Field Manual of Trees

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PROCESSING—"

U.B.C. UBRARY

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1914

UNIVERSITY OF B.C. LIBRARY

3 9424 05046 499 6

THE LIBRARY

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THE UNIVERSITY OF
BRITISH COLUMBIA

FIELD MANUAL of TREES

Including Southern Canada and the Northern
United States to the Southern Boundary
of Virginia, Kentucky, and Mis-
souri, Westward to the
Limits of the Prairie

®.v

JOHN H. SCHAFFNER

Professor of Botany and Head of the Department
of Botany, Ohio State University

R. G. ADAMS & CO.

Columbus, Ohio

1914

Copyright, 1914

BY

John H. Schaffner

PREFACE.

This little manual represents a revision of the author's
former "'Trees of Ohio and Surrounding Territory." and
attempts to carry out more definitely the idea of having a
convenient guide by which it is possible to study our trees
at any season of the year. The keys have been made very
complete so that no difficulty should be encountered in identi-
fication except in the case of closely related species. Xo
elaborate technical descriptions have been given but a few-
brief notes are added in connection with each species, calling
attention to economic, ecological, or other data of general
interest. Characters given in the keys are usually not repeated
in the descriptions. A definite characterization is also given
for each genus. This will be found to hold for all the species
occurring in our region and in most cases for all the species
of the genus.

The nomenclature used is essentially that of Britton and
Brown's "Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States.
Canada and the British Possessions."' 2nd Edition. 1913. A
rather conservative position has been taken in the treatment
of species, since many of the forms recently described are
regarded as merely elementary varieties either Mendelian or
ecological. A single English name is given for each species.
These names have been taken mainly from Sudworth's ""Check
List of the Forest Trees of the United States." which on the
whole seems to be a very satisfactory basis for an appro-
priate list. Synonyms will be found in the index.

Most of our common, cultivated, exotic trees have been
included, since these form an integral part of the landscape,
in many places more conspicuous than the native species.

The study of trees may be made a pleasant and profitable
pa-time at any season of the year for all who have an interest
in nature. When the tree has once been identified its

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4 Field Manual

peculiarities should be learned by direct observation until its

individuality becomes perfectly familiar. In winter one can

usually find dry leaves or fruit on the trees, which will make

it possible to tell most of the species at a time when many

think botanical studv out of season. T TT _

J. H. S.1

INTRODUCTION.

A tree raa^ be defined as — a woody plant of any size
which produces naturally one main, erect stem with a definite
crown of branches. A shrub is a woody plant which produces
small irregular or slanting stems usually in tufts. In attempt-
ing to separate "trees" from the larger "shrubs," one must
necessarily be somewhat arbitrary as nature draws no definite
division line.

A tree has three main parts, the root system, the stem or
trunk, and the crown of branches. The root svstem is for
support in the soil and for taking up water and various
mineral substances. This is accomplished very largely by
delicate organs called root hairs developed near the root tips.
The root hairs are temporary structures developed from the
epidermis of the root (piliferous layer) near the tip and
dying off at the back as the root grows. Although largely
dependent on their environment the roots still have consider-
able selective power in taking up the salts dissolved in the
soil water. The root system may have a main or tap-root
extending deep into the ground with smaller lateral roots ;
or the tap-root may be only slightly developed or entirely
absent, in which case a number of larger branch roots may
extend downward from the base of the trunk. The roots
which extend laterally near the surface sometimes run to a
great distance. Such roots are called tracing roots.

The trunk or bole is a supporting and conducting organ.
The water with dissolved mineral substances taken up by the
roots passes up through the young wood or xylem while the
food material from the young twigs and leaves passes up or
down through the phloem cells of the inner bark. There are
no real vessels for carrying food and water like the blood
vessels of animals, but the sap passes through by osmosis
from one cell to another or from one set of cells to another
as it frequently happens when some of the cross walls are
broken down in a vertical series of cells. The large cells in

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6 Field Manual

the wood, however, are called wood vessels. Just how the
water is able to pass up to the tops of high trees is not fully
understood. In early spring, as in the sugar maple, the
water accumulates in the sap wood since there are no leaves
from which it can be thrown off above.

The crown is a system of branches on which the leaves
are developed and exposed to the light. In the leaves most
of the food is manufactured which the tree uses for its
growth and nourishment. This production of organic food
is carried on through the agency of sunlight and chlorophyll,
as the green coloring matter is called. Another important
function of the leaves is the transpiration of the surplus
water brought up from below. The water transpired by a
large tree in a single day is often very great in amount. The
leaves are also important breathing organs, although not ex-
clusively so; for all the living cells in the entire plant carry
on the process of respiration.

The system of branching in the crown may be of various
types. If the main trunk of a tree extends upward through
the crown to the tip it is said to be excurrent, as in the larch
and Austrian pine. When the terminal bud has no pre-
eminence over others and the main trunk is soon lost, the tree
is round-topped or spreading and is said to be deliquescent,
as in the apple. Excurrent trees are often spire-shaped like
the Norway spruce : while deliquescent stems commonly give
rise to dome-shaped crowns, as in the white elm. If the
terminal bud withers or is self-pruned, as in the linden, the
branching is sympodial. If the leaves are opposite and the
two lateral end buds develop, the terminal bud being self-
pruned, the result is a sympodial dichotomy, as in the blad-
dernut. Trees in which the terminal buds are persistent and
functional are said to have a monopodial system of branching.

The trunk or any branch of a coniferous or dicotylous
tree consists of four main parts, the pith, the wood, the
cambium or growing layer, and the bark. The wood consists
of a series of annual rings, since if normal growth takes
place only a single ring is produced each year. Each ring
usually consists of two layers called early wood and late
wood. During special seasons or if growth is checked at
times during the growing period more than one ring may be
produced, although this is never perfect and can usually be

Trees of the Northern United States 7

detected by careful examination. In most trees the inner part
of the wood and the pith are dead and this is called the heart
wood or duramen, while the outer wood is lighter in color
with living cells next the cambium layer, and is called the
sap-wood or alburnum. Sometimes there is a striking
difference in the color of the two parts. Strands of cells pass
from the pith or annual rings through the wood to the bark.
These are called medullary rays. The peculiar qualities of
wood are due to the character of its cells which have their
walls ligniried or thickened by a deposit of a chemical
substance called lignin.

The bark usually consists of two main layers called inner
bark and outer bark. The inner bark is often in very thin
layers and is hence called liber. The outer bark is very
diverse in character. Usually it consists mainly of layers of
cork cells which are very impervious to water. Since the
outer bark usually does not increase in diameter as rapidly
as the wood it is finally torn into strips and peels off on the
outside. Trees have many interesting ways of developing and
getting rid of their outer bark.

More commonly the outer bark is developed as follows :
In a young main stem or twig there is a tissue between the
outer layer of cells or epidermis and the circle of vascular
bundles which is called the cortex. While the stem is de-
veloping and hardening, the outermost layer of cortical cells
just below the epidermis is modified and begins to grow.
This layer is the cork cambium or phellogen. The layer of
tissue thus formed by the repeated divisions of the cells of
the phellogen is called the periderm or cork. On the inner
side of the phellogen another layer of tissue is produced
which is called the phelloderm or secondary cortex. The
phellogen may continue to produce periderm until the outer
bark becomes very thick ; and finally new cork cambiums may
develop farther in in the cortex or even in the phloem of
the inner bark. In some plants the cork cambium originates
from the epidermis and in some from the deeper layers of
the cortex.

Some trees have no special means of shedding their leaves
while others shed them only after a year or more. Most of .
our indigenous species are "'deciduous," that is they cast their
leaves at the end of each growing season by the formation

8 Field Manual

of a cleavage plane or separation layer through the base of
the petiole. They also prepare for winter by developing

elaborate winter buds. The function of the winter buds is
mainly to check evaporation from the delicate stem tips during
the periods of freezing and thawing.

Many of the smaller branches and twigs of a tree espe-
cially when growing in a dense forest are continually dying
off. But the tree rids itself of these dead branches by form-
ing a collar of tissue from the cambium layer around the base
of the dead branch, which finally covers over the wound
when the dead member falls off. This process is known as
natural pruning. By the formation of a similar callus other
wounds are covered up. There is still a more remarkable
process present in many trees by which surplus living
branches are cut off in one way or another. Terminal and
lateral buds are also commonly cut off. This process is
known as self-pruning. The most common method is by the
formation of a cleavage plane in a basal joint or in the annual
nodes of growth. In some genera brittle zones are produced.
The self-pruning process is very highly developed in the
cottonwood, white oak, white elm, and silver maple.

Trees grow in height only at the tips of the main stem
or branches. Some trees are naturally shortlived ; others
attain an enormous size and age, but from the very nature of
their upright development their life must sooner or later come
to an end. In some cases the individual organism may con-
tinue by a new development from sprouts growing out of the
stump or the roots.

All of our trees bear flowers and seeds. After arriving
at a certain age depending on the species, the tips of some
twigs or the axillary buds will develop flowers. In the more
highly developed and typical flowers four sets of organs are
present ; the calyx composed of sepals, the corolla composed ■
of petals, the andrecium composed of stamens, and the gyne-
cium composed of carpels. The two essential sets of organs
in the flower are the stamens and the carpels. These may
both be in the same flower, when the flower is said to be
bisporangiate or in separate flowers, when the flower is mono-
sporangiate. If the staminate and carpellate flowers are on
one individual the plant is monecious, if on two distinct indi-
viduals the plant is diecious. In this case the plaints are spoken

Trees of the Northern United States 9

of as staminate trees and carpellate trees. The stamens
produce microsporangia and the carpels megasporangia or
ovules. In the angiosperms the carpel usually has three parts
called stigma, style, and ovulary, the ovules being completely
inclosed in the ovulary. Commonly all the carpels of the
gynecium are grown together and in -such cases a compound
ovulary is produced with one or more cavities.

Following a peculiar process known as the reduction
division, which takes place in the cells inside of the micro-
sporangium, a considerable number of microspores are de-
veloped, four for each original cell. In nearly the same
way, four megaspores one of which survives, are usually
produced in each ovule. The flowers are thus modified spore-
bearing branches or shoots producing two kinds of nonsexual
spores. The flowers are nonsexual organs and the tree itself
is always a nonsexual plant called the sporophyte. The
microspores germinate and develop into the pollen grains and
the megaspores into the so-called embryo sacs, or minute,
parasitic, male and female gametophytes respectively. After
pollination has taken place, which is simply the transfer of
the 'pollen to the ovules or to the stigmas, a tube grows from
the pollen grain into the embryo sac. The two sperm cells
produced in the pollen grain or in the pollen tube pass down
the tube and one unites with the egg cell of the female
gametophyte. This union of sperm and egg is called fertiliza-
tion. The resulting cell which is the oospore germinates and
gives rise to an embryo inside of the ovule, the whole finally
constituting the body called the seed. This embryo in the
seed is the sporophyte and after sprouting develops into the
tree. The seed is produced inside of or in connection with
the modified carpels and other contiguous parts, the whole
being called the fruit. The fruits of our trees are of many
types usually with some adaptation for seed distribution, so
that the seed with its little embryonic tree inside may be
carried away from the parent plants to some other and
perhaps more favorable environment. Here, if conditions are
proper, it sprouts and begins its life as an independent indi-
vidual. The whole process of flower, seed, and fruit pro-
duction is exceedingly complex and Requires close study and
observation if one would know the more obscure activities
going on during the life cycle of a tree.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF TREES IN THE
SUMMER CONDITION.

Based mainly on leaf and twig characters. The number
following the generic name refers to the list number,
ll Foliage leaves with expanded blades, netted-veined. 8.
1. Foliage leaves needle-shaped, narrowly linear, sub-
ulate, or scale-like; conifers. 2.

1. Foliage leaves fan-shaped with dichotomous venation,

a number on thick, wart-like, persistent dwarf
branches. Ginkgo. (1).

2. With typical dwarf branches, persistent for more than

1 year. 3.
2. With feather-like dwarf branches, deciduous each
year, the linear leaves spreading into 2 ranks.

Taxodium (2).

2. Without dwarf branches. 4.

3. Dwarf branches small, self-pruned, with 2-5 foliage

leaves. Pinus. (7).

3. Dwarf branches thick, wart-like, persistent, with nu-

merous deciduous leaves. Larix. (6).

4. Leaf buds seal}-; leaves scattered, o.

4. Leaf buds not scaly, naked: leaves opposite or

whorled. 7.

5. Leaf scar on a sterigma, the twigs covered with scales

representing the leaf bases. 6.

5. Leaf scar on the bark: twigs without scales; leaves

flat. Abies. (5).

6. Leaves flat, those on the upper side of the twng much

shorter than the lateral ones: trees. Tsuga. (4).

6. Leaves more or less 4-sided, spreading in all direc-

tions. Picea. (3).

7. Foliage leaves small, scale-like, appressed, opposite.

4-ranked, closely covering the twigs which are de-
cidedly flattened and fan-like; leaves of two shapes,
the dorsal and ventral broader and less acute than
the lateral ones; scales of the carpellate cone 6-io,
not peltate. Thuja. (8).

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1- Field Manual

7. Foliage leaves small, scale-like, appressed, oppo.-ite.

4-ranked. usually much elongated, on somewhat

flattened branches; scales of the carpellate cone

the two upper fertile, not peltate. Libocedrur- I (.' I

7. Foliage leave- small, scale-like, appressed, opposite,
4-ranked, closely covering the slightly flattened
twigs which are not very fan-like; leaves nearly or
quite similar; scales of the carpellate cone peltate.

Chamaecyparis.

7. Foliage leaves of two "types, scale-like and subulate,
opposite or in threes; the scale-like leaves 4-ranked.
appressed, causing the twigs to appear quad-
rangular, the subulate leaves spreading; one or
both types of leaves on a plant; carpellate cone
developing into a bluish-black, berry-like fruit.

Juniperus. (11).

— 8—

Leaves alternate. 9.
Leaves opposite or whorled. 74.
9. Leaves simple. 1".
Leaves compound. 62.
1/0. Leaves pinnately veined or with a simple midrib. 11.
Leaves palmately veined or at least with 2 or more
prominent side ribs coming from near the base of
the blade.
11. Leaves truncate or broadly emarginate; with complete

stipular rings at the nodes. Liriodendron. (i
11. Leaves entire. 12.

11. Leaves serrate," dentate, crenate, pinnatifid, or vari-

ously lobed. 25.

12. With stipular rings at each leaf node: leaves large.

Magnolia. (12).

12. Xot with stipular rings. 16.

13. With thorns and milky sap. 14.

13. Without thorns; sap not milky. 15.

14. With thorns beside the axillary buds; leaves not

tapering at the base, acute or even heart-shaped.

Toxylon. (52 >.

Trees of the Northern United States 13

14. With terminal thorns and some axillary thorns;

leaves tapering to the base; narrow or slender-
cuneate. Bumelia. (6*9).

15. Leaves evergreen, coriaceous, some on wood of the

previous season. 16.

15. Xo leaves on wood of the previous season. 17.

16. Leaves green on both sides, thick, coriaceous, oblong

to oblanceolate. 5-10 in. long; winter buds very
scaly. Rhododendron. (Q6)-
16. Leaves green on both sides, or glaucous beneath,
coriaceous. 2-5 in. long; oval or oval-lanceolate,
winter buds naked. Kalmia. (67).

16. Leaves bright green above, paler beneath, coriaceous,

4-5 in. long, pointed at both ends: bark aromatic.

Persea. (15.)

17. Pith with prominent diaphragms but solid; vascular

bundles in base of petiole 3-7. 18.

17. Pith not both diaphragmed and solid, but sometimes

with lenticular cavities. 19.

18. Leaves 2-ranked; bark with fetid odor; vascular

bundles in base of petiole 5-7. Asimina. (14).

18. Leaves not 2-ranked: vascular bundles in base of

petiole 3. Nyssa. (81).

19. Leaves resin-dotted, waxy-dotted or punctate, oblong-

lanceolate, spatulate, or oblanceolate, short-pointed,
narrowed at the base. Myrica. (63).

10. Leaves not dotted nor punctate. 20.

20. Pith prominently 5-angled; leaves with deciduous

stipules and with bristle tips. Quercus. (56).

20. Pith cylindrical or nearly so; leaves not bristle-

tipped. 21.

21. Leaves with the upper 2 lateral veins more or less

parallel with the midrib. Cornus. (79).

21. Leaves pinnately veined to the tip. 22.

22. Bundle scar central: pith sometimes diaphragmed

with lenticular cavities. 23.
2*2. Bundle scars 2 or more; pith without lenticular
cavities. 24.

I 1 Field Manual

28. Leaves truncate or short-pointed at the base, usually
widest below the middle or somewhat oblong,
glabrous when mature; fruit a large pulpy berry,
very astringent when green. Diospyros. (70).
2ft. . Leaves pointed at the base, widest above the middle,
lower surface pubescent; fruit a nut-like drupe.

Symplocos. (71).
24. With prominent deciduous stipules; bark not resinous.

Cydonia. (24).

24. Without Stipules; bark resinous, aromatic.

Cotinus. (44).

25. Lateral veins from the midrib straight and parallel or

nearly so; some or all lateral veins usually ending
in the serrations, teeth or lobes. 2ft
5K. Lateral veins not straight and parallel. 37.

26. Leaves not Cranked. 27.

26. Leaves quite regularly 2-ranked, that is with the third

leaf over the first. 30.

27. Pith Wangled, buds stalked. Alnus. (60).
-V Pith 5-angled, buds not stalked. 28.

2T. Pith cylindrical or nearly so. 29.

28. Leaves or their lobes bristle-tipped, or if not bristle-

tipped then the teeth or lobes not sharply acumi-
nate; buds clustered at the tip of the twig; nut in
a cup-like involucre of numerous scales.

Quercus. (56).

28. Leaves with sharply acuminate teeth; buds not clus-

tered at the tip; nuts with a prickly or spiny
involucre. Castanea. (55).

29. Usually with prominent and typical lateral thorns:

carpels of the pome bony. Crataegus. (26).
29. Without thorns but sometimes with thorn-like
stunted branches: leaves irregularly dentate, serrate
or crenate-dentat.e; sometimes lobed; pome fleshy
without grit cells; carpels papery or leathery.

Malus. (23 V
2l9, Without thorns; leaves serrate or serrate-dentate;
pome berry-like, carpels not bony.

Amelanchier (25).

Trees of the Xortherx United States 15

3<0. Leaves decidedly inequilateral at the base. 31.

30. Leaves not inequilateral or only very slightly so. 32.

31. Axillary buds prominently stalked; leaves repand-

dentate. Hamamelis. (45).
31. Buds sessile: leaves doubly serrate: bark not scaling
off in plates. Ulmus (4V

31. Buds sessile; leaves serrate; bark scaling off in plates

like in the Sycamore. Planera. (49),

32. Lateral veins ending in the large dentations or serra-

tions which are always simple (a vein for each). 33.
32. Leaves doubly serrate or sometimes simply serrate,

the lateral veins ending in the main serrations or

teeth but not in the smaller ones, or the veins not

ending in the serrations. 34.
38. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, short acuminate; teeth

not with slender points: bark smooth, light-gray.

Fagus. (54.)
33 Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, with slender

often inwardly curved points on the serrations;

bark rough. Castanea. (55).
34. Lateral veins not ending in the serrations or teeth.

Amelanchier. (25).

34. Lateral veins ending in some of the serrations, teeth

or lobes.

35. Bark smooth, the trunk and larger branches with

fluted or projecting ridges: leaves acute or acumi-
nate, sharply doubly serrate; nuts small, in a large-
bracted catkin. Carpinus. (57).

36. Trunk and larger branches not with, fluted or project-

ing ridges. 36.

36. Bark of trunk and larger branches separating into
papery or leathery sheets: trees or shrubs with
glabrous, pubescent, or glandular warty twigs.

Betula (50).

36. Bark of trunk scaly, fine furrowed; twigs glandular-
bristly; carpellate catkin in fruit appearing like
that of the hop. Ostrya. (58).

36. Bark scaling off in plates like in the Sycamore; fruit
coriaceous, nut-like. Planera. (49).

16 Field Manual

-£7—

37. Leaves 2-ranked. 38.

"7. Leaves not 2-ranked. 301

38. Bark of trunk and larger branches separating into

paper}- or leathery sheets; leaves doubly serrate, the
lateral veins ending in the main, serrations, teeth
or lobes. Betula. (59).

38. Bark not in papery or leathery sheets; leaves not

doubly serrate, the lateral veins not ending directly
in the serrations or teeth. Amelanchier. (25).
30. Leaves not with spines. 40.

39. Leaves evergreen, with spine-tipped lobes. Ilex. (54).

40. Pith not solid, diaphragmed, with lenticular cavities. 41.
40. Pith solid but with prominent diaphragms; vascular

bundles 3 in the base of the petiole. .. Nyssa. (81).

40. Pith solid, without diaphragms. 42.

4r. Leaves oval or obovate, serrate or denticulate,
abruptly acuminate, wedge-shaped at the base, more
or less stellate pubescent beneath: bark of twigs
peeling off in slender shreds; fruit 4-winged.

Halesia. (72).

41. Leaves oblong or slightly obovate, acute or acuminate

at both ends, crenate-serrate or repand, short
petioled; twigs of the season and lower surface of
leaves pubescent, not stellate; fruit a nut-like drupe.

Symplocos. (71).

42. Leaves with peltate scales, or resin-dotted, oblanceo-

late or wedge-lanceolate. Myrica. (63).

42. Leaves not peltate scaly, nor resin-dotted. 43.

43. Outer bud scales of winter buds more than 1. 44.

43. Outer bud scale 1; twigs with brittle zones, hence

easily detached and leaving peculiar self-pruning

scars: terminal bud of ripe branches absent; bundle

scars or vascular bundles in base of petiole. 3.

' Salix. (6-5).

44. Pith decidedly 5-angled. 45.

44. Pith cylindrical or nearly so. 46.

45. Bundle scars 3; leaves with gland-tipped teeth, usually

broad-based, usually with 2 prominent glands at
the base of the blade. Populus. (64).

Trees of the Northern United States IT

45. Bundle scars several, scattered; leaves without

glands; buds clustered at the tip of the twig.

Quercus. (50).
46 With stipules or stipular scar-. 47.

46. Without stipules or stipular scars; leaves sour, with

prominent scattered hairs on the midrib beneath;
fruit a capsule. Oxydendrum. (68).

4~. With typical lateral thorns: fruit a drupe-like pome
with bony ripe carpels. Crataegus. (26).

4*7. Not with typical lateral thorns, but some may have
thorn-like stunted branches. 48.

48. Leaves with 1 or more disc-like, wart-like, or tooth-
like glands on the petiole or at the base of the
blade. 49.

48. Leaves not with distinct glands on the top of the
petiole nor at the base of the blade, but they may
be glandular-hairy.

40. Twigs green, red, or red and green; nectar glands
disc-like, usually 2-4 near the base at the edge of
the blade: terminal bud present: fruit a velvety
drupe. Amygdalus. (28V

40. Glands various: twigs not red and green, some with
cleavage planes in basal joints: terminal bud present
or absent, fruit a smooth drupe. Prunus. (27).

50. Axillary buds usually superposed: leaves lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, tapering toward- the short
petiole; fruit a berry-like drupe. Ilex. (•%").

50. Axillary buds not superposed. 51.

■51. Leaves with gland-tipped serrations: terminal bud
absent on ripe twigs or if present then the lateral
veins prominent and nearly parallel and curving
upward at the margin of the leaf: fruit a berry-like
drupe. Rhamnus. (34 V

51. Leaves not with gland-tipped serrations, or if so then

not as above: terminal bud present: fruit a pome. 52.

52. Leaves sharply and regularly serrate, glabrous when

mature, petioles long: pome with grit cells.

Pyrus. (22').
52. Leaves irregularly dentate or serrate, or more or less
lobed: pome without grit cells. Malus. (23).

18 Fieu Manual

—53—

:,:'»- Base of petiole covering the axillary bud; twigs with
stipular rings. Platanus. (47).

53. Axillary buds usually evident; twigs without stipular

rings. 54.

54. Leaves 2-ranked. 55.

54. Leaves not 2-ranked. 60.

55. Leaves entire, round-heart-shaped. Cercis. (29).

55. Leaves serrate, dentate, or lobed. 56.

56. Pith usually in transverse plates; leaves ovate-lance-

olate, inequilateral, taper-pointed. Celtis. (50).

56. Pith solid, not diaphragmed. 57.
5ff. With milky sap. 58.

57. Without milky sap. 50.

58. Twigs gray or brown, glabrous or nearly so; leaves

pubescent or glabrous beneath. Moms. (51).

56. Twigs grayish-green, downy; leaves tomentose be-
neath. Papyrius. (58).

501 Leaves not inequilateral; vascular bundles in base of
petiole 3. Betula. (50).

59. Leaves inequilateral at the base; vascular bundles in

base of petiole several, scattered. Tilia. (20).

00. Leaves more or less star-shaped, with 3-7 long pointed

serrate lobes, strongly aromatic when' crushed; pith
5-angled. Liquidambar. (46).

60. Leaves entire or three-lobed, bark spicy-aromatic; in-

ternodes very unequal. Sassafras. (16).
90. Leaves crenate, serrate, dentate, or lobed, not star-
shaped and not spicy-aromatic. 61.

01. • Pith 5-angled; trees usually with resinous buds;

leaves usually broad based. Populus. (64).

61. Pith cylindrical or nearly so; usually with prominent

typical thorns. Crataegus. (26).

-02^

02. Pith diaphragmed. with cavities; large trees with pin-
nate leaves. Juglans. (62).

62. Pith not diaphragmed. 63.

63. Leaves trifoliate, odd-pinnate or odd-bipinnate. 64.

Trees of the Northern United States 19

u'!>. Leaves evenly pinnate or bipinnate; axillary buds
superposed. 73.

04. Lobes or teeth at the base of the leaflets with promi-
nent green glands beneath: leaves pinnate, very
large with disagreeable odor. Ailanthus. (10).

04. Lobes or teeth if present without green glands. 65.

65. Leaflets glandular punctate; pith not o-angled; small
trees or shrubs. 88.

65. Leaflets not punctate. 67.

66. Leaves pinnate, with stipular spines.

Zanthoxylum. (17).
G6. Leaves trifoliate, without stipular spines; bark with
disagreeable odor; axillary buds superposed, cov-
ered by the petiole base. Ptelea. (18).

67. Base of petiole covering the axillary buds, or if not,

the petioles and stems prickly; some times with
stipular spines. 66.

67. Base of petiole not covering the axillary buds; not

spin}- or prickly. 70.
G6. Leaflets entire. 69.

68. Leaflets serrate or dentate, simply pinnate; pith very

large; bark resinous or milky. Rhus. (42).

68. Leaves serrate: bipinnate. petioles and stems prickly.

Aralia. (78).
6<9. # Leaflets mucronate, usually obtuse; with stipular
spines; base of petiole solid. Robinia. (39).

69. Leaflets abruptly acute: without stipular spines; base

of petiole covering the buds like a cap.

Cladrastis. (32).
7<">. Leaflets entire or if occasionallly few-toothed then
the rachis prominently winged. 7].

70. Leaflets serrate, dentate, or lobed, the rachis not

winged. 72.

71. Leaflets decidedly inequilateral, obliquely lanceolate

or falcate, acuminate. Sapindus. (38).
71. Leaflets not inequilateral or only slightly so, not
slender falcate, the rachis winged: twigs pubescent.

Rhus. (42).

71. Leaflets not inequilateral or only slightly so; not

slender falcate; rachis not winged; twigs glabrous.

Toxicodendron. (43)!

20 Field Manual

72. Pith 5-angled; stipules none, base of petiole with
numerous vascular bundles, scattered or in. 3 areas.

Hicoria. (01).

72. Pith not -5-angled; stipules none; leaflets more or less
lobed; vascular bundles in base of petiole scattered;
terminal' bud absent. Koelreuteria. (39).

72. Pith cylindrical or nearly so; leaves with stipules;

vascular bundles in base of petiole 3-5. Sorbus. (21).

73. Pith small; base of petiole covering the axilary buds;

usually with prominent thorns. Gleditsia. (3-0).

73. Pith very large, base of petiole not covering the

axillary buds; without thorns. Gymnocladus. (31).

—74--

74. Leaves simple. 78.

74. Leaves compound. 75.

75. Leaves digitate with 5 or more leaflets. Aesculus. (40).

75. Leaves trifoliate or pinnate. 76.

76. Base of petiole covering the axillary buds; leaflets

dentate, lobed, or nearly entire. Acer. (41).

76. Base of petiole not covering the axillary buds. 77.

77. Leaves trifoliate; bark with strong odor; terminal

bud self-pruned. Staphylea. (37).

77. Leaflets 5-13; terminal bud present. Fraxinus. {74).
76*. Leaves pinnately veined. 82.

78. Leaves palmately veined or at least with 2 prominent

side ribs from the base. 79.

79. Leaves entire or if somewhat 3-lobed with entire

margin. 80.

79. Leaves serrate, crenate, dentate or variously lobed. 81.

80. Pith diaphragmed, or with large cavities; petioles

usually hollow; axillary buds superposed.

Paulownia. (76).

80. Pith and petioles solid; axillary buds not superposed;

under side of leaves with glands in the axils of the
larger veins. Catalpa. (77).

81. Leaves more or less lobed; fruit a 2-winged samara.

Acer. (41).

81. Leaves not lobed; fruit a drupe. Rhamnus. (34).

82. Leaves serrate, dentate, crenate, or variously lobed. 88.

Trees of the Northern United States 21

82. Leaves entire.

83. Bark of ripe twigs green, bundle scar or vascular

bundle in base of petiole 1; pith rhombic.

Euonymus. (36).

83. Bark of ripe twigs gray, brown, or red; pith cylin-

drical or nearly so.
>4. Axillary buds sometimes superposed; leaves finely
denticulate; twigs light brown, sometimes thorny;
drupe narrowly oblong. Forestiera. (75).

84. Axillary buds not superposed; twigs not 4-angled,

brown; flowers epigynous; fruit a fleshy drupe;
vascular bundles in the base of the petiole 3.

Viburnum. (88).

84. Axillary buds not superposed; leaves serrate with

stipules, small; bundle scar central: twigs brown,
sometimes with thorns; shrub-like trees with
drupe-like berries. Rhamnus. ( 34) .
86. Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, hence on wood of the
previous season. Kalmia.

85. Leaves deciduous each year. s,i.

86. Leaves with the two outer lateral veins more or less

parallel with the midrib. v7.

86. Leaves pinnately veined to the tip. 88.

v7. Axillary buds not covered by the petiole base; inflor-
escence cymose. Cornus. i7!().

87. Axillary buds minute, hiddon by the petiole base;

flowers in involucrate heads. Cynoxylon. (80).

88. Stipules none; fruit an oblong drupe.

Chionanthus. (78).
88. Stipules present; fruit dry. in a- head.

Cephalanthus. (82).

KEY TO THE GENERA OF TREES IN THE
WINTER CONDITION.

Based mainly on twig and stem characters. The num-
ber following the generic name refers to the list number.
1. Foliage leaves persistent and usually evergreen. 2.

1. Foliage leaves deciduous each year. 11.

2. Foliage leaves needle-shaped, subulate, narrowly linear,

or scale-like; conifers. 3.

2. Foliage leaves with expanded blades, netted veined. 8.

3. With dwarf branches, each bearing 2-5 foliage leaves.

Pinus. (7).

3. Without true dwarf branches. 4.

4. Leaf buds scaly. 5.

4. Leaf buds not scaly, naked. 7.

5. Leaf scar not on a sterigma, -prominent, circular;

leaves flat. Abies. (5).

5. Leaf scar on a sterigma, the base of the leaf remaining

as a scale on the twig. 6.

6. Leaves flat, those on the upper side of the twig much

shorter than the lateral ones. Tsuga. (4).
0. Leaves more or less 4-sided, spreading in all 'direc-
tions. Picea. (3).

7. Foliage leaves small, scale-like, appressed, opposite, 4-

ranked. closely covering the twigs which are de-
cidedly flattened and fan-like; leaves of two shapes,
the dorsal and ventral broader and less acute than
the lateral ones; scales of the carpellate cone not
peltate. Thuja. (8).

7. Foliage leaves small, scale-like, appressed, opposite,
4-ranked. usually much elongated, on somewhat
flattened branches; scales of the carpellate cone 4-6.
the two upper fertile, not peltate. Libocedrus. (91).

7. Foliage leaves small, scale-like, appressed, opposite.
4-ranked. closely covering the slightly flattened
twigs which are not very fan-like; leaves nearly or
quite similar; scales of the carpellate cone peltate.

Chamaecyparis. (1^).
(22)

Trees of the Northern United States 23

7. Foliage leaves of two types, scale-like and subulate,

opposite or in threes; the scale-like leaves 4-ranked,
appressed, causing the twigs to appear quad-
rangular, the subulate leaves spreading; one or both
types of leaves on a plant; carpellate cone develop-
ing into a bluish-black, berry-like fruit.

Juniperus. (11).

8. Leaves with spine-tipped lobes or teeth. Ilex. (36),

8. Leaves without spines. 9.

9. Leaves pubescent at least below, lanecolate, mucro-

nate, not evergreen; buds clustered at the tip of the
twig; trees with 5-angled pith. Quercus. (56).
9. Leaves glabrous below; pith not 5-angled. 10.

V0. Leaves green on both sides, thick, coriaceous, oblong
to oblanceolate, 5-10 in. long; winter buds very
scaly. Rhododendron. (66).

10. Leaves green on both sides or glaucous beneath,
coriaceous, 2-5 in. long, oval to oval-lanceolate;
winter buds naked; erect shrubs. Kalmia. (67V

10. Leaves bright green above, paler beneath, coriaceous,

4-5 in. long, pointed at both ends; bark aromatic.

Persea. (15).

— ii —

11. Twigs with thick wart-like dwarf branches; conifers.

12.

11. Twigs without true dwarf branches. 18.

IB. Young twigs covered with scales. Larix. (6).

12. • Twigs without scales. Ginkgo. (1).

13. Twigs with numerous small scattered self-pruning

scars, without apparent leaf scars but with minute
dry scale leaves, with feather-like dwarf branches,
some usually remaining in winter: foliage leaves
spreading into two ranks; roots often with knees;
a conifer. Taxodium. (2).

13. Twigs with evident leaf scars and lateral winter buds.

14.

14. Leaf scars alternate. 15.

14. Leaf scars opposite or whorled. 72.

15. Twigs with distinct and complete stipular ridges or

rings at the leaf nodes. 16.

24 Field Manual

16. Twigs without complete stipular ring-. 18.

16. Leaf scar surrounding the axillary bud, terminal hud

self-pruned; wood with prominent medullary rays.

Plantanus. C IT;.
10. Leaf scar not surrounding the axillary bud, terminal
bud not self-pruned; buds enclosed in the large
connate stipules. 17.

17. Buds glabrous: twigs brown; pith diaphragmed; leaf

scars oval or circular; bark spicy-aromatic.

Liriodendron. (13).

17. Buds downy, or if glabrous then the twigs red; pith

with or without diaphragms; leaf scars U-shaped,
oval, or circular; bark usually aromatic.

Magnolia. (12).

18. With thorns, prickle.-, or spines; or with spur-like

branches ending in thorns. 10.

18. Without thorns, prickles or spines, but some may have

thorn-like stunted branches. 26.

