margins retrorse dentate, its length 2.70 in head; fontanelle large, from between posterior nostrils to pupil; length of tubes bearing anterior nostrils greater than diameter of pupil; adi- pose fin well developed, its distance from dorsal 2.19 in head; length of adipose fin 3.26 in body, height of adipose fin 5.70 in head; tip of snout to dorsal spine 2.68 in body; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.38 in head; caudal fin deeply forked, its lobes pointed. Color olivaceous, sides with an obscure dark lateral band. One specimen, the type. Collected by Mr. M. A. Carriker. Astyanax regani sp. nov. Type No. 6257, F. M. N. H.; length, 130 mm.; Las Cafias, Costa Rica. Head 4.66; depth 3.33; D. 11; A. 27; scales 8-39-6. Body elongate, heavy anteriorly, the head short and blunt; pre- ‘ventral area broadly rounded, without a median series of scales; postventral area broadly rounded; predorsal area rounded, with a partially complete series of ten median scales; occipital process } its distance from the dorsal, bordered by 3 scales on the side; inter- 207 208 FrELD CoLuMBIAN MusEuM—Zo6.LocGy, Vov. VII. orbital very convex, 2.5 in head; frontal fontanelle % as long as the parietal; snout short and blunt; maxillary not quite equal to length of eye; diameter of eye 3.5 in head; second suborbital leaving a naked space equal to % its own width; premaxillary with four teeth in each series; maxillary with 3 teeth; dentary with four large grad- uated teeth in front and several smaller ones similar to the last of the four larger on the sides; gill-rakers short, about 6+11; dorsal a little nearer snout than caudal, its height about 4 in the length; caudal about equal to length of head; origin of anal below the tip of the last dorsal ray; ventrals below the second scale in front of. dor- sal, reaching a little more than half way to anal; pectorals reaching %% to ventrals; scales thin, cycloid, rather irregularly placed on the belly; no interpolated scales on the sides; an exceedingly low anal sheath; caudal naked; a very short and broad axillary scale; lat- eral line but little decurved. Color silvery, an obscure vertical humeral spot; a plumbeous lateral band; a caudal spot; middle caudal rays dark. Named for Mr. C. T. Regan of the British Museum. One specimen, the type. Collected by Dr. A. Alfaro. Cyprinodon dearborni sp. nov. Type No. 6484, F. M. N. H.; length, 44 mm.; Willemstad, Cur- acao, Dutch West Indies. Head 2.7 to 2.9; depth 2.1 to 2.5; D. 10; A. 10; scales 12-24. Body robust; dorsal region elevated; head large; interorbital flat, 2.6 to 2.8 in head; snout 3.0 to 3.3; diameter of eye 3.2 to 3.4; lower jaw stronger and longer than the upper; teeth tricuspid; dor- sal fin inserted slightly behind ventrals, its distance from snout 1.7 to 1.8 in body; pectorals 1.3 to 1.5 in head; ventrals 2.8 to 2.9; caudal peduncle 1.5 to 1.7 in males to 2.0 in females; humeral scale enlarged. Color, dark olive to nearly black; males plain, the fins, except dorsal, tipped with black; females variegated with darker with ten- dency to form bars; a narrow dark bar at base of caudal rays; dorsal and anal with black ocellus on middle of last rays; none of the fins tipped with black. This fish resembles Cyprinus riverendt-Poey, from which it differs in having a larger head, more slender body, and darker coloration. It is also a smaller fish. Willemstad, Curacao, Dutch West Indies (90"), 36 to 44 mm. and (49), 34 to 38 mm. Collected by Dr. N. Dearborn, for whom the species is named. FeB., 1909. New FisHes FROM TROPICAL AMERICA— MEEK. 209 Girardinus vandepolli (Van Lidth de Jude). Poecilia Vandepolli Van Lidth de Jude, Lyden Museum, IX, 137, 1887, Freshwater Curacao. Head 3.3 to 3.5; depth 3.3 to 3.5; D. 8; A.8; scales 24 to 26. Body robust; top of head flat; interorbital 1.8 to 2.1 in head; jaws weak; teeth pointed, in one series; snout 4.3 to 4.6 in head; diameter of eye greater than length of snout, 3.3 to 3.6 in head; ori- gin of dorsal nearer base of caudal than tip of snout, its distance from tip of snout 1.6 in body; origin of dorsal slightly in advance of that of anal; caudal peduncle deep, 1.6 to 1.8 in head; pectoral 1.3 to 1.4 in head; modified anal of male 1.1 to 1.2 in head. Color olivaceous, dorsal with a faint dark bar. Very abundant in fresh water pools; eggs with eye spots formed, 12 to 16 eggs in adult females. Estate of Dr. Van Lier, Curacao, Dutch West Indies (100), 20 to 40 mm. This species is reported by Dr. N. Dearborn, who col- lected it, to be very abundant in a small brook on the Van Lier estate which is about 7 miles west of Willemstad. Peecilia caudata sp. nov. Type (2) No. 6360, F. M. N. H.; length, 88 mm.; Turrubares, Costa Rica. Head 3.9 to 4.1; depth 2.9 to 3.3; D.g or 10; A. 9; scales 10-29. Body robust, compressed, the dorsal region slightly elevated; top of head flat, interorbital 1.7 to 1.9 in head; snout 3.7 to 3.9; diameter of eye 3.4 to 3.7; origin of dorsal slightly in advance of anal and much nearer base of caudal than tip of snout, its distance from tip of snout 1.6 to 1.7 in body; dentition weak; free edge of dorsal slightly convex; its base 1.9 to 2.1 in head, its longest ray 1.7 to 1.8; pectoral 1.1 to 1.2 in head; ventral 1.8 to 2.0; longest anal rays 1.6 to 1.8; caudal peduncle 1.2 to 1.3. A single male in the collection shows the following measurements: Head 3.64 in length of body; depth 2.60; tip of snout to dorsal 1.72; eye 3.16 in head; snout 3.60; interorbital 1.80; pectoral 1.15; ven- tral 1.63; modified anal 1.50; base of dorsal 1.57; longest dorsal ray 0.70; depth of caudal peduncle 1.12; tips of dorsal rays reach base of caudal when the fin is deflexed. Color olivaceous; scales with faint dark centers, forming obscure lines along rows of scales; a dark blotch at base of dorsal rays; a blotch on base of caudal rays made up of a number of irregular blotches; the lower. half of dorsal fin of male with many small black 210 FIELD CoLUMBIAN MusEuM—Zo6.LoGy, Vov. VII. dots; anterior half of caudal with a large black blotch made up of many small irregular black spots; other fins plain. Turrubares, Costa Rica, (12) 88 mm.; Turrubales, Costa Rica (1%) 86 mm.; San Jose, Costa Rica (12) 55 mm.; Patarra, Costa Rica, (6d') 68 to 80 mm. Collected by Dr. A.-Alfaro. Cichlasoma punctatum sp. nov. . Type No. 6478, F. M. N. H.; length, 98 mm.; Buenos Aires de Terraba, Costa Rica. Head 3.2 to 3.3; depth 2.4 to 2.6; D. XVI to XVII, 9 or 10; A. IV or V, 8; scales 33. Body moderately elongate and compressed; profile steep, convex, snout blunt; mouth small, its gape nearly horizontal; margin of upper lip below eye, a distance nearly equal to diameter of eye; teeth pointed, subequal, the lateral ones gradually becoming smaller; maxillary not reaching vertical from anterior margin of orbit, 3.3 to 3.4 in head; mandible 2.5 to 2.7; preorbital deep, 3.5 to 3.6 in the head; postorbital 2.2 to 2.3; cheek deep and narrow, its depth equal to postorbital; eye small, its diameter 3.9 to 4.1 in head; interorbital convex; dorsal fin rather low, its last spine 2.6 in head; last anal spine 2.5 in head; pectoral fins short not reaching anal, about 1.2 in head; ventral reaching vent 1.3 in head; 5% scales between lateral line and origin of dorsal fin, least depth of caudal peduncle 2 in head. Color olivaceous, side with indistinct lateral band more or less broken into 7 or 8 dark bars; snout black which may continue on profile and on spinous dorsal fin; some scales with black centers, these forming stripes along rows of scales; these stripes much more prominent on some individuals than on others; no caudal spot; no lateral spot. ' Buenos Aires, Costa Rica (12), 85 to roomm. Collected by M. A. Carriker. Cichlasoma frontale sp. nov. Type No. 6358, F. M. N. H.; length, 147 mm.; Turrubales, Costa Rica. Head 3.1 to 3.3; depth 2.3 to 2.4; D. XVI or XVII, 13; A. V, 9; scales 54-35-11 %. Body moderately elongate, compressed; profile rather steep, the snout blunt; mouth small, maxillary not reaching vertical from front of eye, its length 3.5 to 3.8 in head; lower jaw the shorter, mandible Fres., 1909. NEw FIsHES FROM TROPICAL AMERICA—MEEK. 211 2.8 to 2.9 in head; eye 3.5 to 3.7; snout 2.2 to 2.4; fold of the lower lip interrupted; preorbital deep, 3.6 to 3.8 in head; postorbital 2.4 to 2.5; interorbital strongly convex, 2.5 to. 2.7 in head; eye to lower preopercular margin 2.3 to 2.5; origin of dorsal fin to tip of snout 2.5 to 2.6 in body, its spines, except first, 3 or 4, subequal, the length of the last spine 2.3 to 2.4 in head; last anal spine 2.5 to 2.6 in head; pectorals not reaching vent, their length 1.2 to 1.3 in head; ventrals 1.2 or 1.3; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.2 to 2.3 in head; its length 1.9 to 2.0; gill-rakers short 3+6; caudal fin rounded, its middle ray slightly shortened. Color light grayish olive; a dark lateral band broken more or less into 6 or 7 irregular blotches or bars; a dark streak from upper margin of eye across forehead; a similar streak or band on forehead from eye downward and forward; vertical fins plain or. with indis- tinct dots. This fish resembles Cichlasoma underwoodi Regan, also described from Costa Rica. It, however, differs from that species in the inter- rupted fold of the lower lip, the fewer gill-rakers, in having a blunter snout, and in the normal position of the ventral fins. Turrabales, Costa Rica (1), 147 mm.; Turrubares, Costa Rica (1), 128 mm. Collected by Dr. A. Alfaro. F1iELD Museum or Natura History. 9.) % PUBLICATION 139. ZOOLOGICAL SERIES. Vo. VII, No. 8. DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW PULMONATE MOLLUSKS WITH A LIST OF OTHER SPECIES FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS, COLLECTED BY DR. GEORGE A. DORSEY. BY WituiaM Heactey Datt, D. Sc. CHARLES B. Cory, Curator of Department of Zodlogy. Cuicaco, U. S. A. February, 1g10. DS « The collection of shells upon which the present paper is based were secured by Dr. George A. Dorsey in the Solomon Islands. They were sent to Dr. Wm. H. Dall, Curator Division of Mollusks, U. S. National.Museum, who has kindly identified them and prepared the following list for publication in which two species are described as new. C. B. Cory. 2\s DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW PULMONATE MOLLUSKS WITH A LIST OF OTHER SPECIES FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS, COLLECTED BY DOCTOR G. A. DORSEY BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL, D.Sc. CURATOR DIVISION OF MOLLUSKS, U. S. NAT. MUSEUM The authorities of Field Museum of Natural History having requested me to report upon a small collection of shells made in the Solomon Islands by Dr. G. A. Dorsey of that institution, I have done so with some interest since the region is even now only partially explored. The land shells are naturally of the most interest, since the marine shells for the most part belong to the widely distributed Indo-Pacific fauna, while of land shells each well isolated island may be expected to furnish a little group of peculiar species. LAND SHELLS Nanina nitidissima E. A. Smith. A single bleached specimen, agreeing extremely well with Smith's figure and description, was obtained in the interior of Bougainville Island. Papuina xanthochila Pfeiffer. About a dozen of this very attractive species were obtained with the preceding. The shell is of a greenish white and the reflected lip of a rich orange color. Papuina adonis Angas. With the last, as were the following: Papuina mendana Angas. Papuina meta Pfeiffer, var. bicolor Pilsbry. 215 N 216 FirLD MusEuM oF NaTuRAL History—Zoo.oey, Vou. VII. Papuina hargreavesi Angas. Papuina yulensis Brazier var. Papuina (sp. juv., resembling the young of P.) hargreavesi Angas. Lihir Island, near New Ireland. ‘Chiloritis (Sulcobasis) bougainvillei Pfeiffer. Several weathered ‘specimens were obtained from the interior of Bougainville Island. Chloritis (Sulcobasis) camaratus n. sp. Nine specimens found with the last. Chloritis quercinus Reeve? One dead and imperfect specimen, resembling this species, from the interior of Bougainville Island. Placostylus dorseyi n. sp. A single specimen was received from-Anair Island near New Ire- land. Pythia pyramidata Reeve. One specimen from eighteen miles north of Cape St. George, New Ireland; a large number of all ages from Anair Island near New Ire- land; and eight specimens from Namatanai, New Ireland. This species varies in color from waxen white through all degrees of mottling by chestnut brown, to chestnut brown or blackish all over. The character of the lamélle of the aperture is, however, apparently quite constant. Leptopoma callichloros Tapparone-Canefri. A single specimen which seems to be extremely close to if not identical with this species was obtained in the interior of Bougain- ville Island. Leptopoma pumilum Tapparone-Canefri. Three specimens of what appears to be this species were collected at Lihir Island, near New Ireland. Fes., 1910. Two New Putmonate Mo.tiusks— DALL. 217 MARINE SHELLS Bullaria adamsi Menke. Three specimens from Namatanai, New Ireland. Terebra evoluta Deshayes, var.? One worn and bleached specimen, perhaps of this species, from the coast of New Ireland. Cancellaria asperella Lamarck. One specimen from the coast of New Ireland. Solenosteira fumosa Dillwyn. | Two specimens with the preceding. Drupa ricinus Linné, One immature specimen from Lihir Island. Thais hippocastanea Linné. One specimen from Anair Island, New Ireland. Cyprea isabella Linné. Two worn specimens from New Ireland. Cyprea lynx Linné. Two badly worn specimens from Lihir Island, near New Ireland. Strombus campbelli Gray. One specimen from the coast of New Ireland. Potamides palustris Linné. Four specimens from Namatanai, New Ireland. Cerithium morus Lamarck. Two specimens from Namatanai. Planaxis sulcatus Born. Two specimens with the preceding. Faunus ater Linné. Interior of Bougainville Island, Solomon Islands, three specimens. 218 FieLp Museum or Natura History—Zoo.ocy, Vot. VII. Tectarius bullatus Martyn. Numerous specimens from Anair Island, near New Ireland. Natica tessellata Philippi. Five specimens from Namatanai, New Ireland. Polinices seb Souleyet. Two specimens with the preceding. Polinices mammilla Linné. One young specimen with the preceding. Turbo margaritaceus Linné. Two specimens from Anair Island, New Ireland. Cardinalia virgata Gmelin. One specimen with the preceding. Clanculus bathyraphe E. A. Smith. One immature specimen from Namatanai, New Ireland. Nerita versicolor Gmelin. One specimen from Anair Island near New Ireland. Nerita signata Macleay. Two specimens at Namatanai, New Ireland. Nerita aurantia Recluz. One specimen from Anair Island, near New Ireland. Neritina petiti Recluz. Eighteen miles north of Cape St. George, New Ireland. One specimen. Neritina strigillata Lamarck. A large number of specimens from eighteen miles north of Cape St. George, New Ireland, and two miles west of Warapu, New Guinea. This species revels in variety of color pattern to an almost incredible extent, as shown by the present large series. Neritina cornea Linné, Four specimens from two miles west of Warapu, New Guinea. FeB., 1910. Two New Putmonate Motiusks— DALL. 219 Neritina pulligera Linné. Two specimens from eighteen miles north of Cape St. George, New Ireland. Barbatia sp. indet. One worn valve from Anair Island near New Ireland. Asaphis deflorata Linné. One young valve with the preceding. Tellina scobinata Linné. ——— One valve from Namatanai, New Ireland. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE NEW SPECIES Placostylus (Leucocharis) dorseyi n. sp. Plate IV, figure r. Type No, 11254, F. M. N. H.; Anair Island, Solomon Islands. Shell small, thin, pale straw-color over a subtranslucent basis, with about five whorls; apex as usual in the group, the punctate nepionic shell of about three quarters of a whorl, glassy, the sculpture abruptly changing to fine, sharp, moderately close spiral strie which cover the rest of the shell, being more or less interrupted by the lines of growth and more sparsely distributed toward the periphery of the whorls; spire subacute, the whorls slightly rounded, somewhat attenuated, with an ample umbilical pit half covered by the reflexed pillar; aperture elongate-ovate, the margin thin, sharp, distinctly reflected; pillar not twisted nor thickened; body with a thin trans- parent glaze, the outer lip slightly ascending at the posterior com- missure. Length of shell 20.0; of last whorl 14.0; of aperture 10.0; max. diameter 10.5 mm. A single specimen was collected at Anair Island near New Ire- land, Solomon Islands, by Mr. G. A. Dorsey, after whom the species is named. The only species I find described which is at all compar- able with P. dorseyt is the P. pancheri Crosse, from New Caledonia, which is nearly twice as large and has a brown columella except in the white variety candida from the same locality. This is by far the smallest and most delicate species of Placostylus known and presents a remarkable contrast to the large coarse forms which make up the mass of the genus. 220 Fretp Museum or NaTturaL History—Zo6.oey, Vou. VII. Chloritis (Sulcobasis) camaratus n. sp. Plate IV, figures 2-4. Type No. 11255, F. M. N. H.; Bougainville, Solomon Islands. Shell usually uniform chestnut brown, sometimes paler near the apex; nepionic shell worn in all the specimens, but apparently only slightly wrinkled in harmony with.the lines of growth; whorls five and a half, separated by a strongly marked suture, between the coils of which the whorl is markedly convex; periostracum thin and fuga- cious, originally rather profusely furnished with long rather stout hairs or threadlike prominences beneath each one of which there is a marked rather large shallow punctation on the surface of the shell; usually only traces of the periostracum and hairs remain in sheltered places; other sculpture consists of fine regular concentric striation in harmony with the lines of growth, covering the whole shell, and a few irregular basal sulci usually only visible near the umbilicus be- hind the reflected lip; spire rather elevated, base rounded, some- what flattened on the part opposite the aperture; umbilicus small, gyrate, overshadowed in part by the reflected columellar lip; aperture slightly descending, rounded, simple, with a moderately reflected lip, thickest and most extended at the pillar; body with a slight wash of callus which, with the reflected lip, hardly differs in color from the rest of the shell; interior of the aperture whitish. Dimensions of nine specimens in millimeters: Height Max. Diameter 25.0 31.0 26.5 35.0. 31.0 31.5 28.5 32.5 33-0 36.0 34-0 37-0 32.5 38.0 32°5 37-0 33-90 39-5 Average, 30.6 35.2 Collected in the interior of Bougainville Island, Solomon Islands, by Mr. G. A. Dorsey. This is quite unlike either of the two other species known from this island. C. bougainvillei is much larger, proportionately de- pressed, and conspicuously malleated. C. quercinus is smaller, much more depressed, and of quite different form, The salient characters are the fine incremental sulci, which are Fes., 1910. Two New PutmonaTe Mo.Liusks— DALL. 221 usually lighter against a darker ground because a trace of the paler periostracum remains in them, and the rotundity of the upper part of the whorls which is reflected in the evenly arcuate upper part of the outer lip. The specimens vary more or less in size as the measure- ments indicate, but the number of the whorls remains constant. The name of this species is derived from the Greek Adpapa, an arch; not the Latin camera, a chamber. Besides the above Mr. Dorsey obtained from Lake Lanao, Min- danao, Philippine Islands, collected near Camp Kerthley by Mrs. Mary Strong Clemens, the following forms of Vivipara for which that lake is noted, and which have been recently described by Dr. Paul Bartsch in the Proceedings of the National Museum from other collections. Vivipara partelloi Bartsch. Vivipara mearnsii Bartsch. Vivipara pagodula Bartsch. Vivipara lanaoénsis Bartsch. Vivipara lanaoénsis var. kappa Bartsch. Vivipara lanaoénsis var. gamma Bartsch. Vivipara lanaoénsis var. eta Bartsch. Vivipara clemense Bartsch. FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. PLATE IV, ZOOLOGY. 1. PiacostyLus (Leucocuwaris) porsgyr Dall. No. 11254, Field Museum Natural History. 2,3,4. CHLoRitis (SULCOBASIS) CAMARATUS Dall. No. 11255, Field Museum Natural History. rue Fietp Museum or NatTuRAL History. PUBLICATION 142. ZOOLOGICAL SERIES. VoL. VII, No. 9. A SYNOPTIC LIST OF THE FISHES KNOWN TO OCCUR WITHIN FIFTY MILES OF CHICAGO. BY S. E. MEEK anp S. F. HILDEBRAND. CHARLES B. Cory, Curator of Department. Cuicaco, U. S. A. April, 1910. ee ae Se ee ee eee ee UT a a onli A SYNOPTIC LIST OF THE FISHES KNOWN TO OCCUR WITHIN 50 MILES OF CHICAGO. BY’ S. E. MEEK AND S. F. HILDEBRAND. Owing to the many changes being made in this region on account of the growth of the city, the local fish fauna and its consequent changes are interesting. The present paper is intended to afford students of the local fish-fauna, in and about Chicago, a ready means for the identification of fishes which they may collect, and thus assist in the study of their distribution, breeding and feeding habits, etc. A considerable amount of study along these lines is necessary before one is able to prepare a complete account of the fishes of this region. In the following pages is given a list, together with keys and brief descriptions, of the fishes which inhabit the lakes, streams, and la- goons in and near Chicago. The general range of each species is given, and a list of localities where each has been taken in the area in question. Many of the descriptions have been drawn directly from specimens taken within the area under discussion, and all have been verified by the junior author with local material, so far as available. In the preparation of this paper free use has been made of previous publications by various authors. Considerable assistance has been received from Dr. Shelford, Dr. Riddle, and their students from the University of Chicago, also from Mr. A. P. Ford (formerly of Berwyn, Illinois), chemist for the Crane Iron Works, Bridgeport, Conn. Most of the illustrations used in this work are by permission of its authors, taken from ‘‘ The Fishes of IIlinois,’’ by S. A. Forbes and R. E. Richardson; some are made from photographs of colored plates, the others from cuts kindly loaned by Dr. Forbes. A few illustrations are taken from U. S. Government publications. It is hoped that the present paper may stimulate the study of our local fishes and so be the forerunner of a much more complete account of them. The following notes and the accompanying figure are given to explain the terms used in the descriptions: 1. Head. 2. Snout. 3. Eye. 4. Premaxillary. 5. Maxillary. 6. Supplemental maxillary. 7. Mandible, orlower jaw. 8. Symphysis. 223 224 Fietp Museum or Natura History — Zooéxoey, Vor. VII. LARGE-MOUTHED BLACK BASss. Fic. 16. Micropterus salmoides (Lac.), showing parts referred to in description of fishes. Mc ee APRIL, 1910. FisHEes or CHi1cAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 225 9. Cheek. 10. Preopercle. 11. Opercle. -12. Subopercle. 13. Spin- ous portion of dorsal fin. 14. Soft portion of dorsal fin. 15. Base of dorsal fin. 16.Pectoral fin. 17. Anal fin. 18. Ventral fin. 19. Base of caudal fin(last vertebra). 20. Caudal fin. 21. Lateral line. 22. Depth of the fish. 23. Depth of caudal peduncle. 24. Caudal peduncle. The proFILe of the fish, unless otherwise mentioned, is the curve from the highest point on the back to the tip of the snout. The or!- _GIN of the DORSAL or ANAL FIN is the insertion of its first spine or ray. Fishes in general, and especially those treated of in this paper, breathe by means of GILLs, which are fine, hair-like projections (BRANCH#), usually supported on the outer curves by cartilaginous or bony arches known as GILL ARCHES; in the true fishes, the normal number on each side is four. The GILL RAKERS are a series of bony appendages variously formed along the inner edge of the anterior gill arch. es The GILL MEMBRANES usually serve to attach the GILL COVERS to the istuMus, which is the thick, fleshy projection between the gill openings. The BRANCHIOSTEGAL MEMBRANES are attached to the lower posterior portions of the gill covers; the cartilaginous or bony supports of this membrane are the BRANCHIOSTEGAL RAYS. The PHARYNGEAL BONEs are behind the gills and at the beginning of the @sopHaGus; in the true fishes, they represent a fifth gill arch. The fins of fishes are composed of spines and rays, the former being stiff, bony structures usually connected by a thin membrane; the rays are rather weak, jointed, cartilaginous structures, and are also connected by a thin membrane. A CYCLOID SCALE has its posterior margin smooth; such scales are usually found on soft-rayed fishes. A CTENOID SCALE has its pos- terior margin rough or toothed; such scales are characteristic of the spiny-rayed fishes. ; Fhe LENGTH of the Bopy of the FIsH is measured from the tip of the upper jaw to the base of the caudal fin or end of the last vertebra; the TOTAL LENGTH, from the extreme ends of the fish. The Lencru of the HEAD is measured from tip of upper jaw to the posterior edge of the opercle; the LENGTH of the snout, from tip of upper jaw to an- terior margin of the orbit. The pEprTH of the Bopy is measured at its deepest part, none of the fins being included; the pepru of cAUDAL PEDUNCLE is measured at its narrowest part, its length from base of last anal ray to end of last vertebra. The sCaLEs in the LATERAL SERIES are counted from upper edge 226 FreLtp Museum or NatTuRAL History —.Zoo.oey, Vot. VII. of opercle to base of caudal fin, the TRANSVERSE SERIES from the dorsal fin to ventrals or origin of anal, whichever is nearest the middle of the body. In making the transverse count the scale on the lateral line, when it is present, is counted with those on the upper part of the body. The LENGTH of the DORSAL and ANAL FINS is measured along their BASES; the HEIGHT is the length of their spines or rays. The length of the other fins is measured from attachment to the body to the tips of the longest rays. : In order to abbreviate, the following expressions are used: “‘ HEAD 4’’ indicates that the head of the fish is contained 4 times in the dis-. tance from the tip of the snout to the end of the last caudal vertebra; “DEPTH 4”’ that the greatest depth (none of the fins being included) is contained 4 times in the same distance; ‘‘D. 8’’ indicates that the fish has a single dorsal-fin which is composed of 8 soft rays; “D. iv, 9,” that the dorsal fin is single and is composed of 4 spines and 9 soft tays; ‘‘D.iv-9,” that there are two dorsal fins, the first one composed of 4 spines and the other of 9 soft rays. Spines are always indicated in Roman letters, soft rays by figures. The abbreviations used in the count of other fin rays and spines are similarly explained. The diameter of the eye, the length of the snout, and many other short measurements are compared with the length of the head. “Eye 3 in head,”’ “‘Snout 3 in head,” indicate that each is contained 3 times in the length of the head. In these particular cases ‘‘ % of the length of the head’’ would mean the same thing. When the last caudal vertebra is about the size of those preceding and it ends in a broad plate (Hypural) which supports the caudal fin, the tail is called HOMOCERCAL; such belong to most of the true fishes, as the catfishes, suckers, perch, bass, and the like. When the ver- tebre are progressively smaller, remaining in the axis of the body, and the Hypural is obsolete or nearly so, the tail, is IsoCERCAL; such a tail belongs to the codfishes and their relatives. In the heterocercal tail the vertebre are progressively smaller, and are turned upward into the upper part of the tail. This form of tail is found in the stur- geon, the garpike, and the dogfish. In the keys and’ descriptions external characters are used so far as possible, our aim being to make identification as easy and accurate and with the least amount of mutilation to the specimen in hand as is practicable. To successfully use this paper the student is advised to get a perch, bass, or sunfish and make a careful study of its external anatomy, much as suggested in the accompanying figure, and its description, APRIL, 1910. FisHEes of CuicaGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 227 The fishes or fish-like vertebrates of Chicago and its environs belong to two classes: The Marstpobranchii, — the lampreys, the hagfishes, and the like; and the Pisces, — the sharks, skates, and the true fishes. Of the former but two species occur here; of the latter all are true fishes, there being no sharks or skates. The fishes, or fish-like vertebrates, may be defined briefly as cold- blooded animals adapted for life in the water, breathing by means of gills, which are persistent throughout life, and having the limbs, if present, developed as fins, never with fingers and toes. The two classes here mentioned may be defined briefly as follows: A. Skullimperfectly developed, without true jaws; gills purse-shaped, not attached to arches; a single median nostril; body eel-shaped. Marsipobranchti, 231 AA. Skull well developed, and with true jaws; gills attached to arches; nostrils not median, in one or more pairs. Pisces, 234 KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF FISHES a. Gill openings 7 on each side; mouth circular, disc-like; nostril single, on top of head; no paired fins. Petromyzonide, 231 aa, Gill openings one on each side; mouth not disc-like; jaws pre- sent; nostrils in pairs. b. Ventral fins, when present, abdominal. ec. Tail heterocercal, d. Mouth under the projecting snout; body naked, or with 5 series of bony plates. e. Snout produced into a long oar-like blade; opercle produced into a long triangular flap; mouth large, not sucker-like. . Polyodontide, 234 ee. Snout triangular, not produced into an oar-like blade; opercle without triangular flap; mouth small, sucker-like. Actpenseride, 235 dd. Mouth terminal, jaws about equal; body covered with hard rhombic (ganoid) plates or scales. f. Jaws long, beak-like; no gular plate; dorsal rays about 10; body with rhombic plates. Lepisosteide, 237 ff. Jaws shorter, not beak-like; a gular plate; dorsal rays about 50; body with cycloid scales. Amiatide, 238 ec. Tail homocercal or isocercal. 228 te ° . See Bw oo. SS. Fietp Museum or NaTurRAL History — Zo6.oey, Vou. VII. Pectoral fins each with a strong spine; head with more than 4 barbels; body without scales. Siluride, 240 . Pectoral fins each without a strong spine; head usually without barbels, but when present never more than 4; body usually with scales. Ventral fins without spines, or with one spine and one soft ray; anterior dorsal fin if composed of spines only, these not con- nected by a membrane. Scales if present cycloid, their free edges smooth. Body with true scales or linear embedded ones; ventral fins, when present, with more than 5 soft rays; no disconnected dorsal spines. Head without scales. No dorsal adipose fin present. . Ventral surface not armed with bony serre; lateral line present. Teeth not present in jaws; anal fin short of less than 15 rays. Dorsal fin with more than ro rays; mouth usually inferior with thick fleshy lips, with plice or papille; pharyngeal teeth in a single row, more than to. Catostomide, 248 Dorsal fin of fewer than 1o rays; mouth usually terminal, with | thin lips without plice or papilla; pharyngeal teeth in one or two rows, fewer than 9. Cyprinide, 257 . Teeth present in jaws; anal fin long, of more than 20 rays. Body long and slender, eel-shaped; dorsal and anal fins long and continuous with the caudal; scales minute, linear. Anguillide, 284 . Body deep, compressed, not eel-shaped; dorsal and anal fins not. continuous with the caudal; scales large. Hiodontide, 285 . Ventral surface armed with bony serre; lateral line wanting, Dorsal fin with its last ray produced into a long filament; jaws without teeth; maxillary not in 3 pieces. Dorosomide, 287 . Dorsal fin with its last ray not produced into a long filament; jaws with weak teeth; maxillary in 3 pieces. Clupeide, 288 Dorsal adipose fin present. Salmonide, 289 . Head more or less covered with scales. Jaws long, with large canine-like teeth; lateral line present, Esocide, 295 . Jaws short, without canine-like teeth; lateral line wanting, or nearly so, Upper jaw not protractile. Umbride, 297 Upper jaw protractile, Paciliide, 298 ApRIL, 1910. FisHEes or CHicaGo — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 229 jj. ii. bb. tt. s VV. uu, Body without scales; ventral fins each of one spine and one soft ray; dorsal fin with 2 or more spines not connected by a membrane. Gasterosteide, 302 Scales ctenoid their free edges rough; dorsal fins 2, the posterior adipose. Percopside, 303 . Ventral fins composed of one spine and 5 soft rays; anterior dorsal fin of 4 to 10 spines connected by a membrane; body scaly. Atherinide, 304 Ventral fins thoracic or jugular. Ventral rays of one spine and 6 or 7 soft rays; vent before pectoral fins. Aphredoderide, 305 Ventral rays not more than one spine and 5 soft rays. Chin without a barbel; soft dorsal fin of less than 40 rays; ven- tral fins below or behind pectorals. Body covered with true scales. Lateral line not extending on the caudal fin; soft dorsal of less than 25 rays; jaws with teeth. Spinous and soft dorsal fins united into one fin, the spinous por- tion lower than soft portion; preopercle usually not serrate. Centrarchide, 306 . Dorsal fins separate or very slightly joined; the fins of about equal height. . Anal fin with 1 or 2 spines. Percide, 317 . Anal fin with 3 spines. Serranide, 332 Lateral line extending on the caudal fin; soft dorsal of more than 25 rays; jaws without teeth. Sciaentde, 334 Body without true scales; more or less armed with prickles or a few scale-like plates; cheeks with a bony stay; ventral rays of one spine and 3 or 4 soft rays. Cottide, 335 Chin with a barbel; soft dorsal fin composed of more than 40 rays. Gadide, 338 Clas MARSIPOBRANCHII. THe LAMPREYS AND HAGFISHES. Skeleton cartilaginous; skull not separate from the imperfectly segmented vertebral column; no true jaws; no limbs; no shoulder girdle; no pelvic elements, and no ribs; gills purse-shaped, without gill arches; 6 or more gill openings on each side; nostril single, on top of the head; heart without arterial bulb; alimentary canal straight, simple, without ccecal appendages, pancreas, or spleen; naked, eel shaped animals. Order Hyperoartii, Nasal duct a blind sac not communicating with the palate; mouth nearly circular, suctorial; seven gill openings on each side of the neck. Family 1. Petromyzonide. Tue LAMPREYS. Body eel-shaped, somewhat compressed posteriorly; mouth nearly circular, suctorial, and armed with horny, tooth-like, simple or multi- cuspid tubercles; those just above and below oral opening, and those on tongue more or less specialized; lips or margin of mouth fringed. A. Supraoral cusps 2 or 3, placed close together; dorsal fin with a broad notch. Ichthyomyzon, 231 AA. Supraoral cusps 2, each at end of a crescent-shaped plate; oc- casionally a rudimentary median cusp; dorsal fin with sharp notch. Lampetra, 232 Genus Ichthyomyzon Girard. RIVER LAMPREYS. Supraoral plate, with 2 or 3 cusps placed near each other; anterior lingual tooth with a median groove; dorsal fin with a broad shallow notch. Small lampreys inhabiting lakes and rivers of eastern United States. 231 232 Fretp Museum or Natura History — Zo6éxoey, Vot. VII. Ichthyomyzon concolor (Kirtland). Sirvery LAMPREY. Head 6.5 to 8.3; depth 9.8 to 13.8. Body elongate, eel-shaped; mouth a suctorial disc, anterior and slightly inferior and with mar- ginal fringe; supraoral plate usually bicuspid, occasionally with 1, 3 or 4 cusps; infraoral plate with 7 to 9 cusps, occasionally with 10 to 13; anterior lingual tooth with a median groove; diameter of eye 6 to 8 in head; muscular impressions between last gill opening and vent 49 to 55; dorsal fin continuous with the caudal. Color silvery, bluish above, sometimes with bluish spots; a small dusky spot above each gill opening. Length about to inches. This lamprey occurs in the Great Lake Region and the Upper Mississippi Valley; it is parasitic on all larger fishes, but prefers fishes without scales, as the catfishes, or the soft-scaled, as the suckers, to the hard-scaled fishes, like the basses and perch. It ascends small brooks in the spring to spawn, after which it is believed to die. The eggs deposited in nests on the bottom of the streams soon hatch, and the small worm-like larva burrows in the sand, where it remains from 3 to 5 years, when it emerges as a full grown lamprey. Often found in the pound nets set at south end of Lake Michigan. Lake Michigan, Whiting, Indiana; Lake Michigan, Edgemoor, Indiana. Genus Lampetra Gray. Brook LAMPREYS. Supraoral plate, crescent-shaped, with a cusp at end, with occa- sionally a small median cusp; anterial lingual tooth with median en- larged denticli; dorsal fin with a sharp notch or entirely divided. Small lampreys inhabiting brooks and small streams of Europe and eastern North America. Lampetra wilderi (Gage). Brook LAMPREY; SMALL BLACK LAMPREY. Head 7.9 to 8.7; depth 13 to 16. Body elongate, eel-shaped; mouth a suctorial disc, anterior, and slightly inferior, and with mar- ginal fringe of closely set tubercles; supraoral plate with cusp at each end, separated by a distance nearly twice the width of base of a single cusp; infraoral plate with 6 or 7 cusps, the extreme ones much larger than the others; 3 lateral cusps on each side of the mouth bicuspid, the others simple; diameter of eye 5 to 7 in head; muscular impressions APRIL, 1910. FisHEs oF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 233 between the last gill opening and vent 70 to 73; dorsal fin divided by a deep notch or a narrow space. Length 6 to ro inches. This lamprey ranges from New York to the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi Valley. Its habits are quite similar to the preceding. It spawns in April. The time after this species emerges from its larval stage to its spawning time is so short that it is doubtful if it is ever parasitic on fishes; not recorded from the Chicago area. Class PISCES. Skeleton more or less ossified; skull well developed, separate from the segmented vertebral column; mouth with true jaws; limbs, shoulder, and pelvic bones usually present; usually less than 6 gill openings on each side;. gills attached to imperfect skeletal arches; nostrils one or more pairs; heart with arterial bulb; alimentary canal variable in form, and with pancreas and spleen; tail heterocercal, homocercal, or isocercal. Order Selachostomi. THE PADDLE-FISHES. Skeleton chiefly cartilaginous, the vertebre imperfectly formed, acentrous; anterior vertebre single; ventral fins abdominal; max- illary obsolete; air bladder cellular, with open duct to cesophagus; snout long and paddle-shaped; tail heterocercal. Family Polyodontidz. THE PADDLE-FISHES. Body elongate, not covered with scales or bony plates; ventral fins abdominal; fins without spines; opercle and subopercle small; mouth large, its border formed by premaxillaries; maxillaries obsolete; snout long, paddle-shaped; 2 pairs of minute barbels on snout, just in front of the mouth; jaws and palatines in young with numerous fine deciduous teeth; intestine with spiral valve; pyloric cceca broad, leaf-like; arterial bulb with several pairs of valves. Genus Polyodon Lacépéde. Gill-rakers numerous, very long and slender; caudal fulcra of moderate size, 13 to 20 in number; opercle produced into a long triangular flap. 234 APRIL, 1910. FisHes or CuHicAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 235 Polyodon spathula (Walbaum). PappDLE-FIsH; SPOONBILL Cart. Head (from tip of snout to end of opercular flap) 1.5 to 1.7; depth 4 to 4.8 (without snout); A. 60. Body fusiform, little compressed; skin smooth; snout broad, its greatest width 3.4 to 4.3 in its length; opercle with long flap; its tip reaching ventrals (adults) or nearly to front of dorsal (young); gill rakers long and slender, in a double series on each arch; no scales; tip of caudal peduncle and sides of upper caudal lobe with small elongate rhombic plates. Color pale to dusky, or bluish olive. Length about 6 to 8 feet. This fish lives in the larger rivers and in bayous. It is not native to Lake Michigan, but is reported to have been taken there. Order Chondrostei. THE STURGEONS. Skeleton chiefly cartilaginous; vertebre simple and acentrous, the notochord persistent; ventral fins abdominal; opercular series represented by an opercle and interopercle; maxillary present; air bladder simple; connected by a duct with the cesophagus. Family Acipenseride. THE STURGEONS. ' Body elongate, armed with 5 longitudinal rows of bony plates, head covered with bony plates; ventral fins abdominal; fins without spines; gills 4; an accessory opercular gill; nostrils double, in front of eye; optic nerves forming a chiasma; mouth inferior, protractile, with thickened papillose lips; 4 barbels in front of mouth; stomach without pyloric coeca; intestine with spiral valve; arterial bulb with several pairs of valves. Genus Acipenser Linnzus. Snout conical; caudal peduncle short, roundish, and not entirely covered with bony plates; spiracles and pseudobranchs present; gill- rakers lance-shaped; air bladder well developed, not cellular. 236 Fietp Museum or NaTurRAL History — Zoo oey, Vo. VII. LAKE STURGEON Acipenser rubicundus Le Sueur. Head 3.1 to 3.8; depth 7 to 7.8; D. 35 to 36; A. 25 to 28. Body elongate, cylindrical; snout subconical, convex above, flattened be- low, overhanging the mouth, 2 to 2.4 in head; eye small, 3.3 to 4.2 in head; lips 2-lobed; gill membranes united to the isthmus; barbels of nearly equal length; dorsal scutes 12 to 16; lateral 32 to 43; ventral 8 to1o. These almost entirely disappear in specimens of 150 pounds weight; upper caudal lobe the longer, not produced into a filament; caudal fulcra numerous. Color dark olive above; sides paler to reddish; body often with irregular blackish blotches. Length 6 to 12 feet. . Fig. 17. LAKE STURGEON. Acipenser rubicundus Le Sueur. (After Forbes and Richardson.) This sturgeon inhabits large streams and lakes of the Upper Mis- sissippi Valley, the Great Lakes and northward. About twenty-five years ago it was abundant in the lakes near Chicago. There was no market for it then and many were buried in the sand to get rid of them. At present it is quite rare and sells in the market for double the price of the best fish found in Lake Michigan. The sturgeon spawns in the spring. Lake Michigan, Chicago, Illinois; Lake Michigan, Millers, Indiana; Lake Michigan, Pine, Indiana; Lake Michigan, Edgemoor, Indiana. Order Rhomboganoidea. THE GARPIKES. Skeleton ossified; vertebra connected by ball and socket joints, the cavity of each vertebra being posterior; ventral fins abdominal; fins without spines; opercular skeleton complete; maxillary present; air bladder cellular, lung-like, opening into the side of the cesophagus. APRIL, 1910. FisHEs oF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 237 Family Lepisosteidz. Body elongate, subcylindrical, covered with hard rhombic ganoid scales or plates, imbricated, in oblique series running downward and backward; premaxillary forming most of the upper jaw; jaws long, beak-like; teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines, some of the teeth in the jaws large and canine-like; tail heterocercal; an accessory gill on under side of opercle; spiral valve of intestine rudimentary. Genus Lepisosteus Lacépéde. Gar PIKEs. Jaws with one or more series of teeth, some being enlarged and fit- ting into a depression in the opposite jaw; usually some of the anterior teeth movable; teeth on vomer and palatines; in the young the an- terior teeth are usually enlarged. a. Jaws long and slender; snout more than twice the length of the head. OSS€US, 237 aa. Jaws shorter and broader, little longer than the rest of the head. platostomus, 238 Lepisosteus osseus (Linnzus). LoNnG-Nosep GAR; BILLFISH. Head 2.7 to 3.1; depth ro to 13; D. 8 org; A. 8 org; scales 60 to 63. Body elongate, cylindrical; jaws long, slender, beak-like; more than twice the length of the rest of the head; greatest width of snout 6, least width 20 in its length; young with upper lobe of caudal prolonged into a filament. Color pale olive, silvery below; vertical fins and posterior part of the body with round black spots, more distinct in the young; very young with a black lateral band. Length from 3 to 5 feet. It inhabits the larger streams and lakes, ranging from the Upper Mississippi Valley, and the Great Lakes to Florida and the Rio Grande in Mexico. It is active, feeding on minnows and the young of other fishes. It spawns in the spring, usually in May or June. In this area it has been taken in Lake Michigan and in the Des Plaines and Fox rivers. Not used for food except in the southern part of its range. Fox Lake, Illinois; Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Lake Michigan, Millers, Indiana. 238 FreLtp Museum or Natura History — Zo6étoey, Vor. VII. Lepisosteus platostomus Rafinesque. SHORT-NOSED GAR. Head 3 to 3.9; depth 8 to10; D.8; A.8; scales 60 to 64. Similar to the preceding but with a much shorter and broader beak; greatest width of beak 2.3, its least width 5.5 in its length. Color dark olive green above; belly white; dorsal caudal and anal each with roundish dark spots; young with a broad black lateral band. Length 2 to 3 feet. Common in the Mississippi Valley, being more abundant in the southern part of its range. In appearance and habits it resembles the former species in this area. Order Gycloganoidea. Skeleton bony; vertebre biconcave, the anterior ones not modi- fied; ventral fins abdominal; opercle, preopercle, interopercle, and subopercle present; maxillary present; air bladder bifid anteriorly, cellular, lung-like; tail heterocercal. Family Amiatidee. Body elongate, subcylindrical anteriorly, compressed posteriorly , covered with hard cycloid scales; head with external bones very hard and scarcely covered by skin; jaws, vomer, palatines, and ptery- goids with teeth; fins without spines or fulcra; air bladder connected by a glottis with the pharynx, and able to assist in respiration; a bony gular plate between the branches of the lower jaw; stomach a blind sac, without pyloric cceca; intestine with a rudimentary spiral valve. Genus Amiatus Linneus. Doc Fisu; Bowrin. ‘ JouHn A. GRINDLE.” Dorsal fin long; its base twice the length of the head. Amiatus calva Linneus. Doc Fisu; Bowrin; GRINDLE. Head 3.5 to 4.3; depth 4.6 to 6.2; D. 47 to 51; A. 9 toro; scales 66 to 68. Body elongate, compressed posteriorly; head subconic, depressed; mouth large, maxillary reaching to vertical behind eye; APRIL, 1910. FisHes or CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 239 eye small, its diameter 8.8 to 10.3 in head. A pair of short nasal bar- bels, cupped at the tips; caudal fin rounded; lateral line complete. Color dark olive above; lighter on sides and ventral region; the mingling of the darker and lighter forming reticulations on the sides; dorsal fin with dark band near base and one near tip; sometimes broken into short bars; caudal fin with dark bars; pectoral, ventral, Fic. 18. Doa Fish: Bowrin; “JOHN A. GRINDLE.”’ Amiatus calva Linneus. (After Forbes and Richardson.) and anal fins green or greenish; males with a black spot with yellowish border at base of upper caudal rays; males smaller than the females. Length 1% to 2 feet. This species ranges from the Great Lakes to Florida and Texas. It is most abundant in sluggish waters with weedy bottoms. It feeds on fishes, crayfishes, mollusks, and is to some extent a scavenger. It is a game fish of some’importance, but though marketed it is regarded as an inferior food fish. It spawns in stagnant water from April to July. Common in all sluggish water in the Chicago area. Fox Lake, Illinois; Jackson Park, Chicago, Illinois; Calumet River, Clark, Indiana; Deep River. Liverpool, Indiana. Order Nematognathi. THE WHISKERED FISHES. Skeleton bony, the 4 anterior vertebre codsified; ventral fins abdominal; dorsal and pectoral fins each with anterior rays modified into a hard spine; subopercle absent; margin of upper jaw formed by premaxillary; maxillary often rudimentary and supporting the base of a barbel; air bladder with duct; arterial bulb with a pair of opposite valves; optic nerves do not form a solid chiasma; intestine without spiral valve. 240 Fretp Museum oF NATURAL History — Zo6.oey, Vo. VII. Family Siluridee. THE CATFISHES. Body more or less elongate; no true scales; 2 dorsal fins, the pos- terior being adipose; upper and lower jaws with barbels, resembling the whiskers on a cat (whence the name catfish); dorsal and pectoral fins each with a strong spine. a... Adipose fin short, with the posterior margin free and distinct from the caudal fin. ~ b. Band of teeth on upper jaw (premaxillary) without lateral backward extensions; anal rays 17 to 35. c. Bony bridge from snout to dorsal fin complete; ‘tail deeply forked. Ictalurus, 240 ce. Bony bridge from snout to dorsal fin not complete; tail rounded, or slightly emarginate to moderately forked (in the Great Lake species). Ameiurus, 241 bb. Band of teeth on upper jaw with a lateral backward extension on each side; anal rays 12 to 15. Leptops, 244 aa. Adipose fin adnate to the back, and separated from caudal fin by a notch. d. Band of teeth on upper jaw with lateral backward extensions. Noturus, 244 dd. Band of teeth on upper jaw without lateral backward exten- sions. Schilbeodes, 245 Genus Ietalurus Rafinesque. CHANNEL Cats. Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). CHANNEL Cat; FIDDLER. Head 3.6 to 4; depth 2.4 to 5.0; D. 1-6; A. 24 to 29. Body long, slender, compressed posteriorly; head subconic; interorbital space Fig. 19. CHANNEL CAT; FIDDLER. Ictalurus punctatus (Raf,), (After Forbes and Richardson.) APRIL, 1910. FisHes or CuH1caGo — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 241 flat or slightly convex; mouth terminal, the upper jaw slightly the longer; maxillary barbels long and slender, their tips reaching past gill opening; eye nearer upper than lower surface of the head, its di- ameter 4 to 8 in head; dorsal fin high, its distance from snout 2.5 to 2.7 in length; caudal fin deeply forked, the upper lobe longer and more slender than the lower. Color light grayish green above, below silvery; back and sides with small, round, irregularly distributed dark spots. This fish reaches a weight of 15 to 20 pounds, but those usually taken for the market seldom reach a weight of 4 or 5 pounds. It inhabits clear water from the Great Lake Region to Louisiana and Mexico, preferring river channels to still water. An excellent food and a fair game fish. ; Deep River, Liverpool, Indiana. Genus Ameiurus Rafinesque. BuLLHEADS; HORNED Povuts. Body moderately elongate, robust anteriorly, compressed posteri- orly; supraoccipital bone separate from the second interspinal buck- ler, forming a break in bony bridge from snout to dorsal fin; mouth large; teeth in jaws in broad bands, the band in upper jaw not form- ing backward extensions; caudal fin short, its margin rounded to slightly forked. a. Caudal fin moderately forked; anal rays 24; species large. lacustris, 242 aa. Caudal fin rounded, truncate, or slightly emarginate; species small, usually less than 12 inches in length. b. Anal rays 24 to 27; caudal fin rounded. natalis, 242 bb. Anal rays 17 to 24; caudal fin slightly emarginate. c. Anal rays 21 to 24; pectoral spine in young with 5 to 10 well developed teeth on its posterior edge, these reduced in size in adults, the number increasing to from 15 to 20; anal fin with membrane and rays about equally colored, the former slightly the darker on distal third. nebulosus, 242 cc. Anal rays 17 to 20; pectoral spine at all ages entire or slightly roughened behind, or rarely in adults with 5 to ro obscure, weak, and blunt teeth on its posterior edge; anal fin with the membranes uniformly colored and darker than the rays. melas, 243 242 Fretp Museum or NaTurRAL History — Zoo.oey, Vot. VII. Ameiurus lacustris (Walbaum). Great LAKE CATFISH. Head 3.8; depth 4.5; D. 1-6; A. 24. Body robust; head broad, depressed, its width 1.2 in its length; interorbital space flat, 1.8 in head; diameter of eye 8.3 in head; upper jaw the longer; dorsal fin to snout 2.7 in body, its spine short, bluntly pointed, its posterior edge entire; pectoral spine weakly serrate behind; caudal fin moderately forked. ities Color dark slaty to bluish black above, paler below; body without dusky spots; anal dusky edged. It reaches a weight of 40 pounds. This species inhabits the Great Lake Region. This fish is frequently taken in Deep River at Liverpool, Indiana and is occasionally taken on set lines and in pound nets at Millers and Pine, Indiana; individuals are sometimes caught in the park lagoons within the city when taking the carp from these waters. Ameiurus natalis (Le Sueur). YELLOW BULLHEAD.. Head 3.1 to 3.5; depth 3.5 to 3.9; D. 1-6; A. 24 to 27. Body very robust; head large, broad, somewhat depressed; its greatest width about equal to its length; eye small, its diameter 7.2 to 8.5 in head; upper jaw slightly longer than the lower; maxillary barbels reaching about to posterior edge of opercles; dorsal fin small, low; caudal fin rounded posteriorly. Color yellow, brown, green, or black above; yellowish to pale below. Length 12 to 18 inches. This species ranges from Dakota to New York; Florida, and Texas. Lagoon, Pine, Indiana; Lagoon, Clark Junction, Indiana. Ameiurus nebulosus (Le Sueur). Common BuLLHEAD; SPECKLED BULLHEAD; HorNED Pout. Head 3.2 to 3.6; depth 3.5 to 4.3; D. 1-6; A. 21z to 24. Body elongate to moderately robust; head subconic, rather nar- row, its greatest: width 1.2 to 1.3 in its length; upper jaw slightly longer than the lower; maxillary barbel reaching beyond gill opening, + often beyond humeral process; pectoral spine 1.8 to 2.4 in head, the posterior edge with 6 to 10 (young) to ro to 25 (adults) well developed retrorse teeth, shorter when more numerous; base of anal fin 3.2 to 4.1 in body; free margin of fin but little rounded from 8th to rsth ray; caudal fin slightly emarginate. Color dark yellowish to much marbled or mottled with darker to nearly black; anal fin with membrane and rays of nearly the same color. APRIL, 1910. FisHES or CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 243 Length about 18 inches. It inhabits lowland streams and ponds from Minnesota to Maine and Texas. This species spawns in the spring. For some time after the young are hatched they swim in a brood, accompanied by the mother. A good food fish. Des Plaines River, Chicago, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Butterfield Creek, ‘Elliotts Park, Illinois; Lagoon, Buffing- ton, Indiana; Calumet River, Clark Junction, Indiana. Ameiurus melas (Rafinesque). BLAack BULLHEAD. Head 3.1 to 3.5; depth 3.1 to 3.5; D. 1-6; A. 17 to 20. Body robust, head large, profile slightly convex, its width 1.1 to 1.2 in its length; mouth wide, the jaws about equal; maxillary bar- bels reaching to or slightly beyond gill opening; pectoral spine short, rather blunt, its length 2.4 to 3.6 in head; posterior edge of pectoral Fig 20. BLACK BULLHEAD. Ameiurus melas (Raf.). (After Forbes and Richardson.) spine entire or slightly roughened; seldom with 5 to 10 weak teeth in adults; base of anal fin 3.9 to 4.4 in body, its free margin distinctly rounded; caudal fin slightly emarginate. Color dark brown or greenish to black above, becoming lighter or yellowish below; anal rays very light in contrast with black inter- radial membranes. Length 12 inches. Found usually with the preceding from New York to Kansas and Texas, which it much resembles in appearance and habits. Lagoon, Jackson Park, Chicago, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Chicago River, Edgebrook, Illinois; Thorn Creek, Thornton, Illinois; Salt Creek, Lyons, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois; Lagoon, Pine, Indiana; Calumet River, Clark Junction, Indiana; Lagoon, Clark, Indiana. 