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a. IM \, , i+>imiYf ^>1

THE NASHVILLE TENNESSEAN

ORIGIN OF GULF
STATES IS TOLD

Structure of Area in Prehis-
toric Days Reviewed

The Gulf States -were told Tues-
day just what they are and how
they came to be.

The structure of each state was
described in detail at a symposium
participated in by geologists and
geographers attending the conven-
tion of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science and
the whole process was summarized
by Prof Charles Schuchert of Yale.

“For tens of millions of years,"
he related, "all of the gulf states,
with the exception of Florida, were
more or less of a highland, border-
ed on the south by an inland sea,
whose depth was measured in hun-
dreds of feet, rather than by the
deep gulf of today, which in places
goes down below 12,000 feet.

“During this time the drainage
of much of the interior of North
America flowed southwestward
probably into the Gulf of Califor-
nia. Then the land from eastern
Texas and Oklahoma eastward
across the Gulf states into the
Atlantic began to sink, possibly
most markedly along what is now
the Mississippi valley, but finally
throughout the area from South
Carolina to central Texas and in a
trough narrowing northward across
Arkansas, Tennessee and Kentucky

Into .southern

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AUTO ACCIDENTS

The aeroplane -wins the booby
prize. One person out of every
24,451 who ride in aeroplanes is
killed; one in every 5,973,436 in
coastwise, lake, river and steamship
vessels; one in 6,313,800 on steam
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15.7 per cent since 1911, while those
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HERMAN GUNTER

STATE GEOLOGIST

GERALD M. PONTON
ASSISTANT

JAMES H. C. MARTENS

ASSISTANT

MRS. MARY H. CARSWELL
SECRETARY

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State’s Origin !
Study Subject

Yale Professor Attempts to}
Solve Formation.

T-

The Associated Pres#.
TALLAHASSEE, Feb. 26.— Floridian*
may learn something' shortly ol thi
real origin of their state. Dr. Charier
Schuchert, professor emeritus of pal*
eontology of Yale university. Is now en-
gaged In attempts to solve the or obi
lem as to what agencies caused the
formation of Florida as the state
stands today, and when and how sucli
formation took place.

Dr. Schuchert was a recent vls’tor#
to the state geological survey where
he announced the purpose of his latest
study and held consultations with Her*
man Gunter, Florida’s state geologist,
and members of the state survey. Tt
was his second visit to Florida, and
after a stay of a day and a half here,
he returned to his home.

Dr. Schuchert, one of the most out*
standing authorities on geology tntlij
world, has been engaged for che past
twenty-five years In working out theo*

retlcal problems having a bearing upon
the geological history of the Caribbean
sea and Gulf of Mexico, In which pen-
insular Florida Is Included. •

The result of his research will oe
presented In an address which he Is
to deliver at the next meeting of the
American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, of wliich ne is vice
president of the geological section, to
° e m5 eI<a afc New York * next December.

The data he obtains will also be
used in continuation of a text book
,, s P re Pai'lng on the paleogeGgrpphv
of North America, published some time
ago.

Dr. Schuchert has been professor of
paleontology at Yale since 1904 r-nd
professor emeritus for five >eais.

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FORT MARION AND HOT SHOT OVEN, ST. AUGUSTINE, FLA.

115679

FORT MARION AND HOT SHOT OVEN,
ST. AUGUSTINE, FLA.

Fort Marion, showing Hot Shot Oven, Water
attcry and Matanzas Bridge of Lions in distance.

c\ a c T ( 'T'U

POST CARD

PLACE

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a

Address to Tallahassee Kiwanis Club nrem/court Jame;> B "
/ \ & Whitfield of the Florida Supreme

TALLAHASSEE, Feb. 29 .— Following
Interesting address on Florida history
was delivered here at the recent meet-
ing ol the Tallahassee Klwants club by
Justice James B. Whitfield of the Flor-
ida supreme court:

"About twenty years after the discov-
ery of America by Columbus in 149 1 ,
Juan Ponce de Leon, a Spanish officer,
landed on the Atlantic coast at a point
south of the mouth of the St. Johns
river early In the year of ! 513 , and pro-
clalmed the right of Spain to the coun-
try by virtue of discovery, Indians be
ing then the only inhabitants. The
country was called Florida, perhaps -
cause the shore was sighted on Easter
Sunday, called Pascua Florida In tm.
Spanish language, or because of the
abundant native flora. In
1528. the first landing of white men
on Pensacola bay was made. DeSota
landed at Tampa bay May 25. 1539. St.
Augustine was founded in 1565. Ther
were also important trading ports on
the Apalachicola, Suwannee and other
rivers. For more than two centuries the
kingdom of Spain claimed sovereignty
over and maintained settlements in the
territory called Florida which originally
extended from the Atlantic ocean to
the Mississippi river. In the course of
time the town of St. Marks on the
gulf was established and for many
decades it was the commercial port for
all the country north, east and west
extending into Georgia. Fort San Luis,
two miles west of Tallahassee, was one
of the principal Spanish towns. It was
fortified and was in the midst of the
Indian Fowl Towns.

From 1163 to 1783 the Floridas were
under the dominion of Great Britain,
the territory east of the Apalachicola
river being called East Florida, and all
west of that river was called West
Florida. 5 American State Papers p.
756.

Treaty of Amity.

The Treaty of Amity, Settlement and
Limits dated February 22, 1819, bS
which Spain ceded to the United States
the provinces then known as East and
West Florida, was ratified, approved
and proclaimed as effective on Febru-
ary 22, 1821, at Washington, D. C. By
virtue of an act of congress approved
March 3, 1821, the president of the
United States, James Monroe, appoint-
ed Maj. Gen. Andrew Jackson as gover-
nor of the Floridas, and authorized
him to receive the Floridas from Spain
and to establish a government under
the constitution and laws of the Unit-
ed States, subject to the authority ol
the president under the act of congress.
General Jackson appointed Maj. Robert
Butler to receive East Florida, which he
did at St. Augustine on July 10, 1821;
and on July 17, 1821, West Florida was
transferred to General Jackson at Pen-
sacola. Formal proclamalton of the
charge of governments was made and
the laws of the United States were put
into force. By ordinance Governor
Jackson divided the provinces into two

, ' 1__J Of

ert Butler was
eral. Having es:
in the Floridas,
tober, 1821, ret
leaving George
acting governor
Pensacola, land
secretary and a

Florida and EUglus Fromentln of
Louisiana, Judge for West Florida. Rob-
— ^-“lointed surveyor gen-
lished a government
[drew Jackson, in Oc-
ned to Tennessee.

01 ton, secretary and
ff West Florida at
G. D. Worthington,

>8 governor of East

Florida at St. Augustine.

The two Floridas were rormed Into
the territory of fforlda by an act of
congress approved March 30, 1822.

The Tallahassee .section was in East
Florida, afterwards in Escambia coun-
ty, then in Jackson county, later In
GadBden county end finally in Leon
county which later county at first ex-
tended from the Pcklockonee river to
the Suwannee river and from the Geor-
gia line to the Gulf of Mexico. Since
then several other counties have been
formed from the original Leon county
Governors of Florida.

Governor Jackson having resigned as
governor of the Floridas was succeed-
ed by William P. Puval, then Judge of
East Florida, who became the first
governor of the territory of Florida.
The other territorial governors were
John H. Eaton, R. K. Call, Robert Ray-
mond Reid and John Branch. Governor
Eaton and Governor Branch had been
members of the Andrew Jackson cabi-
leen a United States
Branch had also
. :th Carolina. R. K
/eroor of the terrl-
ibert Raymond Reid
In Georgia and also
,,, -‘he first territorial

legislative councT.mct in Pensacola
on the second Monday in June. 1822.