19. With stipular spines, a pair for each leaf scar. 20.

10. Twigs with typical lateral thorns, without terminal
thorns. 31.

19. With thorns at the ends of branches or with spur-like

branches ending in thorns, and in addition axillary
thorns may be present. 2%.
10. Stems or twigs with prickles; leaf scar extending
nearly around the stem, with about 20 bundle scars;
pith large. Aralia. (7S

20. Leaf scar covering the two or more superposed

axillary bud-. Robinia. (38).

20. Leaf scar below the axillary buds; buds reddish,

pubescent. Zanthoxylum. (17).

21. With thorns beside the axillary buds: normally one

for each leaf axil, becoming gradually smaller
toward the tip of the twig, terminal bud absent.

Toxylon.
21. Thorns axillary, large, rarely branched except on the
main trunk; usually with two lateral buds at the
base which may develop as twigs; numerous axil-
without thorns. Crataegus. (26).

Trees of the Xortherx United States 25

81. Thorns commonly branched, situated above the axil
of the leaf; leaf scar covering the two or more
s.uperposed axillary buds: twigs polished, often
zigzag. Gleditsia. (30).

22. Xot with three distinct bundle scars. "23.

22. With three bundle scars. 24.

23. Buds and twigs glabrous or nearly so; with few"

thorns. Rhamnus. (34).

23. Buds and sometimes twigs pubescent, or downy;

thorns prominent. Bumelia. (69).

24. Terminal bud self-pruned; twigs some shade of black,

brown, or reddish. Prunus.

24. Terminal bud present. 2-5.

2-5. Buds conical, pungent, pubescent, twigs glabrous or
nearly so, mostly yellow-olive; trees with erect
growth, the branches not spreading as in most of
the apples. Pyrus. (22).

25. Buds down}- or pubescent, twigs usually pubescent, if

glabrous then dark reddish-brown: trees with
rounded crowns and spreading branches.

Malus. (23).
—26—

26. Leaf scars quite regularly 2-ranked, that is with the

third scar over the first. 27.
Leaf scars not 2-ranked. 38.
2'7. Bundle scar 1; visible bud scales 2: twigs brown:
pith sometimes with cavities. Diospyros. (70).

27. Bundle scars 3. 32.

27. Bundle scars more than 3, usually scattered. 2

28. Pith diaphragmed. solid: bundle scars 5-7: bark with

fetid odor; terminal bud elongated, naked, silky:
stipular scars none. Asimina. (14).

28. Pith not diaphragmed; bark not with fetid odor. 29.

29. Buds very long-pointed, with 10-20 visible scales:

medullary rays very prominent; stipular scars nar-
row, extending some distance around the twig.

Fagus. (-54),

29. Visible bud scales less than 10: terminal bud self-

pruned. 30.

30. Visible bud scales 1-3. 31.

26 Field Manual

30. Visible bud scales more than 3; pith white, rather

large. Morus. (51 >.
•"»1. Twigs grayish-brown or reddish, usually zig-zag; bark-
mucilaginous fibrous; buds rather fleshy, usually
bright red; medullar}- rays prominent when the
bark is removed; the winged fruiting panicle often
persistent. Tilia. (20).

31. Twigs glabrous or pubescent, reddish or yellowish-

brown; pith 5-angled. Castanea. (55).

31. Twigs downy, grayish-green; pith white, cylindrical,

large; bark very fibrous. Papyrius. (SB).

32. Pith interruptedly diphragmed, with cavities, small,

greenish- white. Celtis. (50).
.32. Pith solid. 33.

33. Terminal bud naked, elongated, tomentose; buds

prominently stalked, light gray; twigs zigzag.

Hamamelis. (45).

33. Terminal bud absent, the twig showing a terminal

self-pruning scar at the morphological tip; or if
present then with scales; buds not stalked. 34.

34. Terminal bud present, long pointed; leaf scar narrow

contracted between the bundle scars.

Amelanchier. (25).
34. Terminal bud absent, or if present then the leaf scar

oval or semicircular. 3-5.
8©. Twigs dark reddish-brown, speckled, often zigzag;

buds reddish-violet, often superposed or clustered;

leaf scars not oblique but below the lateral bud.

Cercis. (29>).
%. Twigs dark brown, not speckled; buds not superposed;

leaf scars oblique. 36.
■ '<<'>. Bark smooth, trunk and large branches with peculiar

fluted or projecting ridges; bud scales brown,

finely pubescent; staminate catkins in the bud in

winter. Carpinus. (57).

36. Trunk not with fluted or projecting ridges. 37.
-"'7. Bark of trunk scaling off like in the Sycamore; twigs

very slender; no catkins. Planera. (49).

Trees of the Northern United States 27

37. Bark in rough ridges; no catkins; twigs and buds in
most cases pubescent; some species with character-
istic transverse self-pruning scars on the twigs,
. others with corky ridges. Ulmus. (48).

37. Bark scaly, fine-furrowed, the furrows usually some-

what spiral; bud scales green with brown tips,
nearly glabrous; twigs glandular-bristly; staminate
catkins exposed in winter. Ostrya. (58).

•17. Bark of trunk and larger branches separating into
papery or leathery . sheets; catkins in winter.

Betula. (59>).
— 38—

3(8. With 2 or more superposed axillary buds; all except
1 may be very small. 3$.

38. Axillary buds single or 2 or more side by side; not

superposed. 46.

30. Pith diaphragmed, with air cavities. 40.

30. Pith diaphragmed but solid; bundle scars 3'; stipular
scars none. Nyssa. (81).

30. Pith not diaphragmed, solid. 41.

40s. Pith large, brown; twigs thick, with large leaf scars
and 3 prominent bundle scars. Juglans. (62).

4<*. Pith rather small, white or greenish; leaf scars semi-
circular; outer bud scales about 2. Halesia. (72).

41. Buds partly sunken, hardh- projecting beyond the sur-
face; terminal bud self-pruned or tips of branches
withering. 42.

41. Buds not sunken in the epidermis. 48.

42. Leaf scar not surrounding the axillary buds; pith

large, chocolate-colored: twigs robust, polished,
mottled white and purplish-brown.

Gymnocladus. (31).
42. Leaf scar surrounding the axillary buds, quadran-
gular U-shaped; bark with pungent odor; pith
white. Ptelea. (18).

42. Leaf scar covering the axillary buds; pith small; twigs

brown, polished, often zigzag. Gleditsia. (30).

43. Pith cylindrical or nearly so. 44.

43. Pith more or less 5-angled, yellowish or brownish;
terminal bud large; bundle scars scattered; trees
with tough twigs. Hicoria. (61).

28 Field Manual

M. Leaf scar surrounding the hairy axillary buds; bundle
scars 5-9; terminal bud self-pruned.

.Cladrastis. (30).
I I. Leaf scar not surrounding the axillary buds. 45.
45. Bundle scars 9; buds spherical, bark light gray; leaf
scars heart-shaped; stipular scars none.

Sapindus. (38).

15. Bundle scar usually 1; buds rounded or somewhat

pointed; stipular scars or minute stipules present.

Hex. (36).
—46—

•Hi. Terminal and lateral buds stalked; pith 3-angled; both
staminate and carpellate catkins present all winter.

Alnus. (60).

1'i. Buds sessile or nearly so; pith not 3-angled. 47.

17. Leaf scars surrounding the axillary buds which are
usually sunken; terminal bud self-pruned; bark
resinous; pith large. Rhus. (42).

47. Leaf scars not surrounding the axillary buds. 4<Q.

48. Bundle scar 1, or if several then closely crowded ana

confluent, appearing as 1. 49.
48. Bundle scars more than 1. 54.
4f>. Stipular scars and stipules present. 50.
If. Stipular scars and stipules none. 51.
■>. Terminal bud absent; bud scales dark brown or

black. Rhamnus. (34).

50. Terminal bud present; stipules minute, usually per-

sistent. Ilex. (36).

51. Terminal bud present. 52.
51. Terminal bud absent. 53.

52. Pith diaphragmed, with cavities; bark reddish; outer

bud scales several, short. Symplocos. (71).

52. Pith not diaphragmed; bark green, very spicy aro-
matic; internodes very unequal. Sassafras. (16).

59. With polished, greenish-brown, grayish-yellow, or red
twigs; bark sour; leaf scar prominent, semi-oval,
with a dark central scar usually in the form of a
ring; buds small, not projecting much beyond the
epidermis; the large terminal panicled raceme with
capsules persisting all winter. Oxydendrum. (68).

Trees of the Northern United States 29

•53. With 2 visible scales in the triangular flattened bud;
pith sometimes with cavities; twigs pubescent, zig-
zag at the tip. Diospyros. (70).

—54—

54. Outer bud scales more than 1. 5-5.

54. Outer bud scale 11; twigs usually with brittle zones

and hence very easily detached; stipular scars
present; bundle scars 3. Salix. (6-5).

55. Pith diaphragmed but solid; bundle scars 3; no stip-

ular scars. Nyssa. (81).

55. Pith not diaphragmed. 56.

56. Pith more or less 5-angled. 57.

56. Pith cylindrical or nearly so. 61.

57. Buds clustered at the tip of the twig; bundle scar-

numerous, scattered. Quercus. (56).

57. Buds not clustered at the tip. 58.

58. Bundle scars numerous usually scattered. 59.

58. Bundle scars 3. 60.

50. Buds small with about 3 outer scales; twigs reddish
or yellowish-brown, glabrous or pubescent; ter-
minal bud present or absent; stipular scars promi-
nent. Castanea. (55).

59. Terminal bud large with 4 or more visible scales, hairy

or peltate pubescent; lateral buds usually super-
posed; twigs tough. Hicoria. (61).

60. Without stipular or self-pruning scars; crushed buds

fragrant, aromatic, not resinous, glabrous.

Liquidambar. (46).

60. Stipular and self-pruning scars present; crushed buds

not fragrant though they may have a resinous odor,
resinous or if only slightly so then the twigs pubes-
cent or tomentose. Populus. (64).

61. Pith very large, light brown, bark not resinous, ill-

smelling; buds spherical or flattened at the apex,
often clustered at the tip of the twig, brown and
pubescent: bundle scars about 9 along the lower
edge of the very large leaf scar; large trees.

Ailanthus. (19).
61. Pith small, or if large and brown then the bark
resinous. 62.

30 Field Manual

62. Bark with a resinous or sticky milky sap; pith usually
large, if rather small then the bark aromatic. 68.
<!'_'. Bark not resinous. 64.

68. Buds clustered at the tip of the twig; bark spicy-

fragrant to the smell; base of petiole prominent

with several bundle scars; fruiting panicles

plumose. Cotinus. I 1 4. I

69. Buds not clustered at the tip; bark often very poison-

ous to the touch; leaf scar partly surrounding the
bud; small trees or shrubs. Toxicodendron. (4:!.)
64. Terminal bud absent. 6o.

64. Terminal bud present. 68.

65. Stipules or stipular scars absent or indistinct. 66.

65. Stipules or stipular scars present. &I.

6Q. Buds clustered at the tip of the twig: young twigs

glandular dotted. Myrica. (63).
60. Buds not clustered at the tip; twigs not glandular;

bundle scars 3. Prunus. (2<7).

66. Buds not clustered at the tip; twigs not glandular;

bundle scars numerous; outer bud scales 2.

Koelreuteria. (391).

67. Buds and twigs very downy, twigs dark brown oi

black. Cydonia. (24).

67. Buds downy or pubescent; twigs glabrous or pubes-

cent, gray or brown. Rhamnu$. (34).

68. Twigs green or yellowish-green, glabrous; internodes

very unequal; lateral buds minute; small trees.

Cornus. (79).
68. Twigs normally red above and green beneath,
glabrous; bark very bitter; some axils with 2 or 3
hairy buds of nearly equal size; trees.

Amygdalus. (28).

68. Twigs not green or red and green unless the plant-

are low shrubs, but gray, brown, black, or reddish.
09.

69. Bundle scars 5 or more in the broad U-shaped leaf

scar; tips of the buds quite downy; small trees.

Sorbus. (21).

69. Bundle scars 3. 70.

70. Buds rounded at the apex, often clustered at the tip

of the twig; twigs glandular dotted. Myrica. (63).

Trees of the Northern United States 31

7". Buds rounded at the apex; scales thick: twigs often
zigzag; plant usually with some thorns, not gland-
ular dotted. Crataegus. (26).

TO. Buds pointed; plants sometimes with thorn-like
stunted branches, not glandular dotted. 71.

71. Buds glabrous or slightly pubescent; twigs usually
glabrous and slender, some shade of black, brown,
or reddish, often with 2 or 3 axillary buds; some
with self-pruning scars. Prunus. (2w).

71. Buds downy or strongly pubescent, conical, pungent;
twigs glabrous, mostly yellow-olive: trees with
erect growth, the branches not spreading as in most
of the apples. Pyrus. (20).

71. Buds downy or strongly pubescent; twigs strongly
pubescent or if glabrous then dark reddish-brown;
trees with rounded or spreading crowns.

Malus. (23).

71. Buds and twigs very pubescent: terminal bud with

long spreading scales; shrubs or small trees with
globose berry-like drupes containing 2-4 stones.

Rhamnus. (34).

72. Bundle scars 1, or several closely united in a curved

line, appearing as 1. 74.
72. Bundle scars more than 1 but not in an ellipse or
ring. 78.

72. Bundle scars numerous, in an ellipse or ring: buds

small and flat or superposed. 73.

73. Pith with cavities or more or less diaphragmed; axil-

lary buds superposed. Paulownia. <76).

73. Pith solid; axillary buds small and flat, not super-

posed, leaf scars often in threes. Catalpa. (77).

74. Twigs very green, more or less 4-angled: pith dia-

mond-shaped or rhomboidal. Euonymus. (96).

74. Twigs not green when ripe but gray, brown or red.

sometimes 4-angled: pith cylindrical or nearly so. J?.

75. Terminal bud absent, the twig usually ending in a

thorn. Rhamnus. (34).
7o. Terminal bud present unless the twig is fruiting. 76.

3*2 Field Manual

76. Axillary buds often superposed; twigs often with
thorns; leaf scars small. Forestiera. (76).

76. Axillary buds not superposed; no thorns on the twigs;

leaf scars rather large. 77.

77. Twigs and buds pubescent; lateral buds cylindrical or

hemispherical; bud scales dry; leaf scar concave, on
the short petiole base; lenticels large and con-
spicuous; fruit a drupe. Chionanthus. (73).

77. Buds rough or pubescent; twigs glabrous or pubes-

cent, sometimes 4-angled; lateral buds somewhat
flattened, obtuse; bud scales rather dry; leaf scar
close to the bark; lenticels not large; fruit a
samara. Fraxinus. (74).
jy. Axillary buds minute and sunken; twigs glabrous or
pubescent; stipules dry, prominent; or with promi-
nent stipular scar. Cephalanthus. (82).

78. With 4 distinct stipular scars; terminal bud self-

pruned; twigs green with strong odor.

Staphylea. (37).

78. Without definite stipular scars; twigs not green or if

so then the terminal bud present. 79.

79. Trees or shrubs with numerous bundle scars, some-

times in 3 areas, in a large heart-shaped leaf scar;
pith rather large; terminal bud large, with nu-
merous scales. Aesculus. (40).

79. Bundle scars 3- or sometimes 5. 80.

80. Terminal bud with 2 long acuminate pubescent outer

scales; line connecting the uppermost leaf scars
notched. 81.
80. Terminal bud with one main pair of visible scales and
a smaller pair at the base. Viburnum. (83).

80. Terminal bud with several pairs of visible scales;

bundle scars 3-5; twigs sometimes green.

Acer. (41).

81. Axillary buds usually minute and undeveloped ex-

cept at the base of the peduncle which is self-
pruned; twigs green or reddish-green, glabrous or
nearly so. Cynoxylon. (80).
81. Axillary buds normally well developed and prominent;
twigs often very pubescent. Cornus. (79).

GENERAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES AND GENERA.

Based on the flower and other characters present at
the time of blooming. The number following the generic
name refers to the list number.
1. Ovules naked on an open carpel; pollen falling di-
rectly on the micropyle of the ovule which is
without a pollen-chamber; trees or shrubs; ours
usually evergreen with narow leaves; monecious,
rarely diecious. 2.

1. Ovules in a closed carpel or set of carpels provided

with a stigma for the reception of the pollen;
flowers more commonly showy. 4.

2. Leaves fanshaped, dichotomously veined, on thick

wart-like dwarf branches; diecious trees.

Ginkgo ace ae.
a. Ginkgo. (1).

2. Leaves not fanshaped and dichotomously veined, but

needle-shaped, narrowly linear, subulate or scale-
like. 3.

3. Leaf buds naked; carpels few, spiral; leaves on

feather-like dwarf branches which are deciduous.

TOXODIACEAE.

a. Taxodium. (2).
3. Leaf-buds naked; carpels few, opposite, sometimes
forming a black or blue berry-like fruit; leaves
opposite or whorled, rarely scattered, persistent

JUNIPERACEAE.

a. Carpellate cones oblong, the scales not pellate. b.

a. Carpellate cones globose or nearly so, the scales

pellate, or forming a bluish berry-like fruit, c.

b. Cone scales 6-10, the 4 upper fertile. Thuja. (8).

b. Cone scales 4^6, the 2 upper fertile.

Libocedrus. (9).

c. Cone with dry pellate scales; ovules usually 2.

Chamaecyparis. (10)
3 ' (33)

Field Manual

c. Cone becoming blue and fleshy; twigs not flat-
tened; leaves or some of them often subulate.

Juniperus. (11).

Leaf-buds scaly; carpels usually numerous; lea
spirally arranged, the foliage leaves often situated
on dwarf branches. Pixaceae.

a. Without dwarf branches, b.

a. With dwarf branches, d.

b. Leaf scar on a sterigma, the twigs covered with

-cales representing the leaf bases, c.

b. Leaf scar on the bark; twigs without scale-:

leaves usually flat; carpellate cones erect.

Abies.

c. Leaves more or less 4-sided, spreading in all di-

rections; carpellate cones pendulous. Picea. (3).

c. Leaves flat, those on the upper side of the twig

much shorter than the lateral ones; carpellate
cones small, pendulous. Tsuga. (4).

d. Leaves deciduous, numerous on thick, warf-like

dwarf branches. Larix. (6).
d. Leaves needle-shaped, persistent, 2-7 on small self-
pruned dwarf branches. Pinus. (7).

— 4—

Leaves mostly parallel-veined, sometimes netted-
- veined; parts of the flower very often in threes
Ctrimerous) ; cotyledon 1; the closed vascular
bundles scattered through the pith, usually not in
a circle; no annual rings of growth. No trees in
our region. Monocotylae.

Leaves usually netted-veined; parts of the flower
more commonly in fives (pentamerous) or fours
Ctetramerous") ; cotyledons usually 2; vascular
bundles usually in a circle around a central pith,
forming annual rings of growth in perennial stems,
with bark on the outside. 5.

Trees of the Northern United States 35

5. DICOTYLAE.

0. Perianth none or of similar segments or divided into
calyx and corolla; corolla when present chori-
petalous (petals distinct), sepals petals and stamens
sometimes on a disk or hypanthium. 6.

5. Perianth composed of calyx and corolla, calyx ma}' be
minute or suppressed: corolla sympetalous (petals
more or less united). 30.

i>. Calyx and corolla both present, calyx may be minute. 7.

(>. Only the calyx present, sepals distinct or united,
green or colored; or perianth none. 26.

7. Flowers hypogynous or perigynous: ovular}- free or
only slightly adherent to the perigynous disk or
hypanthium. 8.

7. Flowers epigynous or apparently epigynous: calyx

above the ovulary, with or without an hypan-
thium. 24.

S. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10 and more
than twice the petals. 9.

S. Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals,
when of just the number as the petals then alter-
nate with them. 12. #

8. Stamens of the same number as the petals and op-

posite them; ovulary 2-5-locular, calyx 4-Vcleft.
valvate in the bud; petals involute; fruit a drupe
or capsule; shrubs, small trees, or vines with sim-
ple leaves. Rhamnaceae.

a. Rhamnus. <84>.

d. Carpels 1 or more, united, but styles and stigmas
may be several. 19.

9. Carpels more than 1, distinct: filaments shorter than

the anthers; perianth trimerous; leaves 2-ranked.

AXOXACEAE.

a. Asimina. (14).

9. Carpels numerous spirally arranged and cohering
over each other, forming an aggregate cone-like
fruit; trees; sepals and petals in threes: twigs
with stipular rings. Magxoliaceae.

36 Field Manual

a. Anthers introrse; leaves not truncate.

Magnolia. (12).
a. Anthers extrorse; leaves truncate.

Liriodendron. (13).
10. Ovulary compound, plurilocular. 11.

10. Ovulary unilocular, 2-ovuled; leaves usually with disk-

like or tooth-like glands on the petiole or at the
base of the blade. Rosaceae. (Amygdalatae).
a. Young ovulary and drupe glabrous. Prunus. I -
a. Young ovulary and drupe velvety-pubescent.

Amygdalus. (28).
ii. Flower cluster subtended by a large, membranous
bract; calyx deciduous; leaves alternate, 2-ranked;
sap mucilaginous. Tiliaceae.

a. Tilia. (20).

11. Flowers not subtended by a membranous bract; leaves

alternate with deciduous stipules; sepals per-
sistent. Rosaceae. (Malatae).
See 24 below.

12. Ovulary only 1, carpels 1 to many, united. 16.

12. Carpels 2 or more, distinct, or somewhat united at

the base. 13.

13. Leaves compound. 14.

13. Shrubs or trees with alternate simple leaves. Hama-

MELIDACEAE.

a. Ovules 1 in each cavity; leaves inequilateral, not

star-shaped. Hamamelis. (45).
a. Ovules several in each cavity, fruit globular,

spiny. Liquidambar. (46).

14. Leaves punctate with pellucid dots, alternate. Rutaceae.

a. Zanthoxylum. (17).

14. Leaves large, pinnate, alternate, not punctate but with

disc-like glands under the teeth or lobes. Simaruba-
ceae.

a. Ailanthus. (19).

15. Carpel 1, ovulary with 1 parietal placenta: leave-

alternate, usually with stipules, usually compound.
Fabaceae.

Trees of the Northern United States 37

A. Upper petal inclosed by the lateral ones in the

bud; leaves simple or compound mostly with
stipules. Cassiatae.

a. Leaves simple, flowers bisporangiate.

Cercis. (29).

a. Leaves compound, flowers diecious or imper-

fectly diecious. b.

b. Stamens 3-5; pith small; usually with

thorns. Gleditsia. (30).
b. Stamens 10; pith large, chocolate-colored;
without thorns. Gymnocladus. (31).

B. Upper petal inclosing the lateral ones in the bud:

leaves compound (sometimes with 1 leaflet)
with stipules. Fabatae.
a. Without stipular spines; leaflets large, 3-6 in.
long; base of petiole covering the axillary
buds like a cap. Cladrastis. (3*2).
a. With stipular spines; leaflets small, 1-2 in.
long; base of petiole not covering the
axillary buds like a cap, but solid.

Robinia. (33).

15. Carpels more than 1 as shown by the compound

ovulary, cavities, placentae, styles, or stigmas. 16.

16. Ovulary 2-locular to plurilocular. 17.

16. Ovulary 1-locular, ovules solitary, stigmas 3: shrubs

or trees with resinous or milky sap and alternate
leaves without stipules. Axacardiaceae.
a. Leaves compound; style terminal, b.

a. Leaves simple; style lateral. Cotinus. (44).

b. Petiole base covering the exillary buds, or if not

then the rachis wing-margined; not poisonous.

Rhus. (48).
b. Petiole base not completely covering the axillary
buds, the rachis not wing-margined; poisonous to
the touch; glabrous; leaflets entire.

Toxicodendron. (43).

17. Flowers regular or nearly so. 1*8.

17. Flowers irregular; shrubs or trees with opposite
digitate leaves ; ovularlv 3-locular. Hippocastanaceae.

Field Manual

a. Aesculus. (40).

17. Flowers irregular in the number of the several floral

sets; leaves pinnate or bipinnate, alternate; ovu-
lary 3-locular. Sapindaceae.

a. Koelreuteria. (39).

1& Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as
the petals. 1!'.

18. Stamens just as many or twice as many as the

petals. 20.

19. Stamens distinct and fewer than the 4 petals; trees

or shrubs with opposite pinnate or simple leaves.
Oleaceae.
a. Flowers diecious, from catkin-like scaly buds.

Forestiera. (7'5).
a. Flowers bisporangiate, petals linear.

Chionanthus. (73).

19. Stamens more numerous than the petals; leaves pal-

mately veined, opposite; fruit 2- winged. Some

ACERACEAE.

a. Acer.. (41).

30. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity. 21.

20. Ovules several or many in each cavity; stipules be-

tween the opposite and pinnately compound leaves,
caducous ; shrubs or small trees. Staphyle.uk ae.

a. Staphylea. (37).

21. Leaves palmately veined, or compound. 22.

21. Leaves pinnately veined, simple, not punctate. 33-.

22. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate; climbing

herbaceous vines with fruit an inflated 3-iobed
caDsule ; or trees with a globose or lobeci berry.
Sapindaceak.

a. Sapindus. (36).

22. Leaves palmately veined or pinnately compound; trees
or shrubs with opposite leaves and no stipules.
ACERACEAE.

Trees of the Northern United States 39

a. Acer. (4-1).

22. Leaves 3-foliate, pellucid-punctate, without stipules

Some Rut ace ae.

a. "Ptelea. (18).

23. Calyx minute; trees or shrubs with simple mostly

alternate leaves. Tlicaceae.

a. Ilex. (36).

23. Calyx not minute; trees, shrubs, or woody climbers

ours with opposite lfaves and with minute fu-
gaceous stipules. Celastraceae.

a. Euonymus. (35).
—24—

24. Perfect stamens 4, styles 2; leaves alternate, palmately

veined" and lobed, or if pinnately veined then 2-
ranked. Hamamelidaceae.

See 13 above.

24. Stamens 5, 10, or many; styles 2—5; leaves alternate
with stipules. Rosaceae (Malatae).
a. Leaves pinnate. Sorbus. (21).

a. Leaves simple, b.

b. Cavities of the ovulary as many as the styles, c.

b. Cavities of the ovulary becoming twice as many

as the styles. Amelanchier. (25).

c. Ovules many in each cavity (carpel). Cydonia. (24).

c. Ovules 1-3 in each cavity of the ovulary. d.

d. Usually with typical thorns; ripe carpels bony.

Crataegus. (26) .

d. Without thorns, but some may have thorn-like

stunted branches; ripe carpels papery or
leathery, e.

e. Leaves sharply and regularly serrate, glabrous

when mature, petioles long; pome with grit
cells. Pyrus. (22).
e. Leaves irregularly dentate or serrate, or more or
less lobed; pome without grit cells. Malus. (23).

40 Field Manual

2*4. Stamens 4 or 5, style and stigma 1; leaves opposite or
alternate. Cornaceae.

a. Ovulary 2-locular, flowers bisporangiate. b.

a. Ovulary 1-locular, flowers diecious or imperfectly

diecious. Nyssa. (81).

b. Flowers cymose, not involucrate. Cornus. (70).
b. Flowers capitate, with an involucre of 4-6 large

white bracts. Cynoxylon. (80).
24, Stamens 4 or 5 on a flat disc which covers the 3-5-
locular ovulary; shrubs or trees with oppoite leaves
and minute fugaceous stipules. Celastraceae.
See 23' above.

24. Stamens , 5, styles usually 2-5 ; leaves bipinnate.

Araliaceae.

a. Aralia. (78).

—25—

25. Leaves opposite. 26.

25. Leaves alternate. 27.

26. Stamens 5-8; leaves palmately veined and simple or

if pinnately compound then the base of the petiole
covering the axillary buds. Aceraceae.

a. Acer. (41).

26. Stamens 2-4; leaves pinnately veined when simple,

or if pinnately compound then the axillary buds
exposed. Oleaceae.

a. Flowers fasciculate or racemose-fasciculate, not
from prominent scaly buds; leaves compound.

Fraxinus. (74).

a. Flowers fasciculate, fr6m scaly buds; leaves sim-
ple. Forestiera. (75).

27. At least the staminate flowers in catkins or catkin-

like spikes or spherical beads. 31.

27. Flowers not in catkins or catkin-like spikes or heads. 28.

28. With prominent stipular spines; leaves punctate with

glands. Rutaceae.

a. Zanthoxylum. (17).
28. Without stipular spines. 29.

Trees of the Northern United States 41

2®. Styles or stigmas 3 or 4; perigynous stamens 4-5,
alternate with the sepals; ovulary 2-5-locular,
ovules solitary in each cavity. Rhamnaceae.

a. Rhamnus. (34).

2-'. Styles or stigmas 2: leaves 2-ranked; ovular}' 1-2-
ovuled ; stipules f ugaceous. Ulmaceae.

a. Flowers in clusters on twigs of the previous sea-
son, pith not diaphragmed. b.

a. Flowers on elongated twigs of the season; pith

interruptedly diaphragmed. Celtis. (50).

b. Flowers expanding before the leaves: bark in

rough ridges. Ulmus. (48).
b. Flowers expanding with the leaves: bark of trunk
scaling off like in the Sycamore. Planera. (49).

29. Style and stigma 1. 30.

30. Calyx 6-parted; stamens and staminodes about \2, in

4 series; bark spicy-aromatic. Lauraceae.

a. Flowers bisporangiate, panicled; leaves ever-
green. Persea. (15).
a. Flowers monosporangiate. racemose or umbellate;
leaves deciduous, some of them lobed. Sassa-
fras. (16).
30. Calyx 5-parted: stamens 10 or fewer; bark not aro-
matic. Fabaceae. (Cassiatae).

See 15 above.

30. Calyx 5-parted; stamens 5-15; flowers epigynous;

pith solid but diaphragmed. Cornaceae.

a. Nyssa. (81).

31. Twigs with complete stipular rings; base of petiole

covering the axillary bud; flowers monecious, in
dense heads. Plataxaceae.

a. Platanus. (47).

31. Twigs without stipular rings. 32.

32. Axillary buds superposed; staminate flowers in

flexible catkins; leaves pinnately compound.

JUGLANDACEAE.

a. Pith solid. Hicoria. (61).

a. Pith diaphragmed, with cavities. Juglans. . (62).

1- Field Manual

Axillary buds not superposed or if so then the stam-
inate flowers not in flexible catkins; leaves sim-
ple. 38.
38. Carpellate flowers epigynous; pith solid, with dia-
phragms. CORNACEAE.

a. Nyssa. (81).

33. Carpellate flowers hypogynous or perigynous; pith

not diaphragmed. 34.

34. Staminate and carpellate flowers in dense spherical

heads, sap not milky; leaves star-shaped, fragrant
when crushed. Hamamelidaceae.

a. Liquidambar. (46).

34. "Staminate and carpellate flowers not in dense spherical

heads unless the sap is milky; leaves not star-
shaped. 36.

35. With milky sap; leaves with two prominent lateral

veins from the base or if not then the twigs
thorny. Moraceae.

a. Twigs with thorns; carpellate perianth deeply 4-
cleft, carpellate flowers capitate. Toxylon. (52).

a. Twigs without thorns, b.

b. Staminate and carpellate flowers in ament-like

spikes. Morus. . (51).
b. Staminate flowers racemose or spikate, the car-
pellate capitate. Papyrius. (53).
■'!•"». Sap not milky. 36.

36. Both staminate and carpellate flowers in aments, the

carpellate flowers not subtended by a bur or cup. 37.
36. Carpellate flowers not in aments, subtended by a cup
or involucre; staminate flowers in flexible or some-
what capitate aments. Fagaceae.
a. Staminate flowers capitate, ovulary 3-angled.

Fagus. (54) .

a. Staminate flowers in slender aments. b.

b. Carpellate flowers 2-5 in each involucre, which be-

comes prickly. Castanea. (55).
b. Carpellate flower 1 in each involucre, which con-
sists of numerous scales. Quercus. (56).

Trees of the Northern United States 43

37. Ovulary 1-locular. many seeded; seeds with a tuft
of cottony hairs. Salic ace ae.
a. Stamens numerous; bracts fimbriate or entire,
buds with several exposed scales; pith 5-
angled. Populus. (04).
a. Stamens 2-10; bracts entire: buds with 1 outer
scale. Salix. (65).

37. Ovulary 1-2 locular, with 1-2 ovules in each cavity;

seeds not with cottony hairs. 38.

38. Carpellate flowers single in the axils of the bracts;

young twigs and leaves glandular dotted; buds
clustered at the tip of the twig. Mvricaceae.

a. Myrica. (63).

36. Carpellate flowers 2 or more in each bract of the

ament; twigs and leaves not glandular dotted;

buds not clustered at the tip of the twig. Betulaceae.

a. Pith 3-angled: buds stalked; leaves not 2-ranked:

stamens 4. Alnus. (60).

a. Pith not 3-angled; buds sessile: leaves 2-ranked. b.

b. Staminate flowers 3-6 in the axil of each bract,

with a calyx: carpellate flowers without a calyx;
stamens 2. Betula. (59).

b. Staminate flowers solitary in the axil of each

bract, without a calyx; carpellate flower with a
calyx, c.

c. Fruiting bract flat, 3-cleft and incised; bark

smooth; trunk and large branches with peculiar
fluted or projecting ridges. Carpinus. (57).
c. Fruiting bract bladder-like, closed: bark of oldei
trunks scaly and fine-furrowed. Ostrya. (58).

39. Flowers hypogynous (ovulary superior). 40.

39. Flowers epigynous (ovulary inferior). 44.

40. Stamens free from the corolla (or only very slightly

united at the base) as many as the petals (flowers
tetracyclic) and alternate with them, or twice as
many (pentacyclic) or more. 41.
40, Stamens united with the corolla, as many as the petals
and opposite#them or twice as many or more. 42.

1 1 Field Manual

10. Stamens united with the corolla, the fertile ones fewer

than the petals and alternate with them. 4."..

11. Sympetalous trees or shrubs often with evergreen

leaves without stipules. Ericaceae.
a. Leaves deciduous in autumn; flowers in panicled
racemes; leaves sour, with long bristles on the
midrib beneath. Oxydendrum. (68).

a. Leaves evergreen, coriaceous, b.

b. Corolla somewhat irregular, campanulate, without

little sacs. Rhododendron. , (66).
b. Corolla regular, saucer-shaped, 10-saccate, the
anthers at first held in the little sacs.

Kalmia. (67).

41. Choripetalous plants in which the petals are some-

times partly or completely united,
a. Ovulary 1-locular (1 carpel) with 1 parietal pla-
centa. Fabaceae.

See 15 above,
a. Ovulary 4-8-locular, with 1 or 2 ovules in each
cavity. Ilicaceae.

See 23 above.

42. Stamens as many as the lobes of the small white

corolla; leaves entire, simple and alternate; with
thorns. Sapotaceae.

a. Bumelia. (6&.)

42. Stamens twice as man}'- as the lobes of the greenish-

yellow- corolla or more; styles 2-8; plants mostly
monecious or diecious; leaves alternate, simple,
and entire. Ebenaceae.

a. Diospyros. (70).

43. Flowers regular, stamens usually 2. Oleaceae.

a. Chionanthus. (73).

43. Flowers irregular, zygomorphic; seeds numerous,
stamens 4, didynamous; pith with cavities. Some
— Scrophulariaceae.

Trees of the Northern United States 45

a. Paulownia. (76).