244 Fietp Museum or NaTurRAL History — Zooétoey, Vot. VII. Genus Leptops Rafinesque. Body elongate, much depressed anteriorly; head large, wide; supraoccipital bony bridge incomplete; teeth in broad bands on both jaws, those of the upper jaw continued backward on each side; lower jaw. the longer; caudal fin oblong, subtruncate, with numerous short rays at upper and lower margins. Leptops olivaris (Rafinesque). Mup Cat; YELLow Cat; Goujon; MorGan Cart. Head 3.2 to 4; depth 4.4 to 5.2; D. 1-6; A. 12 to1r5. Body elongate; head long and broad, much depressed; its width 3.7 to 4.4 in body; interorbital space nearly flat, its width 3.7 to 4.4 in body; lower jaw the longer; lips thin; maxillary barbels not reaching gill openings; eye small, its diameter 8 to 14 in head; pec- toral spine short, 3 to 4.4 in head, its anterior and posterior edges roughened or weakly serrate; caudal fin subtruncate. Color usually dark olive to yellowish above; lighter yellowish to gray below; young mottled. It reaches a weight of 50 to 75 pounds. This fish inhabits the larger streams of the Mississippi Valley, south to Northern Mexico. It is a good food fish. Spawns in May and later. Genus Noturus Rafinesque. STONE Cart. Body elongate, head broad flattened above; posterior part of body nearly cylindrical; adipose dorsal long and attached for its entire length; separated from caudal fin by a notch; band of teeth in upper jaw with lateral backward extensions; a poison gland at base of pectoral fin. Noturus flavus Rafinesque. Stone Car. Head 3.6 to 3.9; depth 4.0 to 5.0; D. 1-6; A. 16. Body elongate, its anterior half broad and flattened, its posterior cylindrical; tail compressed; head broad, its width 4 to 5 in length of body; upper jaw the longer; maxillary barbels short, about half length of head; diameter of eye 4 to 6 in head; dorsal fin to tip of snout 2.4 to 2.8 in body; the spine short, its length 3 in height of fin; pectoral spine with a few weak retrorse teeth on its anterior edge near tip, the posterior edge smooth or nearly so; caudal fin rounded. ApRIL, 1910. FisHes or CuHicaGo — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 245 Color dark olive green above, sides yellowish, below white; a blotch of yellowish before and behind dorsal; fins color of adjacent parts with edges lighter. Length 10 to 12 inches. This fish inhabits rather swift running water from Virginia, the Great Lakes, to Montana and Texas. “This species deposits its eggs in June under objects in the water, guarding them till hatched. It is not used for food. Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois. Genus Schilbeodes Bleeker. Map Toms. Body short or moderately elongate, its anterior half subcylindrical, the tail compressed; adipose dorsal long and attached for its entire length, continuous with caudal or separated by a notch; teeth in broad bands, those of upper jaw without lateral backward extensions; caudal fin rounded with numerous short rays above and below caudal peduncle; a poison gland at base of pectoral fin. All of the species of this genus are too small to be used for food. a. Pectoral spine not serrated on posterior margin; adipose fin continuous with caudal; depth of body 3.8 to 4.4 in its length. gyrinus, 245 aa. Pectoral spine distinctly serrated on its posterior edge; adipose fin separated from caudal by a notch; depth of body 4.6 to 6.0 in its length. b. Pectoral spine 3 in head; a light colored squarish blotch on back before dorsal and a smaller crescentic one behind it. extlis, 246 bb. Pectoral spine less than 2 in head; 4 saddle-like blotches on back. miurus, 247 Schilbeodes gyrinus (Mitchill). Tappo.e Car. Head 3.2 to 3.9; depth 3.8 to 4.4; D. 1-6; A. 13 to 1s. Body robust, tadpole-like in form; head large; profile steep and nearly straight from snout to dorsal; jaws equal; maxillary barbels searcely reaching gill openings; diameter of eye 6.3 to 7.6 in head; dorsal fin to tip of snout 2.5 to 2.9 in length of body; its spine more than % height of fin; pectoral spine strong, its length 1.9 to 2.4 in head, its edges smooth or the anterior with 2 or 3 obscure teeth; lat- eral line imperfect, and wanting on posterior half of body. 246 FieLp Museum oF NaTuRAL History — Zo6o.oey, Vot. VII. Color olivaceous to almost black, top of head darker; a dark streak on middle of side and one near ventral surface; pectoral and ventral fins dusky, other fins plain. Length 3 to 5 inches. This species inhabits small sluggish streams and ponds from the Rainy River eastward through the Upper Mississippi Valley to the Hudson River, Florida, and Alabama. It probably spawns in May It feeds on small crustaceans and insects. Bull Creek, Zion City, Illinois; Dead River, Beach, Illinois; La- goon, Jackson Park, Chicago, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Chicago River, Edgebrook, Illinois; Calumet Lake, Pullman, Illinois; Lake George, Indiana; Lagoon, Pine, Indiana; Lagoon, Clark Junction, Indiana. Schilbeodes exilis (Nelson). SLENDER STONE Cat. Head 3.9 to 4.3; depth 4.9 to 6.0; D. 1-6; A. 14 to 17. Body elongate, the head slightly depressed; caudal region com- pressed; head small; upper jaw slightly the longer; maxillary barbels not reaching gill openings; diameter of eye 5.3 to 7.3 in head; dorsal fin to tip of snout 2.9 to 3.1 in length, its spine scarcely half the height of the fin; pectoral spine 2.7 to 3.1 in head; weakly serrate anteriorly near tip, the basal 2% of its posterior margin with about 6 slender teeth; caudal fin rounded. Fic. 21. SLENDER STONE CAT. Schilbeodes exilis (Nelson), (From Forbes and Richardson.) Color yellowish brown, uniform on sides, darker above with a lighter squarish spot on occiput and a crescentic one behind dorsal; fins pale or slightly dusky with darker margins. Length 3 to 4 inches. This fish inhabits small streams, with clear running water. from Wisconsin to Indiana and Kansas. Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois. APRIL, 1910. FisHEs oF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 247 Schilbeodes miurus (Jordan). BRINDLED STONE Cart. Head 3.5 to 3.9; depth 4.6 to 5.6; D. 1-6; A. 13 tors. Body elongate, broad anteriorly, slender and compressed posteri- orly; head wide, depressed anteriorly; .upper jaw slightly longer than the lower; maxillary barbels scarcely reaching gill openings; diameter of eye 4.3 to 5.0 in head; dorsal fin to tip of snout 2.6 to 2.8 in the length; dorsal spine more than half the length of the fin; pec- toral spine 1.5 to 1.8 in head, curved, the basal % of anterior edge finely serrate, the posterior margin with 6 to 8 strong hook-like teeth; caudal fin rounded. Fic. 22. BrRiNDLED STONE Car. Schilbeodes miurus (Jordan). (From Forbes and Richardson.) Color grayish with small black spots, the back crossed by saddle- like blotches, one before dorsal, one behind it, one on adipose fin and one at base of caudal; tip of dorsal, caudal, and anal blackish. Length 3}4 inches. This species inhabits small clear streams and ponds from Lake Michigan to Louisiana. Order Eventognathi. THE CARP-LIKE FISHES. Skeleton osseous, the anterior vertebra modified and with Weberian apparatus; opercular bones present; jaws without teeth; ventral fins abdominal; air bladder with open duct; body usually covered with ordinary scales. a. Pharyngeal teeth numerous, comb-like; dorsal fin of more than to rays; lips thick, covered with plicate or papillose skin. Catostomide, 248 248 Fietp Museum or Natural History —-Zoo.oey, Vou. VII. aa. Pharyngeal teeth fewer, 4 to 8 on each bone; dorsal fin of less than 1o rays; lips without thickened skin. Cyprinide, 257 Family Catostomidee. THE SUCKERS. Body oblong or elongate, usually more or less compressed and covered with large cycloid scales; fins without true spines; gill membranes united to the isthmus; pseudobranchiz present; branchi- ostegals 3; margin of upper jaw formed _in the middle by the small premaxillaries and on sides by maxillaries; lower pharyngeal bones falciform and with a single row of comb-like teeth; mouth with thick lips covered with plicate or papillose skin; fins without spines; caudal fin forked; no pyloric coeca; air bladder in 2 or 3 parts, connected to cesophagus. a. Dorsal fin elongate, of more than 20 developed rays. b. Mouth large, more or less terminal, protractile forward; * pharyngeal teeth and bones moderate; coloration, dark. Ictiobus, 249 bb. Mouth smaller, inferior, protractile downward; pharyngeal bones narrow, with the teeth thin and weak; coloration, pale. Carpiodes, 250 aa. Dorsal fin shorter, of less than 20 rays. c. Lips plicate. d. Lateral line wanting or imperfectly developed; sides with dark band or dark lateral stripes; air bladder in 2 parts. e. Lateral line entirely wanting; sides with a single dark lateral band. Erimyzon, 251 ee. Lateral line incomplete; sides with dark lateral stripes along the rows of scales. Minytrema, 252 dd. Lateral line complete; sides without dark lateral band or lateral stripes; air bladder in 3 parts. f. Pharyngeal teeth compressed; mouth wholly inferior. Moxostoma, 253 ff. Pharyngeal teeth large, molar-like; mouth somewhat oblique. t(Placopharynx) *The pharyngeal bones are situated on either side of the cesophagus just back of the gill arches. t Placopharynx duquesnti (Le Sueur) probably does not occur in the waters in and about Chicago. In form and appearance it resembles the common red- horse, with which it is often identified, but from which it is easily separated because of its molar-like pharyngeal teeth. APRIL, 1910. Fishes or CHicaco — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 249 cc. Lips papillose; air bladder in 2 parts; scales 48 to r1o. Catostomus, 255 Genus Ictiobus Rafinesque. Tue Burraco FIsHEs. Body robust, compressed, both dorsal and ventral outlines curved ; head rather large; mouth terminal or slightly inferior; lips thin, plain or more or less plicate; the upper protractile downwards and forwards; eye nearer angle of preopercle than upper corner of gill cleft; pharyngeal bones broad, but thin and weak; the teeth long; dorsal fin long, of 25 to 30 rays; the anterior ones produced to about ¥% length of fin; air bladder in 2 parts; lateral line complete; colora- tion dark, never silvery. All are good food fishes. a. Body slender, the dorsal region little elevated, depth 3.0 to 3.5 in the length. urus, 249 aa. Body deeper, the dorsal region elevated; depth 2.5 to 2.8 in length. bubalus, 249 Ictiobus urus (Agassiz). MONGREL BUFFALO. Head 3.7 to 4.0; depth 3.0 to 3.4; D. 29 or 30; A. 9 or 10; scales 36 to 4o. Body robust, the dorsal and ventral outlines about equally curved; snout bluntly rounded; mouth small, little oblique, protractile down- ward and forward, lips plicate; eye small, 5.1 to 6.6 in head; inter- orbital space 2.0 to 2.3 in head; tips of anterior rays of dorsal when deflexed not reaching past middle of fin; lateral line complete. Color dark slaty-gray to almost black; fins all dark. This fish reaches a weight of 50 pounds but those usually seen in the market seldom exceed ro pounds. It inhabits the larger streams and bayous throughout the Mississippi Valley, the southern end of Lake Michigan and the tributary streams. It spawns in April. Lagoon, Jackson Park, Chicago, Illinois. ictiobus bubalus (Rafinesque). SMALL-MouTH BUFFALO. Head 3.6 to 4.1; depth 2.5 to 2.9; D. 27 to 30; A. g to 10; scales 37 to 39. Body robust, the dorsal region considerably. elevated; snout bluntly pointed; mouth small, inferior, protractile downward and forward; lips coarsely and brokenly plicate; eye small, 4.4 to 6.2 in head; interorbital space 2.1 to 2.6 in head; tips of anterior rays of dorsal when deflexed not reaching middle of fin; lateral line complete. 250 FreLtp Museum oF Natural History — Zoo.oey, Vou. VII. Color dull brownish olive, never silvery. This species reaches a weight of 4o lbs., a little smaller than the preceding. It is usually found with the preceding species, which it much resembles in appearance and habits. Not known to occur in the Great Lake Basin. Genus Carpiodes Rafinesque. THE CARP SUCKERS. Body thin, compressed; ventral line almost straight, the dorsal much arched; head small, short; lips thin and slightly striate, the upper protractile downwards; eye equidistant from lower posterior angle of preopercle and upper corner of gill cleft; pharyngeal bones: broad but thin,‘ the teeth weak and much compressed; dorsal fin — long, of 23 to 30 rays, the anterior ones produced to more than half length of fin; lateral line complete; coloration silvery. All are used for food, but of less value than species of Ictiobus. a. Snout short, 3.5 to 4.5 in head; nostrils well forward, the dis- tance from anterior nostril to end of snout less than diameter of the eye. | difformts, 250 aa. Snout longer, 3.0 to 3.5 in head; nostrils situated well back, the distance from the anterior nostril to end of snout usually greater than diameter of the eye; tip of lower jaw far in advance of the nostrils. velifer, 251 Carpiodes difformis Cope. BLuNtT-NosED RIVER Carp. Head 3.9 to 4.3; depth 2.4 to 2.7; D. 24 to 25; A. 8; scales 35 to 37. Fic. 23, BLUNT-NOSED River CARP Carpiodes difformis Cope. (From Forbes and Richardson.) APRIL, 1910. Fishes or CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 251 Body short, compressed; the dorsal region much arched; snout small, wholly inferior; lips weakly plicated, the halves of the lower meeting at a rather sharp angle, tip of lower lip scarcely in advance of the nostrils; interorbital space 2.2 to 2.5 in head; snout short, very blunt, its length 3.9 to 4.5 in head; nostrils near tip of snout; anterior dorsal rays as long as or longer than the fin; lateral line complete. Color silvery, darker above. This fish seldom reaches a length of more than 12 inches, It occurs in the Ohio Valley and westward in the larger streams. Carpiodes velifer (Rafinesque). QuiLLBacK; SILVER Carp. Head 3.6 to 4.0; depth 2.7 to 3.0; D. 27 to 30; A. 9 to 10; scales 39 OF 40. Body ovate, compressed; dorsal region much arched’; mouth small, slightly oblique; lips weakly plicate, the lower halves meeting at a sharp angle; tip of lower lip far in advance of nostrils; interorbital space 2.3 to 2.5 in head; snout long, bluntly pointed, its length 2.9 to 3.5 in head; nostrils much nearer eye than tip of snout; anterior dorsal rays about as long as the fin; lateral line complete. Color light olive above, sides lvery; fins pale. Length about 12 inches. This species occurs in the smaller rivers and creeks from Ohio to Iowa and southward. It spawns in April. Similar in size and appearance to the preceding. Genus Erimyzon Jordan. Tue CuusB SUCKERS. Body elongate, more or less compressed; head short; mouth subinferior, slightly oblique; upper lip protractile, lower lip plicate, its halves meeting in an acute angle; no anterior fontanelle, the posterior well developed; pharyngeal bones weak, the teeth small and slender, rapidly decreasing in length upward; air bladder in two parts; lateral line wanting. Erimyzon sucetta (Lacépéde). Cuus SucKER. Head 3.5 to 4.1; depth 3.1 to 3.9; D. 9 to 12; A. 7; scales 36 to 45 Body oblong, compressed, becoming deeper with age; head short; mouth subinferior, small, slightly oblique; lower lip strongly plicate, its halves meeting at an acute angle; eye large, 3.8 to 5.8 in head; 252 Fretp Museum or Natura. History — Zood.oey, Vot. VII. Fic. 24. CHuB SUCKER. : Erimyzon sucetta (Lac.). (After Forbes and Richardson.) . interorbital space slightly convex, 2.2 to 2.6 in head; dorsal fin a little higher than long, its free margin convex; lateral line absent. Color uniform brownish olive, with more or less coppery lustre; sides with dark lateral band, most conspicuous in the young; fins dusky. Length about ro inches. This fish ranges from the Great Lake Region to Virginia and Texas. It prefers sluggish or still water where there is much vegeta- tion. It spawnsin April. Of little value as a food fish. Fox River, Illinois; Dead River, Beach, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Alpine, Illinois; Lagoon, Buffington, Indiana; Lagoon, Pine, Indiana; Calumet River, Clark, Indiana; Lagoon, Edgemoor, Indiana; Lagoon, Gary, Indiana. Genus Minytrema Jordan. STRIPED SUCKER. Body elongate, somewhat compressed; head small; mouth in- ferior, the upper lip protractile, the lower plicate; fontanelle large; pharyngeal bones weak, the teeth well developed; lateral line absent in young, imperfectly developed in adults; air bladder in 2 parts. Minytrema melanops (Rafinesque). Srripep SUCKER. Head 3.9 to 4.6; depth 3.9 to 4.5; D. 11 or 12; A. 7 or 8; scales 42 to 46. , Body elongated, moderately compressed; snout blunt; mouth small, inferior; lower lip plicate, its halves meeting at a short angle; APRIL, 1910. FisHEs or CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 253 snout 2.3 to 2.7 in head; eye small, 4.4 to 6.9 in head; interorbital space convex, 2.2 to 2.5 in head; free margin of dorsal fin concave; lateral line absent in young, incomplete in adult. Color olivaceous to coppery; each scale with a dark spot, these forming lines along rows of scales; fins plain. Length about 18 inches. This species inhabits smaller rivers, creeks, and ponds from the Great Lakes to North Carolina and Texas. It is not abundant any- where and is of little value as a food fish. Genus Moxostoma Rafinesque. REDHORSE SUCKERS. Body elongate, more or less compressed; mouth inferior, lips transversely plicate, the folds rarely so broken as to form papille; posterior fontanelle well open; pharyngeal bones weak, the teeth rather coarse; lateral line well developed; air bladder in 3 parts; caudal fin well forked. a. Lips strongly plicate; halves of the lower lip meeting in wide angle; margin of dorsal fin convex. aureolum, 253 aa. Folds of the lower lip more or less broken into papille; dorsal fin with its margin straight or concave. b. Head long, 3.5 to 4.3 in body; halves of lower lip meeting in a sharp angle; margin of dorsal fin straight. anisurum, 254 bb. Head short, 4.5 to 5.5 in head; halves of lower lip truncate behind; margin of dorsal fin convex. breviceps, 254 » Moxostoma aureolum (Le Sueur). Common REDHORSE. Head 3.9 to 4.5; depth 3.6 to 4.4; D. 12 to 14; A. 7; scales 41 to 48. Body elongate, robust anteriorly, compressed posteriorly; the back little elevated; head moderate, flattened above, the cheeks nearly vertical; mouth large, lips thick, coarsely plicate; eye large, Fic. 25. Lips OF THE COMMON REDHORSE. Moxostoma aureolum (Le S.). (From Forbes and Richardson.) 254 Fierp Museum or Natura History — Zooroey, VoL. VII. 4.0 to 5.8 in head; free margin of dorsal straight, the fin a little higher than long; upper lobe of caudal a little longer than the lower; lateral line complete. Color uniformly olivaceous above and on sides, becoming pale below; dorsal dusky; lower fins with some orange at base; the outer margins dusky. Length about 18 to 24 inches. This fish inhabits the clearer streams and lakes from the Assini- boin through the Great Lake Region to Arkansas and Georgia. It spawns in April and May, ascending streams for that purpose. Of little value as a food fish. Fox Lake, Illinois; Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Dead River. Beach, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois. Moxostoma anisurum (Rafinesque). WHITE-NOSED SUCKER. Head 3.5 to 4.3; depth 3.3 to 4.1; D. 14 to 17; A. 7; scales 42 to 45. Body elongate, compressed, robust anteriorly, the dorsal region elevated; head broad and short; interorbital space flat, 2.2 to 2.6 in head; snout long, 2.1 to 2.6 in head; mouth rather large, the lips thick, the folds broken into papillae; eye large, 4.0 to 6.4.in head; Fig. 26. Lips OF THE WHITE-NOSED SUCKER. Moxostoma anisurum (Raf.). (From Forbes and Richardson.) dorsal fin long, its free margin straight, upper lobe of caudal a little longer than the lower; lateral line complete. Color pale, silvery, darker above, the nose and chin whitish; dorsal and caudal with some dusky; lower fins white to light reddish. Length about 18 inches. It inhabits the clearer streams of the Great Lake Region to North Carolina. Smaller and less common than the preceding. Moxostoma breviceps (Cope). SHortT-HEADED REDHORSE. Head 4.6 to 5.4; depth 3.8 to 4.6; D. 12 or 13; A. 7; scales 43 to 45. Body subfusiform, moderately compressed; head short, sub- conical, interorbital space 1.9 to 2.4 in head; snout 2.3 to 2.9 in head; diameter of eye 4 to 5 in head; mouth small, upper lip coarsely APRIL, 1910. FisHes or CH1caGo — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 255 plicate, the lower breaking into papilla on distal margin; lower lip truncate behind; free margin of dorsal fin concave; upper lobe of caudal falcate, usually longer than the lower; lateral line complete. Color pale yellowish olive above, paler below; dorsal scarcely dusky; caudal light with reddish tinge; lower fins salmon colored with greenish margins. Fic. 26. Lips OF THE SHORT-HEADED REDHORSE. Moxostoma breviceps (Cope), (From Forbes and Richardson.) Length about 15 inches. It inhabits streams and lakes of the Great Lake Region and the Upper Mississippi Valley. A food fish of not much importance. Fox River, McHenry, Illinois. Genus Catostomus Le Sueur. FINE-SCALED SUCKERS. Body elongate, subfusiform; head elongate, rather broad; mouth inferior; lips thick, papillose; upper lip protractile; posterior fontanelle large; pharyngeal teeth shortish; air bladder in two parts; lateral line developed. a. Head transversely convex above; scales in lateral series more than 60; scales on anterior portion of the body reduced in size. b. Scales in lateral series 95 to 115. catostomus, 255 bb. Scales in lateral series 68 to 80. commersonti, 256 aa. Head broad, transversely concave; scales large, 48 to 55 in the lateral series. nigricans, 257 Catostomus catostomus (Forster). LONG-NOsED SucKER; RED SucKER; NORTHERN SUCKER. Head 4% to 4.6; depth 4.3 to 4.6; D. 10 or 11; A. 7; scales 95 to 114. Body elongate, subterete; head long and slender; interorbital space convex; mouth small, lips coarsely tuberculate; snout long, rather pointed, overhanging the large mouth; eye small 8.2 in head; 256 Fretp Museum or NaturAaL History — Zooé.oey, Vor. VII. scales on sides and upper part of body reduced in size anteriorly; lateral line complete; caudal forked. Color olivaceous above, lighter below; sides of male in breeding season with a broad rosy band. Length about 24 inches. This species inhabits the Great Lake Region, the Upper Missouri and Columbia Rivers, and northward into Alaska. Frequently taken by fishermen at Pine and Millers, Indiana. Not abundant and of little value as a food fish. Lake Michigan, Millers, Indiana; Lake Michigan, Pine, Indiana. Catostomus commersonii (Lacépéde). Common SUCKER. Head 4.0 to 4.8; depth 4.3 to 5.3; D. 11 to 13; A. 7; scales 63 to 80. Body elongate, subterete, robust anteriorly; head subconical, flattish above; interorbital space nearly flat; 2.1 to 2.6 in head; snout blunt; mouth inferior, the lips strongly papillose; the diameter of eye 4.5 to 6.8 in head; scales smaller on anterior portion of body; Fic. 27. COMMON SUCKER. Catostomus commersonii (Lac.), (After Forbes and Richardson.) lateral line complete in adults, partially absent in the young; caudal fin forked. Color olivaceous on back and sides; lighter below; spring males with a faint rosy lateral band. Length about 18 inches. This species inhabits the smaller streams from Georgia to Missouri and northward to Great Bear Lake and Hudson Bay. Spawns in the spring. Too full of small bones to be of much value as a food fish. Fox River, McHenry, Lllinois; Bull Creek, Zion City, Illinois; Bull Creek, Beach, Illinois; Pettibone Creek, North Chicago, Illinois; Ravine, Glencoe, Illinois; Jackson Park, Chicago, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Chicago, Illinois; Thorn Creek, Thornton, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Alpine, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois; APRIL, 1910. Fishes or CH1caGo — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 257 Lake Michigan, Millers, Indiana; Lagoon and Lake Michigan, Pine, Indiana; Calumet River, Clark, Indiana. Catostomus nigricans Le Sueur. Hoc SucKER; STONE-ROLLER. Head 3.6 to 4.5; depth 4.6 to 5.1; D. 10 to 13; A. 7; scales 46 to 51. Body elongate, subfusiform, robust anteriorly; head very large and broad; interorbital space transversely concave, 1.9 to 2.5 in head; snout long and strongly decurved, 1.8 to 2.2 in head; mouth inferior, the lips thick and strongly papillose; diameter of the eye 4.5 to 7.0 in head; scales on sides and dorsal region of nearly uniform size; lateral line complete; caudal fin forked. Color dark olivaceous above, sides with brassy lustre; belly white; young with 4 dark oblique bars on back and sides; pectorals and ventrals with some darker markings. Length about 24 inches. This species inhabits clear water, from the Lake of the Woods to Kansas and east to the Atlantic slope, north of the Carolinas, ascend- ing streams in the spring to spawn. Of little value as a food fish. Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois. Family Cyprinide. THE MINNOws. Body elongate, more or less compressed; mouth large or small, terminal or subinferior; margin of the upper jaw formed by the pre- maxillaries; no teeth in the jaws; pharyngeal bones well developed, falciform, and nearly parallel with the gill arches, each provided with 1 to 3 rows of teeth, usually 4 to 7 in the main row; fewer in the other rows if present; barbels, usually none, never more than 2 to 4; belly rounded, rarely compressed to an edge, and never serrate; gill mem- branes broadly joined to the isthmus; branchiostegals always 3; gills 4; pseudobranchie usually present; ventral fins abdominal; air bladder large, usually in two lobes; stomach without appendages. This family comprises many small fresh-water fishes. A few of our western forms reach a large size. On this continent the southern- most limit of this family is in the Balsas basin in southern Mexico. This large group of small fishes which so much resemble each other in form, size, and coloration is one of the most difficult in which to distinguish genera and species. Before one can make much progress in the study ot these species, careful attention must be given to the 258 Fretp Museum or Natura History — Zoo.oey, Vo. VII. teeth, as the genera are based largely on dental characters. The teeth are confined to the pharyngeal bones which are just back of the gill openings on either side of the cesophagus. In American species the teeth on each pharyngeal bone are in one large row of 4 or 5, in front of which is usually a smaller row of one or two teeth. The pharyngeal bones must be removed with great care to avoid breaking the teeth from them. It is best to clean the teeth by tearing away the flesh with a needle or other sharp-pointed instrument, after which they are easily examined with a hand lens. The herbivorous species have teeth usually not hooked and with a flat or concave surface. In the carnivorous species they usually have a sharp cutting or a serrated edge and hooked tips. Their number is indicated by a dental formula. Thus “‘teeth 4—4,’’ indicates that only the principal row on each side is present. ‘‘Teeth 2, 4-5, 2,’ indicates the principal row on one side contains four teeth, the other five, while the lesser row on each side contains two each, and so on. During the breeding season the males are more or less covered with tubercles, outgrowths of the epidermis. Usually these are confined to the head, but often are found over the entire body. The lower parts of the body and the fins are often highly colored; the prevailing — color being red, although in some genera it is satin white, yellow, or black. In some cases the males are deeper than the females. Young examples are always difficult to identify; these are usually more slender and have a larger eye than the adults. Often the young have a lateral band and a dark caudal spot which the adults do not possess. In the following descriptions the rudimentary rays of the dorsal and anal fins are not counted. Besides the native species here mentioned, three species from Europe and Asia have been introduced into some of the streams and lakes of the United States and Mexico, where they have become quite abundant. They are easily distinguished from the native fresh-water fishes by the long dorsal fin which is preceded by a serrated spine. a. Anterior dorsal rays not forming a stiff serrated spine; dorsal fin of less than ro rays. b. Alimentary canal more than twice the length of the body; peri- toneum usually black, or dark gray. c. Air bladder surrounded by convolutions of the intestine; about 50 scales in the lateral series, teeth 4—4 or I, 4-4, 0. Campostoma, 260 ce, Air bladder not surrounded by convolutions of the intestine. d. Scales very small 65 to go in the lateral series; teeth 5—5 or 4-5. Chrosomus, 260 APRIL, 1910. FisHes or CuicaGo — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 259 dd. e. ee, bb. hh, Scales larger, 35 to 50 in lateral series; teeth 4-4. Scales between nape and dorsal fin slightly or not smaller than those on rest of body; 12 to 16 in number; first short dorsal ray closely attached to second. Hybognathus, 261 Scales between nape and dorsal fin much smaller than those on rest of body; 22 to 25 in number; first dorsal ray separated from second by a membrane. Pimephales, 262 Alimentary canal less than twice the length of the body; peritoneum usually pale. Premaxillaries protractile; scales in lateral series, usually less than 60. No barbel at posterior end of maxillary. Mouth very small, its gape very oblique, making with vertical an angle of less than 40°; peritoneum pale; teeth 4-5 or 5—s. Opsope@odus, 263 Mouth larger, its gape herteontal or more or less oblique, mak- _ ing with the vertical an angle of more than 40°. ll. kk. ff. Abdomen behind ventral fins with a sharp keel-like edge over which the scales do not pass; lateral line much decurved, con- curved with the ventral outline; body much compressed; teeth 5-5; anal rays 12 to 14. Notemigonus, 264 Abdomen behind ventrals rounded, its surface fully scaled. First dorsal ray separated from second by a membrane; snout blunt; teeth 4-4. Cliola, 265 First ray of dorsal closely attached to second. Lips normal, nowhere conspicuously thickened. Lower portion of head without externally visible mucous channels. Notropis, 266 Lower portion of head with distended mucous cavities, ap- pearing externally as transverse vitreous streaks. Ericymba, 275 Lower lip thickened at each side forming fleshy lobes. Phenacobius, 276 : One or two barbels at or near posterior end of maxillary. Maxillary barbel or barbels terminal; scales large, 35 to 45 in lateral series, 14 to 25 in series before dorsal. | Hybopsis, 277 Barbel on upper side and near tip of maxillary; scales smaller, 50 or 60 in the lateral series. About 35 scales in series before dorsal. Semotilus, 280 Premaxillaries not protractile; scales small, more than 60 in the lateral series. Rhinichthys, 281 260 Fretp Museum or NatTuRAL History — Zoo.ioey, Vor. VII. aa. Anterior dorsal rays forming a stiff serrated spine; dorsal fin with 15 to 22 rays. n. Mouth with 4 long barbels; scales in lateral series, 35 to 40; teeth 1, 1, 3-3, I, I. Cyprinus, 282 nn. Mouth without barbels; scales in lateral series, 25 to 30; teeth 4-4. Carassius, 283 Genus Campostoma Agassiz. Body elongate, little compressed; mouth small, lips thick; pre- maxillaries protractile; no maxillary barbel; pharyngeal teeth 4-4 or I, 4-4, 0, with oblique grinding surface and a slight hook on one or two teeth; alimentary canal coiled around the air bladder; peritoneum black. Campostoma anomalum (Rafinesque). STONE-ROLLER. Head 4.0 to 4.6; depth 3.9 to 4.8; D. 8; A.7 or 8; scales 46 to 53. Body elongate, subterete; head subconic, the snout projecting beyond the mouth; mouth horizontal, the maxillary scarcely reaching vertical from posterior nostril, its length 3.3 to 4.6 in head; eye small, 4.2 to 5.2 in head; snout 2.3 to 2.8; teeth 4—4 or 1, 4-4, 0, with oblique grinding surface; origin of dorsal fin about midway between end of snout and base of caudal; alimentary canal 5 to 9.5 times length of body; peritoneum black; scales small, 15 to 26 in a series between nape and dorsal fin, lateral line complete. . Color brownish olive, sides irregularly blotched with darker; a dusky vertical bar behind opercle, dorsal, and anal with a dusky bar through the middle on males. Length 6 inches. This fish is abundant in small streams from Wyoming to New York, North Carolina, and Texas. It prefers clear running water, spawning on riffles in the spring. Bull Creek, Zion City, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Thorn Creek, Thornton, Illinois; Lockport, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Alpine, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois. Genus Chrosomus Rafinesque. Body moderately elongate, little compressed; mouth small, ter- minal; lips normal; premaxillary protractile; no maxillary barbel; pharyngeal teeth 5~5 or 4~5, moderately hooked tips, and with grind- ee ae Sl ia, a ee Te - ee Se ee nN ae ee ee pe APRIL, 1910. FisHes or CH1IcaGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 261 ing surface; alimentary canal twice length of the body; peritoneum black. Chrosomus erythrogaster Rafinesque. ReEp-BELLIED Dace. Head 4.0 to 4.2; depth 4.4 to 4.9; D.7; A.7 or 8; Scales 77 to gr. Body rather robust, not much compressed; head rather pointed; mouth terminal, margin of upper lip on level with middle of pupil; maxillary 3.2 to 4.0 in head; its tip reaching slightly past anterior nostril; diameter of eye 3.3 to 3.8 in head; snout pointed, 2.9 to 3.5; teeth 4-4 or 4-5 or 5-5, with tips slightly hooked and with flat or grooved surfaces; alimentary canal 2.4 to 3.5 times length of the body; peritoneum black; scales very small, 35 to 40 scales in series before dorsal fin; lateral line incomplete. Color brownish olive, a dark vertebral streak; dark spots on upper part of sides; sides with two black stripes; a dark caudal spot; spaces between dark lateral stripes cream colored to red; males in spring with sides and belly with much scarlet. Length 2 to 3 inches, This species inhabits clear water from the Dakotas to Maine, Alabama, and Kansas, It is nowhere especially abundant except in the streams of the Ozark mountains, where it occurs in large numbers. Bull Creek, Zion City, Illinois; Pettibone Creek, North Chicago, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Alpine, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois; Lagoon, Pine, Indiana. Genus Hybognathus Agassiz. Body elongate, somewhat compressed; mouth small, the jaws sharp edged; premaxillary protractile; no barbel; teeth 4-4 with oblique grinding surface, little if any hook; alimentary canal 3 to 10 times length of the body; peritoneum black. Hybognathus nuchalis Agassiz. Sitvery Minnow. Head 4.0 to 4.6; depth 3.9 to 4.5; D. 8; A. 8; scales 37 to 39. Body elongate, somewhat compressed; head small, subconical; mouth small, terminal, oblique, margin of upper jaw slightly below middle of pupil, maxillary 3.6 to 4.3; diameter of eye 3.8 to 4.5 in head; snout 2.9 to 3.5; lower jaw slightly the shorter, with sharp hard edge; teeth 4-4, with narrow grinding surface, tips slightly if at all hooked; alimentary canal 3.7 to 8.0 times length of the body; peri- toneum dusky; scales large, 13 to 16 in a series before dorsal; lateral line complete. 262 Fretp Museum or NATuRAL History — Zoo.Loey, Vou. VII. Color olivaceous green above, sides silvery; scales not distinctly dark-edged. Length 6 inches. A small silvery minnow ranging from the Dakotas to Delaware, Georgia and Northern Mexico. It prefers clear running water. So far it is not recorded from the Chicago area. Genus Pimephales Rafinesque. FATHEADS. Body robust or elongate, little compressed; head short and round- ed, mouth small, subinferior or slightly oblique; premaxillary pro- tractile; no barbel; teeth 4-4 with oblique grinding surface; tips usually not hooked; alimentary canal more than twice length of the body; peritoneum black. a. Body short, robust, depth about 3.5 to 4in length; lateral line incomplete. promelas, 262 aa. Body more elongate, depth about 4.5 in length; lateral line complete. notatus, 262 Pimephales promelas Rafinesque. FatHeapD; BLACKHEAD MIN- NOW. Head 3.6 to 4.0; depth 3.2 to 4.0; D.9; A. 8; scales 42 to 48. Body robust; head broad and short; snout blunt; mouth small, nearly horizontal in males to very oblique in females, the tip of upper lip on level with lower margin of orbit to upper margin of pupil; max- illary reaching very little past anterior nostril, its length 3.5 to 4.5 in head; jaws about equal; diameter of eye 4.1 to 4.8 in head; snout 3.0 to 3.5; teeth 4-4 or 4-5; alimentary canal 2 to 3 times the length of body; peritoneum black; first dorsal and anal ray in males con- nected to second by a membrane, not adnate to it as is usual in min- nows; lateral line incomplete; scales rather small, 25 to 30 rows in a series in front of dorsal fin. Color dark olivaceous; dorsal fin with a dusky bar across its middle, more prominent in males; spring or breeding males with head jet black, and body and fins dusky. It reaches a length of about 3 inches. This fish inhabits ponds and sluggish streams from the Saskatche- wan to New York and south to Northern Mexico, Ravine, Glencoe, Illinois; Willow Springs, Illinois, ee a ne ee Dee Sa PO ee ee Te ae ee ees ee APRIL, 1910. FisHes or CH1caGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 263 Pimephales notatus (Rafinesque). BLUNT-NosED MINNOW. Head 4.0 to 4.4; depth 4.3 to 4.8; D.8 org; A. 7; scales 41 to 44. Body elongate, little compressed; head small, flat above; snout blunt, the small mouth subinferior, tip of upper lip on a level with inferior margin of orbit; maxillary 3.8 to 4.3 in head; diameter of eye 3.5 to 4.4; teeth 4-4; alimentary canal about twice length of the body; peritoneum black; lateral line usually complete; scales smaller on anterior part of body, about 23 in a series before dorsal fins. Fic. 28. BLUNT-NOSED MinNow. Pimephales notatus (Raf.). (From Forbes and Richardson.) Color pale olivaceous, sides with a dark band from snout to base of caudal; a dark caudal spot; dorsal fin with a dark blotch in front on first rays; breeding males darker, the head often black. Length 2 to 3% inches. This fish has about the same range as the preceding but is usually found in clear water. It is one of the most abundant minnows in the Chicago area. Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Dead River, Beach, Illinois; Bull Creek, Beach, Illinois; Pettibone Creek, North Chicago, Illinois; Ravine, Glencoe, Illinois; Lake Michigan, Chicago, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Chicago, Illinois; Thorn Creek, Flossmore, Illinois; Chicago River, Edgebrook, Illinois; Salt Creek, Lyons, Illinois; Thorn Creek, Thornton, Illinois; Butterfield Creek, Elliotts Park, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana. " Genus Opsopceodus Hay. Body elongate, moderately compressed; mouth very small, ter- minal; maxillary protractile; no barbels; teeth 4-5 or 5—5 with ser- rated edges, tips hooked; alimentary canal about length of the body; peritoneum pale; scales 37 to 42 in lateral series. 264 Fretp Museum or Natural History — Zoo.toecy, Vo. VII. Opsopeeodus emiliz# Hay. SmMALL-MOUTHED MINNOW. Head 4.2 to 4.5; depth 4.1 to 4.8; D. 8 org; A. 8; scales 38 to 4o. Body elongate, moderately compressed; head small; mouth very small and oblique, its gape making an angle of about 30 with vertical; maxillary 3.7 to 4.6 in head; snout 3.2 to 3.8; diameter of eye 3.1 to 3-7; teeth 5—5 or 4-5, slender and strongly hooked; alimentary canal a little shorter than the body; peritoneum dusky to white; dorsal fin inserted nearer tip of snout than base of caudal; lateral line in- complete; scales not smaller on anterior part of body, 15 to 18 in series before dorsal fin. Fic. 29. SMALL-MOUTHED MINNOW. Opsopeodus emilie Hay. (From Forbes and Richardson.) Color light olivaceous, scales conspicuously dark edged; a dark lateral band; no caudal spot; dorsal fin with one or two dark blotches, most conspicuous in breeding males, other fins plain. Length about 2% inches. A small fish ranging from Mississippi to Oklahoma to Northern Illinois. Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana. Genus Notemigonus Rafinesque. BREAMS. Body deep, much compressed; edge of ventral surface in front of ventral fins forming a keel over which the scales do not pass; pre- maxillary protractile; mouth terminal, oblique; teeth 5-5, hooked and with grinding surface; alimentary canal short; peritoneum pale; scales 39 to 55; lateral line present, much decurved. Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchill). GoLpDEN SHINER; Roacu; BREAM., Head 4 to 4.5; depth 3.0 (adult) to 4.5 (young); D. 8; A. 11 to 14; scales 45 to §2. . ee ee APRIL, 1910. FisHes or CH1cAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 265 Body elongate, much compressed; head small, subconic; mouth small, terminal, oblique, tip of upper lip on level with upper margin of pupil; maxillary not reaching past anterior nostril, its length 3.5 to 3.9 in head; snout 3.2 to 4.0; diameter of eye 3.4 to 4.4; teeth 4-4 to 5-5; alimentary canal 1 to 1.8 times length of body; perito- neum light, or slightly dusky; lateral line complete, deeply decurved; Fic. 30. GOLDEN SHINER; ROACH. Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitch.). (After Forbes and Richardson.) scales not smaller on anterior part of body, about 25 to 30 in front of dorsal fin. Color greenish olive; sides silvery or with golden reflections; dor- sal and anal fins tipped with dusky, young with a dark lateral band. Length 6 to 12 inches. This fish ranges from the Dakotas to New Brunswick, Florida, and Texas. It usually inhabits ponds and sluggish streams. Very abundant in the Chicago area. Dead River, Beach, Illinois; Lagoon, Jackson Park, Chicago, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Chicago, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Salt Creek, Lyons, Illinois; Willow Springs, Illinois; Thorn Creek, Thornton, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Alpine, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana; Lake George, Indiana; Lagoon, Buffington, Indiana; Calumet River, _ Clark Junction, Indiana; Calumet River, Clark, Indiana. Genus Cliola Girard. Body elongate, little compressed; mouth small, subinferior; no maxillary barbel; premaxillary protractile; teeth 4-4; hooked at 266 Fre_p Museum or Natura History — Zooxoey, Vor. VII. tips and without grinding surface; alimentary canal shorter than the body; peritoneum pale; scales 42 to 48; first dorsal ray connected to second by a membrane as in Pimephales, which in general appear- ance it much resembles. Cliola vigilax (Baird & Girard). BuLLHEAD MINNow; FLATHEAD. Head, 3.7 to 4.1; depth 4.1 to 4.5; D.9; A. 7; scales 39 to 44. Body rather robust; snout blunt; mouth small, subinferior, tip of upper lip on level with inferior margin of orbit; maxillary not © reaching orbit, its length 2.9 to 3.6 in head; snout 2.9 to 3.3; diameter of eye 3.2 to 4.0; teeth 4-4 with grinding surface and slight hooks; alimentary canal about equal to length of body; peritoneum pale; Fig. 31. BULLHEAD MINNOW; FLATHEAD. Cliola vigilax (Baird and Girard). (From Forbes and Richardson.) lateral line complete; scales smaller on anterior half of body, 21 to 27 rows in a series before dorsal fin. Length 2 or 3 inches. Color dusky olive or yellowish above; sides silvery, with a faint suggestion of a dark lateral band; a small jet-black caudal spot, and a prominent black spot on the anterior 3 or 4 rays of the dorsal fin; spring males with head leaden to blackish, and entire body more or less dusky. This fish inhabits clear water, ranging from Iowa to Ohio, Georgia, and Texas. Genus Notropis Rafinesque. SILVERY MINNOwWs. Body more or less elongate, not much compressed; mouth ter- minal oblique to nearly horizontal and inferior; premaxillaries pro- tractile; no barbels; teeth in one or two rows, the main row always 4-4; alimentary canal about the length of the body, peritoneum pale a 6 eS ee es ee eS ee ee se ee ee APRIL, 1910. FisHEs oF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 267 to dusky; scales large, 30 to 40 in lateral series; not smaller on an- terior part of body. a. b. 88. ff. Scales moderate, fewer than 40 in the lateral series; fewer than 20 scales in a series between nape and dorsal fin. Anal fin with 7 to 9 rays; origin of dorsal fin near middle of the body. Scales on sides not or scarcely deeper than long. Body subterete, not much compressed; tip of first ray of dorsal fin reaching past tip of last ray when the fin is deflexed. Sides with a distinct dark lateral band prominent on sides of head and on snout; lateral line incomplete. Mouth oblique, partially or entirely above lower margin of black lateral band; origin of dorsal nearer tip of snout than base of caudal; snout pointed. Mouth very oblique, making with the vertical an angle of less than 40°; anterior margin of lower jaw on level with upper border of lateral band. anogenus, 268 Mouth less oblique, the angle with the vertical more than 40°; anterior margin of lower jaw on level with middle of lateral band. heterodon, 268 Mouth nearly horizontal, its gape wholly below lateral band; origin of dorsal fin midway between tip of snout and base of caudal; snout blunt. cayuga, 269 Sides without distinct lateral band; lateral line complete; snout blunt; mouth little oblique. No dark spot at base of caudal; 12 to 15 scales before dorsal fin; maxillary 2.8 to 3.7 in head. Interorbital broad, 2.5 to 2.9 in head; 12 to 14 scales before dorsal fin; maxillary 3.3 to 3.7 in head. blennius, 270 Interorbital narrow 3.0 to 3.6 in head; 13 to rs scales before dorsal; maxillary 2.8 to 3.4 in head. jejunus, 270 . A prominent dark spot at base of caudal; 15 to 18 scales before dorsal; maxillary 3.7 to 4.5 in head; interorbital 2.5 to 2.9. hudsonius, 271 . Body compressed; tip of last ray of dorsal not reaching tip of last ray when the fin is deflexed. whipplit, 272 Scales on sides deeper than long. cornutus, 272 Anal fin with ro to 12 rays; origin of dorsal fin much nearer base of caudal than tip of snout. Head short, 4% in length of body; body slender, its depth 5 14 in length. atherinoides, 273 268 Fietp Museum or NatTurRaL History — Zoo.oey, Vot. VII. jj. Head longer, 4 in length of body; body deeper, 427% in length. rubrifrons, 274 aa. Scales smaller; 40 to 50 in the lateral series, more than 20 scales in series between nape and origin of dorsal. umbratilis, 274 Notropis anogenus Forbes. Lrast MINNow. Head 4.3 to 4.5; depth 4.3 to 4.5; D. 8; A. 7; scales 34 to 37. Body elongate, slightly compressed; head small; mouth very small and very oblique, its gape making an angle of 20° to 30° with the vertical; maxillary not reaching back of posterior nostril, its length 4.5 to 5.1 in head; snout 4.5 to 4.8; diameter of eye 3.1 to 3.3; teeth 4—4 with well developed grinding surface, more or less hooked; dorsal fin slightly behind ventrals, a little nearer base of caudal than tip of snout; alimentary canal 1.2 to 1.3 times length of body; peri- get, SPER, det ee MARA £ > : =A ey; Cae hae ue LS Fic. 32. Least MINNOW. Notropis anogenus Forbes. (After Forbes and Richardson.) toneum dusky; lateral line complete or nearly so; scales not smaller on anterior portion of body, about 13 or 14 before dorsal fin. Color dark olivaceous above, silvery below; sides with a dark lateral band, ending in a caudal spot; tip of lower jaw black. Length about 1% inches. A small species, 2 or 3 inches in length, ranging from Iowa to New York. . Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois. Notropis heterodon (Cope). BLACK-—stTRIPED MINNow. Head 3.9 to 4.2; depth 4.1 to 4.6; D. 8; A. 7 or 8; scales 35 to 38. . Body elongate, moderately compressed; head small, conic; mouth terminal, oblique, its gape making an angle of 40° to 60° with vertical, the tip of upper jaw on level with upper margin of the pupil; max- illary scarcely reaching front of orbit; its length 3.6 to 4.0 in head; snout pointed, 3.5 to 3.8; diameter of eye 2.7 to 3.0; teeth 1 or o, 4-4, 1 or o, the first three hooked and with grinding surface; ali- mentary canal shorter than the body; peritoneum silvery; dorsal APRIL, 1910. FisHEs oF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 269 fin over ventrals, its origin nearer tip of snout than base of caudal; lateral line usually incomplete; scales before dorsal 12 to 14. Color dark olivaceous above, silvery below; a dark lateral band from snout through eye to base of caudal; margin of lower lip black. Length 2 inches. This fish ranges from Minnesota to New York, Ohio, and Kansas. Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana. Fic. 33. BLACK-STRIPED MINNOW. Notropis heterodon (Cope). (From Forbes and Richardson.) Notropis cayuga Meek. BLuUNtT-NOsED MINNow. Head 3.7 to 4.1; depth 4.5 to 5.2; D. 8; A. 7 to 8; scales 34 to 36. Body elongate, not much compressed; head rather large; snout blunt; mouth small, but little oblique, the tip of upper lip below level of lower margin of the eye; maxillary not reaching eye, its length 4.2 to 4.9 in head; snout 3.2 to 3.8; diameter of eye 3.1 to 3.5; teeth 4-4, hooked, the grinding surface narrow; alimentary canal 1 to 1.2 times Fic. 34. BLUNT-NOSED MINNOW. Notropis cayuga Meek. (After Forbes and Richardson.) length of body; peritoneum silvery; lateral line usually incomplete; scales 12 to 15 rows before dorsal fin. Color olivaceous, the scales dark edged; a black lateral stripe from snout to base of caudal; a faint caudal spot; margin of lower jaw without black. 270 Fie_tp Museum or NaTuRAL History — Zooé.oey, Vor. VII. Length 2% inches. This fish inhabits sluggish water where there is considerable vege- tation, having about the same range as the preceding. Dead River, Beach, Illinois; Salt Creek, Lyons, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana. Notropis blennius (Girard). StTRAW-COoLORED MINNow. Head 3.8 to 4.2; depth 4.2 to 4.8; D. 8; A. 7; scales 32 to 36. Body elongate, robust; -head small, conic; snout blunt; mouth small, slightly oblique, the tip of the upper lip on level of lower mar- gin of pupil to lower margin of eye; maxillary 3.3 to 3.7 in head; snout 3.3 to 3.8; diameter of eye 3.0 to 3.4; teeth 4-4, hooked and with grinding surface; alimentary canal about equal to length of body; peritoneum white or slightly dusky; lateral line complete; origin of Fic. 35. STRAW-COLORED MINNOW. Notropis blennius (Girard). (From Forbes and Richardson.) dorsal over or slightly in advance of ventrals, about equidistant be- tween tip of snout and base of caudal; scales before dorsal 12 to 14. Color light olive, paler below; a faint lateral band; caudal spot present or indistinct; lateral band not conspicuous on head. Length 2% inches. This small minnow inhabits clear water, ranging from Wyoming to New York and Texas Dead River, Beach, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Libertyville, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Alpine, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana; Lake Michigan, Pine, Indiana; Lake Michigan, Edgemoor, Indiana. Notropis jejunus (Forbes). Sirvery MINNow. Head 3.8 to 4.5; depth 3.8 to 5; D. 7 or 8; A. 7; scales 34 to 37. Body elongate, compressed; head somewhat depressed; snout 9 APRIL, 1910. FisHEs oF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 271 Fic. 36. SitveRyY Minnow. Notropis jejunus (Forbes). (From Forbes and Richardson.) blunt and rounded; mouth rather large, slightly oblique, the tip of the upper lip above the level of the inferior margin of the pupil; max- illary scarcely reaching front of orbit, its length 2.8 to 3.4 in head; snout 3.1 to 3.6; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, grinding surface, if present, narrow and irregular; alimentary canal .9 to 1.2 times the length of the body; dorsal fin almost directly over ventrals, about equidistant between the tip of snout and base of caudal fin; lateral line complete, little decurved; scales on sides rather large, thin and rounded, 13 to 15 in series before dorsal fin. Color pale, sides silvery with a broad lead-colored band; a ver- tebral streak; no caudal spot; fins all plain. Length 2 to 2% inches. This small species ranges from Winnipeg to Kansas and Pennsyl- vania. Notropis hudsonius (DeWitt Clinton). Spor—raiLep Minnow. Head 4.1 to 4.7; depth 4.0 to 4.5; D. 8; A. 8; scales 36 to 39. Body elongate, robust, compressed; head short; mouth rather small, slightly oblique, the tip of upper lip below level of lower margin of pupil; maxillary not reaching eye, its length 3.7 to 4.5 in head; snout bluntish, its length 3.2 to 3.5 in head; diameter of eye 2.8 to 3.5 in head; teeth variable, o, 1 or 2, 4-4, 2, I or o, with narrow grinding surface, and slightly hooked tips; alimentary canal 1 to 1.4 times Fig. 37. SPOT-TAILED MINNOW. Notropis hudsonius (De W. Clinton). (From Forbes and Richardson.) 