J. C. Bronough was president and John
C'oppington Connor, clerk of the first
council. During the session of the
council yellow fever appeared in Pen-
sacola and both the president and the
clerk of the council died of the fever.
The subsequent sessions of the first
council were held at a nearby county
place. Edmond Law was chosen presi-
dent and Robert Mitchel clerk of the
council. The second council met in St.
Augustine on the first Monday in May
1823, George Murray was president and
F. J. Fatlo clerk. Beginning on the sec-
ond Monday In November, 1824, the an-
nual meetings of the territorial legis-
lative council were held in Tallahassee,
the seat of government. Joseph M. Her-
nandez of St. Augustine was president
and Samuel Fry clerk of the third leg- |
lslative council at Tallahassee. Latei
Joseph M. Hernandez became the first
delegate from the territory of Florida
to the United States congress. George
Walton was secretary of the territory of
Florida and acted as governor in the
absence of the governor. He was suc-
ceeded by W. M. McCarty. Another sec-
retary of the territory of Florida was
James D. Westcott who was afterwards
United States senator from Florida,
1845-1849. George K. Walker was sec-
retary under Gov. John H. Eaton and
acted as governor in 1 the absence of the

. i l- ovine rtf T, n O T.P.l “

net and each had
senator. Govern
been governor __
Call was twice
tory of Florida,
had been a Judga
in East Florida.

by the Semlnoles, who as "run-away”
Creeks (muskokis) came into Florida
long after the raids of devastation and
depopulation of the country by forces
from colonial South Carolina, in the
early part of the Eighteenth century,
in retaliation for a Spanish expedition
against Charleston. It was not until
about 1808 that tha Semlnoles in-
habltated the country around Talla-
hassee, where they occupied and
themselves later deserted the "old
fields" of their predecessors Following
the activities of the military forces un-
der Major General Andrew Jackson at
St. Marks and to the north of it, and
in his march to the "old town” In-
dian settlements on the Suwannee
liver, the subsequent treaty of Moul-
trie Creek, September 18, 1823. and
finally by result of ihe Indian was of
1835-1842 the Semlnoles were remov-
ed from the vicinity of Tallahassee,
and eventually from Florida except the
few hundred Semlnoles who now oc-
cupy reservations in the southern end
of the peninsular.

The Fowl Towns

In the year 1750, a noted Creek chief,
Secoffee. with many follows settled In
Alachua and in i808 another band
of Creeks settled In the Tallahassee
section where the Mickasukie tribe al-
ready In possession soon Joined the
Creeks called Semlnoles in antagonism
to the advance of the white immi-
grants In the Tall all a.'bPr section of
Florida, the Indian villages were
known as the Fowl Towns. It was from
the towns destroyed by General aJck-
made upon the white settlements m
Georgia and Alabama, that resulted in
the destruction of the Indian towns by
United States troops under Major Gen-
eral Andrew Jackson in 1318. Among
the towns destroyed by General Jack-
son were, Cahallahatchee, two milet
north from Lake Lafayette; Tallahame,
Chefixico's Town on the south side „
of Lake Lafayette; Tapalea on TallinJ-
hatchee creek, and Ben Burgers’ tow!
on Lake Ayavalla, now Lake Jacksoi^
presumably southwest of the presen
citv of Tallahassee.

tlon became a part of Tallahassee. The
southwest quarter of the section on
which Tallahassee is located, was at
first conveyed to Gadsden county be-
fore Leon county was formed and it Is
known as the county quarter.

Principal Meridian.

The Tallahassee principal meridian
was established in 1924, under the au-
thority contained in a letter dated
July 9, 1824, from the commissioner
of the general land office of the Unit-
ed States to Col. Robert Butler. United
States surveyor general for Florida, ap-
pointed under the authority of Section
6 of the act of congress approved May
8, 1822. (3 Stats, at Large, 718). In the
letter Colonel Butler was directed to
survey the lands near the seat of
government of the territory of Florida
and to initiate the surveys thereof
upon the southeast corner of the lo-
cation selected by the governor of the
territory under the provisions of the
act of congress of May 24, 1824, (4
Stats. At Large 30), for the seat of
government. Later in that year 1924,
the Tallahassee base and meridian were
surveyed from the authorized initial
point at the southeast corner of the
location selected for the seat of gov-
ernment. such point being "situated
about a mile southwest from the de-
serted fields of Tallahassee, about a
mile south nf the Ocklocknee and Tal-
lahassee trails at a point where the old
Spanish road is intersected bv a small
trail runn’ng south westwftrdlv. The
point of Intersection of the Tallahas-
see principal meridian and the parallel
base line so established is at longitude
84 16' 42" west P-om Greenwich and
latitude 30 deg. 28’ north from the
equator. At Greenwich, a southeastern
borough of London. England, is sit-
uated the Royal Observatory of Green-
wich. from the meridian of wh'ch geo-
granhers and navigators of nearly all
nations count their longitude.