43. Flowers irregular, zygomorphic; seeds numerous,

fertile stamens usually 2 with 3 vestiges; pith

Solid. BlGNONIACEAE.

a. Catalpa. (77).

44. Stamens twice as man}- as the lobes of the corolla

or more: leaves alternate and simple. 45.

44. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla; leaves

opposite or whorled, simple. 46.

45. Corolla yellow ; stamens in several series. Symplocaceae.

a.. . Symplocos. (71).

45. Corolla white ; stamens in one series. Styracaceae.

a. Halesia. (72).

46. Stipules present; flowers in dense heads in our

species ; usually blackening in drying. Rtjbiaceae.

a. Cephalanthus. (82).

46. Usually without stipules: flowers in compound cymes
in our species; not blackening in drying.
Caprifoliaceae.

a. Viburnum.. (83).

CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE

SPECIES.

SPERMATOPHVTA. SEED- PLANTS.
Phylum, CYCADOPHYTA.

ClaSS, GlNKGOEAE.

Order, Gixkgoales.

Ginkgoaceae. Ginkgo Family.

1. Ginkgo Kaempf. Ginkgo.

Trees with dichotomously veined, fan-shaped leaves on
thick, wart-like, persistent, dwarf branches.

Stamens and carpels in clusters on the dwarf branches,
appearing with the leaves.

1. Ginkgo biloba. L. Maiden-hair-tree. A large, beau-
tiful and hardy tree with diecious flowers. Seed large, drupe-
like. Autumn leaves orange. Introduced from China and
Japan ; should be commonly cultivated for ornament.

Phylum, STROBILOPHYTA.

Class, Coniferae. Conifers.

Order, Pinales.

Taxodiuceae. Bald-cypress Family.

% Taxodium Rich. Bald-cypress.

Trees with feather-like, annually deciduous dwarf
branches with the numerous, small, narrow leaves usually
spreading into two ranks, and having the slender twigs
covered with small self-pruning scars.

Tall trees with horizontal or drooping branches ; mone-
cious ; carpellate cones, globose, in small terminal clusters ;
their scales few, each with two ovules at the base.

1. Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. Bald-cypress. A
large tree, the old bark flaky in thin strips. The roots de-
velop upright conic ''knees." Wood light, soft brown and
very durable. In swamps and along rivers. N. J. to Fla..
west to Tex., north to Mo. and Ind.

(46)

Trees of the Northern United States 47

Pinaceae. Pine Family.

o. Picea Link. Spruce.

Evergreen trees with 4-angled leaves, all of about the
same length, having the twigs covered with sterigma-bearing
scales representing leaf bases.

Conical trees with leaves spirally arranged and spreading
in all directions; monecious ; staminate and carpellate cones
often highly colored ; carpellate cones pendulous.

1. Twigs and sterigmata glabrous; carpellate cones
cylindric. 2.

1. Twigs pubescent, brown ; carpellate cones ovoid or

oval. 3.

2. Leaves usually f-1 in. long ; carpellate cones 2|-6 in.

long. P. abies.

2. Leaves usually not much over J in. long ; very glau-

cous; carpellate cones f-2 in. long. P. canadensis.

3. Leaves not glaucous; cones deciduous at the end of

the first season. P. rubens.

3. Leaves glaucous ; cones persistent for two or more

seasons. P. mariana.

1. Picea abies (.L.) Karst. Norway Spruce. A large
tree, conical in shape when young, with numerous stout
spreading and drooping branches. Abundant in cultivation.
Source of Burgundy pitch. Native of Europe.

2. Picea canadensis (Mill.) B. S. P. White Spruce.
A slender tree sometimes with a strong skunk-like odor.
Leaves light green, slender. $~f in. long, very acute. An
important timber tree with light, soft, weak, and straight-
grained wood. Newf. to Alaska, south to Me., Mich., and
S. Dak.

o. Picea rubens Sarg. Red Spruce. A slender tree
with spreading branches, and slender, sparingly pubescent
twigs. Wood soft weak and pale reddish. Newf, to northern
H, V. and Minn.; along the Alleghanies to Ya. and Ga.

4. Picea mariana (Mill) B. S. P. Black Spruce. A
tree with spreading branches and smooth or only slightly
roughened bark. Leaves not over I in. long, stout, green,
closely covering the twigs. Wood light and straight-grained ;

h Field Manual

used for paper pulp, for general lumber and for masts and
spars of ships. Newf. to N. W. Terr., south to N. J., N. C,
Mich., and Minn.

4. Tsuga Carr. Hemlock.

Evergreen trees with flat linear leaves, those on the top
of the twig short, and having the twigs covered with sterigma-
bearing scales representing leaf bases.

Branches slender, horizontal or drooping; leaves spread-
ing more or less into 2 ranks ; monecious ; carpellate cones
small, pendulous.

1. Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Hemlock. A tall
tree with slender, horizontal or drooping branches, the old
bark flaky in scales. Wood very coarse, light, brittle, and
soft; used for wood pulp. Bark used for tanning. Source
of Canada pitch. Self-prunes twigs. N. S. to Minn, south
to Ohio, and Del., along the Alleghanies to Ala., and to
Mich, and Wis.

5. Abies (Tourn.) Hill. Fir.

• Evergreen trees with flat linear leaves, rarely prismatic,
without sterigma-bearing scales, but with -prominent circular
leaf scars with a central bundle scar.

Carpellate cones erect, the scales deciduous ; monecious ;
carpellate bract longer than the ovuliferous scale.

1. Carpellate bract serrulate, shorter than the ovulifer-
ous scale or but little longer; leaves obtuse. A.
balsamea.

1. Carpellate bract anstate, longer than the ovuliferous
scale; leaves mostly emarginate. A. fraseri.

1. Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Balsam Fir. A slender
short-lived tree with smooth blistered bark. Wood very light
and soft. Canada balsam is obtained from its resin. Newf.
to Hudson Bay and Alberta, south to Penn., along the Alle-
ghanies to Va., and to Mich.. Towa, and Minn.

2. Abies fraseri fPursh) Poir. Fraser Fir. A slen-
der tree growing on the high Alleghanies. Bark smooth
with blisters. W. Va., N, Car., and Tenn.

Trees of the Northern United States 49

6. Larix (Tourn.) Adans. Larch.

Trees with thick wart-like dwarf branches bearing a
cluster of deciduous needle-shaped leaves.

Tall pyramidal, monecious trees with horizontal or
ascending branches ; carpellate cones small, erect, with thin
woody scales.

1. Carpellate cones small. £-f in. long, oval or almost
globular; ovuliferous scales glabrous; native, grow-
ing in bogs and wet places. L. laricina.

1. Carpellate cones rather large, f-1^ in. long; ovulifer-
ous scales finely tomentose on the back, cultivated
in dry ground. L. larix.

1. Larix laricina (DuRoi) Koch. Tamarack. A
slender tree with close or at length scaly bark. Wood hard,
durable, and very strong; used in ship-building, for railroad
ties, posts, and telegraph poles. In swamps and about the
margins of lakes. Xewf. to X. W. Terr., south to Minn.,
Ind., Ohio, and X. J.

2. Larix larix (L.) Karst. European Larch. A beauti-
ful tree with horizontal branches and drooping branchlets,
conical in shape when young; much cultivated in some part?
of the United States. The source of Venice turpentine.
Xative of Europe. »

7. Pinus (Tourn.) L. Pine.

Evergreen trees with self-pruned dwarf branches bearing
1-7 needle-shaped leaves.

Resinous, monecious trees with very small dwarf
branches : dwarf branches and ordinary twigs covered with
scale leaves. Dwarf branches self-pruned after a number of
years. Carpellate cones woody with numerous carpels. Our
most important lumber trees.

1. Dwarf branches with 5 foliage leaves; ovuliferous
scales little thickened at the tip. P. strobus.

1. Dwarf branches with 2-3 foliage leaves; ovuliferous

scales much thickened at the tip. 2.

2. Dwarf branches with 3 foliage leaves, rarely 2 or 4. 3.

50 Field Manual

2. Dwarf branches mostly with 2 foliage le >me

of them may be with •"-. 5

3. Leaves 6-10 in. long; carpellate cone oblong-conic

or ovoid. 4.

3. Leaves 3-5 in. long; carpellate cones ovoid.

P. rigida.

4. Old sheaths of the dwarf branches |-1 in. long; leaves

not glaucous : carpellate cones oblong-conic. P.
taeda.
1. Old sheaths about \ in. long; leaves glaucous; car-
pellate cones ovoid. P. serotina.

5. Twigs glaucous; resin-ducts parenchymatous; car-

pellate cones 1J-3 in. long; ovuliferous scales with
a prickle or small spine. '!.

5. Twigs not glaucous. 7.

G. Leaves slender. 2J-5 in. long ; buds not very resin-
ous; prickles of the ovuliferous scales short and
small. P. echinata.

6. Leaves stout, li-'-J in. long : buds very resinous ;

prickles of the ovuliferous scales long and stout.
P. virgiiiiana.

7. Leaves 1-4 in. long, grayish-green or light green;

ovuliferous scales without or with a small prickle,
or with a thick point or spine. 9.

7. Leaves 4-<ii in. long, dark-green: ovuliferous scale

without a spine or prickle, or sometimes with a
very small prickle. 8.

8. Foliage lustrous, resin ducts peripheral ; carpellate

cones terminal or subterminal. oval-conic ; ovulif-
erous scales pointless when mature. P. rcsinosa.

8. Foliage dull : resin ducts parenchymatous ; carpellate

cones lateral, ovoid-conic ; ovuliferous <;cale with
a -mall prickle. P. laricio.

9. Leaves 2£-4 in. long, grayish-green; twigs orange or

brown: resin ducts parenchymatous; carpellate
cones ovoid; 3-5 in. long. P. pungens.
9. Leaves l--\ in long. 1".

l'>. Leaves ]]--]■ in. long, grayish-green; twigs dull
greenish-yellow or greenish-brown; resin ducts
peripheral : carpellate cones ovate-conic. 2-3 in.
long. P. silrcstris.

Trees of the Northern United States 5J

10. Leaves £-l£ in. long ; resin ducts parenchymatous ;
carpellate cones oblong-conic, 1-2 in. long, usually
upwardly curved. P. banksiana.

1. Pinus strobus L. White Pine. A large tree with
nearly smooth bark, except when old ; branches horizontal in
whorls. Often forming dense forests. Wood soft and
straight-grained ; used in enormous quantities for building
purposes. One of the most valuable timber trees in the
world. Has been more extensively used in America for
lumber than any other tree. Xewf. to Man., south along the
Allegh. to Ga. and to Ohio, 111. and la.

2. Pinus taeda L. Loblolly Pine. A large tree of
very rapid growth with spreading branches and thick, rugged
bark, flaky in age. Wood rather hard ; much used for lumber
in the south. Often growing in old fields. X. J. to Fla.,
Ark., and Tex.

3. Pinus serotina Mx. Pond Pine. A tree, usually
with a short trunk and with the bark fissured into small
plates. In swamps and ponds. Wood soft, brittle, and
coarse-grained. Coastal plain. N. J. to Fla.

4.. Pinus rigida Mill. Pitch Pine. A tree with spread-
ing branches, the old bark rough and furrowed, flaky in
strips. Sprouts readily from the stump if cut down or
burned. Wood rather hard and brittle and full of resin ;
used for fuel, charcoal, and coarse lumber. A source of
turpentine to a limited extent. In dry, sandy or rocky soil.
N. B. to Ont., Tenn., Ohio. W. Va. and Ga.

o. Pinus resinosa Ait. Red Pine. A tall tree with
reddish bark. Wood rather hard but not very durable. Tur-
pentine is obtained to a limited extent from this species. A
tree of rapid growth. Xewf. to Man.,- Mass., Penn., and
Minn.

6. Pinus lari'cio Poir. Austrian Pine. A tall, open,
pyramidal tree of rapid growth with the thick spreading
branches in regular whorls. Often cultivated. From Europe.

7. Pinus silves'tris L. Scotch Pine. A large and val-
uable tree with drooping branches ; much cultivated. From
it are obtained the red and yellow deal much used as lumber
in Europe. Native of northern Europe.

52 Field Manual

8. Pinus banksiana Lamb. Jack Pine. A slender
tree with spreading branches, the bark becoming flaky. Wood
light and rather soft. In sandy soil. N. B. and N. W. Terr.,
south to Me., N. Y., 111., and Minn.

9. Pinus echinata Mill. Yellow Pine. A large tree
with spreading branches ; leaves sometimes in 3's. Wood
rather hard and very valuable ; much used as lumber. Also
furnishes some turpentine. Produces shoots from stumps.
In sandy soil. N. Y. to Fla., 111., Okl., and Tex.

10. Pinus virginiana Mill. Scrub Pine. A slender,
usually small tree with spreading or drooping branches ; the
old bark flaky and dark-colored. Wood very resinous, soft
and durable but of poor quality. In sandy soil. L. I. to S. C,
Ala., Tenn., Ohio, and Ind.

11. Pinus pungens Lamb. Table-mountain Pine. A
tree with spreading branches, the old bark rough and in
flakes, leaves sometimes in 3's. Wood light and soft ; much
used for charcoal. X. J. to Ga. and Tenn.

Janiperaceae. Juniper Family.
Subfamily, Cupressatae. .

8. Thuja L. Arborvitae.

Evergreen trees or shrubs with decidedly flattened and
fan-like twigs, and with naked buds, the small leaves oppo-
site, scale-like, appressed and 4-ranked; carpellate cone
oblong, with 6-10 scales the 4 upper fertile.

Resinous and aromatic ; flowers minute, monecio"Us ;
ovules usually 2 on each scale, erect; scales dry coriaceous,
not peltate.

1. Branchlets spreading more or less horizontally with
a distinct upper and lower side ; carpellate cones
pendulous, the thin scales appendiculate below the1
apex ; seeds winged. T. occidentalis.

1. Branchlets in a vertical plane with both sides alike;
carpellate cones erect, the scales with a prominent
horn-like process below the apex; seeds wingless.
T. orientalis.

1. Thuja occidentalis L. American Arborvitae.
Usually a small conical tree with fan-like branches. Self-

Trees of the Northern United States 53

prunes twigs. Wood light and durable ; used for posts, rail-
road ties, etc. Usually in wet soil and along the banks of
streams. X. B. to Man., south to Ohio and X. J., along the
Alleghanies to X. C and to 111. and Minn.

2. Thuja orientalis L. Chinese Arbovitae. A small
pyramidal or bushy tree with spreading and ascending
branches. XTative of Asia. Cultivated in many forms.

9. Libocedrus Endl. Incense-cedar.

Evergreen trees with naked buds and small, scale-like,
appressed, opposite, 4-ranked, usually elongated leaves on
somewhat flattened branches ; scales of the carpellate cone
4-6, the two upper fertile, not. peltate.

Tall, resinous aromatic trees with scaly bark, monecious ;
staminate and carpellate cones on separate branchlets ; seeds
with unequal lateral wings.

1. Libocedrus decurreus Torr. Incense-cedar. A tree
with a tall, straight, slightly lobed trunk, tapering from a
broad base. Wood light, soft, close-grained, and very dur-
able in contact with the soil. From the Pacific coast ; often
cultivated as an ornamental tree.

10. Chamaecyparis Spach. White-cedar.

Evergreen trees with small, scale-like appressed, nearly
or quite similar leaves, naked buds, and dry peltate carpellate
scales with 2-4 seeds.

Monecious ; carpellate cones globuse, with thick, opposite
scales, each with a central point.

1. Leaves dull blue-green ; bark thin, divided into flat

ridges. C. thyoides.
1. Leaves bright green; bark thick, divided into broad,

ridges. C. lawsoniana.

1. Chamaecyparis thyoides CL.) B. S. P. Southern
White-cedar. A tree with soft, light, and durable wood ;
used for boat-building, woodenware, shingles, etc. In
swamps. Maine and N. H. to X". J., Fla., and Miss,

2. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Murr.) Pari. Lawson
Cypress. A large tree with an abruptly enlarged base and a
spire-like crown of small horizontal or pendulous branches.

54 Field Manual

liark often 1" in. thick. Wood light, hard, and strong,
abounding in fragrant resin. From the Pacific coast. Many
varieties in cultivation.

Subfamily, Juniptratae.

11. Juniperus L. Juniper.
Evergreen trees or shrubs with naked buds, subulate or
scale-like leaves, one or both kinds on a tree, and with car-
pellate cones developing into a bluish-black berry-like fruit.
Carpellate cones small, globose ; plants usually diecious,
sometimes monecious, pungent aromatic; bark usually thin
and shreddy.

1. Leaves all subulate, prickly pointed, verticillate.
blender, mostly straight; cones axillary. /. com-
munis.
1. Leaves of 2 kinds, scale-like and subulate, opposite
or verticillate ; cones terminal. /. uirginiana.

1. Juniperus communis L. Common Juniper. A low
tree with spreading or drooping branches and shreddy bark.
Goats are poisoned from eating the leaves. On dry hills.
X. S. to Alaska, south to X. J., Ohio, Mich.. Xeb., and in the
Rocky Mts. to X\ Mex. Also in Europe and Asia.

2. Juniperus virginiana L. Red Juniper. A tree, with
spreading often irregular branches when old. but conic in
shape when young. Self -prunes twigs. Wood very valuable,
light, straight-grained, durable, and fragrant ; used for
posts, cabinet-work, interior finish, veneers, moth-proof
chests and cooperage, and almost exclusively in the manu-
facture of lead pencils. Often infested with the "cedar-
apple." Poisonous to goats. In dry soil ; common on bluffs.
X. P». to western Ont. and S. Dak., south to Fla. and Tex.

Phylum. AXTHOPHYTA.

Class. Dicotylae. Dicotyls.

Subclass, Thalamiflorae.

Order, Raxales.

Magnoliaceae. Magnolia Family.

12. Magnolia L. Magnolia.
Shrubs or trees with alternate, simple, entire leaves, not
truncate, and with complete stipular rings.

Trees of the Xortherx United States oo

Bark bitter aromatic ; flowers bisporangrate, large, soli-
tary ; buds covered with connate, sheathing stipules ; pith
usually diaphragmed but solid ; fruit aggregate, cone-like.

1. Leaves auriculate, glabrous. Leaf buds glabrous.

M. fraseri.
1. Leaves rounded or truncate at the base, thin. Leaf

buds silky pubescent. M. acuminata.

1. Leaves acute at the base. 2.

2. Leaves light green beneath, 1-2 ft. long. Leaf buds

glabrous. M. tripetala.
2. Leaves glaucous beneath, 3-6 in. long. Leaf buds
pubescent. M. virginiana.

1. Magnolia acuminata L. Cucumber Magnolia. A
large tree with silky pubescent leaf-buds. Leaves oval, acute
or somewhat acuminate, rounded or truncate at the base |-1
ft. long ; flowers greenish-yellow. Wood soft, light, and
durable ; used for cabinet-work, pump-logs, and water-
troughs. X. Y. to Ontario and Mo.. Ga., Ala., and Ark.

2. Magnolia tripetala L. Umbrella Magnolia. A low
tree with glabrous leaf-buds and irregular branches. Leaves
obovate. acute, cuneate at the base, 1-2 ft. long. flower>
white, slightly odorous. Wood soft and light. Penn. to Ga.,
Mo., Ark., and Miss.

3. Magnolia virginiana L. Laurel Magnolia. A tree
with pubescent leaf buds. Leaves oval or oblong, acute at
the base, 3-6 in. long : flowers white, deliciously fragrant. In
swamps. Mass. to Penn., Fla., Ark., and Tex.

4. Magnolia fraseri Walt. Fraser Magnolia. A tree
with spreading branches and glabrous leaf buds. Leaves
elongated-obovate or oblong, auriculate, £-2 ft. long ; flowers
white. In mountain woods. Ya. and Ky. to Fla. and Miss.

Various Magnolias are in cultivation, the more common

one is Magnolia soulangiana. Soulange's Magnolia, a small

tree with large purplish-pink flowers appearing before the
leave-.

13. Liriodendron L. Tuliptree.

Trees with alternate, truncate, simple leaves, with solid,
diaphragmed pith and complete stipular rings.

5G Field Manual

Buds with connate stipules; flowers large, perianth
trimerous ; anthers linear, extrorse ; fruit aggregate, cone-
like, dry.

1. Liriodendron tulipifera L. Tnliptree. A very large,
magnificent, rapid-growing tree with glabrous leaf-buds.
Flowers greenish-yellow, orange-colored within. Autuman
leaves pure yellow. Next to the Sycamore, probably the
largest tree in the Northeastern United States. Wood light,
soft, and straight-grained, easily worked ; heart wood light
yellow or brown ; sapwood thin, nearly white. Used for
interior finish, shingles, boat-building, panels of carriages,
wooden pumps, wooden ware of various kinds, wood pulp,
furniture, implements, boxes, shelving, drawers, and for carv-
ing and toys. One of the best woods for paneling. Should
be extensively cultivated. Vt and R. I. to Fla., Mich., Ark.,
and Miss.

Anonaceae. Custard-apple Family.

14. Asimina Adans. Papaw.

Trees or shrubs with alternate, 2-ranked, simple, entire,
pinnately veined, deciduous leaves and diaphragmed, solid
pith.

Buds naked, silky; bark with fetid odor; perianth trimer-
ous; stamens numerous; capels 3-15.

1. Asimina triloba (L.) Duiial. Papaw. A small
tree or shrub with smooth dark bark and nodding young
twigs. Flowers axillary, nodding; fruit a large fleshy, oblong,
greenish-yellow, edible berry, which., however, does not agree
with some persons. A case of severe poisoning from eating
the fruit is recorded. In creek and river bottoms and on
hillsides. Ont. and N. Y. to Mich., Neb., Tex., and Fla.

Lauraceae. Laurel Family.
15. Persea (Plum.) Gaertn. Bay.

Aromatic, evergreen trees or shrubs with alternate,
simple, pinnately veined, entire leaves.

Perianth 6-ported ; stamens and staminodes 12, in 4 series;
fruit a globose or oblong berry.

1. Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng. Red Bay. A tree
with dark red bark, lanceolote or oblong-lancelote leaves, and

Trees of the Northern United States 57

puberulent or nearly glabrous leaves. Wood hard, strong,
bright red in color, and rather brittle ; used for cabinet-
making, and interior finish. Along streams and the border
of swamps. Del. fo Fla., Ark., and Tex.

16. Sassafras Nees and Eberm. Sassafras.

Trees with entire or 3-lobed, alternate leaves with 2
prominent lateral veins, with spicy aromatic bark and un-
equal internodes.

Flowers diecious ; perianth 6-parted ; fruit a blue drupe.

1. Sassafras sassafras (L.) Karst. Sassafras. A large
rough-barked tree, the sap of the bark and leaves mucilagin-
ous. Autumn leaves red, yellow, and green. Wood reddish,
light and rather soft, of coarse texture, durable ; used in
cooperage, for small boats, an$l fencing. The bark of the
roots yields a powerful, aromatic stimulant. Fruit pungent,
poisonous. Excessive doses of sassafras tea produce narcotic
poisoning. In dry or sandy soil. ' Me. to Ont., Mich., Iowa,
Fla., and Tex.

Order, Geraniales.

Rutaceae. Rue Family.

17. Zanthoxylum L. Prickly-ash.

Trees or shrubs with alternate, pinnately compound, punc-
tate leaves and with stipular spines.

Bark acrid aromatic; flowers imperfectly diecious: fruit
a capsule with 1-2 seeds.

1. Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. Prickly-ash. A
prickly shrub or small tree with small flowers in sessile
axillary cymes ; stamens 3-5 ; carpels 2-5, distinct, seed oblong,
black and shining. Wood soft and light brown. In woods
and thickets. Quebec to Va., Ontario, S. Dak. and Kan.

18. Ptelea L. Hoptree.

Shrubs or small trees with alternate, trifoliate, punctate
leaves and superposed buds covered by the petiole base.

Bark bitter; flowers imperfectly monosporangiate;
stamens 4-5 ; fruit a samara with a membranous wing ;
ovulary 2-locular.

Field Manual

1. Ptelea trifoliata L. Hoptree. A shrub or small
tree with sunken superposed axillary buds covered by the
petiole base. Bark and flowers with a disagreeable odor.
Wood light brown, heavy, and hard. In woods. Conn. t'>
Ha., Out.. Minn.. Kan., and Mexico.

Simaroubaceae. Ailanthus Family.

1!' Ailanthus Desf. Ailanthus.
Large trees with alternate, pinnately compound, large
leaves having green glands on the under side of the teeth at
the base of the leaflets.

Branches robust with large brown pith; flowers diecious ;
the 5 samaras linear or oblong, usually twisted.

1. Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. Tree-of-heaven. A
large tree of rapid growth with thick branches and smooth
bark. Leaves ill-scented ; leaflets with green glands under
the lobes or teeth. Autumn leaves pure yellow. Wood hard
and useful. Sprouts freely from the roots and is easily
propagated from root cuttings. A pest in pastures in some
states ; cows will not eat grass near the young shoots. Water
contaminated by the leaves is poisonous. Naturalized from
China. Ont. to Mass., Va., and Kan.

Order, Malvales.

Tiliaceae. Linden Family.

20. Tilia (Tourn.) L. Linden.
Trees with "-'-ranked, simple palmately veined, inequi-
lateral, serrate or dentate leaves and solid pith.

Flowers bisporangiate, pentamerous, stamens numerous;
dry drupaceous fruit in cymose clusters, the peduncle sub-
tended by a broad membranous bract.

1. Leaves glabrous or nearly so on both sides, except on

the veins and in their axils. 2.
1. Leaves glabrous above, pubescent beneath. T.

pub esc ens.
1. Leaves glabrous above, silvery-white beneath. T.

heterophylla.

Trees of the Xortherx United States 59

2. Petals with scales at the base : leaves comparatively
large; native. T. americana.

2. Petals without scales at the base : leaves compara-
tively small: cultivated. T. europaea.

1. Tilia americana L. American Linden. A large,
straight-trunked tree with spreading branches. Inner bark
very tough : used for mats and coarse rope. Wood soft and
very white, light and uniform in texture, not liable to crack :
called "'basswoofcl ;" used for wooden-ware, cabinet-work,
trunks, panelling of carriages, in cooperage, and for toys.
The bark and wood of the other lindens are much the ^ame.
In rich soil, on bluffs, and along river bottoms. X. B. to Ga..
Manitoba, Kan., and Tex.

2. Tilia pubescens Ait. Down}- Linden. A small tree
growing in moist soil, mostly along the coast. Wood as in
T. americana but lighter in weight. Ya. to Fla., west to Tex.

3. Tilia heterophylla Vent. White Linden. A tree
with larger leaves than either of the preceding species. Wood
weak, light brown. X'. Y. to Fla., Ala., 111., and Tenn.

4. Tilia europaea L. European Linden. A large tree
much cultivated in parks. Its name, Lin, was the origin of
the family name of Linnaeu-.

Subclass, Calvciflorae.
Order. Rosales.

Rosaceae. Rose Family.

Malatae. Apple Subfamily.

21. Sorbus (Tourn.) L. Mountain-ash.

Trees or shrubs with alternate, odd-pinnate leaves, ter-
minal buds, cylindrical pith, and 3-5 bundlescars in the nar-
row leaf scar.

Flowers bisporangiate ; fruit a small red berry-like pome,
in compound cymes.

1. Leaflets glabrous above. 2.

1. Leaflets pubescent on both sides; calyx and pedicels

usually woolly. S. aueuparia.

2. Leaflets long-accuminate : fruit less than \ in. in

diameter. S. amerieana.
2. Leaflets obtuse or short-pointed : fruit more than \
in. in diameter. S. scopuliiia.

60 Field Manual

1. Sorbus americana Marsh. American Mountain-
ash. A small tree with smooth bark. Bark and unripe fruit
very astringent. Wood soft, light brown. In moist ground.
Much prized for ornamental planting. Newf. to Man., N.
Car., and Mich.

2. Sorbus scopulina Greene. Western Mountain-ash.
A small tree with smooth bark. In moist ground. Lab. to
Alaska, N. Eng., Ohio, Mich., and in Rocky Mts. to Colo,
and Utah.

3. Sorbus aucuparia L. European Mountain-ash. A
small tree, native of Europe. Frequently cultivated. Fruit
poisonous to man, but eaten by some birds. N. S. to N. H.

22, Pyrus (Tourn.) L. Pear.

Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, pinnately-veined,
serrate leaves with long petioles; with stipules or stipular
scars ; with terminal buds, cylindrical- pith, and fruit a pome
with grit cells.

Flowers bisporangiate with a fleshy hypanthium united
with the ovulary; pentamerous ; stamens numerous.

1. Pyrus communis L. Pear. A pyramidal usually
slender tree, often with thorn-like stunted branches. Bark
smooth. Wood hard, fine-grained, reddish-brown. Culti-
vated for its large fleshy fruit. Native of Europe and Asia.
Me. to N. J. and Ohio.

28. Malus Mill. Apple, Crab-apple.

Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, pinnately-veined,
dentate, serrate or more or less lobed leaves, with stipules
or stipular scars ; with terminal buds, cylindrical pith, and
fruit a pome without grit cells.

Flowers bisporangiate with a fleshy hypanthium united
with the ovulary ; pentamerous, stamens numerous.

1. Leaves glabrouse, at least when mature. 2.

1. Leaves persistently pubescent or tomentose be-

neath. 3.

2. Leaves oblong, oval, or lanceolate, narrowed at the

base. M. coronaria.
2. Leaves ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, often
somewhat lobed. M. glaucescens.

Trees of the Northern United States 61

2. Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex and

acute at the base, on slender petioles ; finely and
nearly evenly serrate. M. baccata.

3. Leaves mostly narrowed at the base ; pome 1-2 in.

in diameter. M. ioensis.
3. Leaves rounded or cordate at the base; pome usually
large, 2-4 in. in diameter. M. malus.

1. Malus coronaria (L.) Mill. Narrow-leaf Crab-apple.
A small tree usually with thorn-like stunted branches or
spurs. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or oval, thick,
shining above, sometimes pubescent beneath when young,
dentate or often entire. Wood hard, reddish-brown. On
low ground. X. J. to 111., Kan., Fla., and La.

2. Mains baccata (L.) Borck. Siberian Crab-apple. A
small spreading tree with compact crown. Pedicels very
slender ; fruit small, not becoming mellow. Cultivated.

3. Malus glaucescens Rehd. Fragrant Crab-apple. A
small tree with hard and sour fruit suitable for preserving.
Leaves ovate, to triangular-ovate, sparingly pubescent be-
neath when yoUng, sharply serrate and often somewhat lobed.
Wood soft and reddish-brown. On low ground. Ont. to
Mich., S. Car., Iowa, and Mo.

4. Malus ioensis (Wood) Britt. Iowa Crab-apple.
A small tree much resembling M. glaucescens. Leaves ovate,
oval, or oblong, dentate, crenate or with a few rounded lobes,
white-pubescent beneath, at length glabrous above. Minn.,
Wis., and 111. to Neb., Ky., La., and Okl.

5. Malus malus (L.) Britt- Common Apple. A
medium-sized tree with spreading branches. Leaves ovate
or oval, glabrous or nearly so above, pubescent and often
woolly beneath. Fruit large, various. Introduced from
Europe and escaped in many places. The seeds are poison-
ous. Me. to X. Y., X. J., Ohio, and Ga.

24. Cydonia Tourn. Quince.

Shrubs or low small trees, our cultivated species with
alternate, simple, pinnately veined, entire, deciduous leaves
with stipules or stipular scars ; cylindrical pith, and with fruit
a pome containing many seeds in each cavity.

62 Field Manual

>wers bisporangiate, perianth pentamerous, pome
fleshy.

1. Cydonia cyddnia (L.) Karst Quince. A low tree
with crooked stem and rambling branches. Cultivated for
the large sour fleshy fruit.

25. Amelanchier .Medic. Juneberry.

Shrubs or small trees with alternate, simple, serrate,
pinnately-veined leaves: with 3 bundle -car-, terminal bud. a
narrow leaf scar, and fruit a berry-like pome.

Flower bisporangiate, perianth pentamerous, pome small
with twice the number of cavities as style-.

1. Leaves acute or acuminate at the apex ; top of the
ovulary glabrous or nearly so. 2.

1. Leaves rounded, obtuse or subacute at the apex; top

of the ovulary woolly; petals |~f in. long. A.
sanguinea.

2. Leaves glabrous when mature, but pubescent or

woolly when young, ovate to ovate-lanceolate : base
cordate or rounded. A. canadensis.
2. Leaves densely white-woolly beneath, at least when
young, oblong to obovate, rarely sub-cordate at the
base. A. intermedia.

1. Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Med. Common June-
berry. A medium-sized tree with a small, red or purple,
sweet and edible, berry-like pome. Wood very hard, brown.
In dry soil. Nova Scotia to Ont., Fla., La., and Ark.

2. Amelanchier intermedia Spach. Swamp Tune-
berry. A shrub or small tree growing in swamps and moist
soil. Variable. X. Eng. to Ont., Fla., and La.

3. Amelanchier sanguinea (Pursh) DC. Roundleaf
Juneberry. A tall shrub or small tree growing in woods and
thickets. X. B. to Minn., X. C, and Mich.

26. Crataegus L. Hawthorn.

Small trees or shrubs with simple, serrate or lobed leaves,
with stipules or stipular scars, and usually with typical
axillary thorns, but without terminal thorns.

Flowers bisporangiate. perianth pentamerous. stamens
5-25; pome drupe-like with bony ripe carpels.

Tkf.es of the Northern United States 63

The species of Crataegus are at present in a very un-
satisfactory condition. Probably many of those included
below are merely hybrids or forms of freely interbreeding
elementary varieties. Many of the specific English names
are also unsatisfactory.

Required for identification, the leaves and fruit.
1. Leaves not deltoid-cordate. 2.

1. Leaves conspicuously deltoid-cordate, glabrous. (Cor-

datae). 55.

2. Leaves glabrous, glabrous above and pubescent beneath.

or pubescent on both sides. 3.

2. Leaves pubescent above, glabrous beneath : thorns \-l in.

long; fruit black. (Douglasianae). 54.

3. Petioles \ in. long or longer. 4.

3. Petioles less than \ in. long. (Parvifoliae ) . 53.

4. Leaves not deeply cut. 5.

4. Leaves deeply cut, lobes numerous : thorns less than 1

in. long (Oxyacanthae). 52.

5. Leaves broadest at the middle or apex, cuneate. 6.

5. Leaves broadest at the base. 12.

0. Leaves broadest toward the apex. 7.

6. Leaves broadest at the middle. 8.

7. Leaves shining, not impressed-veined above. (Crus-

galli). 14.

7. Leaves dull, impressed-veined above. (Punctatae). 18.

8. Petioles usually glandless. or if so then the nutlets pitted

on the ventral faces. 9.

8. Petioles always with small stalked glands along their

entire length : nutlets without ventral pits. (Intri-
catae). 30.

9. Calyx-lobes glandular-laciniate. glandular-serrate, or

glandular-margined. 10.
9. Calyx-lobes not glandular-margined ; leaves not im-
pressed-veined. often trilobed towards the apex.
(Virides). 29.

10. Leaves impressed-veined. 11.

10. Leaves not impressed-veined. elliptic ovate to orbicular;
calyx-lobes glandular-margined ; leaves not trilobate.
(Rotundifoliae). 24.