272 Fietp Museum or NatTurAt History. — Zo6étoey, Vo. VII. length of body; peritoneum silvery; origin of dorsal slightly in ad- vance of ventrals, nearer tip of snout than base of caudal; lateral line usually complete; scales 15 or 18 in series before dorsal. Color pale olivaceous, silvery below; a dark lateral band, usually a large caudal spot. Length 4 to 6 inches. This fish occurs in the larger streams and lakes from North Da- kota to Quebec and Missouri. Fox River, McHenry, Hlinois; Lake Michigan, Chicago, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana; Lake Michigan, Pine, Indiana; Lake Michigan, Edgemoor, Indiana. Notropis whipplii (Girard). STEEL—cOLORED MINNOW; SILVERFIN. Head 3.9 to 4.2; depth 3.6 to 4.4; D.8; A.8 org; scales 36 to 39. Body elongate, considerably compressed; head small, subconic; mouth moderate, terminal, oblique, the tip of upper lip on level with lower margin of the pupil; maxillary scarcely reaching eye; its length 3.1 to 3.6 in head; snout pointed, 2.8 to 3.2; diameter of eye 3.9 to 4.8; teeth 4-4 or 1, 4-4, 1, the edges crenate; alimentary canal shorter than the body; peritoneum silvery; origin of dorsal fin a little behind ventrals, a little nearer base of caudal than tip of snout; 14 or 16 scales in series before dorsal fin; lateral line complete, decurved anteriorly. Color olivaceous, bluish above and on sides, silvery below; two dark blotches on posterior membranes of dorsal fin. Breeding males with tips of caudal and anal satin white; lower fins lemon-yellow. Length 3 to 4 inches. This minnow inhabits clear water from Minnesota to the St. Law- rence, Virginia, and Arkansas. Notropis cornutus (Mitchill). ComMMon SHINER. Head 3.8 to 4.2; depth 3.3 to 4.4; D.8; A.gor1o; scales 37 to 4o. Body elongate, compressed; head large, snout pointed to bluntish; mouth large, oblique, the tip of upper lip above lower margin of orbit; maxillary scarcely reaching front of orbit, its length 2.9 to 3.2 in head ; snout 2.8 to 3.3; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with narrow grinding surface; ali- mentary canal 1.0 to 1.5 times length of the body; dorsal fin slightly in advance, of ventrals and nearer tip of snout than base of caudal; lateral line complete; scales on sides much deeper than long, about 16 to 25 in a series before dorsal fin. Color olivaceous above, silvery below; a faint lateral band, no ea ee ee oe ‘ APRIL, 1910. FisHEs or CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 273 FiG. 38. COMMON SHINER. Notropis cornutus (Mitch.). (After Forbes and Richardson.) caudal spot. Breeding males have upper parts greenish, the sides salmon-pink. Length from 5 to 8 inches. This fish is abundant in clear water east of the Rockies, except in the Gulf states. Dead River, Beach, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Salt Creek, Lyons, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois. _ Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque. SHINER. Head 4.1 to 4.8; depth 4.8 to 5.5; D. 8; A. ro or 11; scales 36 to 4o. Body elongate, somewhat compressed; head short, conical; snout pointed; mouth large, terminal, oblique, tip of upper lip on level with middle of pupil; maxillary nearly reaching orbit, its length 3.0 to 3.4 in head; snout 3.3 to 3.6; diameter of eye 3.0 to 3.4; teeth 1 or 2, 4-4, 2; narrow grinding surface; alimentary canal shorter than the body; dorsal fin well behind ventrals, much nearer base of caudal than tip of snout; 18 to 21 scales in series before dorsal fin; lateral line complete. . Color olivaceous green above, silvery on sides and below; a faint lateral band; no caudal spot. Length 2% to 4% inches. This minnow inhabits the larger lakes and streams in the Great Lake Region, Ohio and Mississippi Valleys. Lake Michigan, Chicago, Illinois; Lagoon, Jackson Park, Chicago, 274 FieLtp Museum or Natura History — Zooéroey, Vor. VII. Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana; Lake Michigan, Edgemoor, Indiana. Notropis rubrifrons (Cope). Rosy—racep MINNow. Head 4.3 to 5.0; depth 4.8 to 5.8; D.8; A.gto11; scales 36 to 4o. ° Body elongate, moderately compressed; head long, conic; snout pointed; mouth large, oblique, terminal, tip of upper lip on level with middle of upper margin of pupil; maxillary reaching front of orbit, its length 2.7 to 3.1 in head; snout 3.0 to 3.4; diameter of eye 3.2 to 3.6; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, grinding surface slight; alimentary canal less than length of the body; peritoneum silvery with brown specks; dorsal fin well behind ventrals, and nearer base of caudal than tip of snout; lateral line complete; 17 to 21 rows of scales in series before dorsal fin. ; Color dark olive above, silvery below, a faint dark lateral band; no caudal spot. Length 234 inches. This fish inhabits clear water, ranging from New York to Michigan and Kansas. Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois. Notropis umbratilis (Girard). REpDFIN. Head 3.7 to 4.3; depth 3.2 to 4.2; D. 8; A. 10 to 12; scales 41 to 48. Body elongate. compressed; head conic; snout pointed; mouth moderate, terminal, oblique, tip of upper lip above lower margin of pupil; maxillary reaching front of orbit, its length 2.7 to 3.2 in head; snout 2.8 to 3.3; diameter of eye 3.4 to 4.2 in head; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with grinding surface on median teeth; alimentary canal shorter than Fic. 39. REDFIN. Notropis umbratilis (Girard). (After Forbes and Richardson.) ee ee ee APRIL, 1910. FisHEs or CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 275 body; peritoneum silvery; dorsal fin well back of ventrals, nearer base of caudal than tip of snout; scales on anterior part of body reduced in size, 26 to 30 in a series in front of dorsal fin; lateral line complete, deeply decurved. Color dark purplish blue above, greenish blue below, not silvery; dorsal fin with black spot at its base in front. Breeding males with much red on sides and on lower fins. Length about 3 inches. This minnow ranges from Wisconsin to Mississippi and Arkansas. It prefers clear running water. Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley, IIli- nois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois. Genus Ericymba Cope. Body elongate, little compressed; premaxillary protractile; teeth 4-4 or 1, 4-4, 1, without grinding surface; hooked interorbitals, sub- orbitals, and dentary bones with greatly developed mucous channels; alimentary canal short; peritoneum silvery; lateral line complete. Ericymba buccata Cope. SiLvVER-MOUTHED MINNowW. Head 3.5 to 3.7; depth 4.1 to 5.2; D.8; A.7 or 8; scales 32 to 35. Body elongate, fusiform; head long, snout blunt; mouth small, horizontal, subinferior, tip of upper lip on level with lower margin of orbit; maxillary not reaching past anterior nostril, its length 3.5 to 4.0 in head; lower jaw the shorter; snout 2.6 to 3.0 in head; diam- eter of eye 3.3 to 3.6; teeth 4-4 or 1, 4-4, 1; alimentary canal about as long as the body; peritoneum silvery; bones of lower part of head with well developed mucous channels appearing externally as vitreous streaks, a character peculiar to the genus; dorsal fin over ventrals, Fic. 40. SILVER-MOUTHED MINNOW. Ericymba buccata Cope. (From Forbes and Richardson.) 276 FieLtp Museum or Natura History — Zéoroey, Vo. VII. slightly nearer tip of snout than base of caudal; lateral line complete; 13 to 15 scales in a series before dorsal fin. Color pale olivaceous above, silvery below; lateral band developed posteriorly; no caudal spot. Length 3 to 4 inches. This small minnow ranges from Michigan to Florida and Kansas Kankakee, Illinois. Genus Phenacobius Cope. SUCKER—MOUTHED MINNOWS. Body elongate, little compressed, mouth inferior, the lower lip thin in the middle and enlarged into a fleshy lobe on each side, upper: jaw protractile, no barbel; teeth 4—4, hooked and with grinding sur- face; intestine short, peritoneum silvery; dorsal rays 8, anal 7, scales 45 to 60; lateral line complete. Fic. 41. SUCKER-MOUTHED MINNOW. Phenacobius mirabilis (Girard). (From Forbes and Richardson.) Phenacobius mirabilis (Girard). SucKER-MOUTHED MINNow. Head 3.9 to 4.5; depth 4.7 to 5.5; D. 8; A. 7; scales 43 to 51. Body moderately slender; head short, blunt anteriorly; mouth small; inferior maxillary not reaching eye, its length 3.7 to 4.3 in head; upper jaw provided with a fleshy lip which is continuous on each side with the lower lip, forming rather prominent laterally projecting lobes, these separated by a frenum; snout 2.3 to 2.6in head; diameter of eye 3.6 to 4.8; teeth hooked, occasionally with narrow grinding surface; alimentary canal equal to length of head and body; peri- toneum plain silvery; lateral line complete. Color pale olivaceous; a silvery lateral band ending in a conspic- uous caudal spot; fins all plain. Length 3% inches. This fish is found from Northern Illinois to lowa and Arkansas. Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois. i itl a at ae NN tl ——S ae, APRIL, 1910. FisHEs or CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 277 Genus Hybopsis Agassiz. Body elongate, robust; mouth terminal or inferior, one or more barbels on posterior end of maxillary; premaxillary protractile; teeth 4-4 or 1, 4-4, 1 or o, hooked and with grinding surface; alimentary canal short; peritoneum pale dusky or black; scales 35 to 60 in lateral series. All of the species of this genus inhabit clear running water. a. Mouth small, horizontal or nearly so; snout blunt; margin of upper lip on or below level of lower margin of orbit; sides silvery. b. Origin of dorsal fin about midway between base of caudal and tip of snout; preorbital bone moderate; head 3.6 to 4.2 in length of body. c. Scales moderate, 38 to 47 in lateral series; diameter of eye 3.1 to 3.8; back and sides with irregular dark blotches. dissimilis, 277 cc. Scales larger, 35 to 38 in lateral series; diameter of eye 2.8 to 3.1; sides silvery, without dark blotches. amblops, 278 bb. Origin of dorsal fin much nearer tip of snout than base of caudal; preorbital bone large, silvery; head 4.3 to 5.3 in the body. storerianus, 278 aa. Mouth large, oblique; snout pointed; margin of upper lip about midway between lower margin of eye and lower edge of cheek; sides little or not at all silvery. kentuckiensis, 279 Hybopsis dissimilis (Kirtland). Sporrep SHINER. Head 3.9 to 4.2; depth 4.7 to 5.3; D. 8; A. 7; scales 38 to 45. Body elongate, moderately compressed; head long, flattish above; mouth small, horizontal, inferior, the tip of upper lip below level of Fic. 42. SPOTTED SHINER. Hybopsis dissimilis (Kirtland). (From Forbes and Richardson.) lower margin of eye; maxillary reaching anterior nostril, its length 3-6 to 4.3 in head; maxillary barbel less than diameter of pupil; snout blunt, 2.4 to 2.7 in head; diameter of eye 3.1 to 3.8; teeth 4-4, with narrow grinding surface; alimentary canal 1 to 1.5 times length of 278 Fietp Museum or Natura History — Zo6é.oey, Vor. VII. body; peritoneum black; dorsal fin in front of ventrals, about equi- distant between tip of snout and base of caudal; scales 14 to 17 in series before dorsal fin; lateral line complete. Color olivaceous, the sides silvery; a bluish lateral band; back and sides with irregular dark blotches. Length 3 inches. This fish ranges from Ohio to Iowa and Arkansas. Hybopsis amblops (Rafinesque). Bic—EyEp CuuB; SILVERY CHUB. Head 3.6 to 3.9; depth 4.6 to 5.2; D. 8; A. 7; scales 35 to 38. Body elongate, rather robust; head broad, flattened above; mouth small, horizontal, subinferior, the tip of the lower jaw little in advance of first nostril; the tip of the upper lip below the level of lower margin Fic. 43. BiG-EYED CHuB; SILVERY CHUB. Hybopsis amblops (Raf.). (From Forbes and Richardson.) of the eye; maxillary usually reaching vertical from front of orbit, its length 3.6 to 4.6 in the head; barbel small; snout blunt, usually overhanging the small mouth, 2.9 to 3.4 in head; diameter of eye 2.8 to 3.1 in head; teeth 1, 4-4, 1, hooked at tip and with narrow grinding surface; alimentary canal shorter than the fish; peritoneum coarsely specked with brown; dorsal fin over ventrals, about equi- distant between tip of snout and base of caudal fin; 12 to 15 scales . in series between nape and dorsal fin; lateral line complete. Color olivaceous, silvery; a dusky lateral band continued forward through the eye to end of snout; no dark caudal spot. Length 2 to 3 inches. This species ranges from New York to Iowa and Alabama. Hybopsis storerianus (Kirtland). Srorer’s Cuus. Head 4.3 to 5.3; depth 4.3 to 5.3; D.8; A. 7, 8, or 9; scales 37 to 40. Body elongate, more or less compressed; head short, compressed; preorbital bone especially prominent; mouth small, inferior, and hori- zontal, tip of upper lip far below level of lower margin of eye; max- illary scarcely reaching front of orbit, its length 3.2 to 3.7 in head; snout blunt, 2.8 to 3.1; diameter of eye 2.9 to 3.4; teeth o or 1, 4-4, ea ee es el eee eT ee ee ee APRIL, 1910. FisHEs oF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 279 1; alimentary canal scarcely as long as the body; peritoneum silvery; dorsal fin a little in advance of ventrals, much nearer tip of snout than base of caudal; lateral line complete; 14 to 16 rows of scales in series before dorsal fin. Color light olivaceous above, silvery below; an indistinct lateral band; no caudal spot. Length 5 to 6 inches. This species inhabits the larger streams from Wyoming to Ohio and Arkansas. Hybopsis kentuckiensis (Rafinesque). River Coup; HoRNy—-HEAD. Head 3.6 to 3.8; depth 3.9 to 4.5; D. 8; A. 7; scales 39 to 44. Body elongate, robust, little compressed; head conical, the top convex; mouth rather large, little oblique, the tip of upper lip on level with point about midway between lower margin of eye and chin; max- illary not quite reaching eye, 3.0 to 3.6 in head; snout bluntish, 2.4 to 2.9 in head; diameter of eye 4.1 to 5.6; lower jaw shorter than the Fic. 44. River CHUB; HORNY-HEAD. Hybopsis kentuckiensis (Raf.). (From Forbes and Richardson.) upper; teeth 4-4, or 1, 4-4, 1; alimentary canal 1 to 1.4 times length of the body; peritoneum dusky; dorsal fin inserted over ventrals, and a little nearer base of caudal than tip of snout; lateral line complete or nearly so; 17 to 22 rows of scales in a series before dorsal fin. Color greenish olivaceous above, lighter below; an indistinct lat- eral band ending in a dark caudal spot, more prominent in the young; a pale reddish spot behind eye. Length 6 to 8 inches. This species ranges from Wyoming to Pennsylvania, and Alabama. Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, IIli- nois; Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois. 280 Fietp Museum or NaTuRAL History — Zootoey, Vor. VII. Genus Semotilus Rafinesque. FALLFISHES. Body robust; mouth terminal; premaxillary protractile; a small barbel on upper side of maxillary near its extremity; teeth 2, 5-4, 2, hooked and without grinding surface; alimentary canal less than twice the length of the body; peritoneum pale; scales 45 to 60 in lateral series. Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill). Hornep Dacre; CREEK CHUB. Head 3.5 to 3.9; depth 4.1 to 4.6; D. 8; A. 8; scales 55 to 69. Body elongate, robust anteriorly; head large, broadly rounded above; mouth large, terminal, oblique, tip of upper lip on level with | Fic. 45. HORNED DACE; CREEK CHUB. Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitch.). (From Forbes and Richardson.) lower margin of pupil; maxillary reaching beyond anterior margin of orbit, its length 2.9 to 3.4 in head; diameter of eye 4.8 to 7.1 in head; teeth variable, usually 2, 4-5, 2, the shorter row may have o, 1 or 2, the longer one 4 or 5 teeth; alimentary canal about length of body; peritoneum pale; lateral line complete; scales smaller on an- terior portion of body, about 35 rows in a series before dorsal fin. Color dusky bluish above to silvery below; a faint dark lateral band usually ending in a dark caudal spot; dorsal fin with a distinct dark blotch at base of first rays. Length about 6 to 8 inches. This species ranges from Wyoming to Maine, North Carolina, and Missouri. Bull Creek, Zion City, Illinois; Bull Creek, Beach, Illinois; Petti- bone Creek, North Chicago, Illinois; Ravine, Glencoe, Illinois; Thorn Creek, Thornton, Illinois; Butterfield Creek, Elliotts Park, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Alpine, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois. — ee APRIL, 1910, FisHes or CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 281 Genus Rhinichthys Agassiz. Body elongate, little compressed; mouth small, inferior, a small barbel at tip of maxillary; premaxillary not protractile; teeth 1 or 2, 4-4, 1 or 2, hooked and without grinding surface; alimentary canal short; peritoneum dusky; scales small, 60 to 70 in lateral series. a. Snout long, projecting far beyond the inferior mouth. cataractea, 281 aa. Snout shorter, not projecting far beyond the subinferior mouth. atronasus, 281 Rhinichthys cataract# (Cuvier & Valenciennes). LoNG—NosED Dace. Head 4.0 to 4.1; depth 4.8 to 5.2; D. 8; A. 7; scales 63 to 70. Body elongate, scarcely compressed; head long, the snout over- hanging the mouth; mouth small, inferior, tip of the upper lip on level with point half way between orbit and chin; maxillary 2.9 to ’ Fig. 46. LONG-NOSED Dace. Rhinichthys cataracte (C.and V.). (From Forbes and Richardson.) 3-1 in head; lower jaw much shorter than the upper; snout 2.2 to 2.5 in head; diameter of eye 4.8 to 5.6; teeth 2.4—4.2; dorsal fin be- hind ventrals, much nearer base of caudal than tip of snout. Color olivaceous above, paler below; sides with dark blotches; an indistinct dark lateral band; a black spot on opercle. Length about 2% inches. This species ranges from Wisconsin to New England and Virginia. Rhinichthys atronasus (Mitchill). Biack—Nosep Dace. Head 3.6 to 4.2; depth 4.5 to 5.0; D. 8; A. 7 to 8; scales 62 to 7r. Body elongate, scarcely compressed; head long, wider than deep; mouth small, subterminal, slightly oblique; tip of upper lip on level with lower margin of orbit; maxillary scarcely reaching past anterior nostril, its length 3.3 to 4.0 in head; snout long, 2.7 to 3.0 in head; teeth 2, 4-4, 2; dorsal fin behind ventrals, nearer base of caudal than tip of snout; lateral line complete. Color dusky to blackish above; the back and sides mottled with 282 Fretp Museum or NaTurRAL History — Zo6o.oey, Vou. VII. Fic. 47. BLACK-NOSED DACE. Rhinichthys atronasus (Mitch.). (From Forbes and Richardson.) darker; a dark lateral band bordered below with a light streak; a distinct blackish spot at base of dorsal behind. Length 2 to 3 inches. This species ranges from Minnesota to New England, Virginia and Alabama. Bull Creek, Zion City, Illinois; Pettibone Creek, North Chicago, Illinois; Ravine, Glencoe, Illinois. Genus Cyprinus (Artedi) Linneus. THE Carps. Body robust, compressed, the dorsal region elevated; mouth rather small, with 4 barbels; snout blunt, rounded; pharyngeal teeth molar-like, 1,1, 3-3, 1, 1 in number; scales large; dorsal fin long, its first rays forming a strong serrated spine; anal fin with similar spine; lateral line complete. Cyprinus carpio Linnezus. Carp; GERMAN CarpP. Head 3 to 4; depth 2.7 to 3.3; D. 1, 20; A. 1.5; scales 38. Body robust anteriorly, more or less compressed; mouth terminal, slightly oblique; interorbital space nearly flat, 2.3 to 2.7 in head; eye 5.5 to 6.8; snout 2.6 to 3.3; maxillary not reaching past anterior nostril, 3.3 to 3.9 in head; two pairs of maxillary barbels, the upper shorter, the lower longer than the eye; dorsal and anal each with a strong posteriorly serrated spine; insertion of dorsal slightly in front of ventrals. Color olivaceous, upper parts dusky to bluish; lower parts of sides and belly more or less yellowish. There are three varieties of carp. Those covered with scales are known as Scale Carp, those partially covered with scales are Mirror Carp, those without scales are Leather Carp. Length, 2 feet or more. ae ee APRIL, 1910. FisHes oF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 283 Fic, 48. GERMAN Carp; LEATHER CARP. Cyprinus carpio L. (After Goode.) An introduced species which has become established in many streams of the northern half of the United States. Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Lagoon, Jackson Park, Chicago, Illinois; Thorn Creek, Thornton, Illinois; Lake Michigan, Millers, Indiana; Lake Michigan, Pine; Indiana. Genus Carassius Nilsson. GoLp FIsHEs. Body oblong, more or less compressed, varying greatly; phar- yngeal teeth 4-4; the dorsal region elevated; dorsal fin long, its first rays spine-like; the second or third long and serrated behind; anal short with similar spine; lateral line complete. a. Soft anal rays 5 to 6; scales in lateral series 28 to 32. carasstus, 283 aa. Soft anal rays 7 to 8; scales in lateral series 25 to 27. auratus, 284 Carassius carassius (Linnezus). Cructan Carp; Gop Fisu. Head 3; depth 234; D. 111, 18; A. 1, 5; scales 28 to 32. Body robust, covered with large scales; dorsal and anal fins with strong spines, serrated behind; lateral line complete. Color dark brown, becoming golden-yellow to silvery under do- mestication. Length about 12 inches. ~ 284 Fie_tp Museum or Natura. History — Zoo.oey, Vot. VII. This fish is generally distributed over central and northern Europe and Siberia. It was introduced for aquariums, and is now thriving in the lagoons in the parks of Chicago. Carassius auratus (Linneus). Go.Lp Fisu. Head 3%; depth 2%; D.111, 18; A. 111, 7; scales 26. Body robust, compressed; scales larger than in preceding species; dorsal and anal each with strong spines, serrated behind; lateral line complete. : Color as in preceding species. Length about ro inches. Native of China and Japan. Introduced for aquariums, but it is now abundant in the lagoons in the parks in Chicago, In breeding many varieties have been produced. Order Apodes. THE EELs. Body very elongate; vertebre numerous, the anterior ones dis- tinct and without Weberian ossicles; ventral fins absent; fins without spines; skeleton bony; mesocoracoid absent. Family Anguillidee. THE TRUE EELS. Body elongate, snake-like; covered with fine embedded scales; head without scales; vertebre numerous, the anterior ones not mod- ified; fins without spines; dorsal and anal fins continuous with the caudal; tail isocercal; gill openings small; mouth terminal, the jaws about equal; teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; air bladder with open duct. Genus Anguilla Shaw. EELS. Body elongate, slightly compressed; head large; mouth large, jaws about equal; dorsal caudal and anal fins connected. Ee ee APRIL, 1910. FisHEs or CH1caGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 285 Anguilla rostrata. (Le Sueur). AMERICAN EEL; FRESH—WATER EEL. Head 7 or 8; depth 12 to 17; D. about 60. Body elongate, subcylindrical anteriorly, compressed posteriorly; snout pointed, the maxillary reaching past orbit; lips thin; the lower jaw the longer; gill membranes very broadly joined across isthmus, the gill openings small; scales minute, oblong in oblique rows or bunches each at right angles with the other; no ventrals; lateral line complete. Length 3 to 4 feet. This eel inhabits the West Indies, and the larger streams of North America east of the Rockies. Lake Michigan, Millers, Indiana; Lake Michigan, Pine, Indiana. Order Isospondyli. HERRING, SHAD, AND SALMON. Skeleton bony; anterior vertebre simple, without Weberian ossicles; dorsal and anal fins without spines; ventral fins abdominal; adipose fin present or absent; pectoral arch suspended from the skull; mesocoracoid developed; opercle well developed; maxillary distinct, forming a part of margin of upper jaw; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. a. No adipose fin; belly behind ventrals, narrow, the scales not passing over its median line. b. Lateral line present, well developed. Hiodontide, 285 bb. Lateral line absent. c. Last dorsal ray much produced; mouth small, subinferior, toothless. Dorosomide, 287 cc. Last dorsal ray not produced beyond the others; mouth large, terminal. Clupeide, 288 aa. Adipose fin present; belly rounded and covered with scales. Salmonide, 289 Family Hiodontide. THE MOoNeEYEs. Body deep, much compressed, covered with silvery cycloid scales; head naked; jaws, vomer, palatines, and pterygoids with small cardi- 286 FreLpD Museum oF NATuRAL History — Zo6o.oey, Vout. VII. form teeth; premaxillary not protractile; no adipose fin; caudal fin forked; gill membranes free from the isthmus; gill rakers few, short; stomach horseshoe-shaped, without blind sac; pyloric coeca 1; air bladder large, with open duct; no oviducts, the eggs falling into the body cavity before extrusion. Genus Hiodon Le Sueur. - Body much compressed, the ventral surface reduced to a narrow edge or keel; belly not serrated; head without scales; mouth ter- minal, rather large, oblique, and armed with sharp teeth; premax- _ illary not protractile. ) a. Belly in front of ventrals with a sharp edge over which the scales do not pass; dorsal fin with 9 developed rays. alosoides, 286 aa. Belly in front of ventrals without sharp edge, the scales pass- _ ing over it; dorsal fin with 11 or 12 developed rays. tergisus, 286 Hiodon alosoides (Rafinesque). NoRTHERN MOONEYE. Head 4.5 to 4.9; depth 3.3 to 3.7; D.9; A. 31; scales 56 to 58. Body elongate, much compressed; head rather small; mouth large, the jaws armed with sharp teeth; interorbital space 3.6 to 4.0 in head; diameter of eye 3.6 to 4.0; snout 4.9 to 5.9; dorsal fin in- serted behind front of anal; lateral line complete. Color bluish above; sides and belly silvery, with more or less golden lustre anteriorly and bluish and pinkish posteriorly. Length about 12 inches. This species ranges from the Saskatchewan through the Great Lake Region to Ohio, being most abundant in the northern part of its range. Hiodon tergisus Le Sueur. ToorHep HERRING; MOONEYE. Head 4.0 to 4.4; depth 3.0 to 3.3; D. 11 or 12; A. 28; scales 55. Body much compressed, mouth smaller than in preceding species, the jaws armed with pointed teeth, interorbital space 3.9 to 4.0 in head; diameter of eye 2.8 to 3.6; snout 4.0 to 5.5; maxillary not reaching past middle of orbit, its length 2.1 to 2.5 in head; dorsal fin inserted in front of anal; lateral line complete. Color pale olive-buff above, with faint steel-blue lustre; sides silvery, lighter below. Length ro or 12 inches. The range of this fish is much the same as the preceding. 4 b 2 E J APRIL, 1910. Fishes oF CHicaGo — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 287 STE he s & eee ven" Fig. 49. TOOTHED HERRING; MOONEYE. Hiodon tergisus Le Sueur. (After Goode.) Family Dorosomidz. Tue Gizzarp SHap. Body short and deep, much compressed, covered with thin cycloid scales; head without scales; belly sharp edged, armed with bony serre; ventral fins abdominal; last ray of dorsal fin much prolonged; gill membranes free from the isthmus; gill rakers slender and very numerous; adipose eyelid present; mouth small; premaxillary not protractile; maxillary with a supplemental bone; jaws without teeth, stomach short, muscular, like the gizzard of a fowl. Genus Dorosoma Rafinesque. GizzaARD SHAD. Body much compressed; head without scales; no lateral line; last dorsal ray produced into a long filament. Dorosoma cepedianum (Le Sueur). Gizzarp SHap; Hickory SHap. Head 3.7 to 4.3; depth 2.6 to 2.9; D. 12; A. 30 or 31; scales 56 to 57. Body deep, much compressed; head deep posteriorly, tapering to a rather bluntish snout; mouth small, subinferior, without teeth; in- terorbital space 3.6 to 4.3 in head; diameter of eye 3.4 to 4.8; snout 4.9 to 6.1; dorsal fin inserted about midway between tip of snout and base of caudal, the last ray elongated, its tip reaching past middle of anal; lateral line absent; ventral scutes 19 +12 or 13. 288 FreLp Museum or NaTuRAL History — Zo6.oey, Vou. VII. Fic. 50. GizZARD SHAD; HickoRY SHAD. Dorosoma cepedianum (Le Sueur). (After Goode.) Color silvery, bluish above, with reddish and brassy reflections; a large dark spot behind opercle, most conspicuous in the young; fins more or less dusky. Length usually less than 12 inches. This species is abundant in the lakes and sluggish streams from the Atlantic and Gulf States to the Mississippi Valley, and southward to Yucatan. Family Clupeidz. THE HERRINGS. Body oblong or elongate, more or less compressed, covered with cycloid scales; head naked; belly rounded or compressed and ser- rated; no adipose fin; gill membranes free from the isthmus; gill rakers slender; mouth terminal oblique; premaxillaries not pro- tractile; teeth usually small or wanting; air bladder large, with open duct. Genus Pomolobus Rafinesque. ALEWIVES. Body rather elongate, compressed; head pointed, mouth terminal, teeth minute; belly sharp-edged, strongly serrated before and behind ventrals; dorsal fin nearly median, its last ray not produced. Pomolobus chrysochloris Rafinesque. GoLDEN SHAD; SKIPJACK; Biue HERRING. Head 3.7 to 4.3; depth 3.6 to 4.3; D. 16; A. 18; scales 52 to 54. APRIL, 1910. FisHEs or CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 289 Body elongate, compressed; head pointed, mouth terminal, the lower jaw the longer; interorbital space 5.8 to 6.3 in head; diameter of eye 4.5 to 5.9; snout 4.3 to 5.2; maxillary reaching past middle of orbit, its length 2.2 to 2.4 in head; origin of dorsal fin nearer tip of snout than base of caudal, in front of ventrals; no lateral line; ven- tral scutes 20+13. Color silvery to greenish with bluish and golden reflections; back light olive-gray, sides light olive-green, belly opaque, silvery-white. Length about 15 inches. This fish inhabits the Gulf streams from Florida to Texas, ascend- ing the Mississippi and its larger tributaries to Pennsylvania and Kansas. Family Salmonidz. THE SALMON, TROUT AND WHITEFISHES. Body oblong or elongate, covered with cycloid scales; -head naked; mouth terminal, the maxillaries forming its lateral margins; supple- mental maxillary present; premaxillaries not protractile; adipose fin present; gill membranes free from the isthmus; stomach siphonal; pyloric coeca numerous; air bladder large, with open duct; ova large, falling into the abdominal cavity before exclusion. a. Mouth not deeply cleft, the articulation of lower jaws before or under the eye; teeth none or minute; scales moderate, 60 to 95 in lateral series. b. Mouth small; premaxillary broad, its cutting edge vertical or directed backward; lower jaw the shorter; gill rakers on long limb of first arch fewer than 30. Coregonus, 290 bb. Mouth larger; premaxillary narrow, its cutting edge nearly horizontal and directed forward; jaws equal or the lawer the longer; gill rakers on long limb of first arch more than 35. Argyrosomus, 291 aa. Mouth deeply cleft; the articulation of the lower jaw behind the eye; strong teeth on jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue; scales small, more than 100 in the lateral series. c. Vomer flat, teeth on shaft in alternating rows or in one zigzag row; body with dark spots. Salmo, 293 cc. Vomer boat-shaped, the shaft strongly depressed and without teeth; with white or gray spots. Cristivomer, 294 290 FieLp Museum or Natura History — Zootoey, Vo. VII. ‘Genus Coregonus (Artedi) Linneus. THE WHITEFISHES. Body more or less elongate, moderately compressed; head small, conical, the blunt snout formed by the broad premaxillary; premax- illary with cutting edge nearly vertical; lower jaw the shorter; jaws toothless or nearly so; gill rakers usually short; caudal deeply forked; pyloric coeca about 100; air bladder large. a. Body compressed, the dorsal region much elevated; gill rakers 17 to 20 on lower limb of first gill arch; head short, 5 to 5.3 in body. albus, - 290 aa. Body long, slender, the dorsal region little elevated; gill rakers 11 or 12 on lower limb of first arch; head longer, 3.7 to 4.3 in body. quadrilateralis, 291 Coregonus albus Le Sueur. ComMMoNn WHITEFISH. Head 5 to 5.3; depth 3 to 4; D.11; A. 10; scales 74. Body oblong, compressed, the back elevated; head very small; 4 wae) Bis) Fig 51. COMMON WHITEFISH. Coregonus albus Le Sueur. (After Evermann and Smith.) interorbital space 3.4 in head; diameter of eye 4 to 5; snout 3.8; max- illary reaching past front of orbit; its length about 4 in head; lower jaw the shorter; lateral line complete. Color olivaceous above, sides white, not silvery; lower fins some- times dusky. Great Lakes and neighboring waters. Lake Michigan, Chicago, Illinois; Lake Michigan, Pine and Mil- lers, Indiana. er hc; hh he ey ou a APRIL, 1910. FisHes or Cu1cAaGo —-MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 291 Coregonus quadrilateralis Richardson. MENOMINEE WHITEFISH. Head 5; depth 4.7; D.11; A. 10; scales 80 to go. Body elongate, not much compressed, the dorsal region little elevated; head long, the snout compressed and bluntly pointed; in- terorbital space 3.5 in head; diameter of eye 4.7 to 5.5; snout 3.8; mouth narrow, small, the maxillary not reaching eye; gill rakers short and stoutish, 7 +10 in number, lower jaw the shorter; lateral line complete. ; Color dark bluish above, silvery below. Length 15 inches. Lakes of New England, Great Lakes to the Yukon. Lake Michigan, Chicago. Genus Argyrosomus Agassiz. Ciscors; LAKE HERRINGS. Body elongate, little compressed; head larger, the snout pointed, the premaxillary with its cutting edge nearly horizontal; lower jaw the longer; jaws toothless or nearly so; gill rakers long and slender; about 40 on the lower limb; caudal fin deeply forked. a. Lower fins pale, or slightly tipped with darker. b. Eye large, its diameter not much if any less than the length of the snout, 3.5 to 4.5 in head. c. Maxillary 3.3 to 3.6in head; lower jaw projecting beyond the upper; gill rakers long and numerous, about 47 on first arch. huronius, 291 ec. Maxillary 2.6 to 3.0 in head, lower jaw scarcely projecting; gill rakers 39 to 40 on first gill arch. hoyt, 292 bb. Eve small, its diameter less than length of snout, about 5 in head; mandible half as long as head. prognathus, 292 aa. Lower fins blue black; gill rakers at least 50 on the first arch. nigripinnis, 293 Argyrosomus huronius Jordan & Evermann. Lake HERRING; Cisco AND BLUEBACK HERRING OF LAKE MICHIGAN. Head 4.1 to 4.5; depth 4.5 to 5.2; D. 10; A. 12; scales 75 to go. Body elongate, not much compressed; head rather long pointed; “mouth large, the maxillary reaching nearly to middle of the pupil; 3.2 to 3.5 in head; lower jaw the longer; mandible 2.1 in head; inter- orbital space 3.3 in head; diameter of eye 4.0 to 4.5; snout 3.5 to 4.0; _ gill rakers long and slender, 15 to 17 +28 to 34 0n first arch; lateral line complete. 292 FreLtp Museum oF Natura. History — Zooéxoey, Vor. VII. Fig. 52. Cisco—E AND BLUEBACK HERRING OF LAKE MICHIGAN. Argyrosomus huronius Jord. and Ever. (After Evermann and Smith.) Color bluish black or greenish above; sides silvery; fins mostly pale, the lower dusky tinged. Lakes Huron and Michigan. Lake Michigan, Chicago, Illinois; Lake Michigan, Pine and Millers, Indiana. Argyrosomus hoyi Gill. Kieye; CHuB. Head 4.5 to 4.8; depth 4.1 to 4.5; D. 10; A. 11; scales 73 to 80. Body robust, little compressed; head pointed;. mouth rather large; the jaws about equal; maxillary middle of pupil, 2.6 to 3.0 in head; mandible 2.2 in head; interorbital space 3.6 to 4.3; diameter of eye 4.2 to 4.6; snout 3.4 to 3.8; gill rakers 14+25 or 26 on first arch; lateral line complete. Color blue on back; sides and ventral surface silvery; dorsal, caudal, and pectoral fins with some dark on their margins. Length 13 inches. Southern and western Lake Michigan. Pine, Indiana; Millers, Indiana. Argyrosomus prognathus (H. M. Smith). Lonejaw; BLOATER. Head 4.3; depth 3.5 to 4; D.g or 10; A. ro or 12; scales 75. Body robust, moderately compressed; head pointed; mouth large, maxillary reaching pupil, 2.5 in head; mandible 1.7 to 1.8 in head; lower jaw projecting beyond the upper; interorbital space 6.8 in head; diameter of eye 5; snout 6.8; gill rakers slender, about 15 +28 on first gill arch; lateral line complete. Color dusky above, the sides silvery; dorsal and caudal fins usually with dark edge. Length 15 inches. Deep water of Lakes Ontario, Huron and Michigan. APRIL, 1910. Fishes oF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 293 Argyrosomus nigripinnis Gill. BLACKFIN. Head 4; depth 4; D. 12; A. 12; scales 73 to 77. Body elongate, somewhat compressed; head large, snout pointed; mouth large; diameter of eye 4.2; lower jaw slightly projecting; gill rakers about 18 +30 on first gill arch. Fic. 53. BLACKFIN. Argyrosomus nigripinnis Gill. (After Evermann and Smith.) Color bluish above, sides silvery, with dark punctulations; fins all blue black. Lake Michigan and some of the lakes of Wisconsin and Minnesota. Lake Michigan, Chicago. Genus Salmo (Artedi) Linnzus. THE Trout. Body elongate, somewhat compressed; mouth large; jaws with teeth; vomer flat, its shaft not depressed; teeth on anterior part of vomer, followed by a double or irregular series of teeth; scales small. Salmo gai dneri Richardson. STEELHEAD; SALMON TROUT. Head 4.5; depth 4.3; D. 11; A. 12; scales 130 to 180. Body elongate, more or less compressed; head short, slender, the upper surface convex; mouth large, the maxillary reaching middle of eye; lower jaw the shorter; teeth rather small, those on vomer in two long alternating series; gill rakers short and thick, 8 +12 on first arch; lateral line complete. Color olivaceous green above; sides silvery; head, back, and upper fins more or less covered with black spots; in the spring both sexes usually have a broad flesh-colored lateral band which rapidly fades. 294 Fietp Museum oF Natura History — Zoo.oey, Vor. VII. Fic. 54. STEELHEAD; SALMON TROUT. Salmo gairdneri Richardson. (After Goode.) A Pacific Coast fish introduced into the Great Lakes; occasionally taken at Pine and Millers, Indiana. Genus Cristivomer Gill & Jordan. Lake Trovut. ' Body moderately elongate; mouth large, hyoid with a band of strong teeth; jaws with teeth; vomer boat-shaped, with a raised crest behind its head and free from its shaft; crest of vomer with teeth; scales small. Cristivomer namaycush (Walbaum).Lake TrouT;MACKINAW TROUT. Head 3.8 to 4.2; depth 4 to 5.2; D. 11; A. 11; scales 185 to 210. Body elongate, head large, its upper surface flattened; interorbital space 3.2 to 3.9 in head; snout 3.2 to 3.5; mouth large, the maxillary reaching beyond eye; its length about half that of head; teeth very strong; lateral line complete. Color grayish green to brownish, to almost black; sides with round pale spots; head usually vermiculate above; dorsal and caudal reticulated with darker, the anal faintly so. Length 3 feet. This fish inhabits the colder lakes and streams of North America from Alaska, Northern Illinois to Maine and northward. Lake Michigan, Millers, Indiana; Lake Michigan, Pine, Indiana. APRIL, 1910. FisHEes of CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 295 Order Haplomi. PIKE-LIKE FISHES. Skeleton bony; anterior vertebre distinct; ventral fins abdom- inal, rarely wanting; all of the fins of soft rays; no adipose fin; pec- toral arch suspended from the skull; mesocoracoid wanting; oper- cular bones well developed; air bladder with a distinct duct. a. Lateral line present; jaws long and with large canine-like teeth. — Esocid@, 295 aa. Lateral line wanting; jaws without canine-like teeth. b. Upper jaw not protractile. Umbride, 297 bb. Upper jaw protractile. Peciliide, 298 Family Esecidze. THE PIKEs. Body elongate, somewhat compressed posteriorly; scales small, cycloid; top of head naked, its sides partly scaled; ventral fins ab- dominal; mouth large; premaxillaries not protractile; jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue with teeth; stomach not ccecal; no pyloric cceca; air bladder simple, with distinct duct. Genus Esox (Artedi) Linnzus. THE PIKEs. Body very elongate; head depressed; lateral line present; branch- iostegals 12 to 20; gill rakers short, toothed; gill membranes sepa- rate; most of margin of the upper jaw formed by the maxillary; supplemental maxillary present; some of the teeth on jaws and vomer large and canine-like, a few being hinged; dorsal fin above anal, on posterior part of the body. a. Cheeks and opercles entirely scaly; branchiostegals 11 or 12; dorsal rays 12; fewer than rro scales in the lateral series. vermiculatus, 296 aa. Cheeks entirely scaly; lower half of opercle without scales; branchiostegals 14 to 16; dorsal rays 14 to 16; about 125 scales in the lateral series. lucius, 2096 296 Fretp Museum or Natura. History — Zoo.oey, Vor. VII. aaa.Lower half of cheeks and opercles without scales; branch- iostegals 17 to 19; dorsal rays 17; about 150 scales in the lateral series. masquinongy, 297 Esox vermiculatus Le Sueur. LittLe PicKEREL; Grass PIKE. Head 3.0 to 3.4; depth 5.2 to 6.7; D. 12; A.12; scales 103 to 108. Body elongate, moderately compressed; head depressed; inter- orbital concave; mouth large, the maxillary reaching past anterior margin of eye, its length 2.0 to 2.4in head; snout 2.4 to 2.7; eye situ- ated in middle of the head, its diameter 5.5 to 6.8; branchiostegals 11 or 12; cheeks and opercles with scales; depth of caudal peduncle 2.0 to 2.6 in head; caudal fin forked. Color grayish green with darker streaks and reticulations on sides, lighter below; a dusky streak from eye across cheek and opercle, and one below eye; caudal fin mottled near base; other fins plain, dusky. Length 12 inches. This fish inhabits ponds, lakes, and sluggish streams, whose veg- etation is plentiful, from Wisconsin to Ohio, Mississippi, and Arkansas. Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Dead River, Beach, Illinois; Bull Creek, Beach, Illinois; Ravine, Glencoe, Illinois; Lagoon, Jackson Park, Chicago, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Salt Creek, Lyons, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana; Lake George, Indiana; Lagoon, Buffington, Indiana; Lagoon, Pine, Indiana; Calumet River, Clark, Indiana. Esox lucius Linnzus. CoMMON PIKE; PICKEREL. Head 2.9 to 3.6; depth 5.0 to 7.0; D.15 or 16; A. 14 0r15; scales 122 to 125. Body elongate, compressed; mouth very large, the maxillary reaching past orbit, its length 2.0 to 2.2 in head; snout 1.9 to 2.4; eye in middle of head, its diameter 5.8 to 9.5; branchiostegals 14 to 16; cheeks with scales; lower half of opercle without scales; depth of caudal peduncle 1.7 to 2.2; caudal fin forked. Color of back and sides bluish or greenish gray, yellowish below and white on ventral surface; sides with irregular, light colored spots; dorsal, caudal, and anal fins with roundish black spots; ven- trals with faint traces of spots; pectorals plain. Length 3 feet. This species inhabits the larger streams and lakes of Northern Europe, Asia, and North America. Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Jackson Park, Chicago, Illinois; APRIL, 1910. Fishes or CHicaGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 297 Des Plaines River, Chicago, Illinois; Thorn Creek, Thornton, Illinois; Calumet River, Clark, Indiana. Esox masquinongy Mitchill. MusKALONGE. Head 3.6 to 4.0; depth 6; D. 17 to 18; A. 15 to17; scales 150. Body elongate, compressed; mouth very large, maxillary reaching past eye, its length 2 in head; snout 2.2; diameter of eye 10.6; branch- iostegals 17 or 18; lower half of cheeks and opercles without scales; caudal fin forked. Color dark-gray, sides with round dark spots, the young with bars; fins with black spots. Length 3 to 6 feet, reaching a weight of 100 pounds. This species inhabits the large lakes and streams of the Great Lake region and Upper Mississippi Valley. Lake Michigan, Edgemoor, Indiana. Family Umbride. Tue MUuDPFISHES. Body elongate, subcylindrical anteriorly, compressed posteriorly; head and body covered with cycloid scales; ventral fins abdominal; dorsal fin posterior, above anal; mouth rather small, premaxillary not protractile; lower jaw, vomer, and palatines with bands of villi- form teeth; stomach without blind sac; air bladder simple, with distinct duct; no lateral line. Genus Umbra (Kramer) Miller. Body elongate, top of head flat, lateral line wanting; branchios- tegals 6 to 8; gill rakers little developed; gill membranes little con- nected; lateral margin of the upper jaw formed by the maxillaries; supplemental maxillary absent. Umbra limi (Kirtland). Mup Minnow. Head 3.3 to 3.8; depth 3.9 to 5.3; D. 14 0r15; A.8org; scales 35. Body elongate; compressed posteriorly; head flat, covered with scales, those on opercles large and imbedded; mouth rather large, the maxillary reaching nearly to eye; interorbital space flat or flattish 4.3 to 5.4in head; eye 3.8 to 5.2; snout 2.8 to 3.5; dorsal fin inserted behind ventrals and on posterior half of body, its distance from tip 298 Fre_p Museum or NaturaL History — Zooé.oey, Vot. VII. of snout 1.3 to 1.8 in body; pectorals broad, 1.6 to 2.0 in head; ven- trals small; caudal peduncle deep, 1.3 to 1.6 in its length; caudal fin rounded. Color of upper parts dull brownish olive mottled with black; sides with about 14 indefinite narrow transverse bars of dark color, the interspaces bluish forward; breast, belly, and under sides of head Fic. 55. Mub MINNow. Umbra limi (Kirtland). (After Forbes and Richardson.) yellowish; a large black blotch-like bar at end of caudal peduncle; a black stripe across cheek and through the eye to the snout; fins plain olive-green. Length 4 inches. This fish inhabits muddy ponds and streams from Minnesota to Quebec and the Ohio River. Artesian Overflow, Beach, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Lagoon, South Chicago, Illinois; Salt Creek, Lyons, Illinois; Willow Springs, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Alpine, Illinois; Lagoon, Buffington, Indiana; Lagoon, Clark Junction, Indiana; Lagoon, Edgemoor, Indiana. Family Poeciliide THE KILLIFISHES. Body elongate, the head depressed, the posterior half compressed; scales large, cycloid; head scaly; mouth small, terminal, the premax- illary extremely protractile; fins without spines; caudal fin not forked; gill membranes connected, free from the isthmus; branchiostegals 4 to 6; gill rakers short; dorsal fin single, on posterior half of body; ventral fins abdominal; stomach siphonal, without pyloric append- ages; air bladder simple, often wanting; some species ovoviviparous; size small. ApRIL, 1910. Fishes or CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 299 Genus Fundulus Lacépéde. KILLIFISHES. Body rather elongate, little elevated, compressed posteriorly; head broad flat above, scaly; mouth moderate, lower jaw projecting; jaws each with two or more series of pointed teeth; dorsal and anal fins similar in size; scales large. a. Dorsal fin long, its rays 13 or 14; scales small, 43 to 45 in lateral series; color olivaceous with numerous dusky crossbars. menona, 299 aa. Dorsal fin short, its rays 7 to 9; scales larger, 28 to 36 in lateral series. b. Sides with numerous lengthwise streaks in female, the male with dark crossbars. dispar, 299 bb. Sides ‘with a single black band from head to tail; males with obscure crossbars. notatus, 300 Fundulus diaphanus menona (Jordan & Copeland). Mrnona Top MINNOW. : Head 3.5 to 3.9; depth 4.5 to 5.3; D. 13 or 14; A. 11; scales 43 to 45. Body rather slender, not much compressed; head flat above; mouth small, maxillary 3:6 to 4.0 in head; lower jaw slightly pro- jecting; diameter of eye 3.0 to 3.5 in head; snout 2.9 to 3.7 in head; teeth in jaws, curved, the outer ones scarcely enlarged; dorsal in- -serted in front of ventrals; caudal fin rounded; cheeks and opercles covered with large scales. Color of males light olivaceous, spotted with dusky on back and sides; 15 to 20 dark transverse bars on each side, broader than the silvery interspaces; females with dark bars shorter and narrower, the interspaces wider than the bars. Length 3 inches. This fish inhabits small streams and lakes with clear water from Wisconsin and Illinois to Maine. Des Plaines River, Libertyville, Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby, In- diana; Lake George, Indiana; Lake Michigan, Whiting, Indiana. Fundulus dispar (Agassiz). Head 3.5 to 4.3; depth 3.5 to 4.3; D.7; A. gor 10; scales 34 to 36. Body elongate, rather robust; head flat above; mouth small, the lower jaw scarcely projecting; maxillary 2.8 to 3.3 in head; diameter 300 Fretp Museum or Natura History — Zooétoey, Vor. VII. of eye 2.8 to 3.4; snout 2.8 to 3.7; teeth in jaws pointed, rather weak; dorsal fin inserted behind ventrals; caudal fin rounded; cheeks and opercles covered with large scales. Color light-olive, the males with about to narrow dusky trans- verse bars, females with 9 or 1o brown wavy longitudinal lines; adults of both sexes with a triangular bluish blotch below the eye. Length 2% inches. This small fish inhabits quiet waters from Northern Illinois to Ohio and Mississippi. Fox Lake, Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana; Lagoon, Edge- moor, Indiana. Fundulus notatus (Rafinesque). Top MInNow. : Head 3.5 to 3.9; depth 4.4 to 5.3; D. 9; A.11; scales 33 to 34. Body elongate, compressed posteriorly; head much depressed; mouth moderate; maxillary 2.8 to 3.3 in head; upper jaw slighty the longer; diameter of eye 3.3 to 3.9; snout 2.8 to 3.4; teeth ina Fic. 56. Top MINNow. Fundulus notatus (Raf.) (After Forbes and Richardson.) broad band, the outer series considerably enlarged; dorsal inserted behind ventrals; caudal fin rounded; cheeks and opercles covered with large scales. Color brownish olive with a dark lateral band, which in males is crossed with 16 or 17 obscure dusky bars; vertical fins more or less speckled with dusky. Length 2% to 3 inches. This species ranges from Iowa to Michigan, Alabama, and Texas. It usually swims near the surface in quiet clear waters. Fox River, Illinois; Chicago, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois. APRIL, 1910. FisHEes or CuHicaco — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 301 Order Acanthopteri. THE SPINY—RAYED FISHES. Skeleton bony; the anterior vertebre not modified; anterior rays of dorsal and anal fin usually spinous; opercular apparatus complete; border of the mouth formed by premaxillaries; maxillary present, and without teeth; ventral fins usually thoracic and usually formed of 1 spine and 5 soft rays; air bladder present, without duct in the adult; scales when present usually ctenoid. a. Ventral fins abdominal. : b. Dorsal fin single preceded by 4 or more spines, not connected by a membrane; no adipose fin. Gasterosteide, 302 bb. Dorsal fins 2; spines connected by a membrane. c. Anterior dorsal composed of one weak spine and soft rays; the second dorsal adipose. Percopside, 303 ec. Anterior dorsal composed of 3 to 8 slender spines connected - by a membrane; the posterior fin composed of soft rays. Atherinide, 304 aa. Ventral fins thoracic. d. Ventral rays of one spine and 6 or 7 soft rays; vent near the throat. Aphredoderide, 305 dd. Ventral rays of one spine and 3 to 5 soft rays; vent near anal fin. e. Chin without a barbel; dorsal and anal fins of less than 30 soft rays; caudal fin homocercal. f. Body more or less covered by typical scales. g. Lateral line not extending on rays of caudal fin; jaws with teeth. h. Dorsal fin with spinous portion confluent with’soft portion, or separated by a deep notch in which case the longest dorsal spine is but little more than % sie da of longest soft ray. Centrarchide. 