By ae 2 ea JALAL debate ws iG? TSU Cees wl twee Ve SC Te he Fa ER TREN FE be we wWETES CF Curr E Vee Ue z = Nae Z (oie = o> N WS = igh fp % 2 Pip iQ 3 fi 2 b YG 2 KX 8 Ugly rang > Gigs = Ss z dy — — a yo N —_ Ys = > = ‘ > w” = ep) % ma BRARI ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, NOLLALILSNL UNyIneSHTiNs Pa ena Ae a —_ A ~viS0i NN = g, | SRE AN Heat AACA EX LIBRIS William Healey Dall Division of Mollusks Sectional Library a W pe?) > Oe Ua Y LY 4 NYVINOSHIING SalyNvVHg) . be g OLA ALAR AAT AAS iES SMIIHSUNIAN INSITIIUIION NOILINLILSNI NVINOSHILIWS AIMALTINrtIiCni Z. ~ = = = f ma = = : tf fy 3 9 F = hie > = > | : - Wy ay Ee = F a a: Z m = = Ww ; OILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS (Sa iuyvud roti BRARI ES SMITHSONIAN | z = ey ee : Zz = ; z \ = ; Te M , Y a) f pig O 4 < Oo 3 = z = < r s > = ) ; Ww Pus 7p) *® FA ¢ IBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOALILSNI NVINOSHLIWS : & ! HD 2 QE : m = & ry e = \Y. No c = >* = 7) 2 ” Zz ” NOILALILSNI_ NVINOSHLIWS LIBRARIES SMITHSON: o z ul Z nt ; : 2 oN, g = YA e 2 NY: z = if Cc MON ex Cc y eo, 4 Nac Oo S _ re) = =. F-4 Pa | P4 ad 1 LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLI c S a = aa ee x 5 gl fy 2 E © NN a mye. = ms > \ i — UY fi - ad m 2“ « 2 - wm = wn = .¢7) l NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSON Z z g ee rb ‘'Z = WN §& x ty oO = su (@) INS 4 me O Ye: Ea O % a fe) 2% = 2 Ey Si = > G = > = ‘ > 2 a 2 m7) bee J_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _ INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLI Z Fa 2 ex: 7) cad on “ Ss 4 a Ss = “4 KY = < = < a WW’ = os a i =i \ S) e S) an rs) | = ae Fa _d z % = NONLNLILSNI _NVINOSHLIWS (SaldVuai7 LIBRARIES_ SMITHSON Dp ie ae eee eae | . ; Ty) Ae ee x / fi i } is ny Br Di my Hy. vr . we bi i ; ‘ hae eri My) ir 4 om Wh *) x Mr : ; ii : ‘i yt y i . i Mod ve . , » Marat YA hp : i ' iy " ae ae 4 f Bh K Wh ) 7 r ] i n ay Us . b he OMT ae ie Ce, ee ih Dr PLR Ovts Oi Aa ih i ie ot! oes) |e r ty 4 tA a Neen ; : 4 il) FIGURES OF MOLLUSCOUS ANIMALS, SELECTED FROM VARIOUS AUTHORS. ETCHED FOR THE USE OF STUDENTS, BY MARIA EMMA GRAY. VOL:..V. CONCHIFERA AND BRACHIOPODA. PLATES 313 ro 381. A wt 2350125 LONDON: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, LONGMANS, AND ROBERTS, PATERNOSTER ROW. 1857. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. wT te tbe FIGURES Division of Mollugks eo} vsnwrecrt | ae on SAOCHONC .LOrr ¥ MOLLUSCOUS ANIMALS. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. TAB. 313. . Artemis lupina. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 94. f. 1, 2. . Artemis lincta. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. M. f. 1. . Artemis exoleta. Poli, Sicil. t. 21. f. 9. . Venerupis perforans. Wiegm. Arch. 1847, t. 7. f. 15. . Venerupis Irus. Forbes § Hanley, B. M.t.G.f. 2. From Deshayes. 6. Venerupis Irus. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 66. f. 15, 16. 7. Venus Pullastra. Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. L. f. 5. Ne Ohdo=— STOO Wh = TAB. 314. . Venus verrucosa. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 89. f. 4. . Venus decussata. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 83. f. 1. EAB, S15. . Venus Chione. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. L. f. 8. . Pullastra geographica. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 84. f. 1. . Pullastra Castrensis. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 86. f. TAB. 316. . Venus fasciata. Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. L. f. 7. . Venus ——-. Lister, Conch. t. 18. f. 1. . Venus gallina. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 89. f. 1. . Cyprina islandica. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. M. f. 4. . Venus Thfaca. D’Ord. Voy. S.A. t. 82. f. 11. 3 . Venus ovata. Forbes §; Hanley, B. M.t. L. f. 6. . Venus gallina. M. #. Gray, MSS. VOL. V. B 2) - TAB. 3l6a. 1. Venus florida. Poli, Sicil. t. 21. f. 16. 2. Cyprina islandica. Miller, Zool. Dan. t. 28. f. 2, reduced. 3. Venus leta. -Polz, Sicil. t. 21. f. 1. 4 Venusi———., -PolawSicilate 2s Ds 5. Venus Adanson, Seneg. t. 16. 6. Venus Lister, Conch. t. 19. f. 1. 7. Venus verrucosa. Poli, Sicil. t. 21. f. 18. TAG. 317. ]. Galathea radiata. dunn. Sci. Nat. xxv. t. 5.—a, Animal open. Cop. Cuv. R. A. Illust. t. 36. f. . 2. Circe minima. Forbes § Hanley, B. M.t. M.f. 3. The umbones of the shell are turned the wrong way. 3. Lucinopsis undata. Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. M. f. 3. 4. Venus opaca. D’Orb. Voy. Amér. Mérid. t. 82. f. 12. ). Pisidium cornea. Turton, Manual. TAB. 318. . Mesodesma Donacilla. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 39. f. 1, 2, 6 . Mesodesma. Forbes § Hanley, B. M.t. K. f.8. Siphons. . Erycina cornea. Poli, Sicil. t. 19. f. 9. . Donax trunculus. Polz, Sicil. t. 19. f. 12. . Erycina cornea. Poli, Sicil. t. 19. f. 11. or So NO] TAB. 319. 1. Donax venusta. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 74.f.6; Cuv. R. A. Ill. t. .—a, Mantle edge. . Donax polita. Poli, Sicil. t. 21. f. 14. a. Donax anatinum. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. K. f. 7. Donax trunculus. Poli, Sicil. t. 19. f. 12 Donax trunculus. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 74. f. 1. Or & bo bo TAB. 320. 1. Tellina planata. Poli, Stcil. t. 14. f. 5. la. Tellina planata. Cuvier, R. A. t. 103. 1d. Tellina planata. Poli, Sicil. t. 14. f. 4. 2. Tellina Coste. Deshayes, Algeria, 1. t. 69. f. 7, 8, 9.— a, Siphons. TAB. 320 a. . Syndosmya intermedia. Vorbes §’ Hanley, B.M.t. K.f. 5. . Psammobia Tellina. Forbes S Hanley, B. M.t. K.f. . Diodonta fragilis. Wiegm. Arch. 1847, t. 7. f. 19, . Tellina tenuis. Forbes § Hanley, Beet. KE3s . Tellina fragilis. Poli, Sicil. t. 15. f. 22. oe bd 6. Ue 8. 9. Tellina nitida. Tellina lucida. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 69. f. 4, 5. Tellina donacia. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 69. f. 2. Tellina donacia. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. K. f. 4. 10. Tellina solidula. a ee) woe m Ob — Oo Bm to b= Hm CO SIA OB OD = . Psammobia vespertina. Deshayes, Algeria, t. TAB. 32). . Psammobia vespertina. Cuvier, Reg. Anim. Ill. t.11*. £... 4. (Upper figure.) Psammobia vespertina. Poli, Sicil. t. 15. felts Onn Bes An Tse 8: . Diodonta fragilis. Deshayes, neni. t. 085; 8 lie? 67: . Diodonta fragilis. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 68. f. . . Diodonta fragilis. Forbes § Hanley, B.M.t. K.f.2. From Deshayes. . f. 5, back. TAB. 321 a. . Lutraria compressa. Quoy, Mag. Zool. 1839, t. . . Trigonella piperita. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 45. f. 1, cop. T. Cottardi. Cuv. R. A. Til. t. 98. f. 8, - Scrobicularia compressa. Forbes § Hanley, BoM. t. KAS 6: . Trigonella piperita. Baster, Oper. t. 8. f. 6. TAB. 322. . Petricola Lithophaga. Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. G. f..1. . Petricola patagonica. D’ Orb. Voy. Amér. Mérid. t. 82.f. 8. . Tellina nitida. Poli, Sicil. t. 15. f. 2. . Petricola striata. Wiegm. Arch. 1847, t. 7. f. 11, 14. . Petricola hyalina. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 66. f. 1, 2. . Petricola Lithophaga. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 66. f. 5, 6, 9 TAB. 323. . Mactra triangularis. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 26. f. 1. . Erycina Geoffroyii. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 43. f. 1. . Mactra neapolitana. Poli, Sicil. t. 18. f. 4. . Mactra lactea. Poli, Sied/. t. 15. f. 14. TAS .324, . Mactra elliptica. Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. L. f. 1. . Mactra solida. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. L. f. 2. . Mactra subtruncata. Forbes ¥ Hanley, B. M. t. L. f. 3. . Mactra lactea. Poli, Sicil. t. 18. f. 14. . Mactra stultorum. MSS. . Mactra glauca. Poli, Sicil. t. 20. f. 1. . Mactra stultorum. Forbes §- Hanley, B.M.t. L. t. 4. B 2 oO @ One oh WN Ooms Whe [I ee 4 . Mactra solida. Mrs. Johnston. . Mactra stultorum. Poli, Sicil. t. 18. f. 10. TAB. 325. . Lutraria oblonga. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 37. f. 3. . Lutraria elliptica. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 24. f. 1. . Lutraria elliptica. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 25. f. TAB. 326. . Isocardia Cor. Poli, Sicil. t. 15. f. 34, 35. . Astarte damnoniensis. Forbes § Hanley, B. M.t. M.f. 5. . Cardita calyculata. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 105. f. 6. . Astarte incrassata. Philippi, Wiegm. Arch. 1837, t.4.f. 6. . Cardita spurca. D’ Orb. Voy. A. M. t. 82. f. 13. TAB. 327. . Lyonsia norwegica. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. H. f. 3. . Lyonsia patagonica. D’ Orb. Voy. Amér. t. 81. f. 13. . Lyonsia coruscans. Philippi, Wiegm. Arch. 1839, t.4.f. 1. . Thracia distorta. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. H. f. 5. . Thracia phaseolina. Vorbes § Hanley, B. M. t. H. f. 4. . Periploma ovata. D’ Orb. Voy. Amér. Mérid. t. 81. f. 10. . Thracia corbuloides. Avener, Mus. Massena, t. 1. f. 1.— 6, Siphon aperture. . Anatina hispidula. Mag. Zool. 1843-1845, t. 102. TAB. 328. . Spatha rubens. Wiegm. Arch. 1847, t. 6. f. 2. . Hyria Syrmatophora. Wiegm. Arch. 1847, t. 6. f. 3. . Margaritana margaritifera. Wiegm. Arch. 1847, t.6. f. 1. TAB. 329. . Cardium aculeatum. Miller, Zool. Dan. t. . Cardium greenlandicum. Gaimard, Voy. Gren. t. 15. f. 13. . Cardita suleata. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 102. f. 3. . Cardium norvegicum. Forbes § Hanley, B. M.t.N.f.1. . Cardium edule. Forbes § Hanley, B.M.t.N.f.5. Siphon. . Isocardia Cor. Forbes § Hanley, B. M.t. N. f. 6. TAB. 330. . Cardium echinatum, jun. Forbes § Hanley, B.M.t.N.f. 4. . Cardium edule. Baster, Opusc. t. 8. f. 2. . Cardium . Cardium fasciatum. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. N. f. 3. Pols, Stewl. €: 23. f.12. Sona or bo ] ~ 2. 3. Hi . Cardium (Mofat). Adanson, Seneg. t. 18. f. 1. . Cardium edule. Poli, Sicil. t. 17. f. 12. . Cardium pygmeum. Forbes § Hanley, B. M.t. N. f. 2. . Cardium rusticum. Poli, Sicil. t. 16. f. 7. . Cardium levigatum. Poli, Sicil. t. 17. f. 10. TAB. 331. . Cardium edule. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 97. f. 2.—a, Hinder part of mantle and siphons. . Cardium hians. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 95. f. 4. TAB. 332. . Nucula (Leda) emarginata. Deshayes, Algeria,t.115.f. 2,4. 2. . Leda caudata. Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. P. f. 2. . Nucula margaritacea. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 116. f. 1. Nucula tenuis. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. P. f. 3. TAB. 333. . Dreissena polymorpha. Forbes § Hanley, B. M.t. Q. f. 4. . Dreissena polymorpha. Ann. Sci. Nat. ii. t. 8. f. 1, 2, 3. . Dreissena polymorpha. Gray in Turton, Man. 301. . Mytilus edulis. Poli, Sicil. t. 31. . Dreissena polymorpha. Gray in Turton, Manual, p. 299. }. Mytilus edulis. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. Q. f. 5. TAB. 334. . Kellia suborbicularis. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. O. f. 4. . Kellia rubra. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. O. f. 3. . Montacuta substriata. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. O. f. 2. . Kellia suborbicularis. M7SS. Mrs. Johnston. . Psammobia (Galeomma) tongensis. Quoy § Gaim. Voy. Astrol. t. 83. f. 15, 16. . Lepton squamosum. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. O. f. 6. . Galeomma Turtoni. Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. O. f. 5. . Bornia seminulum. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 43 a. f. 5, 8. . Galeomma Turtoni. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 82. f. 1. TAB. 335. la. Hippopus maculatus. Quoy § Gaim. Voy. Astrol. t. 79. f. 2; Cuvier, Reg. Anim. Ill. t. 97. f. 4, 5. Tridacna mutica. Quoy §& Gaim. Voy. Astrol. t. 80. fo. 3 Cuvier, Reg. Anim. t. 96. f. 3. Tridacna crecea. Quoy § Gaim. Voy. Astrol. t. 79. f. 2 ; Cuvier, Reg. Anim. Ill. t. 96. f. 2.—a, Back of animal. 6 TAB. 336. . Tridacna Quoy § Gaim. Voy. Astrol. t. 79. f. 1. . Tridacna ——. Quoy § Gaim. Voy. Astrol. t. 79. Noe TAB. 337. . Solen vagina. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 10. f. 1. . Solen vagina. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 11. f. 5. 3. Solen vagina. Poli, Sicil.; Cuvier, R. A.Tll.t. .f. 1. 4. Pholas dactylus. Poli, Sicil. t. 7. f. 1. noe TAB. 338. 1. Clavagella Philippi, Wiegm. Arch. 1847, t. 6. 2. Pholas (Mulan). Adanson, Seneg. t. 17. f. 3. 3. Pholas globulosa. Quoy §& Gaim. Voy. Astrol.t.85. £.17. 4. Xylophaga dorsalis. . Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. F. f. 2. 5, 5a. Pholas crispata. Lister, Conch. t. 436. 6. Pholas candida. Chiaje, t. 65. f. 9. 7. Pholas dactylus. Lister, Conch. t. . 8. Pholadidea papyracea. Forbes § Hanley, B. M.t. F.f. 4. Y. Pholas crispata. Lister, Conch. t. . 10. Pholas parva. Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. F. f. 5. TAB. 339. i. Saxicava rugosa. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. F. f. 6. 2. Gastrocheena modiolina. Mag. Zool. 1843, t. 69. 3. Gastrocheena modiolina. Forbes & Hanley, B.M.t. F.f. 5. 4. Gastrochzena dubia. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 4 a. 5. Pholas crispata. Cuvier, R. A. Ill. t. . f.3. TAB. 340. 1-5. Clavagella Balanorum. Scacchi, Mag. Zool. 1842, t. 52. 6, 7. Clavagella aperta. Mag. Zool. 1842, t. 49, 51. 8. Clavagella aperta. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 1. 9. Clavagella melitensis. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 1. TAB. 341. i. Clavagella melitensis. Cuvier, R. A. Ili. t. 117. f. 1. 2. Aspergillum vaginiferum. Cuvier, R. A. Ill. t. 118. f. 1, 2. TAB. 342. 1. Solen (Tugal). Adanson, Seneg. t. 19. f. 1. 2-4. Solen siliqua. Cuvier, Reg. Anim. Ill. t. 5. Solen strigilatus. Poli, Sictl. t. 12. f. 4. é TAB. 343. 1. Solen marginatus. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. 1. f. 3. 2. Solen siliqua. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. 1. f. 1. 3. Solen ensis. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 11. f. 1. 4. Solen siliqua. Cuvier, Reg. Anim. Ill. t. . f. TAB. 344. . Solecurtus candidus. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 10. f. 6. . Solen legumen. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 18a.f. . . Ceratisolen legumen. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. 1. f . Solecurtus coaretatus. Forbes & Hanley, R.M. t. 1. f. . Solen pellucidus. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. F. f. 2. . Solen legumen. Poli, Stcil. t. 11. f. 15. AG Even (he Aor OK — TAB. 345. . Lingula Audebardii. Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc. ; Ann. Sci. Nate tie t. 2. t. LA. — 2. Lingula Ann. Sei. Nat. iy.t. 2. f. 15. 3. Glycimeris siliqua. Guérin, Icon. t. .f. . 4—6. Glycimeris siliqua. Ann. Sei. Nat. xxvii. t. 14. TAB. 346. 1. Panopzea norvegica. Forbes §; Hanley, B. M. t. W.f. x. 2. Panopeea australis. Valenc. Mém. Mus.t. ; Cuvier, R. A. TE tsA07: . Poromya granulata. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. W. f. 2. . Venericardia australis. Quoy § Gaim. Voy. Astrol.t.78.f.13. m 09 TAB. 347. 1, 2, 3. Cyrenoida Johannis, Mag. Zool. 1835, t. 64. 4. Galeomma Turtoni. Philippi, Moll. Sicil. iii. t. 14. f. 4. . Saxicaya rubra. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 66. f. 18. . Gastrocheena modiolaris. Forbes & Hanley, B.M.t. Ff. 5. . Saxicava rugosa, Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. F. f. 6. . Gastrochena faba. Wiegm. Arch. 1847, t. 7. f. 4. . Mya (Byssomya) Pholadis. Mill. Zool. Dan.t. ; Blainv. Man. Malac. t. 57. f. 2. OCn Ao TAB. 348. . Mya arenaria. Baster, Opusc. t. 7. f. 3. . Mya truncata. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. H. f. 1. . Periploma ovata. D’ Orb. Voy. Amér. Mérid. t. 81. f. 10. . Mya arenaria. Baster, Opusc. t. 17. f. 1. . Mya truncata. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. U1. f. 2. oh wnr of Oh whe DONA Oo On DOB to b> & 9. . Corbula patagonica. D’ Orb. Voy. Amér. Mérid. t. 82. £.18 . Neeera costellata. Forbes § ante. B. M.t. G. f. 8, 9. . Newera cuspidata. Forbes § Hanley, B.M. t. G.f.4, 5, 6, 7 . Pisidium obtusale. Jenyns, Camb. Ph. Soe. iv. t. 20. f. . Pisidium pulchellum. Jenyns, Camb. Ph. Soc. iv. t. 21. f. . Pisidium pusillum. Jenyns, Camb. Ph. Soe. iv. ON were . Pisidium nitidum. Jenyns, Camb. Ph. Soc. iv. t. 20. f. . Pisidium pulchellum. Jenyns, Camb. Ph. Soc. iv.t. 21. f. . Pisidium pulchellum. Jenyns, Camb. Ph. Soc. iv. t. 21. f. . Pisidium pusillum. Jenyns, Camb. Ph. Soc. iv. t. 20.. . Pisidium Henslowianum. Jenyns, Camb. Ph. Soe. iv. t. 2 8 TAB. 349. . Pisidium amnicum. Jenyns, Camb. Ph. Soc. iv. t. 19. f. 2. . Cyclas calyculata. Jenyns, Camb. Ph. Soc. a te TOE . Teredo Cuvier, R. A. Ill. t. 114. f. . Teredo Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. rf ai . Teredo (Fistulana). Dr. Peters, MSS. TAB. 350. —a, Lower side. 6 & c, Siphons. . Corbula nucleus. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. G. f. 3. . Pandora striata. Forbes & Hanley, B. M. t. G. f. 10. . Corbula mediterranea. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 21. f. 1. . Azara labiata. D’ Orb. Voy. Amér. Mérid. t. 82. f. 2. . Pandora (Tellina) inequivalvis. Poli, Stcil. t. 15. f. 7. TAB. 351. oe ae ak f: 16 Turtonia purpurea. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. O. f. i. 10. Pisidium pusillum. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. O. f. 9. 10a. Pisidium amnicum. Forbes § Hanley, B. M.t.O.f. 3. 11. Cyelas cornea. Sturm, Fauna, t. TAB. 352. 1, 2. Solenomya mediterranea. Philippi, Sietl. t. 52. 1.10, 11. PSC Wo) . Solenomya mediterranea. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 19. fal Ds —a, Hinder aperture. . Solenomya mediterranea. Deshayes, Algeria; Cuv, R. A. wf en TAB. 353. Pectunculus pilosus. Poli, Sicil. t. 26. f. 1. Pectunculus pilosus. Cuvier, R. A. Il. t. 86. Pectunculus intermedius. D’ Orb. Voy. Amér. t. 82. f. 26. Pectunculus glyeimeris. Poli, Sici/. t. 26. f. 7 ok hd — (=>) oT Oo bo wpe Om Wh — NEOs Ne he . Lucina tigerina. . Lucina jamaicensis. Valence. Voy. Venus, t.1. a. Diplodonta brasiliensis. Journ. de Conchol. t. 12. f. 4 . 9 TAB. 354. Falenc. Voy. Venus, t. 2. TAB. 355 . Lucina lactea. Valence. Voy. Venus, t. 2. . Lucina columba. . Nucula eolica. Valenc. Voy. Venus, t. 3. f. 2. . Lucina (Corbis) fimbriata. Valenc.Voy.Venus,t.3. f. . Nucula (Yoldia) laterna. Valence. Voy. Venus, t. 3. f. 3. Valence. Voy. Venus, t. 1. f. 14,16. TAB. 356. or . Diplodonta rotundata. Forbes § Hanley, B.M. t. M. f z. . Ungulina rubra. Deine borealis. a, 6. Loripes \actea. hits t. W3.68.32 a, 6. Lucina Juteola. . Trigonia pectinata. : Trigonia pectinata. . Arca Gaimardi. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 123. f. 9. . Arca imbricata. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 123. f. 1. . Trigonia pectinata. Ann. Sci. Nat. xviii. t. 5. f. 4. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. M. f. 6. Poli, Sicil. t. .f. ~; Cuvier, BR. A. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 78. f. 1, 2, 3 TAB. 357 . Chama (Cardita) antiquata. Poli, Sicil. t. 23. f. 10. . Venericardia suleata Cuvier, Reg. Anim. Ill. t. 94. . Chama (Cardita) antiquata. Poli, Sici/. t. 23. f. 14. . Chama (Cardita) Poli, Sicit. t. 23. f. 20. TAB. 358. Quoy § Gaim. Voy. Astrol. t. 78. f. 3. MSS. Huxley, P. Z. 8. 1849, foros ie 1 TAB. 359. . Cyclas cornea. Zool. Journ. . Mycetopus siliquosus. D’ Ord. Voy. A. M. t. a. Unio pictorum. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. O. f. 2 . Cyclas (Cyrena) limosa. D’ Orb. Voy. A. M. t. 82. f. 14. . Tellina . Cyclas calyculata. Poli, Sicil. t. 15. f. 15. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. O. f. 7. . Cy clas rivicola. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. Q. f. 1. Anodonta Cygnea. TAB. 360. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. Q. f. 3. Ne wWndre Go bo Qtore ok Wbo— 10 . Anodonta Cygnea. Gray in Turton, Manual, 226. . Unio Feldmanni. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 109. f. 9. TAB. 361. . Anodon latomarginata. D’Orb. Voy. A. M. t. 79. f. 11. . Iridina nilotica. Cuvier, R. A. Ill. t. 91. . Castalia D’ Orb. Voy. A. M. t. TAB. 362. . Anodon Anatina. Cuvier, R. A. Ill. t. 90*. . Anodon Anatina. Cuvier, R. A. t. 90*. . Anodon Anatina. Poli, Sicil. t. 33. TAB. 363. . Anodon Anatinus. Sturm, Faun. Germ. t. . Unio pictorum. Sturm, Faun. Germ. t. . . Anodonta limnoica. D’ Orb. Voy. A. M. t. 79. f. 10. TAB. 364. . Unio Guaraquana. D’Orb. Voy. A. M. t. 68. f. 7. . Unio Solisiana. D’ Orb. Voy. A. M. t. 69. f. 2. . Unio pictorum. Sturm, Faun. Germ. t. . Unio pictorum. Poli, Sicil. t. 9. f. 8. . Unio patagonica. D’ Orb. Voy. A. M. t. 70. f. 4. TAB. 365. . Etheria Caillaudi. Fé. Mém. Mus.; Cuvier, R. A. t. 84. . Etheria de Senegal. Lesson, Ill. Zool. t. TAB. 366. . Mytilus Lithophagus. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 180. feole 2. Mytilus edulis. Cuv. Reg. Anim. Ill. t. 89. f. 2. . Mytilus africanus. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 136. f. 1. TAB. 367. . Modiola Adanson, Seneg.t. . f. a. Modiola (Lutat). Adanson, Seneg. t. 15. . Avicula tarentina. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 130. f. TAB. 368. . Pinna squamosa. Poli, Sieil. t. mem Cob SONA ON . Nucula nucleus. Forbes §- Hanley, B. M. t. P. . Turtonia purpurea. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. . Nucula (Leda) pygmea. Forbes § Hanley, B.M. . Rhomboides rugosus. Blainv. Malac. t. 80. f. 6. . Sphenia Binghami. Forbes §& Hanley, B. M. t. T. f. 3. . Nucula suleata. Wiegm. Arch. 1847, t. 7. f. 25. . Nueula emarginata. MWiegm. Arch. 1847, t. 7. f. 26, 28. . Yoldia arctica. Miiller, Icon. MSS.—a, Interior. . Erycina Renieri. Wiegm. Arch. 13847, t. 7. f 2. 23:-— 11 TAB. 369. . Pinna squamosa. Poli, Sicil.t. . . Crenella nigra. Forbes & Hanley, B. M.t. Q. f. 7. - Modiola Tulipa. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. Q. f. 6. . Lithodomus patagonicus. D’ Orb. Voy. A. M. t. 82. f. 4. TAB. 370. . Arca barbata. Polz, Sicil. t. 25. f. 6. . Arca barbata. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 118. f. 1.—a, End of shell and foot. . Arca tetragona. Forbes & Hanley, B.M. t. P. f. 1.— a, The byssus. . Arca Nox. Poli, Sicil. t. 24. f. 3. TAB. 271. . Pectunculus pilosus. Forbes § Hanley, B. M.t. P. f. 6. . Pectunculus violascens. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 125. f. 6. . Pectunculus violascens. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 125. f. 8. . Pectunculus pilosus. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 126. f. 1. TAB. 372. a, Interior. 10 & 7a. Nucula australis. Quoy § Gaim. Voy. Astrol. t. 78. f. 6.—a, Foot. 4, Interior. 11. Pandora oblonga. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 23. fet mw TAB. 373. Avicula tarentina. Forbes § Hanley, B. M.t.S. f. 4. . Modiola Tulipa. Miill. Zool. Dan. t. , veiluieed. Avieula Hirundo. Poli, Sicil. t. 32. Lithodomus dactylus. Poli, Sicil. t. 32. TAB. 374. 1,2. Pedum Spondiloideum. Quoy & Gaim.t. .f. ; Cuvier, 3. Reg. Anim. t. Pecten Jacobeea. Poli, Sicil. t. 27. f. 5. Ookwnd — I De 3 3 4 D. 6. 7. 5 12 TAB. 375: . Lima glacialis. Poli, Sicil. t. 28. f. 20. . Lima inflata. Quoy, Voy. Astrol. t. 76. f. 7. . Lima linguatula. Quoy, Voy. Astrol. t. 76. f. 11. . Lima linguatula. Isis, 1833, t. 10. f. 7. . Lima glacialis? Poli, Sicil. t. 28. f. 24. . Lima inflata. Quoy, Voy. Astrol. t. 76. f. 7. TAB.\376. Pecten striatus. Forbes § Hanley, B.M. t. 8. f. 2.— a, 6, Edge of mantle. Pecten niveus. Forbes § Hanley, B. M.t.S. f. 3. . Pecten (Ostrea) fuci. Mill. Zool. Dan. t. . f. a. Pecten striatus. Mill. Zool. Dan. t. 60. f. 3, 5. . Pecten Lister, Conch. t. 17, reduced. Pecten sanguinea. Poli, Sici/. t. 28. f. 8. Pecten (subfusca?). Ann. Sci. Nat. xvii. t. 10. f. 1. Pecten similis. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. 8. f. 1. TAB. 377. . Lima tenera. Forbes § Hanley, B.M. t. R. f. .-—- a, Beard. 6, Foot. . Lima inflata. Deshayes, Algeria, t. 142. f. 2. TAB. 378. . Ostrea edulis. Poli, Sicil. t. , cop. Cuv. R. A. Ill. t. 70. . Ostrea edulis. Cuv. Reg. Anim. Ill. t. 70. TAB. 378 a. . Ostrea edulis. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. T. f. 1. . Ostrea edulis. Lister, Conch. App. t. 15. TAB. 379. . Spondylus gaderopus. Cuv. R. a. IMs VES 1 OO: . Spondylus gaderopus. Cuv. R. A. Stee : . Spondylus gaderopus. Poli, t. 22. f. 1. TAB. 380. 2. Crania antiquata. Poli, Sicil. t. 30. f. 23. Crania norvegica. Mill. Zool. Dan. . Terebratula Grundler, Naturf. ii. t. 3. _9. Terebratula Sowerbii. Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. i. t. au WNre . Terebratula . Terebratula psittacea. Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. i. t. . Discina (lower valve). . Terebratula truncata. Cuv. Reg. Anim. t. 134. f. 1, 2. . Crania norvegica. Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. U. f. 2. . Terebratula caput serpentis. Forbes & Hanley, B.M.t.U. 4. 13 TAB. 381. - Philippi, Sicil. t. 6. f. 6. jel Anomia Ephippium (showing beard or plug). Forbes § Hanley, B. M. t. T. f. 2. 8a, 6. Anomia Cepa. Poli, Sicil. t. 30. 9. Discina (Orbicula) Cumingii. Zool. Trans. t. . 10-12. Anomia Ephippium (inner surface upper shell). Cuv. Reg. Anim. Ill. t. 79. ; | | Phy my i sah i a ils) OPN CeLejeateht | ; oh om hd tt Why, 1 ae * Moan! W . i ia er, nin SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE FIGURES. [CONTINUED FROM VOL. IV. | Class I. CONCHIFERA. Animal having the mouth placed between the gills. They and the body enclosed between the two leaves of the mantle, which are covered with two shelly valves. The valves are on the side of the animal, and united behind and above by a ligament and cartilage. Subclass I. SIPHONOPHORA. Mantle leaves connected, with two siphonal openings behind. There is sometimes a minute fourth aperture, with an internal valvular protuberance on the mantle under the siphons. Order I. VENERACEA. Mantle with two more or less elongated siphonal openings. Gills short, not produced into the inhalent or lower siphon. Siphons under the hinder adductor muscle often more or less separate. I. Foot compressed, generally without any byssal groove. Animal crawling. 1. Cardinal teeth diverging. Central tooth bifid. Cartilage of hinge external, marginal. A. Siphons more or less united, short. Fam. 1. Veneride. Mantle lobes free. Hinder lateral tooth compressed, and form- ing a part of the margin of the shell. * Foot lunate, inferior. Siphons united. Shell and body orbicular. 1. ARTEMIs. 1. A. Lupinus, t. 313. f. 1. 2 AS lincta, ita oles de 2s 3. A. exoleta, t. 313. f. 3. ** Foot lanceolate, anterior. Siphons partly united. Shell ovate, triangular or oblong. a. Anterior lateral tooth distinct. Cardinal teeth triangular. Shell ovate. + Hinder cardinal tooth cross-grooved or torn. 1. MERETRIX, Ue SONAR who 16 +t Hinder cardinal teeth smooth. 2, VENUS. . V. verrucosa, t. 514. f. 1,.t. 316. f. 22, t. 316a. f. 7. ees toll OC V. —, t. 3l6a, f. 4. 3. CIRCE. . 2?C. minima, t. 317. f. 2. . Anterior lateral teeth none. Cardinal teeth triangular. ovate. 4. CHIONE. C. Chione, t. 315. f. 1. . C. florida, t. 3164. f. 1. C. leta, t. 316 a. f. 3. . C, gallina, t. 316. f. 3, 7. C. Sa BUI A C. fasciata, t. 316. f. 1. C. opaca, t. 317. f. 4. C. Thaea, t. 316. f. 5. . C. ovata, t. 316. f. 3. 5. Lucinopsis. wo undataste olijenta oe . Anterior lateral teeth none. Cardinal teeth compressed. oblong. Hinder lateral tooth none or rudimentary. 6. VENERvPIS. Foot byssiferous. V. perforans, t. 313. f. 4. V. pullastra, t. 313. f. 7. V. decussata, t. 314. f. 2. V. castrensis, t. 315. f. 3. V. geographica, t. 315. f. 2. J Ve lnusstaoloet. 0,10: Shell oblong. Hinder lateral tooth large, strong. 7. TRAPEZIUM. T. rostrata (fig. 1). Fig. 1.— Trapezium rostrata. f, foot aperture. pp, pedal muscles. Fam. 2. Cyprinade. Shell Shelt . Anterior lateral teeth none. Cardinal teeth thick, divergent. Shell ovate, cordate, covered with a hard dull brown periostraca. The hinge-teeth 3°3, triangular; the front of left valve conical, 17 rugose, like the auterior lateral tooth of Venus; the hinder of left valve very thin, compressed ; the middle of right valve compressed ; the hinder very broad, with a deep groove; anterior lateral tooth none; hinder of right valve compressed, separated from the dorsal margin by a deep groove. Siphonal infiection none, or very slightly truncate. Mantle lobes free beneath. Siphons very short. 1. CyPRINA. 1. C. islandiea, t. 316. f. 4, t. 316a. f. 2. Fam. 3. Glauconomide. Mantle lobes united. Siphons elongate, united at the base. Pedal opening small, linear. Foot small, compressed in front. Palpi triangular, elongate. Gills elongate, united behind, but not produced. Shell oblong, covered with a hard olive periostraca ex- tending beyond the edge. Lateral teeth none. 1. GLAUCONOME. 1. G. chinensis (fig. 2). Fig. 2.—Glauconome chinensis. pp, pedal muscles. 7, retractor of siphon. — s, siphon retracted. e-6, pedal aperture. aa’, adductor muscles. Fam. 4. Petricolide. Siphons elongate, separate nearly to the base. Aperture ciliated. Pedal opening small. Foot small, thin, cylindrical, with a distinct byssus. Shell ovate. Cardinal teeth bent up, as if coming from the inner surface of the shell under the umbo. 1. Perrico.a. 1. P. striata, t. 322. f. 4. 2. P. Lithophaga, t. 322. f. 1, 5. 3. P. hyalina, t. 322. f. 5. 4. P. patagoniea, t. 322. f. 2. Fam. 5. Corbiculade. Mantle lobes free. Pedal opening very large. Hinder end double-edged. Siphonal apertures distinct ; anal small; inhalent VOL. V. Cc 18 large, oblong, simple. Gills, two pairs, moderate, subequal, united together behind. Lips elongate, lanceolate. Foot compressed, small, quadrate, angular at each end. Shell solid, covered with a hard, olive, polished periostraca. Cardinal teeth 3:3, diverging. Lateral teeth compressed. Siphonal inflection none. 1. CorBIcuLa. 1. C. limosa, t. 359. f. 4. Fam. 6. Cyclaside. Mantle lobes united at each end. Pedal opening moderate. Foot compressed, lanceolate. Siphons united at the base, separate, di- verging at the tip. Apertures bearded. Shell oblong. Cardinal teeth 2°2. Lateral teeth elongate, compressed, smooth. 1. SpHaRIUM. De IVICOLA, ts GOOe te fe + S..comeums t: 37. t 4, t. 60/2 & US ta 359s fa: . 8. calyculatum, t. 349. f. 2, t. 359. f. 6. Wh — Fam. 7. Cyrenellade. Mantle lobes free beneath, united at each end. Siphons two, elongate, united, contractile. Lips elongate. Foot subeylindrical, club-shaped. Gills two on each side. Shell oblong, roundish, ven- tricose, covered with a hard olive periostraca. Siphonal inflection none.—Ann. & Mag. N. H. xi. 1853, 39. ]. CyYRENOIDA. 1. C. Dupontia, t. 347. f. 1, 2, 3. Fam. 8. Mysiade. Pedal opening moderate, inferior. Siphons none; anal opening linear, with two semilunar lateral valves; imhalent small, round, fringed. Gills two on each side. Lips four, moderate. Foot com- pressed, lanceolate. 1. Mysta. 1. M. rotundata, t. 358. f. 2. 2. M. ? (Philippines) (fig. 3). Fig. 3.—Mysia 2? (Philippines). JF, foot. p, palpi. J, liver. 6-c, pedal opening. 19 B. Siphons separate, elongate, slender. Fam. 9. Tellinide. Mantle lobes free. Pedal opening elongate. Gills two on each side, small, united. Lips very large, behind the foot. Shell oblong. Cartilage internal or external. Siphons very large, when contracted bent up between the hinder part of the mantle edge. A. Shell oblong, subequilateral. Hinder side with a fold. Hinge- teeth compressed. § Cartilage marginal, exterior. 1. TELLINA. Pi nitidastao20laot 4..eteaoes t,o. T. lueida, t. 320. f. 7. T. planata, t. 320. f. 1. T. fragilis, t. 320 a. f. 5. Ts sab OOO ut. Os T. donacina, t. 320 a. f. 8, 9. is Bits ila tanas T. Coste, t. 320. f. 2. OSS eee 2. PSAMMOBIA. - FP. vespertina, t. 321. f. 1, 2, &'6. me telina t O20 ata 2s . P. pallida (fig. 4). . P. polita, t. 319. f. 2 (Capsa). Fig. 4.