■PS

Jackson divided the provinces into tw° acted as governs if XV +pi-

counties, Escambia being west and St. governor. Other secretaries ° f th ® ,
Johns being east of the Suwannee riv- ritory of Florida weie. John P. Div ,

T nnnl nnrl n/JmlnJotfClllffP flf- TnOOnV) TV/TCfJfl.fl tS £Ulfl ThOltiaS Xl* 1JU\ •

er. Local courts and administrative of-
ficers were established by Governor
Jackson and ordinances were adopted
and proclaimed by him for the govern-
ment of the Floridas and for the en-
forcement of health regulations. Wil-
liam P. Duval of Kentuoky was ap-
pointed _Untted_StatesJudge^oi^Eas „

Joseph McCants and Thomas H. Duval
Davis Floyd, Charles H. Austin and H.
L. Rutgers were treasurers. John. Y
Gary, Thomas Brown and John , Miller
were auditors.

Seat of Government.

A territorial act to provide for es
tablishing a seat of government in the
1 "territory of Florida, adopted by the

The Indian mounds that apnear s
often in this section of the countr
are perhaps the products of the anc : \
ent Indians who inbabitated the 1

long before the Creeks or Semlnoles
came to Florida. Arrow heads made
of flint and pieces of pottery and other

lSdhis th stUr r bXi|ec7perhaps 0 |? the

as

■f£$

State of Florida, and by statute given
the name "Tallahassee' that relates t0
Ihe language and history of Indian
inhabitants prior to the coming of the

llr on E hiy P ri S 824, Robert Butler, sur-
veyor general was instructed to cause
fhp south cast corner of the quarter
section selected by the governor un-
der the first section of act of COI JS r ®ss,
Mav 24 1924, for the permanent seat
of government to be fixed as the point
from which the principal meridian and
parallel shall run.'

1 By this means the intersection of
the old Spanish road and the Indian
trail became the initial point of the
established Tallahassee Meridian and
Parallel Base Line. The spot is now
permanently marked by ari appropriate
monument in the southeastern part
of the city of Tallahassee.

A Spanish town called San Luis lo-
fai.Pfi two miles west of the city ot

ssTWtfvaS^’s "7*

pointed United States judge for East

■rrftorlal act to provide for es-

tablishing a seat of government in the
territory of Florida, adopted by the
second legislative council held at St,
Augustine and approved June 24, 1823
provided that the governor shall ap-
point two commissioners, one from the
*2*2! as East Florida and

, that k nown as West Florida,

Slf n 6et at St - M arks on the

Gulf of Mexico, on the first day of Oc-

iv b fn and thencc proceed careful ■

ly to explore and examine all that sec-
tion of country embraced between tils
Ocklockny river on the west and the
Suwannee river on the east, and be-
tween the northern boundary line of
said territory and the Gulf of Mexi-
co, and to select the most eligible and
convenient situation for the seat of
government. The commissioners were
required to report their action to the
governor, and if they did not agree, the
governor was authorized "to decide in
favor of the sltuatton selected by either
commissioner.” "The situation thus
selected shall thenceforth constitute
the seat of government for the terri-
tory of Florida.”