64 Field Manual

11. Leaves rhombic-elliptic; calyx-lobes usually deeply cut;
nutlets deeply pitted on the ventral faces. (Macracan-
thae). 21.

11. Leaves elliptic to ovate: calvx-* obes less deeply cut:

nutlets with shallow pits on the ventral faces.
(Brainerdianae). 23.

12. Leaves £-2£ in. long and wide, membranous; calyx-lobes

usually entire. 13.
\'l. Leaves 1-4 in. long and wide; calyx-lobes usually serrate.
(Coccineae.) 44.

13. Leaves yellow-green often slightly pubescent; fruit soft

at maturity. (Tenuifoliae). 34.

13. Leaves blue-green, usually glabrous; fruit hard at

maturity. (Pruinosae). 38.

— Crus-galli. —

14. Leaves not lobed. 15.

14. Leaves somewhat lobed. 16.

15. Leaves f-4 in. long. C. crus-galli.

15. Leaves f-2£ in. long. C. berberifolia.

16. Styles and nutlets usually 2.

C. schizophylla.

16. Styles and nutlets usually 3-5. 17.

17. Lobes of the leaves irregular, obtuse ; fruit globose.

C. denaria.

17. Lobes of the leaves regular, acute; calyx-lobes serrate.

C. fecunda.

— Punctatae. —

18. Fruit ellipsoidal ; nutlets usually 3 or 4. 19.

18. Fruit globose. 20.

19. Leaves bright yellow-green, slightly impressed-veined

above. C. cuneiformis.

19. Leaves dull gray-green, strongly impressed-veined above,

obovate, narrow. C. punctata.

20. Nutlets 2 or 3. C. margaretta.

20. Nutlets 4 or 5. C. suborbiculata.

— Macracanthae. —

21. Leaves dark green, glabrous and shining above, cori-

aceous. 22.
21. Leaves gray-green, pubescent and dull above, subcori-
aceous, rhombic-ovate, lobed. C. calpodendron.

Trees of the Northern United States 65

22. Fruit § in. thick or less; leaves large. C. succulenta.

22. Fruit \ in. thick or less ; leaves small. C. neofluvialis.

— Braiiwrdiaiiac. —

23. Fruit and corymbs pubescent: calyx-lobes sharply glan-

dular-serrate ; leaves serrate ; styles and nutlets 2 or 3.
C. pertomentosa.

23. Fruit and corymbs -glabrous ; calyx-lobes remotely glan-

dular-serrate. C. brainerdi.

— Rotiuidifoliae. —

24. Leaves longer than wide. 25.

24. Leaves about as wide as long. 26.

25. Leaf- lobes acuminate. C. laurentiana.

25. Leaf lobes acute. C. hicoriim.

26. Leaf-lobes acuminate. C. irrasa.

26. leaf-lobes acute or obtuse. 27.

27. Calyx-tube prominent; fruit subglobose. C. macauleyae.

27. Calyx-tube obscure. 28.

28. Leaves acutely lobed toward the apex ; calyx-lobes

glandular-laciniate. C. btcknellii.

28. Leaves not acutely lobed ; calyx-lobes glandular-mar-

gined only ; fruit globose, red, round in cross-section.
C. chrysocarpa.

— Virides. —

29. Leaves ovate; lobes shallow; fruit yellow-red. C. ovata.
20. Leaves oblong-ovate ; lobes deep ; fruit bright red,

glaucous. C. viridis.

— Intricatae. —

30. Foliage and fruit pubescent; corymbs villous. 31.

30. Foliage, fruit, and corymbs glabrous. 32.

31. Fruit globose, greenish to reddish-brown. C. intricate.

31. Fruit ellipsoid or pyriform, yellow. C. stouci.

32. Leaves cordate, lobed. C. populifolia.

32. Leaves cuneate, lobed. 33.

33. Leaves elliptic-ovate; fruit pyriform-ellipsoid. C.

straminea.

33. Leaves ovate to oval ; fruit globose or subglobose, red-

dish-green to reddish-brown. C. boyntoni.
— Tenuifoliae. —

34. Fruit ellipsoid, ovoid, or pyriform ; calyx-lobes entire. 35.
34. Fruit compressed-globose or subglobose. 36.

66 Field M \.\ual

35. Leaves much lobed; fruit small, fc-i in. thick, with rather
firm fle>h. C. roancnsis.

35. Leaves not conspicuously lobed; fruit large, \-\ in. thick,

with soft flesh. C. macros perma.

36. Lobes .of the leaves reflexed. C. grayana.

36. Leaf-lobes spreading os ascending. 37.

37. Terminal leaves cuneate. C. alnorum.

37. Terminal leaves cordate. C. populnea.

— Pruiuosac. —

38. Leaves elliptic-ovate. C. jesupi.

38. Leaves ovate. 39.

39. Leaves usually cordate. 40.
'■'■>. Leaves usually cuneate. 41.

40. Fruit conspicuously angled, strongly pruinose. C.

rugosa.

40. Fruit not conspicuously angled, only slightly pruinose

C. filipes.

41. Lobes of the leaves deep, acuminate. C. leiopliylla.

41. Lobes of the leaves shallow, acute. 42.

42. Fruit without conspicuous angles. C. beata.

42. Fruit conspicuously angled. 43.

43. Leaves deltoid. C. gattingcri.

43. Leaves ovate. C. pruinosa.

— Coccineae. —

44. Mature leaves usually glabrous above ; young foliage

bronze-green. 45.

44. Mature leaves tomentose above ; young foliage yellow-

green. 50.

45. Leaves oblong-ovate. 46.

45. Leaves broadly ovate. 47.

46. Corymbs nearly glabrous. C. villipes.

46. Corymbs very pubescent. C. anomala.

47. Corymbs and fruit glabrous. C. coccinioidcs.

47. Corymbs and fruit pubescent or tomentose. 48.

48. Leaves on the vegetative shoots cuneate. 49.

48. Leaves on the vegetative shoots cordate. C. albicans.

49. Leaves concave, \\ --3 in. long, lj-2f in. wide. C. pringlei.

49. Leaves plane, 1^-4 in. long, 1J-3J in. wide. C. coccinea.

50. Leaves on the vegetative shoots cuneate at the base. 51.
50. Leaves on the vegetative shoots cordate. C. mollis.

Trees of the Northern United States 67

51. Lobes of the leaves broad, shallow, acuminate. C.
arnoldiana.

51. Lobes narrow, deep, and acute; fruit ellipsoid-pyriform.

C. submollis.

— Oxyacanthae. —

52. Leaves ovate. 3-15-lobed or cleft. C. monogyna.

— Parvijoliac. —

53. Leaves small, subcoriaceous, corymbs 1-3-flowered.

C. unffiora.

— Douglasianae. —

54. Leaves subcoriaceous, petioles \-\ in. long. C. douglasii.

— Cordatae. —

55. Leaves often conspicuously 3-5-lobed, petioles J-2 in.

long. C. pJiaenopyrum.

1. Crataegus crus-galli L. Cockspur Hawthorn. A
small tree with spreading branches and numerous slender
thorns. Leaves coriaceous, shining above, sharply serrate.
Fruit ellipsoid-ovoid to subglobose, greenish to red. flesh
hard, remaining on the branches until late in the winter.
The best hawthorn for hedges. X. Y. to Ont, south to
Conn., Ga.. and Kan.

2. Crataegus berberifolia T. & G. Barberry-leaf
Hawthorn. A small tree with spreading branches and a
broad crown, with few thorns. Leaves oblong-cuneiform,
spatulate, or obovate. rough-pubescent above, white-pubescent
or tomentose beneath. Fruit subglobose to short-ellipsoid,
yellow, orange, or red. Ky. to Mo. and the Gulf States.

3. Crataegus schizophylla Eggl. Martha's Vineyard
Hawthorn. A small tree with irregular ascending branches
and numerous thorns. Leaves oblong-ovate to ovate, coarsely
serrate with short acute lobes toward the apex, glabrous,
slightly impressed-veined. Fruit pyriform-ellipsoid, dark red;
nutlets ribbed on the back. Ma-s.

4. Crataegus denaria Beadle. Palmer's Hawthorn. A
small tree with spreading branches and a round-topped
crown. Leaves oval, ovate, or oblong-ovate, often slightly
lobed towards the apex. Fruit globose or subglobose, reddish-
green or light red. In low rich soil. Ky. to Mo. and Mis-.

5. Crataegus fecunda Sarg. Fruitful Hawthorn. A
small tree with spreading branches and numerous thorns.
Leaves oblong-obovate to oval. Fruit short-ellipsoid to sub-

Field Manual

globose, orange-red, slightly pubescent. Rich botton lands.
Ill and Mo.

6. Crataegus cuneiformis ( Mar-h.) Eggl. Marshall's
Hawthorn. A small tree with widely spreading branches,
dark brown scaly bark, and numerous, often branched thorn-.
Leaves oblanceolote-obovate. Fruit ellipsoid-pyriform, scar-
let or dark red. X. Y. and Pa. to Va. and 111.

7. Crataegus punctata Jacq. Dotted Hawthorn. A
small flat-topped tree with horizontal or ascending branches
and light gray thorns. Leaves obovate, serrate, doubly
serrate, or lobed at the apex. Fruit short-ellipsoid, yellow or
red, somewhat edible. Quebec to Pa., Minn., Iowa, and Ky.

8. Crataegus margaretta Ashe. Margaret's Haw-
thorn. A shrub or small tree with ascending branches form-
ing a round crown. Leaves oblong-obovate to ovate, serrate
or doubly serrate, usually somewhat lobed. Fruit dull rusty
green, yellow, or red, compressed globose to short ellipsoid,
angular. Ont. to Iowa, Mo., Tenn., and Va.

* 9. Crataegus suborbiculata Sarg. Caughuawaga
Hawthorn. A small tree with spreading branches and a
broad crown. Leaves ovate-orbicular, serrate or doubly
serrate. Fruit globose or compressed-globose, dull green to
scarlet. In lime-store areas. Montreal to Mich.

10. Crataegus succulenta Schrad. Longthorn Haw-
thorn. A small tree with ascending branches forming a
broad irregular crown, and with numerous bright, brown
thorns. Leaves rhombic-ovate to obovate, doubly serrate and
usually somewhat lobed toward the apex. Fruit subglobose,
dark red. N. S. to Minn., XT. C, X'eb., and Col.

11. Crataegus neofluvialis A -he. New River Haw-
thorn. A small tree with ascending and spreading branches,
and numerous spines. Leaves elliptic-ovate to obovate,
doubly serrate and somewhat lobed towards the apex, cori-
aceous, dark green and shining above. Fruit globose or
short-ellipsoid, dark red. Vt. to Wis.. N. C, and Iowa.

12. Crataegus calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medic. Pear
Hawthorn. A shrub or small tree with ascending and spread-
ing branches forming -a broad crown, with stout thorns and
tomentose twigs. Leaves rhombic-ovate, acute or acuminate
at the apex, doubly serrate. Fruit pyriform or ellipsoid,
orange-red or red. X'. Y. and X. J. to Minn, and Mo.

Trees of the Northern United States 69

13. Crataegus pertomentosa Ashe. Prairie Hawthorn.
A small tree with nearly horizontal branches forming a flat-
tened crown and with numerous curved thorns. Leaves
oblong to obovate finely doubly serrate or lobed. Fruit
globular or nearly so, cherry-red, villous when young.
Rocky soil. Iowa, Mo,, and Kan.

14. Crataegus brainerdi Sarg. Brainerd's Hawthorn.
A shrub or small tree with ascending branches. Leaves
elliptic to ovate finely doubly serrate or lobed. Fruit short-
ellipsoid to globose, cherry-red to scarlet. Xew Eng. to
Iowa and Pa.

15. Crataegus laurentiana Sarg. Fernald's Hawthorn.
A large, much-branched shrub or small tree with long thorns.
Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, sharply doubly serrate or
lobed. Fruit ellipsoid, dark crimson. Xewf., X. S., Quebec,
Me., and shores of Lake Superior.

16. Crataegus lucorum Sarg. Grove Hawthorn. A
shrub or small tree with ascending branches. Leaves oblong-
ovate to broadly ovate, doubly serrate or lobed. Fruit
pyriform — ellipsoid, crimson. 111. and Wis.

17. Crataegus irrasa Sarg. Blanchard's Hawthorn. A
shrub or small tree with numerous spines. Leaves ovate to
elliptic, doubly serrate or lobed. Fruit subglobose to short-
ellipsoid, red or scarlet, somewhat pubescent. Quebec to
Vt. and X. Y.

18. Crataegus macauleyae Sarg. Macauley's Haw-
thorn. A small round-topped tree with somewhat pendulous
branches. Leaves ovate to oval, doubly serrate or lobed.
Fruit subglobose to short-ellipsoid, dark crimson. X. Y.

19. Crataegus bicknelli Eggl. Bicknell's Hawthorn.
A round-topped shrubby tree with numerous stout thorns.
Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, sharply doubly serrate and
lobed. Fruit globose, red. Ma-s.

30. Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe. Roundleaf Haw-
thorn. A beautiful, round-topped shrub or small tree with
numerous thorns. Leaves ovate-orbicular or obovate, doubly
serrate or lobed, shining above. Fruit depressed-globose to
short-ovoid, red. X. S. and X. B. to Saskatch.. south to
X. (A. Xeb.. and X. M.

70 Field Manual

21. Crataegus ovata Sarg. Ovate-leaf Hawthorn. A
tree with yellow scaly bark. Leaves ovate-elliptic or obovate,
coarsely serrate or doubly serrate, often somewhat lobed
towards the apex, dark green and shining above. Fruit
globose or compressed-globose, yellow to orange-red.
River bottoms. Ky. and Mo.

Crataegus viridis L. Green Hawthorn. A tree
with ascending branches and a broad crown, often without
thorns. Leaves oblong ovate, serrate or doubly serrate,
often lobed toward the apex, dark green and shining above.
Fruit globose or compressed-globose, bright red or orange,
glaucous. Alluvial soil. Va. to Fla., Ind., 111., Kan., and
Tex.

23. Crataegus intricata Lange. Biltmore Hawthorn.
An irregularly branched shrub or small tree with few thorns.
Leaves elliptic-ovate to broadly ovate doubly serrate or
lobed, rough-pubescent. Fruit short-ellipsoid to globose,
greenish-yellow or becoming dark reddish-brown, somewhat
pubescent. Open rocky woods. X. Eng. and X. Y., south
to S. Car. and Mo.

24. Crataegus stonei Sarg. Stone's Hawthorn. A
much-branched shrub or small tree with prominent thorns.
Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, doubly serrate or lobed.
Fruit pyriform to short-ellipsoid, light yellow or yellow-
green tinged with red. Rocky soil. Mass.. Conn., and X". Y.

25. Crataegus populifolia Walt. Poplar-leaf Haw-
thrn. A shrub or small tree with ascending and spreading
branches forming a round crown. Leaves deltoid-ovate or
oblong-ovate, serrate or doubly serrate with acute lobes.
Fruit globose, light red, without angles. Va. to S. C.

26. Crataegus straminea Beadle. Alleghany Haw-
thorn. An irregularly branched shrub or small tree with oc-
casional thorns. Leaves elliptic-ovate, doubly serrate or
lobed. Fruit pyriform to ellipsoid, angular, yellow-green.
Rocky hills. Yt. to Mich., south to Del., Ala., and Mo.

27. Crataegus boyntoni Beadle. Boynton's Haw-
thorn. A round-topped, irregularly branched shrub or small
tree with occasional thorns. Leaves oval to ovate, doubly
serrate or slightly lobed. Fruit subglobose, orange-red or
red-brown. Shaly soil. Mass. to Mich., south to S. C. and
Tenn.

Trees of the Northern United States 71

28. Crataegus roanensis Ashe. Roan Mountain Haw-
thorn. A shrub or small tree with ascending branches and
numerous curved spines. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate,
serrate with acute straight lobes. Fruit ellifsod, ovoid, or
pyriform, crimson. Quebec to Wis., N. C. and Term.

29. Crataegus macrosperma Ashe. Variable Haw-
thorn. A shrub or small tree with ascending branches and
numerous spines. Leaves elliptic-ovate to broadly ovate
doubly serrate and somewhat lobed. Fruit ellipsoid or pyri-
form, scarlet to crimson, often glaucous. X. S. and Maine
to Minn., N. C., and Tenn.

30. Crataegus grayana Eggl. Gray's Hawthorn. A
large shrub or small tree with ascending branches. Leaves
ovate, doubly serrate with 4-6 pairs of acuminate lobes.
Fruit subglobose to short ellipsoid, angular, dark cherry-red.
X. Eng. to Ont. and XT. Y.

31. Crataegus alnorum Sarg. Edson's Hawthorn. A
broad shrub or small tree with ascending branches. Leaves
ovate, serrate or doubly serrate with acute lobes. Fruit sub-
globose, slightly angular, dark cherry-red. X*. Eng. to Mich,
and Pa.

3>2. Crataegus populnea Ashe. Gruber's Hawthorn.
A shrub or small tree with a flattened round crown. Leaves
broadly ovate to elliptic-ovate, slightly villous, serrate or
doubly serrate, sometimes lobed. Fruit glabrous to short-
ellipsoid, scarlet. Low ground. Ont. to Pa. and Del.

33. Crataegus jesupi Sarg. Jesup's Hawthorn. A
large shrub or small tree with ascending branches. Leaves
elliptic-ovate, serrate or doubly serrate with 4 or 5 pairs of
acute lobes. Fruit short-ellipsoid to pyrfform, slightly angled,
dark red. Vt. to Wis. south to Pa.

34. Crataegus rugosa Ashe. Rugose Hawthorn. A
shrub or small tree with ascending branches. Leaves broadly
ovate, serrate or doubly serrate with 4-6 pairs of broad
acuminate lobes, glabrous. Fruit depressed-globose, bright
red. Conn, to Pa., Ind., and X". C.

35. Crataegus filipes Ashe. Beckwith's Hawthorn. A
shrub or small tree with ascending branches and numerous
thorns. Leaves ovate, serrate or twice serrate and lobed,
glabrous. Fruit globose or compressed-globose, cherry-red.
Western N. Eng. to Mich, south to Pa.

i- Field Manual

36. Crataegus leiophylla Sarg. Maine- Hawthorn.
A large shrub or small tree with erect branches and numerous
thorns. Leaves broadly ovate, doubly serrate, with 3-5 pairs
of acuminate spreading lobes, dull. Fruit pyriform to globose,
slightly angular, bright or dark scarlet. N. Y. to Pa.

"h. Crataegus beata Sarg. Dunbar's Hawthorn. A
shrub or small tree with ascending or erect branches. Leaves
ovate, doubly serrate with acute lobes, dull. Fruit short
ellipsoid, slightly angular, crimson. Ont. to Pa.

38. Crataegus gattingeri Ashe. Gattinger's Haw-
thorn. A shrub or small tree with ascending branches form-
ing an irregular crown, and with numerous thorns. Leaves
narrowly ovate to deltoid, serrate or doubly serrate, lobed
toward the apex, glabrous, dark green above. Fruit globose,
angular, red. Pa. to Ind., south to W. Va. and Term.

30. Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl.) Koch. Waxy-
fruited Hawthorn. A shrub or small tree with ascending
branches, irregular crown, and numerous slender thorns.
Leaves elliptic-ovate to broadly ovate, doubly serrate with
3 or 4 pairs of broad acute lobes toward the apex, glabrous.
Fruit depressed-globose or short-ellipsoid, strongly angled,
pruinose, scarlet or purple. Rocky open woods. N. Eng. to
Mich., N. C. and Mo.

40. Crataegus villipes Ashe. Thinleaf Hawthorn. A
tree with strongly ascending branches. Leaves elliptic-ovate,
serrate or doubly serrate with 4-6 pairs of acute or acuminate
lobes, pubescent or scabrous. Fruit pyriform or ellipsoid,
crimson. Maine to Quebec to Mich., south in the mountains
to N. C

4F Crataegus anomala Sarg. Oblong-leaf Hawthorn.
A shrubby tree with numerous thorns. Leaves oblong to
ovate, serrate or doubly serrate with acute lobes. Fruit
pyriform-ellipsoid, crimson. Quebec to Mass. and N. Y.

42. Crataegus coccinioides Ashe. Eggert's Hawthorn.
A shrub or small tree with spreading branches. Leaves
broadly ovate, doubly serrate, dark green above. Fruit sub-
globose, obtusely angled. Quebec to R. I., west to Mo.
and Kan.

43. Crataegus pringlei Sarg. Pringle's Hawthorn. A
small tree with ascending branches. Leaves ovate to oval,
doubly serrate, with shallow lobes. Fruit short-ellipsoid to

Trees of the Northern United States 73

pyriform, pubescent, red. - Western X. Eng. to 111., south
to Pa.

44. Crataegus coccinea L. Scarlet Hawthorn. A
small tree with ascending and spreading branches and stout
short thorns. Leaves broadly ovate, acute or acuminate at
the apex, broadly cuneate or truncate at the base, doubly
serrate or lobed, somewhat scabrous. Fruit pyriform to short
ellipsoid, red. somewhat edible. Of considerable decorative
value. Conn, to Ont, 111., Del. and Pa.

45. Crataegus albicans Ashe. Tatnall's Hawthorn.
A shrub or small tree with spreading branches. Leaves
broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, doubly serrate or lobed. Fruit
subglobose or somewhat puriform. dark red. Western X.
Eng. to Mich., south to Del. and Tenn.

46. Crataegus arnoldiana Sarg. Arnold's Hawthorn.
A small tree with ascending branches, forming a broad
crown, and numerous long thorns. Leaves broadly ovate
to oval, serrate or doubly serrate with broad shallow lobes,
tomentose or scabrous above. Fruit globose or subglobose,
bright crimson, slightly pubescent; flesh thick, juicy, and
edible. Mass. and Conn.

47. Crataegus submcllis Sarg. Emerson's Hawthorn.
A small tree with spreading branches, forming a broad sym-
metrical crown, and with numerous thorns. Leaves ovate,
doubly serrate and acutely lobed. tomentose. becoming scab-
rate. Fruit short-ellipsoid to pyriform. orange-red. slightly
tomentose, edible. Quebec to Mass. and X". Y.

48. Crataegus mollis ( T. & G.) Scheele. Downy
Hawthorn. A tree with spreading branches and densely
pubescent twigs, forming a broad-topped crown. Leaves
broadly ovate, doubly serrate with narrow acute lobes, densely
tomentose. Fruit short-ellipsoid to subglobose. scarlet, edible.
Ont. to S. Dak.. Tenn. and Ark.

40. Crataegus moncgyna Jacq. English Hawthorn.
A -hrub or tree with ascending branches and numerous thorns.
Leaves ovate, sharply 3-15 lobed or cleft, dark green and
glabrous above when mature. Fruit globose or subglobose,
red. Xative of Europe. Sparingly escaped in the eastern
states.

50. Crataegus uniflora Muench. Dwarf Hawthorn.
An irregular shrub or small tree with numerous, slender.

74 Field Manual

straight thorns. Leaves obovate to spatulate, crenate or
crenate-serrate, shining above. Corymbs 1-3 flowered. Fruit
ellipsoid, pyriform or globose, greenish-yellow or red. In
sandy soil. N. Y. to Fla., west to W. Va., Mo., and Tex.

51'. Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Douglas' Hawthorn.
A shrub or tree with dark brown scaly bark and short thorn-.
Leaves ovate to abovate, doubly serrate and lobed, dark
green and pubescent above. Fruit short-ellipsoid, dark purple ;
flesh soft, sweet. From Mich, northwestward.

52. Crataegus phaenopyrum (L. f.) .Medic. Washing-
ton Hawthorn. A shrub or small tree with strongly ascending
branches and numerous thorns. Leaves ovate-triangular,
simply or doubly serrate, often 3-5 lobed, bright green and
glabrous above. Fruit depressed-globose, scarlet. Moist rich
ground. A very desirable species for cultivation. Va. to
Ga., 111., and Ark. Naturalized northward to X. J., Pa.,
and Ohio.

Amygdalatae. Peach Subfamily.

2'7. Prunus (Tourn.) L. Apricot, Plum, Cherry.

Shrubs or trees with alternate, simple, serrate, pinnately-
veined leaves, with disk-like or tooth-like glands on the petiole ;
with stipules or stipular scars, cylindrical pith, twigs some
shade of brown, and with the fruit a drupe.

Terminal bud present or self-pruned ; perianth pen-
tamerous ; carpel 1, hypanthium deciduous ; drupe mostly
edible.

1. Terminal bud usually present; leaves conduplicate in
vernation ; stone globose, little or not at all flattened ;
inflorescence racemose, corymbose, or umbellate. 2.

1. Terminal bud self-pruned ; leaves convolute in vernation ;

stone of the drupe compressed; inflorescence umbel-
late or with only 1 or 2 flowers. 7.

2. Petioles usually not over ^> in. long ; leaves ovate,

abruptly acute at the apex ; flowers corymbose, termin-
ating twigs of the season. P. mahaleb.

2. Petioles usually an inch or more long, or if not, the

leaves not ovate ; flowers in umbellate or somewhat
corymbose clusters, or in racemes. 3.

3. Flowers in umbellate or corymbose clusters. 4.
3. Flowers in racemes. 6.

Trees of the Northern United States 75

4. Leaves glabrous or nearly so. 5.

4. Leaves pubescent beneath, at least on the veins, with

prominent hairs ; inflorescence umbellate ; drupe
sweet. P. avium.

5. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate ; inflorescence more

or less corymbose ; drupe with thin sour flesh. P.
pennsylvanica.

5. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate ; inflorescence umbellate,

drupe with thick sour flesh. P. cerasus.

6. Leaves oval-lanceolate to ovate, acuminate or acute ;

glands on the petiole usually elongated and tooth-like ;
. bark black; drupe dark-purple or black, sweet. P.
virginiana.

6. Leaves obovate to • oval, abruptly acute or acuminate ;

glands on the petiole usually rounded or disk-like ;
bark gray; drupe red or purple, astringent. P. nana.

7. Leaves abruptly acuminate, petiole much less than }/2 as

long as the blade. 8.
7. Leaves abruptly long-acute or acuminate, ovate to round-
ovate ; petiole y2 as long as the blade ; flowers solitary
or in twos; fruit velvety. P. armeniaca.

7. Leaves acute or obtusish, or gradually acuminate. 10.

8. Leaves mostly broad and thick, somewhat pubescent or

roughish beneath ; calyx lobes pubescent or glabrous
within. 9.

8. Leaves mostly narrow and peach-like, firm and more or

less shining, glabrous; calyx lobes pubescent on both
sides. P. hortulana.

9. Calyx-lobes entire, pubescent within; fruit globose;

flowers white. P. americana.
9. Calyx lobes glandular-serrate, glabrous within : fruit
subglobose or oval; flowers white, turning pink. P.
nigra.
10. Leaves glabrous when mature, acute or acuminate. 11.

10. Leaves pubescent beneath, not pointed or only slightly

so, ovate or obovate. P. doniestica.

11. Leaves lanceolate; drupe red with little or no bloom. P.

angustifolia.
11. Leaves ovate, drupe dark purple, with a bloom. P. alle-
ghaniensis.

7(j Field M \nual

Cherries.

1. Prunus virginiana L. Black Cherry. A large tree
with rough, black, flaky hark; drupe globose, dark-purple
or black, sweet but slightly astringent, Leaves oval, oval-
lanceolate, or ovate, Acuminate or acute, serrate with appressed
teeth. Leaves very poisonous to cattle, especially when half-
wilted. Kernels very poisonous. Wood rather heavy, hard,
strong, of fine texture, of a brown or reddish color; much
used in cabinet-work and interior finish, especially in cars
and boats, also used in turnery. Self-prunes twigs by means
of cleavage planes in basal joints. Ont. to Fla., X. Dak.,
Kan., Tex., and Ohio.

2. ■ Prunus nana Du Roi. Choke Cherry. A shrub or
small tree with gray bark. Leaves obovate or broadly oval,
abruptly acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded at the
base, serrulate with slender teeth, glabrous or nearly so.
Drupe red to nearly black, sometimes yellow, very astringent,
not edible. Leaves poisonous ; kernels probably poisonous.
Self-prunes leafy fruiting branches. Along river banks and
in rocky places. Xewf. to Man., Br. Col., Ga., Neb., Tex.,
Colo., and Ohio.

3. Prunus mahaleb L. Mahaleb Cherry. A small tree
with pale smooth bark. Leaves ovate, abruptly acute at the
apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, denticulate,
glabrous, fragrant. Drupes with thin flesh and slightly
flattened stone. From Europe. Conn, to Ont., X. Y. to
Ohio and Kan.

4. Prunus pennsylvanica L. f. Red Cherry. A small
tree with sour globose, red drupes. Leaves oval or lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, mainly rounded at the base, glabrous,
serrulate. Leaves poisonous ; kernels probably poisonous. In
rocky woods. Newf. to Ga., west to Rocky Mts.

5. Prunus avium L. Sweet Cherry. A medium-sized
tree with globose, black or dark red, sweet, edible drupes.
Leaves ovate, oval, or slightly obovate, abruptly short-acu-
minate, irregularly serrate. Native of Europe. Ont. to Mass.,
Ohio and Va.

6. Prunus cerasus L. Sour Cherry. A small tree
with globose, red or reddish-black, sour, edible drupes.
Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, abruptly acute or acuminate,

Trees of the Northern United States 77

rounded at the base, very resinous when young. Self-prunes
the fruiting branchlets. Native of Europe. X. H. and Mass.
to X. Y. and Ohio.

Plums and Apricot.

7. Prunus armeniaca L. Apricot. A small round-topped
tree with reddish bark. Drupe nearly smooth, short stalked,
yellow, edible. Cultivated.

8. Prunus americana Marsh. Wild Plum. A shrub
or small tree with stunted thorn-like branches and thick black
bark. Leaves ovate, or obovate sharply and often doubly
serrate, rounded at the base, slender-petioled. Drupe with
a tough skin, globose, red or yellowish, edible. Often used
as a stock on which to graft domestic plums. Wood hard,
reddish in color. X". Y., to Mont.. Fla., Colo., and Ohio.

9. Prunus nigra Ait. Canada Plum. A tree with thin
bark. Leaves oval, ovate, or obovate, long-acuminate, crenu-
late-serrate; drupe oval, orange-red, thick-skinned, with little
or no bloom. Petals pink in age. X'ewf. to Man., Mass.
and Wis.

10. Prunus hortulana Bail. Wild-goose Plum. A
small tree with spreading branches and thin bark. Leaves
ovate-lanceolate to ovate, long-acuminate, closely glandular -
serrate. Drupe bright red and thin-skinned, edible. 111. to
Kan., Term., and Tex.

11. Prunus angustifolia Marsh. Chickasaw Plum. A
small tree with thorn-like stunted branches. Leaves acute,
serrulate, often rounded at the base. Drupe globose, red,
and edible. In dry soil. X'. J. to Fla., west to Rocky Mts.

12. Prunus domestica L. Common Garden Plum. A
small tree with about 100 cultivated varieties. Drupe of
various colors, covered with a thick glaucous bloom.

13. Prunus alleghaniensis Port. Alleghany Plum. A
low shrub or small tree, seldom thorny. Leaves acute or
acuminate, finely serrate, rounded at the base. Drupe pleas-
antly acid, globose-ovoid, with a conspicuous bloom. Penn.

Amygdalus L. Peach.

Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, serrate, pinnately-
veined leaves with 2-4 disk-like glands at the edge of the

Field Manual

base of the blade, with terminal bud, stipular scars or stipules,
reddish or greenish twigs, and velvety drupe.

Perianth pentamerous, carpel 1, hypanthium deciduous;
drupe mostly edible with a deeply pitted stone.

1. Amygdalus persica L. Peach. A small tree with
beautiful pink or white flowers and a large edible drupe.
Leaves with prominent nectar glands on the petiole or at
the base of the blade. Leaves and kernels bitter, poisonous.
Native of Asia; abundantly escaped. X. Y. to Fla. and Kan.

Fabaceae. Pea Family.

Cassiatae. Senna Subfamily.

29. Cercis L. Redbud.

Trees or shrubs with 2-ranked, entire, palmately veined
leaves.

Flowers zygomorphic in short lateral fascicles ; stamens
10, distinct; fruit a flat bean.

1. Cercis canadensis L. Redbud. A small tree with
bright red-purple flowers before the leaves ; fine for orna-
mental purposes. Wood hard and heavy, beautifully varie-
gated. In rich soil. Easily cultivated. Ont. and X. Y. to
Iowa, XTeb., N. J., Fla., Tex.

30. Gleditsia L. Honey-locust.

Trees with alternate, evenly pinnate or bipinnate leaves,
superposed buds beneath the petiole base, and usually with
branched axillary thorns.

Flowers small, greenish, imperfectly monosporangiate and
diecious ; fruit a bean.

1. Pod linear-oblong, many seeded, pulpy within; leaflets
short stalked, oblong-lanceolate or oval, obtuse at both
ends, inequilateral at the base. G. triacanthos.

1. Pod obliquely oval, 1-seeded, not pulpy; leaflets thicker,
darker green, usually larger, ovate-lanceolate or
lanceolate, the margin more crenulate. G. aquatica.

1. Gleditsia triacanthos L. Honey-locust. A large
tree of rapid growth, usually with stout branching or simple
thorns and with rough bark, the catkin-like racemes often

Trees of the Xortherx United States 79

appearing on the main trunk and larger branches. Used as
a hedge plant. Autumn leaves pure yellow. Wood heavy,
hard, strong and tough ; used for fencing, fuel and wagon
hubs. Sprouts freely from the roots if disturbed by plowing.
Grows well in dry or sandy soil. Ont. and X. Y. to S. Dak..
Ga., Kan., and Tex.

2. Gleditsia aquatica Marsh. Water Honey-locust. A
tree growing in swamps. Thorns usually little branched.
Wood very hard and bright reddish-brown. Ind. to Mo., S.
Car.. Fla., and Texas.

31. GymnoclacTus Lam. Coffee-bean.

Trees with alternate, evenly bipinnate leaves, sunken
superposed axillary buds, and large chocolate-colored pith.

Flowers greenish, diecious. both types with vestages of
the opposite sporophylls ; fruit a woody bean.

1. Gmynocladus dioica (L.) Koch. Coffee-bean. A
large, slow-growing tree with rough bark and few branches.
Bean short and thick, the greenish pulp within poisonous
The bruised leaves are used as a fly poison, and the seeds
have been used as a substitute for coffee. Wood compact,
heavy, rather soft, strong, tough, reddish in color, of coarse
texture, and taking a good polish ; used to some extent in
cabinet-work. In rich soil. Ont. to Ohio and Penn., Tenn..
S. Dak., and Okl.

Fabatae. Pea Subfamily.

32. Cladrastis Raf. Yellow-wood.

Trees with alternate, odd-pinnate leaves with entire leaf-
lets, with the petiole base covering the superposed buds, and
without milky or rsinou- sap.

Flowers white, showy, fragrant ; fruit a slender bean.

1. Cladrastis lutea (Mx. f.) Koch. American Yellow-
wood. Trees with smooth bark, close like in the beech.
Wood light-yellow. In rich soil ; much planted. Ky., Mo.,
Tenn., and X. Car.

80 Field Manual

33. Robinia L. Locust.

Trees or shrubs with alternate odd-pinnate non-punctate
leaves and with stipular spin-
Flowers show}-, in racemes ; fruit a flat bean.