—Psammobia pallida. ia obo aa, adductor muscles. ppp, pedal muscles. 3. DIODONTA. 1. D. fragilis, t. 320 a. f. 3, t. 321. f. 3, 4, 5. §§ Cartilage interior, in a cardinal pit. 4, SyNDOsMyYA. . S. intermedia, t. 320 a. f. 1. . 2S. Renieri, t. 372. f. 9. Nore B. Shell oblong, compressed, rounded at the ends, rather gaping behind. 5. SANGUINOLARIA. 1. S. rosea. 20 c. Shell trigonal, truncated behind. 6. Donax. 1. D. trunculus, t. 319. f. 4, 5. 2. D. anatinum, t. 319. f. 3. 3. D. venusta, t. 319. f. 1. 7. GALATHEA. 1. G. radiata, t. 317. f. 1. Fam. 10. Scrobiculariade. Mantle lobes free. Pedal opening elongate. Gills only one on each side, broad, triangular, thick, united together behind, divided diagonally by a subcentral narrow groove, the upper portion the least. Palpi very large, flat, thin, triangular. Siphon very long, slender, separate from the base. Shell oblong. 1. Limicoua. 1. L. tenuis, t. 320 a. f. 4, 10. 2. ScROBICULARIA. 1. S. compressa, t. 321. f. 2, t. 321 a. f. 1, 2, 4. ij 3. TELLINIDES. 1. T. timorensis. 11. Cardinal teeth diverging, central, laminar, folded. Cartilage internal, in a triangular pit near the cardinal teeth. Fam. 11. Mactrade. Mantle lobes more or less free beneath. Siphons two, elongate, more or less united at the base. Foot lanceolate, subanterior. Gulls two on each side, broad. Lips narrow, elongate, acute. * Mantle lobes free. Lateral teeth developed, laminar. Mactraina. 1. Macrra. 1. M. stultorum, t. 324. f. 5, 7, 9. 2. M. lactea, t. 323. f. 4, t. 324. f. 4. 3. M. glauca?, t. 324. f. 6. 4. M. neapolitana, t. 323. f. 3. 5. M. triangularis, t. 323. f. 1. 2. SPISULA. 1. S. solida, t. 324. f. 2, 8. 2. S. elliptica, t. 324. f. 1. 3. S. subtruncata, t. 324. f. 3. ** Mantle lobes united. Shell oblong, gaping behind. Lutrariana. 3. LUTRARIA. 1. L. elliptica, t. 325. f. 2, 3. 2. L. oblonga, t. 325. f. 1. 21 Fam. 12. Paphiade. Mantle lobes united. Pedal opening small, anterior. Gills two on each side, produced, truncated behind, not united behind the foot. Lips transversely striated within. Siphons short, separate ; anal largest. (See Ann. & Mag. N. H. xi. 1853, 44.) l. Paputa. 1. P. cornea, t. 318. f. 1, 2, 3, 5. Fam. 13. ? Anatinellade. Animal unknown. (See Ann. & Mag. N. H. xi. 1853, 43.) i. Cardinal teeth very oblique. Hinder nearly parallel with hinge- margin. Cartilage external, marginal. Umbones subspiral. Fam. 14. Glosside. Foot compressed, truncated, short, small. Pedal opening rather contracted; lips simple. Shell free. 1. GLossus. IGs Cort. 626. f 18329: Fam. 15. Chamade. Foot very small, rather produced in front. Lips foliaceous, qua- drangular. Pedal opening very small. Siphons two, short. Shell uregular, attached by the outer surface of one valve. 1. CHama. 1. C. Lazarus, t. 357. f. 4 (fig. 5). Fig. 5.—Chama Lazarus. aa', adductor muscles. p, pedal muscle. d, dental membrane. /, tentacle. g, small outer gill. e, anal siphon. 4, branchial siphon. f, pedal orifice. m, mantle line. 0, ovarium. J, liver. iv. Hinge toothless. Cartilage internal, in a pit, with an imbedded shelly appendage in front. Fam. 16. Anatinide. Siphons elongate, generally separate. Gills pmnate, apparently 22 one on each side the upper part against the side of the body. Mantle with a small valvular hole, under the siphon. Foot with a byssal groove. Shell mequivalve. Umbo with a cartilage-slit. Cartilage internal, in a pit in each valve, with a peculiar shelly plate before it, or covering it. Periostraca often hispid. a. Siphons united. Valves subequal. Clavicle linear. 1. LATERNULA. 1. L. hispidula, t. 327, and fig. 6. Fig. 6.—Laternula hispidula. aa, adductor muscles. J, ligament. o, clavicle. g, gills. , palpi. b. Stphons separate at.the end. Valves unequal. Clavicle flat, covering the cartilage. 2. LYonsia. 1. L. coruseans, t. 327. f. 3. 2. L. norvegica, t. 327. f. 1. 3. MyvTILIMERA. 1. M. patagonieca, t. 327. f. 2. c. Siphons separate. Valves unequal. Clavicle smali, subcylin- drical, 4, THRACTIA, 1. T. phaseolina, t. 327. f. 5. 2. T. distorta, t. 327. f. 4. 3. T. corbuloides, t. 327. f. 7. 5. PERIPLOMA. : 1... P. ovale, t. 327rain0,5t. das. 1. co: aa 6. NEa@RA. 1. N. costulata, t. 350. f. 2. 2. N. cuspidata, t. 350. f. 3. 7. Poromya. 1. P. granulata, t. 346. f. 3. 23 d. Stphons separate. Shell attached by one valve. Clavicle large, subcylindrical. 8. CHAMOSTREA. 1. C. albida. v. Hinge toothed or toothless. Cartilage external, marginal. Shell pearly. Periostraca hard, polished. Fam. 17. Mutelade. Foot large, compressed, angular in front. Pedal opening very large. Gills large. Lips very large, semioral, attached by the straight line without the free point existing in Unio and Anodon. Shell scarcely to be distinguished from Unio or Anodon, but the hinder submarginal scar is rather more truncate. 1. MuTe.a. 1. M. nilotica, t. 361. f. 2. 2. M. rubens, t. 328. f. 1. 2. CASTALIA. 1. C. ambigua, t. 361. f. 3. 3. Hyrta. 1. H. Syrmatophora, t. 328. f. 2. II. Foot conical, acute, angularly bent behind for leaping. Fam. 18. Cardiade. Gills narrow, elongate, floating, only attached at the upper end, united together behind the foot. Shell equivalve. Cardinal teeth conical, forming a cross when the valves are closed. Cartilage ex- ternal, marginal. a. Shell gaping, and furnished with a serrated hinder margin. 1. CaRDIUM. 1. C. hians, t. 330. f. 1. 2. BucARDIUM. 1. B. ringens?, t. 330. f. 5. b. Shell closed, and smooth or nearly smooth behind. CERASTES. eduley (529-10; trooUsdeeO; te Gol. t. 152s . eechinatum, t. 330. f. 1. . rusticum, t. 330. f. 8. ata ooUs te Oe . aculeatum ?, t. 329. f. 1. pygmeum, t. 330. f. 7. . fasciatum, t. 330. f. 4. tr coUsd. LO: . horvegicum, t 329. f. 4. SMS OT oto aanaaeoaqna & 24 4, APHRODITA. 1. A. groenlandica, t. 329. f. 2. Ill. Foot elongate, cylindrical, tubular. Fam. 19. Thyaside. Mantle free beneath, with transparent oblique vessels. Siphous, two simple holes edged by the mantle. Foot cylindrical, annu- lated from the lower edge of the compressed body, attenuated at the tip. Gills one on each side, small, united together behind. Labial palpi none. l. Tuyas. 1. T. radula, t. 358. f. 4. IV. Foot compressed, truncated and dilated at the end for crawling and anchoring. Fam. 20. Ledade. Gills small, oblong, subpinnate?, formed of separate threads. Lips large. Palpi very long, subulate. Siphons small, united. Shell equivalve. Hinge-teeth two, elongate, nearly parallel with hinge-margin, each divided into numerous transverse hook-like plates. Siphonal scar distinct, mflected. * Cartilage internal, triangular. 1. Youpia. 1. Y. arctica, t. 372. f. 8. 2. Y. australis (fig. 7). Fig. 7.— Yoldia australis (magnified). aa, adductor muscles. pp, pedal muscles. g, gills. s, siphon. Ze, labial palpi and appendages. i, intestines. f foot. #2, lateral muscle of foot. m, mantle line. /, ligament. 2. LepaA. L. caudata, t. 532. f. 2. L, minuta, t. ve 2. 25 3. L. pygmeea, t. 372. f. 3. 4, L. emarginata, t. 332. f. 1, t. 372. f. 7. ** Cartilage external, marginal. 3. CTENOCONCHA. 1. C. australis, t. 372. f. 10. ' Fam. 21. Modiolarcade. Gills four, thick, dependent, subtrigonal, truncated in front, nar- row, produced, and united together behind the foot. Lips four, moderate. Palpi obsolete. Siphonal apertures distinct; anal moderate; inhalent very large, inferior, simple-edged. Foot ob- long, truncate, lanceolate, acute in front, with subposterior central hole for byssus. Eggs retained in outer gill-cases. Shell equivalve. Hinge-teeth none or rudimentary. Cartilage external, linear. Peri- ostraca polished. Living attached to floating sea-weed. 1. Moprouarca. 1. M. trapezina (fig. 8). Fig. 8.—Modiolarca trapezina. pp’, pedal muscles. aa’, adductor muscles. jf, foot. J, liver. V. Foot elongate, slender, strap-like, byssiferous—for anchoring the animal. Fam. 22. Dreissenide. Foot conical, small. Anterior adductor muscle small, on a trans- verse subumbonal internal plate. Mantle edge double. Gills four, unequal; outer small. Lips four, triangular, short, broad at the base. Shell equivalve, subtrigonal, keeled. Hinge toothless. Car- tilage external, marginal. Fluviatile. 