The governor appointed Dr. W. H
Srm? 10 * 13 °J st ’ Augustine and J. L.’
Williams of Pensacola. The site select-
ed In November, 1923, for the seat of
government was then In Gadsden coun-
ty and Is described as being the "coun-
ty of Gadsden, situated about a mile
southwest from the deserted fields of
Tallahassee, about a mile south of the
Oke-lock-o-ny and Tallahassee trails,
at a point where the old Spanish road
is Intersected by a small trail running
south westward ly . ’ ' it seems that the
name Tallahassee 1 was applied to a
section in which were several villages
extending between the present limits
of the city of Tallahassee and Lake
Lafayette then called Tallahassee Pond.
Neamathla was chief of the new Talla-
hassee town, just east of the pres-
ent city. Chefixico was chief of the
old Tallahassee tpwn located on the
south side of La,ke Lafayette of then
Tallahassee Pond.

An act of congress approved Mav 24,
1824. granted to the Territory of Flor-
ida "one entire quarter section of land
for the seat of government in that
territory, to be located" previously to
the sale of the adjacent lands, under
the authority of the governor thereof,
at the point selected for the perman-
ent seat of government for said terri-
tory.” Governor Duval had on March 4,
1824, by proclamation stated that the
place which had been selected for the
seat of government was "situated about
a mile southwest from the deserted
fields of Tallahassee, about a mile
south of the Okelockony and Talla-
hassee trails, at a point where the
Old Spanish road Is intersected by a
small trail running southwestward’ly.”

There appears to be no official rec-
ord showing It, but the circumstances
all indicate that under the act of
congress Governor Duval, selected to
be surveyor as the quarter section of
land for seat of government purposes
the area lying Immediately north and
west of the Intersection of the Old
Spanish road and the trail running
southwestwardlv, which. Intersection Is
the only definite description given rel-
ative to the nlace selected for the seat
of government.

Why Selected.

The location selected for the terri-
torial seat of government was chosen
because (1) It Is about midway be-
tween the eastern and western extremi-
ties of the then Territory of Florida,
St. Augustine being on the Atlantic
coast and Pensacola being on the Gulf
coast near the Perdido river: (21 at
that time the port of St. Marks being
at the junction of the Wakulla and St
Marks rivers near Aoalachee bav on the
Gulf coast, about twenty mfies south
of the location selected for the seat of
government, was an export trading
point for the country between the
Apalachicola and Suwannee rivers as
well as for Georgia, to the north: (31
the location Is a succession of red clav
hills with many clear, cure streams,
lakes and waterfalls, the fertile soli
sustaining in luxurious growth a vari-
ety of large hard wood and other val-
uable and useful trees with abundant
grasses and flora: ()4j at that time the
Immense area of tJhe peninsular por-
tion of the territory was little known
and contained comparatively few white
settlements.

1 The territorial statute, approved De-
cember 11, 1824, fnacted that the
place selected for jhe seat of govern-
ment shall “be knotwn by the name of
Tallahassee.”

■ To the ancient Indian Inhabitants
I wh.n preceded the Sem'no’-s the name
I "TeUch-SSC-’ had -r -Afl — ne- that
1 probably could not be fully appreciated

1 HMW iBB Uij l Wl i WU l lli l .. .

monument in the southeastern part
of the city of Tallahassee.

A Spanish town called San Luis lo-
cated two miles west of the city of
Tallahassee, where the place known
as Fort San Luis now is, was destroy-
ed with other Spanish towns by In-
vaders from South Carolina in the
early part of the Eighteenth century
and the Indians then inhabiting the
country were scattered. This was more
Jhan a hundred years before MaJ. Gen.
Andrew Jackson commanding a mil-
itary force was sent, by the United
States government into the Florida
territory to punish the Indians r or
their depredations along the Alabtma
and Georgia borders, and to imp^ss
upon the Spanish authorities an
peratlve demand that the treaty re!
tlons between the United States I a:
Spain relative to the protection
American personal and property righ
on the border be observed and enjon
ed. It was during this expedition th
Andrew Jackson subdued the India:
in this section of Florida and to:
possession of St. Marks and Pensacola,
which forts were subsequently restored
to Spain and later covered by the
treaty of- cession by which both East
and West Florida became the property
of the United States. It is quite prob-
able that Andrew Jackson with his
troops passed over the land now cov-
ered by the city of Tallahassee, be-
cause he drove the Indians from tj\e
locality Just east of the present city
of Tallahassee where the deserted fields
of the Tallahassee towns were found
in locating the seat of government, and
the old fields are referred to In de-
scribing the point selected.