1. Twigs, petioles and pods glabrous or nearly so; flowers

white. 7?. pseudoacacia.
1. Twigs and petioles glandular; pods hispid; flowers

pinkish. R. viscosa.

1. Robinia pseudoacacia L. Common Locust. A
large slender tree with very rough bark, of rapid growth.
Wood very heavy, hard, strung, tough, valuable, and very
durable in contact with the ground : used for posts, railroad
ties, wagon hubs, furniture, and in ship building. All parts
of the plant very poisonous. Jt is troublesome from sprout-
ing from the roots. Penn. and Ohio to Ga.. Iowa, Kan.,
and Okl.

2. Robinia viscosa Vent. Clammy Locust. A small
tree with rough bark. Cnderground parts somewhat poison-
ous. Wood brown, the sap-wood yellow. Va. to Ga. Also
escaped in Middle and Eastern States.

Order, Celastrales.

Rhamnaceae. Buckthorn Family.

9

34. Rhamnus (Tourn.) L. Buckthorn.

Shrubs or small trees with alternate, rarely opposite,
simple serrate or minutely serrulate leaves, and with berry-
like drupes containing 2-4 stones.

Flowers bisporangiate or diecious or imperfectly mono-
sporangiate, small, in small axillary clusters. Twigs some-
times ending in stout thorn-.

1. Leaves acute, with 6-10 pairs of lateral veins; nutlets
smooth; umbels peduncled : flowers bisp/yrangiate. R.
caroliniana.

1. Leaves with 3 or 4 pairs of lateral veins, the basal pair
prominent; nutlets of the fruit grooved; flowers
diecious or imperfectly monosporangiate. R. cathartica.

Trees of the Northern United States 81

1. Rhamnus caroliniana Walt. Carolina Buckthorn.
A tall thornless shrub or small tree with a globose sweet
drupe. In wet soil. Ya. and Ohio to Kan.. Fla., and Tex.

2. Rhamnus cathartica L. Common Buckthorn. A
.shrub or small tree with black injurious fruit. Somewhat

thorny and used, for hedges. The fruit yields a dye and
has powerful medicinal properties. Introduced from Europe.
Eastern states.

Celastraceae. Stafftree Family.

35. Euonymus (Tourn.) L. Wahoo.

Shrubs or small trees with opposite, simple, pinnately
veined, serrate leaves, green twigs and central bundle-scars.

Flowers regular, small ; fruit a 3-5-locular dehiscent
capsule; seeds enclosed in a red aril.

1. Flowers purple ; cymes 6-15 flowered : winter buds long-
pointed with long bud scales. E. atro purpureas.

1. Flowers greenish yellow ; cymes 3-7 flowered ; winter
buds very short pointed with short bud scales. E.
europaeus.

1. Euonymus atropurpureus J acq. Wahoo. A high
shrub or small tree with green, obtusely 4-angled twigs.
Leaves dark red and fruit very ornamental in autumn. Self-
prunes small twigs by basal joints. Wood nearly white. Ont.
to Fla., Mont, and Old.

2. Euonymus europaeus L. Spindletree. A shrub or
small tree resembling the preceding. Self-prunes twigs. Cul-
tivated from Europe. Escaped. X. Y.. X. J. and Ya.

Ilicoceae. Holly Family.

36. Ilex L. Holly.
Shrubs or trees with alternate, not two-ranked, simple,
pinnately veined, serrate or lobed leaves which are sometimes
evergreen ; with watery sap ; and with berry-like drupes con-
taining several small stones.

Flowers small, in axillary clusters or solitary, mostly
imperfectly diecious.
6

82 Field Manual

1. Leaves thick, persistent, evergreen, spiny. /. opaca.

1. Leaves thin, deciduous, not spiny. 2.

_'. -Leaves small, obovate or spatulate, crcnate; nutlets of
the fruit ribbed. / decidua.

2. Leaves large, ovate or lanceolate, sharply serrate, nutlets

ribbed. /. montana.

1. Ilex decidua Walt. Deciduous Holly A shrub or
small tree with light-gray, glabrous twigs and red drupes.
Wood hard and white. In swamps and low ground. D. C.
to Fla., Kan., and Tex.

2. Ilex montana (T. & G.) Gr. Mountain Holly. A
shrub or slender, erect tree growing in mountain woods.
Drupes red. X. Y. to Ga., and Ala.

3. Ilex opaca Ait. American Holly. A tree of slow-
growth with thick, glabrous, evergreen leaves and globose
red or rarely yellow drupes. Twigs with leaves and fruit
much used for Christmas decoration. Wood very white,
fine-grained, hard, strong, tough, light in weight, and easily
worked; used for cabinet-work and in turnery. Bird-lime
is prepared from the middle bark. In moist soil. Should be
much planted for ornament in suitable places. The leaves
should be cut off when transplanted. Me. to Fla., Penn.,
Mo., and Tex.

Staphyleaceae. Bladdernut Family.

37. Staphylea L. Bladdernut.

Shrubs or small trees with opposite trifoliate serrate
leaves.

Stipules caducous; flowers in axillary racemes or panicles,
white, bisporangiate, regular; capsule large and bladdery,
trilocular.

1. Staphylea trifolia L. American Bladdernut. A
shrub or rarely small tree with smooth striped bark. Branch-
ing a sympodial dichotomy. In moist soil. Quebec to Minn.,
S. Car., and Kan.

Trees of the Northern United States 83

Order, Sapindales.
Sapindaceae. Soapberry Family.

38. Sapindus (Tourn.) L. Soapberry.

Trees or shrubs with alternate, odd-pinnate leaves, with
entire, inequilateral, acuminate leaflets, and with solid pith ;
with axillary, exposed, superposed buds ; and without stipular
spines.

Flowers imperfectly diecious ; fruit a 1-3-seeded beery.

1. Sapindus drummondii H & A. Drummond Soap-
berry. A tree with white flowers in dense terminal panicles
and very saponaceous, globose berries. Wood hard, light
yellowish brown ; used in Texas for cotton baskets. Kan. and
Mo. to La. and Ariz.

3ft, Koelreuteria Laxm.

Trees with alternate, odd-pinnate or bipinnate leaves
with the leaflets toothed and usually more or less cut and
lobed ; without prickles, stipules, or terminal buds, but with
numerous scattered bundle-scars and large cylindrical pith.

Flowers yellow, diecious, in large terminal panicles ; fruit
a trilocular bladdery capsule ; outer bud-scales 2.

1. Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. Chinese Varnish-
tree. A tree much planted for ornament. Reported as spon-
taneous from seed in Indiana.

Aesculaceae. Buckeye Family.

40. Aesculus L. Buckeye, Horse-chestnut.

Trees or shrubs with opposite palmately compound leaves.

Flowers imperfectly monosporangiate, zygomorphic, in
terminal panicles ; capsules leathery, containing large shining
nut-like seeds.

1. Flowers white, mottled with yellow and purple;

leaflets abruptly acuminate ; winter buds gummy ;

capsule spiny; bundle scars arranged in a curved

line. A. hippocastannm.
1. Flowers yellow or purplish ; leaflets acuminate, more

or less abrupt; winter buds not gummy; bundle

scars arranged in 3 areas. 2.

Field Manual

2. Capsule spiny, stamens exserted. 3.

2. Capsule glabrous; stamens not longer than the petals,

corolla yellow or purplish. A. octandra.

3. Leaflets acuminate, finely serrate, 5-7; a tree. A.

glabra.
3. Leaflets long-acuminate, unequally serrate, 7-9; a
shrub-like small tree. A. argitta.

1. Aesculus hippocastanum L. Horse-chestnut. A
large tree with very resinous, gummy winter buds. Autumn
leaves orange. The seeds are poisonous and symptoms of
poisoning have been produced from eating the green rind.
The twigs contain Aesculin which is fluorescent in aqueous
solution. Escaped from cultivation ; native of Asia.

2. Aesculus glabra Willd. Ohio Buckeye. A large
tree with rough and fetid bark. Leaves, young shoots, and
seeds poisonous to cattle. Wood light and hard to split ; used
for making artificial limbs, wooden-ware, and paper pulp.
Penn. to Ala., Mich., Neb., and Okla.

3. Aesculus arguta Buckl. Western Buckeye. A
shrub-like small tree with smooth bark. On flood plains.
Mo. and Kan. to Texas. Reported from Iowa.

4. Aesculus octandra Marsh. Yellow Buckeye. A
large tree with brown scaly bark. Seeds poisonous. Wood
light and hard to split: used for making artificial limbs,
woodenware, and paper pulp. Aesculus octandra hybrida
(DC.) Sarg. has purplish or pink flowers, leaflets pubescent
beneath, and light brown bark. Penn. to Ga., Towa and
Tex.

Aceraceae. Maple Family.

41. Acer (Tourn.) L. Maple.

Trees or shrubs with opposite leaves, with 3-5 bundle
scars in the narrow, contiguous leaf scars, and with a ter-
minal bud showing several pairs of visible scales.

Sap watery or sometimes milky, often saccharine; fruit a
2-winged samara. Usually diecious or imperfectly diecious.

1. Leaves pinnate or trifoliate: twigs green, glaucous.

A. negundo.
1. Leaves simple. 2.

Trees of the Northern United States

2. Leaves with very large teeth or lobes, the divisions
not serrate or serrate-dentate. 3.

2. Leaves with the large divisions or lobes serrate or

serrate-dentate. 5.

3. Leaves with stipules which are often large and foli-

aceous ; leaves green and pubescent beneath at least
on the veins; flowers corymbose, unfolding with
the leaves ; wings of fruit diverging a little less than
a right angle. A. nigrum.

3. Leaves without stipules. 4.

4. Leaves with much milky sap in the petiole, glabrous,

dark green above, lighter below, usually with 7
prominent palmate veins ; flowers corymbose, un-
folding with the leaves : wings of the fruit diverg-
ing nearly in a straight line ; petals present : winter
buds rounded. A. platanoidcs.

4. Leaves with watery or frothy sap. pale and nearly glab-

rous beneath, usually with 5 prominent palmate
veins ; flowers corymbose, unfolding with the
leaves ; wings of the fruit diverging a little less
than a right angle : petals none : winter buds
pointed. A. saccharum.

5. Leaves very sharply and finely serrate. 3-lobed at the

outer end. widest above the middle, the lobes
abruptly narrow-acuminate, brown pubescent below
when young ; twigs green, striped with darker lines :
flowers racemed. terminal, unfolding after the
leaves. A. pennsylvanicum.

5. Leaves dentate-serrate or lobed, not abruptly narrow-

acuminate ; twigs not striped. 6.

6. Leaves broadly 3-5-lobed. the lobes rather regularly

and continuously dentate-serrate or dentate-crenate ;
flowers racemed. terminal, unfolding after the
leaves. 7.

6. Leaves usually with 3-7 slender, long and pointed
lobes, the lobes irregularly or interruptedly serrate
or serrate-dentate; flowers in dense sessile lateral
clusters, appearing before the leaves. 8.

SG Field Manual

7. Leaves longer than wide, slightly 3-lobed at the outer
end, usually only very slightly lobed at the lower
end, not glaucous below ; bark of twigs green or
grayish ; racemes erect ; a shrub, rarely a small tree.
A. s pica t urn.

7. Leaves as broad or broader than long, prominently

5-lobed, glabrous and dark green above, pubescent
and light glaucous below, on long reddish petioles;
bark of twigs reddish-brown; racemes drooping;
wings of fruit pubescent, moderately spreading ; a
large tree. A. pseudo-platanus.

8. Leaves usually deeply 5-lobed, lobes slender, acute,

white and glaucous beneath ; notches between the
lobes often somewhat rounded ; fruiting pedicel
short and stiff, 1-2 in. long; wings divergent; petals
none. A. saccharinum.
8. Leaves sharply 3-5 lobed, whitish glaucous beneath,
notches acute ; fruiting pedicel long, slender and
drooping, 2-4 in. long ; wings incurved ; petals
present. A. rubrum.

1. Acer platanoides L. Xorway Maple. A medium-
sized tree with a broad rounded crown, with brown twig?;
and milky sap. Leaves sharply 5-7 lobed, very dark green
above. Much cultivated.

2. Acer pseudo-platanus L. Sycamore Maple. A fine
tree with spreading branches. Leaves deeply 3-5 lobed. Self-
prunes. Much cultivated.

3. Acer pennsylvanicum L. Striped Maple. A small
tree with smoothish green bark striped with darker lines.
Leaves broadest above the middle, thin, glabrous above slight-
ly pubescent beneath when young, truncate or somewhat
cordate at the base, 3-lobed near the apex. Wood white and
soft. In rocky soil. N. S. to Lake Superior, and along the
mountains to Ga. and Tenn.

4. Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple. A shrub
or small tree, the bark green but not striped. Leaves 3-5
lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate, glabrous above, pubescent
beneath at least when young. In damp rocky woods. Newf.
to Man., south to N. Car., Tenn., Minn., and Iowa.

Trees of the Northern United States 87

5. Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple. A large
tree with yellow or sometimes red leaves in autumn. Leaves
cordate or truncate at the base, 3-7 lobed, the lobes acuminate,
irregularly sinuate, dark green above, pale and nearly glabrous
beneath. Its sap is the main source of maple sugar and
syrup. An average tree will yield 2-10 lbs. of sugar a season.
A fine shade tree. The ashes give large quantities- of potash.
Wood heavy, hard, strong and tough; used for fuel, interior
finish, furniture, keels of boats and ships, implements and
machinery, sucker rods, rims of bicycle wheels, piano action,
school apparatus, large wood type, tool and broom handles,
and wood carving. Newf. to Man., south to Fla. and Tex.

6. Acer nigrum Mx. Black Maple. A large fine tree
with rough blackish bark. Leaves cordate or truncate at the
base, 3-7-lobed, the lobes broad and short, green on both
sides, generally more or less pubescent beneath. It is equally
valuable for the making of sugar. Wood much the same as
in the Sugar Maple, and used for the same purpose. Ont.
and Vt. to Ga., S. Dak., La. and Ark.

7. Acer rubrum L. Red Maple A tree with flaky or
smoothish bark and reddish twigs. Leaves sharply 3-5-lobed,
the lobes irregularly dentate, acute or acuminate, cordate at
the base, green above, whitish beneath. Wood of considerable
value when it shows a "curly grain." Leaves crimson, scarlet
or yellow in autumn. Self-pruning like the preceding. In
swamps and low ground, also on moist hillsides. N. S. to
Man., Fla., Neb. and Tex.

8. Acer saccharinum L. Silver Maple. A large tree
with flaky bark, the twigs often reddish, self-pruned by basal
joints. Leaves deeply o-lobed, the lobes rather narrow,
acuminate, coarsely and irregularly dentate, truncate or
slightly cordate at the base, green above, silvery white and
more or less pubescent beneath. A fine shade tree and much
planted. Wood soft and white; used for furniture. Yields
a small amount of sugar. Along streams. N. B. to Fla.,
Ont., S. Dak., Neb. and Okla.

9. Acer negundo L. Boxelder. A small tree with
spdeading branches and glabrous, sometimes pubescent, green
and glaucous twigs. Leaves 3-7 foliate, leaflets ovate or
oval. The sap produces a slight amount of sugar. Wood

88 Field Manual

light and of slight value. Along streams. Planted on the
prairies for small groves and wind breaks. Maine to Man.,
Fla., Kan. and Mex.

Anacardiaceae. Sumac Family.

11. Rhus (Tourn.) L. Sumac.

Small trees or shrubs with alternate pinnately compound
leaves, with sticky milky or resinous sap, and pubescent
drupes.

Flowers in panicles, imperfectly bisporangiate, small;
stamens five, styles three; drupe red.

1. Petioles not completely covering the axillary buds;
leaflets entire: rachis of the leaf wing-margined;
leaflets 7-31 ; twigs and the red drupes pubescent.
R. copallina.

1. Petioles covering the axillary buds; leaflets serrate. _.

2. Leaves and twigs velvety-pubescent. R. hirta.

2. Leaves and twigs glabrous, somewhat glau*
R. glabra.

1. Rhus copallina L. Mountain Sumac. A shrub or
small tree with a dense terminal panicle of small globose,
crimson drupes, covered with short acid hairs. Leaves used
for tanning purposes. Wood soft and light brown. In dry
soil. Me. and Ont. to Fla., Minn., Neb. and Tex.

2. Rhus hirta ( L.) Sudw. Staghorn Sumac. A small
tree or shrub with red, pubescent drupes. Wood very soft
and brittle. In dry or rocky soil. A good lemonade or
''sumacade" is made by steeping the drupes and sweetening
to .taste. Leaves used for tanning. Wood soft, greenish-
yellow. X. S. to Ga., Ont.. S. Dak.. Mo. and Iowa.

3. Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac. A shrub or small
tree with dense panicles of small crimson drupes covered with
short acid hairs. Xoted for its beautiful, brilliant, red-colored
leaves in autumn. Leaves used for tanning. Common on
hillsides and bluffs. X. S. to Minn., Fla., Miss, and La.

Trees of the Northern United States 89'

43. Toxicodendron. Poison-Sumac.

Small trees or shrubs, ours with alternate pinnate leaves
with entire leaflets, with poisonous resinous sap. and with
glabrous or slightly pubescent drupes.

Flowers small, in axillary panicles, imperfectly bispor-
angiate ; drupes gray or white.

1. Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Ktz. Poison Sumac. A
shrub or small tree, very poisonous to the touch. Drupes
gray, glabrous, in loose axillary panicles. In swamps and
wet places. Wood soft, yellowish brown, poisonous. Maine
to Fla., Orit, Minn., Mo. and La.

44. Cotinus Adans. Smoketree.

Small trees or shrubs with alternate, simple pinnately
veined, entire, deciduous leaves and fragrant resinous sap.

Flowers small, imperfectly bisporangiate, on a large ter-
minal panicle ; stamens 5, styles 3, lateral ; drupe oblique,
small, compressed; buds clustered at the tip of the twig.

1. Blade of the leaf slightly decurrent on the petiole,
thin, glabrous or slightly pubescent beneath. C.
americanus.

I. Leaves mostly rounded or obtuse at the base, cori-
aceous, more pubescent. C. cotinus.

1. Cotinus americanus Xutt. American Smoketree.
A small wide-branched tree. Wood soft, orange-yellow,
yielding a rich dye. Mo. and Okla to Tenn. and Ala.

2. Cotinus cotinus (L.) Sarg. Euiopean Smoketree. A
small tree, native of Europe, frequenly cultivated.

Subclass, Amextiferae.
Order, Platanales.
Hamamelidaceae. Wich-hazel Family
Subfamily, Hamanielidatae.

45. Hamamelis L. Witch-hazel.

Shrubs or small trees with 2-ranked. simple, inequilateral,
straight-veined leaves and stalked axillary buds.

Flowers bisporangiate or imperfectly bisporangiate. in
axillary clusters ; fruit a bilocular, woody or cartilaginous,
nut-like capsule.

90 Field Manual

1. Hamamelis virginiana L. Witch-hazel. A shrub
or small tree with 2-ranked leaves and stalked buds. Blooms
in late autumn. Wood hard. In low ground and on banks.
N. B. and N. S. to Minn., Mo., Fla. and Tex.

Subfamily, Altingiatae.

46.. Liquidambar L. Sweet-gum.

Trees with alternate, simple, palmately veined, fragrant,
star-shaped, serrate leaves and 5-angled pith.

Sap resinous, aromatic; flowers monecious, in heads, the
staminate clusters racemose ; capsules in a dense spiny glob-
ular head.

1. Liquidambar styraciflua L. Sweet-gum. A fine
large tree with. wide spreading branches, the twigs often cov-
ered with corky ridges. Leaves with a peculiar sweet frag-
rance when crushed. Autumn leaves red, yellow, and brown.
Wood valuable, of medium weight, hard, not strong, tough,
and of fine texture, reddish brown, difficult to season. Some-
times used as a substitute for black walnut. Used for fur-
niture, veneer, wooden plates, plaques, baskets, hat blocks
and wagon hubs. In low ground. Conn., N. Y. and Ohio to
Fla., 111., Mo., and Mex.

Platanaceae. Planetree Family.

47. Platanus (Tourn.) L. Planetree.

Large trees with alternate simple leaves having the base of
the petiole cover the axillary bud and with complete stipular
rings.

Terminal bud self-pruned ; flowers in spherical heads.,
monecious, without perianth ; fruit in pendant spherical heads
composed of numerous small nutlets.

1. Bark exfoliating in small plates; leaves 5-angled only
slightly 3-lobed, or seldom slightly 5-lobed. P.
occidentalis.

1. Bark exfoliating in large plates; leaves somewhat 5-
lobed, in some varieties deeply lobed. P. orientalis.

1. Platanus occidentalis L. Sycamore. A very large
tree, the largest in the northeastern United States, with
whitish or green bark which peels off freely in thin plates ;

Trees of the Northern United States 91

the largest trunks usually hollow. Autumn leaves brown.
Wood rather hard, compact, coarse-grained, difficult to split,
tough, and of a light-brown color ; used for tobacco boxes,
cooperage, cabinet-wark, and finishing lumber. Along the
banks of streams and in moist ground but grows well in
ordinary mesophytic conditions. Me. to Ont. and Minn., Fla.,
Kan. and Tex.

2. Platanus oriental is L. Oriental Planetree. A large
tree much like the preceding, but usually with a comparatively
short, massive trunk and a broad round crown. Leaves more
cut and becoming smooth earlier. Occasionally planted.
From Western Asia and Eastern Europe.

Order, Urticales.

Ulmaceae. Elm Family.

48.. Ulmus (Tourn.) L. Elm.

Trees with alternate, 2-ranked, pinnately straight-veined,
inequilateral, doubly serrate leaves and sessile axillary buds.

Flowers bisporangiate or imperfectly bisporangiate, in
clusters or racemes; fruit a samara; trees of rapid growth.

1. Leaves very rough above ; twigs not corky-winged
and not self-pruned, but large numbers of lateral
buds cut off; inner bark sometimes mucilagen-
ous. 2.

1. Leaves smooth or sometimes somewhat rough

above. 3.

2. Inner bark very mucilaginous, buds rusty-downy,

samara much less than 1 in. long. U. fulva.

2. Inner bark not mucilaginous, buds not downy, samaras

1 in. long. U. montana.

3. None of the branches corky-winged; twigs smooth,

self-pruned by basal joints and by cleavage planes
in the nodes of annual growth; samara faces
glabrous. U. americana.

3. None of the branches wilh corky ridges ; twigs glab-
rous or nearly so, not self-pruned : samara glab-
rous or nearly so, deeply notched. U. campestris.

3. Some or all of the branches corky-winged, or twigs
puberulent, self-pruned; samara-faces pubescent. 4.

Field Manual

4. Most of the branches with corky wing-like ridges;
twigs glabrous or nearly so; leaves 1-3 in. long.
U. alata.

1. Branches often with corky wing-like ridges; t
puberulent ; leaves 2-5 in. long. U. tkomasi.

1. Ulmus americana L. White Elm. A large tree of
rapid growth, with the hark in thick, rough ridges; much
cultivated in cities and along roadsides. Samara ovate-oval,
its faces glabrous. Wood heavy, hard, flexible, and very
tough ; used for wheel-hubs, saddle-trees, rough cooperage
and furniture, in boat and ship building, in the construction
of cars and wagons, and especially for barrel hoops. Com-
mon on bluffs and. on the flood plains of rivers and creeks.
Graceful in form and very suitable for cultivation. Newf. to
Man., Fla. and Tex.

2. Ulmus thomasi Sarg. Cork Elm. A large tree
with puberulent young twigs, the branches or some of them
with corky wings. Samara oval, its margins densely ciliate.
Wood harder, stronger, and more durable than that of the
White Elm. In rich soil. Quebec to Ont, Minn.. Ky., Xeb.
and Mo.

Ulmus alata Mx. Winged Elm. A small tree,
branches usually with corky wing-like ridges ; twigs glabrous
or nearly so. Samara oblong, pubescent on the faces. Wood
very compact; used for wheel hubs. In dry or moist soil.
Ya. to Fla.. 111., Mo. and Tex.

4. Ulmus campcstris L. English Elm. A tree,- rather
pyramidal* in shape, the twigs ascending, not drooping except
in "weeping" forms. Samara not ciliate. nearly or quite
glabrous. A good timber tree. Cultivated, from Europe.

5. Ulmus fulva Mx. Slippery Elm. A medium-sized
tree with rough grayish-brown fragrant bark and rough-pu-
bescent twigs. Samara oval-orbicular, pubescent over the
seed. Inner bark mucilaginous and medicinal. Wood hard
and strong but splitting easily when dry. Along streams, on
flood plains and on hills. Quebec to N. Dak., Fla. and Tex.

,;. Ulmus montana With. Scotch Elm. A large tree
with spreading branches, or in some varieties with strictly

Trees of the Northern United States 93

upright branches ; branchlets pubescent. Leaves rough above,
pubescent beneath, doubly serrate, often somewhat 3-lobed at
the apex. Many varieties hue for planting. From Europe.

4!>. Planera Gmel. Planertree.

Trees with alternate, two-ranked, straight-veined, in-
equilateral, serrate leaves and with bark scaling off in plates.

Trees similar to the elms but with a nut-like fruit and the
flowers expanding with the leaves.

1. Planera aquatica (Walt.) Gmel. Planertree. A
small tree with nearly glabrous leaves growing in swamps and
on wet banks. Wood compact, soft, weak, light brown. Ind.
to Mo.. Ky.. X. Car.. Fla. and Tex.

9(X Celtis (Tourn.) L. Hackberry.

Trees or shrubs with 2-ranked. simple, leaves with two
prominent lateral veins from the base and with interruptedly
diaphragmed pith with cavities.

Flowers in the axils of leaves, on short branches ; fruit
an ovoid or globose drupe.

1. Leaves sharply serrate : smooth or scabrous above ;

twigs glabrous, especially the fruiting ones, or

pubescent. C. occidcntalis.
1. Leaves entire or few-toothed, small. C. mississip-

picusis.

1. Celtis occidentalis L. Common Hackberry. A
medium-sized tree with rough bark. Commonly much dis-
torted with "witches brooms." Drupe sweet and edible.
Self-prunes the fruiting twigs in winter. Wood heavy, hard,
strong, quite tough, greenish-white. In dry soil and on flood
plains. Quebec to Man.. X. Car., Mo.. Kan. and Okla.

2. Celtis mississippiensis Bosc. Southern Hackberry.
A medium-sized tree with light gray, rough bark. Cusually
in drv soil. Ya. to 111., Mo., Kan., Fla.. and Tex.

94 Field Manual

Moraceae. Mulberry Family.
Subfamily, Moratae.

51. Morus (Tourn.) L. Mulberry.*,

Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, 2-ranked leaves
with two prominent side ribs from the bace. with milky sap,
and with glabrous or pubescent but not downy twigs.

Flowers monosporangiate ; fruit aggregate, berry-like.

1. Leaves scabrous above, pubescent beneath. M. rubra.
1. Leaves smooth and glabrous on both sides, or nearly
so. M. alba.

1. Morus rubra L. Red Mulberry. A small, mone-
cious or diecious tree with rough gray bark, separating in
strips. Fruit dark purple-red, edible, delicious. Wood rather
heavy, hard, strong, and rather tough ; very durable in con-
tact with the ground, very valuable for posts ; used for farm
implements, in cooperage, '"acid wood," and ship building. In
rich soil. Vt. and Ont. to Mich., S. Dak., Fla. and Tex.

2. Morus alba L. White Mulberry. A small rapid-
growing tree with rough light gray bark and spreading
branches. Fruit edible but usually rather insipid. Leaves
used for feeding silk-worms. Wood suitable for posts. Al-
though growing best in rich moist soil, it does well in quite
dry regions and should be much planted on the dry prairies,
especially varieties with the better grade of berries. Intro-
duced from the old world. Me. and Ont., to Fla. and Kan.

52. Toxylon Raf. Osage-orange.

Small trees with alternate simple entire leave-, typical
axillary thorns, and milky sap.

Flowers diecious, the staminate racemose, the carpellate
capitate ; fruit a large spherical, greenish or yellowing aggre-
gate.

1. Toxylon pomiferum Raf. Osage-orange. A small
thorny tree much planted for hedges. Wood very heavy, ex-
ceedingly hard, and strong, but not tough, brownish-yellow;
valuable for fence posts and fire wood, also for wagon
making. The thorns produce painful wounds. Horses

Trees of the Northern United States 95

acquire a strong liking for the young shoots and eat them
in large quantities without apparent ill effects. Mo. and Kan.
to Tex. Escaped in Ohio and other eastern states.

53. Papyrius Lam. Paper-mulberry.

Trees with alternate simple 2-ranked leaves having two
prominent side-ribs from the base, with milky sap. and with
downy twigs.

Flowers diecious, the staminate in ament-like spikes, the
carpellate capitate; fruit a globular head of red drupes.

1. Papyrius papyrifera (L.) Ktz. Paper-mulberry.
A small, low-branching, large-headed tree with dark scarlet
fruit which is sweet but insipid. Native of eastern Asia.
In Japan and China the bark is made into paper. Escaped
from cultivation. X. Y. to Ga.. and Mo.

Order, Fagales.

Fagaceae. Beech Family.

54. Fagus (Tourn.) L. Beech.

Large trees with alternate 2-ranked simple equilateral
pinnately straight-veined dentate leaves, with a vein for each
tooth, and with prominent green medullary rays.

Winter buds very long-pointed : flowers monecious ; nut
3-angled, enclosed in a 4-valved bur with soft prickles.

1. Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. American Beech. A
large tree, the lower branches spreading. Autumn leaves pure
yellow. Nut sweet and edible. Wood hard, heavy, light-
colored, rather close-grained, not durable in the ground ; used
for making chairs, handles, plane-stocks, shoe-lasts, in turnery,
and for "acid wood." In rich but not necessarily deep soil.
X. S. to Ont. and Minn., Mo., Fla., and Tex.

55. Castanea (Tourn.) Hill. Chestnut.

Trees or shrubs with simple alternate equilateral pinnately
straight-veined serrate leaves, with a vein for each tooth,
with 5-angled pith and inconspicuous medullary rays.

Flowers morrecious ; fruit a rounded coriaceous nut;
several in a globose, mostly 4-valved involucre covered with
long prickles.

96 Field M wiai.

1. Leaves green on both side-; large trees. C. dentate.
1. Leaves densely white-tomentose beneath ; shrubs or small
trees. C. putnila.

1. Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. Chestnut. A
large tree of very rapid growth with rough bark in longi-
tudinal ridges. Xut sweet and edible. Wood soft, light, and
coarse-grained, durable; used for cabinet-work, railway ties,
posts, cooperage, "acid wood," and telegraph poles. Sprouts
freely from stumps. In rich gravelly or sandy soil. Me. to
Mich., Ga., and Ark.

2. Castanea pumila ( L. ) Mill. Chinquapin. A shrub
or small tree. Xut very sweet. Wood much like in C. dentata
but heavier. In dry soil. X. J. to Ind., Mo., Fla., and Tex.

56. Quercus (Tourn.) L. Oak.

Trees or shrubs with simple alternate leaves, not 2-
ranked ; with o-angled pith ; buds clustered at the tip of the
twig; and with scattered bundle-scars.

Flowers monecious, the staminate in slender aments ; fruit
a 1-seeded coriaceous nut (acorn) in an involucrate cup.

1. Leaves not bristle-tipped ; acorns maturing the first
year. 2.

1. Leaves with bristle-tips; acorns maturing in the autumn

of the second year. 11.

2. Leaves crenate or dentate, not lobed. 3.

2. Leaves pinnatihd or pinnately lobed. 7.

3. Fruits not on a peduncle, nearly sessile, teeth or shallow

lobes of the leaves acute. 4.

3. Fruits on a peduncle; teeth or shallow lobes of the

leaves rounded. 5.

4. Tall trees, leaves oblong, obovate or lanceolate. Q. muhlen-

bergii.

4. Shrub or low tree, leaves obovate or oval; seed edible.

Q. p riii oid es.

5. Peduncle as long or shorter than the petioles ; leaves

gray-tomentulose beneath. G.
5. Peduncle much longer than the petioles ; leaves white-
tomentulose beneath. Q. bicolor.

Trees of the Northern United States 97

6. Teeth of the leaves acute or mucronulate ; bark white,
flaky; seed sweet and edible; fruit short peduncled
.or sometimes nearly sessile. Q. inichauxii.

6. Teeth of the leaves rounded; bark close; seed edible;

petioles slender; peduncles equalling or shorter than
the petioles. O. prinus.

7. Mature leaves pale, or glaucous and glabrous below. 8.

7. Mature leaves pubescent or tomentose below, lyrate-pin-

natifid. 9.

8. Bark separating in thin scales, light gray or light brown :

cup shallow ; bracts thick and warty. 0. alba.

8. Bark furrowed and ridged, not scaly, dark gray or dark

brown; cup hemispherical, with imbricated, appressed
scales; cultivated in many varieties. 0. robur.

9. Leaves pubescent beneath, oblong-obovate, usually 5-

lobed, stellate-pubescent above; upper scales of the
cup not awned. O. stellata.
9. Leaves white-tomentulose beneath. 10.
10. Leaves obovate or oblong, lyrate pinnatirid or deeply
sinuate-lobed : upper scales awned, forming a fringe
around the acorn. O. macrocarpa.

10. Leaves obovate-oblong, deeply o-9-lobed ; acorn often

nearly enclosed in the cup, the upper scales not awned.
Q. lyrata.

11. Leaves entire, oblong, linear-oblong or lanceolate. 12.
11. Leaves 3-5 lobed above the middle, or entire, obovate or

spatulate in outline. 13.

11. Leaves pinnatifid or pinnately lobed. 14.

12. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, tomentulose beneath. Q.

imbricaria.

12. Leaves linear-oblong, green and glabrous on both sides.

Q. phellos.

13. Leaves spatulate, glabrous on both sides ; cup saucer-

shaped, acorn globose-ovoid. Q. nigra.

13. Leaves obovate-cuneate, brown-floccose beneath ; cup

deep, acorn ovoid. Q. marylandica.

14. Leaves white or gray-tomentose below. 15.

14. Leaves green on both sides. 17.

15. Leaf-lobes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, long ; large

trees. 16.

98 Field Manual

15. Leaf-lobes triangular-ovate, short; shrubs or low trees.

Q. ilicifolia.

16. Leaves rounded or obtuse at the base, 3-5 lobed; lobes

linear or lanceolate, often falcate. Q. triloba.
10. Leaves cuneate to truncate at the base, 5-11-lobed; lobes

triangular. Q. pay odacf olio.

17. Leaves usually pubescent below ; winter buds tomentose;

cup turbinate or hemispherical ; inner bark orange.
Q. velutina.

17. Leaves glabrous with the exception of tufts of hairs in

the axils of the veins below ; winter buds glabrous or
minutely pubescent. 18.

18. Cup of the acorn top-shaped or hemispheric. 19.

18. Cup of the acorn shallow, saucer-shaped, much broader

than deep. 20.

19. Leaves dull, paler beneath; acorn ovoid, cup depressed-

hemispheric. Q. borealis.

19. Leaves shining on both sides, lobed to near the mid- rib;

acorn ovoid ; cup top-shaped. Q. coccinea.

20. Leaves dull ; cup £-1 in. broad ; acorn ovoid or elon-

gated. Q. rubra.
20. Leaves shining deeply pinnatifid ; cup \-% in. broad ;
acorn subglobose or ovoid. Q. palustris.