1. DREISSENA. 1. D. polymorpha, t. Baowde Pde oe oe Fam. 23. Galeommide. Foot very small, strap-shaped, flattened beneath. Mantle edge 26 double; outer more or less expanded and reflexed, covering (per- haps all) the shell; immer covering the gape of the shell. Gills two pair, dependent, united together behind the foot. Lips elon- gate. Shell oblong, equivalve, gaping behind. Hinge toothless. Cartilage internal, m a triangular pit. 1. GALEOMMA. 1. G. Turtoni, t. 334. f. lee Ota Ajeet. 2. G. tongensis, t. 334, f. VI. Foot very small, rudimentary, byssiferous. Hinder adductor muscle large, placed forward in the centre of the lower edge of the shell. Pedal opening small in front near the umbo. Anal opening apparently behind and above the hinder adduc- tor muscle. Fam. 24. Tridacnide. Foot small. Anterior adductor muscle very small. Mantle double-edged; inner edge expanded. Gills small, thick, pmnate, united behind the foot. 1. TRIDACNA. Le Da mutica, t) doe dc ats ooOntae, peal be , t. 036. fae 3. 7. crocea, t. 335. f. 3 (fig. 9). Fig. 9.—Tridacna crocea. p, pedal orifice. 4, byssus. f, foot. g, gills. a@, posterior adductor muscle. /, pallial muscle. _s, siphons—#, branchial; e, anal. 2. Hippopuws. 1. H. maculatus, t. 335. f. 1. 27 Order IT. PHOLADACEA. Mantle with two close, more or less elongate siphonal openings under the hinder adductor muscle. Gills two pair, produced be- hind into the inhalent or lower siphon. Pedal opening generally small. Siphons united (except in Pharus). Suborder I. ORTHOCONCH. Body symmetrical. Valves equal, gaping at each end. Mantle partly exposed. Cartilage external or none. Living perpendicularly im holes in rocks or sand. A. Cartilage none, replaced by muscle. Fam. 1. Pholadide. Foot clavate, truncated, anterior. Gills two on each side. ft Dorsal muscle covered with shelly plates. Dwelling-cavity naked. Palettes none. Pholadina. § Hinder gape of shell simple. * Front gape of the shell more or less open, never closed with an additional shelly plate. DACTYLINA. Bs 1. D. dactylus, t. 337. f. 4, t. 338. f. 7. 2 1. B. candida, t. 338. f. 6. 2. B. parva, t. 338. f. 10 (1 ¢. on plate). 3. XYLOPHAGA. 1. X. dorsalis, t. 338. f. 4. ** Front gape of the shell at length closed with a callous plate. 4. JoUANNETIA. 1. J. globulosa, t. 338. f. 3. §§ Hinder gape of shell with one or two shelly or horny plates, forming a cup, round the siphons. ; 5. PHOLADIDEA. ba 1. P. papyracea, t. 338. f. 8. tt Dorsal muscle covered with a coriaceous periostraca. { Dwelling-cavity naked. Siphons without palettes. Zirpheana. 6. ZiIRPH@A. 1. Z. crispata, t. 338. f. 5, t. 339. f. 5. 2) ie Minlane te Goo. t. 2 28 tt Dwelling-cavity lined with a shelly tube. Siphons with lateral palettes. 'Teredina. 7. TEREDO. Shelly valve distinct. Palettes simple, broad. Sitis (AD tae Le: 2. T. navalis, t. 349. f. 4. oo. norvegica (fig. 10). Fig. 10.—Teredo norvegica. a, small shell. 6, elongate body with, c, siphonal palettes. 8. FURCELLA. Shelly valves none. Palette simple, broad. 1. F. polythalamia, Gray, P. Z. S. 1857. 9. XYLOTRYA. Shelly valves perfect. Palettes elongate, cylindrical, articulated. B. Cartilage marginal, under the ligament. Fam. 2. Gastrochenide. Foot small, cylindrical, anterior, not byssiferous. Gills two on each side. Shell gaping in front. Cartilage small, weak, mar- ginal. Living enclosed or imbedded in a shelly case. a. Valves both soldered into the shelly sheath, the umbones alone visible externally. 1. PENICILLUS. 1. P. vaginiferus, t. 341. f. 2. om . Valves regular ; one free, the other forming part of the very irregular shelly sheath. . BRYOPA. 2 B. aperta, t. 340. f. 6, 7, 8. B. melitensis, t. 340) f. 3, 4,5, 9). d40.t. 1. B. ————sttoae. nals ce. Valves regular, equal, free in the shelly sheath. 3. CHANA. 1. C: faba, t; 339r f. 2, 3)4, €.°3472 4. 6, 8: 29 Fam. 3. Saxicavide. Foot small, cylindrical, inferior, byssiferous. Gills two on each side. Lips small. Siphons moderate. Shell solid. Hinge-teeth rudimentary. Cartilage thick, marginal. 1. SAXICAVA. 1. S.ruposa,,t. 339. f. 1, t: 347..£..7,.9, ¢.. 372. f. 4. 2. S. rubra, t. 347. f. 8. 2. PANOMYA. 1. P. norvegica, t. 346. f. 1. Fam. 4. Pholadomyade. Foot short, compressed, with a small bifurcate pedal appendage behind. Siphons united. Pedal opening small. Gills two on each side, thick, united behind the body. Shell oblong, gaping at each end. Hinge-teeth rudimentary or none. Cartilage marginal, ex- ternal. 1. PHOLADOMYA. Fam. 5. Solenide. Foot very large, clavate or truncated in front, not byssiferous. Pedal opening anterior. Gills two on each side. Shell cylindrical or oblong, gaping at each end. Hinge-teeth distmcet. Cartilage very large, marginal, on a distinct fulerum. Living sunk im the sand. (See Ann. & Mag. N. H. xiv. 1854, 23.) * Cardinal teeth1:1. Siphon produced, united. Siphonal muscles moderate. Siphonal inflection deep, truncated. 1. SoLen. 1. S. vagina, t. 337. f. 1, 2, 3, t. 343. f. 1. ** Cardinal teeth 2:3. Shell rounded at each end. + Sitphons moderate, separate. Siphonal muscles small. Siphonal inflection small, truncated. 2. ENSIs. 1. E. Siliqua, t. 342. f. 2, 3, 4, t. 343. f. 2, 3, 4 (fig. 11). 2. E. pellucidus, t. 344. f. 5. Fig. 11.—nsis Siliqua. Valves forced open. Mantle divided as far as the ventral foramen, to show the foot. 30 3. PHARELLA. 1. P. javanica (fig. 12). Fig. 12.—Pharella javanica. a’ TT ELOY, TOO CELEEL ah Tt 35 C14 2 AMAIA ills CCU fC aa, adductor muscles. jp, palpi. J, liver. h, heart. 4. PHARUS. 1. P. legumen, t. 344. f. 2, 3, 6. +t Siphons much produced, large, united, covered with a thick peri- ostraca, Retractor siphonal muscles small. Siphonal in- flection very small. 5. CYRTODARIA. 1. C. Glycimeris, t. 345. f. 3, 4, 5 (fig. 13). Fig. 13.—Cyrtodaria Glycimeris. AA SSG Ga AANA aa, adductor muscle. =p, pedal muscle. _ s, siphonal muscle. _f, foot. t, palpi. g, gills. ttt Siphons elongate, with large fan-shaped retractor muscles. Siphonal inflection deep, rounded. § Siphons very large, united, covered with a hard periostraca. Shell compressed. Hinge-teeth 3° 3, compressed. 6. SILIQUA. §§ Siphons large, united at the base, covered with a hard peri- ostraca. Shell subcylindrical, Hinge-teeth conic. 7. GLYCIMERIS. 1. G. australis, t. 346. f. 2. 2. G. Aldrovandi (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855, fig. p. 218). ol 8. ADACNA. 1. A. leviuscula (fig. 14). Fig. 14.—Adaena leviuscula. J, foot. s, siphons. §§§ Stphons very large, united at the base ; upper part free, ringed. 9. Macua. 1. M. strigillatus, t. 342. f. 5. 2. M. candidus, t. 344. f. 1. 10. Azor. 1. A. coarctatus, t. 344. f. 4. §§§§ Siphons elongate, cylindrical. 11. TAGELUs. 1. T. viridi-zneus ?, t. 342. f. 1. Suborder Il. HerERoconcHz. Body not symmetrical. Valves unequal. Cartilage internal, in a pit. Hinge simple. Pedal opening inferior. Living lying on the side m sand or mud. Fam. 6. Myade. Siphons elongate, united, covered with a horny periostraca. Gills two on each side, dependent. Lips small. Shell porcellanous. Hinge toothless. Cartilage-pit in a hollow in one, and a concavity in the umbonal surface of the other valve. 1. Mya. 1. M. truncata, t. 348. f. 2, 5 (fig. 15). Fig. 15.—Mya truncata. 32 2. M. arenaria, t. 348. f. 1, 4, Fig. 16.—Mya arenaria. (fig. 16). 2. SPHENIA. 1. S. Binghami, t. 372. f. 5. Fam. 7. Corbulide. Siphons moderate. Foot small. Gills two on each side, dependent, separate, moderately prolonged. Lips long. Shell porcellanous. Hinge with a conical tooth and a cartilage-pit in each valve. 1. CorBULA. 1. C. nucleus, t. 350. f. 4. 2. C. patagoniea, t. 350. f. 1. 3. C. mediterranea, t. 350, f. 6. 2. AZARA. 1. A. labiata, t. 350. f. 7. Fam. 8. Pandoride. Siphons large. Foot moderate. Gills subpinnate, one on each side, greatly developed. Lips long. J Shell pearly. Hinge with two di- verging teeth and a triangular car- tilage-pit in each valve. Valves very unequal. 