The Fowl Towns consisted of a num-
ber of small villages extending into
the interior north of St. Marks. It
seems that In 1824, there was an In-
dian town called Tallahassee on the
south side of Lake Lafayette then
called Tallahassee pond; Chefixico was
its chief. A new Tallahassee village
of which Neamathla was chief, was
perhaps in the neighborhood of the
Ross place, three miles east of Talla-
hassee.

Old Tallahassee Fields.

The old Tallahassee field that were
deserted upon Jackson's Invasion In
1818 were probably west of Neamathla’s
village and a mile or more east of the
city of Tallahassee's original limits. It
was after a visit to Neamathla in his
village that the commissioners W. H.
Simmons and J. L. Williams seicted
the location for the seat of the te; '
torial government that was appri
by Governor Duval and was by sta 1
called Tallahassee comprising origi:
ly the S.E. 1-4 of Section 36 Tow:

1, North Range 1 West.

On July 4, 1825, the United Sti
Issued a patent conveying the
of Township 1, North Range 1 EaS
General Lafayette. One quarter section
of the township, viz: the S.W. 1-4 Sgja
31, had already been selected for seavj
of government purposes, but it was re”
linquished by the governor of the ter-
ritory, and other lands in lieu thereol
were granted to the territory.

Governor Duval's home was estabr
fished in section 6, T. 1 S. R. 1 East
in 1924. A portion of that section 1®
now within the Tallahassee city limits.

The "Water Falls” referred to in tbf
grants of lands for the territorial seat
of government were located Just south
of the Seaboard railroad track not fat
from the electric fight plant of Talla-
hassee. Col. Robert. Butler had a mill
at the “Water Falls." Later the )oc«*

Harm 0 y n i c ^ e R ^phon y Qq£kgg "

>SHrr- w ”°'^%

s * h s -m i is“i n r““'»

Talks Stress
Civic Loyalty

^^and fe*V j" S 'hool
nd ^J»tics Urged.

a communH^is b^t V h ° Ught that
aM spirit ox it s c)t . by the loyalty
d ‘«aes delivered Tv l?, «-
BVsselJ, Judge H BP hn, Rufus A.

* M ctJ «r epeake^ at ffc A ' RIn ®

meeting 0 f the Twelve-thf* Iuncheo «
organization popular J!l y Ub ' an
business men held South side

the L --^c fc son hotel tu t h y f 000 lD

ville. ' Sou th Jackson-

Elder Russell, in the
remarks, cited AtnL* 00ur se or his

S Z%Z e lr£^

nfember?' Ike^aJ ’ VteV P* “*?*

I affairs, stating that thf 6 ? in school
I being installed ln the mw, C ' P ' es now

rarts to select the imported things

Wl

Fashion Expert

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id fr% fhooA — t .

rusted to these clever women
-the department store buyers
frocks and blouses, hosiery,
underthings, gloves— the ward-
robe of American women

. In 112 of
in
of

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h ° w tbey ,3°i

thing?;

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1*1 ,u

From the fashion centers of the
world — New York, Paris, London .

rxcvy lorn, x uxe**.

they select the season’s most

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we

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in fabrics.

More than

who

Fashion Expert

buy for 112 grei

insist on

T\/TILLIONS and millions of

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trusted to these clever women
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of frocks and blouses, hosiery,
underthings, gloves— the ward-
robe of American women.

From th e fashion centers of the
world— New York, Paris, London-
they select the season’s most success-
tul styles— the latest things in colors,
in fabrics.

More than any other women— be-
cause they buy for all women— they
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They know also how easily every-
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or

like garments, <
wrong methods of

j l n 112 of the m<
in America — doinj;
of all the large dep
ness* — women bu
how they took car
things. And we c
washing their own i

92% of these e

These fashion au
the nature of fine f
choice of soap is al 1
life and newness, w

They insist upo
own things— for st
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their sheerest and
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blue package foi
show, in 8 out o
homes in cities fro

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