Chestnut oaks.

1. Quercus prinus L. Rock Chestnut Oak. A large
tree with brown bark, ridged close or slightly flaky. Leaves ob-
long, oblong-lanceolate, or obovate, coarsely crenate, glabrous
above, finely gray-tomentulose beneath, petioles slender ; cup
hemispheric, £-1} in. broad, peduncles equalling or shorter
than the petioles ; acorn ovoid, 2-3 times as high as the cup,
seed edible but not very sweet. Self-prunes. Wood hard
and strong; used in fencing and for railroad ties. Bark rich
in tannin. In dry soil. Me. to Ont., Ala., and Tenn.

2. Quercus michauxii Nutt. Cow Oak. A large tree
with flaky white bark. Leaves obovate or broadly oblong,
crenately toothed the teeth often mucronulate, 4-8 in. long,
cup depressed-hemispheric, short-peduncled, 1-1£ in. broad ;
acorns ovoid, about 3 times as high as the cup, sweet and
edible. Wood valuable like the Wrhite Oak. In moist soil.
Del. to Ind., Mo., Ark., Fla., and Tex.

Trees of the Northern United States 99

3. Quercus muhlenbergii Engelm. Chestnut Oak. A
tree with close gray bark. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or
obovate, coarsely toothed with acute teeth, shining above,
pale and gray-tomentulose beneath. 4-6 in. long; cup sessile
or very short-peduncled, hemispheric; acorn ovoid about
twice as high as the cup, sweet and edible. Self-prunes
abundantly. Wood strong and durable, much like White Oak.
Usually in dry soil, commonly on lime stone ridges. Vt. and
Ont. to Minn., Ala., Neb., and Tex.

4. Quercus prinoides Willd. Scrub Chestnut Oak. A
shrub or small tree with gray bark. Leaves obovate, coarsely
toothed, bright green and shining above, gray-tomentulose be-
neath, narrowed at the base : cup sessile, hemispheric, thin :
acorn ovoid, 2-3 times as long as the cup : seed sweet and
edible. Self-prunes. In dry sandy or rocky soil. Me. to
Minn., Kan., Ala., and Tex.

5. Quercus bicolor Willd. Swamp White Oak. A
large tree with flaky gray bark. Leaves obovate. or oblong-
obovate, coarsely toothed or sometimes lobed nearly to the
middle, dull and glabrous above, densely white-tomentulose
benath ; pduncles of the hemispheric cup 2-5 tims as long
as the petioles ; acorn oblong-ovoid, seed rather sweet. Self-
prunes. Wood similar in value to that of the White Oak.
In moist or swampy soil. Quebec to Minn.. Ga.. and Aak.

llliite oaks.

6. Quercus alba L. White Oak. A large tree with
light gray bark scaling off in thin plates. Leaves obovate.
pinnatifid, lobes oblong, toother or entire : cup depressed-
hemispheric, its bracts thick and warty, appressed ; acorn
ovoid-oblong, 3-4 times as high as the cup. sweet and edible.
Autumn leaves red and russet. Self-prunes extensively
Wood light-colored, hard and tough ; valuable for many pur-
poses ; an ideal wood for railroad ties ; used for poles,
posts, and piling, for fuel and "acid wood," for cooperage,
furniture, interior finishing lumber, farm implements, wharves,
ship building, and car and wagon work. The most valuable
of the American oaks. Hybridizes with Q. macrocarpa, Q.
stellata and 0. prinus. Me to Ont., Minn.. Fla.. Kan., and Tex.

7. Quercus robur L. English Oak. A large strong tree
with stout more or less spreading branches forming a broad

1"" Field Manual

round-topped head; self-prunes. Many forms arc cultivated

for ornament, including yellow-leaved and cut-leaved varieties,
also forms with varied branches. Native of Europe.

8. Quercus stellata Wang. Post Oak. A shrub or
usually a small tree with a long tap root and with rough gray
bark and valuable wood. Leaves broadly obovate. deeply
lyrate-pinnatitid, glossy and stellate-pubescent above, brown-
tomentulose beneath, 4-8 » in. long; cup hemispheric, nearly
sessile; acorn ovoid, 2-3 times as long as the cup. very sweet.
Tn dry soil. Mass. to Ohio. Mich., Iowa, Fla., and Tex.

9. Quercus lyrata Walt. Ovcrcup Oak. A large tree
with gray or reddish bark in thin plates. Leaves obovate,
lyrate-pinnatifid or lobed to beyond the middle 6-8 in. long,
shining above, densely white-tomentulose beneath, cup de-
pressed-globose, peduncled. 1-1-1 in. broad: acorn depressed-
globose, nearly or quite immersed in the cup. Wood like in
white oak. Tn swamps. N. J. to Tnd.. Mo., Fla., and Tex.

10. Quercus macrocarpa Mx. Bur Oak. A large tree
with bark in narrow rough ridges, slightly flaky, and with a
long tap root. Leaves obovate or oblong-obovate, irregularly
lobed, pinnatifkl, or coarsely crenate ; shining above, grayish-
white-tomentulose beneath, 4-8 in. long ; cup short peduncled
or sessile, hemispheric or subglobose, £-1 in. broad, the tips
of the bracts forming a fringe around the acorn ; acorn
ovoid, 1-2 times as high as the cup. Self-prunes abundantly.
A very valuable tree with hard and tough wood resembling
the White Oak. In rich soil or on river bluffs where it is
sometimes small and shrubby. X. S. to Man., Mass., Ga.,
Wyom., Kan., and Tex.

Willow oaks.

11. Quercus imbricaria Mx. Shingle Oak. A large
stout tree, the leaves dying off but remaining on the tree until
about April 1. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire, persis-
tently gray-tomentulose beneath, 3-7 in. long ; cup hemis-
pheric or turbinate, about | in. broad ; acorn subglobose,
bitter. Wood poor ; used for shingles and clapboards. Self-
prunes twigs by means of basal joints. Q. leana Nutt. is a
hybrid of this and Q. velutina. Q. tridentata Engelm. is a
hybrid with Q. marylandica. Also hybridizes with 0. falustris.
Pa. to Mich.. Neb., Ga., and Ark.

Trees of the North erx United States 101

12. Quercus phellos, L. Willow Oak. A tree with
slightly roughened, reddish brown bark. Leaves narrowly-
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, entire, very short petioled ; cup
saucer-shaped, nearly flat on the base; acorn subglobose,
bitter. Wood poor. In moist woods. Hybridizes with Q.
ilicifolia and probably with 0. rubra, producing the form
known as 0. hetcrophylla. L. I. to Fla.. Ky., Mo., and Tex.

Black oaks.

13. Quercus nigra L. Black Water Oak. A tree of
rapid growth with gray bark, rough in ridges. Leaves spatu-
late or obovate, 1-3-lobed at the apex or some of them entire
and rounded, short-petioled : cup saucer-shaped, rounded at
the base, about t in. wide : acorn globose-ovoid. 2-3 times
as high as the cup. Wood heavy, hard, and strong ; used
for fuel. Usually along streams and swamps. Del. to Ky.,
Mo., Fla., and Tex.

14. Quercus marilandica Muench. Black-jack (Oak).
Usually a small shrubby tree; bark nearly black with very
rough ridges. Leaves obovate. 3-5 lobed toward the broad
usually nearly truncate apex, cuneate below, the lobes short,
stellate-pubescent above, brown-tomentose beneath when
young, mature leaves glabrous above : cup deep about ^ in.
broad ; acorn ovoid. 2-3 times as high as the cup. In dry
sterile soil. Hybridizes with 0. phcllos and Q. ilicifolia.
L. I. to Minn.. Xeb.. Fla., and Tex.

Red oaks.

15. Quercus ilicifolia Wang. Bear Oak. A shrub
or small tree, often forming thickets. Leaves mostly obovate,
2-5 in. long, short-petioled, grayish-white tomentulose be-
neath. 3-7-lobed, lobes triangular-ovate, acute ; cup saucer-
shaped. |-4 in. broad, with a turbinate or rounded base ;
acorn globose-ovoid, longer than the cup. In sandy or rocky
soil. Me. to Pa., Del., and in mountains to X. C. and Ky.

16. Quercus pagodaefolia (Ell.) Ashe. Swamp Span-
ish Oak. A tree with spreading branches and dark gray,
rough bark. Leaves oval or oblong, cuneate -to truncate at
the base. 8-12 in. long, deeply 5-11-lobed, persistently white-
tomentulose beneath, lobes narrowly triangular, spreading or

102 \ Field Manual

somewhat ascending, Usually entire; eup sessile, shallow,
acorn globose, about \ enclosed in the cup. In wet or moist
soil. Mass. to Fla., 111., Mo., and Ark.

17. Quercus triloba Mx. Spanish Oak. A tree grow-
ing in dry soil. Leaves glabrous above, gray-tomentulose
beneath, deeply pinnatifid into 3-7 linear or lanceolate lobes ;
cup saucer-shaped with a turbinate base, about \ in. broad ;
acorn subglobose and depressed, about twice as high
as the cup. Wood very hard and strong; used for cooperage.
An important tanbark oak. N. J. to Fla., Ohio, Mo. and
Tex.

18. Quercus velutina Lam. Quercitron Oak. A large
tree of rapid growth with very dark brown bark, rough in
ridges, and bright orange inner bark. Leaves firm, sometimes
lobed to beyond the middle, brown-pubescent or sometimes
stellate-pubescent when young, glabrous and shining when
mature, the lobes broad, oblong or triangular-lanceolate ; cup
hemispheric or top-shaped, commonly narrowed into a short
stalk; acorn ovoid, as long or longer than the cup. The
inner bark (quercitron) yields a valuable dye; rich also in
tannin. Wood hard, heavy, and strong but not tough. Spar-
ingly self-prunes small twigs by means of basal joints. Me.
to Minn., Fla., Neb. and Tex.

19. Quercus borealis Mx. f. Gray Oak. A large tree
with leaves like those of Q. rubra and acorns like those of
Q. coccinea. Leaves 7-113 lobed to the middle or somewhat
beyond ; cup turbinate, peduncled ; acorn ovoid, 1-2 times as
long as the cup. Quebec to Out. X. Y, and Penn.

20. Quercus coccinea Wang. Scarlet Oak. A tree
with pale reddish or gray inner bark. Leaves deeply pin-
natifid, glabrous, bright green above, paler beneath, 4-8 in.
long; cup hemispheric or top shaped, acorn ovoid, about
twice as long as the cup. Autumn leaves red. In dry soil.
Me. to Minn., Mo. and N. Car.

21. Quercus rubra L. Red Oak. A large tree with
dark gray bark, somewhat roughened. Leaves oval or some-
what obovate, 4-8 in. long, dull green above, paler beneath,
lobes triangular-lanceolate, tapering from a broad base to an
acuminate apex; cup saucer-shaped, its base flat or slightly
convex £-1 in. broad ; acorn ovoid, 2-4 times as long as the
enp Autumn leaves purplish red. Wood very coarse-grained,

Trees of the Xortherx United States 103

reddish in color, porous, and not very durable ; used in
carpentry, cooperage, and for clapboards. The most rapid
grower of all the oaks. An important tree for tan-bark.
Sprouts readily from stumps. N. S. to Out, Minn., Fla.,
Kan., and Tex.

22. Quercus palustris DuRoi. Pin Oak. A medium-
sized tree with brown bark, rough when old, the lower
branches deflexed. Leaves broadly oblong or obovate, deeply
pinnatilid, brighter green and shining above, duller beneath,
2^-5 in. long, the lobes oblong, lanceolate or triangular-
lanceolate, divergent ; cup saucer-shaped, J-| in. broad, base
flat ; acorn subglobose or ovoid,. 2-3 times as long, as the
cup. Wood coarse-grained, reddish, and not durable. In
moist ground. Mass. to Ohio and Wis., Va., and Ark.

Betulaceae. Birch Family.
57. Carpinus (Tourn.) L. Blue-beech.

Small trees with alternate, 2-ranked, simple, straight-
veined, equilateral, serrate leaves ; with peculiar fluted or
projecting ridges on the trunks and larger branches; and
with dark, smooth bark.

Flowers in aments ; monecious ; nuts small in the large-
bracted fruiting ament ; bracts leaflike.

1. Carpinus caroliniana Walt. Blue-beech. A small
tree with slender terete gray twigs. Wood light brown, very
compact, strong, and heavy, not durable in the ground ;
used for turnery, tool handles, etc. The charcoal is used
for making powder. In moist soil and along streams. N. S.
to Minn., Fla., Kan., and Tex.

58. Ostrya (Micheli) Scop. Hop-hornbeam.

Small trees with alternate, 2-ranked, simple, straight-
veined, equilateral, serrate leaves ; with glandular pubescent
young twigs and fine-furrowed scaly bark.

Flowers in aments ; monecious ; nuts small, in a hop
like fruiting ament.

1. Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) Willd. Hop-hornbeam.
A small tree with scaly bark. Wood white, compact, very
hard and strong. In dry or moist soil. Cape Breton I. to
Man., Fla., Neb., Kan., and Tex.

104 Field Manual

5©. Betula (Tourn.) L. Birch.

Trees or shrubs with simple, serrate. 2- ranked lea
with small samara-like nuts in a cone-like anient, and fre-
quently with papery or leather)' hark.

Usually aromatic, monecious, styles 2, ovulary hilocular.

1. Leaves usually cordate or rounded at the base, sharply
serrate, only slightly doubly serrate ; bark brown or
yellowish, close or separating into layers; bark of
twigs with wintergreen flavor; fruiting aments sessile
or nearly so. 2.

1. Leaves acute, obtuse, or tuncate at the base, rarely

cordate, prominently doubly serrate or serrate-dentate;
bark chalky white or greenish brown ; bark of twigs
not with the flavor of wintergreen, usually bitter;
fruiting aments peduncled. 3.

2. Bark not separating in layers, becoming furrowed ; leaves

shining above ; fruiting bracts glabrous or pubescent,
less than J in. long, lobed at the apex. B. lenta.

2. Bark separating in papery layers when old, somewhat

silvery; leaves dull above; fruiting bracts ciliate.
more than \ in. long, lobed to about the middle. B.
lutea.

3. Bark greenish or reddish brown, peeling in papery layers

especially above; leaves rhombic, acute at both ends;
young leaves, twigs, and aments tomentose ; fruiting
aments oblong, erect. B. nigra.

3. Bark of trunk and larger branches chalky white, usually

peeling off. in thin layers; fruiting aments cylindrical,
pendant or spreading. 4.

4. Leaves deltoid, very long acuminate at the apex ; bark

not readily separable into thin layers ; twigs with
numerous resinous glands. B. popiilifolia. '

4. Leaves acute or acuminate, usually ovate, in some culti-

vated forms of various shapes; bark peeling off in
thin layers. 5.

5. Leaves ovate or suborbicular ; native, occasionally culti-

vated. B. papyrifera.
5. Leaves various, commonly triangular or rhombic-ovate,
on slender petioles; twigs often pendulous or weep-
ing; much cultivated, from Europe and Asia. B. alba.

Trees of the Northern' United States 10-5

1. Betula lenta L. - Sweet Birch. A large tree with
dark brown, close, smooth bark, becoming furrowed and not
separating in layers. Wood hard, fine-grained, of a reddish
tint; used for cabinet-work. X. Eng. to Ont, Fla., and Tenn.

2. Betula lutea Mx. f. Yellow Birch. A large tree
with yellowish or gray bark, separating in thin layers or
close. Autumn leaves pure yellow. Wood hard and close-
grained ; used in making furniture, wheel-hubs, pill-boxes,
etc. Xewf. to Man.. X. Car.. Ga., and Tenn.

3. Betula nigra L. River Birch. A slender tree with
reddish or greenish-brown bark peeling off in very thin
layers. Branches long and slender, arched and heavily
drooping. Wood rather light, hard, strong and close grained ;
used for furniture and turnery. "Birch brooms" are made
from the twigs. Along streams. Mass. and X". H. to Iowa,
Minn., Kan., Fla., and Tex.

4. Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch. A large
tree with chalky white bark separating in thin layers. The
bark is very water-proof and is used for making canoes by
Indians and trappers. Wood rather heavy, hard, and very
close-grained ; decays rapidly when exposed ; used for mak-
ing spools, pegs, shoe-lasts, wooden shoes, wagon hubs, ox-
yokes, wood-carving, wood pulp, and in wood turnery. Newf.
to Alaska. Penn.. Mich., X'eb.. and Wash.

5. Betula alba L. European White Birch. A tree with
chalky-white bark, much cultivated for ornament, especially
the "weeping" and cut-leaved varieties.

6. Betula populifolia Marsh. American White Birch.
A slender, short-lived tree with smooth white bark, tardily
separating in thin sheets. Autumn leaves pure yellow. Wood
soft, white, not durable : used for making spools, shoe-pegs,
etc. Leaves tremulous like those of the aspens. In moist
or dry soil. X". S. to Ont.. Penn., and Del.

60. Alnus (Tourn.) Hill. Alder.

Trees or shrubs with 3-angled pith, alternate straight-
veined, simple leaves and stalked winter buds.

Monecious ; nuts small, compressed, in woody cone-like
aments which are persistent throughout the year.

10G Field Manual

1. Leaves obovate, broadly oval or suborbicular, dull; cat-
kins expanding long before the leaves. 2.

1. Leaves oblong, shining above, catkins expanding in au-

tumn. A. maritima.

2. Leaves finely tomentose or glaucous beneath. A. incana

2. Leaves green, glabrous or sparingly pubescent beneath. 3.

3. Leaves finely serrulate, foliage not glutinous. A. rugosa.
3. Leaves dentate-serrate; twigs glutinous. A. alnus.

1. Alnus incana (L.) Willd. Hoary Alder. A shrub
or small tree with the young shoots pubescent. Wood soft,
light brown. In wet soil. Newf. to Sask., N. Y., Penn.,
Ohio and Xeb. Also in Europe and Asia.

2. Alnus rugosa (DuRoi) Spreng. Smooth Alder. A
shrub or small tree with smooth bark, the young shoots
somewhat pubescent. Wood soft, light brown. In wet soil
or on hillsides. Me. to Ohio, Minn., Fla., and Tex.

8. Alnus alnus (L.) Britt. European Alder. A tree
of rapid growth, developing readily in ordinary dry soil.
Usually in wet places. Wood soft, brown. Native of Europe,
Newf., and N. J. to 111.

4. Alnus maritima (Marsh.) Muhl. Seaside Alder. A
small tree, glabrous or nearly so. Wood soft, light brown.
In wet soil. Del. and Md. ; also in Okla.

Juglandaceae. Walnut Family.

61. Hicoria Raf. Hickory.

Large trees with alternate serrate odd-pinnate leaves, ter-
minal buds, 5-angled solid pith, and numerous bundle scars
scattered or in 3 areas.

Monecious ; axillary buds superposed ; staminate flowers
in slender aments ; fruit a nut in a husk.

1. Terminal bud-scales valvate, 4-6 ; leaflets 7-15, lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate, more or less falcate. 2.

1. Terminal bud-scales imbricate, more than 6; leaflets 3-9,

not falcate, the uppermost larger and generally obo-
vate. 4.

2. Nut elongated, almost terete, seed sweet : leaflets 11-15,

inequilateral, acuminate. H. pecan.

Trees of the Northern United States 107

2. Nut somewhat compressed or angled, usually as broad

as long; seed intensely bitter; lateral leaflets falcate. 3.

3. Leaflets 7-9 ; nut smooth ; husk thin, splitting to below

the middle. H. cordiformis.

3. Leaflets 9-13; nut angled, husk thin, splitting to the

base. H. aquatica.

4. Terminal bud large, J-l in. long; husk splitting freely

to the base, nut angled, seed sweet; middle lobe' of
the staminate calyx narrow, often at least twice as
long as the lateral ones. 5.

4. Terminal bud small, i-£ in. long; husk thin, not splitting

freely to the base, nut slightly or not angled ; lobes
of the staminate calyx mostly nearly equal. 8.

5. Bark shaggy, separating in long plates ; husk very thick,

splitting to the base; outer bud-scales persisting
through the winter. 6.

5. Bark close, rough ; leaflets 7-9, stellate pubescent ; outer

bud scales falling away in autumn ; husk not separat-
ing quite to the base ; twigs and petioles tomentose.
H. alba.

6. Leaflets 3-5, rarely 7, nut rounded at the base, £-1 in.

long. 7.

6. Leaflets 7-9 ; nut usually pointed at both ends, 1-1^ in.

long. H. laciniosa.

7. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate to obovate ; twigs puberulent.

H. ovata.

7. Leaflets narrowly lanceolate ; twigs glaucous. H. caro-

Unae-septentrionalis.

8. Fruit nearly globular ; nut thin-shelled ; bark of old trees

separating in strips; leaflets 5-7. H. microcarpa.

8. Fruit obovoid ; nut thick-shelled ; bark close. 9.

9. Leaves glabrous or nearly so ; leaflets 5-7, rarely 3 or 9.

H. glabra.
9. Leaves with silvery peltate glands, leaflets 5-9. H.
villosa.

1. Hicoria pecan (Marsh.) Britt. Pecan (Hickory).
A large tree of rapid growth with rough bark and a long
tap root. Leaflets 11-15, oblong-lanceolate, short-stalked, in-
equilateral, acuminate; fruit oblong-cylindric ; husk thin, 4-
valved ; nut smooth, oblong, thin-shelled, pointed, seed de-

108 Field Manual

licious and important commercially; wood hard, brittle, light
brown. Along streams and in moist soil. Ind. to Iowa and
Kan., south to Ala. and Tex.

2. Hicoria cordiformis (Wang.) Britt. Bitternut

(Hickory). A slender tree with close rough bark. Leaflets
7-!», sessile, long-acuminate, the lateral ones falcate; fruit
subglobose, narrowly 0-ridged ; husk thin tardily and irregu-
larly 4-valved; nut short-pointed, thin-shelled. Wood heavy,
strong, and tough. In moist woods and swamps. Quebec to
Minn., Fla., and Tex.

3. Hicoria aquatica (Mx. f.) Britt. Water Hickory.
A tree with close bark, living in swamps. Leaflets 9-13,
lanceolate, or the terminal one oblong, long acuminate at
the apex, narrowed at the base, the lateral ones falcate;
fruit oblong, ridged, pointed; husk thin, tardily splitting;
nut oblong, thin-shelled, angular. Wood of poorer quality
than that of other hickories. Va. to Fla., 111., Ark., and Tex.

4. Hicoria microcarpa (Xutt.) Britt. Small-fruited ,
Hickory. A tree having the older bark separating in narrow
plates. Leaflets 5-7, oblong, or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at
the apex ; fruit globose or globose-oblong ; husk thin, tardily
and incompletely splitting to the base ; nut subglobose, slightly
compressed, thin-shelled, pointed ; seed sweet. Wood hard,
strong and tough. In rich soil. Mass. to Ohio and Mich.,
Va., Ga., 111., and Mo.

5. Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britt. Pignut (Hickory). A
tree with close rough bark. Leaflets 3-7, rarely 9, oblong,
oblong-lanceolate or the upper obovate, sessile, acuminate at
the apex, usually narrowed at the base ; fruit obovoid or
obovoid-oblong; husk thin, the valves very tardily dehiscent;
nut brown, angled, pointed, very thick-shelled; seed bitter
and astringent, not edible. Wood hard, strong, tough, and
rather dark brown. In dry or moist soil. Me. to Ont., Minn.,
Kan., Tex., and Fla.

6. Hicoria villosa (Sarg.) Ashe. Scurfy Hickory. A
small or medium-sized tree with deeply furrowed, dark gray
bark. Leaflets 5-9, thickly covered beneath with silvery pel-
tate glands, mixed with resinous globules, generally pubescent ;
fruit obovoid, the husk partly splitting; nut brown, thick-
shelled, angled ; seed small, sweet Wood hard and dark
brown. Del. to Fla. and Mo.

Trees of the Northern United States 109

7. Hicoria alba (L.) Britt. Mockernut (Hickory).
A large tree with close rough bark. Leaflets 7-9, oblong-
lanceolate or the upper oblanceolate or obovate, long-acumin-
ate; fruit globose or oblong-globose; husk thick; nut grayish-
white, angled, pointed at the summit, little compressed, thick-
shelled ; kernel small but sweet and edible. Wood much like
in H. ovata, very hard and tough, dark brown. In rich soil.
Mass. to Ont., Neb., Fla., and Tex.

8. Hicoria laciniosa (Mx. f.) Sarg. Shellbark (Hick-
ory). A large tree with the bark separating in long narrow
plates and with a long tap root. Leaflets 7-9, rarely 5, acute
or acuminate, sometimes 8 in. long ; fruit oblong ; husk thick,
soon splitting to the base ; nut oblong, somewhat compressed,
thick-shelled, pointed at both ends, yellowish-white; seed
sweet and edible. Wood like in H. ovata, strong and tough.
In rich soil. N. Y. and Ohio to Iowa, Kan., Okla., and Tenn.

9. Hicoria carolinae-septentrionalis Ashe. Southern
Shagbark (Hickory). A tree with gray bark hanging in
loose strips. Leaflets 3-5, glabrous, ciliate ; fruit subglobose;
husk soon falling into four pieces ; nut white or brownish,
much compressed, angled, cordate or subcordate at the top,
thin-shelled. In sandy or rocky soil. Del. to Ga.. and Tenn.

10. Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britt. Shagbark (Hickory).
A large tree with shaggy bark in narrow plates. Leaflets 5,
sometimes 7, oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or the upper obovate,
acuminate at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base ; fruit
subglobose ; husk thick, soon splitting ; nut white, somewhat
compressed, pointed, slightly angled, thin-shelled. Seed finely
flavored, most "'hickory nuts'' of the markets being from this
species. Wood very heavy, hard, tough, and elastic ; used
for agricultural implements, carriages, wagon stock, axe-
handles, cooperage, sucker rods, wheel spokes, etc. Also a
fine fuel wood. Not durable in the ground. In rich soil.
Quebec to Minn., Fla., Kan., and Tex.

62. Juglans L. Walnut.

Large trees with alternate odd-pinnately compound leaves
and diaphragmed pith.

Monecious ; axillary buds superposed ; staminate flowers
in slender catkins; fruit a nut in a fleshy husk; seed edible.

110 Field Manual

1. Leaflets almost entire; nut rather smooth and thin-
shelled ; twigs glabrous. J . regia.

1. Leaflets serrate; nut rough, thick-shelled. _'.

2. Petioles smoothish or puberulent; axil of leaf without a

hairy cushion below the buds; bark brown or black,
rough; fruit globose, not viscid. J. nigra.
2. Petioles pubescent, sticky or gummy when young; axil
of the leaf with a hairy cushion below the buds ;
bark gray, the ridges smooth on the surface; fruit
oblong, viscid. /. cinerea.

1. Juglans regia L. English Walnut. A round-headed
tree with the leaflets almost entire and nearly glabrous. Husk
of the nut friable. Cultivated for the sweet nuts ; from Asia.

2. Juglans nigra L. Black Walnut. A large tree with
rough brownish black bark and a long tap root. Wood heavy,
hard, strong, of coarse texture ; heart- wood dark brown, of
great value ; used for cabinet-work, interior finish, gun-stocks,
turnery, and as veneer. Common on flood plains of streams.
Mass. to Ont. and Minn., south to Kan., Tex. and Fla.

3. Juglans cinerea L. Butternut. A large tree with
gray bark the outer surface of the ridges smooth. Heart-
wood lighter colored and softer than in J. nigra ; used for
ornamental cabinet-work, interior finish, and cooperage. In
rich or rocky woods. N. B. to N. Dak., Kan., Del., Ga.,
Ark., and Miss.

Myricaceae. Beyberry Family.

68. Myrica L. Bayberry.

Shrubs or small trees with alternate simple peltate-scaly
or resin-dotted leaves ; with cylindrical pith, 3 bundle scars
and glandular-dotted twigs.

Mostly diecious ; flowers in catkins ; drupe globose or
ovoid ; its exocarp waxy.

i. Myrica cerifera L. Wax-myrtle. A slender die-
cious tree with gray, nearly smooth bark. Leaves persistent
through the winter. Wood light, brown in color. In sandy
swamps or wet woods. Penn. and N. J. to Md., Fla., and
Tex. north to Ark.

Trees of the Northern United States 111

Order, Salicales.

Salicaceae. Willow Family.

64. Populus L. Poplar.

Large trees with alternate simple leaves, not 2-ranked
and not entire but with gland-tipped teeth : with o-angled
pith, 3 bundle scars, and terminal, more or less resinous
buds with several bud scale?.

Diecious ; flowers in aments; fruit a capsule; seeds with
long cottony hairs ; leaves mostly with 2 or more glands at
or near the base of the blade; twigs prominently self-pruned
by means of cleavage planes in basal joints.

1. Leaves and twigs persistently and densely white to-
mentose below, usually lobed ; self-pruning scars very
prominent on the small twigs. P. alba.

1. Leaves and twigs glabrous or nearly so when old, not

lobed. 2.

2. Petioles terete or channeled, not much flattened laterally;

leaves crenate. 3.

2. Petioles strongly flattened laterally. 4.

3. Leaves densely tomentose when young often with 2

small lobes at the base; capsule slender-pedicelled.
P. heterophylla.

3. Leaves not tomentose but usually somewhat pubescent ;

capsule short-pedicelled. P. balsamifera.

4. Leaves broadly deltoid, abruptly acuminate ; terminal

winter buds usually angular. 5.

4. Leaves broadly ovate or suborbicular ; terminal winter

buds rounded or only slightly angular. 7.

5. Trees of tall, narrow growth with strongly erect branches.

giving a spire-like appearance, young twigs glabrous :
leaves usually wider than long, more or less acute
at the base. P. italica.

5. Tree? with spreading branches. 6.

6. Young leaves pubescent : capsules nearly sessile. P. nigra.

6. Young leaves not pubescent, shining : capsules slender-

pedicelled. P. deltoides.

7. Leaves coarsely sinuate-dentate, densely white-tomentose

when young, glabrous when mature. P. grandidentata.

1 12 Field Manual

7. Leaves crenulate-dentatc, glabrous except the ciliate mar-
gins. P. trcmuloides.

1. Populus alba L. White Poplar. A large tree with
smooth, light, greenish-gray bark often with black diamond-
shaped scars ; sprouting freely from the roots and hence not
desirable for yards. Young foliage densely white-tomentose,
the leaves becoming glabrate and dark green above, broadly
ovate or nearly orbicular in outline, 3-5 lobed, or irregularly
dentate, 2-4 in. long. Wood soft and nearly white. Native
of Europe and Asia. X. B. to Out, Va., and Ohio.

2. Populus heterophylla L. Swamp Poplar. An ir-
regularly branching tree with rough bark. Leaves long-
petioled, broadly ovate, crenulate-denticulate, 5-6 in. long.
Wood soft, compact, weak, brown in color. In swamp5.
Conn, to Ga., west to La. and northward to Mo., Ind. and
Ohio.

3. Populus balsamifera L. Balsam Poplar. A large
tree with nearly smooth gray bark. Leaves broadly ovate,
dark green and shining above, pale beneath, rounded or
acute at the base, crenulate, 3>-5 in. long. Wood very light
and soft, weak, brown. In moist or dry soil, commonly
along streams and lakes. The subspecies P. balsamifera
candicans (Ait.) Gr. Balm-of-Gilead, has the leaves
broadly ovate, truncate or cordate at the base, and the petioles
and nerves usually puberulent. Mostly escaped from culti-
vation. Xewf. to Alaska, south to Va., Ohio, S. Dak., and Ore.

4. Populus deltoides Marsh. Cottonwood. A large
tree of very rapid growth, with rough, deeply furrowed.
brown bark when old. Bark of young trees grayish-green
and rather smooth. The giant of the poplars. Petiole much
flattened laterally causing the leaves to rustle in the wind.
Leaves glabrous, broadly deltoid-ovate, abruptly acuminate at
the apex, crenulate, truncate at the base, 4-7 in. long. Wood
light and soft and very durable if kept in the dry; used for
building lumber, light boxes, paper pulp, sugar and flour
barrels, cracker boxes, crates and wooden ware ; also a good
fuel wood. A most useful and ornamental tree of very
rapid growth if planted in ravines and low places. In cities
only staminate trees should be planted. In moist soil, es-

Trees of the Northern United States 113

pecially on the banks and flood plains of creeks and rivers.
Quebec to Man., south to Fla ., Kan., and N. Mex.

5. Populus nigra L. Black Poplar. A large tree with
terete twigs. Mature leaves firm, broadly deltoid, abruptly
acuminate at the apex, broadly cuneaie or obtuse at the base,
crenate, 2-4 in. long. Xaturalized from Europe N. Y. and
southward along the Delaware R.

6. Populus itdlica Moench. Lombardy Poplar. A spire-
like tree of rapid growth. Commonly planted for ornament

7. Populus grandidentata Mx. Largetooth Aspen. A
tree with smooth .greenish-gray bark. Leaves tomentose
when young, glabrous when mature, short-acuminate, obtuse
or truncate at the base, 2-4 in. long. Wood soft and white;
used for paper pulp. In rich moist soil. N. S. to Ont. and
Minn., south to X. J. and Ohio, and in the Alleghanies to
Tenn.

8. Populus tremuloides Mx. American Aspen. A
slender tree with light green, smooth bark. Leaves usually
short-acuminate at the apex, finely crenulate, truncate, rounded
or subcordate at the base, 1-3 in. broad. Petioles very slender,
causing the leaves to quiver and rustle in the slightest breeze.
Wood white and soft ; used for making coarse paper. In
moist or dry soil. Newf. to Alaska, south to N. J., Ohio,
Ky., and Xeb. ; in the Rocky Mts. to Mexico and to Lower
Cal.

95. Salix (Tourn.) L. Willow.

Shrubs or trees with alternate simple serrate pinnately
veined leaves and axillary buds with a single outer scale.

Diecious ; flowers in aments ; fruit a capsule, the seeds
with long cottony hairs : leaves sometimes with glands on
the petiole or at the base of the blade and with gland
tipped teeth. Twigs self-pruned by means of basal brittle
zones. The charcoal from the larger species used for mak-
ing gunpowder.

1. Twigs decidedly pendulous or "weeping", green or yel-
lowish-green ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, ser-
rulate, smooth, rather pale beneath, petioles glandular
above ; capsule glabrous, pedicel very short, stigma
sessile. S. babxlonica.

1 1 1 Field Manual

1. Twigs not pendulous nor weeping, but some may be

drooping. 2.

2. Leaves tapering to the short petioled or nearly sessile

base, linear-lanceolate, remotely denticulate, coarsely
silky when young, usually glabrate in age; shrubs or
small trees with a narrow, slender crown ; capsule
glabrous or silky, stamen 2. S. interior.

2. Petioles present and rather prominent and slender ex-

cept in some individuals. 3.

3. Leaves silky, tomentose, or hairy below when mature ;

stamens 2. 4.

3. Leaves glabrous below, or nearly so, when mature, some-

times finely pubescent when young. 5.

4. Leaves long linear-lanceolate, sparingly repand-crenulate,

or entire, white or silvery silky beneath, without
glands on the petiole, acuminate ; twigs terete, green ;
capsule nearly sessile, silky or tomentose, style long.
5". viminalis.
4. • Leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base, serrulate, silky
pubescent and glaucous beneath, usually with glands
on the petiole at the base of the blade ; capsule
glabrous, pedicel very short, stigma sessile. 5\ alba.

4. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, slender-pointed, firm, pubescent

or white-tomentose beneath, sharply serrate or entire :
bracts yllow, linear-oblong or lanceolate ; capsule silky
or tomentose, pedicel filiform. S. bebbiana.

5. Petioles usually without glands, or if with glands then

the leaves of the ovate type and short pointed ;
stamens 2. 6.

5. Petioles usually with glands on the top or at the base

of the blade; stamens 3-12, in one species 2; capsule
glabrous. 8.

6. Length of leaf-blade less than 3 times its breadth; ma-

ture leaves thin and dull, elliptic, ovate-oval, or obo-
vate, acute or obtuse at the apex ; stamens 2. 6".
pyrifolia.

6. Length of leaf-blade 3 times its breadth or more. 7.

7. Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, acute, serrulate, some-

what glaucous beneath ; twigs purplish, flexible ; fila-
ments of stamens united; capsule silky or tomentose,
sessile; stigma sessile. S. purpurea.

Trees of the Northern United States 115

7. Leaves lanceolate or-oblanceolate, acuminate, finely ser-
rate with minute gland-tipped teeth, pale and glaucous
beneath; twigs of the season pubescent or puberulent ;
capsule glabrous. 5". cordata.

7. Leaves obovate, oblong or oblanceolate, rather thin, acute

at both ends ; irregularly or indistinctly toothed,
glaucous and nearly white beneath ; bracts fuscous,
obovate or cuneate, long-hairy; capsule silky or to-
mentose, stalked. 5. discolor.

8. Petioles short; leaves narrowly lanceolate, usually fal-

cate, narrowed at the base, glabrous or slightly pubes-
cent, green on both sides or slightly paler beneath.
S. nigra.

8. Petioles rather prominent and slender except in some

individuals ; leaves lanceolate or broader. 9.

9. Leaves dark-green above, glaucous or whitish beneath

not coriaceous. 10.
9. Leaves yellow-green and glossy on both sides, thick, nor-
mally ovate, very long acuminate with a slender tip ;
catkins thick and dense, stamens mostly 3, flower bracts
dentate ; capsule large, short-pedicelled ; twigs brown,
polished. S. lucyda.

10. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, broadest below the middle, acu-
minate, petioles often red ; stamens 5-12 ; capsule nar-
row-conic, pedicel slender, 3-5 times as long as the
gland; bark rough, brown. S. amygdaloidcs.

10. Leaves lanceolate, long-acute ; stamens 2, capsules very
narrow-conic, pedicel short, about twice as long as
the gland ; bark gray. S. fragilis.

10. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rounded, sub-
cordate, or narrowed at the base, 3-8 in. long ; very
white and somewhat pubescent beneath ; capsule conic,
pedicel slender, 3-5 times as long as the gland ; bark
dark reddish-brown with small scales. 5\ wardi.

1. Salix amygdaloides And. Peachleaf Willow. A
tree with rough, brown, scaly bark. Leaves pubescent when
young, glabrous when old. dark green above, pale and slightly
glaucous beneath, narrowed at the base, 3-5 in. long, ^--f in.
wide; capsule narrowly ovoid, acute, glabrous, finally about

lltj Field Manual

as long as the filiform pedicel. Along streams, lakes and
ponds. Quebec to Br. Col., X. Y., Ohio, Mo., and X. Mex.

2. Salix nigra Marsh. Black Willow. A medium -
sized tree with rough, flaky, dark brown bark. Leaves nar-
rowed at the base, serrulate, 2-5 in. long, £-£ in. wide, or
wider ; capsule ovoid, acute, about as long as its pedicel.
Along streams and lakes. The subspecies S. nigra falcata
(Pursh.) Torr. has narrower more falcate leaves. Hybridizes
with S. alba. N. B. to Ont., Fla., Cal., and Kan.

3. Salix wardi Bebb. Ward Willow. A tree with
spreading or drooping branches and dark reddish-brown
bark. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rounded, sub-
cordate, or narrowed at the base, 2-7 in. long, £-1} in. wide,
somewhat pubescent beneath ; capsule conic. Wood dark
brown. Along streams and lakes. Md. to Kan., south to
Fla., and Ark.

4. Salix lucida Muhl. Shining Willow. A tall shrub
or small tree with smooth or slightly scaly bark, the twigs
yellowish brown and shining. Leaves lanceolate, ovate-
lanceolate, or ovate, mostly long-acuminate, narrowed or
rounded at the base, sharply serrulate, green and glossy on
both sides or with a few scattered hairs when young 3-5 in.
long, f-2£ in. wide : capsule narrowly ovoid, acute, glabrous,
much longer than its pedicel. A very beautiful willow in
swamps and along streams and lakes. Xewf. to Athab..
N. J., Ohio, Ky., and Neb.

5. Salix fragilis L. Crack Willow. A tall slender
tree with roughish, gray bark and green branches. Leaves
lanceolate, long-acuminate, narrowed at the base, sharply ser-
rulated, glabrous on both sides, rather dark green above,
paler beneath, 3-6 in. long, £-1 in. wide ; capsule long-conic.
Twigs used for basket work. Native of Europe. Hybridizes
with S. afba. Mass. to N. J., Ky. and Ohio.

6. Salix interior Row. Sandbar Willow. A shrub
or small slender tree usually forming thickets. Flowers can
be found for a long time. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
remotely denticulate with somewhat spreading teeth, short-
petioled ; 2^-4 in. long ; capsule ovoid-conic, finely silky when
young, glabrate in age. Along streams and ponds and in
ravines, sometimes on high ground. Quebec to Athab., south
to Va. and Texas.

Trees of the Northern United States 117

7. Salix alba L. White Willow. A large tree with
rough gray bark. Leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base,
serrulate, silky-pubescent on both sides when young, less so
and pale and glaucous beneath when mature, 2-5 in. long, \-%
in. wide; capsule ovoid, acute. In moist soil. Native of
Europe. The subspecies S. alba vitellina (L.) Koch., has the
mature leaves glabrous and the twigs yellowish-green. N. S.
and Ont. to N. C. and Iowa.

8. Salix babylonica L. Weeping Willow. A large
graceful tree with weeping branches, often planted in yards
and cemeteries. Leaves linear-lanceolate, serrulate, narrowed
at the base, glabrous when mature, green above, paler beneath,
3-6 in. long, J-J in. wide ; capsule ovoid-conic. Native of
Asia. Conn, to Va. and Mich.

0. Salix pyrifolia And. Balsam Willow. Usually a
shrub but sometimes arborescent with a slender erect stem.
Leaves elliptic, ovate-oval, or obovate, thin, glabrous, acute
at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base,- glaucous be-
neath, 2-3 in. long, f-H in. wide, slightly crenulate-serrulate ;
capsule very narrow, acute. In swamps. Newf. to B. C.
south to Ale., Mich., and Minn.

10. Salix cordata Muhl. Heartleaf Willow. A tree or
shrub with small, appressed scales on the thin bark. : Leaves
lanceolate, or oblanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate with
minute gland-tipped teeth, rounded or narrowed at the base,
glabrous or nearly so when mature, pale beneath, 2i-5 in.
long, |-1 in. wide; capsule ovoid. Wood dark brown. On
river banks and in moist places. N. B. to B. C, Va., Mo.,
Col., and Cal.

11. Salix viminalis L. Osier Willow. A small slen-
der tree or shrub with green twigs. Leaves long linear-
lanceolate, sparingly, repand-crenulate or entire, revolute-
margined, short-petioled, glabrous above, silvery-silky beneath,
3-6 in. long; capsule narrowly ovoid-conic, acute. Cultivated
for wicker-ware. Native of Europe and Asia. Newf. to
Penn.

12. Salix bebbiana Sarg. Bebb Willow. A shrub or
small tree. Leaves elliptic, oblong, or oblonglanceolate, spar-
ingly serrate or entire, dull green and puberulent above, pale
and tomentose beneath, nearly glabrous when very old ; cap-
sule very narrowly long-conic, twice as long as the filiform

118 Field Manual

pedicel. In dry soil along streams. Newf. to. Alaska, N. J.,
Ohio, Neb. and Utah.

13. Salix discolor Muhl. Pussy Willow. A shrub or
low tree in swamps or moist hill-sides. Leaves obovate,
oblong or oblartceolate, usually glabrous, glaucous and nearly
white beneath, irregularly serrulate or nearly entire, slender-
petioled, H-4 in. long; capsule narrowly conic, tapering to a
slender beak. N. S. to Sask., Del. and Mo.

14'. Salix purpurea L. Purple Willow. A slender
shrub or small tree with smooth and very bitter bark, the
branches often trailing. Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate,
acute, serrulate, narrowed at the base, short-petioled, glabrous
above, paler and somewhat glaucous beneath, lh-21? in. long;
capsule ovoid-conic, obtuse, tomentose. Cultivated for wicker-
ware. Native of Europe. Escaped from Ont. and Ohio east-
ward.

Subclass, Heteromerae.
Order, Ericales.

Ericaceae. Heath Family.

66. Rhododendron L. Rhododendron.

Shrubs or small trees with simple, alternate, entire, pin-
nately veined, coriaceous, evergreen leaves and very scaly
winter buds.

Flowers showy, bisporangiate, pentamerous, sympetalous;
fruit usually a woody capsule with numerous seeds.

1. Rhododendron maximum L. Great Rhododendron.
A tall shrub or small tree with beautiful flowers and striking
evergreen leaves. Leaves poisonous to stock and the nectar
said to produce poisonous honey. On rocky hillsides and
along streams. Occasionally cultivated. N. S. to Ont., Ohio,
Ga. and Ala.

67. Kalmia L. Kalmia.

Shrubs or small trees with simple, alternate, entire, pin-
nately veined, coriaceous evergreen leaves, and with naked
winter' buds.

Flowers bisporangiate, pentamerous, sympetalous ; stamens
10, the anthers at first in 10 pouches, sympetalous; fruit
a capsule with small seeds.

Trees of the Northern United States 119

1. Kalmia latifolia L. Mountain Kalmia. A shrub or
small tree with evergreen leaves. All parts of the plant
poisonous to cattle, sheep, and other animals. The honey
from the flowers is said to be poisonous; also the flesh of
game that has fed upon the leaves or fruit. In woods and
on rocky hillsides. Occasionally planted. X. B. to Ont.,
Ohio, Ind., Fla., and La.

68. Oxydendrum DC. Sorrel-tree.

Trees with simple alternate, pinnately veined, serrate,
sour leaves, not glandular, but with prominent scattered
bristle-like hairs on the midrib beneath ; and with cylindrical
pith and a central ring-shaped bundle-scar.

Flowers bisporangiate, pentamerous, white, numerous in
terminal panicled racemes; fruit a capsule.

1. Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC. Sorrel-tree. A
small tree with smooth bark and brilliantly red-colored leaves
in autumn. Wood hard and close-grained, reddish-brown;
used for handles of tools, bearings of machinery, etc. On
hillsides. Ind.. Ohio and Penn. to Va., Fla.. and Ala.

Order, Ebenales.

Sapotaceae. Sapodilla Family.

69. Bumelia Sw. Bumelia.

Shrubs or small trees with alternate, simple, pinnately
veined, entire leaves ; with milky sap ; and usually with both
terminal and axillary thorns.

Flowers small in axillary fascicles, pentamerous ; fruit a
fleshy berry with a -single seed.

1. Leaves glabrous or nearly so ; oblanceolate to

oblong-ovate, 2-5 in. long. B. lycioides.
1. Leaves tomentose or silky, oblong-obovate to
cuneate-obovate, usually obtuse, 1-3 in. long.
B. lanuginosa.

1. Bumelia lycioides (L.) Pers. Buckthorn Bumelia.
A shrub or small tree usually with thorns and thornlike spurs
and with gray bark. Leaves tardily deciduous. Wood very
hard, yellowish-brown. In moist soil. Va. to 111., Mo., Fla.,
and Tex.

120 Field Manual

2. Bumelia lanuginosa (Mx.) Pers. Woolly Bumelia.
A shrub or rather large tree with persistent leaves. Wood
rather soft, weak, yellowish-brown. 111. to Kan., Tex., Ga.,
and Fla.

Ebenaceae. Ebony Family.

70. Diospyros L. Persimmon.

Trees, ours with alternate, pinnately veined, entire, de-
ciduous leaves, having the petiole jointed to the twig; and
with a central bundle scar.

FJovvers monosporangiate ; fruit a large berry with 4-12
flat oblong seeds.

1. Diospyros virginiana L. Persimmon. A handsome
tree with hard, dark, furrowed bark. Pith often with
cavities. Bern- large, pulpy, yellow, exceedingly astringent
when green but sweet and edible after frost. Bark astrin-
gent and tonic. Wood very hard, heavy, strong, and tough,
close-grained and dark-colored; used in turnery, for shuttles,
plane stocks, and shoe lasts. R. I. to Ohio, Iowa and Kan.,
Fla., and Tex.

Symplocaceac. Sweetleaf Family.

71. Symplocos Jacq. Sweetleaf.

Shrubs or trees with simple, alternate, serrate or repand
leaves; with diaphragmed pith showing lenticular cavities;
and with axillary buds not superposed.

Flowers bisporangiate, pentamerous, but the stamens
numerous ; fruit a small, mostly nearly dry drupe.

1. Symplocos tinctoria (L.) L'Her. Sweetleaf. A
shrub or small tree, the pith diaphragmed. Flowers bright
yellow, fragrant; drupe nutlike. Wood soft, weak, pale red
or white. Del. to Fla., La., and Ark.

Styracaccae. Storax Family.

72. Halesia Ell. Silverbell.

Shrubs or small trees with simple, alternate, serrate
leaves, with diaphragmed pith showing cavities ; and with
superposed axillary buds.

Trees of the Northern United States 121

More or less stellate pubescent; flowers large, white,
drooping, in lateral fascicles or short racemes; fruit dry,
2-4-winged.

1. Halesia Carolina L. Silverbell. A small tree with
diaphragmed pith. Wood soft, light brown. In woods and
along streams. Va. to 111., Fla., and Ala.

Subclass, Tubiflorae.
Order, Gentianales.

Oleaceae. Olive Family.

73. Chionanthus L. Fringetree.

Shrubs or small trees with opposite, simple, entire, de-
ciduous leaves, pinnately veined to the tip ; and with pubescent
twigs and buds.

Flowers bisporangiate, in large loose panicles; perianth
tetramerous ; fruit a drupe.

1. Chionanthus virginica L. Fringetree. A shrub or
small tree with handsome, white, fragrant flowers in drooping
panicles. Wood heavy, hard, and light brown. In moist soil.
X. J. and Ohio to Fla., Mo,, and Tex.

74. Fraxinus (Tourn.) L. Ash.

Trees with opposite odd-pinnate leaves without stipules
or stipels and with closely crowded bundle scars in a curved
line.

Flowers sympetalous or apetalous, bisporangiate or mono-
sporangiate; stamens usually 2; fruit a samara.

1. Leaflets sessile. 2.

1. Leaflets more or less stalked. 3.

2. Leaflets 7 — 11, long, gradually tapering to a point,
oblong lanceolate. F. nigra.

2. Leaflets short pointed, ovate to obovate. F. excelsior.

3. Twigs no quadrangular. 4.

3. Twigs quadrangular ; stems sometimes sharply four-
angled; leaflets 7 — 11, green on both sides, upper ones
usually sessile, lower ones short stalked.

F. qnadrangulata.

4. Twigs pubescent, often velvety. 5.
4. Twigs smooth or nearly so. 7.

L22 Field Manual

5. Leaflets ovate to ovate lanceolate; base usually trun-
cate or rounded, unsymmetrical ; upper surface dark
yellow green, soft pubescent beneath calyx large.

F. profunda

5. Leaflets ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, usually
acute at the base ; calyx minute. 6.

6. Leaflets pale beneath, ovate to ovate lanceolate, 7 — 11;
wing of samara terminal or nearly so. F. biltmoreana.

G. Leaflets green or greenish beneath, ovate-lanceolate to
lanceolate, 5 — 9; samara with a decurrent wing.

F. pennsylvanica.

7. Leaflets pale beneath, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, entire
or indefinitely serrate, abruptly acute or acuminate,
glabrous or somewhat pubescent ; wing of samara
terminal. F. amcricana.

7. Leaflets green on both sides, glabrous or somewhat
pubescent, usually serrate, lanceolate to ovate-lanceo-
late, acuminate ; wing of samara decurrent on the sides
of the slender body. F. lanceolata.

1. Fraxinus quadrangulata Mx. Blue Ash. A large
tree with 4-sided or 4-winged twigs. Leaflets 7-11, ovate,
oblong, or lanceolate, acuminate, green on both sides, sharply
serrate or serrulate ; samara linear-oblong or cuneate, winged
all around, parallel-nerved, the body extending more than
half way to the apex. The inner bark furnishes a blue dye.
Wood heavy, hard and valuable ; used for flooring, carriage-
making, etc. Ont, Minn, and Mich, to Ala., Iowa and Ark.

2. Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Black Ash. A large tree.
Leaflets 7-11 glabrous, green on both sides, sessile, oblong-
lanceolate, long acuminate, sharply serrate or serrulate;
samara oblong or linear-oblong, parallel-nerved, the body flat,
winged all around and extending to or beyond the middle.
Wood heavy, soft, dark brown, used for barrel-hoops, baskets,
cabinet-work, and interior finish. In swamps and wet soil.
Newf. to Man., Va., and Ark.

3. Fraxinus excelsior L. European Ash. A fine
hardy tree with bright green leaves. Samara flat, linear-
oblong. AVeeping varieties are in cultivation. Native of
Europe.

Trees of the Northern United States 123

4. Fraxinus profunda Bush. Pumpkin Ash. A large
tree with thick, gray, fissured bark and velvety pubescent
twigs. Leaflets 7-9. ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate,
stalked, acuminate, bright green above, paler and pubescent
beneath, large. Samara with a flattish body, wing decurrent
to below the middle. In swamps. Va. to 111., Mo., Ark.,
and Fla.

5. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Red Ash. A large
tree with velvety-pubescent twigs. Leaflets 5-9. ovate, ovate-
lanceolate, or oblong, acuminate or acute, usually denticulate ;
body of the samara linear margined above by the linear or
spatulate decurrent wing. Wood hard, strong, brown. In
moist soil. X. B. to Minn.. Fla., and Kan.

6. Fraxinus lanceolata Borck. Green Ash. A large
tree with glabrous twigs. Leaflets 5-9, entire or denticulate,
ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or acute, green on both
sides; samara similar to that of the two preceding species,
wing usually spatulate and decurrent on the sides of the
body below the middle. Wood rather inferior in value to
that of the white ash. In most soil, on flood-plains, and on
bluffs. Me. to Sask., south to Fla., Kan., and Tex.

7. Fraxinus biltmoreana Bead. Biltmore Ash. A tree
with the young twigs pubescent. Leaflets 7-9. ovate to lanceo-
late, acuminate, entire or obscurely denticulate, more or less
pubescent beneath ; body of the samara narrowly elliptic,
terete ; wing linear, or somewhat broadened above, 2-3 times
the length of the body. Woodlands and river banks. Penn.
and Ohio to Ga.

8. Fraxinus americana L. White Ash. A large tree
of rapid growth, with glabrous twigs. Leaflets 5-9, ovate,
ovate-lanceolate, oblong, or rarely slightly obovate. entire or
denticulate, pale and often pubescent beneath, acuminate or
acute ; body of the samara terete, not margined, winged only
from near the summit, J-J the length of the wing. Autumn
leaves brown, purple, and salmon. Wood heavy, hard,
strong, brown, tough and elastic, of very great value; widely
used in the manufacture of agricultural implements, boat
oars, and carriage shafts; in cabinet-work, for harness work,
hoops, baskets, and clothespins. In rich soil. X. S. to Minn.,
Fla., Kan., and Tex.

124 Field M \m.\i.

75. Forestiera Poir. Adelia.

Shrubs or small trees with simple, opposite, pinnately
veined, usually serrate leaves; with brown twigs; and usually
with thorns and superposed buds.

Flowers diecious or imperfectly monosporangiate, in
fascicles, or paniculate, from scaly buds ; fruit a drupe.

1. Forestiera acuminata (Mx.) Poir. Adelia. A shrub
or small tree usually with somewhat thorny branches. Wood
heavy, soft, yellowish-brown, not strong. On river banks.
Ind. to Ga., Mo., Ark., and Tex.

Order, Scrophulariales.

Scrophulariaceac. Figwort Family.

70. Paulownia Sieb. & Zucc. Paulownia.

Trees with opposite petioled, palmately veined, simple
leaves ; with superposed axillary buds ; and with large white
pith, sometimes with cavities.

Flowers in large panicles, bisporangiate, zygomorphic,
tetracyclic; stamens 4; fruit a capsule with numerous winged
seeds.

1. Paulownia tomentosa (Thumb.) Baill. Paulownia.
A large rapid-growing tree with violet flowers in terminal
panicles. Native of Japan; escaped from cultivation. X. Y.
and X. J. to Ga.

Bigiioniaccac. Trumpet-creeper Family.

77. Catalpa Scop. Catalpa.

Trees with opposite or whorled, simple leaves with entire
margins and with prominent green glands in the axils of the
veins on the lower side.

Flowers large, white or mottled, in terminal panicles or
corymbs, bisporangiate, zygomorphic; stamens usually 2 with 3
prominent vestiges ; capsule long and bean-like with numerous
winged seeds.

1. Young twigs glabrous or nearly so, leaf-blades downy
below ; flowers large, white, with 2 yellow stripes
inside and spotted purplish brown. 2.

Trees of the Northern United States 125

1. Young twigs and petioles with long hairs; leaf blades
glabrous below or nearly so, commonly 3-lobed or
angled, strong-scented, usually with 4 red oval glands
at the base of the blade on the upper side; flowers
small, yellow with orange stripes inside and violet
spots; capsule very slender. C. ovata.

2. Bark thin, flaky ; young petioles glabrous or nearly so ;
wings of seed usually narrowed at the ends, panicle
many-flowered. C. catalpa.

2. Bark thick and rough; young petioles usually pubes-
cent; wings of seed usually broad, the threads parallel;
panicle few-flowered. C. speciosa.

1. Catalpa catalpa (L.) Karst. Common Catalpa. A
tree with thin flaky bark and spreading branches. Wood
brown, soft, weak, durable in contact with the soil, much less
valuable than that of C. speciosa. The flowers are said to
produce irritation of the skin. Gulf States. Escaped in the
northern states as far as Ohio and X. Y.

2. Catalpa speciosa Ward. Hardy Catalpa. A large
rapid-growing tree with thick rough bark. Wood light, soft,
not strong, brittle, of very coarse texture and brown in color,
very durable in the ground ; used for railroad ties, posts, fur-
niture and interior finish ; also suitable for paper pulp. 111. to
Tenn., Mo., Ark., and Ohio.

3. Catalpa ovata Don. Japan Catalpa. A small tree,
commonly with 3-lobed or angled leaves. Flowers small.
From Japan. Often cultivated.

Subclass. Ixferae.

Order, Umbellales.

Araliaceac. Ginseng Family.

78. Aralia L. Aralia.

Our species small trees with alternate, bipinnate, decom-
pound, prickly leaves : with prickly twigs ; and with about 20
bundle scars in the leaf scar.

Flowers pentamerous tetracyclic, epigynous, in panicled
umbels ; fruit a small berry.

126 Field Manual

1. Aralia spinosa L. Angelica-tree. A prickly shrub
or small tree with long-petioled bipinnate leaves. In low
ground and along streams. Sometimes cultivated. Conn, to
Fla., Ohio, Mo., and Tex.

Cornaceac. Dogwood Family.

79. Cornus (Tourn.j L. Dogwood.

Shrubs or small trees with opposite or rarely alternate,
entire pinnately veined leaves having the upper two veins
curving toward the tip and more or less parallel with the •
midrib; and with distinct, exposed, axillary buds.

Flowers in panicles ; fruit a bilocular white or blue drupe ;
cymes self-pruned when the fruit is ripe.

1. Leaves alternate; twigs green, smooth; flowers in
cymose panicles, drupe blue. C. alternifolia.

1. Leaves opposite, ovate or ovate-lanceolate; drupe
globose, white. C. asperifolia.

1. Cornus alternifolia L. f. Blue Dogwood. A shrub
or small tree with smooth, greenish, bitter bark. Wood hard,
reddish brown. In rich soil. X. S. to'Ga., Ont., Minn., W.
Va., Ala., and Mo.

2. Cornus asperifolia Mx. Rough-leaf Dogwood. A
tall shrub, sometimes tree-like, with reddish brown twigs. In
rich or moist ground and flood plains. Ont. to Fla., Minn.,
Kan., and Tex.

80. Cynoxylon Raf. Dogwood.

Trees or shrubs with opposite, entire, pinnately veined
leaves having the upper two veins curving toward the tip
and more or less parallel with the midrib ; and with minute
axillary buds hidden under the petiole bases.

Flowers in heads subtended by an involucre of 4 large
whitish bracts; fruit a bilocular, red drupe.

1. Cynoxylon floridum (L.) Raf. Flowering Dog-
wood. A small very ornamental tree, with rough reticulate
bark. Leaves bright red in autumn. Wood solid, hard,
brown, valuable; used for shuttles. The drupes are reputed
to be poisonous. Me. and Ont. to Fla.. Minn., Mo., and Tex.

Trees of the Northern United States 127

81. Nyssa L. Tupelo.
Trees with alternate leaves, not 2-ranked; with 3 vascular
bundles in the base of the petiole and with solid diaphragmed
pith.

.Flowers small, greenish, imperfectly diecious in capitate
clusters or short racenes ; sometimes solitary; fruit a drupe
the stone usually ridged.

1. Leaves mostly entire; carpellate flowers 2-14 in a
cluster. 2.

1. Leaves usually dentate; carpellate flowers solitary.
A*, aquatica.

2. Leaves mostly acute or acuminate ; carpellate flowers
2-14 together; stone little flattened. N. sylvatica.

2. Leaves mostly obtuse; carpellate flowers' 2-3 together,
stone much flattened. N. biflora.

1. Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Common Tupelo. A large
tree with horizontal branches and with rough bark. Leaves
bright crimson, scarlet, or purple in autumn. Wood firm,
heavy, strong, tough, close-grained, and hard to split ; used
for hubs of wheels, pulleys, handles, wooden shoes, wooden-
ware, etc. Xot durable if exposed. In rich moist soil. Xot
easily transplanted. Me. and Ont. to Fla., Mich, Mo., and
Tex.

2. Nyssa biflora Walt. Southern Tupelo. A small
tree similar to the preceding, the base swollen. In swamps
and along ponds. X. J. to Va., Fla., and La.

3. Nyssa aquatica L. Water Tupelo. A large tree
with slender-petioled, oval or ovate, acute or acuminate
leaves, usually angular dentate. Wood soft, tough, light
brown, or nearly white. In swamps. Va. to 111. and Mo.,
south to Fla. and Tex.

Order, Rubiales.

Rubiaceae. Madder Family.

82. Cephalanthus L. Buttonbush.

Shrubs or small trees with opposite or whorled, entire,
pinnately veined, deciduous leaves and prominent stipules.

Flowers small, white, densely capitate, tetracyclic ; perianth
tetramerous; stamens 4; fruit dry, 1-2-seeded.

128 Field M am- \i.

1. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Buttonbush. A shrub

or small tree with petioled, ovate or oval, entire acute or
acuminate leaves. In swamps and low ground. N. B. to Ont.
and Wis., Fla., Tex.. Ariz., and Cal.

Caprifoliaceae. I [oneysuckle Family.

83. Viburnum (Tourn.) L. Viburnum.

Shrubs or small trees with opposite, simple, serrate or
lobed leaves; with 3 bundle scars; and with a terminal hud
showing a large and a small pair of scales.

Flowers in compound cymes, tetracyclic; perianth and
andrecium pentamerous ; fruit a 1-seeded drupe.

1. Leaves prominently acuminate ; petioles slender, mar-
gined. V. lentago. '

1. Leaves obtuse or merely acute. 2.

2. Petioles slender, rarely margined; leaves glabrous or
nearly so. V . pnaiifoliuin.

2. Veins of the lower leaf surfaces and winged petioles
tomentose. V. rufidulum.

1. Viburnum lentago L. Sheepberry. A shrub or
small tree with glabrous acuminate winter buds. Drupe red-
dish-black, with a bloom, sweet and edible. Wood hard,
orange-brown, ill-smelling. In rich soil. Hudson Bay to
Man., N. J., Ga., Ohio, Kan., and Col.

2. Viburnum prunifdlium L. Black Haw. A shrub
or small tree with acute winter buds, often reddish-pubescent.
Drupe blue-black, glaucous, sweet and edible. Wood hard,
reddish-brown. In dry soil. Conn, to Ga., Mich., Kan., and
Tex.

3*. Viburnum rufidulum Raf. Southern Black Haw.
A small tree with elliptic or obovate, mostly obtuse leaves,
with brown-tomentose, winged petioles. W'ood ill-smelling.
On uplands and dry flood plains. N. J. to Mo., Kan., Fla.,
and Tex.

APPENDIX.

KEY TO THE FRUITS.

The complete fruit at maturity, including the peduncle,
is required for determination. The number after each
genus refers to the list number.

1. Fruit a cone, a cone-like catkin, a compact aggregate,
or an ordinary catkin. 2.

1. Fruit simple, consisting of a single carpel or set of

united carpels, not cone-like or catkin-like, but
often clustered. "22.

2. Fruit dry at maturity. 3.

2. Fruit flesh}-. 16.

3. Fruit a globular aggregate of flowers on a long

slender peduncle. 4.

3. Fruit not globular, except in some true cones, but

ovoid or cylindrical, peduncle short or if rather
long then thick and rigid. 5.

4. Fruit an aggregate of dehiscent spiny-pcinted cap-

sules with several seeds. Liquidambar. (46).

4. Fruit an aggregate of 1-seeded nutlets, not spiny-

pointed. Platanus. (47).
4. Fruit an aggregate of dry obpyramidal pods showing
a prominent calyx at the tip; receptacle with
bristles. Cephalanthus. (82).

5. Fruit a true cone with naked seeds, or an aggre-

gate of closed carpels showing stamen, petal and
sepal scars on the peduncle. 6.

5. Fruit a catkin or a cone-like catkin, l!'.

6. Seeds in closed carpels, the cone-like fruit showing

stamen, petal, and sepal scars at the base on the
peduncle. 7.
6. Fruit a true cone with naked seeds, not showing
stamen, petal, and sepal scars on the peduncle. 8.

9 T129)

130 Field Manual

7. Carpels of the fruit forming dehiscent follicles at
maturity; the fleshy seeds suspended from the pink
or rose tissues of the fruit by slender threads. Mag-
nolia. (12).

7. Carpels samara-like, dry and indehiscent. Lirioden-

dron. (13).

8. Cones with numerous ovuliferous scales, more than

15. 9.

8. Cones with 3-12 ovuliferous scales. 12.

9. Cones erect, their scales deciduous from the per-

sistent axis; ovuliferous scales orbicular or broad,
obtuse. Abies. (5).
9. Cones pendulous or projecting from the branch, the

scales persistent. 10.
10. Cone scales woody and thickened at the outer end,
elongated, often with a rigid point, spine, or
prickle. Pinus.. (7).

10. Cone scales sub-orbicular or oval, sometimes with

erose or emarginate tips. 11.

11. Cone with subulate leaf-scales at the base. Larix. (6).
11. Cone without subulate leaf-scales at the base, short

and ovoid, usually less than \J/2 in. long. Tsuga. (4).

11. Cone without subulate leaf-scales at the base, cylindric

or long ovoid, usually 1-6 in. long, scales often
with erose or emarginate tips. Picea. (3).

12. Carpels spirally arranged. 13.

12. Carpels opposite. 14.

13. Cone globose, the scales closely compressed on the

outside, seeds not winged. Taxodium. (2).

13. Cone ovoid, with subulate leaf-scales at the base, the

carpellate scales loose and open; seeds somewhat
winged. Larix. (6).

14. Carpels imbricate, not shield-shaped, with 1-3 (usually

2 seeds). 15.

14. Carpels shield-shaped, with 2-3 seeds, more or less

winged. Chamaecyparis. (io).

15. Carpels 6-8, the four upper fertile. Thuja. (8).

15. Carpels 4-6, the two upper fertile. Libocedrus. (9).

16. Fruit globose, over 2 in. in diameter. 17.
16. Fruit elongated, ovoid or cylindrical. 18.

Trees of the Northern United States 131

17. Fruit green or yellowish-green, 3-5 in. in diameter.

Toxylon. (52 ).

17. Fruit an aggregate of red drupes projecting beyond

the persistent perianths. Papyrius. (.53).

18. Fruit very juicy, consisting of a catkin-like aggregate

of small fleshy flowers. Morus. (51).

18. Fruit an aggregate of carpels, the ripe, follicles

dehiscent, and the seeds pendant from slender
threads. Magnolia. (12).
1& Fruit a small blue berry-like cone. Juniperus. (11).

19. Catkin composed of capsules with numerous seeds

having tufts of cottony hairs. 2n.

19. Catkin containing 1-seeded nutlets, achenes, or sa-

mara-like nutlets. 21.

20. Capsule with a little cup at the base. Populus. (64).

20. No cup at the base of the capsule but 1 or 2 little

glands may be present. Salix. (65).

21. Fruiting catkin with leaf-like bracts; nutlets with

ridges, somewhat compressed. Carpinus. (57).

21.- Fruiting catkin hop-like, with bladder-like ^ bracts;
nutlets somewhat compressed, ridges inconspicu-
ous. Ostrya. (58).

21. Fruiting catkin woody and cone-like, nutlets small
compressed, winged or wingless. Alnus. (60).

21. Fruiting catkin compact with rather thin scale-like

bracts, cone-like; nutlets compressed, membranous-
winded; samara-like. Betula. (59).

22

22. Fruit a dry or nearly dry samara, nut, achene, bean,

or capsule, or a dry drupe. 23.

22. Fruit flesh}-, indehiscent. 55.

23. Fruit or the peduncle prominently winged. 24.

23. Fruit and peduncle not with wings. 30.

24. Peduncle of the fruit cluster with a large wing; fruit

a dry drupe. Tilia. (20).

24. Peduncle not winged; fruit a true samara, or with 1

or more prominent wings. 25.

25. Fruit with a prominent spine-like beak at the tip and

with 2 or 4 wings, large. Halesia. (72).
2*5. Fruit not with a prominent spine-like point. 26.

132 Field Manual

26. Fruit double with 2 cavities and 2 large wings.

Acer. (11).

26. Samara with a wing all around or with a single wing

at the end. 27.

27. Samara circular, oval, or broader than long. 28.
'17. Samara elongated. 20.

Wing extending around the fruit, very veiny, glabrous;
long-peduncled. calyx not present or very incon-
spicuous; cavities 2, 1 usually empty. Ptelea. I lv>.
38. Wing notched at the apex, usually veiny; fruit long-
peduncled. calyx present; cavity 1 with seed.

Ulmus. (48).
2*8. Wring on the two sides of the fruit, with 2 stigmas
at the apex; fruit sessile, small. Betula. (59).

29. Wing extending as far below the central seed as

beyond it. Ailanthus. (1!').
2!'. Wing terminal or extending along the sides of the
seed but not beneath it. Fraxinus. (74).