306 hh. Dorsal fins with spinous and soft portions separate, or if slightly confluent the longest dorsal spine is longer than longest soft ray. i. Anal fin with 1 or 2 spines. . Percide, 317 ii, Anal fin with 3 spines. Serranide, 332 gg. Lateral line extending on rays of caudal fin; jaws without teeth. Scienide, 334 302 Fie_tp Museum or Natura History — Zooéxoey, Vot. VII. ff. Body naked or variously armed with prickles or bony plates. Cottide, 335 ee. Chin with a barbel; dorsal and anal fins with more than 30 rays; caudal fin isocercal. Gadide, 338 Family Gasterosteidz. THE STICKLEBACKS. Body fusiform tapering to a slender caudal peduncle; skin naked or with bony plates; middle and sides of belly shielded by the pubic bones; mouth large, the cleft oblique; jaws with villiform. teeth; dorsal fins with the spines not connected by a membrane; ventrals abdominal, composed of a stout spine and a rudimentary ray; pyloric coeca few in number; air bladder simple. a. Dorsal spines 4 or 5, in a straight line; tail deeper than broad, without keel. Eucalia, 302 aa. Dorsal spines 8 to 11, not ina straight line; tail not deeper than broad, with a lateral keel. Pygosteus, 303 Genus Euealia Jordan. Body elongate, fusiform; skin without bony plates, dorsal spines 6 or fewer, in a straight line; tail deeper than broad, and without keel; pubic bones united forming a lanceolate plate with a single strong median keel. Eucalia inconstans (Kirtland). Brook STICKLEBACK. Head 3.2 to 3.8; depth 3.8 to 4.4; D. Iv to vi, 9 or 10; A.1I, 9 or Io. Body elongate, moderately compressed; caudal peduncle not keeled; mouth small and very oblique, the maxillary not reaching the Fia. 57. Brook STICKLEBACK. Eucalia inconstans (Kirtland), (After Forbes and Richardson.) et eT et ee —— ese APRIL, 1910. FisHEs oF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 303 orbit; snout 4.0 to 5.0 in head; eye 3.2 to 3.4; caudal fin truncate or . slightly emarginate. Color olivaceous with faint lighter mottlings; lower parts silvery; spring males black with some red anteriorly. Length 2% inches. This fish inhabits small streams and brooks from New York to Iowa and the Saskatchewan. Genus Pygosteus Brevoort. NINE-SPINED STICKLEBACKS. Body elongate; no scales; skin with bony plates along bases of dorsal and anal and on caudal keel; dorsal spines 8 or more; tail broader than deep, keeled; pubic bones weak, forming an elongate plate with a median longitudinal groove. Pygosteus pungitius (Linnezus). NINE-SPINED STICKLEBACK. Head 3.3 to 3.7; depth 5.1 to 5.6; D. 1x or x,gor1o; A.1, 8. Body elongate, slender; caudal peduncle with a lateral bony keel; mouth larger and less oblique, the maxillary reaching nearly to orbit; snout 3.3 to 3.8 in head; eye 3; caudal fin rounded or pointed. Color olivaceous above, with small spots and irregularly barred with darker; silvery below. Length 3 inches. This species inhabits northern Europe and northern North America. Family Pereopsidz. THE Trout PERCHES. Body elongate, somewhat compressed; caudal peduncle long and slender; scales strongly ctenoid; head without scales; lateral line _ present; anterior vertebre simple; ventral fins abdominal, of one spine and about 8 soft rays; anal with 1 or 2 spines; an adipose fin present; gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus; premax- illaries not protractile; stomach siphonal, with about 10 well devel- oped pyloric coeca; air bladder with an open duct; ova large not falling into the abdominal cavity before extrusion. Genus Perecopsis Agassiz. Body elongate; dorsal spines weak; body quite translucent; .preopercle not distinctly serrate; teeth present on jaws, small, villi- form. 304 Fretp Museum or Natural History — Zoo.oey, Vou. VII. Percopsis guttatus Agassiz. Trout PERCH. Head 3.2 to 3.7; depth 3.9 to 4.5; D.1oril,g torr; A.1, 5 to7; scales 47 to 54. Body elongate; not much compressed; mouth rather small, sub- inferior; maxillary not reaching orbit, its length 3.0 to 4.0 in head; snout 2.4 to 3.0; eye 3.5 to 4.0; dorsal fin inserted much nearer tip i a Fic. 58. TROUT PERCH. Percopsis guttatus Agassiz. (After Jordan and Evermann.) of snout than base of caudal, nearly over ventrals; scales strongly ctenoid; caudal fin deeply forked. Color pale olive-buff above; silvery below; scales faintly edged with black; 8 to 12 black spots on sides above lateral line; a dusky median lateral band. Length 6 inches. This species inhabits the larger streams and lakes from the Sas- katchewan to Hudson Bay, Delaware, and Ohio River. Lake Michigan, Chicago, Illinois; Lake Michigan, Pine, Indiana. Family Atherinidz. THE SILVERSIDES. Body elongate, somewhat compressed; scales usually cycloid; head usually with scales; lateral line absent or imperfect; ventral fins abdominal; two dorsal fins, the anterior consisting of 3 to 8 slender spines, the posterior of soft rays; anal fin with one weak spine; gill membranes not connected, free from isthmus; teeth usually present on jaws; no pyloric cceca; air bladder present. APRIL, 1910. FisHes or CHicaGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 305 Genus Labidesthes Cope. Body elongate, compressed; head oblong; mouth small, oblique, the cleft curved, the jaws prolonged into a short depressed beak; lower jaw the longer; premaxillaries protractile; scales cycloid. Labidesthes sicculus (Cope). Brook SILVERSIDE Head 4.1 to 4.6; depth 6 to 8; D. Iv-1, 9 to11; A.1, 21 to 24; scales 75 to 79. Body elongate, very slender; head long and pointed; snout long and slender, the jaws prolonged into a short depressed beak; its length nearly twice diameter of eye; eye 3.5 to 4.0 in head; jaws Fic. 59. Brook SILVERSIDE. Labidesthes sicculus (Cope). (After Forbes and Richardson.) equal, edge of the upper strongly curved; cheeks and opercles with scales; ventrals abdominal; caudal fin forked; lateral line repre- sented on a few scales only. Color pale olive-green, translucent; a distinct silvery lateral band, bounded above by a dark line; back dotted with black. Length 3 inches. This fish ranges from lowa to New York, Florida, and Texas. Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana; Lake George, Indiana. Family Aphredoderidz. THE PIRATE PERCHES. Body moderately elongate, compressed; dorsal region elevated; caudal peduncle thick; body and sides of head with strongly ctenoid scales; ventral fins thoracic, with a small spine and more than 5 soft rays; dorsal fin single, with 3 or 4 small spines; anal fin with 2 slender spines; gill membranes slightly joined to isthmus; gill rakers short and thick, toothed; preopercle and preorbital sharply serrate; opercle with a spine; air bladder simple, duct not evident; pyloric cceca about 12. 306 Fre_tp Museum or Natura History — Zodxoey, Vor. VII. Genus Aphredoderus Le Sueur. Body elongate; dorsal region elevated; mouth terminal somewhat oblique; teeth in villiform bands on jaws, vomer, palatines, and ptery- goids; alimentary canal ending in adult at the throat, the vent more posterior in the young, moving forward from just behind ventral fins. Aphredoderus sayanus (Gilliams). PIRATE PERCH. Head 2.3 to 3.2; depth-3.1 to 3.5; D. 111, 9 to 12; A. 1, 6; scales 49 to 59. Body elongate, robust, the dorsal region elevated; head broad, depressed, the profile concave; mouth moderate, oblique, maxillary nearly reaching front of orbit, its length 2.7 to 2.9 in head; lower jaw projecting; snout 2.8 to 3.4 in head; eye 3.5 to 4.3; dorsal fin nearer tip of snout than base of caudal; caudal fin slightly forked; ventral fins jugular in adult; lateral fins developed anteriorly; cheeks and opercles with scales. ; Color dark olivaceous to nearly black, with bluish tinge, speckled with black; breast and belly yellowish; two blackish bars at base of caudal. Length 2 to 4 inches. This fish inhabits lowland streams and ponds from Wisconsin to New York and Texas. Salt Creek, Lyons, Illinois. Family Centrarchidze. THE SUNFISHES. Body oval or ovate, compressed; anterior portion of dorsal fin of 5 to 13 spines; longest dorsal spine about % length of longest dorsal ray; body with weakly or scarcely ctenoid scales; sides of head with scales; mouth moderate or large; teeth in bands on jaws, vomer, usually also on palatines and tongue; no canine-like teeth; branchiostegals 6 or rarely 7; opercle ending in two flat points, or prolonged backward in a black or partially black flap; gill membranes separate from the isthmus; premaxillaries protractile; pyloric coeca 5 to 10; air bladder without duct; ventral fins thoracic; caudal fin emarginate or slightly forked; lateral line present. a. Anal fin more than half length of dorsal, with 5 to 8 spines. b. Dorsal fin with less than ro spines, usually 5 to 8. Pomoxis, 307 VSS SS Te APRIL, 1910. FisHEs or CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 307 bb. aa. ty Me dd. ee. ce. Dorsal fin with more than to spines, usually rr. Ambloplites, 309 Anal fin less than half the length of the dorsal, with 3 spines. Body short and deep, its depth about 2/5 its length; dorsal fin not deeply divided; opercle prolonged in a bony process or flap; its posterior margin rounded. Mouth large, the maxillary reaching past the pupil; supple- mental maxillary large, its length nearly equal to diameter of eye; tongue and pterygoids with teeth. Chenobryttus, 310 Mouth smaller, the maxillary not reaching past pupil; supple- mental maxillary small or wanting, its length never equal to diameter of eye; no teeth on tongue or pterygoids. Opercular flap without roundish red spot on its lower posterior angle; pectorals not reaching beyond vertical from first anal spine; lower pharyngeals narrow, with pointed teeth. Lepomis, 311 Opercular flap with a roundish red spot.on its lower posterior angle; pectorals reaching past first anal spine; lower. phar- yngeals broad, with bluntly rounded or paved teeth. Eupomotis, 314 Body elongate, its depth about \% its length; dorsal fin deeply divided; opercle prolonged, ending in two points; mouth large, maxillary reaching posterior margin of orbit. Micropterus, 315 Genus Pomoxis Rafinesque. CRAPPIES. Body much compressed; dorsal region moderately elevated; mouth large, its gape extending to or beyond pupil; maxillary with _ a well developed supplemental bone; teeth on jaws, vomer, palatines, tongue, and pterygoids; opercle rounded; base of anal fin 1 to 1.4 in base of dorsal; anal spines 5 to 8; dorsal spines fewer than 10; preopercle and preorbital finely serrate; scales scarcely ctenoid; caudal fin emarginate. a. aa. Dorsal spines usually 6; a line from posterior end of maxillary at right angles to margin of upper jaw passes in front of dorsal fin. annularis, 308 Dorsal spines usually 7 or 8;-a line from posterior end of maxillary at right angles to margin of upper jaw passes through dorsal fin. Sparoides, 308 308 FreLp Museum or Natura History — Zoo.oey, Vor. VII. Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque. CRAPPIE. Head 2.8 to 2.9; depth 2.2 to 2.6; D. vi,15; A. vi, 17 to 19; scales 43 to 48. Body much compressed, somewhat elongate; profile concave above eyes; mouth large, maxillary reaching past middle of orbit, its length 2.1 to 2.3 in head; eye 4.5 to 5.0; snout 3.2 to 4.2; origin of dorsal to tip of snout 1.7 to 1.9 in body; pectorals 1.3 to 1.7 in head; lateral line present. Color silvery mottled with dark-green above, becoming silvery below; anal fin with few markings. Length 12 inches. This fish ranges from the Great Lake Region to New York, Alabama, and Texas. Dead River, Beach, Illinois; Lagoon, Jackson Park, Chicago, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana; Lagoon, Buffington, Indiana. Pomoxis sparoides (Lacépéde). Carico Bass. Head 2.8 to 3.0; depth 2.1 to 2.4; D. vil or vu, 15; A. vi, 16 to 18; scales 38 to 44. Body much compressed, moderately elongate; profile concave above eyes; mouth large, maxillary reaching middle of orbit, its length Fia. 60. Catico Bass. Pomoxis sparoides (Lac.), (After Forbes and Richardson.) 2.1 to 2.5 in head; eye 4.0 to 4.5; snout 3.7 to 4.3; origin of dorsal from tip of snout 1.8 to 2.0 in body; pectorals 1.4 to 2.1 in head; lateral line present. APRIL, 1910. FisHes or CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 309 Color olivaceous above, silvery or yellowish below; body spotted or mottled with dark greenish or blackish; anal fin much mottled with darker. Length 12 inches. This fish inhabits the coastwise streams from New Jersey to Texas and the Great Lakes. Lagoon, Jackson Park, Chicago, Illinois; Calumet Lake, Pullman, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana; Calumet River, Clark, Indiana. Genus Ambloplites Rafinesque. Rock Bass. Body oblong, compressed; dorsal region elevated; mouth large, its gape extending to pupil; maxillary with well developed supple- mental bone; teeth on jaws, vomer, palatines, tongue, and pterygoids; opercle ending in 2 flat points; preopercle serrate at its angle; anal spines usually 5; branchiostegals 6 rarely 7; caudal fin slightly forked. Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque). Rock Bass; GoGGLE-EYE; RED-EYE. Head 2.6 to 2.8; depth 2.2 to 2.5; D. x1 or x11, 10 to 12; A. VI, 10 or 11; scales 39 to 43. Body oblong, compressed; dorsal region elevated; mouth large, maxillary reaching to middle of pupil, its length 2.1 to 2.4 in head; eye 3.5 to 4.0: snout 3.4 to 4.1; pectorals reaching first anal spine, 1.8 to 2.0 in head; opercle ending in 2 flat points. Color olivaceous with black mottlings and brassy reflections; each scale on sides with black squarish spot, these forming broken lines along the rows of scales; median fins with brown mottlings and faint edgings of black; a dark opercular spot. Length 8 to ro inches. This species inhabits clear water from Vermont to Manitoba and southward in the Mississippi Valley to Louisiana. Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Chicago, Illi- nois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Salt Creek, Lyons, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois. 310 Fretp Museum or Naturav History — Zootoey, Vor. VII. Genus Chzenobryttus Gill. WARMOUTH. Body compressed, dorsal region elevated; mouth large, its gape extending to or beyond pupil; maxillary with well developed supple- mental bone; teeth on jaws, vomer,:palatines, tongue, and ptery- goids; opercle rounded; the membranous portion narrow; pre- opercle entire; anal spines 3; branchiostegals 6; caudal fin slightly forked. Chznobryttus gulosus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). WaRrMOUTH. Head 2.4 to. 2.6; depth 2.0 to 2.6; D. x, 9 or 10; A. m1, 8 to.10; scales 39 to 43. eee Body compressed, the dorsal region elevated; mouth large, the. maxillary reaching pupil, its length 2.2 to 2.4 in head; eye 4.0 to 5.0; snout 3.3 to 4.4; membranous opercular flap narrow; anal fin short, its base 2 in base of dorsal; longest dorsal spine 3.5 to 4.0 in head; Fig 61. WARMOUTH. Chenobryttus gulosus (C.and V.) (After Forbes and Richardson.) cheeks with 6 to 8 rows of scales; pectorals not reaching anal, 1.5 to 1.8 in head; caudal fin lunate or very slightly forked; lateral line complete. Color olivaceous to grayish, mottled and sometimes barred with bluish black; sides with golden reflections; belly and breast yellowish; three or four dusky streaks radiating from eye; vertical fins mottled with dusky; a black opercular spot. Length 6 to 8 inches. APRIL, 1910. FisHes or CuicaGo — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 311 This species inhabits sluggish waters from the Great Lakes to North Carolina and Texas. Jackson Park, Chicago, Illinois; Fox River, Berwyn, Illinois; Chicago River, Edgebrook, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois. Genus Lepomis Rafinesque. THe TRUE SUNPFISHES. Body deep, compressed, the dorsal region elevated; mouth small, its gape not reaching pupil; maxillary with small supplemental bone or none; teeth on jaws, vomer, and usually on palatines, none on tongue or pterygoids; opercle rounded, ending in a bony or osseo- membranous process or flap; -preopercle entire; anal spines 3; caudal fin emarginate. a. Moderately large; supplemental bone present; black spot on opercle on its stiff bony portion. b. Maxillary about 2.3 in head; cheeks with wavy bluishgreen lines. cyanellus, 311 bb. Maxillary about 2.7 in head; cheeks without wavy bluishgreen lines. e€Uuryorus, 312 aa. Mouth small; supplemental bone very small or wanting; black spot of opercle on its thin flexible portion. c. Gill rakers short and weak, their length about 6 in eye; no black spot on base of last rays of dorsal fin. megalotis, 313 ce. Gill rakers longer, their length about 3 in eye; a black blotch at base of last dorsal rays. incisor, 313 Lepomis cyanellus Rafinesque. GREEN SUNFISH; BLUE-SPOTTED SUNFISH. Head 2.4 to 3.0; depth 2.1 to 2.5; D. 1x or x, 10 to 12; A. 111, 9 or 10; scales 45 to 49. Body elongate, robust, moderately compressed; mouth moderate, maxillary reaching to about middle of orbit; supplemental bone well developed; maxillary 2.0 to 2.5 in head; lower jaw the longer; eye 3.8 to 5.2 in head; snout 3.3 to 4.0; teeth present on vomer and pal- atines; flexible margin of opercular flap fleshy, broader behind and below than above; spinous dorsal low, its spines 3.0 to 4.2 in head; pectorals short, rounded, 1.5 to’1.7 in head; scales on cheeks in 7 to to rows; caudal fin emarginate; gill rakers long and stiff, the longest 2 in eye. 312 Fie_tp Museum or Natura History — Zo6.oey, Vo. VII. Color olivaceous to greenish; each scale with a green spot, these forming lateral stripes along the rows of scales; sides with 7 or 8 dusky bars; 3 or 4 wavy lines of bluishgreen on cheek below eye; 2 or 3 of them continued backward across opercle; bony portion of opercular flap dark-green or black; the membranous portion coppery to pur- plish; fins all dusky; soft dorsal and anal with large black blotch at base of last rays. Length from 4 to 7 inches. This species inhabits still and sluggish waters from the Great Lake Region to Ohio and the Rio Grande Basin. Fox River, Berwyn, Illinois; Chicago River, Edgebrook, Illinois; Butterfield Creek, Elliotts Park, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Liberty- ville, Illinois; Salt Creek, Lyons, Illinois; Thorn Creek, Thornton, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Alpine, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois; Lake George, Indiana; Lagoon, Buffington, Indiana. Lepomis euryorus McKay. McKay’s Sunrisu. Head 2.6 to 2.9; depth 2.0 to 2.3; D.x,110r12; A. 1, 9 or 10 scales 43 to 45. Body moderately elongate, compressed; mouth moderate, max- illary reaching front of orbit; supplemental maxillary developed; maxillary 2.6 to 2.9 in head; jaws about equal; eye 3.8 to 4.3 in head; snout 3.7 to 4.2; teeth present on vomer and palatines; opercle produced backward, sharply rounded posteriorly, the fleshy margin wide; gill rakers well developed, the longest 3 in diameter of eye; Fia. 62. McKay’s SUNFISH. Lepomis euryorus McKay. (After Forbes and Richardson.) APRIL, 1910. FisHes or CH1caGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 313 dorsal spines low, 2.2 to 2.7 in head; pectorals short, 1.3 to 1.4 in head; scales on cheeks in 6 to 8 rows. Color dusky olive mottled with darker; fin membranes dusky with darker markings near base; opercular spot black, the margin paler, with some red or coppery color. In general appearance this species resembles the pumpkin-seed, E. gibbosus. Length 6 to 8 inches. This rare fish ranges from southern Minnesota to northern Indiana. Lepomis megalotis (Rafinesque). LONG-EARED SUNFISH. Head 2.8 to 3.3; depth 1.8 to 2.33 ‘*D: x, 11; A. m1, 8 to 10; scales 37 to 39. . Body short and deep, compressed ; dorsal region much elevated; mouth rather small; maxillary reaching orbit; no supplemental bone; maxillary 2.4 to 2.7 in head; jaws equal; no teeth on palatines; eye 3.0 to 4.0 in head; snout 2.5 to 3.2; opercular flap short in young, to very long in adults; usually broadened behind, with or without pale margin; gill rakers short, longest about 6 in diameter of eye; pectoral fins short, 1.0 to 1.2 in head; scales on cheeks in about 5 rows. Color light to dark-olive; sides irregularly spotted with orange; cheeks with wavy streaks, opercular flap entirely black or with nar- row pale margin. Length 3% to 4 inches. This fish ranges from Minnesota to South Carolina and the Rio Grande. Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois; Lake George, Indiana. Lepomis incisor (Cuvier & Valenciennes). BLUEGILL; BLUE SUNFISH. Head 2.9 to 3.4; depth 1.9 to 2.2; D. x, 10 to 12; A. 11, 10 to 12; scales 38 to 48. Body short, compressed, dorsal region elevated; mouth small, maxillary scarcely reaching orbit; no developed supplemental bone; maxillary 2.9 to 3.3 in head; jaws equal; eye 2.9 to 3.9 in head; snout 3.0 to 3.5; no teeth on palatines; opercle prolonged backward in adults; its membranous margin narrow or wanting; spinous dorsal high, the longest spine 1.3 to 2.4 in head; pectorals long, pointed, about equal to length of head; scales on cheeks in 5 rows. Color olivaceous above to yellowish below; sides with about 6 vertical bars, becoming inconspicuous in adults; opercular flap black, 314 FreLtp Museum or Natural History — Zooéroey, Vor. VII. Fic. 63. BLUEGILL; BLUE SUNFISH. Lepomis incisor (C.and V.) (After Forbes and Richardson.) without pale margin; dorsal with a black blotch on base of its last rays. Length 5 to 8 inches. This fish ranges from the Great Lake Region to Florida and Mexico. Dead River, Beach, Illinois; Bull Creek, Beach, Illinois; Lagoon, Jackson Park, Chicago, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Chicago, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Chicago River, Edgebrook, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana; Lake George, Indiana; Lagoon, Buffington, Indiana; Calumet River, Clark, Indiana; Deep River, Liverpool, Indiana. Genus Eupomotis Gill and Jordan. PUMPKIN-SEED SUNFISH. Body short, compressed; mouth small; no supplemental maxil- lary; lower pharyngeals deep and broad, the teeth bluntly rounded or paved; gill rakers short; fins long; a red roundish spot on lower posterior angle of opercle. APRIL, 1910. Fishes or CHiIcAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 315 Eupomotis gibbosus (Linnzus). PUMPKIN-SEED; RED-EARED SuN- FISH. i Head 2.8 to 3.2; depth 2.0 to 2.5; D. x, 11 or 12; A. III, 10 or 11; scales 35 to 4o. Body’short, compressed, the dorsal region elevated; mouth small, maxillary reaching front of orbit, its length 2.6 to 3.3 in head; no supplemental bone; eye 3.5 to 4.2 in head; about equal to length of the snout; opercle with bony portion distinct from the broad, paler, fleshy portion; gill rakers short and soft; pectorals rather long, 1.0 — to 1.1 in head; 4 or 5 rows of scales on cheeks. Color olivaceous to greenish; sides with yellowish or copper-col- ored roundish blotches; cheeks and opercles crossed by 4 or 5 wavy lines; opercular flap black with a roundish red or orange spot on lower posterior angle; dorsal fin irregularly barred with brownish to orange blotches. Length 5 to 8 inches. This fish ranges from the Great Lake Region to the Atlantic Coast streams and northern Mississippi Valley. Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Dead River, Beach, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Calumet Lake, Pullman, Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana; Lake George, Indiana; Lake Michigan and Calumet River, Millers, Indiana; Lagoon, Buffington, Indiana; Lake Michigan and Lagoon, Pine, Indiana; Calumet River, Clark, Indiana. Genus Micropterus Lacépéde. Buack Bass. Body elongate, the dorsal region not much developed; mouth very large; maxillary with well developed supplemental maxillary; pre- opercle entire; opercle emarginate behind, ending in 2 flat points; teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; tongue usually without teeth; spinous and soft dorsals divided by a deep notch; anal spines 3. a. Mouth moderate, the maxillary scarcely reaching posterior margin of orbit; 10 to 12 rows of scales between lateral line and dorsal fin. dolomteu, 316 aa. Mouth larger, the maxillary reaching past posterior margin of orbit; 8 to 9 rows of scales between lateral line and dorsal fin. salmoides, 316 316 Fretp Museum oF Natura History — Zooé.oey, Vor. VII. Micropterus dolomieu Lacépéde. Smaii—MouTHED Brack Bass. Head 2.9 to 3.7; depth 2.9 to 3.1; D. x, 13 to 15; A. 111, 10 to 12; scales 66 to 78. Body elongate, moderately compressed, mouth large, the max- illary not reaching posterior margin of orbit; its length 2.1 to 2.5; supplemental maxillary developed; eye 5.4 to 6.9 in head; snout 3.0 to 3.3; gill rakers long, spinous, dorsal low, its last spines much shorter than the longest ones; pectorals short, 1.9 to 2.1 in head; lat- eral line complete; scales on cheeks in 17 rows; 10 to 12 rows of scales between dorsal fin and lateral line. Color green to nearly black, with faint vermiculations above lat- eral line and indistinct dark bars below it. Length 12 to 15 inches. This fish inhabits the clear streams and colder oe from the Great Lake Region to Vermont, South Carolina, and Arkansas. Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois. Micropterus salmoides (Lacépéde). LarGEe-MouTHED BLACK Bass. Head 2.8 to 2.9; depth 2.9 to 3.2; D. x, 12 to 13; A. In, 10 to 12; scales 62 to 68. Body elongate, not much compressed; dorsal region little elevated; mouth large, the maxillary reaching past posterior margin of orbit, its length 1.9 to 2.1 in head; supplemental bone well developed; eye 5.8 to 7.6 in head; snout 3.1 to 3.9; gill rakers long; spinous dorsal low, its last rays much shorter than longest ones; pectorals short 2.0 to 2.4 in head; lateral line complete; scales on cheeks in 9 or to rows; 8 to 9 rows of scales between dorsal fin and lateral line. Color dark-green, obscurely mottled with dark blotches; a dark lateral band, most conspicuous in smaller individuals. FiG. 64, LARGE-MOUTHED BLACK Bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lac,), (After Forbes and Richardson.) a ee a a APRIL, 1910. FisHes oF CH1IcaGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 317 Length 15 to 18 inches. This fish inhabits the larger streams and lakes from the Great Lake Region to Florida and northeastern Mexico. Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Dead River, Beach, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana; Lagoon, - Buffington, Indiana; Lagoon, Pine, Indiana; Deep River, Liverpool, Indiana. Family Pereide. THE PERCHES AND DARTERS. Body more or less elongate, terete or compressed, covered more or less completely with rather small ctenoid scales; mouth large or small, terminal or inferior; teeth usually villiform in bands on jaws, occa- sionally with few canine-like teeth; vomer and palatines usually with teeth; pseudo-branchie small, glandular or concealed; opercle usually ending in a single flat spine; preopercle entire or serrate; dorsal fins 2, the first of 6 to 15 spines; gill rakers slender, toothed; gill membranes separate or joined, not connected with the isthmus; lower pharyngeals separate, with sharp teeth; pyloric ceca few; anal papilla usually more or less developed; air bladder small and ad- herent, often wanting. a. Preopercle distinctly serrate below and behind angle; pseudo- branchie well developed; branchiostegals 7; no anal papille, fishes of large size. b. Canine teeth on jaws and palatines; body subterte. Stizostedion, 318 bb. No canine teeth present; body compressed. Perca, 320 aa. Preopercle entire or nearly so; pseudo branchiz small or want- ing; anal papille usually present; fishes less than 6 to 9 inches in length. - c. Cranium broad between the eyes; interorbital space 4.0 to 4.7 in head; snout long, pig-like, and projecting beyond the _ inferior mouth; gill membranes separate. Percina, 320 ec. Cranium narrow between the eyes; interorbital space nar- rower 5 to 9 in head; snout pointed or blunt, projecting very little or none beyond the terminal or nearly terminal mouth. d. Median line of belly with enlarged scales or plates, these falling off leaving a naked strip; separation of ventrals equal to or greater than their width at base. e. Premaxillaries not protractile. Hadropterus, 321 318 Fretp Museum or Natura. History — Zodéxoey, Vor. VII. ee: dd. . Premaxillaries not protractile. Premaxillaries protractile. Cottogaster, 322 Median line of belly with ordinary scales, or the entire ventral surface naked, never with large scales or plates; separation of ventrals less than their width at base. Maxillary adnate to the preorbital; premaxillary protractile downward; mouth small, overhung slightly by the blunt snout.- Diplesion, 323 Maxillary free from the preorbital. Premaxillaries protractile. Body covered with scales; snout blunt or bluntish. -Boleosoma, 324 . Dorsal and ventral regions with few or no scales; snout pointed. Ammocrypta, 326 Lateral line more or less developed; scales small, more than 40 in lateral series. Lateral line straight. Etheostoma,. 327 Lateral line arched anteriorly. Boleichthys, 330 Lateral line entirely wanting; scales larger, less than 4o in lateral series. Microperca, 331 Genus Stizostedion Rafinesque. PIKE-—PERCHES. Body elongate, fusiform; back broad; head large with pointed snout; preopercle with antrorse serre; opercle with one or more spines; teeth on jaws and on palatines in villiform bands, a few en- larged and canine-like; pseudobranchiz well developed; pyloric coeca 3 to 8; caudal fin lunate. a. aa. Spinous dorsal with 2 or 3 rows of large black spots; pyloric coeca 5 to 8, unequal, the longest shorter than the stomach. canadense, 318 Spinous dorsal with a single large black spot on last two membranes; pyloric coeca 3, subequal and as long as stomach. vitreum, 319 Stizostedion canadense. (Smith) SAuUGER; SAND Pike; Gray PIKE. Head 3.4 to 3.6; depth 5.2 to 5.5; D. x to xiI—17 to 19; A. Ul, 11 or 12; scales 85 to gr. Body elongate, slightly compressed; head large, depressed; in- terorbital space flat; mouth large, the maxillary reaching past pupil; . APRIL, 1910. Fishes or CuHicaGo — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 319 snout long, depressed, 3.2 to 3.7 in head; diameter of eye 4.6 to 5.1; upper jaw the longer; spinous and soft dorsals separate; cheeks fully scaled; lateral line usually complete; pyloric cceca 5 to 8; shorter than stomach. Color olive-gray mottled with darker; spinous dorsal with 2 or 3 rows of round black spots; no large black blotch on posterior mem- branes; soft dorsal with 4 or 5 irregular rows of rather indistinct dusky blotches; a large black blotch at base of pectorals; caudal yellowish, barred with dusky. Length 1 to 1% feet. This fish inhabits the larger streams and lakes from the Assiniboin River, through the Great Lake Region to Tennessee and Arkansas. Stizostedion vitreum (Mitchill). WaLit-zyep Pike; Jack SALMON; PIKE. Head 3.2 to 3.5; depth 4.3 to 5.2; D. x11 or x1v—19 to 22; A.I, 12 to 14; scales 80 to 89. Body slender, slightly compressed; head pointed, profile long and straight; interorbital space flat; mouth large, terminal, the max- illary reaching past pupil; snout 3.3 to 3.8 in head; diameter of eye 4.6 to 6.0; upper jaw slightly the longer; spinous and soft dorsals separated; cheeks usually sparsely scaled; lateral line usually com- plete; pyloric coeca 3, about as long as stomach. Fic. 65. WALL-EYED Pike; JACK SALMON. Stizostedion vitreum (Mitch.). (After Forbes and Richardson.) Color olive-buff to yellowish, everywhere mottled with black; sides with 5 large irregularly-shaped cross-blotches with smaller blotches between; spinous dorsal with a narrow black margin and with a dark spot on its last 2 membranes; soft dorsal indistinctly barred. Length 3 feet. This species ranges from Minnesota to Hudson Bay, Maryland, and Oklahoma. 320 Fietp Museum or Natura History — Zoétoey, Vor. VII. Genus Perea (Artedi). Linnzus. YELLOW PERCH. Body elongate, considerably compressed; head large; mouth moderate; premaxillary protractile; preopercle serrate; opercle with a single spine; teeth in villiform bands on jaws; vomer and palatines; no canines; pseudobranchize small; pyloric cceca 3 to 7. Perca flavescens (Mitchill). YrLtow PErRcH. Head 3.0 to 3.5; depth 3.3 to 3.8; D. xm to xIV—iI or III, 12 or 13; A. 11, 7 or 8; scales 57:to 62. | Body moderately elongate, compressed; head large, pointed; interorbital space nearly flat; mouth large, the maxillary reaching middle of orbit; snout pointed 3.4 to 3.7 in head; diameter of eye 3.6 to 4.8; preopercle strongly serrate; opercle ending in several points; spinous and soft dorsal separate; cheeks scaled in about 8 to 10 rows; gill rakers x +15; pyloric cceca 3; lateral line complete or nearly so. Color brassy green to golden yellow; sides with 7 dark or dusky bars; spinous dorsal gray, usually with a black spot on last 2 mem- branes; soft dorsal and caudal pale-green. Length 1 foot. This fish ranges from North Dakota to Nova Scotia, New York, and Iowa. Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Lake Michigan, Chicago, Illinois; Calumet Lake, Pullman, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, IIli- nois; Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana; Lake Michigan and Lagoons, Millers, Indiana; Lagoon, Buffington, Indiana; Lake Michigan and Lagoons, Pine, Indiana; Calumet River, Clark, Indiana; Lake Mich- igan and Lagoons, Edgemoor, Indiana. Genus Perecina Haldeman. Body elongate, scarcely compressed; premaxillary not protrac- tile; teeth on vomer and palatines; mouth small and inferior; pyloric cceca 6; ventral surface with a row of enlarged scale-like caducous plates. Percina caprodes (Rafinesque). LoG—pErcH. Head 3.6 to 4.8; depth 5.4 to 7.0; D. xir~-15; A. 1, ro or 11; scales 83 to 93. APRIL, 1910. FisHes or CuHicaGo — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 321 Body elongate, cylindrical; head long and pointed; interorbital area flat or slightly concave; mouth small, overhung by the pig-like . snout; maxillary scarcely reaching to posterior nostril; cleft of mouth 3.4 to 4.0in head; snout long, conical, 2.8 to 3.3 in head; eye high on head, 3.6 to 4.2 in head; spinous and soft dorsals very little separated ; .Fic. 66. LoG PERCH. Percina caprodes (Raf.). (After Forbes and Richardson.) separation of ventrals about equal to their width at base; cheeks and opercles covered with scales; nape usually fully scaled; breast naked. Color olive-buff to yellowish; sides of adults with 30 to 40 dark bars, alternate ones are half bars, these are usually absent in young; a small black caudal spot; dorsal and caudal fins barred, other fins plain. Length 4 to 6 inches. This fish ranges from the Great Lake Drainage to Alabama and Texas. Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana; Lake Michigan, Pine, Indiana; Lake Michigan, Edgemoor, Indiana. Genus Hadropterus Agassiz. BLACK-SIDED DARTERS. Body rather elongate, slightly compressed; premaxillary not pro- tractile; teeth on vomer and usually on palatines; mouth rather large, terminal; pyloric cceca 2 to 4; ventral surface with a row of enlarged scales, caducous in some species, persistent in others; gill membranes united to the isthmus. Hadropterus aspro (Cope and Jordan). BrLack-sipep Darter. Head 3.8 to 4.0; depth 5.4 to 6.8; D. xm to xv—rr to1r4; A. 1, 8 to 11; scales 50 to 56. 322 Fretp Museum or Natura History — Zo6éxoey, Vor. VII. Body elongate, slightly compressed; head pointed; interorbital space flat, narrow; mouth large, terminal, the maxillary reaching past front of orbit; cleft of mouth 3.0 to 3.4 in head; snout bluntly pointed, 3.6 to 4.1 in head; eye 3.4 to 4.0; spinous and soft dorsals usually separate; separation of ventrals about equal to their width at base; gill membranes united to the isthmus; cheeks and opercles Fic. 67. BLACK-SIDED DARTER. Hadropterus aspro (Cope and Jordan). (From Forbes and Richardson.) covered with small scales; nape naked or with embedded scales; breast naked; middle line of ventral surface with enlarged caducous plates. Color olivaceous; back with about 8 dark quadrate spots; 7 or 8 large dark blotches along side more or less confluent into a lateral band; head dark-olive with a dark streak before eye and one below it; spinous dorsal in males crossed by a dark band; pectorals faintly barred. Length 3 to 4 inches. This species ranges from Manitoba and the Great Lake Region to Arkansas. Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Flossmore, Illinois; Thorn Creek, Thornton, Illinois; Salt Creek, Lyons, Illinois. Genus Cottogaster Putnam. Body rather robust, little compressed; premaxillary protractile, or with a narrow frenum; teeth on vomer; mouth small, subter- minal; pyloric cceca 3, ventral surface naked or with caducous plates. Cottogaster shumardi (Girard). SHUMARD’s DaRTER. Head 3.7 to 4.0; depth 5.2 to 6.9; D. 1x to x1—13 to 15; A. II, to to 12; scales 50 to 56. Body elongate, little compressed; head large, snout blunt; mouth APRIL, 1910. FisHes or CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 323 moderate, the maxillary reaching front of orbit; cleft of mouth 2.9 to 3.2 in head; snout bluntish, 2.9 to 3.7; eye 3.2 to 3.5; spinous and soft dorsals. very little separate at base; separation of ventrals nearly equal to their width at base; gill membranes free from isthmus; cheek opercles and nape scaled; breast naked; ventral surface naked. Fic. 68. SHUMARD’s DaRTER Cottagaster shumardi (Girard). (From Forbes and Richardson.) Color brownish olive, blotched and mottled with darker; sides with 15 to 18 dark blotches; a faint dark band in front of eye and one below it; a black blotch on front and one on back of spinous dorsal; soft dorsal and caudal barred. Length 2% to 3 inches. This fish ranges from the Great Lakes through the Mississippi Valley to Arkansas. Genus Diplesion Rafinesque. Body rather elongate, little compressed; mouth small, its gape nearly horizontal; premaxillaries protractile downwards; maxillary joined for most of its length to the skin of the preorbital; no teeth on vomer or palatines; ventral surface covered with ordinary scales; gill membranes broadly connected across the isthmus; pyloric ceca 4. Diplesion blennioides Rafinesque. GREEN-SIDED DarRTER. Head 4.0 to 4.6; depth 5.3 to 6.3; D. xu to x1v—13 to 14; A.W, 8 or 9; scales 57 to 64. Body rather elongate, slightly compressed; head short with blunt snout; interorbital space flat, narrow; mouth small, its gape hori- zontal, the maxillary reaching front of orbit; cleft of mouth 3.1 to 4.0 in head; snout blunt, slightly overhanging the small mouth, 3.1 to 3.7 in head; eye 3.1 to 3.6; spinous and soft dorsals joined or 324 Fretp Museum or Natural History — Zo6étoey, Vor. VII. slightly separate; separation of ventrals less than their width at base; gill membranes connected to the isthmus; cheeks naked or with few more or less embedded scales; opercles and nape scaled; breast naked; ventral surface with ordinary scales; lateral line nearly straight, completed or nearly so. Fic. 69. GREEN-SIDED DARTER. Diplesion blennioides Raf. (After Forbes and Richardson.) Color olive-green, sides with orange dots and with 5 to 8 double dark-green vertical bars, each pair forming a V-shaped figure, these sometimes united forming a wavy lateral band; spinous dorsal orange brown at base, blue above; soft dorsal and anal fins blue-green with some reddish; caudal greenish, faintly barred. Length 3 inches. This species ranges from South Dakota to Lake Ontario, Alabama, and Missouri. Genus Boleosoma DeKay. JoHNNY DARTERS. Body elongate, subcylindrical; mouth small, its gape horizontal; premaxillaries protractile; teeth on vomer; ventral surface covered with ordinary scales; gill membranes narrowly connected; pyloric ceca 3 to 6. a. Lateral line complete or nearly so; cheeks and breast usually without scales; pyloric ccoeca 6. nigrum, 324 aa. Lateral line absent on posterior half of body; cheeks and breast usually closely scaled; pyloric cceca 3. camurum, 325 Boleosoma nigrum (Rafinesque). JOHNNY DARTER, Head 3.5 to 4.2; depth 4.7 to 6.9; D. vir to x—10 to 12; A. 1, 6 to 9; scales 45 to 52. Body elongate, slender, subfusiform; head short with decurved snout; interorbital space narrow, concave; mouth small, its gape a ee APRIL, 1910. FisHes or CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 325 horizontal, maxillary reaching slightly past front of orbit; cleft of mouth 2.9 to 3.7 in head; snout blunt, slightly overhanging the mouth, 3.3 to 4.2 in head; eye 3.2 to 4.0 in head; spinous and soft dorsals slightly joined; separation of ventrals usually a little less than their width at base; gill membranes narrowly connected; cheeks naked or with trace of scales on upper portion; breast usually naked; nape scaled or not; lateral line complete or nearly so. Color pale-olive or straw color; back much tessellated with brown; sides with numerous W-shaped or quadrate blotches; head speckled above, mostly black in males; fins barred. Length 2% inches. This species ranges from the Assiniboin to Colorado and eastward. Fox Lake, Illinois; Fox River, McHenry, Illinois; Pettibone Creek, North Chicago, Illinois; Ravine, Glencoe, Illinois; Chicago River, Edgebrook, Illinois; Salt Creek, Lyons, Illinois; Thorn Creek, Thornton, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Alpine, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois; Wolf Lake, Roby, Indiana; Lake George, Indiana. Boleosoma camurum Forbes. BLUNT—HEADED DARTER. Head 3.9 to 4.3; depth 6.5 to 7.2; D. vil tox—1oorr1* A.I,7 or 8; scales 52 to 60. Body elongate, slender, somewhat compressed; head short, nar- row, snout decurved; interorbital flat; mouth small, its gape hori- zontal; maxillary reaching to front of pupil; cleft of mouth 3.1 to Fic. 70. BLUNT-HEADED DarTER. Boleosoma camurum Forbes. (From Forbes and Richardson.) 3-8 in head; snout blunt, 3.8 to 4.5 in head; eye 3.3 to 4.0; spinous and soft dorsals separated by a distance about equal to diameter of the eye; separation of ventrals less than their width at base; gill membranes not broadly connected; cheek opercles and breast fully scaled; nape with a median naked strip; ventral surface covered with ordinary scales; lateral line developed on about half the scales; pyloric czca 3. Color much as in the preceding, being less finely tessellated and 326 Frerp Museum oF Natural History — Zooéroey, Vor. VII. the W-shaped blotches less distinct, dorsals and caudal fins faintly barred. Reaching a length of not more than 134 inches. This fish ranges from Iowa to Alabama and Texas. Genus Ammocrypta Jordan. Body slender, elongate, fusiform; mouth rather wide, its gape horizontal; premaxillaries protractile; teeth on vomer; ventral sur- face without scales; gill membranes somewhat connected; pyloric czeca 4. Ammocrypta pellucida (Baird). Sanp DARTER. Head 4.1 to 4.4; depth 8.2 to 10.1; D. 1x to xI—g to 11; A.1, 8 or 9; scales 67 to 78. Body elongate, very slender; head with slightly decurved snout; interorbital space narrow, concave; mouth rather large, its gape horizontal, the cleft 3.1 to 4.4 in head; maxillary reaching slightly Fig. 71. SAND DARTER. Ammocyipta pellucida (Baird). (From Forbes and Richardson.) past front of orbit; snout slightly decurved, pointed, 3.1 to 3.8 in head; eye 3.6 to 4.3; spinous and soft dorsals widely separated; separation of ventrals less than their width at base; gill membranes somewhat connected; cheeks and opercles scaled; nape scaled or not; throat, breast, and belly entirely naked; all of the scales more or less embedded and with slightly ctenoid edges, those on body confined to a strip or band of varying width on sides; lateral line usually complete. Color white, translucent; scales with fine black dots; a series of squarish olive or bluish blotches along the back, and another along each side. Length 2% inches, This fish ranges from Minnesota to Ohio and Texas. APRIL, 1910. FisHEs oF CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 327 Genus Etheostoma Rafinesque. Body robust or elongate, considerably compressed; mouth large or small, terminal or subinferior; premaxillaries not protractile; teeth usually on vomer and palatines; ventral surface covered with ordinary scales; gill membranes connected or not; pyloric ceca 3 or 4. a. Lateral line usually complete, pores occasionally lacking on 2 - to 6 scales; gill membranes broadly connected. zonale, 327 aa. Lateral line incomplete, pores usually lacking on 10 or more scales. b. Gill membranes scarcely connected; lower jaw moderate, not projecting. c. Cheeks and opercles with scales. d. Body slender, little compressed, its depth 5.4 to 6.8; soft dorsal with 9 to 11 rays; scales 55 to 60 in lateral series; sides without crossbars. towe, 328 dd. Body compressed, its depth 4.8 to 5.4; soft dorsal with 12 to 13 rays; scales 49 to 57 in lateral series; sides with brown crossbars. jessi@, 328 ec. Cheeks naked, opercles with scales; body compressed, its depth 4.7 to 5.0; soft dorsal with 12 to 14 rays; scales 44 to 51 in lateral series; sides with crossbars, these red and blue in spring males. ceruleum, 329 bb. Gill membranes broadly connected; lower jaw strongly pro- jecting. flabellare, 330 Etheostoma zonale (Cope). BANpEp Darter. Head 4.0 to 4.9; depth 4.7 to 6.0; D. x or x1—10 to 12; A. ul, 7 or 8; scales 46 to 53. Body robust, little compressed; head short with decurved snout; interorbital space convex; mouth small, its gape horizontal, its cleft Fic. 72. BANDED DaRTER. Etheostoma zonale (Cope). (From Forbes and Richardson.) 328 Fietp Museum or Natura. History — Zooétoey, Vor. VII. 3.4 to 4.8 in head; maxillary scarcely reaching past front of orbit; snout blunt 3.2 to 4.0 in head; eye 2.9 to 3.7 in head; spinous and soft dorsals usually well separated at base; separation of ventrals less than % their width at base; cheeks, opercles, and nape fully scaled; breast usually scaled; lateral line usually complete. Color greenish olive, dorsal surface with 6 dark bars, short and somewhat broken, these alternating with blotches of rusty red (in life); belly; greenish yellow to almost white; upper half of spinous dorsal except tip, orange; soft dorsal and caudal fins barred; other fins nearly white. _ Seldom reaching a length of 2 inches. This fish ranges from Iowa to Ohio and Louisiana. | Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois. Etheostoma iowz Jordan & Meek. Head 3.7 to 4.0; depth 5.4 to 6.8; D. vim to xI—g torr; A. 11, 6 to 8; scales 55 to 60. Body slender, little compressed ; head rather large with bluntish snout; interorbital space narrow, convex; mouth small, nearly hor- izontal, its cleft 3.6 to 4.0 in head; lower jaw the shorter; maxillary reaching to front of orbit; eye 3.3 to 4.4 in head; spinous, and soft dorsal separated by a space greater than diameter of the eye; sepa- ration of ventrals less than half their width at base; gill membranes scarcely connected; cheeks, opercles, and nape fully scaled; breast naked; belly covered with ordinary scales; lateral line incomplete, lacking on about 25 scales. Color greenish, finely blotched with darker; back with 9 to 11 dark-brown quadrate spots; sides with 11 or 12 narrow dark bars, — those on posterior half of body most conspicuous and meeting those on opposite side on belly; soft dorsal, anal, and caudal with bars; spinous dorsal with row of dark spots near base and barred on upper half. Length 2 inches. This species ranges from the Assiniboin to Indiana. Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois. Etheostoma jessie (Jordan & Brayton). Head 3.7 to 4.2; depth 4.8 to 5.4; D. x to x1—12 or 13; A. 0, 7 or 8; scales 49 to 57. Body robust, compressed; head large, tapering above and below to a bluntly pointed tip; interorbital space narrow, convex; mouth rather large, terminal, oblique; margin of upper lip on level with the APRIL, 1910. Fishes or CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 329 pupil; cleft of mouth 2.8 to 3.8 in head; maxillary reaching past front of orbit; snout pointed, 3.5 to 4.3 in head; eye 3.3 to 4.0; spinous and soft dorsal scarcely separate; separation of ventrals more than \% their width at base; gill membranes narrowly connected; cheeks, opercles, and nape closely scaled; breast naked; belly covered with ordinary scales; lateral line with pores lacking on 3 to 15 scales. Color brownish olive; back with 5 or 6 dark quadrate blotches; sides with 8 or 9 dark bars on sides, those before anal fin obscure; spinous dorsal tipped (in life) with pale blue or white, below which is a row of orange red spots; base of fins blue; soft dorsal irregularly spotted with orange; anal pale. Length ordinarily a little less than 2-inches, occasionally reaching a length of 2% inches. This species ranges from Iowa to Indiana and Texas. Etheostoma ceeruleum Storer. Rarnpow Darter; SOLDIER-FISH. Head 3.2 to 4.0; depth 4.5 to 5.2; D. x or x1—12 to 14; A. u, 7 or 8; scales 44 to 51. Body robust, compressed; head large, tapering above and below to a bluntly pointed snout; interorbital space flat; mouth moderate, terminal, somewhat oblique, the jaws about equal; cleft of mouth 3.0 to 3.5; maxillary reaching front of orbit; snout bluntly pointed, 3.2 to 4.1 in head; eye 5.8 to 7.2 in head; spinous and soft dorsals scarcely separate, or slightly connected; separation of ventrals Fig. 73. RAINBOW DARTER; SOLDIER-FISH. Etheostoma cerruleum Storer. (From Forbes and Richardson.) . usually about % their width at base; cheeks naked; opercles scaled; nape scaled posteriorly; breast naked; belly covered with ordinary scales; lateral line incomplete, usually absent on 15 to 20 scales. Color dark-olive, overlaid with dusky to bluish bars and blotches; back with 7 or 8 rather obscure quadrate blotches; sides with 11 to 12 dark bars, these most prominent on posterior third of body; in 330 Fietp Museum or Natura History — Zooétoecy, Vo. VII. life these bars in males, dark indigo-blue, the inter-spaces blood- orange; spinous dorsal crossed at its middle by a row of orange spots or an orange band, above and below this, pale to deep indigo-blue bands, at base of fin a narrower band of orange with orange red spots; female duller in color. Length 2 inches. This fish is a resident of the Ohio and Upper Mississippi Valleys. Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois. Etheostoma flabellare Rafinesque. FAN-—TAILED DaRTER. Head 3.6 to 4.2; depth 4.6 to 4.8; D. vir or vi11I—r2 to as A.W, 7 or 8; scales 51 to 63. Body robust, compressed; head long, slender, eee depressed’ with slight angle at nape; interorbital space flat; mouth rather large, terminal, oblique, the lower jaw the longer; cleft of mouth 2.9 to 3.3 in head; margin of upper lip on level with upper third of pupil; maxillary reaching past front of orbit; gill membranes broadly connected; spinous and soft dorsals slightly joined at base; separa- tion of ventrals about half their width at base; cheeks and opercles usually naked; nape naked or with deeply embedded scales; breast naked; belly covered with ordinary scales; lateral line incomplete, absent on 15 to 25 scales. Color rather dark, with small dark spots and faint crossbars; each scale with a dark spot, forming lines along the rows of scales; a dark streak across opercles, and through eye to end of snout; males with 10 to 12 crossbars, these faint in the females; soft dorsal, caudal, and anal fins finely barred; spinous dorsal reddish, the spines in breeding males with fleshy knobs. Length 2 to 2% inches. This fish ranges from Iowa to New York and South Carolina. Des Plaines River, Berwyn, Illinois; Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox, Illinois. Genus Boleichthys Girard. Body elongate, little compressed; mouth small, its gape nearly horizontal; premaxillaries not protractile; ventral surface with ordinary scales; gill membranes scarcely connected; lateral line incomplete, slightly curved upward anteriorly. APRIL, 1910. FisHEs or CH1cAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 331 Boleichthys fusiformis (Girard). SpinpDLE-SHAPED DARTER. Head 3.5 to 4.1; depth 5.8 to 7.1; D. 1x or x—-10 to 12; A. II, 6 or 7; scales 48 to 54. Body elongate, slightly compressed; head with bluntly pointed snout; interorbital space narrow, convex; mouth small, horizontal, its cleft 3.1 to 3.8 in head; lower jaw the shorter; maxillary reaching past front of eye; snout blunt, 4.3 to 5.2 in head; margin of upper lip on level with lower margin of eye; eye 3.5 to 4.0 in head; gill membranes scarcely connected; spinous and soft dorsals usually separated by a distance nearly equal to diameter of eye; separation of ventrals about half their width at base; cheeks and opercles fully Fic. 74. SPINDLE-SHAPED DaRTER. Boleichthys fusiformis (Girard). (From Forbes and Richardson.) scaled; nape usually with scales; breast naked or nearly so; belly covered with ordinary scales; lateral line incomplete, absent on 25 or 35 scales. Color olivaceous, much dotted and blotched with brown, the dark color in more or less definite W and X-shaped markings, or in zigzag streaks; spinous dorsal faintly dusky near base; soft dorsal and caudal faintly barred; males usually darker, with 9 or ro transverse bars in breeding season, and with basal third of membrane of spinous dorsal jet-black, the fins edged with dusky. Length 2 to 2% inches. This fish ranges from Minnesota to Massachusetts and the Rio Grande. Genus Microperca Putnam. Tue Least DARTERS. Body robust, slightly compressed; mouth small, its cleft nearly horizontal, premaxillaries not protractile; ventral surface covered with ordinary scales; gill membranes scarcely connected. 