1. PANDORA. 1. P. oblonga, t. 372. f. 11. Left half of mantle andshell removed. 2. P. obtusa, t. 350. f. 5. aa’, adductor muscles. 0, body. 3. P. rostrata, t. 350. f. 8. ce, cloaca. f, foot. g, gills. A, heart. m, cut edge of mantle. o,mouth. ss, siphons. ¢, labial tentacles. v, vent. The arrows indicate the directions of the currents. The four rows of dots at the base of the gills are the orifices of the branchial tubes opening into the dorsal channels. 33 Subclass II]. ASIPHONOPHORA. Mantle lobes mostly free, bearded behind, or on the whole edge, sometimes with a separate siphonal opening for the vent. Order IIT. Lastacea. Mantle lobes united, with an anal siphonal aperture under the hinder adductor muscle, and a large pedal opening. Fam. 1. Solenomyade. Pedal opening anterior. Foot large, oblong, clavate, truncated at the end. Siphonal opening in a disk surrounded with long beards. Gills pinnate, appearing only one on each side, broad, of separate threads. Palpi small, slender. Shell gaping, thin. Peri- ostraca hard, polished, dilated beyond the shell. Cartilage linear, internal. Animal leaps and swims about by suddenly drawing in the umbrella-shaped foot ; at the same time the water is expressed from the hinder opening by the closing of the valves. 1. SOLENOMYA. 1. S. mediterranea, t. 352. f. 1, 2, 3, 3a, 4, 4a. Fam. 2. Lasiade. Pedal opening inferior, moderate ; front edge sometimes produced into a hood (or united and forming an anterior aperture for an in- halent siphon?). Gulls two on each side, laminar, dependent, un- equal, oblong. T.ips cylindrical ; outer pair small, inner very broad. Foot compressed, with a central, inferior, byssiferous groove. Mantle double-edged ; inner dilatable. 1. KELuIA. 1: K. rubra, t. 334. f. 2. 2. K. suborbicularis, t. 334. f. 1, 4. 2 1. T. purpurea, t. 351. f. 9. 3 1. B. seminulum, t. 334. f. 8. | 1. L. squamosum, t. 334. f. 6. Fam. 3.° Montacutide. Mantle extending beyond the edge of the shell, free beneath, with a single posterior anal siphon. Foot very large, broad, subtriangular, slightly geniculated, and with a distinct byssal groove. Gills (one on each side?). Hinge with a distinct shelly plate over the carti- lage, as in Anatinide. 1. Montacuta. 1. M. substriata, t. 334. f. 3. VOL. WV. D 34 Fam. 4. Pisidiade. Pedal and branchial openings inferior. Foot lanceolate, com- pressed, not byssiferous. Siphons conical, more or less elongate. Gills two on each side. 1. Pistprum. 1. P. amnicum, t. 349. f. 1, 10 (fig. 17). Fig. 17.—Pisidium amnicum. J, foot. 6, branchial opening. s, anal opening. . P. Henslowianum, t. 351. f. 8. PSpusillum, t; col. f..3, 7, 10! P. obtusale, t. 351. f. 1. P. nitidum, t. 351. f. 4. P. pulchellum, t. 351. f. 2, 5, 6. Order ITV. UNIONACEA. Mantle lobes free, slightly united behind, forming a separate anal siphonal opening placed under the hinder adductor muscle. Suborder I. Luctnacea. Foot cylindrical, elongate, inferior. Anterior adductor muscle generally elongate. Fam. 1. Lucinide. Anal siphon elongate, cylindrical, retractile to the mantle cavity. Pedal opening inferior, moderate. Gills only one on each side of the body, lamellar, oblong, broad, united behind the base of the foot. Foot cylindrical, elongate, inferior, not byssiferous. Lips none. Mantle double-edged; outer dilatile-—See Ann. § Mag. N. H. xiv. 1854, 25. ‘ > 1. LoripEs. leno wlactenatacoo. taleataouonne Dp: 2. LUCINA. 1. L. luteola, t. 356. f. 6. 2. L. columba, t. 355. f. 2. 3. L. jamaicensis, t. 354. f. 2. 4. L. tigerina, t. 354. f. 1. 3. Corbis. 1. C. fimbriata, t. 355. f. 4. Fam. 2. Ungulinide. Mantle lobes united. Pedal opening moderate, inferior. Gills two on each side; outer small. Siphonal aperture single (anal). Lips moderate, lanceolate. 1. UNGULINA. Lk. U. rubra, t. 356. f 3: 2. MITTREA. 1. M. brasiliensis, t. 356. f. 1. Suborder IT. SuBMyTILACEA. Foot large, compressed. Anterior adductor muscles nearly as large as the hinder. A. Shell free. Periostraca brown, hairy. Marine. Fam. 3. Astartide. Foot compressed, subquadrate. Pedal opening elongate. Shell covered with a thick brown periostraca. Cardinal teeth 2° 3, diver- ging, broad, triangular ; central bifid; hinder lateral of the left valve double.—See Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xiv. 1854, 21. 1. ASTARTE. 1. A. damnoniensis, t. 326. f. 2. 2. A. inerassata, t. 326. f. 4. 3. A. semisuleata (fig. 18). Fig. 18.—Astarte semisulcata. pp’, adductor muscles. 36 Fam. 4. Carditide. Foot compressed, conical, rather angulated behind. Cartilage external, marginal. Hinge-teeth diverging, very oblique. Gills two on each side, free behind the body.—For genera, see Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xiv. 1854, 22. 1.2? CarpiTa. 1. C. spurca, t. 326. f. 5, with two siphonal openings ! 2. C. ealyculata, t. 326. f. 3, t. 357. f. 1. 3. C. antiquata, t. 357. f. 3. 4. C. sulcata, t. 329. f. 3, t. 357. f. 2, 2a, 4, 4a. 2. VENERICARDIA. 1. V. australe, t. 346. f. 4. Fam. 5. Crassatellide. Gills two on each side, dependent, produced, acute, and united behind the base of the foot. Lips four, rhombic. Foot short, compressed, triangular, with a deep groove below. Mantle lobes free; hinder end bearded. Anal opening separate. Shell porcel- lanous. Hinder teeth 2°3, diverging. Cartilage mternal, in a triangular pit. 1. CRASSATELLA. 1. C. pulchra (fig. 19). Fig. 19.—Crassatella pulchra. \ iN pp, adductor muscles. B. Shell free. Periostraca hard, smooth. Fluviatile. Fam. 6. Unionide. Foot compressed, subquadrate, angulated behind. Mantle edge smooth, generally bearded behind. Gills two on each side, large, dependent. Shell pearly within. Hinge variable, toothed or tooth- ess. Periostraca hard, polished, olive. 37 a. Unionina. Foot moderate. 1. UNIo. 1. U. pictorum, t. 359. f. 2, t. 363. f. 2, t. 364. f. 3, 4 (fig. 20). Fig. 20.— Unio pictorum. Right valve and mantle lobe removed. aa’, adductor muscles. pp’, pedal muscle and accessory pedal muscle. u,umbo. 7, ligament. 4, bran- chial orifice. v, anal opening. f, foot. o, mouth. #, palpi or lips. bo . U. patagonica, t. 364. f. 5. . U. Feldmanni, t. 360. f. 3. . U. guaraquana, t. 364. f. 1. U. Solisiani, t. 364. f. 2 os Ww Cre ¢ 2. ANODON. A: anatinus, t. 360. f.1, 2, t. 362. £.1, 2, 3, t. 363. f..1 (fig. 21). A. latomarginata, t. 361. f. 1. lee Fig. 21.—Anodon anatinus (female). =e Se hc J, the foot, contracted. a, anterior adductor muscle. p, palpi. g, inner gills. 0, outer gills distended with spawn. 4, a bristle passed through one of the dorsal channels. 3. LIMNOICcA. 1. L. linearis, t. 363. f. 3. 4. Damanis, 1. D. margaritifera, t. 328. f. 3. 38 b. Mycetopedina. Foot elongate, enlarged at the end. Shell gaping at each end. 5. Mycreropus. 1. M. siliquosus, t. 359. f. 1. C. Shell attached by the outer surface of one valve. Periostraca hard, polished. Fluviatile. Fam. 7. Etheriade. Mantle edge bearded. Gills two on each side, large, dependent. Foot none. Body produced into the cavity of the mantle like a foot. Anterior adduetor muscle small, linear, or wanting. Lips very large, semioval, and attached by the straight edge without any free point, as in Mutelade. Shell pearly and blistered within. Hinge toothless. Cartilage subinternal, curved. Young shell free, hike Unio. 1. ErHerta. |. E. senegalensis, t. 365. f. 2. 2. KE. Cailhiaudi, t. 365. f. 1. 2. MuLvertia. 1. M. Acostza (fig. 22). Fig. 22.— Mulleria Acostea. a, the young normal shell on apex. 39 Suborder IT. Myrivacea. te small, ligulate, byssiferous. Anterior adductor muscle small. Fam. 8. Mytilide. Gills two on each side, dependent. Anus simple. a. Mytilina. Winder part of the mantle only slightly produced. aaa muscle small. Pedal opening large. Anal siphon short. 1. Myriuus. ieee edulis; t: dad; 1.4, 6, t. 306. f. 2: 2. M. africanus, t. 366. f. 3. 2. Moprio.ta. 1. M. tulipa, t. 369. £3; t. 373. f. 2. 2) Mi. —— 2). t. 867 -f. 14.2: b. Crenellina. Hinder part of the mantle produced, forming false siphons. Pedal opening small. Anal siphon produced. 