30. Fruit a dehiscent bean, follicle, or capsule, usually

with several seeds. 31.
3". Fruit an indehiscent nut. achene, or dry drupe with J
cavity and 1-2 seeds; often partly or completely
enclosed in a cup or husk. 47.

31. Fruit a bean or legume with 1 cavity and 2 sutures;

seeds not winged. 32.

31. Fruit a capsule; if bean-like then with 2 cavities. 35.

32. Bean an inch or more broad, mostly with pulp. 33.

32. Bean about JA in. broad, without pulp. 34.

33. Bean very hard and thick, seed Y\ in. long.

Gymnocladus. (31).

33. Bean not very woody, thin, seed less than ]/? in.

long. Gleditsia. (30).

34. Bean with a prominent ridge on each side of one

suture, apex long-acute. Cercis. (25).
34. Bean with the 2 sutures nearly alike, apex mucronate,
.or with a s'ender point, sometimes bristly.

Robinia. (33).

34. Bean usually irregular and somewhat constricted into

joints, apex abruptly acute, calyx containing long
filaments. Cladrastis. (32).

35. Seed with wings or a tuft of cottony hairs. 36.

Trees of the Northern United States 133

35. Seed without wings or hairs. 39.

36. Seed with a tuft of hairs, capsule small. 37.

36. Seed with wings, the wings sometimes with a fringe

of long hairs.

37. Capsule with a little cup at the base. Populus. (64).

37. Xo cup at the base of the capsule but 1 or 2 little

glands may be present. Salix. (6o).

38. Capsule very long, wings of seed with a fringe of

hairs. Catalpa. (77").
36. Capsule short, wing of seed without hairs.

Paulownia. (76).

39. Seeds very large, J^-2 in. in diameter. 40.
-39. Seeds much less than ^ in. in diameter. 41.

40. Seed smooth with a large light spot at one end. with-

out ridges or angles. Aesculus. (40).

40. Seed with two or more vertical ridges, without a

special light spot — a nut in an enclosing husk which
may be mistaken for a capsule. Hicoria. (61).

41. Seeds with a fleshy, scarlet aril, capsule lobed.

Euonymus. (35).

41. Seeds without an aril. 42.

42. Seeds 1 or 2, capsule not bladdery. 46.

42. Seeds several to many. 44.

43. Capsules small without a cup at the base.

Zanthoxylum. ( 17 ) .
49. Capsule woody, y? in. long, with a prominent cup at
the base; seeds 2, oblong. Hamamelis. (45).

43. Capsule splitting tardily, with the prominent calyx

persistent at the tip. Cephalanthus. (82).

44. Capsule trilocular, large, bladdery. 45.

44. Capsule with 5 — many cavities, small. 46.

45. Capsule 3*-lobed at the tip, with 3 styles, usually widest

at the middle or toward the outer end.

Staphylea. > 7

45. Capsule with a long, acute tip. with a single style,

widest below the middle. Koelreuteria. (39).

46. Capsules mostly woody, oblong, puberulent; in corym-

bose or umbellate clusters. Rhododendron. I
46. Capsules depressed-globose, somewhat 5-lobed; in
corymbose or umbellate clusters. Kalmia. (67).

134 Field Manual

46. Capsules ovoid-pyramidal, 5-angled; in large panicled

racemes. Oxydendrum. (68).
4??>. Fruit a dry drupe, or drupe-like; exocarp softer than
the bony endocarp. 48.

47. Fruit a nut or achene, the pericarp not in 2 layers;

often partly or completely enclosed in a cup or
husk. 40.

48. Fruit globose, ]4 in. or more in diameter, on winged

peduncles. Tilia. (20).
48. Fruit obliquely ovoid, compressed, ridged on the back
and covered with prominent soft processes.

Planera. (49).
48. Fruit subglobose, nearly symmetrical, % in. long,

pubescent, red. Rhus. (42).
48. Fruit subglobose, nearly symmetrical }/% in. long;
light gray, stone striate. Toxicodendron. (43).

48. Fruit obliquely oblong or oval, compressed, gibbous,

% in. long, reticulate-veined. Cotinus. (44).
*4*9. Nut sharply 3-angled; usually 2 together in the 4-
valved bur. Fagus. (-54).

49. Nut not 3-angled. 50.

50. Nut less than % in. long, somewhat compressed. 51.

50. Nut large, more than J/2 in. long, or if not then

circular in cross-section. 52.

51. Nut with ridges; fruiting bract 3-cleft and incised.

Carpinus. (57).
51. Ridges of the nutlet inconspicuous, fruiting bract

bladder-like. Ostrya. (58).
52'. Nut with 2 or 3 prominent ridges, sometimes with

rough wrinkles. 53.
52'. Nut not with ridges. 54.
50. Nut rugose or sculptured; husk indehiscent.

Juglans. (62).

53. Nut smooth or angled, husk at length splitting into

segments. Hicoria. (61).

54. Nut ovoid-oblong or subglobose; cup with imbricated,

more or less united bracts. Quercus. (56).
54. Nut plano-convex or rounded; bur globose and very
prickly. Castanea. (5-5).

Trees of the Northern United States 135

54. Seed, which may be mistaken for a nut, not showing

a style, large and shining; capsule splitting into 3
valves. Aesculus. (40).

—55—

00. Fruit a pome, the carpels enclosed by an adnate,
perigynous disk or hypanthium. 56.

55. Fruit a berry, or berry-like, with several seeds. 60.

55. Fruit a drupe, or drupe-like, with a stone or pit and

with 1 or rarely 2 seeds. 66.
oQ. Ripe carpels of the pome papery or leathery. 57.

56. Ripe carpels bony. Crataegus. (26).

57. Pome small and berry-like. 58.

57. Pome large, fleshy like the apple. 59.

58. Pome scarlet when ripe, cavities not more than 5.

Sorbus. (21).

58. Pome purplish-red to purplish-blue when ripe, cavities

usually 10. Amelanchier. (25).

59. Seeds not more than 3 in each cavity; pome tapering

into the peduncle; flesh with grit-cells. Pyrus. (22).

59. Seeds not more than 3 in each cavity; pome sunk in

at both ends, its flesh without grit-cells. Malus. (23).

59. Seeds many in each cavity, flesh of pome hard.

Cydonia. (24).
00. Berry large, very much elongated, green with yellow
pulp and large brown seeds. Asimina. (14).

60. Berry ovoid or globose. 61.

61. Berry about 1 in. in diameter, reddish-yellow, with

4-12 large, flat, hard seeds and with the enlarged
calyx at the base. Diospyros. (70).

61. Berry not over § in. in diameter. 62.

62. Fruit inferior, showing scars or parts of the perianth

and stamens at the tip. 63.

62. Fruit superior, showing only the style at the tip, with

scars or perianth parts if present at the base. 64.

63. Fruit scarlet, cavities 5. Sorbus. (21).

63. Fruit purplish-red to purplish-blue, cavities usually
10. Amelanchier. (25).

63. Fruit black, small, cavities 5. Aralia. (78).

64. Fruit really a berry-like blue cone, showing the carpel

tips on the sides, on close inspection. Juniperus. (11).

!36 Field Manuaj.

<il. Fruit not a modified cone, but a true berry. Go.
65. Berry-like drupe usually red or yellowish, with 4-8
bon>' or crustaceous nutlets. Ilex. (36).

65. Berry-like drupe black, with 2-4 seed-like nutlets.

Rhamnus. (34).
do. Berry very saponaceous, dark; seeds 1-3, crustaceous,
globose. Sapindus. (38).

66. Berry black, with 1 erect, shining seed. Bumelia. (69).
66. Berry dark blue with 1 seed, H~M m- in diameter.

Persea. (15).
66. Fruit large, usually 2 in. or more in diameter; stone
or nut deeply pitted, corrugated, or sculptured,
usually 13/2 in. or more long. <J7.

66. Stone not deeply pitted, corrugated, or sculptured, not

more than 24 in. long; if reticulated, then less than
y2 in. long. 68.

67. Flesh of fruit black or greenish, hard, with strong

odor; seed in the nut much wrinkled. Juglans. (62).
G7. Drupe pubescent, its flesh sweet; seed«in the stone
smooth. Amygdalus. (28).

68. Drupe white-waxy, less than Y+ in. in diameter, glo-

bose, tuberculate. Myrica. (63).
Drupe not white-waxy, if somewhat resinous then

much larger. 69.
6!'. Fruit superior, showing only a style or its scar at the

tip but usually the remains of a calyx below. 70.
6!>. Fruit inferior, showing sepals, petals, and stamens or

their remains or scars at the tip. 75.
yo. Drupe with red acid hairs, small. Rhus. (42).
7<». Drupe light gray, small, stone striated.

Toxicodendron. (43).

70. Drupe not with red acid hairs nor gray with striated

stone. 71.
il. Drupe narrowly oblong, about 1 in. long.

Forestiera. (75).

71. Drupe globose, oval, or globose-oblong. 72.

72. Stone ridged and reticulated, showing prominent teeth

in cross-section. Celtis. (50).
72. Stone, smooth, or if somewhat roughened then with
a prominent suture all around. 78.

Trees of the North erx United States 137

73. Fruiting pedicel much thickened below the prominent
calyx base, red; drupe oblong-globose, blue.

Sassafras. (16).

73. Fruiting pedicel somewhat thickened, red or reddish,

the drupe-like berry dark blue, Vi-Va in. in diam-
eter. Persea. (16).
79. Fruiting pedicel not thickened below the calyx or if
so the fruit not. blue. 74.

74. Fruit light greenish-yellow; flesh with a sickening-

sweet odor and a sticky juice; embryo in a large
kernel; a gymnospermous seed. Ginkgo. (1).

74. Drupe often large and sweet, stone with a suture all
around, often flattened. Prunus. rJ7).

74. Drupe with a 4-6 lobed calyx; oblong-ovate, blue;
endosperm large with a small embryo in the cen-
ter. Chionanthus. (73).

74. Fruit really a small black berry; seed shining, with

the hilum at the base. Bumelia. (69).

75. Stone with 2 cavities and 2 seeds. j6.
76 Stone usually with 1 seed. 77.

76. Drupe white or blue. Cornus. (7l-»).

76. Drupe red. Cynoxylon. (80).

77. Stone with 1 cavity and 1 seed, grooved and some-

what compressed: drupe glabrous, blue or nearly
black. Nyssa. (81).

77. Fruit with prominent nerves and ridges, with o
sepal-tips, oblong-ovate, pubescent, nearly dry, nut-
like. Symplocos. (71).

77. Stone 1-seeded, sometimes flattened; drupe with a
prominent stylar beak, blue, black, or red.

Viburnum. (83).

A GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE WOOD
OF TREES INCLUDED IN THE MANUAL.

A. Wood without annual rings, but with scattered vas-
cular bundles. Monocotylae.

(No trees in our region).

B. Wood in a growing cylinder, showing annual rings,
with a central pith.

I. Wood non-porous, • the cells not visible or con-
spicuous in cross section even with a hand lens,
there being no wood vessels; annual rings dis-
tinct by denser dark-colored bands of late wood.
Ginkgoeae and Coniferae.

1. Resin-ducts present in cross section.

a. Without distinct heartwood. Picea.

b. With distinct heartwood. Larix, Pinus.

2. Resin-ducts not present in the wood.

a. Resin-ducts in the pith. Ginkgo.

b. Pith without" resin-ducts.

(a) Without distinct heartwood. Abies,
Tsuga.

(b) With distinct heartwood, either of a
different color or of a deeper shade
than the sapwood. Taxodium, Thuja,
Libocedrus, Chamaecyparis, Juniperus.

II. Wood porous; the pores, or true wood vessels, be-
ing visible in cross section with a hand lens or to
the naked eye. Dicotylae.

1. Wood diffuse-porous; pores numerous and
usually not plainly visible in cross section
without a hand lens; annual rings distinct by
a fine line of denser late wood cells, often
quite indistinct; pores scattered thru the an-
nual ring; no zone or no very definite ring
of collected pores in the early wood. Magnolia,

(138)

Trees of the Northern United States 130

Liriodendron, Persea, Tilia, Sorbus, Pyrus,
Malus, Cydonia. Amelanchier, Crataegus,
Prunus, Amygdalus, Euonymus, Ilex, Staphy-
lea, Aesculus, Acer, Hamamelis, Liquidambar,
Platanus, Fagus, Carpinus, Ostrya. Betula,
Alnus, Juglans, Myrica, Populus, Salix, Rho-
dodendron, Kalmia, Oxydendrum, Symplocos,
Halesia, Forestiera. Cornus, Cynoxylon, Nyssa,
Cephalanthus, Viburnum.

a. Among the above, those having highly
colored or dark heartwood are the follow-
ing: Persea, Prunus, Amygdalus, Liqui-
dambar, Fagus, Juglans, Oxydendrum,
Halesia.

Wood ring-porous, the pores or wood vessels
numerous and usually visible in cross section
without a hand lens: annual rings distinct by
a zone or ring of large pores in the early
wood alternating with a denser, zone of late
wood containing fewer or smaller pores.
Asimina, Sassafras, Zanthoxylum, Ptelea, Ail-
anthus, Cercis, Gleditsia, Gymnocladus, Clad-
rastis, Robinia, Rhamnus, Sapindus, Koelreu-
teria, Rhus, Toxicodendron, Cotinus. Ulmus,
Planera, Celtis, Morus, Toxylon, Papyrius,
Castanea, Quercus, Hicoria, Bumelia, Dios-
pyros, Chionanthus, Fraxinus, Paulownia,
Catalpa, Aralia.

a. Among the above, those having highly col-
ored or dark heartwood are the following:
Asimina, Cercis, Gleditsia, Gymnocladus,
Robinia, Rhus, Toxicodendron, Cotinus,
Morus, Toxylon, some species of Quercus,
Hicoria, Diospyros, Catalpa, Aralia.

140 P'ield Manual

GLOSSARY.

Achene. A one-seeded dry indehiscent fruit with a tightly

fitting pericarp around the seed.
Actinomorphic. Radially symmetrical ; a flower or organ

which can be cut into similar equal halves by two or

more planes.
Acuminate. Tapering gradually to the apex.
Acute. Sharp pointed.
Adnate. An organ adhering to another ; an anther attached

longitudinally to the end of the filament.
Adventive. Apparently becoming naturalized.
Alternate. With a single leaf or other organ at each node.
Ament. A slender usually flexible spike of flowers, as in the

willows.
Andrecium., The whole set of stamens in a flower.
Anther. The spore-bearing part of a stamen ; the part which

finally contains the pollen sacs.
Anthesis. The period of flowering.
Apetalous. Without petals.
Appressed. Lying close against another organ.
Aril. A fleshy organ around the hilum.
Auricled. With ear-like lobes.
Axillary bud. A bud in the axil of a leaf.
Axil. The point of a stem just above the base of the leaf.
Axile. In the axis of an organ.

Baccate. Berry-like.

Berry. A fruit with a fleshy or pulpy pericarp.

Bilocular (2-locular). Having two cavities.

Bisporangiate. Having both microsporangia and megaspor-

angia ; having both stamens and carpels.
Blade. The expanded part of a leaf.

Bract. A small, rudimentary, or imperfectly developed leaf.
Bud scale. One of the scales in the winter bud.
Bundle scar. A scar in a leaf scar produced by a vascular

bundle or strand of bundles.

Caducous. Falling away very soon after development.
Calyx. The outer set of sterile floral leaves; the whole set of
sepals.

Trees of the Northern United States 141

Canescent. With gray or hoary line pubescence.

Capitate. Arranged in a head.

Capsule. A -dry fruit of two or more carpels usually dehiscent

by valves or teeth.
Carpel. The megasporophyll of a seed plant; the modified

leaf or stem bearing the ovules.
Carpellate. Having only carpels, or carpellate flowers.
Catkin. Same as ament.
Cauline. Pertaining to the stem.
Chaff. Dry thin scales.

Chlorophyll. The green coloring matter of plants.
Choripetalous. Having the petals separate or free.
Ciliate. Provided with marginal hairs.
Ciliolate. Minutely ciliate.
Conduplicate. Folded lengthwise.

Cone. A primitive flower as the carpellate cone of the pine.
Connate. Similar organs more or less united.
Convolute. Rolled around or rolled up longitudinally.
Cordate. Heart-shaped.
Coriaceous. Leathery.
Corolla. The inner set of sterile, usually colored, floral

leaves; the whole set of petals.
Cotyledon. A leaf-life organ of the embryo in the seed.
Crenate. With rounded teeth.
Crenulate. Minutely crenate.
Cuneate. Wedge-shaped.
Cuspidate. With a sharp stiff point.
Cyme. An inflorescence of the determinate type, the central

flower developing first.

Deciduous. Falling away at the end of the growing period.

Decompound. More than once compound.

Decurrent. Applied to an organ extending along the side of

another.
Dehiscence. The opening of an ovulary, sporangium, or

pollen sac for the discharge of the contents.
Deltoid. Broadly triangular.
Dentate. With outwardly projecting teeth.
Diadelphous. Having the stamens united into two sets.
Diaphragm. A septum or transverse plate in the pith or other

parts.

142 Field Manual

Dichotomous. Two-forked.

Didymous. Twin-like.

Diecious. Having the microsporangiate or staminate flowers
and the megasporangiate or carpellate flowers on sepa-
rate plants.

Digitate. Diverging like the spread ringers.

Dissected. Divided into many segments.

Divided. Cleft to the base or to the midrib.

Drupe. A simple usually indehiscent fruit with fleshy exocarp
and bony endocarp.

Dwarf branch. A highly specialized and reduced shoot on a
twig, as in the pine and larch.

Emarginate. With a notched apex.

Embryo. An incipient plant in the seed.

Embryo sac. The female gametophyte, contained in the ovule

of seed plants.
End bud. The bud at the end of the twig in case the terminal

bud is self-pruned.
Endocarp. The inner layer of the pericarp.
Endosperm. The nourishing tissue developed around the

embryo in the female gametophyte of the angiosperms.
Entire. Without teeth, serrations or lobes.
Ephemeral. Continuing for only a day or less.
Epigynous. Having the calyx, corolla, and andrecium above

the ovulary.
Evanescent. Disappearing early.
Exocarp. The outer layer" of the pericarp.
Exserted. Extending beyond surrounding organs or parts.
Extrorse. Facing outwards.

Falcate. Scythe-shaped.

Fertile. Bearing spores or seeds.

Fertilization. The conjugation of the male and female

gametes. ,

Fetid. Ill-smelling.
Filament. The stalk of an anther.

Flower. The modified spore-bearing branch of the seed plants.
Foliaceous. Leaf-like.

Follicle. A simple fruit dehiscent along one suture.
Fruit. The ripe ovulary with the seeds and whatever parts

are consolidated with it.

Trees of the North erx United States 143

Fugaceous. Falling soon after development.
Fugitive. Plants not native, but recurring here and there,
without apparently becoming established.

Gamete. A sexual cell.

Gametophyte. The sexual generation of plants.
Geophilous. Earth-loving ; growing partly or completely sub-
terranean.
Gibbous. Enlarged or swollen on one side.
Glabrate. Nearly without hairs.
Glabrous. Without hairs.
Gland. A group of secreting cells.
Glaucous. Covered with a bluish or white bloom.
Globose. Spherical or nearly -
Glutinous. Sticky or gummy.
Gynecium. The whole set of carpels in a flower.

Habit. General aspect.

Habitat. The place where a plant grow?.

Hastate. Arrow-shaped with the basal lobes diverging.

Head. A dense, round inflorescence of sessile or nearly sessile
flowers.

Herbaceous. Leaf-like in texture and color.

Hirsute. Having rather coarse stiff hairs.

Hispid. "With bristly stiff hairs.

Hydrophyte. A water plant.

Hypanthium. Any enlargement or special development of the
torus, in a flower, on which the sepals, petals, and
stamens are borne ; a perigynous disk.

Hypogynous. Having the calyx, corolla, and andrecium be-
low the gynecium.

Imbricated. Overlapping.

Imperfect. Monosporangiate flowers ; having only stamens or

only carpels.
Incised. Cut into sharp lobes.

Included. Not projecting beyond surrounding parts.
Indehiscent. Not opening.
Inequilateral. With unequal sides.
Inferior. Situated or arising below other organs.
Inflorescence. The flower cluster of a plant and its mode of

arrangement.

144 Fjeld Manual

Internode. The part of a stem between two successive nodes.

Introrse. Facing inwards.

Involucre. A whorl of bracts subtending a flower or flower

cluster.
Involute. Rolled inwardly.
Irregular. A flower with one or more organs of a set unlike

the others.
Isobilateral. A flower or organ which can be cut into equal

halves by two planes, the halves of the one being unlike

those of the other.

Lanceolate. Lance-shaped.

Lateral bud. An axillary bud, any bud not the terminal bud

of a branch.
Latex. The milky sap of certain plants.
Leaflet. One of the divisions of a compound leaf.
Leaf scar. The scar or cicatrix formed where the petiole of

a leaf separates from the stem or twig.
Legume. A simple, dry fruit dehiscent along both sutures.
Lenticel. A small usually oval or rounded spot on the bark

of a twig or stem, produced by a special tissue of cells

under a stoma and breaking through the epidermis.
Limb. The expanded part of a petal, sepal, or sympetalous

corolla.
Linear. A long and narrow organ with the sides nearly

parallel.
Lobed. Divided to about the middle or less.
Loculicidal. A capsule which splits longitudinally through the

middle of the back of each cavity or component carpel.

Medullary rays. Strips of cells passing radially through the

wood from the pith or annual rings to the bark.
Megaspore. The larger of the two kinds of nonsexual spores

produced in the flower. The megaspore develops into

the female gametophyte.
Megasporangium. A sporangium which produces megaspores ;

the ovule in seed plants.
Membranous. Thin and rather soft and pliable.
Mesophyte. A land plant adapted to ordinary conditions of

moisture.

Trees of the Northern United States 145

Microspore. The smaller of the two kinds of nonsexual
spores produced in the flower. The microspore de-
velops into the male gametophyte.

Microsporangium. A sporangium which produces the micro-
spores ; the incipient pollen sacs in the seed plants.

Midrib. The central rib of a leaf or other organ.

Monadelphous. Stamens with united filaments.

Mbnecious. Having staminate and carpellate flowers on the
same plant.

Munosporangiate. Flowers bearing only one kind of spores; a
flower with only stamens of carpels.

Mucronate. With a sharp abrupt point.

Mucronulate. Slightly mucronate.

Naturalized. Plants not indigenous to a region but having

become established as part of the Bora.
Natural pruning. The process by which dead twigs and

branches are separated from the tree by the formation

of a collar or callus.
Nectary. A nectar-secreting organ.
Node. The place where two internodes join, normally with

a single leaf or more.
Nut. An indehiscent one-seeded fruit with a hard or bony

pericarp.
Nutlet. A very small nut.

Obcordate. Inversely heart-shaped.

Oblanceolate. Inversely lanceolate.

Oblong. Somewhat longer than broad with the sides nearly
or quite parallel.

Oosphere. The unfertilized egg; the female gamete.

Oospore. The fertilized egg.

Ovary. The female organ of reproduction ; an egg-producing
organ.

Ovate. Shaped like the longitudinal section of a hen's egg.

Ovulary. The ovule-bearing part of a closed carpel or set of
carpels.

Ovule. The megasporangium of a seed plant which later de-
velops into a seed.

Ovum. The egg or oosphere.

no

1 16 Field Manual

Palmate. Diverging like the fingers of a hand.

Panicle. A compound inflorescence of the racemose type

usually of pyramidal form.
Parasitic. Growing upon other living plants or animals and

absorbing their juices and tissues as food.
Parietal. Borne on the wall of the ovulary, or pertaining to it.
Parted. Deeply cleft.

Pedicel. The stalk of a flower in a flower cluster.
Peduncle. The stalk of a flower or flower cluster.
Pellucid. Transparent.
Peltate. Shield-shaped, as a leaf with the petiole attached

at or near the centre of the blade.
Pentacyclic. Having five cycles.
Pentamerous. Five-parted.

Perfect. A flower having both stamens and carpels.
Perfoliate. Leaves so clasping the stem as to appear as if

pierced by it.
Perianth. The calyx and corolla taken collectively.
Pericarp. The wall of a fruit; the carpel wall.
Perigynous. Having the sepals, petals and stamens borne on

a disc surrounding the gynecium.
Persistent. Remaining attached after the growing period.
Petal. One of the leaves of the corolla.
Petiole. The stalk of a leaf.
Pilose. With long soft hairs.

Pinna. The primary divisions of a pinnately compound leaf.
Pinnate. Leaves divided into leaflets or segments along a

common axis.
Pinnatifid. Pinnately cleft to the middle or beyond.
Pinnule. A division of a pinna in a compound leaf.
Placenta. The ridge or surface bearing the ovules.
Plicate. Folded like a fan.
Plumose. Resembling a plume or feather.
Plurilocular. Having several or many cavities.
Pollen grain. The male gametophyte of seed plants.
Pome. The fruit of the apple and related plants, with an

adnate fleshy perigynous disc.
Prickle. A stiff sharp-pointed outgrowth from the epidermis.
Puberulent. With very short hairs.
Pubescent. Hair}-, especially with fine and soft hairs.

Trees of the Northern United States 147

Punctate. With translucent dots or glands.

Raceme. An elongated inflorescence with each flower on a

peduncle.
Rachis. The axis of a compound leaf, spike, or raceme.
Receptacle. The end of the flower stalk bearing the floral

organs.
Reflexed. Bent backward abruptly.

Regular. Having the parts of each set alike in size and shape.
Reniform. Kidney-shaped.
Repand. With a more or less wavy margin.
Retuse. With a shallow notch at the end.
Revolute. Rolled backward.
Rotate. With a flat round corolla ; wheel-shaped.

Sagittate. Shaped like an arrow head.

Samara. A simple indehiscent winged fruit.

Scabrous. Rough.

Scale. A highly modified dry leaf as in the winter bud of

most plants; also a dry, flat, more or less membranous

outgrowth from a leaf or stem.
Scurfy. Covered with scurf, minute membranous scales, as

in Chenopodium.
bcarious. Thin, dry. and translucent, not green.
Seed. The matured and modified ovule with a dormant

embryo.
Self-pruning. The process by which living buds or twigs are

naturally separated from the plant.
Self-pruning scar. A scar produced where a twig or bud has

been self-pruned.
Sepal. One of the leaves of a calyx.
Septicidal. A capsule which splits longitudinally through its

partitions thus dividing it into its component carpels.
Serrate. With teeth projecting forward.
Sessile. Without a stalk.
Sinuate. With strongly wavy margins.
Sinus. The space between two lobes.
Spermary. The male reproductive organ.
Spermatozoid. The male gamete.
Spike. An elongated inflorescence with sessile or nearly

sessile flowers.

148 Field Manual

Spine. A sharp thorn-like organ not representing a stem in
origin but a leaf or part of a leaf, as the spines on
the leaves of the Christmas holly.

Spore. A modified reproductive cell.

Sporophvte. The nonsexual generation of plants.

Spur. A short stunted branch not representing a true dwarf
branch and not ending in a thorn-like point; any pro-
jecting appendage of a flower looking like a spur.

Stamen. The organ of a flower which produces microspor-
angia. which contain the microspores which later de-
velop into pollen grains.

Staminate. Having only stamens or staminate flowers.

Stellate. Star-like.

Sterigma. A small, short, peg-like projection on which cer-
tain, leaves, spores, etc., are borne.

Sterile. Not producing spores or seeds.

Stigma. The upper part of the carpel; a special organ of the
Angiosperms to catch the pollen grains.

Stipel. The stipule of a leaflet.

Stipular scar. The mark made on the bark by deciduous
stipules.

Stipular spine. A spine representing a stipule or having the
position of a stipule.

Stipules. Bract-like appendages at the base of the petiole
of many leaves.

Strigose. With stiff appressed or ascending hairs.

Style. The narrow top of the carpel or united carpels be-
tween the ovulary and stigma.

Subulate. Awl-shaped.

Succulent. Soft and juicy.

Superposed. Placed one above the other.

Sympetalous. With petals more or less united.

Synantherous. Having the stamens united by their anthers.

Syncarp. A fleshy aggregate fruit.

Terete. Circular in cross section.

Terminal bud. The bud at the morphological tip of the twig.
Ternate. Divided into three segments ; arranged in threes.
Tetracyclic. A flower with four cycles.

Tetradynamous. With four long stamens and two short ones
as in the Brassicaceae.

Trees of the Xortherx United States 149

Tetramous. Four-parted.

Thorn. A highly modified sharp-pointed branch.

Thorn-like spur. A short stunted branch ending in a sharp

point or thorn.
Tomentose. Covered with dense wool-like hairs.
Triadelphous. Having stamens united by their filaments into

three bundles.
Trilocular (3-locular). With three cavities.
Trimerous. Three-parted.
Truncate. Terminating abruptly by a nearly straight edge or

surface.
Two-ranked. Disposed in two vertical rows along the twig ;

with the third leaf in line with the first.
Umbel. A determinate inflorescence with all the peduncles

or pedicles arising from the same point.
Undulate. With wavy margins.
Unilocular (1-locular). With one cavity.
Utricle. A one-seeded fruit with a loose pericarp.

Yalvate. Meeting by the margins in the bud, not overlap-
ping; dehiscent by valves.

Vascular bundle. The conducting strands in the plant body
composed of wood and bast in which water and food
materials are conducted through the roots, stems and
leaves.

Vein. One of the branches of the vascular portion of leaves
or other organs.

Venation. The arrangement of the veins.

Vernation. The arrangement of the leaves in the bud.

Versatile. An anther attached at or near its middle to the
filament.

Verticillate. Whorled.

Villous. With long, soft hairs not matted together.

Whorled. A group of three or more similar organs radiat-
ing from a node.
Winged, With a thin expansion.

Xerophyte. A plant adapted to desert conditions.

Zygomorphic. A flower or organ which can be cut into sim-
ilar halves by only one plane.

INDEX.

PAGE

Abies 48

Acer 84

Adelia 124

Aesculus 83

Ailanthus 58

Alder 105

Alnus 105

Amelanchier 62

Amygdalus 77

Angelica-tree 126

Apple .. .. 60

Apricot 74

PAGE

Buckthorn, see Bumelia. 119

Bumelia 119

Burning-bush, see Wahoo 81

Butternut 110

Buttonbush 127

Buttonwood, see Syca-
more 90

Canoe Birch, see Paper

Birch 105

Carpinus 103

Carya, see Hicoria 106

Castanea 95

Aralia 125 Catalpa 124

Arborvitae 52

Ash 121

Asimina 56

Aspen 113

Bald-cypress 46

Basswood, see Linden... 59

Bay 56

Bayberry 110

Beech 95

Betula 104

Birch 104

Bitternut 108

Black Gum, see Tupelo.. 127

Black Haw 128

Black Locust, see Com-
mon Locust 80

Black Oak 101

Bladdernut 82

Blue-beech 103

Boxelder 87

Buckeye 83

Buckthorn 80

Cedar, see Juniper 54

Celtis 93

Cephalanthus 127

Cercis ' 78

Chamaecyparis 53

Cherry 74

Cherry Birch, see Sweet

Birch 105

Chestnut 95

Chinquapin 96

Chionanthus 121

Choke Pear, see Pear... 60

Cladrastis 79

Coffee-bean 79

Cornel, see Dogwood.... 126

Cornus 126

Cotinus 89

Cottonwood 112

Crab-apple 60

Crataegus 62

Cydonia 61

Cynoxylon 126

(151)

152

Index.

page

Cypress 53

Diospyros 120

Dogwood 126

Elm 91

Euonymus 81

Fagus 95

Fir \ 48

Forestiera 124

Fraxinus 121

Fringetree 121

Ginkgo 4G

Gleditsia ,.. 78

Great Laurel, see Rhodo-
dendron 118

Gymnocladus 79

Hackberry 93

Halesia 120

Hamamelis 89

Haw 128

Haw, see Hawthorn 62

Hawthorn 62

Hemlock 48

Hercule's Club, see An-
gelica-tree 126

Hickory 106

Hicoria 106

Holly 81

Honey-locust 78

Hop-hornbeam 103

Hoptree 57

Horse-chestnut 83

Ilex 81

Incense-cedar 53

Iron Oak, see Post Oak. 100
Ironwood, see Hop-horn-
beam 103

J udastree, see Redbud ... 78'

Juglans 109

Juneberry 62

PAGE

Juniper 54

Juniperus 54

Kalmia 118

Kentucky Coffeetree, see

Coffee-bean 79

Koelreuteria 83

Larch 49

Larix 49

Laurel, see Rhododen-
dron and Kalmia 118

Libocedrus 53

Liquidambar 90

Linden 58

Liriodendron 55

Locust 80

Madura, see Toxylon... 94

Magnolia 54

Maiden-hair-tree 46

Malus 60

Maple 84

Mockernut 109

Morus 94

Mountain-ash 59

Mountain Laurel, see

Kalmia 118

Mulberry 94

Myrica 110

Nannyberry, see Black

Haw 128

Nyssa 127

Oak 96

Osage-orange 94

Ostrya 103

Oxydendrum 119

Papaw 56

Paper-mulberry 95

Papyrius 95

Paulownia 124

Peach 77

Index.

153

PAGE

Pear '. 60

Pecan 107

Pepperidge, see Tupelo.. 127

Persea 56

Persimmon 120

Picea 47

Pignut 108

Pine 40

Pinus 40

Planera 93

Planer tree 03

Plane tree 90

Platanus 90

Plum 74

Poison Elder, see Poison

Sumac 89

Poplar Ill

Poplar, Yellow, see Tu-

liptree -55

Populus Ill

Prickly-ash 57

Prunus 74

Ptelea 57

Pyrus 60

Quercitron 102

Quercus 96

Quince 61

Redbud 78

Red Cedar, see Red Ju-
niper 54

Red Elm. see Slippery

Elm 92

Rhamnus 80

Rhododendron 118

Rhus 88

Robinia 80

Rock Elm, see Cork Elm 92
Rock Maple, see Sugar

Maple 87

PAGE

Salix 113

Sapindus 83

Sassafras 57

Serviceberry, see June-
berry 62

Shadbush, see Juneberry. 62

Sheepberry 128

Silverbell" 120

Smoke tree 89

Snowdrop-tree, see Sil-
verbell 120

Soapberry 83

Soft Maple, see Silver

Maple 87

Sorbus 59

Sour Gum, see Tupelo.. 127

Sorreltree 119

Sourwood, see Sorrel-
tree 119

Spindletree 81

Spruce 47

Stafftree 81

Staphyiea 82

Sumac 88

Sweet-gum 90

Sweetleaf 120

Sycamore 90

Symplocos 120

Tamarack 49

Taxodium 46

Thorn, see Hawthorn... 62

Thuja 52

Tilia 58

Tpxicodendron 89

Toxylon 94

Tree-of-heaven 58

Tsuga 48

Tuliptree 55

Tupelo 127

154 Index.

page page

Ulmus 91 White Maple, see Silver

Varnishtree 83 Maple 87

Viburnum 128' White wood, see Linden. 58

Wahoo 81 Willow 113

Walnut 109 Witch-hazel 89

Water-beech, see Blue- Yellow Oak, see Chest-
beech 103 nut Oak 99

Water Elm, see Planer- Yellow Poplar, see Tu-

tree 93 liptree 55

Wax-myrtle 110 Yellow-wood 79

White-cedar 53 Zanthoxylum 57

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