332 Frietp Museum or Naturav History — Zo6.oey, Vot. VII. Microperca punctulata Putnam. Least Darter. Head 3.6 to 4.0; depth 4.6 to 5.2; D. vi-g; A.u, 5 or 6; scales 33 to 36. Body robust, somewhat compressed; head bluntly rounded, in- terorbital space narrow, convex; mouth subterminal, its cleft slightly oblique, 3.5 to 4.0 in head; maxillary reaching to middle of eye; snout bluntish, 4.8 to 5.5 in head; eye 3.7 to 4.1; gill membranes scarcely connected; spinous and soft dorsals separated by a space Fic. 75. Least DARTER. Microperca punctulata Putnam. (From Forbes and Richardson.) about equal to pupil; separation of ventrals less than half width of their base; cheeks, breast, and nape naked; opercles with few scales; lateral line absent. Color olivaceous, sides closely speckled with vague bars and zig- zag markings; soft dorsal and caudal barred. Length 1 to 1% inches. . This fish ranges from Minnesota to Michigan and Arkansas. Hickory Creek, Marley, Illinois; Hickory Creek, New Lenox. Illinois. Family Serranide, THE SEA BASSEs. Body oblong, more or less compressed; head large, mouth large, with conical teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; ventral fins thoracic; dorsal fin with spinous and soft part connected or not; preopercle usually more or less serrate; air bladder small; stomach ccecal, with few or many pyloric appendages. a. Spinous dorsal separate from soft portion; sides with dark lateral stripes not interrupted; base of tongue with teeth. Roccus, 333 aa, Spinous dorsal joined to soft portion; sides with dark lateral stripes broken on posterior half of body; base of tongue tooth- less. Morone, 333 | a a= APRIL, 1910. FisHEs or CHICAGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 333 Genus Roceus Mitchill. STRIPED Bass. Body deep, compressed; mouth large, lower jaw the longer; no supplemental maxillary; lower margin of preopercles serrate or entire; base of tongue with 1 or 2 patches of teeth; dorsal fins separate; anal spines 3. Roccus chrysops (Rafinesque.) Srripep Bass. Head 3.1 to 3.4; depth 2.6 to 2.9; D. 1x-1, 13 or 14; A. 1, 11 to 13; Seales 52 to 57, Body rather deep, compressed; the back elevated; head sub- conical; interorbital convex, 3.4 to 4.1 in head; mouth terminal ob- lique, maxillary reaching middle of orbit; lower jaw the longer; gill rakers as long as the gill filaments; cheeks and opercles with ro to 12 rows of scales; lateral line usually complete. Color silvery, tinged with golden below; sides with narrow dusky lines, about 5 above lateral line, one coincident with it, and a variable number below it. Length 12 to 18 inches. This species inhabits the Great Lake Region and the Mississippi Valley north of Arkansas. Genus Morone Mitchill. Body rather short, deep, compressed; no supplemental maxillary; lower margin of preopercle serrate or entire; base of tongue without teeth; spinous and soft dorsals connected by a membrane; anal spines 3; scales ctenoid. Morone interrupta Gill. YeELLow Bass; Srripep Bass. Head 3.0 to 3.2; depth 2.7 to 2.9; D. 1x-1, 12; A. 1, 10; scales st to 55. Body deep and compressed, the back elevated; head subcorical, pointed, jaws about equal; interorbital space slightly convex, 4.0 to 4.7 in head; snout 3.1 to 3.7; mouth terminal, the maxillary barely reaching to middle of the orbit; gill rakers longer than the filaments; snout 3.1 to 3.7; dorsal fins connected; cheeks and opercles with about 12 rows of scales; lateral line complete or nearly so. Color olive-buff to silvery; 3 dark lateral stripes above lateral line, 334 Fretp Museum or Natura. History — Zootoey, Vor. VII. Fic. 76. YELLOW Bass; STRIPED Bass. Morone interrupta Gill. (After Forbes and Richardson.) one coincident with it and 3 or 4 below it; stripes below lateral line interrupted on posterior part of the body. Length 12 to 18 inches. This fish inhabits the Mississippi Valley. Family Seiznide, THE Drums. Body compressed, more or less elongate; scales thin, usually ctenoid; head scaled; skeleton osseous; lateral line continuous, ex- tending on caudal fin; gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus; premaxillary protractile; anal spines 1 or 2; ventral fins thoracic, its rays 1,5; air bladder usually large and complicated. Genus Aplodinotus Rafinesque. Body oblong, compressed, the dorsal region elevated; mouth low, its gape horizontal; lower jaw the shorter; no barbels; preopercle slightly serrate; lower pharyngeals*very large, fully united, with coarse, blunt, paved teeth; dorsal fins somewhat connected, the spinous dorsal with a scaly sheath at base; anal spines 2, the second very strong; caudal fin doubly truncate; air bladder large, without appendages. ; APRIL, 1910. FisHEs oF CHicaGO — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 335 Aplodinotus grunniens’§ Rafinesque. CRAOKER; FRESH-WATER DruM; SHEEPSHEAD; WHITE PERCH. Head 3.3 to 3.6; depth 2.7 to 3.1; D. vir or 1x—1, 25 to 31; A. II, 7; scales 50 to 56. Body elongate, compressed, the dorsal region elevated; head sub- conical, with blunt snout; interorbital space slightly convex, 3.2 to 3.7 in head; snout 3.1 to 3.7; mouth subinferior, the margin of upper lip below the eye; maxillary reaching middle of the eye; lower jaw the shorter; gill rakers stout and shortish; cheeks and opercles scaled; spinous dorsal continuous with soft portion; scales strongly ctenoid; lateral line complete, much arched anteriorly and parallel with dorsal outline. Color plain silvery gray on sides and back, white on belly; fins plain except for smoky gray on membranes. Length 2 to 4 feet. . This fish inhabits the larger streams and lakes from the Great Lake Region to Georgia, Texas, and Yucatan. Lake Michigan, Millers, Indiana; Lake Michigan, Pine, Indiana; Deep River, Liverpool, Indiana. Family Cottide. _ Tue Scutprns. Body moderately elongate, fusiform; head large, depressed; body - without scales, usually with few prickles or scale-like plates; mouth broad; teeth on jaws villiform; premaxillary protractile; gill mem- branes broadly connected, often joined to the isthmus; dorsal fins 2, slightly connected; ventral fins with one spine and three or four soft rays; pseudo branchie present; air bladder usually absent; pyloric coeca 4 to 8; lateral line present. a. Ventrals with a concealed spine and 4 soft rays. Cottus, 335 aa. Ventrals with a concealed spine and 3 soft rays. Uranidea, 337 Genus Cottus (Artedi) Linnzus. MILLER’s THUMBS. Body fusiform, without scales; prickles, when present, not scale- like; head broad; mouth rather large, with villiform teeth on jaws; angle of preopercle with a spine, its tip curved upward; gill mem- 336 Frietp Museum or NaturaL History — Zo6é.oey, Vout. VII. branes broadly connected with the isthmus; ventrals with 1 con- cealed spine and 4 soft rays; no slit behind fourth gill. a. Preopercular spine short, its length less than 4 diameter of eye; caudal peduncle slender, its depth 1.5 to 2 in its length. ictalops, 336 aa. Preopercular spine long, its length more than ¥% diameter of eye; caudal peduncle slender, its length 3.3 in its length. . ricet, 336 Cottus ictalops (Rafinesque). ComMMoNn ScuLPIN; MILLER’s THUMB. Head 3.0 to 3.5; depth 3.7 to 4.3; D. vi to 1x, 16 to 18; A. 13 to 15. Body fusiform; head broad, convex above; interorbital space 3.8 to 5.5 in head; mouth wide, lips thick; maxillary reaching to middle of the orbit; snout 2.8 to 3.4 in head; preopercular spine short, its length less than half diameter of the eye; spinous dorsal Fic. 77. COMMON SCULPIN; MILLER’S THUMB. Cottus ittalops (Raf.). (From Forbes and Richardson.) about 3/8 height of soft dorsal; body without scales, a few prickles present behind pectorals; lateral line continuous or interrupted posteriorly. Color olivaceous, more or less barred or blotched with darker fins mostly barred or mottled. Length 3 to 7 inches. This: fish inhabits clear streams from North Dakota to North Car- olina and Oklahoma. Lockport, Illinois; Lake Michigan, Chicago, Illinois. Cottus ricei (Nelson.) Head 3.2 to 3.6; depth 5.3 to 6.2; D. vir, 16; A. 13. Body slender; head depressed, as wide as long; interorbital space narrow, 8.2 in head; mouth narrow, the maxillary scarcely reaching ~ » i oe ae APRIL, 1910. FisHes oF CHicaGo — MEEK AND HILDEBRAND. 337 past front of orbit; snout 3.6 in head; preopercular spine long, its length more than half diameter of eye; spinous dorsal about % height of soft dorsal; body without scales, prominent spinules behind pec- torals and on top of head; lateral line continuous. Color brownish olive, sides mottled; faint traces of two dusky bars on caudal peduncle; last membranes of second dorsal dusky. Length 2% inches. Deep waters of Lake Michigan. Genus Uranidea DeKay. Similar to Cottus, but with smaller preopercular spines, and ven- trals with one concealed spine and 3 soft rays. Uranidea kumlienii Hoy. Head 3.1 to 3.4; depth 5.0 to 5.2; D. vil or viii, 15 to 17; A. 12. Body fusiform; head flattish above; interorbital space 7.5 to 8.6; mouth narrow, the maxillary reaching to middle of orbit; snout 3.3 to 3.6 in head; caudal peduncle slender, its depth 2.2 to 2.4 in its length; spinous dorsal 34 height of soft dorsal; preopercular spine about % diameter of eye; body without scales; prickles under pec- toral and on top of head; lateral line present, usually interrupted. Color brownish olive, faintly mottled; spinous dorsal with a prominent dusky blotch on anterior and posterior, 2 or 3 membranes; soft dorsal dusky toward base; pectorals reticulated with dusky. Length 2% inches. . This species inhabits the deeper waters of Lake Michigan. Order Anacanthini. The Cop FIsHEs. Skeleton bony; anterior vertebre simple; fins without spines; ventral fins jugular, below or in front of the pectorals; tail isocercal; pectoral arch suspended from the skull; no mesocoracoid; air bladder without open duct. 338 Fretp Museum or NaTuRAL History — Zoo.oey, Vor. VII. Family Gadide. THE Cop FIsHEs. Body more or less elongate, usually not much compressed; dorsal fin long, forming 1, 2, or 3 fins; ventral fins jugular; caudal fin distinct or confluent with the dorsal and anal; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; mouth large; chin with a barbel; air bladder usually well developed. Genus Lota (Cuvier) Oken BuRBOTS. Body long and low, compressed behind, covered with small em- bedded scales; head depressed; anterior nostrils each with a small barbel; chin with a long barbel; gill openings wide, the membranes free from the isthmus; jaws with broad bands of villiform teeth; dor- sal fins 2, the first short, the second long and similar to the anal; cau- dal fin rounded, vertical fins scaly. .Lota maculosa (Le Sueur). Bursot; Linc; EEL—pour. Head 4.7 to 5.0; depth 5.8 to 7.6; D. 12 or 13, 70 to 75; A. 65. Body elongate, compressed posteriorly, the back low; head broad, depressed; interorbital space flat, 3.4 to 3.6 in head; mouth large, its gape horizontal, the maxillary reaching past pupil; chin with a single barbel; dorsal fins 2, the second long, caudal fins rounded slightly separated from dorsal and anal. Color dark-olive, thickly marbled, and reticulated with blackish, yellowish or dusky beneath; vertical fins with dusky margins. Length about 2 feet. This species ranges from the Arctic Sea south to the Ohio River. Lake Michigan, Chicago, Illinois; Lake Michigan, Millers, Indiana; Lake Michigan, Pine, Indiana. ae "nd o- Fietp Museum or Narurau Hisrory. 4% % Y PUBLICATION 144. ZOOLOGICAL SERIES. VoL. VII, No. to. NOTES ON SOME CLERIDA: OF MIDDLE AND NORTH AMERICA WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. BY A. B. Wo tcorrt, Assistant, Division of Entomology. CHARLES B. Cory, Curator of Department of Zo%logy. Cuicaco, U. S. A. May, IgIto. 7 Ee See te ee NOTES ON SOME CLERIDAZ OF MIDDLE AND NORTH AMERICA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF ; NEW SPECIES. BY A. B. WOLCOTT. The twenty-four new species described in the following paper, together with the notes on others, a few of which are species new to our faunal region, embody the partial results of spare moments de- voted to a study of this family for several years. It is hoped that the details figured in the plate, which were pre- pared with some care, will assist the student to a proper understand- ing of the structure of the parts, and that the tabulating and re- describing of the species of Monophylla, Aulicus, Trichodes, and Cregya will render them recognizable and awaken interest in these beautiful but much neglected insects. _To the many friends and correspondents who have loaned or given to the writer, in many instances, their choicest captures in this ‘family his heartiest thanks are due. Especially does the author feel under deep obligations to Prof. H. F. Wickham, who from time to time has very generously placed at the writer's disposal the rich and extensive Clerid material taken by him on various expeditions to Mexico and the western parts of North America. Monophylla Spinola. Monophylla Spin., Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 75; Mon. Clér., 1, 1844. p. 385. Macrotelus Klug, Abh. Akad. Berl., 1842. p. 274; Schklg., Gen. Ins., Cleridz, 1903, p. 8. Elasmocerus Lec., Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., v, 1849, p. 13; Lac., Gen. Col., tv, 1857, p. 426. The term Elasmocerus was proposed by Dr. LeConte for the sup- posedly preoccupied generic names— Monophylla Spinola and Macrotelus Klug, which are not, however, under the one letter rule, homonyms of the earlier described generic terms Monophyllus Leach and Macroteleia Westwood. Under the one letter rule generic names 339 340 Fretp Museum or Natura. History — Zooéroey, Vor. VII. differing from earlier names only in some minor detail — as termina- tion indicating gender, etc.,— cannot be considered as being homon- ymous. It seems almost certain that the adoption of this rule will sooner or later become universal,— the more surely as it makes for stability of nomenclature. Mr. Sigmund Schenkling, while citing Spinola’s term, places the species in Macrotelus Klug, but this name is antedated by Monophylla Spin., to which the species may properly be referred. The species may be separated by aid of the followin key: : KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MONOPHYLLA. a. Elytra more or less striate. b. Size small (4 mm.); elytra distinctly punctate striate near suture only; head black. substriata, 340 bb. Larger (8 mm.); elytra entirely punctate striate; head yellow. cinctipennis, 341 aa. Elytra uniformly punctate, not at all striate. ec. Prothorax rather elongate; elytra finely, rather sparsely punctate; legs bicolored. californica, 341 ec. Prothorax broader; elytra more coarsely and densely punctate; legs black. terminata, 342 Monophylla substriata sp. nov. Form of californica but less elongate. Clothed with moder- ately dense, semi-erect, whitish pubescence. Head black; front before the eyes pale brownish, very coarsely, densely punctate; an- tennz(c') eight-jointed, pale brownish, intermediate joints darker. Thorax one-fourth longer than wide; disk and flanks black, apical and basal margins very narrowly, obscurely testaceous; surface very finely, densely punctate. Elytra pale brownish; a broad pale fascia at middle, the anterior margin of which is vaguely limited, the posterior margin bordered with fuscous; a rather large infuscate spot on each side near scutellum. Meso- and metasternum black. Abdomen pale brownish testaceous; anterior margin of ventral seg- ments two, three, and four obscurely fuscous. Legs pale brownish, anterior and middle femora somewhat infuscate; hind femora with a large piceous spot near apex; tarsi slightly infuscate. Length 4 millim. Differs from cinctipennis in coloration, size, and sculpture of elytra as indicated in the above table. Cinctipennis has the antenne eleven-jointed (probably ten-jointed in the male), while the male of May, 1910. Notes ON Some CLERIDZ2— WoOLcorrt. 341 substriata has the antenne eight-jointed. Also allied to californica, from which it differs in having the head more coarsely punctate, the thorax more sparsely and the elytra more densely punctate with two or three distinct striz near suture, and the different coloration. One specimen, a male. St. George, Utah. Type in collection of Prof. Wickham. Monophylla cinctipennis Chevrolat. Macrotelus ? cinctipennis Chevr., Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1874, p. 281. “Elongatus, niger, capite, prothorace, femoribus (genua quarta antica), elytrisque in sutura et in margine flavis; confertim punctato striatis, oculis et antennis elongatis nigris; capite rotundato convexo, sulco tenue; inter oculos, prothorace vix longior quam latior, antice semi-cylindrico, postice recte truncato lateribus modice rotundato, . longitudine convexo, trifossulato; scutello punctiforme fusco; elytris elongatis, parallelis, singulatim rotundatis, tibiis tarsique nigrofuscis. “Antenne undecim articulate, 1° articulo elongato, clavato, 2° breve, 3° longitudinis primi, 4° paululum minore, 5° conico, 6-10 brevibus subnodosis, coarctatis ultimo longo cylindrico spongioso. “Long? 8, Lat® 3 mill. — Ins. Cuba, Mus. D. Gundlach.” (Chevrolat.) The original description is given in full above, owing to the rarity of the publication in which it first appeared. This species is unknown in nature to the author, the characters given in the table of species having been drawn from Chevrolat’s description. Monophylla californica Fall. Elasmocerus californicus Fall, Occas. Papers, Cal. Acad. Sci., vir, IQOI, p. 251. Macrotelus terminatus var. pallipes Schaef., Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XVI, 1908, p. 128. This species may. be differentiated from terminata, which it resembles in general form, by the slightly narrower thorax, the more finely punctured elytra, the nearly or entirely black pronotum, the usually brownish elytra with the margins not pale before the median fascia or spot, and by the color of the abdomen, which is yellowish red, more or less black at the sides. Length 5.5—6.3 millim. Specimens of californica in the author's collection from Browns- ville, Texas, agree in every detail with the brief description of the recently described variety pallipes, the type of which is also from Brownsville, Texas, hence they are united. 342 Fietp Museum or Natura. History — Zo6toey, Vou. VII. Lower California north to middle California; Southern Arizona and Texas (Brownsville region) south through Mexico to Costa Rica. Monophylla terminata Say. Tillus terminatus Say, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist.,1, Pt. 2, 1835, p. 160; Say’s Compl. Writ., Lec. ed., 11, 1859, p. 637. Macrotelus terminatus Klug, Abh. Akad. Berl., 1842, p. 274, pl. 2, fig. 4; Schklg., Gen. Ins., 1903, p. 9, pl. 5, fig. 1. Monophylla megatoma Spin., (3), Mon. Clér., 1, 1844, p. 385; II, 1844, p. 126, pl. 28, fig. 5. Monophylia terminata Spin., Mon. Clér., 11, 1844, p. 126, pl. 6. fig. 3; Wolc., Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., vir, 1909, p. 17. Elasmocerus megatoma Lec., Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., v, 1849, p. x4. Elasmocerus terminatus Lec., Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., v, 1849, p. 14; Lec., Say’s Compl. Writ., Lec. ed., 1, 1859, p. 638; Fall, Occas. Papers, Cal. Acad. Sci., vill, rg01, p. 251. Readily separated from californica and substriata by the thorax being yellow, with a black discal spot of variable size but never cover- ing entire pronotum, the elytra more coarsely, densely punctate, the lateral margin pale before the middle and the abdomen entirely yellow or red in the male, the apical segment black in the female. The antenne of the male in this species are ten-jointed; in the male of californica and substriata they are eight-jointed. Occurs in Georgia, Virginia, District of Columbia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Louisiana, and Texas. Cymatodera soror sp. nov. Form of usta Lec. Dark brown; head and thorax piceous; antenne, body beneath and legs paler; abdomen pale reddish brown. Pubescence short and moderately sparse. Head coarsely, deeply, and densely punctate; eyes prominent. Antenne slender, equal to three-fourths length of body; second and third joints equal, small, obeonic, together much shorter than joint four; joints four to ten elongate, serrate, subequal in length, but gradually narrower; last joint very slender, one-half longer than the tenth joint. Thorax one-half longer than wide; base slightly narrower than apex; sides feebly constricted in front of the middle, feebly compressed behind; surface coarsely and densely punctate; ante-scutellar impression wanting. Elytra nearly twice as wide as the thorax at base; humeri ee May, 1gIo. Nores ON Some CLERIDZ — WoLcorTrt. 343 distinct; sides at basal third parallel, posteriorly very slightly broader; apices conjointly rounded; disk rather strongly convex; striate with rows of moderately large, closely placed quadrate punctures, becoming finer posteriorly and entirely obliterated at apical fifth; the lateral strie slightly longer; intervals feebly convex, slightly narrower than the punctures, very finely and sparsely punctate. Abdomen very finely and densely punctate. Length 8 millim. Female. Fifth ventral segment arcuate-truncate at apex; sixth very short, arcuate-truncate at apex; fifth dorsal short, truncate at apex; last dorsal short, truncate at apex; angles obtusely rounded. (P1. VI, figs. 1, 2.) Differs from /ongicornis, to which it is nearest related, by having the head densely punctate, the thorax coarsely and densely punctate, the absence of ante-scutellar impression, the rows of elytral punctures longer, the form of apical segments of abdomen, structure of the antenne, and the unicolorous brown elytra. From usta Lec., which it also resembles, it may be separated by the much longer antennz, the second and third joints of which are shorter and less conical, the more densely punctate head and thorax, the elytra nar- rower at base and the secondary sexual characters of the female. Nogales, Arizona, August. One specimen. Type in cabinet of Prof. H. F. Wickham. Cymatodera subsimilis sp. nov. Yellowish testaceous; head, thorax, and antenne slightly darker; elytra shining pale yellowish, base narrowly, scutellar region broadly, sutural and lateral margins and an oblique fascia at apical two-fifths slightly darker, clothed with moderately short, erect, rather dense, pale brownish hairs. Antenne stout, nearly half as long as body; joints two to four small, each much shorter than joint five or any of the remaining joints; joints three and four much narrower than joint two; eleventh joint one-third longer than joint ten. Head finely, not very densely punctate; eyes only moderately prominent. Thorax nearly one-half longer than wide; base slightly narrower than apex, rather strongly constricted subapically, more strongly com- pressed behind the middle; disk finely and rather sparsely punctate; ante-scutellar impression very feeble. Elytra parallel, less than twice as wide as the thorax at base; humeri distinct ; apices conjointly rounded; disk feebly convex; striate with large rounded punctures which become finer posteriorly but extend nearly to apex, the apices somewhat scabrous; second, third, and fourth intervals broader than 344 Fietp Museum or Natura. History — Zo6.oey, Vou. VII. the punctures, remaining intervals equal in width to the punctures; intervals convex, with two rows of fine punctures from each of which, . two hairs, a long and a short one, arise. Body beneath very sparsely pubescent; mesosternum coarsely and closely, metasternum rather coarsely and very sparsely punctate; abdomen finely, very densely punctate. Legs roughly sculptured and sparsely pubescent. Length 5-5-7 millim. Female. Fifth ventral segment broadly but very feebly arcuate- emarginate; sixth ventral short, broadly rounded. Last dorsal short, identical in size and shape with last ventral, but with a deep foveate impression at middle of apex. (PI. VI, figs. 3, 4.) By the structure of the antenne this species belongs near uni- formis Schaeffer, from which it differs in having the thorax more finely punctured, the pubescence finer, sides of elytra parallel, the intervals distinctly punctate and not rugose near sides and the quite distinct coloration. Also allied to pallida Schaeffer, but differing from that species in having the surface more densely pubescent, the eyes less prominent, the thorax more strongly constricted before the middle, and many other details including coloration. Baboquivaria Mts., Arizona. Dr. F. H. Snow. Two females. Types in collection of the author and in collection Kansas State. University. Cymatodera tuta sp. nov. Pale yellowish, head and thorax very slightly darker, the latter somewhat infuscate at apex; elytra pale yellowish, with an irregular fuscous maculation or incomplete fascia at apical two-fifths; shining; very sparsely clothed with short, pale pubescence. Antenne dark brown, rather stout, extending to base of elytra; second joint scarcely two-thirds as long as the third; joints three to ten of equal width but becoming gradually shorter towards apex; eleventh one-third longer than tenth, apex acute. Head rather finely and sparsely punctate; front between the eyes with two large depressions; eyes rather promi- nent. Thorax one-fourth longer than wide, feebly constricted sub- apically, very strongly compressed behind the middle; surface very finely and sparsely punctate; ante-scutellar impression small but distinct. Elytra parallel, at base less than twice as wide as thorax; humeral angles obtuse; apices conjointly rounded; disk rather flat; striate with coarse, perforate punctures which become finer towards the apex and which are entirely obliterated at apical two-fifths; the lateral rows of punctures slightly longer; punctures of three sutural tt _7"_— - ——= ss ee OO TCC May,1910. Notes oN Some CLERID# — WoOLcorTt. 345 rows on each elytron smaller and more sparsely placed than those of the outer rows; three sutural intervals more than twice as wide as punctures; the lateral intervals slightly narrower than the punctures: intervals flat, rather sparsely and finely but distinctly punctate. Pro-, meso- and metasternum finely, sparsely punctate; abdomen more finely and densely punctate. Legs pale yellowish, the femora at apex with faint infuscate cloud. Length 7.9—-8.8 millim. Male. Fifth ventral segment broadly but very feebly emarginate ; sixth ventral with sides rounded, narrowly and feebly arcuate-trun- cate at apex; last dorsal as long as broad, much larger than last ven- tral, sides narrowing to apex, whichisnearly truncate. (PI. VI, fig. 5.) Female. Fifth ventral feebly sinuate at apex; sixth ventral short, broad, rounded, slightly smaller and shorter than last dorsal, which is semicircular. (Pl. VI, fig. 6.) Closely related to levicollis Schaef., but differs from that species by the secondary sexual characters of the abdomen, somewhat longer antennal joints, the second joint however being shorter, the thorax not infuscate at the sides and the apex of elytra entirely pale. From xantt, to which it is also allied, it may be separated by the different - form of the terminal segments of abdomen, the presence of an ante- scutellar impression, the elytral intervals rather more densely punc- tate and the two marginal rows of elytral punctures extending well beyond the middle. Escondido, New Mexico, August 30. Two specimens. Type in in collection of Prof. H. F. Wickham. Cymatodera isabell# sp. nov. Slender, pale-honey yellow; head, antenna, apex and base of thorax, narrowly, and a large rounded sutural maculation at apical one-third very slightly darker, being pale yellowish testaceous in color; moderately pubescent and shining. Head rather coarsely, vertex densely, front more sparsely punctate; eyes moderately prominent. Antenne half as long as body; joints two and three short, equal, conical, together not longer than joint four; joints four to ten elongate, subequal in length, feebly serrate; joint eleven, one- third longer than tenth. Thorax one-third longer than wide at apex; base narrower than apex, subapical constriction moderate; at basal third strongly compressed; no ante-scutellar impression; surface very finely, sparsely rugulose. Scutellum transversely oval. Elytra nearly twice as wide as base of thorax; humeri distinct; sides parallel, apices nearly conjointly rounded, the sutural angles slightly rounded ; _ 346 Fretp Museum or Natura History — Zooétoecy, Vor. VII. disk feebly convex, with rows of fine, well separated punctures which become very fine and feebly impressed posteriorly and are obliterated at apical fifth; intervals very feebly convex, three times as wide as rows of punctures. Metasternum and abdomen feebly, sparsely punc- tate. Length 5.8 millim. Male. Fifth ventral segment broadly feebly emarginate; sixth much shorter and narrower than last dorsal, broadly and very deeply sinuately emarginate at apex. Last dorsal nearly as long as broad, arcuately truncate, broadly, feebly incised at middle of apex. (Pl. VI, fig. 7.) Allied by antennal structure to usta and antennata, but the form is more slender, the color much paler, the rows of elytral punctures finer, the second and third joints of antennz proportionately shorter, and the terminal segments of the abdomen are of a different form. — St. George, Utah. July. One specimen. Collected and loaned the author for study by Prof. Wickham. Named in memory of my mother. Cymatodera peninsularis Schaeffer. (PI. V, fig. 1.) Cymatodera peninsularis Schaef., Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., x11, 1904, p. 214. A specimen of this oddly marked species was sent to the writer by the late Dr. F. H. Snow, by whom it was taken in the Baboquivaria Mountains, Arizona. The specimen is a male and differs from the type as described by having the head and prothorax entirely pale, the antenne, knees, and tarsi slightly darker. The type of this species was taken at San Felipe, Lower California. It is described as having the “‘thorax as long as broad’’ and the elytral ‘“‘apices separately rounded’’; in the Arizona specimen the thorax is slightly longer than broad and the elytral apices are nearly conjointly rounded, the sutural angles being only minutely rounded. The secondary sexual characters of the male are the same as those given for that sex by Mr. Schaeffer. The figure given represents the Arizona specimen, Cymatodera usta LeConte. Cymatodera usta Lec., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1858, p. 71. Twenty-nine years ago Dr. George H. Horn' referred usta Lec. to the synonymy, remarking ‘‘does not differ from C. cylindricollis Chevr., from Mexico."’ The accuracy of this assignment has never ' Transactions Amer. Ent. Soc., viit, 1880, p, 149, MAY, 1910. Notes ON SoME CLERID& — WoLtcorrt. 347 been questioned, nor has it ever been verified; in what manner the decision regarding the identity of the species was reached by Dr. Horn is not known, but it seems very probable that wrongly deter- mined Mexican material may have been responsible for the state- ment. Be that as it may, the fact remains that the description of cylindricollis fails to agree with the description and specimens of usta in several very important characters. Cylindricollis is described by Chevrolat as having the “ Corse- fet trois fois plus long que large, . . . . Elytres . . . avec- neuf stries chacune . . Les antennes sont de la longueur d’une élytre, A articles allongés et de méme grosseur; le dernier allongé, terminé en pointe.”’ (Col. Mex., cent. 1, fasc. 1, 1833.) In usta the prothorax is but one-third longer than wide; the elytra are each 1o-striate and the antenne have the second and third joints obconical, equal and short, together being but little longer than the fourth joint. It being clearly impossible to reconcile the many discrepancies between these two species, usta should be removed from the synonymy. Cymatodera torosa sp. nov. Robust, dark brown; antenne, palpi, legs, and abdomen brownish testaceous; moderately clothed with rather short pale pubescence. Head very coarsely, densely punctate; eyes prominent. Antenne slightly longer than head and thorax; joints two and three short, conical, equal, together shorter than joint four; joints four, five, and six strongly serrate; joints four to ten subequal in length but grad- ually narrower toward apex; eleventh joint one-third longer than tenth. Thorax nearly twice as long as wide at apex; base slightly narrower than apex; sides before the middle feebly constricted; behind the middle moderately compressed; ante-scutellar impression feeble; disk rather coarsely and densely punctate. Scutellum sub- cordate, feebly emarginate at base. Elytra twice as wide at base as thorax; humeral angles obtusely rounded; sides nearly parallel; disk convex, each with ten rows of coarse quadrate punctures be- coming slightly smaller posteriorly and extending nearly to apex; the extreme apex rather roughly sculptured; punctures of first lateral stria scarcely extending to the middle; intervals rather convex, equally as wide as the punctures, finely irregularly punctate. Pro- meso- and metasternum finely and rather sparsely punctate; abdo- men very finely and densely punctate. Length 9.5 millim. 348 Fre_p Museum or Natura History — Zoo.oey, Vor. VII. Male. Fifth ventral segment truncate; sixth ventral narrower and much shorter than last dorsal, the posterior angles slightly pro- longed and broadly rounded between which the tip is truncate. Last dorsal truncate at apex, angles rounded. (PI. VI, fig. 8.) From usta to which this species seems nearest related, it differs in many details. However, the coarsely and densely punctured head and prothorax, the presence of an ante-scutellar impression, the some- what longer rows of elytral punctures and the probably different form of the terminal segments of abdomen in the male will serve to distinguish this species. Albuquerque, New Mexico. One specimen (Wickham). Type in cabinet of Prof. H. F. Wickham. Cymatodera emula sp. nov. Slender, piceous; elytra with humeral callus obscurely and a narrow very indistinct median fascia, which scarcely attains the suture, dull testaceous; antenne, palpi, meso-, and metasternum, abdomen, base of femora, apex of tibiz and the tarsi brownish; pubescence very short and sparse. Head densely, not very coarsely punctate; eyes feebly prominent. Antenne slightly longer than head and thorax; joint two slightly shorter than joint three; three to ten subequal, elongate, serrate; eleventh one-half longer than the tenth. Thorax one-half longer than wide; sides feebly constricted before the middle, rather strongly compressed behind; base much narrower than apex; ante-scutellar impression distinct; surface rather coarsely and densely punctate. Elytra nearly three times as long as thorax, much wider at base than thorax at widest part; humeri distinct; sides slightly broader posteriorly; apices conjointly rounded; striate with rows of moderate punctures, becoming finer posteriorly but scarcely reaching beyond the middle; punctuation of apical portion fine and confused. Meso-, metasternum, and ab- domen moderately coarsely, but rather sparsely punctate. Length, 10.5 millim. Male, Fifth ventral broadly emarginate at apex; sixth short, narrower than last dorsal, broadly rounded, slightly incised at apex. Last dorsal short but extending beyond last ventral; sides strongly arcuate, narrowing to apex, which is broadly triangularly emarginate. (PI. VI, fig. 9.) Only comparable to fascifera Lec., from which it differs by the more elongate form, proportionately longer antenne and prothorax, sexual characters of the male, and somewhat different sculpture and coloration. De a ‘ —: js May,1910. Nores on Some CLERIDZ2 — WoLcort. 349 ‘Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona. One specimen’ (Wickham). Type in cabinet of Prof. Wickham. Cymatodera horni sp. nov. Cymatodera californicat Horn, 2, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., v 1876, p. 225, pl. I, fig. 9. Mr. Charles Schaeffer (Sci. Bull. Brookl. Inst. Arts and Sci., Vol. 1, no. 7, 1905, p. 152) has called attention to the fact that what Dr. Horn described and figured as the abdominal characters of the male of californica are really those of the female, and further states that the female described by Dr. Horn was very likely a different species. The type of californica as first-described (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Aug., 1868, p. 134) is what was later erroneously described as the male; this leaves unnamed the other species, also represented by the female, and the name horni is here proposed for it. The female of horni differs from both sexes of californica in having the elytral apices rounded, the sutural angle not prolonged and the different sexual characters, whereas in californica the elytral apices are truncate and the sutural angles are often prolonged, the sexual characters being also different, as figured by Dr. Horn, (t. c. pl. 1, fig.9, 9). Inthe description the sixth ventral is described as ‘‘ semi- circular, apex rounded,’’ but the apex is really truncate as in the figure. The male of hornit is unknown to the writer. Length 21 millim. Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, 5,000-8,000 ft., June. Collected _ by the late Dr. F. H. Snow. Type in museum of the University of Kansas. Cymatodera snowi sp. nov. Cymatodera arizone Wolcott MS., Trans. Kas. Acad. Sci., xx, Pt. 1, 1906, p. 168. Form elongate, dark brown; antenne, labrum, palpi, mandi- bles, tarsi, coxe, base of femora, knees, and middle of ventral seg- ments of abdomen pale brown. Antenne slender, reaching to base of prothorax; joints two to ten subequal; joint eleven one-half longer than the tenth. Head coarsely, deeply, and densely punctate, sparsely - pubescent. Thorax subcylindrical, one-fourth longer than wide; base slightly narrower than apex; feebly constricted behind the apex; more strongly compressed behind the middle; surface densely but less deeply punctured than the head; pubescence sparse; ante-scu- tellar impression deep and rather broad. Elytra wider than the 350 Fretp Museum or Natura. History — Zoo6.oey, Vo. VII. thorax; humeri distinct; sides straight, slightly divergent to about the middle, thence arcuate to apex; broadest at apical one-fourth; the apices sinuate, the sutural angle prolonged (2), or conjointly rounded, the sutural angles not prolonged (<'); disk feebly convex, with strie of quadrate punctures, arranged in pairs, becoming ob- literated behind the middle; scutellar region depressed; surface sparsely pubescent; lateral margins at middle with a very obscure and vaguely limited testaceous maculation. Body beneath rather densely and moderately coarsely punctured; abdomen more sparsely punctured. Length, 9.5—12.5 millim. Male. The fifth ventral segment truncate; last ventral shorter than last dorsal, equally as long as broad, deeply triangularly emar- ginate at apex, the angles very acute, impressed at.base, and at middle a transverse lunate impression; fifth dorsal feebly triangularly emarginate at apex; last dorsal one-third longer than broad, strongly narrowed to apex, the apex triangularly incised and longitudinally impressed at middle. Female. Fifth ventral segment very feebly emarginate at apex, longitudinally broadly depressed from base to near apical margin, the margin elevated, last ventral semicircular, wider than the last dorsal, feebly depressed at apex; last dorsal feebly impressed at tip, apex nearly truncate. This species is allied to californica, hopei, and horni, agreeing with these in having the elytral striz arranged in pairs, the alternate intervals broader, the last ventral segment broader than the last dorsal and a similar structure of antenne. It differs from all these in color, in the much smaller size and the form of the terminal ab- dominal segments; also by having the prothorax proportionately broader and the elytra more coarsely striate. San Bernardino Ranch, Cochise county, Arizona, 3,750 ft. el. August. Collected by and named in remembrance of the late Dr. Fran- cis Huntington Snow. Type in entomological collection Kansas. State University. Cymatodera zthiops sp. nov. Slender, piceous, brown; head, apex of thorax, an indistinct median elytral fascia, meso- and metasternum, knees and tibie at apex ob- scurely testaceous; antenne, palpi, labrum and tarsi pale testaceous; moderately clothed with short, erect pubescence with long sparse hairs intermixed, Head coarsely and densely punctate, eyes moderately prominent. Antenne slightly longer than head and thorax, rather May,1910. Notes ON SoME CLERIDZ& — WOLCoTT. 351 stout, joints nearly equal; second joint slightly shorter than the third; eleventh joint one-third longer than the tenth. Thorax nearly twice as long as wide; sides very feebly constricted.at apical fourth, strongly compressed behind the middle; base much narrower than the apex; surface coarsely and rather densely punctate, slightly transversely rugose; ante-scutellar impression deep and broad. Elytra at base much wider than thorax; humeri distinct; sides feebly divergent; apices conjointly rounded; disk feebly convex, with rows of punctures moderately coarse at base, finer and less deeply impressed towards apex; the lateral strie extending to apical fifth, the sutural strie shorter, the first two extending to middle and the next two slightly beyond the middle; interval scarcely as wide as punctures, finely and densely punctulate. Body beneath coarsely and very sparsely punctate; color piceous, the middle of ventral segments and ventral and dorsal surface of last segment paler. Length, 9.5—10.7 millim. Male. Fifth ventral segment feebly emarginate, the middle longitudinally and apical margin feebly elevated; sixth ventral broader than long, broadly oval with a slight triangular incision at apex; fifth dorsal truncate at apex; sixth much narrower but slightly longer than last ventral, sides feebly rounded, apex broadly rounded, narrowly incised at apex. (PI. VI, figs. 10, 11.) Female. Fifth ventral broadly but rather feebly emarginate, the middle and the apical margin elevated; sixth ventral broader than long, sides feebly rounded, apex nearly truncate, the angles obtuse; fifth dorsal truncate at apex; sixth dorsal nearly as long as wide, narrower than last ventral, sides feebly arcuate, apex arcuate-trun- cate, angles obtuse. (PI. VI, figs. 12, 13.) This species is very closely allied to santarose Schaeffer. Judging by the description, the present species differs from santarose in being much more slender, in having the head more coarsely punctured, sides of the thorax more strongly compressed behind, base of thorax narrower, and body beneath less densely punctured. The abdominal sexual characters are also unlike those of santarose. The type (c) is from El Paso, Texas, July 8-9, 3,700~-3,800 ft. el. (Wickham); a cotype (c) is from Tucson, Arizona, July 13-15, 2,300-2,500 ft. el. (Wickham). Type in cabinet of Prof. Wickham. Cymatodera comans sp. nov. Moderately slender, pale, brown; antennz, palpi, body beneath, abdomen, and legs, pale testaceous; elytra variable but always with 352 Frerp Museum or Natura History — Zooxoey, Vor. VII. a broad irregular, pale median fascia; clothed with rather dense, semierect, moderately long, coarse, pale hairs, intermixed with longer, sparse, erect, pale hairs; pubescence densest on head and thorax. Head rather coarsely, irregularly but not very densely punctate, front with two large feeble impressions between the not very prominent eyes. Antenne moderately slender, extending to basal fourth of elytra; the second, third, fourth, and fifth joints elongate, equal, subcylindrical; the outer joints gradually shorter and subserrate; the last joint longer than the tenth, acuminate at apex. Thorax two-thirds longer than broad; sides moderately con- stricted before the middle, strongly constricted behind; base narrower than apex; ante-scutellar impression distinct; punctuation similar to that of head but slightly finer. Elytra less than twice as wide as thorax at base; humeri distinct; sides parallel nearly to middle, then arcuately broadening to apical fourth, then narrowing to the conjointly rounded apices; disk moderately convex, striate with rows of coarse perforate, quadrate punctures, which become rather suddenly finer at the middle and obsolete at apical fifth; intervals flat, as wide as punctures at the base, finely punctulate; a very broad, irregular, pale testaceous fascia at the middle, broadest at the flanks, the posteri- or edge usually margined with fuscous. Body beneath and abdo- men densely and rather coarsely punctate. Length 7.8-8.5 millim. Male. Fifth ventral segment deeply emarginate at apex; sixth ventral longer than broad, sides moderately narrowing to apex, which is broadly emarginate, the angles prolonged and turned upward; last dorsal longer than broad, narrower towards apex than last ven- tral, sides strongly narrowing to apex, the angles prolonged into long upward curving spines between which the apex is very deeply trian- gularly emarginate. (Pl. VI, figs. 14, 15.) Female. Fifth ventral feebly arcuate, nearly truncate at apex; sixth ventral short, rounded; sixth dorsal slightly longer than last ventral, sides nearly parallel, apex broadly rounded, angles obtusely rounded. (PI. VI, fig. 16.) Greatly resembles fuchsii Schaeffer, from which it may be distinguished by the thorax having a distinct ante-scutellar impres- sion and the sides more strongly compressed towards base; the form of the elytra, the conjointly rounded apices, and the very curious ab- dominal characters of the male are also distinguishing characters. This species is variable in elytral markings. In the type the basal half of the elytra is but slightly darker than the fascia, the anterior margin of which is blended into the color of base; behind the fascia a a eT ie sti - is e —" i 7 —May,1910. Notes on Some CLEr1ID# — WoLcortT. 353 the fuscous area is narrow at the flanks and suture, but very broad and prolonged apically at the middle of each elytron, the apex behind this being nearly as pale as the fascia. A female specimen from Utah has the elytra brown with the median fascia distinctly limited, and the suture, humeri, and apex slightly paler than the ground color. A male from Arizona has the elytra brown, the fascia distinct, the suture, the second interval at base, the humeri, and the fifth and sixth intervals from the humeri to fascia as pale as the fascia, and the extreme elytral apex quite pale. St. George, Utah, July (Wickham); Arizona (author’s colln.); Texas (Milwaukee Public Museum colln.). Type in cabinet of Prof. Wickham; cotypes in collection of the author. Cymatodera duplicata sp. nov. Moderately robust, pale brownish testaceous, head and thorax slightly darker, moderately shining, sparsely pubescent; elytra with an indistinct broad fascia at middle and the apex paler. Antenne nearly half as long as body, moderately stout; joint two short, coni- cal, slightly shorter than joint three; joints two and three together scarcely longer than joint four; four to ten gradually shorter toward tip, longer than broad, subserrate; joint eleven one-half longer than joint ten, very acuminate at apex. Head sparsely, finely punctate; eyes moderately prominent. Thorax nearly twice as long as broad; base narrower than apex; sides feebly constricted before the middle, strongly compressed behind the middle; no ante-scutellar impression ; disk strongly convex, at basal third finely, transversely rugose; flanks finely, rather sparsely and irregularly punctate. Elytra nearly twice as wide at base as thorax at base; disk feebly convex; sides broadening posteriorly; apices conjointly rounded; each elytron with ten rows of coarse, rounded punctures which become obsolete at api- cal fifth, lateral strie scarcely longer; intervals slightly broader than the punctures. Metasternum very finely, sparsely punctate. Ab- domen and legs pale testaceous, the former densely, finely punctate. Length 7.3—8.7 millim, Male. Fifth ventral segment broadly, very feebly emarginate; sixth ventral short, sides nearly parallel at base, apex truncate, angles oblique; last dorsal trapezoidal, longer than last ventral, feebly sinuate and incised at tip. (Pl. VI, figs. 17, 18.) Female. Fifth ventral segment truncate at apex, the posterior margin slightly elevated; sixth ventral very slightly shorter than last dorsal, semicircular; last dorsal semicircular. (Pl. VI, fig. 19.) 354 Fiecp Museum or Natura. History — Zooéxoey, Vor. VII. Resembles in some respects angulifera Gorham known only from Guatemala; but is readily separated from Gorham’s species by the rounded elytral punctures, which are never oblong, the color and markings, and the less shining surface. In angulifera the abdomen is piceous, each segment being spotted with red at the flanks; in duplicata the entire abdomen is pale with no suggestion of spots. Two specimens, the male from Toluca, eastern Mexico, and the female from Mexico D. F., Mexico, were taken by Prof. Wickham. The type of this species is in his collection. Cymatodera wickhami sp. nov. Elongate, fuscous, finely, very sparsely pubescent, feebly shining; antenne, palpi, metasternum, and legs pale testaceous; elytra pale, with irregularly disposed, linear, fuscous markings. Antenne rather slender, longer than the head and thorax; first joint stout; two to eleven long, subequal in length, the outer joints subserrate. Head slightly wider than the thorax, coarsely and very densely punctate, feebly rugose. Thorax nearly one-half longer than wide, scarcely wider at apex than at base; subapical constriction very feeble; sides at middle very slightly broader, moderately compressed behind the middle; flanks coarsely densely punctate; disk rather coarsely trans- versely rugose; apical margin very finely sparsely punctate; ante- scutellar impression longitudinal, deep, surface each side of impres- sion strongly elevated. Elytra nearly parallel, slightly broadening posteriorly; disk rather depressed; surface with large, very shallow rounded punctures, rather feebly arranged in series; the alternate intervals slightly broader, extending nearly to apex, very rough and distinctly punctulate; apices conjointly rounded; color pale, with irregular, linear, fuscous markings, the arrangement of which tends to form an irregularly limited subbasal, median, and subapical pale fascia, the humeri and lateral margins being also pale. Body beneath finely, sparsely punctate, the abdomen more coarsely and densely punctate and moderately clothed with short, recumbent, grayish pubescence. Length 11.2 millim. One specimen, a male, has the fifth ventral segment broadly but feebly arcuate-emarginate; the sixth ventral as long as broad, sides arcuately narrowing to apex, apex broadly rounded, rather deeply triangularly incised at middle; last dorsal slightly longer than last ventral, Allied to grandis Gorham (Biol. Centr.-Amer., 111, Pt. 2, p. 130), but differing from that species, to judge by the description, in ab- May, 1910. Notes on Some CLERID2& — WoLcorrt. 355 dominal sexual characters and in other details. The male of grandis is said to have ‘‘the fifth ventral plate widely emarginate with a carina from each side of the excision.’’ No carine are present in the male of wickhami and, in addition, the form of the body is differ- ent, being not truly parallel; the elytral punctuation is less deep and the series less conspicuously, arranged in pairs. In grandis the legs are fuscous, the tarsi pale, and the disk of prothorax finely, transversely -wrinkled. Mexico City, Mexico. Received from Prof. Wickham, by whom the type has been retained, Cymatodera discoidalis Chevrolat. Cymatodera discoidalis Chevr., Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1843, p. 10. A female specimen from Jalapa, Mexico, given the writer by Prof. Wickham is 13.3 millimeters in length. ‘The form is rather slender and the color markings of elytra are as in the type specimen, except that the ante-median fuscous fascia is narrow, very irregular in out- line and widely interrupted at the suture. The structure of the an- tennz is not given in the original description. The form of the apical abdominal segments and antennal structure are, however, of such value that species known to be distinct could not well be separated by use of other characters. In discoidalis the antennz are slender, longer than head and thorax; the basal joint large and stout; joints two to eleven much more slender, feebly serrate, the second to ninth grad- ually increasing in length; the tenth slightly shorter but the eleventh slightly longer than the ninth. The abdominal sexual characters of the male are given by Rev. H. S. Gorham (Biol. Centr.-Amer., 11, Pt. 2, p. 131). In the female the ventral segments are wider than the corresponding dorsal segments; the fifth ventral very deeply and broadly arcuately emarginate; the sixth ventral shorter than the last dorsal, deeply depressed at the middle, deeply and broadly emar- ginate at apex, the sides arcuately elevated; the last dorsal truncate. In the specimen before the author the first to fourth ventral segments have the sides and posterior margins testaceous, the fifth and sixth are entirely testaceous. (Pl. VI, fig. 20.) Cymatodera grossa Gorham. Cymatodera grossa Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Amer., 111, Pt. 2, 1882, p. 188. A specimen of this species from Cuernavaca, Mexico, taken by Prof. Wickham, exceeds in size the type specimens, being 15.3 milli- meters in length (types ro-13 mm.). The antenne extend to base 356 Fretp Museum oF NaTuRAL History — Zoo oey, Vou. VII. | of elytra and are similar to those of discoidalis, but stouter and more strongly serrate. The specimen is a male, the abdominal sexual characters being identical with those given for that sex by Gorham; the ventral plates are broader than the dorsal. The rows of elytral punctures are arranged in pairs, the alternate intervals being wider. Priocera lecontei sp. nov. (Pl. V, fig. 2.) Closely resembles castanea Newman, from which it differs in. the following characters: Size larger and form much more robust; head feebly, sparsely and finely punctate; thorax not conspicuously punctate (nearly impunctate); the elytra have the humeri more prominent; the femora are more strongly clavate, and the head, flanks of prothorax, and legs are clothed with a long, dense, yellowish pilosity. The coloration in general is the same, excepting that the reddish-brown portions of the dorsal surface in castanea are here replaced with pitchy black, the extreme elytral apices being dull orange. The arrangement of the yellow maculations is precisely as - in castanea, but the ante-median and post-median pairs are much larger and very irregular in form. Length 10 millim. The specimen before the author was determined many years ago as “‘ Priocera near castanea, n. sp.’’ by Dr. LeConte, to whose memory this fine species is dedicated. Lecontei cannot well be confused with Newman’s species, the form being very broad, and the width of the elytra at base equal to one- third the total length, while in castanea the width of the elytra at base is equal to but one-fourth of the total length. California, without definite locality. Type in Bolter Colln., Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. Adelphoclerus' gen. nov. Head declivious, not wider than prothorax; eyes finely granulate, moderately deeply but narrowly emarginate; mandibles very promi- nent, nearly as long as the head, stout, a strong tooth on inner margin one-third from apex; palpi asin Clerus; antenne slender, hairy; club compact, three-jointed, abruptly formed, much larger than preceding joints; form very strongly convex; tarsi moderately long and dilated, claws broadly dilated at. base. Type of the genus is the following new species: tdachiuis, frater; Clerus. ‘ : Vee SN pe Sree May,1910. Notes on Some CLERIDZ2 — WoOLCcoTT. 357 Adelphoclerus nitidus sp. nov. Entirely black (except labial palpi which are pale yellow, the last joint fuscous), shining. Head not wider than the thorax, sparsely punctate; front longitudinally impressed at each side; pubescence black and white, the white denser at the sides. Antenne shorter than the head and thorax, distinctly clubbed. Thorax much nar- rower than elytra at base, longer than broad, finely alutaceous, a few, fine scattered punctures; pubescence black, at the sides yellow- ish white and dense. Elytra strongly convex; sides parallel; pilose with long, erect sparse black hairs and semirecumbent white hairs, the latter more conspicuous towards the apex; punctures scarcely visible, Length 6 millim. - ‘oes Jalapa, Mexico. Type in collection of the writer; cotype in the cabinet of Prof. Wickham. Thanasimus monticola sp. noy. (PI. V, fig. 3.) Form of dubius Fab. and similar in color but differing as follows: More shining; head and thorax black, more sparsely and finely punc- tate; head densely clothed with long recumbent and erect gray hairs; thorax distinctly longer than broad, apical transverse impression feeble; thorax and elytra rather densely clothed with long, erect, black hairs. Elytra with the humeri only rufous; anterior fascia more acutely and deeply angulate, the posterior fascia very narrow at the sides but very broad at the suture; rows of coarse punctures obsolete, except at basal fourth, where there are four feebly impressed rows. Body beneath black; legs (except the knees), bright san- guineous. Length g millim. This species resembles in color the variety rubriventris more closely than it does the typical dubius, but the legs and humeri in rubriventris are black and the rows of coarse elytral punctures long, as they also are in the typical dubius, the outer rows extending beyond the middle. Mt. Whitney, California, 11,000 ft. el., July 22, 1899. Collected and kindly given the writer by Mr. F. S. Daggett. Clerus Fabricius Clerus Fabr., Syst. Ent., 1775, p. 157 (nec. Clerus Schklg., Gen. Ins., Cleridz, 1903, p. 40). Type mutillarius Fabr. Pseudoclerops J. du Val., Gen. Col. Eur., 1861, p. 196. Type mutillarius Fabr. The American species heretofore referred to Clerus Fabr., are not 358 Fie_tp Museum or Natura History — Zoo.oey, Vor. VII. congeneric with the true type of the genus and will in all probability have to be renamed, no term now in the literature apparently being available. ; When the genus Pecilochroa was proposed by Chevrolat (Mémoire, 1876, p. 5), no type was indicated, but Clerus cvanipennis Klug (= dasytoides White), thoracicus Oliv., and haagi nov. sp. were placed as members of the genus. Gorham subsequently designated the first of the above mentioned species as the type; and as cyani- pennis is a Clerus (as characterized by Schenkling) and, like haagi a synonym of thoracicus the term would be available for use, were it not for the fact that it isa homonym, being antedated by Pecilochroa Westring (Bemerk. u. d. Arach., Abh., v, Thorell, 1874). Clerus viduus Klug. . Clerus viduus Klug, Abh. Berl. Akad., 1842, p. 297. Clerus erythrogaster Spin., Mon. Clér., 1, 1844, p. 272. Clerus viduus Spin., Mon. Clér., Atlas, 1844, pl. 27, fig. 3. Clerus rufiventris Chevr., Rev. et. Mag. Zool., 1843, p. 11. Clerus cuprescens Gorh., Cist. Ent., 1876, p. 81. This species, which was stricken from our lists upon the supposi- tion that it was not a member of our fauna, was taken at Alpine, Texas, June, 28-30, 4,400-6,000 ft. el., by Prof. Wickham. A specimen sent the author for identification is 8 mm. in length. The form is that of sphegeus; the color is purpurescent, slightly geneous; the meso-, metasternum, and abdomen are red, the legs black, knees, femora at base, and tibiz at apex narrowly red, basal joint of antenne beneath and palpi reddish. Clothed with rather short, fine, recumbent, ashy hairs and long, sparse, erect, black hairs; upon each elytron two large somewhat arcuate spots in which the ashy hairs are wanting. The first of these subbasal, extending from near the flanks nearly to the suture, the other behind the middle attains the flanks but not the suture; the elytra are conjointly rounded at apex; the legs are clothed with rather short, grayish white, and longer erect black hairs; the abdomen and body very sparsely clothed with long, very pale hairs. The labrum and the abdomen above are reddish, the color of the legs is quite variable. Spinola merely describes the legs as red, while Klug in the original description states that they are black, with the intermediate femora above and the posterior femora and tibia totally red, In other descriptions the legs are said to be red, with the tarsi fuscous. : 3, | 4 May,1910. Notes on Some CLERID2 — WOLCOTT. 359 Clerus badeni Gorham. Clerus Badeni Gorh., Cist. Ent., 11, 1876, p. 80. This species, which was described from Mexico, although recorded as occurring in our fauna, has not as yet found a place in our lists. The writer has a specimen from Los Angeles County, California, and Mr. Sigmund Schenkling (Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr., 1906, p. 277) gives as localities California, Texas and Mexico. Closely resembling quadrisignatus, with which it agrees in size; it may be known by the less convex form; the ante-apical fascia in- distinct, reduced to a small ante-apical spot, or entirely wanting; the general color is as variable as in quadrisignatus. At each side of the scutellum there is usually a minute spot of reddish hairs. Clerus lunatus Klug. . Clerus lunatus Klug, Abh. Berl. Akad., 1842, p. 294. Clerus lunatus Spin., Mon. Clér., 1, 1844, p. 255, pl. xx1Vv, fig. 2. Clerus bicolor Melsh., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, 1846, p. 307. This species has been invariably accredited to Spinola. Klug cites the name from Sturm’s Cat.,1, p. 120. The locality is not given, but some of the individuals from New Jersey in the collection of the author agree with Klug’s description in every detail. Clerus nigriventris LeConte. This species is referred to Thanasimus by Mr. Sigmund Schenkling and, if Thanasimus, which is feebly differentiated from Clerus, is to stand, the assignment is the correct one. It seems probable, however, that Thanasimus will have to give way to Clerus, as some known species seem to bridge over the generic differences. The name ni- griventris is preoccupied in Clerus by C. nigriventris Blanchard (Voy. d. Orb., 1842, p. go, pl. 6, fig. 3) described from the Argentine Republic, LeConte’s species dating from 1861 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 351). Should the species be reassigned to the genus Clerus, the specific name of lecontei is suggested for it. Clerus bimaculatus Skinner. Clerus bimaculatus Skin., Ent. News, XVI, 1905, p. 291; Schaef., Can. Ent., 1906, p. 21. Clerus bioculatus, Schaef., Sci. Bull. Brookl. Inst. Arts and Sci., I, no. 7, 1905, p. 154; Schaef., Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., xvr, 1908, p. 127. This is a variable species in coloration. A specimen from the 360 Fretp Museum or NaturRAL History — Zoo.oecy, Vou. VII. Huachuca Mountains, Arizona, in the collection of the Field Museum of Natural History, agrees with the type in most respects, but has the head, thorax, and base of elytra dull reddish, the entire ventral sur- face of body, abdomen, and femora above red, the tarsi pitchy. The name bioculatus cited above was evidently a slip of the pen, but owing to the fact that both names have appeared in a recent paper as though pertaining to distinct species, it will serve, the writer | believes, a useful purpose to thus record them. Clerus bombycinus Chevrolat. Clerus bombycinus Chevr., Col. Mex., cent. I, 183 3, fasc. 1; Klug, Abh. Berl. Akad., 1842, p. 295. Clerus eneicollis Spin., Mon. Clér., 1, 1844, p. 254, pl. 24; fig. 1. A fine series of this species from Cuernavaca, Mexico, was sent the author by Prof. Wickham. The specimens range in size from 6.5-8.7 millimeters. The color pattern is very constant, but the color is quite variable, forms being represented in the series from those with typical markings to almost entirely black specimens; in the latter the whitish fasciz are distinct, but the median angulated fas- cia is divided (except at the lateral margins) by the black into two narrow fascie; the base of elytra narrowly red, the red prolonged at the suture and the flanks; the knees, tibiz, and tarsi very obscurely testaceous. Clerus latefasciatus sp. nov. ; Form of opifex Gorh. Rufous, very shining; apical joint of maxillary palpi pitchy; antenne rufo-piceous, becoming gradually darker towards apex, the club dull piceous, basal joint rufous; coxe, trochanters, and metasternum with disk at middle and posterior margin broadly pitchy black; tarsi entirely shining black; elytra with a very broad black fascia which does not reach the extreme lateral margin and which is narrowly interrupted at the suture. Pubescence moderately dense, black, erect and semierect, with shorter semierect and recumbent golden yellow hairs on head, flanks of thorax, legs, and elytra; the golden yellow hairs most conspicuous on head, humeral region of elytra, and ventral surface; abdomen moderately clothed with silky, yellowish recumbent pubescence, with a few long black hairs at apex. Head, including the eyes, narrower than the thorax, finely sparsely punctate, front with two deep impressions between the eyes. Thorax broad, narrower than elytra; disk sparsely and finely but unevenly punctate; flanks very finely, sparsely punc- a a a ¥ May, 1910. Notes ON SoME CLERIDZ — Wo corr. 361 tate. Elytra subparallel; humeri very prominent; basal tubercles nearly obsolete; basal striga feeble, yellowish; surface moderately coarsely and very densely punctate, more feebly and sparsely at apex; a broad, black, slightly ante-median fascia extending from reflected portion of lateral margin to the suture, where it is narrowly inter- rupted; anterior and basal margins of fascia slightly irregular. Ventral surface and abdomen rather finely and sparsely punctate. Length 7.25 millim, This species appears to be quite distinct from any other occurring in the fauna treated of in this paper. The median dark fascia is equal in width to half the length of the elytra and as a whole is sit- uated mostly before the middle, in other words the basal one-sixth and apical one-third of elytra are red, the fascia occupying the inter- vening space. Rio Balsas, Guerrero, Mexico. One specimen. Type in cabinet of Prof. Wickham. Clerus decussatus Klug. Clerus decussatus Klug, Abh. Berl. Akad., 1842, p. 296. Clerus Hopjneri Spin., Mon, Clér., 1, 1844, p. 256, pl. 25, fig. r. Clerus decussatus var. ornatus Spin., Mon. Clér., 1, 1844, p. 257, pl. 25, fig. 2. A single specimen was taken by Prof. Wickham at Cuernavaca. As indicated by the synonymy this is a variable species in coloration. The Cuernavaca specimen has the head, under surface, and legs black, the tarsi obscurely testaceous, the thorax reddish, somewhat infuscate, especially across the middle. The elytra fascie are about as figured by Spinola (pl. 25, f. 1) except that the lunate median fascia, while interrupted at the suture, is confluent with the common triangular shaped maculation. The apical portion of elytra is black, with an oblique ante-apical fascia interrupted at the suture; the space between the ante-apical and median fascia and the anterior margin of the latter black; basal portion red. The three terminal and the basal joints of the antenne red, the intermediate joints gradually becoming darker from the club to the base. The specimen is 7.8 millimeters in length. Clerus salvini Gorham. Clerus Salvini Gorh., Cist. Ent., , 1876, p. 78. Two specimens of this species labeled ‘‘ Mex.,”’ without other data, have been in the possession of the writer for a number of years. This species has been recorded only from Guatemala and Costa Rica. 362 Fietp Museum or Natura History — Zootoey, Vor. VII. Clerus vulneratus Klug. Clerus vulneratus Klug, Abh. Berl. Akad., 1842, p. 302. This, in the writer’s opinion, is as handsome a species of Clerus as any known from North America. Two specimens were taken at. Cuernavaca by Prof. Wickham. The general color is dark blue, the antenne and palpi black. Both specimens have the ground color of elytra coppery (as it was in Rev. Gorham’s specimen from Parada, Mex.), and have the bright sanguineous red fascia widely interrupted at the suture; at the lateral margins the red extends posteriorly to nearly twice the width of fascia elsewhere. The ashy pubescence clothing the elytral apices is quite conspicuous. Clerus quadrisignatus Say. Clerus quadrisignatus Say, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., 1, +83 5 pee Dr. George H. Horn (Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, Iv, 1893-94, p. 331), records this species from San Jose del Cabo, Lower Cali- fornia. A specimen from the same identical locality given the writer by Prof. Wickham differs greatly from the typical form in coloration, being nearest to the variety laticinctus Lec., from ‘Colorado River and Sonora.’’ The specimen at hand is red to a greater degree and extent than in /aticinctus, being entirely of a rather pale red, the venter and abdomen pale yellow, the elytra wholly red excepting a broad median and a narrower subapical fascia which are white, the median fascia very narrowly bordered with black, the antenne and legs entirely red. As no difference of form, sculpture, etc., exists be- tween this and typical specimens, the author refrains from follow- ing the all too common practice, that of giving a name to mere color varieties. Clerus thoracicus Olivier. Clerus thoracicus Oliv., Ent., 1v, 1795, no. 76, p. 18, pl. 2, fig. 22 a, b. Clerus cyanipennis Klug, Abh. Berl. Akad., 1842, p. 307. Thanasimus monilis Melsh., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, 1845, Pp. 307. Systenoderes dastoides White, Cat. Cler. Brit. Mus., 1849, p. 50. Pecilochroa cyanipennis Chevr., Mémoire, 1876, pp. 5, et 12. Pacilichroa Haagi Chevr., 1. ¢., p. 12. Cleronomous ornaticollis Lec., Trans. Amer, Ent. Soc., vil, 1880, Pp. 194. As indicated by the synonymy, thoracicus is quite variable in _ _ ‘G ae May,1g10. Nores on Some CLERIDZH — WOLCOTT. 363 color. Cyanipennis Klug is the type of Chevrolat’s genus Pecilochroa, but it differs from the typical form only by being blue instead of black, the thorax being red with the basal margin narrowly and the apical margin broadly blue, and the elytra are a somewhat lighter shade of blue than the other parts. A specimen of the blue form from Texas has the coloration as usual, except that the sutural margin is narrowly but distinctly green; forms are known, however, in which the elytra are green with the prothorax entirely blue. Placopterus' gen. noy. Eyes emarginate; labrum emarginate; maxillary palpi cylindrical ; labial palpi dilated, securiform; tarsi distincly five-jointed, claws den- tate near base; antennz slender, hairy, eleven-jointed, joints of funi- cle short, subequal, club distinct, rather lax, three-jointed; tho- rax short, strongly convex; body cylindrical. A genus rendered necessary for the reception of Pecilochroa plumbea Gorh., which is left without generic standing as a result of sinking the genus Pecilochroa Chevr. P. frontalis Gorh. from Guate- mala, P. varia Gorh. and P. rufipes Schklg. from Mexico, are also provisionally referred to this genus. Clerosoma® gen. nov. Eyes distinctly emarginate; labrum emarginate; maxillary palpi ‘subcylindrical; labial palpi strongly dilated; tarsi five-jointed, claws strongly toothed at base; antenne rather stout, eleven-jointed, last three joints only slightly larger than preceding joints. This genus is proposed to receive Pectlochroa (Colyphus) gracilis Gorh., a species of Panama. Its affinities are with Cleronomus, but the facies is quite different, the elytra being very elongate and parallel. The antennz are longer than the head and thorax and almost clubbed at their apices, the last three joints being only slightly larger than the preceding ones; the tenth joint is, however, distinctly wider than the ninth, and also larger than the short terminal joint. Thaneroclerus girodi Chevrolat. Thaneroclerus Girodi Chevr., Bull. Soc. Ent. France, ser. 5, x, 1880, p. 31. Two examples of this Cuban species were found and presented to the writer by Mr. Alexander Colletti. The specimens were found 1rd, tAakés, lamina; Zizper, ala. *Clerus; adpa, corpus. 364 Fie_p Museum or Natura History — Zoé.oey, Vou. VII. dead among the scraps and dust of tobacco remaining in’ one of the boxes in which leaf tobacco had been shipped from Havana, Cuba, to a Chicago cigar factory. In the same box there were also found many specimens of a small brownish Hemipter and a species of Cato- rama, besides fully twenty other species of Coleoptera, most of which were minute forms. The Hemipterous insects and the Catorama had been preyed upon by some other insect, presumably by T. girodt. The original types of this species came from Cuba under exactly the same conditions, and-were stated by Chevrolat to be indebted for nourishment to the larve and perfect insects of the genus Catorama. Compared with sanguineus Say, this species is larger, has the prothorax less densely, more coarsely punctate, the longitudinal median depression deeper and better defined, the elytra somewhat more sparsely punctate and not uniformly convex but longitudinally depressed each side of suture at the middle. Aulicus monticola Gorham. Aulicus monticola Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Amer., 111, Pt. 2, 1882, p. 146, pl. vit, fig. 18. This species, described from Mexico, and which is new to the fauna of America north of Mexico, was taken in August at Alpine, Texas, by Prof. Wickham, to whom the writer is indebted for ex- amples of this species and A. nero. The typical form is black; the head red, the antenne, palpi, and mandibles black; rugosely punctate above; the prothorax sparsely, strongly punctate, red, anterior margin and a wide median vitta black, pilosity grayish; elytra chalybeous, the humeri, a post-median fascia interrupted at the suture, and the lateral margins before the fascia red; abdomen (the apex excepted) red. Length 8-13 millim. The specimen before the author differs from the type in color pattern to some slight extent: The second and third antennal joints are red; both the anterior and basal margins of the thorax are black, the latter broadly, the former abbreviated towards the flanks; the red elytral markings are reduced in extent, preserving, however, the typical style of ornamentation; the abdomen is black, the apical angles of the fifth ventral segment alone being red; the length is 9.5 millim. In the remarks following the description, Rev. Gorham states that the tarsal claws are simple; in the specimen at hand they are incrassate at base, as they are also in nero. 4 : q May,1910. Nores on Some CLERID# — WoLcort. ieee Aulicus nero Spinola. Aulicus nero Spin., Mon. Clér., 1, 1844, p. 330, pl. Xxvil, fig. 5. : This species was also originally described from Mexican specimens, but all recent records pertain to its occurrence within our faunal limits. The writer has seen specimens from Water Canyon, New Mexico (Snow), Alpine, Texas, 4,400-—6,000 ft. el. (Wickham), and San Ber- nardino Ranch, Cochise County, Arizona, and is informed by Dr. H. C. Fall that it occurs at Palm Springs, southern California; Horn re- corded it from the southern Coast Range of California and from El Chinche, Lower California: Wickham took it in the Santa Rita Moun- tains, southern Arizona; it was unknown to the Rev. H. S. Gorham, author of that portion of the Biologia Centrali-Americana (Vol. 111, part 2), which deals with the family Cleride. An exceedingly variable species in coloration and closely allied to monticola, but averaging smaller in size. Head, thorax, body, scutellum, and feet brilliant blue varying to shining blue black, with feeble metallic luster. Antenne black, first five or six joints red- dish. Elytra red, the suture, apex, and often a band of variable pro- portions at basal third, blue. Abdomen red varying to black, broadly bordered at sides and apex with red. Length 6.8—7.5 millim. Spinola gives the length as “4% lignes’’ (=9.5 mm.); the line given on the plate is, however, 6 lines in length (12.5 mm.) and is no doubt in excess of the actual size. The writer has seen no specimens exceeding 7.5 millimeters in length. Mr. Sigmund Schenkling (Bull. Mus, Hist. Nat. Paris, 1902, p. 325) states that the type specimen has the elytra dull reddish with only ‘the suture and the apex blue; the same writer also mentions seeing several specimens in the collection of the Museum d’Histoire Natur- elle de Paris, in which the elytra are entirely blue with only a portion of the epipleure red. A. monticola and A. nero may be separated as follows: a. Sides of prothorax strongly constricted near apex; pubescence of dorsal surface short, less dense; elytra coarsely rugose; metasternum at sides coarsely, sparsely punctate; flanks of prothorax in great part red. : monticola. aa, Sides of prothorax very feebly constricted near apex; pubes- cence longer and moderately dense; elytra more finely but densely rugose; metasternum at sides finely, very densely, rugose; prothorax entirely blue or black. nero. 366 Fie_tp Museum oF Natura History — Zooéxoey, Vo. VII. Xenoclerus edwardsii Horn. Trogodendron F-dwardsiit Horn, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vir, 1880, Pp. 149. This is one of our largest Clerids, the size ranging from 15 to 19 millimeters. It occurs at El Chinche (2,000 ft. el.), Lower California (Horn), in San Diego County, California, (Fall, Fuchs), and the writer has before him specimens from Bill Williams Fork, Arizona (Snow), and Tucson, Arizona, (Wickham) both of which were taken in August. The Tucson specimen is the largest that the author has seen; the sides of the ventral abdominal segments are broadly red, the apical segments entirely red. The black elytral markings are quite variable in extent but the fascia is always well before the middle, not median as stated in the original description. Mr. Schenkling (Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1902, p. 327), has erected the genus Xenoclerus for the above American species, Tro- godendron being retained for the Australian species. In Trogodendron the anterior half of the elytra is covered with large, profound, seriate punctures. In Xenoclerus the same part is finely, irregularly punctate, posteriorly the punctures are closer but still very fine, the humeri are elevated but the subbasal gibbosities (which are very distinct in Trogodendron) do not exist; the thorax is not granulate, but smooth and shining, sparsely, finely, but deeply punctate; the anterior transverse line is strongly marked; a rather feeble fovea each side of disk; the antenne are less stout, the fourth to tenth joints are not dentate, the eleventh joint pyriform, the inner margin not straight but arcuately excavated; and the posterior femora do not attain the apex of the elytra or abdomen. Xenoclerus is said to have the second joint of the antenne not globular but nearly as long as the third joint, and the tarsal claws thickened and obtusely dentate at the middle. The writer is unable after examining several specimens of the typical species of Trogo- dendron (fasciaculatum, Schreib.), and two specimens of X. edwardsii, to find any difference of moment in the structure of these parts; the claws are obtusely toothed in both genera, not at the middle but near the base, and the second joint of the antenne in Xenoclerus i is much shorter than the third joint and subglobular in form. Trichodes Herbst. Dr, George H. Horn in his synopsis of the species of Trichodes (Trans. Amer, Ent. Soc., Vv, 1876, pp. 231-232) recognized six species, including ilustris which was then first made known, as occurring a oe aT May,1g10o. Nores on Some CLERID& — WOLcorTT. 367 in our fauna. Two species new to science have recently been given the author and these, with two described by Dr. Horn after the pub- lication of his synopsis, give a total of ten species now known from the entire continent of North America. The color and markings are extremely variable in several of the species, consequently the writer has sought other characters than those used by Dr. Horn. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF TRICHODES. a. Very slender, sides of elytra parallel. b. Pubescence of abdomen long, evenly distributed. oresterus 368 bb. Pubescence of abdomen very short and sparse, longer and dense at the sides on posterior margin of segments two, three, and four. c. Head rather sparsely punctate; antenna entirely black; ely- tral pile erect, black. peninsularis, 369 cc. Head very densely punctate; antenne rufous, mass often darker; elytral pile in part pale. tllustris, 369 aa. Robust, sides of elytra broadest behind the middle. d. Elytral apices (¢') truncate, sutural angles prolonged; thorax very coarsely, densely punctate; thoracic pubescence very . long. simulator, 370 dd. Elytral apices (c’, 2) rounded; thorax densely but less coarsely punctate; pubescence shorter. e. Antennal club broadly triangular. f. Prothorax in great part reddish. bibalteatus, 371 ff. Prothorax entirely blue, violaceous, or greenish. g. Elytra feebly shining, black or purplish with faint cupreous surface luster, trifasciate with yellow; abdomen in part red. NEXUS, 372 gg. Elytra shining, blue, fasciate or maculate with yellow (rarely _ unicolorous); abdomen shining blue. h. Prothorax with sides compressed apically, strongly compressed at base. ornatus, 372 hh. Prothorax subquadrate, sides slightly compressed at base. . bimaculatus, 374 ee, Antennal club elongately triangular. i. Elytra sparsely, not very coarsely or deeply punctate. nuttallt, 374 ii. Elytra densely, coarsely, cribrate-punctate. apivorus, 375 368 FreLp MusEUM OF Natura History — Zodxoey. Vor. VII. Trichodes oresterus sp. nov. (PI. V, fig. 4.) Slender, bright metallic blue; abdomen usually in part, flanks of elytra, a broad basal fascia, a median fascia and on arcuate vitta red. Antenne shining black, club red. Head coarsely, densely punctate, clothed with long, rather dense, ashy white pubescence; palpi pale. Thorax as wide as long; disk convex; postapical constriction feeble; apex truncate; flanks arcuately narrowing to basal constriction; surface coarsely, densely punctate; a longitudinal smooth depression at middle of base; pubescence long, erect, ashy white at apex and flanks, black on disk. Elytral parallel; apices arcuate-truncate, the sutural angle prolonged but rounded; surface coarsely cribrately punctate, very feebly striate: color violaceous; the flanks narrowly, a basal fascia prolonged along the suture, a median feébly undulate fascia and a vitta starting at the flanks at apical fourth curving to near the suture thence continuing arcuately to the median fascia with which it is confluent one-third from the suture, red; all the fas- cia broadest at flanks; the red margin extends from base to outer end of arcuate vitta. Sides of metasternum densely clothed with long, whitish hairs. Abdomen clothed with long, whitish, evenly distributed pubescence. Length 8.5—11.4 millim. Allied to peninsularis but has the head densely punctate, the punctuation of thoracic disk denser at the sides, the elytral pubes- cence pale on the red parts and the abdomen evenly clothed with whitish pubescence; the color and markings are also somewhat different. That oresterus is a variable species in coloration is evident as shown by the series before the writer. In an example from Marfa the antenne are black, the club very obscurely reddish, the abdomen entirely red, and the prothorax black with apical fourth and base narrowly blue. The median fascia is sometimes interrupted at the suture and in the type specimen the basal fascia extends along the suture to the median fascia with which it is confluent. The abdomen usually has the first and second ventral segments and the anterior half and the sides of the others excepting the sixth broadly sanguineous red, but in one specimen nearly the entire abdomen is pitchy black. (Elytral markings, pl. VI, fig. 21.) Alpine, Texas, 4,400-6,000 ft. el; Marfa, Texas, 4,600-4,800 ft. el.; Pecos, Texas. Type in cabinet of Prof. Wickham, to whom the writer.is indebted for a cotype. May, 1910. Norges on Some CLertip#& — WOLcorT. 360 Trichodes peninsularis Horn. Trichodes peninsularis Horn, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1v, ser. 2, 1894, p. 382, pl. 8, fig. 7. . Similar in form and size to oresterus but less slender; head and thorax violaceous, elytra dull blue black, with three yellow fascie; body beneath and abdomen shining olivaceous green. Antenne entirely black. Head rather sparsely punctate, thinly clothed with rather long hair; palpi pale. Thorax as long as wide, surface coarsely punctate, dense at the sides, more sparse on disk; disk convex, a slight depression at middle of base. Elytra parallel; surface coarsely cribrately punctate, feebly striate; apices truncate, sutural angle distinct; hairs short, black and erect; fascia narrow, yellow; a basal fascia, broad at the humeri, extends slightly obliquely to near the suture, thence turns abruptly parallel with the suture; a median and a posterior fascia at apical fourth very slightly arcuate. Sides of metasternum and the posterior margins of ventral segments two, three, and four, clothed with long, dense, white hair. Abdomen shining, smooth. Legs black, with bluish green luster. (Elytral markings, pl. VI, fig. 22.) Closely allied to ilustris Horn, but possessing distinctive char- acters of apparently sufficient value to justify its retention as a valid species, Occurs in Lower California at El] Chinche. Trichodes illustris Horn. Trichodes illustris Horn, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., v, 1876, p. 231, fig. This species resembles both oresterus and peninsularis in form and to some extent in markings. The more finely punctured head, red antennal funicle, less evenly distributed abdominal hairs, size, color, and markings will easily separate it from oresterus. From peninsularis this species differs in having the head coarsely, densely punctate, the legs (usually) and antenne red, the three apical joints of the latter sometimes black, the ground color of the elytra dull ferruginous, the fascie and flanks bordered with black; the fascia are also of somewhat different form, the first keeping close to the basal margin and pro- longed posteriorly on the suture, the median fascia is more strongly arcuate and the posterior fascia much more oblique. The writer has not seen the male of this species, all the specimens at hand having the apices of elytra truncate and sinuate. In a specimen from Fort Huachuca, Arizona, kindly loaned by Mr. F. S. 370 Frerp Museum or Natura History — Zooétoey, Vor. VII. Daggett, the elytra are much darker than in the writer’s specimens from San Bernardino Ranch, Cochise County, Arizona, the reddish brown portions being greatly reduced in extent, the legs are bluish black, the femora having a more conspicuous bluish tint, the knees are just touched with ferruginous, tibiz at base dark, but becoming gradually ferruginous towards the apices, the tarsi ferruginous. In all the author’s specimens the antenne are entirely red, thus differing from the type which has the last three joints black. Length 13-15.5 millim. (Elytral markings, pl. VI, fig 23.) Known only from southern Arizona. Trichodes simulator Horn. Trichodes simulator Horn, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe., vir, 1880, Pp. 149. Trichodes simulator var. flavescens Ckll., New Mex. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. no. 28, Dec., 1898, p. 155. Rather robust, dark blue; head and scutellum with purplish or greenish tint; elytra varying from yellow to orange-red, with two fas- cie and apex blue to bluish black. Head, thorax, and elytra at base clothed with very long yellowish pubescence. Antenne obscurely reddish, club blue black. Head densely punctate. Prothorax dark blue, coarsely and very densely punctate, punctures confluent. Elytra clothed with pale yellowish pubescence, short except at base; coarsely, densely and deeply punctate, substriate; apices (<') trun- cate, the sutural angle slightly prolonged in a sharp spine; at about basal fourth a rather broad, slightly undulate fascia; behind the middle a much broader fascia and the apex broadly blue to blue black. Body beneath and abdomen dark blue. Legs a lighter more brilliant blue, and with the venter, clothed with long yellowish hairs. Length 13-15 millim. (Elytral markings, pl. VI, fig. 24.) The markings in this species are quite similar to those of apivorus, from which it may be distinguished by the form of the antennal club which is here very short, being only about one-half longer than the width of the apical joint, the thorax is more coarsely (nearly crib- rately) punctate, and the elytral apices of the male are truncate. The punctuation of the elytra is more dense and confluent than in bibalteatus, apivorus, or illustris, and its allies. The so-called variety, flavescens Ckll., is placed as a synonym, as it seems unwise to retain a variety founded on a slight variation in the color of the elytra, especially in genera where the species are known to vary so greatly in this respect as they do in the genus Trichodes. May, 1910. Notes on Some CLerip# — Wo tcort. 371 Occurs in Arizona, in New Mexico eae Fe, Albuquerque, Pecos), and in Wyoming. Trichodes bibalteatus LeConte. Trichodes bibalteatus Lec., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., tv, 1858, ser. 2, p. 18; Horn, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., v, 1876, p. 231, pl. 1, fig. 27. Moderately robust, feebly shining; head, thorax, and base of elytra clothed with moderately long, reddish yellow pilosity. Head dull red, varying to pitchy black, very densely but not very coarsely punctate, as is also the thorax; palpi pale; antenne varying from pale testaceous to obscurely red, the club from brownish red to black. Thorax dull red, the basal portion often more or less pitchy black; slightly longer than broad, broadest behind the middle; sides very slightly arcuate, feebly compressed at apical fourth. Scutellum black. Elytra orange-red to pale yellow, with two rather broad fas- ciz, one just before the middle and the other midway between the - middle and the apex, black; the fasciz clothed with very short, dense black pubescence; surface rather sparsely coarsely, cribrate-punctate ; apex immaculate. Body beneath, legs and abdomen, shining, black, frequently with a purplish, bluish or greenish tinge; the apical seg- ments of the abdomen often red, the tarsi sometimes paler. Length 10-16 millim. (Elytral markings, pl. VI, fig. 25.) Slightly resembles both simulator and apivorus, from both of which it may be known by the apices of the elytra being never blue or black but always reddish or yellow. The pilosity of the head and thorax is much shorter, the apices of elytra are always rounded and the thorax is more, finely punctate than in simulator; from apivorus it differs in having the club of antennz shorter, punctuation of elytra less dense, the pilosity of the head and thorax paler, and the thorax to a more or less extent reddish. The color of the elytral fascie is black, in apivorus purplish or blue black. Most of the specimens in collections are labeled ‘‘Texas,”’ which was the locality given by LeConte in the original description. Prof. Wickham has taken bibalteatus at Winslow, Arizona, and also at Alpine, Texas (4,400-6,000 ft. el.). A specimen from the last locality has the orange-red of elytra, a much stronger shade than in any other example the author has seen. 372 Fretp Museum or Naturat History — Zooétoey, Vor. VII. Trichodes nexus sp. nov. (PI. V, fig. 5.) Form of ornatus but slightly more robust and elytra more strongly convex; green, shining, sparsely clothed with moderately long, erect, yellow hairs. Head rather finely and densely punctate; antennez and palpi red, basal joint of the former infuscate above. Thorax as broad as long, broadest at the middle; subapical constriction ' feeble, rather strongly compressed at base; surface coarsely, rather sparsely punctate. Elytra black or violaceous, feebly shining, with faint cupreous reflections in certain lights; pubescence (except on fascia) black; surface rather coarsely, deeply, roughly but not densely punctate; markings somewhat similar to ornatus; a basal fascia prolonged posteriorly, parallel with but distant from the suture and acuminate at apex; a median fascia feebly arcuate, very slightly oblique and widely interrupted at the suture, and a very oblique fascia at apical fourth, narrow, yellow; the humeral um- bones black; apices very obtuse, nearly truncate. Body beneath and abdomen dark green, the latter with ventral segments two, three, and four at posterior angles broadly and two apical segments entirely sanguineous red. Legs black, with a slight bluish tint. Length 8.2— 11 millim. (Elytral markings, pl. VI, fig. 26.) Allied to ornatus, from which it may be known by its more strongly convex form, the more finely and densely punctured head, and the more deeply, coarsely, roughly sculptured and less shining elytra. The markings of elytra and color alone would seem distinct enough to make recognition of this species an easy matter. The extent of red abdominal markings is quite variable; one specimen has the abdomen entirely green, except the posterior margin of the fifth dorsal and ventral; another has the posterior angles of the second and third, the posterior margin of the fourth, and the fifth and sixth ventral segments entirely red; while still another has the fifth and sixth entirely red, the other segments being without markings. The writer has examined over three hundred specimens of ornatus, not one of which has shown a trace of red on the ventral surface of the abdomen. The tarsi are sometimes red, the middle and posterior pair often infuscate. Four specimens, San Jose del Cabo, Lower California. Type in collection of the author; cotypes in cabinet of Prof. Wickham. Trichodes ornatus Say. Trichodes ornatus Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 111, 1823, p. 189; Klug, Abh. Berl. Akad., 1842, p. 340; Spinola, Mon. May, 1910. Notes on Some CLerrip& — Wo tcort. 373 Clér., 1, 1844, p. 327, pl. 31, fig. 5; LeConte, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., v, 1849. p. 18; Say’s Comp. Writ., Lec. ed., 1, 1859, p. 120; Horn, Trans. Amer. Ent Soc., Vv, 1876, p. 231; Horn, Ent. News, 11, 1891, p. 6; Cockerell, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xx, 1893, p. 329; Wickham, Can. Ent., xxvi, 1895, Pp. 249. Trichodes Hartwegianus White, Cat. Cler. Brit. Mus., Iv, 1849, p. 60; Cockerell, 1. c., p. 329. Trichodes Douglassianus White, |. c., p. 60; Cockerell, 1. c., p. 329. Moderately robust, shining, dark blue, clothed with long, rather sparse pubescence; fascia of elytra red or yellow and variable in extent, often greatly reduced. Head blue or green, moderately, not very densely punctate. Thorax about equally as broad as long; sides at apical fourth somewhat compressed, strongly compressed at base; surface moderately coarsely, rather densely punctate. Elytra blue; a basal fascia, broad at the shoulders (the umbones blue), extends across base to near suture along which is it prolonged posteriorly, and is generally dilated at its apex; a more or less oblique median fascia, usually interrupted at the suture, is narrowly united at the flanks with the basal fascia; an oblique fascia at apical fourth is likewise frequently interrupted at the suture; surface feebly but rather densely punctate. Body beneath, abdomen and legs blue; the tibia usually and the tarsi pale testaceous. Length 6.7-14.5 millim.. (Elytral markings, pl. V1, fig. 27.) Var. tenellus LeConte. (Trichodes tenellus Lec., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 72; Horn, Ent. News, 11, 1891, p. 6.) This variety occurs in Colorado, New Mexico, and southern Cali- fornia. It differs from the typical form in being more slender, the elytra more coarsely, regularly punctured and the markings are also slightly different, the median fascia being very oblique; the size averages smaller, being 5.5—8 millimeters. This seems quite poorly connected with the typical form, but as ornatus is known to be an extremely variable species in color markings and size, the writer does not feel warranted in placing fenellus as a valid species. Dr. Horn (Ent. News, 11, 1891, p. 6) gave a valuable contribution on the varia- tion of the elytral markings in this species; in some examples the elytra may be almost entirely red, while in others they may be blue with a reddish spot at middle of their length, but this spot is never contiguous to the lateral margin. This is a western species, while nuttalli is found in the eastern 374. Fre_p Museum or Natura History — Zoé.oey, Vou. VII. states. The only points known where both species occur. are as follows: Custer and Englewood, South Dakota (Haggard collector) ; War Bonnet and Monroe canyons in Sioux County, and Pine Ridge, Nebraska. The smallest specimen (6.7 mm.) seen by the writer is from War Bonnet Canyon, Nebraska, while the largest (14.5 mm.) is from Pike’s Peak, Colorado, 10,000 ft. el., July 20 (L. Brunner). Occurs in South Dakota, Nebraska, Alberta, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, Cali- fornia, Oregon, Washington and north to Vancouver Island. Trichodes bimaculatus [,eConte. ae Trichodes bimaculatus Lec., Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., v, 1874, p. 63. Trichodes bisignatus Horn, (err. cler.), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.. v, 1876, p. 231. Moderately robust, dark blue, shining, clothed with moderately long, erect, soft, yellowish pubescence. Antenne black, basal joints sometimes pale testaceous; palpi testaceous. Head rather sparsely and moderately finely punctate. Thorax subquadrate, strongly con- vex; sides anteriorly very feebly constricted, posteriorly feebly com- pressed; rather coarsely, rugosely punctate; a narrow median space near base smooth. Elytra densely, coarsely punctate; punctures substriate near suture; blue with a rounded reddish yellow spot at middle, contiguous with the lateral flanks. Body beneath, abdomen and legs blue. Length 8.5-10 millim. (Elytral markings, pl. VI, fig. 28.) Most closely related to nuttalli Kirby, from which it differs in having the club of antenne broadly triangular, the head more sparsely and the thorax more coarsely punctate and the dissimilar elytral markings, which in nutialli are rather constant. From ornatus Say, to which it is also allied, it may be separated by the elytral color markings, which are always contiguous with the flanks in bimaculatus, and the more strongly convex thorax, which is less compressed near apex and towards base. Known only from California (Pasadena, in author’s collection), and Oregon. Trichodes nuttalli Kirby. Clerus Nuttalli Kirby, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xu, 1818; p. 394. Trichodes Nuttalli Say, Bost. Jour..Nat. Hist., 1, 1835, p. 164, Klug, Abh. Berl. Akad., 1842, p. 337; Spin., Mon. Clér., 1, 1844, eae May, 1910.. Notes on Some CLer1ip# — WoLcorrT. 375 p. 317, pl. xxx1, fig. 2; Lec., Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., v, 1849. p. 18; ‘Horn, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., v, 1876, p. 231; Wickh., Can. Ent., xxvii, 1895, p. 249, fig. 17. Moderately robust, blue, shining, elytra fasciate with red or red- dish yellow; head and thorax clothed with moderately long, rather dense, grayish pubescence, much shorter and less dense on elytra. _ Head finely, moderately densely punctate; antenne and palpi pale testaceous, the former with the outer joints more or less infuscate. Thorax slightly longer than broad; anterior constriction feeble; sides gradually narrowing behind the middle, strongly compressed at base; surface rather finely and moderately densely punctate. Elytra sparsely, rather finely punctate; an annulate humeral maculation, the flanks from the humeri to the middle, a median fascia, and a slightly oblique ante-apical fascia ‘red; the fascia usually interrupted at the suture. Length 7.2-9.5 millim. (Elytral markings, pl. VI, fig. 29.) Nuittalli is quite similar in form and markings to typical orna- tus, but the color pattern is much less variable, the humeral annulate markings are never prolonged posteriorly near suture, and the median fascia is not usually oblique. The form of the antennal club and the proportionately longer prothorax, the sides of which are more strongly but gradually obliquely narrowed posteriorly, make this jepecien easily distinguishable from ornatus. Occurs in Florida, Louisiana, New York, Vermont, eel Pennsylvania, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, Nebraska, Iowa, South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Ontario. Trichodes apivorus Germar. Trichodes apivorus Germ., Ins. Since. Nov., 1, 1824, p. 81; Klug, Abh. Berl. Akad., 1842, p. 332; Spin., Mon. Clér., 1, 1844, p. 307, pl. xxx, fig. 4; Lec., Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., v 1849, p. 18; Horn, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., v, 1876, p. 231 Wickh., Can. Ent., xxvii, 1895, p. 249. Moderately robust, purplish or bluish black; elytra red, with two broad fasci# and apex bluish or purplish black; feebly shining. Head and thorax densely punctate, very densely clothed with fer- ruginous hairs. Antenne piceous, rarely paler towards base; basal joint usually red, with a large black spot above. Thorax distinctly longer than broad; sides moderately constricted at apical third, abruptly, strongly compressed at base; anterior transverse impressed line distinct. Elytra red or yellow; pubescence pale, that of fascie 376 Fre_tp Museum or Natura History — Zoo.ocy, Vor. VII. black; a broad fascia before and another behind the middle, and the apex purplish or bluish black; the margin of thé fascie arcuate upon each elytron, the convexity being towards base of elytra; the fas- cia sometimes interrupted at the suture (= var. interruptus Lec.); surface densely cribrate-punctate. Body beneath, legs, and abdomen clothed with long gray hairs, blue to blue black; the apical and the first and second ventral segments usually broadly red at the sides; the apical segment usually with a large discoidal black spot. Length 8.2-15 millim. (Elytral markings, pl. VJ, fig. 30.) The only species in our fauna with elytral markings at all similar to this species is simulator Horn, in the description of which some of the differential characters are given. Var interruptus Lec. (Trichodes apivorus var. interruptus Lec., Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., v, 1849, p. 18.) Specimens from Westfield, Massachusetts, and Spring Hill, Ala- bama, given the writer by Prof. Wickham are referable to this va- riety. The Massachusetts specimen is quite small, being but 8.2 millimeters in length; the anterior fascia is reduced to a large, rounded spot on each elytron, the post median fascia is widely interrupted at the suture but attains the flanks; the apex, which is a much lighter blue than the fasciz, has its anterior margin narrowly but deeply in- cised with red along the suture; in all other respects the specimen is typical. The Alabama specimen has the elytra less deeply and coarsely punctate than in the typical form, but this is very likely merely an instance of individual variation, a specimen from Marion County, Florida, being intermediate between this and the forms with normal sculpture. Occurs in Florida, Alabama, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, District of Columbia, Massachusetts, Canada, Nebraska, Texas, and New Mexico. Isolemidia cariniceps sp. nov. (PI. V, fig. 6.) Elongate, piceous black, feebly shining; thorax, sutural, and basal half of lateral margins of elytra bright yellow; mouth and base of antenne pale yellowish, five apical joints of the latter dusky; legs pale; the anterior tibia, medial femora near apex, and middle and posterior tibia at base and apex piceous; middle and hind tarsi in- fuscate. Head with the large, prominent eyes slightly wider than the elytra; eyes nearly contiguous in front; occiput and front with ob- tuse but distinct carina; surface very finely densely punctate, clothed " May, 1910. Notes ON SoME CLERIDZ — WOLCoTT. 377 with fine, rather dense silvery white pubescence. Antenne short, stout, as long as the head; apical joint obtuse at tip. Thorax broader than long, very finely rugosely punctate; pubescence sparse, yellow- ish; sides moderately dilated at middle; subapical constriction strong, posteriorly gradually convergent; lateral fovee tranverse, feeble; anterior transverse impressed line distinct; subbasal impressed line deep, toward the flanks turning forward and extending to extreme ‘margin immediately behind the middle. Elytra much shorter than the abdomen, densely, rather coarsely perforate-punctate; sides parallel, very sparsely pubescent but with more conspicuous, short, semierect, silvery white hairs on apical half; apices obtusely, sep- arately rounded, with a few well developed teeth, widely dehiscent at suture. Legs moderately long, sparsely pubescent. Length 4.7 millim. Chinandega, Nicaragua. Collected by C. F. Baker. The type specimen is in the collection of the Field Museum of Natural History. Hydnocera niveifascia Schaeffer. Hydnocera niveifascia Schaef., Sci. Bull. Brookl. Inst. Arts and Sci., 1, no. 7, 1905, p. 156. A specimen of this species taken in Cuernavaca by Prof. Wickham differs in no way from specimens collected in Arizona. It has not been recorded as occurring elsewhere than in Arizona, whence came the type. Hydnocera hematica Gorham. (PI. V, fig. 7.) Hydnocera hematica Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Amer., m1, Pt. 2, 1883, p- 172. In this species thé elytra are black; at base of each elytron there is a large red maculation extending to extreme lateral margin at the shoulders but narrowly interrupted at the suture; this marking is frequently prolonged posteriorly near the flanks, reaching in some individuals the anterior margin of the tumid portion of apices. This species is an extremely variable one in coloration. . In a long series from Cuernavaca, Mexico, collected by Prof. Wickham, only one example has the elytra entirely black; in this specimen the knees _ are just touched with pale testaceous and the posterior side of an- terior femora and basal joints of antenne are testaceous, this being the nearest approach to an entirely melanotic form. In one ex- tremely pale specimen the elytra are red excepting a longitudinal, oval, sutural maculation at the middle and the apices which are 378 Fretp Museum or NatuRAL History — Zoo oey, Vou. VII. black, and which are connected by a faint brownish stain on suture; the lateral margin behind the middle very slightly infuscate; the legs entirely pale, the tarsi alone being black. This is the only specimen in which the legs (tarsi excepted) are entirely pale, and in no indi- vidual seen were the legs entirely black; several specimens, however, have the legs black, excepting the apices of femora and tibie of front legs. This species more commonly has the front and middle legs pale, the outer margin of the femora and tibiz with a linear black marking which extends the entire length of these parts; the hind femora are pale at base, the front and middle tarsi infuscate. The black of the apical portion of posterior femora is very persistent, being present in several otherwise pale legged spices The hind femora are rather strongly clavate. Hydnocera gorhami sp. nov. (PI. V, fig. 8.) General form of hematica Gorh., but less elongate. Black. subopaque; maxillary palpi, three or four basal joints of antenne, and basal fourth of elytra reddish yellow; elytra violaceous black; scutellum black. Head and thorax very densely but not very coarsely rugosely punctate, the latter with middle of disk at base sparsely punctate; head including the eyes slightly wider than thorax but slightly narrower than elytra at base; front rather densely clothed with short, silvery white, shining pubescence; thorax one-fourth wider than long, sides at middle strongly dilated, pubescence short, sparse and inconspicuous. Elytra slightly shorter than abdomen, moderately convergent posteriorly; humeri protuberant; surface coarsely cribrate, punctuation denser and somewhat rugose at apex; lateral margin posteriorly and apices thickly, not very strongly ser- rate; apices obtusely separately rounded, dehiscent at suture; color violaceous black; basal fourth reddish yellow (the scutellum alone being black), the hind margin of red portion nearly straight; pos- terior femora rather strongly clavate, extending to apex of abdomen. Length 4-5 millim. This appears to be the same as the species shaioet doubtfully as the female of hematica by Gorham (Biol. Centr.-Amer., 111, Pt. 2, p. 172). The writer has seen about thirty specimens from Cuerna- vaca (from which locality Gorham’s examples were obtained) which exhibit, as noted under that species, a great deal of variation in color- ation and which, having the red at base of elytra prolonged posteriorly, as well as possessing the other and more important characters at- tributed to the supposed male, he therefore refers to hematica. a May,1910. Notes on Some CLERID2 — WoLcortT. - 379 Gorhami differs from hematica in its slightly less elongate form, less shining surface; coarsely densely punctate elytral apices, which are tumid and nearly smooth in hematica, much coarser, denser elytral sculpture, distinctly, densely rugose disk of thorax and color pattern of elytra, the last being identical in all the specimens before the writer. Named in honor of Rev. Henry Steven Gorham, whose unflagging zeal and ability has accomplished much towards making known the Clerid fauna of Middle America. | Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. Six specimens. Type in Jade of Prof. coos. cepa cotypes in collection of the author. Hydnocera gahani sp. nov. Form of discoidea Lec., but more a Nem Aeneous black, feebly shining; palpi, antenna, basal and apical margins of thorax, legs (the posterior femora and tibie infuscate near knees), and a vitta on each elytron yellowish testaceous. Head, including the eyes, wider than the prothorax, rather finely but densely rugose and densely clothed with short, whitish pubescence; eyes prominent. Thorax as long as wide; sides distinctly constricted near apex, mod- erately dilated at middle, nearly parallel at base; surface smooth at middle, rather finely but densely rugose elsewhere; lateral fovex feeble; subapical and basal transverse impressed lines distinct; apical margin broadly, basal margin narrowly, yellowish testaceous. _Elytra normally covering the abdomen, slightly narrowing to apex where they are dehiscent; humeri distinct; apices separately rounded, tumid and strongly serrate; punctuation coarse but very sparse; apical portion more finely and densely punctate; rather sparsely clothed with short, semierect whitish pubescence; a broad yellowish vitta, remote from sutural and lateral margins, parallel sided at base, gradually constricted near middle and rounded at apex, extends from base to apical fourth of each elytron. Body beneath rather sparsely pubescent. Length 3 millim. El Paso, Texas. One specimen, generously given the author by Mr. Warren Knaus and named in honor of my esteemed correspondent, Mr. Charles J. Gahan of the British Museum of Natural History. Hydnocera aspera sp. nov. Elongate, black, subopaque; body beneath shining; palpi and basal joints of antenne reddish; pubescence sparse, grayish. Head and thorax rather coarsely and very densely rugose, disk of latter with longitudinal, less densely punctate, feebly elevated carina. 380 Fretp Museum or Natura History — Zoétoey, Vor. VII. Head distinctly wider than thorax; front with two, large, feeble impressions; vertex with short longitudinal carina. Thorax one- fourth broader than long; sides broadly, moderately dilated at apical third; subapical constriction strong. Elytra bluish black, nearly covering the abdomen; flanks very slightly convergent posteriorly; slightly wider than the head; humeri distinct; coarsely, deeply, very densely and roughly punctate, punctures more or less confluent especially at base; apices obtusely separately rounded, moderately strongly serrate; hind femora extending to tip of abdomen. Length 4.5—5 millim. Closely allied to migro-enea Gorh., but differing from that species by the wider prothorax, much less convex form, coarser elytral punc- tuation, more coarsely, densely punctate head and thorax, and ab- sence of upright black pilosity. . Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. Five specimens. Type and three of the cotypes in cabinet of Prof. Wickham; one of the cotypes in possession of the author. Hydnocera spinolz sp. nov. Moderately elongate, black, shining; head and thorax with faint coppery reflections; antennz pale, basal joint and apex of club fus- cous; knees, tarsi, and hind tibiz obscurely testaceous. Head as broad as elytra at base, densely, finely rugulose; front not impressed; a small distinct rounded fovea on occiput; clothed with short, mod- erately dense, ashy, recumbent pubescence and rather sparse, erect, black pile. Thorax slightly narrower than the head, as long as broad, rather finely, irregularly rugosely punctate; sides not very strongly dilated; pubescence grayish, very sparse, black pile longer, coarser, and more dense than on head. Elytra scarcely shorter than the ab- domen, nearly parallel, more strongly convergent behind the middle of their length; humeri distinct; shoulders carinate, the carine short but distinct; disk feebly convex; suture strongly depressed at base; ashy pubescence rather conspicuous especially towards the apices, erect black pile conspicuous at basal third; rather coarsely, somewhat confluently punctate; apical third finely scabrous; apices separately obtusely rounded, very finely, feebly serrate, narrowly dehiscent at suture. Length 4 millim. Named in honor of the Marquis Maximilien Spinola, author of the only monograph of the family Cleride. Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. One specimen. Type in cabinet of Prof. Wickham. MAY, 1910. Notes on SoME CLERID2 — WOLCOTT. 381 Pyticera humeralis Horn. Enoplium humerale Horn., Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 1, 1868, p. 135; Gorh., Trans. Ent. Soc. London, xxv, 1877, p. 426; Horn, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., x, 1883, p. 289. Pelonium militare Chevr., Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1874, p. 234; -- Horn, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., v, 1875, p. 149; Chevr., Mém- oire, 1876, p. 48. Pyticera militare, Gorh., Biol]. Centr.-Amer., 111, Pt. 2, 1882, p. 184. This is an exceedingly variable species in respect to elytral colora- tion. In the type the shoulders, including all the space anterior to an oblique line drawn from near the scutellum to a point on the flanks slightly behind the middle, are yellow. Chevrolat’s specimen was similarly colored. A female specimen from the Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, 5,000-8,000 ft. el. (Snow), differs from the type in having the elytra entirely black and being slightly smaller, .20 inch (=5 mm.) ; Horn’s type was described as .24 inch (= 6 mm.) in length; Chev- rolat’s specimen as 10 mm. (= .40 inch). A specimen from Oak Creek Canyon, Arizona, given the writer by the late Dr. F. H. Snow, is .21 inch (= 5.25 mm.) in length and in elytral color goes nearly to the other extreme, being entirely red except the apical fourth which is black, the red color extending broadly into the black at flanks and suture. In both specimens the thoracic markings are as in the type, except that the color at flanks is red, not yellow. Occurs in New Mexico, Arizona, and Mexico. The genus Pyticera of Spinola is distinguished from Enoplium Latreille by the fact that the tarsi, when viewed from above, are distinctly four-jointed, whereas in the latter genus they are appar- ently three-jointed, the basal joint being concealed from above. Lacordaire (Gen. Col., 1v, p. 477) united Pyticera with Platynoptera Chevrolat, the two genera, however, are distinct: in Pyticera the antenne have ten joints, the short, transverse joints beginning with the third or fourth and the elytra are ovate. Platynoptera has 11- jointed antenne, joints two to eight being short, transverse, compact, and pilose, and the elytra are widened behind. These two genera are now recognized as valid by such eminent authorities as Rev. H. S. Gorham, Sigmund Schenkling, and Reinhard Lohde. An ex- amination of the tarsi of humeralis and also of Enoplium quadri- punctatum leaves no room for doubt as to their belonging to Pyticera, since four joints of each tarsus are easily discernible from above. Spinola (Mon. Clér., 1, p. 69), and Lacordaire (Gen. Col., rv, p. 478), describe the antenne as nine-jointed; Gorham (Biol. Centr.- 382 Fre_tp Museum or Natura. History — Zoéxoey, Vou. VII. Amer., 11, Pt. 2, p. 183) states that they are apparently ten-jointed. Schenkling (Gen. Ins., Cleride, p. 104) describes them in detail and states that they are ten-jointed; this the writer finds to be true of the present species. The antennal funicle is seven-jointed, very short, little more than one-fourth the total length of antenne; the basal joint is large, slightly arcuate and more than one-third length of funicle; second joint subpyriform, half as long as basal joint and less stout; joint three as broad as long, narrower than joint two; joints four to seven subequal in width to joint three, very short, closely united; three apical joints, very large, the first two joints produced near the anterior apical angle into long, stout rami which overlap the succeeding joint, apical joint long and rather slender. Pyticera quadripunctata Say. Enoplium quadripunctatum Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., III, 1823, p. 188. Enoplium quadrinotatum Hald., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v1, 1853, p. 362. Mr. Charles Schaeffer (Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., x11, 1904, p. 221) questions the distinctness of the above two species. The writer has sought in vain for characters, other than the very feeble and vari- able one of color, to distinguish these species, and, after as thorough a study of the subject as the few specimens at hand permit, can only conclude that they are synonymous. Say’s name having priority, it must, of course, be retained; for the convenience of collectors, how- ever, it is deemed expedient to use the name proposed by Haldeman for the variety which has the head and prothorax wholly or in part red. This variety occurs in Texas, while the forms with entirely black head and thorax occur from Indiana to Texas but more commonly northward. Chariessa texana Wolcott. Chariessa texana Wolc., Ent. News, x1x, 1908, p. 72. In the entomological collection of the Field Museum of Natural History there are two specimens of this species which the writer had not seen prior to the publication of the original description. Both — the specimens are males and are of the varietal form mentioned in the description; they vary greatly in size, one being 11.5 millimeters, the other 16.7 millimeters in length. In both specimens the margins of the elytra are pale. In the larger example the black orbicular maculations of the apical margin May,1g10. Nores on Some CLrerID2 — Wo corr. 383 of the thorax are wanting and are represented by a mere stain which is, however, coalescent at the middle; the smaller specimen has the spots each side distinct and well separated. The ground color of the elytra is black, with a very slight bluish tinge. Cregya LeConte. : Cregya Lec., Class. Col. N. Amer., 1861, p. 197; Lec., Smiths. Misc. Coll., v1, 1865, p. 98; Gorh., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1, 1877, Pp. 417. The generic name Pelonium Spinola (Mon. Clér., 1, 1844, p. 347) must, much as the writer regrets the fact, be abandoned in favor of the more recently proposed term Cregya.-Spinola having failed to designate a type for Pelonium, Rev. Gorham in 1877 (I. c., p. 417) selected and fixed the type, choosing Forster's Lampyris pilosa, but this species is a true Chariessa, consequently the name Pelonium becomes a synonym of that genus which has fourteen years priority. The characters usually given for the separation of the genera, — Chariessa and Pelonium, are as follows: Body short, convex; sides of prothorax rounded,..... Chariessa. Body longer, less strongly convex; sides of prothorax posteriorly ES EES TORS Pelonium. In Chariessa pilosa and the other species of the genus of the region north of Mexico the prothorax is somewhat broader posteriorly as, indeed, is true of the type of Chariessa (ramicornis Perty), but the sides are rounded and neither angulate nor constricted before base. The form of body is valueless in separating the two genera; starting with ramicornis, in which the form is very short and broad, the species grade through vestita, elegans, dichroa, and pilosa to the elon- gate texana so gradually that it is impossible to draw a line of de- marcation. To the genus Cregya may be referred all those species having the lateral flanks angulate and constricted, this being apparently the sole character which distinguishes them from the species of Chariessa. The outer margin of the anterior tibie may be either smooth, irregular, or serrate, this character varying within specific limits. The species occurring in America north of Mexico may be differ- entiated as follows: 384 Fietp Museum or Natura History — Zoo.oey, Vo. VII. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CREGYA. a. Antenne 11-jointed. b. Surface of thorax very uneven; elytra coarsely, sparsely punc- tate at apex. leucophea, 384 bb. Surface of thorax nearly or quite even. c. Thoracic punctures deep, dense, and confluent; elytral punc- tures subquadrate, seriate, apices punctate. granulosa, 386 cc. Thoracic punctures annuliform;* elytral punctures seriate, quadrate, apices smooth. fasctata, 386 cece. Thoracic punctures simple; elytral punctures non-seriate, — rounded, apices punctate. maculicollis, 388 aa. Antenne 1o-jointed. c d. Pronotum with longitudinal discoidal area sparsely, rather finely punctate; elytra pitchy black, the sutural and lateral margins pale. oculata, 389 dd. Pronotum with discoidal area coarsely, rather densely but somewhat irregularly punctate; elytra pale with black macu- lations. e. Prothorax not broader at apex than at base. mixta, 391 ee. Prothorax much broader at apex than at base. quadrisignata, 392 Cregya leucophza Klug. Enoplium leucopheum Klug, Abh. Berl. “Akad., 1842, p. 366. Pelonium vetustum Spin., Mon. Clér., 1, 1844, p. 360, pl. 35, f. 4; Lec,, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., v, 1849, p. 32. Priocera albomaculata Ziegl., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, 1845, p. 268. Enoplium venustum Hald.(err. typ.), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 111, 1846, p. 126. Enoplium vetustum Melsh., Cat. Col., 1853, p. 84. Pelonium leucopheum Chevr., Mémoire, 1876, p. 7; Schklg., Gen. Ins., Cleride, 1903, p. 107; Wolc., Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., VII, 1909, p. 24. Cregya vetusta Lec., Smiths. Misc. Coll., v1, 1865, p. 98; Lec., List Col. N. Amer., 1866; Lec., Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 1x 1881, p. 11; Henshaw, List Col. Amer. N. of Mex., 1885, p. 82; Horn, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v, ser. 2, Suppl. 1, 1895, p. 228; Lohde, Cleridarum Catalogus, 1900, p. 103; Schklg., Deutsch, ‘Rounded, shallow punctures, the base of which is flattened, enclosing a small tubercle. OE ————— May,1g10o. Nores on Some CLERIDA — Wo corr. 385 Ent. Zeit., 1903, p. 16; Schklg., Gen. Ins., Cleridz, 1903, p. 108; Schaef., Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., x11, 1904, p. 220. Cregya leucophea Schklg., Deutsch. Ent. Zeit., 1906, p. 316; Schklg., Deutsch. Ent. Zeit.; 1907, p. 299. Elongate, fuscous, clothed with semierect pale hairs; head and thorax maculate with luteous; elytra with broad median fascia white, basal portion fuscous, more or less maculate with luteous and white, apical fourth luteous. Antenne eleven-jointed, pale testaceous; last three joints (apex of eleventh excepted) fuscous. Head densely punctate, finely scabrous, fuscous, with a median longitudinal luteous maculation; eyes rather prominent. Thorax slightly longer than broad, narrower at base than at apex;-sides at apical third feebly arcuate and subparallel, at basal third somewhat broader, then suddenly narrowing to base; disk convex, surface very irregular, the elevations luteous; a fine impressed median line sometimes present; rather finely, not very densely punctate. Elytra three times as long as the thorax; sides of basal fourth parallel, moderately widening posteriorly; apices separately rounded, very coarsely, deeply punctate; seriate except at apex and at base, where the punc- tures are more or less confluent; punctures smaller and very sparse at middle near suture; fuscous, with a very broad, irregular median white fascia, which sometimes ascends along the suture to the scu- tellum and is usually marked with small fuscous spots at the middle and near the flanks; the white fascia bordered posteriorly by an irregular fuscous line of variable proportions; the fuscous base and luteous apex maculate with white; the humeri usually luteous. Body beneath and abdomen fuscous, the apical segment and usually a large lateral maculation on all the others yellowish. Legs pale; the anterior pair fuscous, except at base of femora and apex of tibie; the middle and posterior pair with a fuscous fascia at middle; the tibiz rarely with the apical half fuscous; tarsi pale. Length 7.5-11 millim. No species of Cregya has, perhaps, been the cause of greater con- fusion than the present one, as is shown by the synonymy given above. Klug in the original description of this species gives Brazil as the habitat, but Mr. Sigmund Schenkling, by whom the type specimen has been examined, states that the locality label thereon bears the words “‘ Amer. Sept.”’ Occurs on Rhus radians (LeConte). Hab.— Florida (Enterprise); Alabama; Washington, D. C.; New Jersey (Westville); Pennsylvania (Allegheny Co.); Illinois 386 Fietp Museum or Natura. History — Zodroey, Vor. VII. (Lexington); Missouri; Kansas (Lawrence, Topeka); Louisiana (Lake Ponchartrain Region); Texas south to San José del Cabo, Lower California, and Guerrero in Mexico. Owing to the great difficulty in recognizing the species of Cregya, the author deems it best to redescribe at some length the species of our fauna, maculicollis Schaeffer alone being given in its original form. Cregya granulosa Wolcott. (PI. V, fig. 9.) Pelonium granulosum Wolc., Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., vu, 1909, Pp. 24. General form and size of leucophea, which it somewhat resembles in color and from which it differs as follows: The eyes more nearly approximate in front. The thorax subopaque, proportionately longer and with elevated areas wanting; the sides of prothorax an- terior to the dilation nearly straight, gradually convergent to near apex, the apical angles oblique; sides behind the dilation very sud- denly and strongly constricted, the dilation more remote from base; surface more densely and deeply umbilicately punctate. Elytra more shining; punctures coarse and deep but less sharply defined, not smaller nor wanting in a subsutural space behind the middle; apices conjointly rounded, the sutural angle rectangular. The entire insect is clothed with denser, longer yellowish hairs, most conspic- uous on head and thorax; but color and markings are nearly as in leucophea except that the whitish median fascia is wanting, being replaced by an irregular whitish area situate almost entirely before the middle. Length 6.4-9.7 mm. The markings are more suffused than in leucophea, and the median whitish area is marked with several large blackish spots. In both the type and the cotype the vertex of the head and the anterior margin of thorax are dull testaceous. The elytra are divergent from the humeri and slightly more than twice as long as the thorax, while in leucophea the sides at basal fourth are parallel and the elytra are equal to more than three times the length of thorax. The peculiar sculpture gives to the elytra a granulose appearance. Hab,.— Texas. Cregya fasciata LeConte. Enoplium fasciatum Lec., Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., v, 1852, p. 214; Melsh., Cat. Col., 1853, p. 84. Cregya fasciata Lec., Smiths. Misc. Coll., v1, 1865, p. 98; Lec., May, 1910. Notes on Some CLERID& — WoLcort. 387 List Col. N. Amer., 1866; Henshaw, List Col. Amer. N. of Mex., 1885, p. 82; Lohde, Cleridarum Catalogus, 1900, p. 103; Fall, Occas. Papers, Cal. Acad. Sci., vim, 1900, p. 128; Schklg., Gen. Ins., Cleride, 1903, p. 108; Schklg., Deutsch. Ent. Zeit., 1906, p. 316. Pelonium fasciatum Wolc., Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., vir, 1909, p. 25. Elongate, piceous, shining; sparsely clothed with pale hairs, longest on head and thorax; thorax piceous, margins rarely pale; elytra with an ante-median, arcuate, pale fascia, sometimes obscure or wanting. Antenne eleven-jointed, pale testaceous, the last three joints (except at base) fuscous. Head piceous, densely punctate, punctures annuliform. Thorax broader than long, narrower at base than apex; sides subtuberculate at apex, moderately compressed at apical third and strongly dilate at basal third, then suddenly and rather strongly narrowing to base; disk convex; surface even, at most with faint indication of elevated areas, densely punctate; punctures shallow; piceous; apical and basal margins and the flanks rarely testaceous. Elytra three times as long as thorax, feebly widening posteriorly; apices separately rounded; punctures coarse, deep, quadrate, and seriate, obsolete at apex; piceous with eneous reflection; a pale testaceous fascia extending from the suture at _ basal third arcuately forward to near the lateral margins which with the suture and humeri are sometimes also obscurely testaceous; the elytra rarely entirely piceous. Body beneath and abdomen piceous, the latter rarely obscurely testaceous. Legs varying in color from entirely pale to fuscous, the base of femora and tibie alone being testaceous. Length 4.7-6.5 millim. Some examples of this species resemble at first sight ocnlata, from which species it is, however, quite distinct. Dr. H. C. Fall has recorded the capture in San Bernardino Mountains (California) of an example which has the elytra entirely piceous. In a specimen before the writer the fascia extends obscurely to the humeri which are also testaceous. Another specimen, a female, from California is much paler than in the usual form; the legs and antenne pale testaceous, only the apical portion of the last three joints of the latter being fuscous; the thorax pale reddish, with a vaguely limited, obscure fuscous vitta extending from the apex to behind the middle; the elytra reddish testaceous especially at base, irregularly obscurely infuscate in apical half; the paler ante-median fascia is, however, quite distinct. Apparently a rare species. Hab.— Washington (Orcas Island, W. M. Mann); California 388 Fretp Museum or Natura History — Zoo oey, Vor. VII. (northern part, San Diego, Los Angeles, San Bernardino Mountains, San Jose, Alameda County), and Texas (Brownsville). Cregya maculicollis Schaeffer. Pelonium maculicolle Schaef., Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., xu, 1904, p. 219. “Form and size of Cregya vetusta Lec. [=leucophea Klug]; testaceous, clothed with semi-erect pale hairs, thorax maculate with black, elytra with base more or less black, on each side about middle of disk three black spots, the two upper ones oblique and near the suture, the two lower ones generally confluent, a broad black fascia, narrower towards suture and irregular in outline, at about apical two-fifths. Antennz eleven-jointed, half as long as the body in the male, shorter in the female, club longer than the preceding joints in the male, shorter in the female, last three joints black. Head coarsely, densely punctured, black, with a longitudinal pale line, variable in distinctness, eyes prominent. Thorax nearly as long as broad, narrower at: base than apex, sides gradually widening from apex to about basal third, then suddenly narrowing to base, disk slightly convex, even, with a slightly impressed median line, some- what coarsely and densely punctate, a black median line and three or four spots on each side from the middle to the base, the spots at sides more or less confluent. Elytra nearly three times as long as the thorax, slightly widening towards the apex, apices separately rounded, very coarsely, irregularly punctured, the space between the black median spots and the fascia devoid of these punctures, the base with a large black spot on each, below the humeral umbone a smaller one, sometimes connected with the basal spot, at about middle one oblique black spot on each side near suture, below this two others, mostly connected assuming a zigzag form, at about apical two-fifths a broad black fascia of irregular outline, narrower towards suture. Anterior femora at apex and anterior tibie at base black, middle and hind tibia sometimes with a black fascia at middle. Anterior tibiz ser- rate, in the smaller specimens faintly. Length, 7-11 mm.”’ (Schaef- fer.) A topotype of this interesting species in the collection of the author has the last three joints of the antenne black, but the base of these joints and the apex of the eleventh are testaceous. The thoracic markings are variable to some extent, the black median line being reduced to a minute elongate spot; the lateral spots, which are here two in number, are moderately large and well separated; May, 1g10. Nores oN Some CLERID2 — WOLCorTrT. 380 the dilated portion at basal third also with a large black maculation; the pro,- meso,- and metasternum piceous: The elytral markings and the color of the legs are asin the type. The elytra are distinctly punctured at their apices. Hab.— Known only from Brownsville, Texas. Cregya oculata Say. Clerus oculatus Say, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., 1, 1835, p. 163; Klug, Abh. Berl. Akad., 1842, p. 387. Pelonium marginipenne Spin., Mon. Clér., 1, 1844, p. 363, pl. 35, fig. 6. Enoplium oculatum Lec., Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., v, 1849, p. 32; Melsh., Cat. Col., 1853, p. 84; Lec., Say’s Compl. Writ., Lec. ed., 11, 1859, p. 639. Cregya oculata Lec., Smiths. Misc. Coll., v1, 1865, p. 98; Lec., ‘List Col. N. Amer., 1866; Henshaw, List Col. Amer. N. of Mex., 1885, p. 82; Lohde, Cleridarum Catalogus, 1900, p. 103; Schklg., Gen. Ins., Clerida, 1903, p. 108; Schklg. Deutsch. Ent. Zeit., 1906, p. 317. Pelonium oculatum Wolc., Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., vir, 1909, p. 25. ? Pelonium lineolatum Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Amer., 11, Pt. 2, 1883, p. 191, pl. 1x, f. 14. Less elongate than fasciata, black or piceous, shining, moderately clothed with erect and semierect pale hairs, longest on head and thorax; thorax pale yellowish, with a longitudinal vitta each side black; elytra black, the sutural and lateral margins pale. Antenne ten-jointed, pale yellow; joints seven to ten usually entirely fuscous. Head black; parts of the mouth (the mandibles excepted) and usually the front between upper portion of the eyes pale; coarsely, densely punctate. Thorax slightly longer than broad, scarcely narrower at base than at apex; sides dilated at basal two-fifths, behind this suddenly but not very strongly compressed and nearly parallel to base; apical third rather strongly convergent to apex; disk convex, at middle rather finely and sparsely, at flanks more densely punctate. surface even or at most with very feebly elevated area at middle near base; yellow, with a black vitta each side, usually abbreviated at apex and base, very rarely reduced to a small maculation or entirely wanting. Elytra about two and one-half times as long as thorax; sides nearly parallel; apices nearly conjointly rounded (very slightly dehiscent, with angles minutely rounded at suture); punc- 390 Fretp Museum or Natura. History — Zo6é.oey, Vou. VII. tures coarse, deep, quadrate, and seriate, becoming finer posteriorly and obsolete at apex; interstices rugose; black, the sutural and lateral margins pale yellow. Pro- and mesosternum yellow, the former rarely piceous; abdomen varying from entirely piceous to piceous with two apical segments and posterior margin of remaining segments yellowish. Legs pale yellowish, the knees and anterior tibia and tarsi often piceous. Length 4-6.5 millim. This is a widely distributed and well known species and one which cannot easily be confused with any other. The elytral markings are rather constant; practically the only variation is the frequent failure of the pale border of the lateral margins to reach the base of the elytra, in some instances attaining a point but little beyond the middle; the thoracic markings are, on the contrary; quite variable. An example from Massachusetts, has the pronotum entirely piceous except at middle of apex and of base, where there is a small triangular yellow maculation, the base of which is at the margins; thus forms may be expected to occur with the pronotum entirely piceous. Pelonium lineolatum Gorh., described from Guatemala, to judge by the description, agrees perfectly with this species, in form, struc- ture of the antenne, sculpture, and size; it differs only very slightly in color, the head being somewhat paler. The author, however, has seen no specimens of oculata from Mexico or Central America and hence must leave the identity of the species in doubt, with the hope that those to whom the type of Gorham’s species is accessible will ere long make known the differential characters, if such exist. Hab.— Florida (Tampa) ; Alabama; New Jersey (Hudson County, Atlantic City, Woodbury); Washington, D. C.; New York; Massa- chusetts (South Amherst); Pennsylvania (southwestern); Ohio, (Cincinnati); Indiana (Lawrence County); Kansas (Lawrence); Louisiana (Lake Pontchartrain region) ; Texas (Dallas, Brownsville) ; ? Guatemala. The writer wishes to call attention here to an error which has apparently escaped correction. Oculata was placed by Dr. LeConte (Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., v, 1849, p. 32) in a group characterized as possessing eleven-jointed antenne; and again later on (Smiths. Misc. Coll., v1, 1865, p. 98) the same author states that the antenna are eleven-jointed, vetusta, fasciata, oculata, and mixta being specifically mentioned; a careful examination of the antenne of the various species reveals the fact that this is true of /eucophea (vetusta), fas- ciata, and maculicollis, but certainly not of oculata, mixta, and quad- risignata, the antenne of which are but ten-jointed. May,1g10. Norges on Some CLERIDa& — Wo corr. 391 . Cregya mixta LeConte. a Cregya mixta Lec., Smiths. Misc. Coll., v1, 1865, p. 98; Lec., List ’ Col. N. Amer., 1866; Gorh., Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1877, -p. 417; Henshaw, List Col. Amer. N. of Mex., 1885, p. 82; Lohde, Cleridarum Catalogus, 1900, p. 103; Schklg., Gen. Ins., Cleridz, 1903, p. 108; Schklg., Deutsch. Ent. Zeit., 1906, P. 317. Cregya oculata ¢ Henshaw, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 1x, 1882, Pp. 245. ‘ Pelonium mixtum Wolc., Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., vir, 1909, | p. 25. General form of oculata; pale yellowish testaceous; the head, thorax, and elytra with piceous markings of variable extent; mod- erately shining; clothed with erect and semierect fine pale hairs, not noticeably longer on head and thorax. Antenne ten-jointed, pale yellow; three terminal joints sometimes fuscous. Head testa- ceous; the occiput and a large interocular maculation piceous; rarely entirely piceous above and below; palpi pale; coarsely not very densely punctate. Thorax slightly longer than wide, similar in form to that of oculata, but much less suddenly and strongly con- stricted at base, sides anteriorly a little more gradually narrowing; disk at middle broadly flattened; surface nearly even, at middle coarsely, rather densely and irregularly punctate; flanks densely | punctate; yellowish testaceous, bordered with piceous at the sides, rarely with a small subbasal maculation each side of middle and a narrow longitudinal one near apex. Elytra slightly more than twice as long as thorax; sides feebly widening posteriorly; apices nearly conjointly rounded; punctures coarse, deep, quadrate, and seriate, rows of punctures terminating rather abruptly at about apical fourth, obsolete at apex; pale yellowish varying to testaceous; humeri with a large quadrate maculation which is sometimes prolonged poster-. iorly to and becomes confluent with a more or less broad irregular post-median fascia; the latter sometimes extending very nearly to apex, rarely reduced to a large irregular maculation on each elytron. Body beneath pale testaceous, very rarely piceous; the abdomen piceous; the first, second, fifth, and sixth segments often testaceous Legs pale yellow; the knees and tarsi rarely slightly fuscous. Length 3-4.2 millim. _A difficult species to describe properly owing to the great varia- tion in markings. Many specimens have, in addition to the elytral markings given above, a small, ante-median, piceous spot at the —_—. = - £ 392 Frevtp Museum or Natura History — Zoo.oey, Vout. VII. middle of each elytron, and a longer median one near the flanks; in this form the humeral markings are distinctly quadrate (the um- bones obscurely testaceous) and the fascia is generally rather nar- rower than in the specimens with elongate humeral markings; this form was taken by the writer in some numbers on Acacia and Dios- pyros at Brownsville, Texas. Hab.— Washington, D. C.; Maryland; Kentucky; Ohio (Cin- cinnati); Louisiana and Texas. Cregya quadrisignata Spinola. Pelonium quadrisignatum Spin., Mon. Clér., 1, 1844, p. 365, pl. xxxul, fig. 3; Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Amer., m1, Pt. 2, 1883, p. 190; Lohde, Cleridarum Catalogus, 1900, p. 107; Schklg., Gen. Ins., Cleridz, 1903, p. 107. Pelonium bilineticolle Chevr., Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1874, p. 327; Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Amer., 111, Pt. 2, 1883, p. 190; pl. 9, fig. 12; Lohde, Cleridarum Catalogus, 1g00, p. 105; Schklg., Gen. Ins., Cleridz, 1903, p. 107. Pelonium quadrinotatum Chevr., Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1874, p. 328; Lohde, Cleridarum Catalogus, 1900, p. 107; Schklg., Gen. © Ins., Cleridz, 1903, p. 107. Similar in form to mixta; pale yellowish; head, thorax, and elytra with variable markings; feebly shining; moderately clothed with not very dense, semierect, pale hairs. Antenne ten-jointed, entirely pale or with three apical joints black. Head varying from rufous testaceous to black, usually black with inner margin of the eyes, large frontal maculation, labrum, and other parts of the mouth testaceous; the mandibles black; very coarsely and densely punc- tate. Thorax very slightly longer than broad; apical and posterior angles obtusely rounded; sides at apical third nearly straight, be- hind the middle acutely dilated, suddenly and strongly constricted before base, which is much narrower than apex; convex, surface even; disk coarsely, rather densely, flanks very densely, somewhat rugosely punctate; entirely pale or pale with two discal slightly converging black vitta, or with several small black spots, those near base trans- versely placed and sometimes confluent. Elytra slightly more than two and one-half times as long as thorax; sides subparallel; apices conjointly rounded; punctures coarse, deep and seriate, extending from base to apical third, obsolete at apex, pale yellowish; each elytron with a large quadrate or lunate humeral spot (sometimes wanting) and at apical fourth a large, more or less rounded discal May,1g10. Notes on Some CLerID2 — Wo tcort. 393 spot or with these black spots confluent, forming an angulate fascia which does not attain the lateral margins. Body beneath and ab- domen black, varying to entirely yellow. Legs pale, the tarsi some- times black. Length 4-5.5 millim. Typical quadrisignata has the head black; inner margin of eyes, a frontal maculation and the mouth parts (except the mandibles) pale; a large quadrate humeral maculation, a rounded one at apical fourth, body beneath, abdomen, and tarsi black. In the form de- scribed by Chevrolat as bilineicolle, the thorax is pale with two slightly converging black lines; the humeral maculations are wanting and the subapical spots form an angulated fascia; the club of the antenne and the tarsi are pale. Quadrinotata Chevr. was described from Texas, but appears to have escaped the attention of students, as the writer finds no mention of the species in any work or list dealing exclusively with North American Coleoptera. In this form the thoracic spots are small, more numerous than usual, those that are subbasal are transversely arranged; the humeral maculation is lunate, the maculation before the apex rounded; abdomen pale, fasciate with black. Rev. Gorham (loc, cit., p. 190) expresses strong doubt as to bi- lineicollis being distinct from quadrisignata. Material before the writer shows that his doubt was well founded and that not only bilineicollis but quadrinotata also should go to the synonymy, the three forms being connected by intergrades so completely as to leave no reasonable doubt of their specific identity. Hab.— Occurs from Texas (Brownsville) south through Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama to Colombia. Orthopleura Spinola. The species of this genus are in a very chaotic condition and sadly in need of the attention of some worker, to whom the types of the various species are accessible. Orthopleura quadraticollis Spinola. Orthopleura quadraticollis Spin., Mon. Clér., 11, 1844, p. 167, note 14, pl. Xxx0, fig. 4. This species, for the determination of which we are almost en- t rely dependent upon the above cited figure, is listed both by Lohde (Cleridarum Catalogus) and by Schenkling (Gen. Ins., Cleridz) as being from Pennsylvania, but upon what authority the writer does not know. Spinola failed to mention the country from which his 394 Fie~tp Museum or Natura History — Zooxroey, Vor. VII. specimen was derived. This fact is commented on by Chevrolat who in 1874 (Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1874, p. 278) placed this species as a synonym of damicornis Fabr., but later on (Mémoire, 1876, p. 42) the same author stated that it was very distinct from damicornts. No species or this or’neighboring genera known to the author seems to be referable to this species, the occurrence of which within our faunal limits is extremely doubtful. Chevrolat’s varieties C and D (Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1874, p. 329) described from Cuba, may possibly be identical; Chevrolat, however, places them as synonyms of damt- cornis Fabr. The figure given by Spinola represents an insect some- what similar in form and markings to Chariessa pilosa var. onusta Say, the form being, however, slightly more slender; the head is narrow; the prothorax as long as wide, quadrate; the head, antenne, elytra (sutural and lateral margins excepted), and the legs dark brown; the thorax reddish. The structure of the antenne is similar to that of the female of C. pilosa. The antenne are eleven-jointed; the funicle is clothed with rather long sparse hairs, the three terminal joints forming a large, lax club, the inner margin of which is finely pubescent. The length as indicated on the plate is 12 millimeters. Orthopleura texana Bland. Orthopleura texana Bland, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., 1, 1863, p. 356. This species appears to be quite rare in collections, in fact the writer has seen but three specimens which were, beyond doubt, texana. Damicornis occurs in many collections labeled as texana. Indeed these two species are so variable in color that forms occur which, upon color alone, may be assigned to either of the species; the sculpture is also nearly identical. The writer is unable to give any distinctive characters of a stable nature to aid in their recognition, other than those employed in the table following damicornis. Usually however, in texana the thorax is dark piceous; the antenne (except — club) reddish; the upper surface clothed with long, yellowish, rather conspicuous hairs, and the legs are black. The elytra are’a little more coarsely, and the thorax is slightly more densely punctate than in damicornis. An example before the writer has the basal half of thorax dull reddish; in another specimen only the extreme apical margin of the thorax and the legs are reddish, with the knees and tibie very slightly infuscate. This species has been reported as occurring at Washington, D. C. It is known to the author from Texas only. May,1910. Norges on Some CLerip#& — Wo tcort. 395 Orthopleura damicornis Fabricius. Tillus damicornis Fabr., Ent. Syst., Suppl., 1, 1798; p. 117. Orthopleura damicornis Spin., Mon. Clér., 11, 1844, p. 80, pl. XLiI, fig. 4. Orthopleura nigripennis Spin., 1. c., p. 82. ? Orthopleura bimaculata Melsh., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1 1845, Pp. 307. Enoplium thoracicum Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., m1, 1823, p. 188. Enoplium punctatissimum Chevr., Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1843, Pp. 34- . Pelonium pennsylvanicum Chevr., Rev. et. Mag. Zool., 1874, p. 325. ? var. A-D, Chevr., Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1874, p. 329. Only the principal synonymy is recorded above; the O. bimaculata of Melsheimer and the varieties C and D of Chevrdlat are included, but it is very doubtful whether they are really identical with dami- cornis, To judge by the description, bimaculata is quite a different insect. Melsheimer, however, (Cat. Col., 1853, p. 84) placed it as a synonym of punctatissima, which species is now considered synony- mous with damicornis. The original description by Fabricius is as follows: “‘t-2, damicornis. T. villosus niger thorace rufo, antennarum articulis duobus ultimis dilata compressis acutis. “Habitat in America boreali Dom Hirshell. “Statura et magnitudo omnino T. elongati. Antenne singulares, nigre articulis duobus ultimis majoribus dilatatis, compressis, acu- minatis. Corpus totum villosum, nigrum, obscurum thorace solo rufo.”’ It seems evident that the antenne of Fabricius’s type specimen were defective and that but two of the three large dilated terminal joints were present. The insect now identified as damicornis has the three outer joints of antenne very large, broadly dilated; club of male more than two-thirds total length, of female more than one- half total length of antenne. This species usually has the antenne and legs black; the thorax reddish, the sides and basal margin narrowly bordered with black. The elytra are black, varying to blue, usually clothed with semierect black hairs. In both this species and fexana there is often a more or less distinct, post-median, testaceous fascia. This species is fully as variable as texana, the prothorax being sometimes entirely black and the legs and ventral surface being frequently obscurely testaceous. t-. 396 FieLtp Museum or Natura History — Zo6éxoey, Vor. VII. Chevrolat’s varieties A, B, C, and D were described from Cuba: in the var. C the prothorax is red, the elytra bordered with yellow; the variety D is similar, but the suture is bordered with yellow. Occurs in Cuba, Florida, Georgia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, District of Columbia, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, lowa, Mis- sourl, Kansas, Louisiana, Texas, Lower California, and Mexico. The principal distinguishing characters of the two preceding species may be briefly summarized as follows: a. Antenne black; sides of prothorax sinuate, widest at basal fourth, narrowing to apex, posterior angles obtuse. (Prono- tum pl. VI, fig. 31.) damicornis. aa. Antenne red, club black; sides of prothorax nearly striaght and parallel, not convergent towards apex, posterior angles rounded. (Pronotum pl. V1, fig. 32.) texana. Prionodera' gen. nov. Body narrow, cylindrical. Head narrow; eyes not prominent, rather finely granulate, feebly emarginate in front ; antenne 1r1-jointed, club three-jointed, slightly enlarged and compact. Apical joints of labial palpi large, dilated; apical joint of maxillary palpi narrow, cylindrical, obtuse at apex. Thorax with the sides nearly straight, feebly obliquely narrowing from the middle to the base; the base strongly reflexed; disk convex; posterior angles distinct, minutely obtuse; lateral flanks dilated, the coarse sculpture giving margin a serrate aspect. Elytra elongate, parallel; sutural region feebly de- pressed near base; basal portion deeply, coarsely punctured. Legs mod- erately long; tarsi four-jointed; the anterior pair moderately dilated, the median and posterior pair narrow, furnished with membranous lobes; ungues simple. Type P. tantilla Lec. [Clerus (Thaneroclerus) tantillus Lec.], Smiths. Misc. Coll., v1, 1865, p. 96. The characters given above show that this genus should enter the subfamily Corynetini, where it is best placed near the South African genus Dolichopsis Gorh. It is impossible to understand why Dr. LeConte associated the type of this genus with Clerus and later with Thaneroclerus, as several of the characters mentioned in the original description clearly dem- onstrate that this species is not assignable even to the subfamily Clerini. P. tantilla has been recorded only from Washington, D. C., and Alabama. The specimen upon which the present generic description ixpiwy, serra; dépy, collum, -May,1910. Norges on Some Crertp# — Wo corr. 397 is based was received several years ‘ago from Mr. Frederick Knab, by whom it was taken in the pupal stage beneath a stone at Chicopee, Massachusetts. Lebasiella pallipes Klug. Corynetes pallipes Klug, Abh. Berl. Akad., 1842, p. 353. Lebasiella pallipes Lac., Gen. Col., 1v, 1857, p. 489, note; Crotch, Check List Col. Amer. N. of Mex., 1873, p. 80; Gorh., Biol. Centr.-Amer., 111, 1883, Pt. 2, p. 192, pl. 9, fig. 25. Lebasiella nigripennis Lec., Smiths. Misc. Coll., vi, 1865, p. 99; : Lec., List Col. N. A., 1866; Lec., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., | 1873, p. 334; Crotch (= pallipes), Check List Col. Amer. N. of Mex., 1873, p. 80; Henshaw (= pallipes), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 1X, 1882, p. 245. This species has appeared but once in our lists under the name of pallipes and is not given in the Henshaw List. The species was stricken from our catalogues upon the supposition that it did not belong to our fauna, but that it was a species of Mexico, from which country Klug’s type specimen is thought to have been sent. There can, however, be no doubt of its occurrence in our fauna as well as in that of Mexico. Dr. LeConte in describing nigripennis gave as the locality York County, Pennsylvania (collected by Dr. Melsheimer) ; Dr. Castle has since taken it in the Blue Mountains, Pennsylvania (vide Ent. News, 1902, p. 61); the writer also has before him a speci- e men taken in Texas. This species should, therefore, be restored to our lists. Lebasiella marginella Chevr. Corynetes marginellus Chevr., Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ser. 2, 1, 1843, p. 42; Lec., Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., v, 1849, p. 34; - Lec., List Col. N. A., 1866. Necrobia marginellus Melsh., Cat. Col., 1853, p. 84; Henshaw List Col. Amer. N. of Mex., 1885, p. 82. Lebasiella margtinella Lac., Gen. Col., 1v, 1857, p. 489, note; Lohde, _Cler. Cat., 1900, p. 113; Schklg., Gen. Ins., Cleride, 1903, p. 117. This species was described from California and Mexico, the latter locality with a query. Lacordaire was apparently the first writer _ to place the species in Lebasiella. In nature it is unknown to the ~ author and evidently is a very rare species. SUMMARY OF GENERA AND SPECIES MENTIONED. Adelphoclerus n. g......-.+2+++5++ 356 | Clerus tantillus.................-:. 396 Adelphoclerus nitidus n. sp..-.---+-357 oR 362 Aulicus monticola .....-++-+++++++ MA 1 CPU WMD sin adn wos vsnccccces 358 Aulicus nero ........-- DE Geico’ « ..365 | Clerus vulneratus..............+:- 362 Catorama ..as vcs Peery aise vies a0 364 | Colyphus gracilis................- 363 Chariesaa...:,2s10+0+-.+-.+--.++.+383 | Corynetes marginellus............ 397 Chariessa dichroa...........+++++: 383 | Corynetes ce a ee Te eS ye 397 Chariessa elegans...........++++++ 383 | Cregya....... vos, een h conan Chariessa pilosa ............2245+. 383 | Cregya bilineicollis . iée¢at sce Chariessa pilosa var, onusta....... 324 | Cregya fasciata..............0000. 386 Chariessa ramicornis.........-+-.+ 383 | Cregya granulosa...............+- 386 Chariessa texana.........-...-0+: 382 | Cregya leucophwa................ 384 ; - Chariessa vestita ........+.0++ 000: 383 | Cregya maculicollis............... 388 Cleronomus ......2+-+2+eeeseeeree st COE MEEOIN os Ave se ecnsedveeccs 391 Cleronomus ornaticollis........... 362 | Cregya oculata..............2.0: 389 MSPRINEE TRL MESS o's Ss oa cen nccapees 363 | Cregya quadrinotata ............. 393 : Clerosoma gracilis ............+++: 363 | Cregya quadrisignata............. 392 NN 7s 6s ois Vek aede sacs cing 357 | Cregya vetusta...............005. 384 . Clerus seneicollis.............2+++ 360 | Cymatodera emula n. sp.......... 348 4 OE GMT sss 0's Savnabbesess aces 359 | Cymatodera ethiops n. sp......... 350 4 RE ROOD 5g 5 rcs Ka eievee 5's 08 359 | Cymatodera angulifera ........... 354 : Clerus bimaculatus.............-- 359 | Cymatodera antennata............ 346 ‘ Glarus bioculatus ...........0. 500. 359 | Cymatodera arizon@.............. 349 Clerus bombycinus ...........--.- 360 | Cymatodera californica........... 349 ‘Clerus cuprescens................. 358 | Cymatodera camans fn. sp......... 351 Clerus’ cyanipennis ............... 362 | Cymatodera cylindricollis ......... 346 Clerus decussatus.............-++- 361 | Cymatodera discoidalis............ 355 Clerus decussatus var. ornatus....361 | Cymatodera duplicata n. sp....... 353 - Clerus erythrogastre.............. 358 | Cymatodera fascifera ............. 348 Clerus hopineviitiss sacestesess5 s- 361 | Cymatodera fuchsii............... 352 Clerus latefasciatus n, sp.......... 360 | Cymatodera grandis .............. 354 Clerus lecontel, ...:<.i< eessaeenees 359 | Cymatodera grossa ........:...... 355 eetcleras lunatus........; EES areiol 359 | Cymatodera hopei................ 35° Fa: Clerus mutillarius ..............;; 357 | Cymatodera horni n. sp........... 349 @eelerus Mipriventris ...........:.05 359 | Cymatodera isabelle n. sp. .......345 MUMUAREINL ........ . .. cc ee sene 374 | Cymatodera levicollis ............ 345 Clerus oculatus...................389 | Cymatodera longicornis........... 343 | CISIIRPIIE Nas 5 0... secs eee 360 | Cymatodera pallida............... 344 7 Clerus quadrisignatus............. 362 | Cymatodera peninsularis.......... 346 ny Clerus quadrisignatus var. lati- Cymatodera santarose............ 351 Cinctus . cas «as +s sass 362 | Cymatodera snowi n. sp........... 349 merus rufiventris.;.c0u........- 358 | Cymatodera soror n. sp........... 342 Clerus salvini.......... . a 361 | Cymatodera subsimilis n. sp....... 343 Clerus sphegeus ........ Peek Ohas vs 358 | Cymatodera torosa n. sp.......... 347 400 Fre_p Museum or NaTuRAL History — Zoo oecy, Vou. VII. Cymatodera tuta n. sp............ 344 Cymatodera uniformis............ 344 Cymatodera usta ......6. 5.0000 ss. 346 Cymatodera wickhami n. sp....... 354 Cymatodera xanti...............; 345 RRORMCIIA IONE Scns os osx c's ts > so RE 396 PUUMEINOCOTUS « . oS... oss s pa ee emane 339 Elasmocerus californicus.......... 341 Elasmocerus megatoma............ 342 Elasmocerus terminatus .......... 342 Enoplium .......02.05ic0ss . a bas dixie Fig. Lal . uke WN EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI. Cymatodera soror Wolc. Ventral view of Q fifth and sixth ab- dominal segments. C. soror Wolc. Dorsal view of Q fifth and sixth segments. C. subsimilis Wolc. Ventral view of Q fifth and sixth segments. C. subsimilis Wolc. Dorsal view of Q fifth and sixth segments. C. tuta Wolc. Ventral view of O‘fifth and sixth segments, showing flanks and apex of last dorsal segment. C. tuta Wole. Ventral view of Q fifth and sixth segments, showing larger last dorsal segment. C. isabelle Wolc. Ventral view of ¢ fifth and sixth and apex of last dorsal segment. C. torosa Wolc. Ventral view of ¢' same as above. C. emula Wolc. Ventral view of G' same as above. C. ethiops Wolc. Ventral view of 3’ same as above. C. ethiops Wolce. Dorsal view of ¢ fifth and sixth segments. C. ethiops Wolc. Ventral view of 9 fifth and sixth segments. C. ethiops Wolc. Dorsal view of Q fifth and sixth segments. C. comans Wolc. Ventral view of ( fifth and sixth and pro- longed apices of last dorsal segment. C. comans Wolc. Dorsal view of 195-83; body 147 mm., tail 54 mm., scales 21—189—go. In all the specimens the subcaudals and anal are divided. The larger specimen is dark olive brown, without lines or spots; ventrals dark with light edges; preorbital and postorbital not light colored. Small specimen from Kijabe with the middle of each scale black on anterior part of body; ventrals light, their ends darker, edges light colored. Leptodira hotambeeia Laur. Athi River. Body 479 mm., tail 80 mm., scales 19-190gm no white cross bars. Lake Elmenteita. Body 591 mm., tail 84 mm., scales 19-179—44, anterior part of body with cross bars made up of small white spots. Mt. Kenya. Body 372 mm., tail 33 mm., scales 17-179—-24 (?). The tail blunt, apparently once broken, no white cross bars. Hemidactylus brookii Gray. One specimen taken on the steamer in the Red Sea, body 43 mm., tail 40 mm. Hemidactylus mabouia (Moreau). Voi. Three specimens, body 70 mm., tail 63 mm.; body 71 mm., tail missing; body 68 mm., tail 71 mm. Lygodactylus picturatus (Peters). Voi. Body 34 mm., tail 31 mm., &; body 34 mm., tail 35 mm., 3S; body 35 mm., tail 42 mm., &; two females with tail imperfect are 37 mm. and 34 mm. respectively. August, 1910. BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES — MEEK. 407 Agama colonorum Daud. Voi. Nine females, 45 mm. to roo mm., and eight males, 50 mm. to 100 mm. Lukenya. Eleven females, 75 mm. to too mm., and seventeen males, 90 mm. to 120 mm. Kenya Province. Two females, 45 mm. The tail of the males is more spinose and of greater diameter than that of the females, the keels on the upper row of scales are largest and form a low keel which, though present, is less prominent in the males. In some of the larger males the abdomen is dark, the portion about the groin and the under surface of the head is nearly uniform brick- red. In most specimens of both sexes the under surface is light col- ored, except the chin, which is striped or marbled with darker; the tails are banded on some specimens to nearly uniform color on others. Agama caudospinosa sp. nov. Type No. 2312, F.M.N.H.; length, body 91 mm., +tail 128 mm.= 219 mm.; Lake Elmenteita, B.E.A. Head depressed; nostril tubular, directed slightly upward and backward, pierced in posterior part of small nasal, the opening just below the canthus rostralis; upper head scales smooth; a narrow elongate scale on the middle of the snout; occipital not enlarged; ten upper labials; sides of the head near the ear and neck with groups of small spines, the longest less than half the diameter of the ear open- ings; ear opening larger than the eye; throat plicate, no gular pouch; _ body depressed, the back not keeled; dorsal scales imbricate, with weak keels slightly converging towards the vertebral line; dorsal scales smaller than the caudals but larger than on sides and ventral surface; ventral scales without keels; 45 scales between the origin of the arms to the origin of the legs; no distinct nuchal crest; a few nuchal scales with slightly enlarged keels, no trace of dorsal keel, 70 to 85 scales around middle of body; the fourth finger slightly longer than the third, tip of the fifth extending beyond the first; fourth toe a little longer than the third, the 5th extending beyond the first; tail long, covered with large strongly keeled spinose scales, forming distinct annuli; male with a row of anal pores; tail not keeled above. Color dark brownish, with light cross lines or light blotches on rump and tail; under surface of males light to dark brown; under surface of head with the light and dark in slightly irregular longitudi- nal bands. This species differs from A. colonorum in the absence of a nuchal 408 Fretp Museum or Natura. History — Zoo.oey, Vor. VII. Locality Gilgil Gilgil | Gilgil | Lake Elmenteita Length of ody. os ee ean rap! “200 108 114 gt 77 Length of head... <6) c. + op ees 0 30 33 27 23 Width of head |... 3)... Von! 25 25 25 20 18 Tw of snout to ear... sie a aA 24 26 21 18 Typerorbital..: 0... .6n5 ae eee re pe aS 14.S) "8 Ce ae Coe 4 Length of arm ooo ar ae ee ee SE 50 51 45 36 Distance from base of 5th finger to tip OF ath 25 foes Fe a ee ee 14 14 15 14 II Length of leg oo. os cA ee es 70 74 73 64 57 Length of tibia. 2 23.(2)0 252432 pee ce ae 30 29 24 22 Distance from base of 5th toe to tip of 4th 22 24 24 22 18 Length of tails. i275 ose oe wee eee 106*| 122*] 120*| 128 106 Scales around ‘body v.50. 2 esi a Ch ee 54 52 52 55 crest, slightly larger, more faintly keeled and less convergent dorsal scales, and the very large and strongly spinose scales on the tail. The nostril is slightly lower and less directed upward. The bands on under surface of the head are much more conspicuous than on any of the specimens of A. colonorum in the collection. All of the specimens are males. The above measurements are given in mm. Agama atricollis A. Smith. Nairobi. Body 80 mm., tail 92 mm., 9; body 103 mm., tail 110 mm., ©. Kijabe. Body 35 mm., tail broken. Gil Gil. Body 77 mm., 2; body 88 mm., tail 103 mm., c'; body 113 mm., tail 118 mm., . Lake Elmenteita. Body 75 mm., tail 76mm., 2; body 1oomm., tail1r1mm., 2; body 87 mm., tail 101 mm., Go’; body 99 mm., tail 122 mm., 6’; body 115 mm., tail 147 mm., o'; body 88 mm., tail 103 mm., 6’; body 113 mm., tail 118 mm., o. The specimens mentioned above show some variation, the female from Nairobi anda female (too mm.) and amale (87 mm.) from Elmen- teita have 5 whitish blotches on dorsal surface about the size of the eye, and a few narrow faint whitish lines across the back between these blotches; the tail is distinctly barred with black. On the female from Gilgil these spots and lines are very indistinct. The ventral surface of the head is light to dark brown irregularly spotted with lighter, to bluish black on the old males. The ground color of the *The tails of the three specimens from Gilgil are apparently incomplete, the ends being quite blunt but are scaled over; the diameters of these ends are 6, 3 and 5 mm. respectively, ae. Pea ee ae ee August, 1910. BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES — MEEK. 409 upper surface is grayish to nearly uniform brown; the fingers and toes are barred. The position of the nostril varies a little; in most specimens it is slightly below the canthus rostralis. Males have 2 or 3 rows of anal pores. ° Varanus niloticus (Linnzus). Kisumu. One specimen. Body too mm., tail 140 mm. Eremias spekii Gunther. Voi. Six specimens of about uniform size, the two perfect speci- mens measure as follows: Body 48 mm., tail 85 mm.; body 47 mm., tail 78 mm. Gerrhosaurus flavigularis Weigman. Nairobi. Body 140 mm., head 26 mm., width of head 18 mm., arm 37 mm., leg 60 mm., tail 225 mm. (tail not perfect, and with a bud or branch 5 mm. in length 35 mm. from its tip), scales 8-20- 56, femoral pores 12; body 122 mm., head 24 mm., width of head 18 mm., arm 37 mm., leg 60 mm., tail 292 mm., scales 8-22-58, femoral pores 14 and 15; body 145 mm., head 32 mm., width of head 23 mm., arm 36 mm., leg 69 mm., tail 310 mm., scales 8-22-57, femoral pores 16. The squamation of the head of these three specimens is the same. Fronto-nasals not touching rostral; prefrontals forming a suture about equal in length to fronto-nasal; frontal nearly twice as long as broad and as long as its distance to rostral; fronto-parietals forming a suture; interparietal very small; parietals forming a suture behind inter-— parietal twice the length of this scale. Brownish above, a light narrow median and a broader light black- edged line on each side extending from nostril and upper margin of eye, fading out near middle of length of tail; sides with narrow bars composed of light and dark spots; belly light; upper surface of head marbled with darker. In point of scales these specimens more nearly agree with G. nigrolineatus as described by Dr. Boulenger, which is regarded as a synonym of G. flavigularis by Tornier. Gerrhosaurus major Dumeril. Voi. One specimen. Body 88 mm., head 22 mm., width of head 19 mm., arm 29 mm., leg 40 mm., tail 119 mm., scales 32 in trans- verse series, 12 longitudinal series, ventrals in 10 series, 13 femoral pores. Scales on top of head slightly rugose; fronto-nasal broader 410 Fretp Museum or Natura History — Zootoey, Vo. VII. than long, scarcely in contact with the rostral; prefrontals in con- tact, forming a suture about % length of fronto-nasal; fronto-nasal divided on its posterior % by a groove in line with prefrontal suture; width of frontal 1.6 in its length, its length greater than its distance from the tip of snout; parietals forming a suture behind parietal; fronto-parietal suture equals length of prefrontal suture; a single - narrow shield in front of ear opening. Color uniform brown above, yellowish beneath. Mabuia brevicollis (Wiegman). Voi. Two specimens. Body 120 mm., tail 175 mm.; body 127 mm., tail missing. Color brown, the edges of the scales are darker, Cs dark lines along the rows of scales. A few white spots on lower portion of sides of the neck; ventral surface of head and region about the groin dark blue, the rest yellowish; 32 scales around the middle of the body; fingers and toes overlap when the limbs are appressed. Lukenya. Two specimens. Body 121 mm., tail missing; body 100 mm., tail 122 mm. In both of these specimens the lines along the rows of scales are well defined. Narrow dark bands on sides extending across back; in these are many white spots. On the larger specimen are 4 bands be- tween ear and arm, 8 between arm and leg; ventral surface light, the throat black spotted, a few scattered spots on sides of belly. The smaller specimen resembles the larger except the bars across back are less prominent; these bands extend on tail. The general color of these two specimens much resembles that of Chalcides ocellatus. Athi River. One specimen. Body 128 mm., tail 150 mm. Color much lighter than the preceding, the stripes along the rows of scales evident but not conspicuous; ventral surface light, the throat bluish; no distinct white spots nor dark bars anywhere; toes and fingers scarcely meet when the limbs are appressed. Mabuia quinquetzniata (Licht.). Voi. All of the specimens of this species in the collection were taken at this place. Six of the specimens have the median dorsal and the two lateral bands well developed, the body with very few or no white spots or dots. These specimens measure as follows: Body 37 mm., tail broken; body 51 mm., tail 76 mm.; body 59 mm., tail broken; body’s57 mm., tail broken; body 88 mm., tail 95 mm.; body 85 mm., tail broken. Three specimens have faint light dorsal Te ee ee a August, 1910. BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES — MEEK. 411 and lateral bands, and the body with numerous small bluish white spots. Three white narrow vertical bars just back of the ear, be- tween these a black blotch; ventral surface light, the throat bluish. These specimens are males and the six mentioned above are probably females. Mabuia striata (Peters). Nairobi. Color brown above, a broad dorso-lateral band on four of the specimens; the color is uniform on the other. Body 84 mm., tail 120 mm., the color is darker, mottled with dark brown and white spots. The toes of the appressed leg reaches to or nearly to the elbow. The measurements of the four specimens are: Body 61 mm., tail 68 mm.; body 86 mm., tail 112 mm.; body 86 mm., tail lost; body 78 mm., tail has been partly renewed. The ventral sur- face of two of these specimens is white, the other two are the same except the ventral surface of the head, which is spotted with brown. Lukenya. Two specimens uniform brown above with two dorso- lateral bands; ventral surface white, one being faintly brown-spotted. Body 78 mm., tail 111 mm.; body 65 mm., tail 98 mm. Theappressed hind limb nearly reaches elbow. Lake Elmenteita. Three specimens, more or less spotted with brown spots and small white spots. Ventral surface bluish white, the under surface of head brown spotted. These specimens measure as follows: Body 7o mm., tail 85 mm.; body 80 mm., tail broken; body 82 mm., tailr12o mm. The appressed leg nearly reaches elbow. Mabuia megalura (Peters). Athi Plains. Body 50 mm., tail missing; body 20 mm., tail 38 mm., a light lateral band and 3 dark dorsal lines. Fingers and toes overlap about half their length when the limbs are appressed. Lukenya. Body 35 mm., tail 83 mm., white lateral band promi- nent, the dark dorsal lines faint. Fingers and toes overlap nearly their entire lengths when the limbs are appressed. Kijabe. Body 66 mm., tail 185 mm. Color light brownish, the dark dorsal lines very faint, white lateral band distinct. The tips of the fingers and toes scarcely touch when the limbs are appressed. Mabuia varia (Peters). Voi. Five specimens, apparently all females. All are light brownish with small dark brown spots, no light spots; ventral sur- face uniform white to a light tinge of brownish in the female with four young. The lower light lateral stripe well defined; the upper one 412 Fretp Museum or Natura History — Zoo.oey, Vo. VII. very faint to quite absent; median dorsal band absent. One indi- vidual, body 56 mm., tail 93 mm., contained 6 young. In these the lateral stripes are well defined, the median dorsal one very faint or absent. The young measured as follows: Body 19 mm., tail imperfect; body 20 mm., tail 27 mm.; body 20 mm., tail 28 mm.; body 21 mm., tail 27 mm.; body 22 mm., tail 25 mm.; body 23 mm., tail 25 mm. A second female, body 55 mm., tail 68 mm., contained 4 young. The colors of these young are slightly paler than those mentioned above. These measured as follows: Body 15 mm., tail 20 mm.; body 15 mm., tail 25 mm.; body 17 mm., tail 21 mm.; body 19 mm., tail 23 mm. The three other specimens measured: Body 50 mm., tail 63 mm.; body 53 mm., tail 78 mm.; body 46 mm., tail missing. Nairobi. Two specimens. The one, body 48 mm., tail 80 mm., is light brown with dark brown spots, no white spots, the lateral bands prominent, the median dorsal one very faint; the other, body 54 mm., tail 82 mm., is slightly darker and besides the dark spots there are some small white ones on the back. All of the stripes fairly well defined. Lukenya. One specimen. Body 53 mm., tail, partly missing, light brownish, with the dark brown spots and many small white spots; lateral stripes prominent, median dorsal stripe not present. Molo. These specimens are much darker and more uniformly colored than those mentioned above; the stripes though present are very faint. The ventral surface is brownish white. On throat and ventral surface the head is bluish which in 2 specimens (probably males) extends over most of the belly. They measure as follows: Body s0 mm., tail 40 mm. (not perfect); body 49 mm., tail 64 mm.; body 49 mm., tail 70 mm.; body 46 mm., tail 70 mm.; body 40 mm., tail missing. Lygosoma sundevallii (A. Smith). Kijabe. One specimen. Body 75 mm., tail 55 mm.; each scale with a brown spot; ventral surface uniform yellowish. Ablepharus wahlbergii (A, Smith). Voi, Body 41 mm., head 5.5 mm., width of head 4 mm., arm 6.5mm.,leg ro mm., tail imperfect. Broad dark band on sides with yellow line above it, dorsal region dark brown, Nairobi. Body 46 mm., head 6 mm., width of head 4.5 mm., arm 7 mm., leg 1o mm., tail 36 mm.; body 35 mm., tail missing, the specimen in poor condition. Color same as specimen from Voi. »* ee oe ee. en ee ee August, 1910. BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES — MEEK. 413 Lukenya. Body 41 mm., tail 45 mm. Color same as in above specimen. Chameleon jacksoni Boulenger. Lukenya Province. The collection contains 8 females and 7 males from this place. The males are easily distinguished by having the rostral and two occipital horns of about equallength. Thesecephalic projections on the female are short, the occipital ones are usually very short, in these specimens never more than half the length of the rostral horn, which is shown in the following measurements: Sex OP IQISISISIPIVLVIiPIiAigic Length of body in mm.|132/127/112| 91} 89 | 85 | 83 |133]139]135|/ 109/105] 72 | 3 Length of rostral horn in mm.............| 13] 15] 5s| 9| 4]22] 8] rs} 27] 25] 19] 17] 8] 9 Length of occipital horns in mm........ 1]2.5]/2.5; t] 2] 3] 31 2] 20] 25] 18} 17] 8] 8 The three largest females contained no eggs or young, but in the remaining ones eggs were present. The eggs are spherical and are connected in a string resembling a string of beads. The diameter of the eggs in a female 91 mm. in diameter, which contained 18 eggs, is 8mm. The eggs of this species are smaller than are those of C. dilepis, which are oval-shaped but which form a similar string along the line of the greater axis. Chameleon hoehneli Steindachner. Voi. Three specimens, 84 mm., 73 mm., and 72 mm. The two smaller ones gravid, with the embryos each enclosed in a thin mem- branous sack; body of embryos 2 mm. in length. Kijabe. Two specimens, 89 mm., and 87 mm. Lukenya. Four specimens, 65 mm., 62 mm., 38 mm., 27 mm. The largest specimen contained 7 eggs, each 8.5 mm. in diameter. Eggs nearly spherical and connected, appearing like a string of beads. In each egg the outline of the embryos was formed. Mt. Kenya. Two specimens, 82 mm. and 73 mm. Molo. Six specimens, 80 mm. to 90 mm. in length. These con- tained no eggs. Two other individuals, 66 mm. and 75 mm., con- tained eggs with quite well developed embryos. The larger individual contained 9 eggs, each of which was less than half absorbed by the embryo. The embryos in the smaller specimen were less developed. The eggs are nearly spherical, each about 9 mm. in diameter. 414 Fretp Museum or Natura. History — Zoo.oey, Vor. VII. In addition to the above the collection contains from Molo 11 small (2 mm.) specimens, which appear to be embryos taken from a specimen not in the collection. From the above it appears that the breeding time of the four species mentioned is about March and April. The eggs are fully formed in December, and the young are born probably between March and June. Chameleon ellioti Ginther. Lukenya. Ten specimens, 40 mm. to 65 mm. One female, 63 mm., contained 13 embryos, each one being contained in a thin mem- branous sac; body ofeach embryo 20 mm. in length, the egg being fully absorbed. j Chameleon dilepis Leach. Voi. One specimen, female, body 122 mm., which contained several eggs. The eggs are oval, the long diameter of each is 15 mm., the short diameter 8 mm. The ventral surface was cut to allow the preservative to penetrate better and some of the eggs were probably lost. These eggs are very different in shape from the nearly spherical ones found.in the preceding species. Molo. One specimen, 106. mm. Machakos. One specimen, 90 mm. Kinixys belliana Gray. Nairobi. One specimen. Length of carapace 160 mm., width (measured at hip) 104 mm., width (measured at shoulder) 97 mm.; greatest height (measured on rump) 59 mm., height (measured at shoulder) 57 mm., length of plastron 136, carapace being present. Athi Plains. One specimen, measured like the above, is, length 93 mm., width 72 mm., width 69 mm., greatest height 39 mm., height 39 mm.; length of plastron 85, carapace being absent The color ot these two specimens is practically the same, except the smaller is the brighter, and colors in more contrast. Carapace with margins of shields black, the centers yellow; plastron yellow, irregularly blotched with darker. Pelomedusa galeata (Schoepff). Lukenya Hills. One specimen. Length of carapace 93 mm., width (middle) 72 mm., height (middle) 29 mm., length of plastron 83 mm. Color dark brown some mottled with darker, plastron yellowish with irregular dark markings, these mostly along sutures. Fietp Museum or Natura Hisrory. o PUBLICATION 148. ZOOLOGICAL SERIES. Vor. VII, No. 12. NOTES ON BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES FROM THE ISLANDS NORTH OF VENEZUELA BY SerH EucGene MEEK, Assistant Curator of Department. CHARLES B. Cory, Curator of Department of Zodlogy. Cuicaco, U.S. A. August, Iglo. NOTES ON BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA FROM THE ISLANDS NORTH OF VENEZUELA. BY SETH EUGENE MEEK. During the winter of 1908-9 Mr. J. F. Ferry was sent by the Museum to collect birds on the islands off the north coast of Venezuela. He was instructed so far as possible to collect mammals and reptiles. Although the collection of reptiles is not large, it is sufficiently so to indicate quite well the nature of the reptilian fauna of these islands. An account of the birds collected by Mr. Ferry was prepared by Prof. C. B. Cory* and published by the Museum. A paper on the mam- mals is being prepared by Mr. W. H. Osgood. Batrachia. Paludicola brachyops (Cope). Margarita Island. One specimen which agrees very well with the description given by Dr. Boulenger except that the tympanum is very distinct, being about half the diameter of the eye. Reptilia. Leptodira albofusca (Lacépéde). Margarita Island (2). Body 411 mm., tail 125 mm., scales, 18- 181-72; body, 360 mm., tail 138 mm., scales 18-177-85. No dark median line on the occiput; ventral surface whitish, no brown specks. Zamenis mentovarius (Dumeri! & Bibron). Margarita Island. Body 1250mm., tail 450 mm., scales 17— 201- 105; body 800 mm., tail 290 mm., scales 17—205—106. Olive-brown, the tip and center of each scale very dark on the smaller specimen, much less so on the larger one; ventral surface of * Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub. Ornithol. Ser., Vol. I, No. 5s, pp. 191-256c. 415 416 Fretp Museum or NATuRAL History — Zoo.oey, Vot. VII. larger specimen uniform white, except slightly darker on the chest; smaller specimen with two series of olive spots on chest. Drymobius boddezrtii (Sentzen.) Margarita Island. Body 500 mm., tail 245 mm., scales 17- 192-90. Aves Island. Two specimens, received in bad condition; so far as could be observed these were not unlike the Margarita specimen. Color brownish gray;~edges of scales on posterior portion of body with narrow margins of black to very broad margins on anterior por- tion; two dark lines on each side, the upper one anteriorly bordered with narrow white lines; a median white stripe on neck fading out above about 45th ventral plate; ventral surface of head and chest brownish black. -Oxbelis accuminatus (Wied). Margarita Island. Body 914 mm., tail, 312 mm., scales 17—182- 170. Color much lighter than on smaller specimens from Panama and the mainland of Venezuela. Crotalus terrificus (Laurenti). Aruba. Body 665 mm., tail 90 mm., scales 27—168—28, rattles 9. Anolis lineatus (Gray). Aruba. Four specimens, 56 to 80 mm. Curacao. Ten specimens, 47 to 66 mm. Anolis alligator Dumeril & Bibron. Aves Island. One specimen, 58 mm. Bonaire. One specimen, 48 mm. Thecadactylus rapicaudus Gray. Curacao Island. Three specimens, 710 to 850 mm. Tropidurus hispidus (Spix). Margarita Island. Two specimens, 73 and 86 mm. Aves Island. Two specimens, 82 and 102 mm. iguana tuberculata Gray. This lizard is reported to be very abundant on all the islands. The collection contains specimens from the following: Blanquilla (8); Los Hermanos (2); Margarita (1); Aves (1); Curacao (1); Aruba (1). August, 1910. BATRACHIANS AND REpTILES — MEEK. 417 Ameiva surinamensis Gray. Aves Island. Three specimens, 80 to 116 mm. Cnemidophorus murinus Gray. Bonaire Island. Five specimens, 62 to 108 mm. _ Color of the largest specimens (62 to 108 mm.) bluish green; sides and upper surface of legs with large blue spots; no lateral bands; smallest speci- mens (65 to 70 mm.) brownish on back, sides with wavy longitudinal lines, the 3rd on each side darker and broader than the others; ven- tral surface lighter than dorsal. Curacao Island. Fourteen specimens, 66 to 130 mm. These specimens differ from the above in being black on the dorsal region to reddish brown on ventral; no lateral stripes; largest specimens (110 to 130 mm.) with few large spots, none on the smallest ones (66 to 90 mm.). Cnemidophorus lemniscatus Gray. Margarita Island. One specimen, 59 mm., in all respects like - those from the mainland. Cnemidophorus nigricolor Peters. Los Roques Island. Twenty-nine specimens, 50 to 95 mm. Of the smaller lizards on these islands this species is apparently the most abundant. Those from Los Roques Island, the type locality of the species, are a uniform black to slightly brownish (3 specimens, 58 to 65 mm.) on the back with the ventral surface dark greenish. The darker individuals have no spots or stripes on the body or legs, the browner individuals have the upper surface of the legs with many small spots, and a few indistinct ones on the rump. The brachial scales are much smaller than on C. lemniscatus, the two enlarged rows extending about half way from elbow to the shoulder; mesoptychial scales slightly enlarged. Aruba Island. Four specimens, 43 to 108 mm. The specimens from Aruba vary considerably and differ from those mentioned above. The smallest specimen (43 mm.), has 9 distinct stripes on the body, the anterior portions broken into spots; legs and sides below stripes blue spotted; one larger specimen (85 mm.) has 5 stripes on posterior part of body, legs and sides blue spotted; on the other two specimens (go and 108 mm.) the stripes are more indis- tinct and more broken into spots; brachial and mesoptychial scales slightly larger than on specimens from Los Roques Island. Aves Island. Twelve specimens, 57 to 80 mm. 418 Fretp Museum or Natura. History — Zootoey, Vou. VII. Three individuals, 57 to 80 mm., show no trace of lateral stripes and have very few spots on the body and legs; nine other individuals, 60to 78mm., have thesidesandlegsspotted. The brachial scales vary, the two enlarged rows extending in some specimens nearly to the shoulder. Blanquilla Island. One specimen, 61 mm., is dark bluish green with numerous spots on sides and legs; lateral stripes distinct; brachial scales slightly larger than on specimens from typical locality. Margarita Island. One specimen, 66 mm., from Margarita Island much resembles the one from Blanquilla, except that there is no trace of lateral stripes; the enlarged rows of brachial scales extend nearly to shoulder. Testudo tabulata Walbaum. Testigos Island. One specimen. Length of carapace 245 mm., height, 116 mm.; width, 145 mm.; length of central vertebral shield, 44mm.; its width, 63 mm.; length of third costal shield, 47 mm.; its width, 72 mm. Color black, the vertebral and costal shields with yellow centers; plastron with a large dark central area; shields with strong concentric striz. ; ee ae eS SS ll + 4Iq INDEX. PAGE. PAGE. Abildgaardi, Sparisoma.......... 71 albus, Coregonus.............-- 290 ‘Ablepharus wahlbergii.......... 412 PION 2 vncihae oe d Gxse's a0 ais 283 BUPOTUS css esustes 30, 144, 284 Carassius carassius...... jisecaee 283 carassius, Carassius... <4... 283 carbonarium, Hemulon......... 57 Carcharhinus), o's. 80 2 ces 103 lama. 3s s.0 as ee 29 Nicaraguengis +. .\s\s cence 103 platyodon'. ys. u's sine ree 29 Cardinalia virgata....... ger 218 caribeum, Branchiostoma....... 29 cariniceps, Isolemidia........... Ky eee carolina, Porvana.... 00. oo. cack 195 carolinensis, Balistes............ 76 carpintus, Neetroplus........... 156 — carpio, Cypritits 05.0.3. os aes 282 Carpiodes .:y)<.\oGy set aleys senna 250 CiffOrmis 5.30365 oe 8S eee 250 elongatusiiis.s owe ern 154 MicrostOMUs;.. css sewn 154. Velifer ooicsaWeew tis cae eee 251 Cassina senegalensis............ 404 castanea, Priocef@.ii cas ee sea 356 cataract, Rhinichthys.......... 281 catenata, Echidna.............. 32. catenifer, Pityophis............. 15 Catorama. 505. cane es nip 364 Catostomidas . \s..isnahiewcee 154, 248 Catostomus::. s+. ... e ase 358 (Thaneroclerus) tantillus... 396 thoracioue: os see 358, 362 WAGE sc. 5s hoe 358 vulneratus. «6005.56 0 tee 362 Chika. 60s sis s'3 pe ibe ee ee 265 VIQUAR .... css ote eee 266 Chipeidss. os. 5 vc. cca 33, 288 Cnemidophorus .. :. 0. 23302 ae 8 lemniscatus. ....0 i. sien Gnee 417 MUTINUS 5s. ve Ae ee 417 nigricolor. 93.4400 seeue 417 stejnegeri. v2.6 sess swede’ 14 tigria,. one ween ae Ccelastrum microporum......... 196 coeruleum, Etheostoma........ ee coeruleus, Scarus. . .6.scs ees cusn 69 Teuthis ic ies eee 75 Coleonyx variegatus............ 3 colonorum, Agama............. 407 Colubridss.. oon. viiv veka eeantes 14 Colymbus dominicus brachypterus 194 nigricollis californicus...... 194 comans, Cymatodera........... 351 commersonii, Catostomus....... 256 concolor, Ichthyomyzon,........ 232 congestum, Moxostoma......... 154 Copepoda. s5:ss« o034s cad ute ee 205 Coregonug cs scices'ss eure ean 290 albus. in cies sence ees 290 Juty, t912. InpDEx to Votume VII, NuMBERs 1 TO 12. 425 PAGE. cornea, Neritina. ...55.-..604% 218 cornutus, Notropis............. 272 coronatum, Phrynosoma........ 12 Coronella semiornata........... 406 Corynetes marginellus.......... 397 POOR cig one 8,9 cruentatum, Cinosternum....... 193 cruentatus, Petrometopon....... 54 Peacenthus. 2254500 Gb Si 55 PAGE, crumenophthalmus, Trachurops.. 48 a a 7 Cryptotomus crassiceps......... 70 cerysoleucas, Notemigonus....... 264 Ctenosaura acanthura........... 192 cuprescens, Clerus.............. 358 foe | ae 4! cyanea, Furcaria..:............ 63 cyanellus, Lepomis............. gil cyanipennis, Clerus...... 358, 362, 363 Poscilochroa...........5.. 362 cyanocephalus, Iridio........... 68 cyanoguttatum, Cichlasoma..... 156 Cyeleptus elongatus......... 153, 154 Cycloganoides .....05.-eceesess 238 SE ee ORR ese 205 Cyclops oithnoides............. 205 cylindricollis, Cymatodera... 346, 347 Cymatodera emula............. 348 GIONS on oaks ki hak: ss 350 GMRINCOUD.. 5:05 5 dic a ca BS o's 354 pe Se er Se 346 oe ey See 349 californica............; 349, 350 CE ee era EL Pasa 351 cylindricollis ia Gan'd = cutee 4 346, 347 discoidalis............. 355, 356 ONDE i sows « 86 0eoS 353, 354 OS Se ee ae 348 a > | ae ae 352 CORI, és «ceed ee ss 0 354, 355 CONE a cicadas bn bax 355 DNS ccs) ra elawins oss 350 OE ss ae a. 349, 350 MS osc eee se owes 345 WNIORIDN sine colthie's van vac 345 WOOUNOME boos i ices oo a 343 We coin sds pees ke 344 WOON onc sc 5 oka sca be 346 RNIN 6 S566 bts eee ws 35! Gs oe ead aa eo acs 349 DC ia nv aan Se 342 UUM, SS cccen kiss ves 343 SPOR rags Pee sss 53 347 RR is ces Sioa oe dances 344 SI oii. 5 2% oie bee 344 usta. .342, 343, 344, 346, 347, 348 wickhami ee arsix a tin pcolyy 354, 355 1” SSP a Se ag i getial be 345 426 Fretp Museum or Naturat History—Zoétoey, Vor. VII. PAGE, Cynodontichthys tenuis......... 145 Cypreea isabella................ 217 TOR ss aes . ee 217 Cyprinide........... 30, 144, 154, 257 Cyprinodon dearborni........... 208 SUNOS 6 6.55 56 x Ss bs SR EO 282 GATINO Soe i ed 282 FIVETENAL oR oa eee 208 Cystignathidz..........%....5. 192 damicornis, Orthopleura..... 394, 395 PUNS 555 6 ee Oe ees 395 Daphnia galeata............... 204 LOMSISHINA oo iss ee eet A es 204 PS i. in ia oe foe a 204 Pap, os 8 NS kates aes 204 dasytoides. Clerus.............. 358 dasytoides, Systenoderes........ 362 dearborni, Cyprinodon.......... 208 Decapterus punctatus........... 48 scombrinus............... 48 decoratus, Iridios.)6.c ian ree 64 decussatus, Clerus.............. 361 deflorata, Asaphia.............. 219 delicata, Gallinago.............. 195 demersum, Ceratophyllum....... 171 dendriticum, Siphostoma........ 39 dentex, Brycon...... 109, I12, 135, 152 Chmlcinovels’ :./558s505 oe 109 Dermatolepis inermis........... 55 Diaphanosoma brachyurum...... 203 Diaptomus albuquerquensis...... 205 dichroa, Chariessa.............. 383 difformis, Carpiodes............ 250 dilepis, Chameleon... ......... 414 Dina microstoma............... 200 Bons Teyetsrin so. icc sees 80 novem-maculatus.......... 80 BO ois 6 ke ES eee Res 80 EROIGIOG 65s 0 00 V- Fea We eee Oe 392 TT rrr ah Pore ree 323 blennioides.............+: 323 Diplodus argenteus............. 59 Dipsosaurus dorsalis............ 3 discoidalis, Cymatodera...... 355. 356 discoidea, Hydnocera........... 379 discors, Querquedula............ 194 dispar, Fundulus............... 299 dissimilis, Hybopsis............. 277 PAGE, Dolichopsis. ... ...) 3.5 eiwen ee 396 dolomieu, Micropterus.......... 316 Dormitator maculatus.......... 143 dormitor, Philypnus..... 131, 153, 174 Dorosoma «: ::.'. ea exe eee 112, 287 cepedianum.......5...0... 287 Chaves 20.60. 550 s ee 112 Oxile . 5. ssa 155 Dorosomide............ 112, 155, 287 dorsalis, Dipsosaurus........... 3 dorsatum, Cichlasoma.......... 123 dorseyi, Placostylus........ -, .216, 219 Placostylus (Leucocharis).. 219 Douglassianus, Trichodes........ 373 dovii, Cichlasoma........... 120, 143 FOROS Deen 6c ewes pease 120 Posetlia. v5: tee 113, 138 drummond-hayi, Epinephelus.... 53 *Drupa: ricinus, 4.5/5 3:1. ae 217 Drymobius boddertii........... 416 dubius, Thanasimus............ 357 ductor, Naucrates............:- 48 duplicata, Cymatodera....... 353, 354 duquesnii, Placopharynx... 248 Echeneidide........... peereeee 83 Echeneis naucrates............. 83 Echidna catenata...... eid tee 33 Edwardsii, Trogodendron,....... 366 edwardsii, Xenoclerus........... 366 Elapechis guentheri............. 405 Elasmocerus iss i sivas cen thee 339 californicus. <0 sa sink see 341 MOWAtoma 6.55 sis o Guinn s co 327 eee! a es os eee na 329 NMS os a cca oe cee ee 330 RNS Vas dass nak sca pace 328 BR cn: soso punctate s 328 ina sna sc Soa ts pes 327 Eublepharidz.................. 3 Le Ea rer ar 302 Rs as we ose ass 302 Eucinostomus californiensis..... . 143 GUM exe aee selene «0 Ges 60 "harengulie. cones esc cs 59 Oe RE rises Pe oper 60 pseudogula............... 60 314 312 RS ere eee 137 428 Frerp Museum or Natura. History—Zo6é.oey, Vor. VII. PAGE. flagellum, Bascanium........... 15 Gavescens, Perta... 2... ia 320 Soarmoma 3.5... see 72 "ERGHOdES 556555 Sees 370 Trichodes simulator var.... 370 flavigularis, Gerrhosaurus....... 409 flavolineatum, Hemulon........ 57 flavovittatus, Mulloides......... 46 Havuis, Noturus: aio Se eee 244 foetens, Synodus............. as ee formosus, Angelichthys.......... 74 fragilis, Spingilla |. os. cee ts.53 198 fredrichsthalii, Cichlasoma....... 143 frontale, Cichlasoma............ 210 PhrynosOwn . soe ak ea 5 6S 12 frontalis, Placopterus........... 363 fuchsii, Cymatodera............ 352 Fulica americana............... 195 fulvus, Bodianus oo. 3, oes es 52 SObIGsOR 4 5 oiisisn aka aees 149 punctatus, Bodianus....... 52 fumosa, Solenosteira......... gee} Sg NS ons Coches bee 299 ORIN Sis 55 08 kha Ce as 26, 35 diaphanus menona......... 299 TS ee AES OR Te 299 guatemalensis...... 136, 180, 184 ROGUE iso. 5 os hehe > Seabues 206 lineata, Glossiphonia.. ...... 199, 201 Hneatet, Aaolié. 23.20. a: 416 a Cae 37 lineolatum, Pelonium........ 389, 390 Thoonathides . 6 6008s sve - 143 lobochilus, Cichlasoma..... .. 124, 125 ee Se eee lo aa 125 Lobotes surinamensis........... 55 RS SIE re a a 55 longiceps, Eleotris.............. 131 WG DOU «5 5d. cds D's 131 longicornis, Cymatodera 343 longimanus, Cichlasoma......... 153 (epee. ae 127 longispina, Daphnia............ 204 ee 740 er 338 WMOUNOUR SS seca Paes 338 lucayanum, Asymmetron........ 29 lucens, Potamogeton............ 17! lucifer, Crotalue,.......-.....-. 17 Mamas, MONGMES S Sa'd'ss bas sic o' «'s 296 eS eee 359 Peewee es 86 Pesta en ek 55, 140 Lutianus apodus............... 55 Oc Me ree es Sys 57 DEMON. 22 sch: 57 WU ei 25% as wn es 56 2) ene 57 WMI oda ss sa ose oa 56 en eee 56 lutrensis, Notropis.............. 155 432 Fretp Museum or NATURAL History—Zodé.oey, Vor. VII. PAGE lutzi, Heterandria.............. 137 Lycodontis funebris............. 31 gordams ......... ). ce 32 OriNgs...... «. nee 32 Ocellatus...... «deena 32 sanctee-helenz. . . 2.2: .ia8 32 Lycophidium capense........... 405 Lygodactylus picturatus......... 406 Lygosoma sundevallii........... 412 Lynceide: ....... .. «Gagan oe lynx, Cyprea ... i ipa ees 217 mabouia, Hemidactylus......... 406 Mabuia brevicollis.............. 410 megalura. «Alsat dis « 411 quinquetzniata........... 410 striata... ...0c eee es Ss 4II Varia... is) Sees ic 411 mackayi, Siphostoma........... 38 macracanthum, Cichlasoma...... 140 macrophthalmus, Sardinella..... 34 Macrorhamphoside........ mars, 98 Macrorhamphosus scolopax...... 38 macrostomum, Hzmulon........ 58 Macroteleia... . ..4: eee 339 Macrotelus.... .. ¢geaeeeaees 339, 340 cinctipennis: . cians es 341 terminatus. .. ..s:9els.-- 342 terminatus var. pallipes.... 341 macularius, Acititis............. 195 maculatus, Apogon............. 51 Aulostomus. «<5 Aen = 37 Canthidermis. .)) Ss5gae «- ; 76 Dormitator. :. .. :asee 143 Philypnus. .: .\ J. seebeo 143 Upeneus ..... i:eatee 45 maculicauda, Cichlasonait ae 5 ‘141, 151 maculicolle, Pelonium........... 388 maculicollis, Cregya..... 385, 388, 390 maculosa, Lota... .. 3); eee 338 maculosus, Epinephelus......... 52 magister, Sceloporus............ 10 major, Gerrhosaurus............ 409 Malacanthide..........:...055 83 Malacanthus plumieri........... 83 mammilla, Polinices............ 218 managuensis, Cichlasoma 119, 143, 152 OS 119 PAGE. managuensis,Cichlasoma —Cont’d Rhamdia ; sce tases pa pay 105 manana, Cichlasoma............ 141 Mapo soporator ss 544... es57. 2: 81, 83 margaritaceus, Turbo........... 218 marginella, Lebasiela........... 397 marginellus, Corynetes.......... 397 Necrobia.:: . 5, i's eee 397 marginipenne, Pelonium......... 389 marinus, Bufo: . - . ic) sg eee 191 marmorata, Clemmys...:........ 3 Hemnisus.’ fac. 01, Sees 404 Rappia. iiss 515 Goes cee 404 marmoratus, Symbranchius , eee 151 Marsipobranchii......2..... 227,231 martinicus, Upeneus............ 46 mascariensis, Rana..... Petey. 403 masquinongy, Esox............. 297 maximus, Lachnolaimus......... 63 mearnsi, Uta. ¥i4cs..n0 ci tee 9 mearnsii, Vivipera.............. 221 meeki, Holocentrus............. 42 Thyring.. 5255 Uk eee 139 Megalopa: #: i oA eee III megalotis, Lepomis.......... 156, 313 megalura, Mabuia.............. 411 megatoma, Elasmocerus......... 342 Monophylla. .. «2... eagiee 342 Melanids: ..... occiciaee tae 205 Melaniris..3 6... a oe ee 114 balsanus.. Goiievalci eG eee 114 sardign, csickerer ieee 99, 114 melanops, Minytrema........... 252 melanurum, Hemulon.......... 57 melas, Ameiurus............... 243 mendana Papuinia.............. 215 Menidia menidia............... a notatas 30.68. 2 244 | onusta, Chariessa pilosa var...... 394 Ophichthyide. 0952-60 s avs 31 Ophichthys triserialis........... 31 opifex, Clerus. 2.53) eee 360 Opisthonema libertatis.......... 112 Oglinuwm . 5655's Se eee 33 Opsoptsodus. . 20.4.3 ee poe 263 emilias. 6.000: s cece eee 264 orcutti, Sceloporus............+. II Orcynus alliteratus............% 46 thynngs . 6.0.06 5 ea eee oresterus, Trichodes......... 368, 369 ornaticollis, Cleronomous........ 362 ornatus, Clerus decussatus var.... 361 Trichodes..... 372, 373) 374) 375 Orthagoriscus mola............. 80 Orthopleura .). .i60sss Gees 393 bimaculata scsi nee 395 damicornis .::\. (ieawate nat 394; 395 nigripennis, ¢.... iceeee es x 305 punctatissima............. 395 quadraticollis:... 3.0 tes 393 VOXONG vii cs cb che sin eter 394, 395 Orthopristis chrysopterus........ 58 oryhynchus, Rhamphiophia...... 405 osseus, Lepisosteus.......... 153, 237 Ostractidas. «3.263 -<.se tee 79 Oxybelis acuminatus............ 416 Oxyechus vociferus...........+. 196 pachycephalus, Fundulus........ 136 pagodula, Vivipara..........065 221 Palesmondine ss dicie ic ss «seal 202 pallida, Cymatodera.......... .. 344 pallidus, Lepomis....... +: ne TS pallipes, Corynetes........ eyes $97 Lebasiella........+- “ee 396 j fy DP | ae Sa q roy, 1912. InpEx To VotumeE VII, NUMBERS 1 TO 12 435 PAGE. PAGE pallipes, Corynetes — Continued. Percopsis — Continued. Macrotelus terminatus var.. 34 OE ES 304 palmeri, Gerrhonotus........... 12 ee ER 197 Paludicola brachyops.........-- 415 Peridinium hirundinella......... 197 palustris, Potamides............ 217 Se Eo ae 197 pancheri, Placostylus........... 219 POROOUNG so cicngktenUesase css 9 Panicum... ic. 5sae eee ae 170 peruvianus, Gerres............. 143 papillosum, Syacium............ 87 petenensis, Poecilia. ............ 138 Pantina’..cccaucseaere tes ss. 5 216 petensis, Amnicola.............. 206 Pee bE: ee 215 petiti, Neritina................. 218 | aa 216 Petrometopon cruentatus........ 54 RE Up iio 150 a Seccwks 215 Petromyzonidz................ 231 DEG apis ic sas ayes ees 215 REET eee ee 276 NORRR 3 2's axle Baus 215 NING 6510 0S Sw wigs Jase de%e 276 SED «5.6.14 s'uiu a ate Vin-al 216 SN hs abs chess soon we ev See 131 Parmmambusia.... 5 6cecescce cs 113 Gormiter. 6c... 131, 153, 174 nicaraguensis............. 113 IN ee ca asi viewa at 131 Paranthias furcifer............. 55 CORON 656 55 555% 50 i's o's 143 ES PEERED E P LEE 119 phoebe, Prionodes.............. 54 parryi, Rhamdia............... 134 Phrynobatrachus natalensis 403 partelloi, Vivipara.............. 221 Phrynomantis bifasciata......... 404 pelagicum, Siphostoma.......... 39 Phrynosoma blainvillii.......... 12 pellucida, Ammocrypta......... 326 RS ae 12 pellucidus, Psenes.............. 49 PO SS or octictine + oie 12 Pelomedusa galeata............. 414 NNR So Bice ces 12 Pelonium......... GES is cis vere 383 PRONG isis eta Seka d. 203 a ee 392 pichardi, Joburus.... sc. escnces 148 ee i 387 picta, Pterophryne............. 89 Oe A 386 picturatus, Lygodactylus........ 406 leucophaum.............. 384 picudilla, Sphyrena............ 42 lineolatum............. 389, 390 pigmentarius, Apogon........... 50 po ae 388 pilosa, Chariessa............ 383, 394 marginipenne............. 389 Pimelodus managuensis.....:... 105 Se err 381 nicaraguensis............. 106 Gh Sr 391 REE aie ee 144 OOM Ses akc Uw sa 389 DUNNO euirws sie aces sss 262, 266 pennsylvanicum........... 395 es ee Re 154, 263 quadrinotatum............ 392 COOUNGD, Sfic bias ee tededs 262 WORUStHON oi cclax SaaS Soke 384 pipiens, Rana..............-... 191 peninsularis, Cymatodera........ 346 Bee ick ons cute sone bd 227, 234 Michodes. .. sisi. ves. 368, 369 Pistia obcordata................ 170 a Pelonium Pat og 395 Pityophis catenifer............. 15 POP le cn eeeccscodes ce 320 Placopharynx duquesnii......... 248 ea 320 ee Sn ee 363 Percidee «oapeses Nee psere ote 317 a EE aaa a ae ea 363 Percina . ieee ick ck vows 320 We vaca ee oa oe 363 my Pi ns Oe ee ee 320 ee ea Ee a 363 Bonsidm . .. ivccageeghah isk 303 2 A ran rar 219 GIS... ... cc caneeee 303 ESS okt se ceeds 216, 219 436 Fretp Museum or Natura History—Zo6é.ocy, Vor. VIL. PAGE, Placostylus — Continued. (Leucocharis) dorseyi...... 219 PeRCherl. .. .. ss. . sane 219 pancheri var. candida...... 219 Paamexis sulcatus..:... iia 217 Planorbis subpronus............ 206 Platophrys lunatus............. 86 ocellatus . fi. aici wae 86 platostomus, Lepisosteus........ 238 Platynoptera........4... ss amiees > platyodon, Carcharhinus........ 29 Platypoecilus tropicus........... 146 platyrhinus, Phrynosoma........ 12 Plectrypops retrospinis.......... 45 Plewromectidee. iso. oiscc nines son 86 pleurospilus, Heterandria........ 137 plumbea, Poecilochroa........... 363 plumieri, Malacanthus.......... 83 BOOPORNA. > 204 JULY, 1912. PAGE. pulligera, Neritina............-- 219 pumilum, Leptopoma.......--.. 216 punctatissima, Orthopleura...... 395 punctatissimum, Enoplium...... 395 punctatissimus, Eumycterias.... . 148 punctatum, Cichlasoma......-..- 210 punctatus, Decapterus.........- 48 Pundultig.pieen dee efi s es 136 Gymnothorax..........++- 32 Italie ss es cies" 154, 240 pO” eae 3! puncticulatus, Holocentrus...... 43 punctulata, Microperca......... 332 punctulatus, Hippocampus. ..... 40 pungitius, Pygosteus............ 303 a) oe ne 303 pungitius.......... By yi $2 303 pyramidata, Pythia............. 216 Pythia pyramidata............. 216 SO 381 Eee 381 SE oS ERTS cid a sn vs vs 381 quadripunctata........... 382 quadraticollis, Orthopleura...... 393 quadrilateralis, Coregonus. ...... 290 quadrinotata, Cregya........... 393 quadrinotatum, Enoplium....... 382 re 392 quadripunctata, . Paaec Wain - quadrisignatum, Pelonium....... 392 quadrisignatus, Clerus....... 359, 362 quadrispinosus, Pseudoscarus.... 70 quercinus, Chloritis.......... 216, 220 Querquedula discors............ 194 quinqueteniata, Mabuia...... .. 410 Machycontride. 665655660 hs daues 49 Rachycentron canadus.......... 49 SR RUG. 5 Sele wes baea's 385 Pee aaleien 72 co a 68 radiosus, Antennarius........... 89 rail, BYGQREEEA dhek ess cetbee ese 50 Rallidse 7eoeaes eet k sc ewikwes 195 ramicornis, Chariessa........... 383 Rana mascariensis.............. 403 pipiens... Vawee ee ae ges Ig! InpEx To VotumeE VII, NUMBERS I TO 12. 437 PAGE. MMPS sare ci ka wis t's See 191 Ranzania truncata.............. 80 raphidoma, Tylosurus........... 36 rapicaudus, Thecadactylus....... 416 Rappia cinctiventris............ 404 TATNORNAE 5 ei ee ee ss 404 EID. 35 beh ei ss nics es 86 Regalecus gladius.............. 86 Ee one ge 86 regani, Astyanax............... 207 DUAW a tale Voie bs Weak 144 SMITE TUONO g 4''s <'s bis elu'w's wos bs 404 Remora remora...........--+-- 83 remora, Remora................ 83 RRA vic pda vc 6 50s o's hekee 405, 415 Ce a ee ee 405 reticulatus, Chilomycterus....... 80 retrospinis, Plectrypops......... 45 OE yee Pt et) eee 105 ee 106 brachycephalus........... 144 cabreras ..... <..4-- 93, 134, 183 godmani. cette etna es 134, 150 Ce aa 105 se ae ORT Oy | OTE 207 micaraguense.............. 134 nicaraguensis............. 106 PERE Ee ET ee 134 NS iss catenees Maeve eds 144 Rhamphiophis oxyrhynchus. ... . 405 Rhinishtlne 2 iis sss 281 po ey ere 281 CORBIRCEIN Sooo dei ess 281 Rhinogobius glaucofrenum. .... . 81 Msc aka 8s x vs 81 rhinopla, Iguana............... 192 OF Rae ee ae Lee 236 rhomboides, Lagodon........... 59 Rhomboplites aurorubens....... 26 VORP EEC Ter errr 385 Rhypticus bistrispinus.......... 55 UE RD on 5 ac a'e © aldia Paes 336 mee DU i ae hse Soe 217 rigaudi, Ceriodaphnia........... 204 rimator, Bathystoma........... 58 riverendi, Cyprinus............. 208 NN Reais 4-5 vy s'e's one 145 flabellicauda............-.. 145 438 Fretp Museum or Naturat History—Zoozocy, Vor. VII. PAGE. PROMOS tS rece a 93 s/s) «eee 333 Garysons.......... Jee 333 pines; AUK... 5 sss Tae 46 MNNIOMNEN 6 oe 5 sie oa Sse ea III guatemalensis...98, III, 135, 145 rogersi, Pimelodus.............. 144 rondeletii, Exoccetus............ 37 rosipes, Novaculicthys.......... 69 rostrata, Anguilla... .......55.. 285 rostratum, Cichlasoma. . .126, 128, 152 rostratus, Canthigaster......... 26, 80 Hero). 2.35 eh Sea 126 ruber, Bodianus fulvus.......... 52 Carank. i. Fee hate oe 48 Crotahias e065 i seks iy rubicundus, Acipenser........... 236 rubrifrons, Notropis............ 274 rubriventris, Thanasimus........ 357 SU RAMOG 6 vic de Bvwrecew en Ree 63 rufipes, Placopterus............. 363 rufipinnis, Exocoetus............ 37 rufiventris, Clerus.............. 358 rupestris, Ambloplites........175, 309 Salariichthys textilis............ 85 Salix Humboldtiana............ 168 UMass His 8d oo co Soap eoegs 293 5 ee ar 182, 293 SIP eres eer 182 7 earring GN saree 182 salmoides, Micropterus....... 175, 316 | ESS ee roe he 289 Salvadora grahamiw............ 15 salvatoris, Poecilia.............. 138 EO OCB. 5:5 'e x cede ae 361 Salvinia natans................ 170 sanctez-helenz, Lycodontis...... 32 santarose, Cymatodera......... 351 santarosaliw, Notropis.......... 155 sardina, Melaniris............ 99, 114 Sardinella anchovia............. 34 MIOOOIIG . 6 os ese ncedaues 34 macrophthalmus.......... 34 Sargassum........... 48, 49, 55, 62, 89 Sauromalus ater................ 9 saurus, Synodus..............+. 35 sayanus, Aphredoderus.......... 306 scaber, Antennarius............. 87 PAGE. ecarus acutus. . :.\ saan. ya 70 coéruleus. .11. Seis 69 croicensis .. :+¢ pan mae 69 gnathodus. 235 gaee tee eae 70 teeniopterus. 2. ea 70 trispinosus. . 2035 4. nee 7° vetula.. 6.6... sae 70 Sceloporus biseriatus............ II elarkai.'... ot ee II graciosus.... 6605.2. ae II magister so. eo ee 10 OPCHGH ii iic cs ee II TOSterOMNg 66S ss SS II Schilbetdes ssid ah nos Fhe 245 exilis:.: )) ee poe gyrines 0 aa eee 245 MIVTUBS ) ss see 247 schoepfh, Alutera......... ee 76 Scleenidaas 6555 5 FR 60, 156, 334 scincicauda, Gerrhonotus........ 12 Scirgte. As shins ec eee 170 sciurus, Heemulon.............. 57 seobinata, Tellinaj.: os 38 Cais 219 Scolopacidie. 3.55 vce cece wen 195 scolopax, Centriscus............ 38 Macrorhamphosus......... 38 Scombridte : 5. 8. ia pees 46 scombrinus, Decapterus sa eee 48 Scorpeena agassizii.............. 80 plumieri. iy... i venuaeen 80 Scorpeenidss... i. igikc eee oe 80 ecripta, Aluteta. ives eaiee 77 scriptus, Alutarius.............. 77 sebee, Polinices............ss00 218 sebego, Salmo... 5 sc cisaswaseas 182 sectatrix, Kyphosus............. 60 Selachostomi... oo)... sik Gs ee 234 — sellicauda, Apogon............+: 51 semiornata, Coronella........... 406 Semotilus....:./5s'. Acca ee 280 atromaculatus..........+. 280 senegalensis, Cassina............ 404 septentrionalis, Ceryle americana 196 serica, Verticaria.........:es00 14 Seriola faloatas. s.r. csscseaeee 48 lalandh ois views 0 h)o se ce 48 a a 48 Serranidss.:. 04.5 05sss08 wee 52, 332 shumardi, Cottogaster.......... 322 JuLy, 1912. . PAGE. sibilans, Psammophis........... 405 siccifer, Holocentrus............ 43 sicculus, Labidesthes............ 305 Sicydium altum................ 149 SNS; ch oa'sc «dao re oy) ee 203 Snata, Netite 5 «cs «twsjese tee: 218 Siluride....93, 105, 134, 144, 150, 154, Nelle ey Meee ee ET OTT 183, 240 silus, Crotaphytus.............- 9 simulator, Trichodes......... 370, 371 Siphostoma dendriticum......... 39 NS er ee rare 38 I cia. 5 0'p OCS * W8's 26, 39 NN ccs ch aek pened Cae 38 SMNCMIN | cio s.s'n's a ve Reb oe 39 snowi, Cymatodera............. soleeformis, Hemirhombus..... . 87 Solenosteira fumosa............. 217 soporator, Mapo.............. 81, 83 soror, Cymatodera.............. 342 URSIN aa i iw cs es scarce, 59 Sparisoma abildgaardi.......... 71 aurofrenatum............. 72 GOO ss awa esi cs. 72 hoplomystax.............. 72 TU Ea 72 WHIMS EES ois cucecacss 72 ROGUE. 5 vs is eso ees 73 sparoides, Pomoxis.......... 175, 308 spathula, Polyodon............. 235 spekii, Hremias................. 409 spengleri, Spheroides............ 79 Spermophilus leucurus.......... 15 Sphzromelania largillierti........ 205 Sphagebranchus anguiformis 31 sphegeus, Clerus............... 358 _sphenops, Peecilia. 98, 113, 137, 167, 180, Ree oo ee ey Sr ee 186 Spheroides spengleri............ 79 Sphyreena barracuda............ 41 ORNS . is 5s ee Es alee wae 42 ER css tentith chew a hn a 42 RS ee era 42 sphyrena, Sphyrena............ 42 Sphyregbeawwn wc. 62. ce s0c acs 41 Sphyrna zygena............... 30 Bobhyrnids ic, vewewides cawsecis 30 spilurum, Cichlasoma........... 151 spinole, Hydnocera............. 380 InDEXx TO VotumME VII, NUMBERS I TO 12. 439 PAGE ee 198 Spongilla fragilis.............-. 198 stagnale, Eudorina............. 197 stansburiana, Uta............-. 10 stejnegeri, Cnemidophorus....... 14 stellifer, Antennarius 89 stigmaturus, Gobius............ 83 Stisostedion. .. «i ceasanuaveaas 318 canedensee .... i. stineuss 318 VitTeUM ....5's.adawer ners 319 Stolephorus chcerostomus........ 34 storerianus, Hybopsis........... 278 eiriate, Mabuia. .:.....628.0065 411 striatum, Bathystoma........... 58 striatus, Chetodon............. 74 Epinephelus...........:.. 53 strigillata, Neritina............. 218 EE Te 49 Strombus campbelli.... . 217 stylifer, Hippocampus. . 40 subpromus, Planorbis........... 206 subsimilis, Cymatodera......... 343 substriata, Monophylla. ..340, 341, 342 sucetta, Erimyzon.............. 251 Suecia, Cladocera ..........-... 204 sulcatus, Planaxis.............. 217 sundevallii, Lygosoma.......... 412 surinamensis, Ameiva........... 417 MN <5 ceduce sk hdweses 55 Syacium micrurum............. 87 papillosum Le Sr 87 SA eee 151 Symbranchus marmoratus...... . 151 synagris, Lutianus.............. 56 DOMINION Fok ks 650 ko Sdvse 8% 38 Syngnathus jonesii............. 39 Sub hidese ek. eeide oc 34 Synodus foetenms................ 34 Sutonmedies. |... 6s. ces 35 Oe SPREE oer Eore 35 Systenoderes dastoides.......... 362 tabacaria, Fistularia............ 38 tabulata, Testudo.............. 418 tabulatum, Peridinium.......... 197 teeniopterus, Scarus............. 70 tantilla, WOR aa bk ds a we 396 440 Fretp Museum or NATURAL History—Zo6étoey, Vor. VII. PAGE, Tectarius bullatus. . >... ct aks 218 ja Sara erpaege > 13, 193 Tellina scobinata............... 219 tenellus, Trichodes..... : 62,304 373 Trichodes ornatus var...... 373 tenue, Cichlasoma.............. 94 tenuis, Cynodonichthys......... 145 PObeiia 5. bs eta Se coe 147 Terebra evolutas 3c cs ea 217 tergisus, Hiodon......... Se ee ae 286 terminata, Monophylla.......341, 342 terminatus, Elasmocerus........ 342 Macrotelus.. 3:55 s:05<255..4 342 SNS ios Shieig i ee ae 342 terrabensis, Gambusia.......... 146 terrificus, Crotalus... is cui cde. 416 tesetilata, Natica.. 7235s .4 wks 218 Testadimide... i.5. sues atioi as 3 Testudo tabulata............... 418 Tetragonopterus eneus......... 135 SASS | ao as 134 hee. akuetwee, 109, 135 micropthalmus............ 135 TetrOROOEGe 6 aiee rks ce 79, 148 Te 5 ores os ea eas ke 75 Teuthis bahianus............... 75 OE, sii ssc basemen 75 RUNIAE oi adic Coa 76 PNB soins ocd ear eee 76 fexunm, Chariesen.. . sve s ois niece 382 Orthopleura. ... 06630555 394, 395 textilis, Salariichthys............ 85 TT MRRIOUE oo ss so as Cee owes 359 GODIN «sc os « oS aaieek ae 357 SOOUMUG. 6655. ick ea Sees 362 MIONECOIR 6 6 5. i050 vikhi aoa 357 eubriventsis « s «6:0 505cee 357 TPRIOTOCIETUB. 4. 6.5 66 cobs oie 396 PIOUS 05 bc a 00k oo CRS 363, 364 PONSUNCUS oss ees cee es 364 pened, Auris 6 6i.inids .eansae 46 Thecadactylus rapicaudus....... 416 thermalis, Poecilia.............. 138 Thias hippocastanea............ 217 thoracicum, Enoplium.......... 395 thoracicus, Clerus........... 358, 362 TRONS os ke be rece bie 126 tigris, Cnemidophorus........... 13 CROCRIG fio) hrs 85548 ae 16 PAGE. Tigris — Continued. MycteropercasvtGeri cs. 54 Tillus damicornis; 437 A ss 395 terminatus 56 Saas: 342 Thunnus thynmus ...2 5555 es 46 thynnus, Orcynus. .. 2.5 .ce4en 46 ThUnnNus. . 6 ive eee 46 Thyrina meeki.. ... . 2. i155 ee 139 Thyrsites prometheus........... 46 torosa, Cymatodera............. 347 tortugee, Holocentrus........... 43 Trachinocephalus myops....... Cran Trachinotus glaucus............ 49 SOOGE sine. ae ee ae 49 Trachurops crumenophthalmus.. 48 transandeanus, Chonophorus.... . 150 triannulata, Erpobdella......... 199 Trichodes. . iui.3. 3255 see eee 366, 370 ADIVOPUR , occ eke 370, 371, 375 apivorus var. interruptus... 376 bibalteatus............ 370, 371 bimaculatus i .6.5 5 sas 374 bisiguatis. 33g cen Be tee We Douglassianus............ 373 HAVESCONS: |. os BOs ee 370 Hartwegiants 6c. .vsu0 we 373 Ugtris 25.5555 at oa ee 369, 370 NONUS sss ania s veneer “a3 nuttalll oo cig) Same 373) 374) 375 Oresternusn3s «aici tasanes 368, 369 ornatus....... 372, 373) 374) 375 ornatus var. tenellus....... 373 peninsularis........... 368, 369 simiulatoris.:: vat ease 370, 371 simulator var. flavescens... 370 tenellus..2...43.k0bo eee 373 trichodon, Mugil ii... +s tea 41 tricolor, Holacanthus........... 74 tricornis, Lactophrys...........-+ 79 trigonus, Lactophrys...........- 79 trimaculatum, Cichlasoma...93, 94, 95, 04's 5 4A chee As 140, 174 Trimerorhinus triteniatus....... 405 triqueter, Lactophrys........... 79 triserialis, Ophichthys........... 31 trispinosus, Scarus...........+6 70 tristoechus, Lepisosteus.......+- 105 triteeniatus, Trimerorhinus.... .. 405 Trogodendroni, yo. ss +aeeh meee ++ * 366 ee a JULY, 1912. PAGE. Trogodendron — Continued. meewardsit . yeas se 366 fasciaculatum............. 366 tropicus, Atractosteus........... 104 Lepisostets; 4.0). csi sess 104 Platyposrilis=. tenes ces: 146 Tropidurus hispidus............ 416 truncata, Ranzania............. 80 tuberculata, Iguana............. 416 tuckeri, Monacanthus...>....... 78 Turbo margaritaceus............ 218 tuta, Cymatodera.............. 344 ME OCUS.. 5... aes 35 SEN i shri vuln «oars 36 UM ISOONIIO 50 5s kc Stk wa ec 36 Typha angustifolia............. 170 Ulema lefroyi.............. Sees OO Uma notata....... con oe aoa on 3 ROSA Te bs boas she cs ay 297 MO rtyg. cs. cea es 297 umbratilis, Notropis............ 274 SUOMI Gk. yk aio 297 underwoodi, Cichlasoma 211 undulata, Ameiva.............. 193 unifasciatus, Hyporhamphus... . . 36 uniformis, Cymatodera.......... 344 Upeneus maculatus............. 45 ae ae 46 eg ES” a 337 0 OO eee Bremer 337 UreepenIOwes. ... .......-... 266 vigilis, Xantusia............... 13 (ST ae 405 virescens, Butorides............ 194 virgata, Cardinalia............. 218 viride, Sparisoma............... 72 vitreum, Stizostedion........... 319 vittatus, Basiliscus. ............ 192 vivanus, Lutianus.............. 56 VIVE cs wars ca Se «sos 221 oR See 221 eS es 221 lanaoénsis var. eta......... 221 lanaoénsis var. gamma. .... 221 lanaoénsis var. kappa...... 221 PING 5 Se tak bois sacs 221 OOOO. is aa sk dee ca 221 partelloi...... 1 i a 221 vociferus; Oxyechus............. 196 volitans, Cephalacanthus........ 81 MOUMONORT a lop iaet Moe, Gs 3 196 vulneratus, Clerus.............. 362 Waloes, Alimiioe, bee ens e cess 33 wahlbergii, Ablepharus.......... 412 whipplii, Notropis.............. 272 wickhami, Cymatodera....... 354,355 wilderi, Lampetra.............. 232 willardi, Crotalus......<........ 18 wislizenii, Crotaphytus.......... 8,9 xanthochila, Papuina........... 215 xanti, Cymatodera............. 345 Xantusia vigilis................ 13 Pa eo. ese 13 Aenoclerwe. .. 2 ......... 366 edwardsii . 366 PA EN ss 46 : QL Fieldiana: zoology PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY STORAGE tei E faa 8 FN ar