3. CRENELLA. be ©. mera; t. 369. f. 2. c. Lithodomina. Hinder part of the mantle more or less produced. Anterior muscles moderate-sized. 4. LirHopDoMuws. 1. L. lithophagus, t. 366. f. 1, t. 373. f. 4, 4a. 2. L. patagonicus, t. 369. f. 4. Order V. PEcTINACEA, Mantle lobes free all round, without any separate opening for the out-going current and vent. Suborder I. ARCACEA. Shell oblong or roundish. The anterior and posterior adductor muscles subequal. Mantle bearded behind. Vent, an attached tube over the hinder adductor muscle, openmg im a disk. Hinge- teeth elongate, nearly parallel to the hinge-margin, deeply grooved or divided into transverse interlocking plates. A. Foot lanceolate, subulate, angulated—tfor leaping. Fam. 1. Trigoniade. Foot lanceolate, subulate, angulated, rather acute. Shell pearly within. Hinge-teeth two, divergent, deeply cross-grooved. 1. TRIGONIA. lL. T..pectinata, t. 358..f. 1, 1a, 25.5. 40 B. Foot truncated or dilated at the end, often byssiferous— for anchoring. Fam. 2. Arcade. Foot rather compressed, truncated or broad, and folded together at the base, often secreting a lamimated byssus. Gills two on each side, subpmnate, formed of fibres. Shell subquadrate or roundish. Hinge-teeth two in each valve, each divided into numerous trans- verse interlocking plates. a. Arcaina. Body subquadrate. Foot byssiferous. Gills trian- gular, subequal, dependent, separate from each other behind. Cartilage in small marginal pits. 1. Area. 1. A. tetragona, t. 370. f. 3. 2. A. Now, t. 370. f. 4. 2. BARBATIA. Y. B: barbata, t. 370. f. 1, 2, 2a. 2. B. Gaimardi, t. 358. f. 3. 3. B. imbricata, t. 358. f. 4, 4a. b. Pectunculina. Body roundish. Foot secariform, simple, uot byssiferous. Cartilage in small marginal pits. 3. PEeTUNCULUS. . P. violascens, t. 371. f. 2, 3. . P. pilosus, t. 353. f. 1,.2, 24; t. 37). f. 3,74: P. Glyeimeris, t. 353. f. 4. . P. intermedius, t. 353. f. 3. mo ho ic) - Nuculina. Body subtrigonal. Foot compressed, edge of basal disk bearded, not byssiferous. Gills small, pinnate. Lips broad, triangular, large. Cartilage in a small central internal pit. NUCUEA. . eolica, t. 355. f. 3. margaritacea, t. 332. f. 4, t. 372. f. I. . tenuis, t. 332. f. 2. . laterna, t. 355. f. 5. . suleata, t. 372. f. 6. AAAZAZzA > gob oto Suborder II]. MALLEACEA. Shell subtrigonal. Anterior adductor muscle moderate, rudi- mentary or none; hinder large subcentral gill lamellar. Rectum over the hmder adductor muscle. Vent free, medial. Body form- ing a single mass. Foot byssiferous. Fam. 3. Pinnade. Rectum with a long tubular dilatile process at the upper edge of 41 the base. Vent medial, simple. Front adductor muscle large. Gills narrow, very much produced behind, free from each other and the mantle, but fitting against a fold on its imner surface. Foot cylindrical, grooved beneath, large, byssiferous. 1. Pinna. 1. P. squamosa, t. 368, t. 369. f. 1. Fam. 4. Aviculade. Front adductor muscle very small, rudimentary, or entirely want- mg. Gills narrow, much produced behind, free from each other and the surface of the mantle, but fitting into a fold on its inner surface. Rectum simple, central. Foot slender, cylindrical, grooved in front, generally byssiferous. Shell internally pearly; hinge toothless, or nearly so. a. Pteriacina. Foot byssiferous. Mantle lobes fringed. Shell eared, with a byssal notch. 1. AVICULA. [evAttarentinas te0/ 11. .G5 ta o/o. ft. I. 2. Ae hirindo; t. 373. £..3- b. Crenatulina. Foot not byssiferous. Mantle fringed behind. Shell not eared, without any anterior byssal groove. Hinge toothless. 1. CRENATULA. Fam. 5. Vulsellide. Anterior adductor muscle none. Gills narrow, much produced behind, united together and to the inner surface of the mantle, dividing the mantle-cavity ito two parts. Rectum simple. 1. VULSELLA. Suborder III. Osrracea. Shell suborbicular. Anterior adductor muscle none; hinder large, central. Cartilage internal, in a pit. Mantle often bearded on the whole edge. A. Pectenacea. Foot distinct, small, byssiferous or appendaged. Inner edge of mantle inflexed. Tentacles separate from the gills. Body forming a single central mass. Fam. 6. Spondylide. Foot short, thick, end with an enlarged truncated radiating disk, with a central, pedicelled, ovate body. Lips foliaceous, pinnately lobed. Mantle with bright ocelli. Hinge with two large interlock- ing teeth. Mantle edge slightly inflexed 1. SPONDYLUS. 1. S. gaderopus, t. 379. f. 1, 2, 3. 42 Fam. 7. Pectenide. Foot long, cylindrical, often byssiferous at the base, angularly bent. Mantle inflexed on the inner edge and the outer circumference with bright ocelli. Shell closed. Hinge not or obscurely toothed. 1. PEcTEN. l. P. striatus, t. 376. f. 1, 3a. 2. P. sanguineus, t. 376. f. 5. 3. P. varius (figs. 23 & 24). 4. P. fue, t. 376. f. 3. 5. P. similis, t. 376. f. 7. 6. P. niveus, t. 376. f. 2. Fig. 23.—Pecten varius. Left valve. Right valve. aa’, adductor muscles. p, pedal impression. m, pallial line. /, ligamental margin. c, cartilage. e, anterior ears. 0, byssal sinus. Fig. 24.—Pecten varius. m, the inner pendent of the mantle or curtain, finely fringed: it is not naturally so wide open as here represented, as the curtains of the two valves remain in contact at one point on the posterior side, separating the branchial from the exhalent currents. dr, the gills. 2. JANIRA. 1. J. maxima, t. 376. f. 4. 2. J. Jacobea, t. 374. f. 3. 43 3. PEpuM. Foot elongate, cylindrical, without any byssal groove, end rounded, subclavate. WP Spondyloideum, ti. DF: fly 2s Fam. 8. Limade. Foot compressed, not byssiferous. Mantle with the inner margin greatly inflexed, making a kind of bag; the outer circumference without any ocelli. Shell gaping. Hinge toothless. 1. Lima. L. Litenera, 4. a//» fc I DoWeanhata, ts oonte 2. oe te S7gmte 3. L. glacialis, t. 375. f. 1, 5 2a ip Quoyi, aie lis oe wo B. Ostracea. Foot none. Body forming a single central mass. Vent medial, free. Tentacles separate from the gills. Fam. 9. Ostreide. Gills united together and to the inner surface of the mantle. Tentacles short. Shell attached by the outer surface of one valve. Hinge toothless or denticulated. l. OsTREA. 1 ©; edulis; t= 37Gete lao te osciast. Il, 2: Fam. 10. Plicatulide. Gills free behind, and free from the mantle, suspended from the body by a membrane. Lips four, rather small, united together above the rather large mouth. Shell attached by one of its valves. Hinge with two diverging, cross-grooved, cardinal teeth. Cartilage in a pit between the base of the teeth. a 1. PLICATULA. C. Anomiacea. Foot distinct, small, truncated at the end. Ovuries separated from the mass of the body, and attached to the inner surface of the right lobe of the mantle. Vent nearer to or attached to the right lobe of the mantle. Gills united together behind, suspended by membranes to the inner surface of the mantle. Fam. 11. Anomiade. Animal attached, rather distorted. Foot on the right side of the body, with a very large byssal pore at the base. Byssus horny or stony, formed of parallel lamin emitted through a notch in the front side of the apex of the right valve of the shell. Pedal muscle large, leaving two or three large scars on the disk of the left valve. The byssus or plug is placed i in exactly the same situation in the animal as the beard or byssus of Mytilus and Pinna, &c., and the animal is only rather distorted by being more closely attached to marine bodies than in the other genera. 1. ANomIA. 1. A. ephippium, t. 381. f. 8, 8a, 10, 11, 12 (figs. 25, 26 & 27). 44 Figs. 25, 26 & 27.—Anomia ephippium. Right valve. Left valve. /, ligamental process in right and ligamental pit in left valve. _s, byssal sinus. f, foot. pl, plug or byssus. a! and p’, adductor muscle. p, byssal or plug muscle. «, umbo. Left side of animal, with mantle lobe removed. a, adductor muscle. py, posterior pedal muscle. f, foot. g, gills. J, liga- ment. p’, anterior pedal muscle. 0, mouth. %, ventricle. 7, rectum. gq, generative organ. m, gill suspenders. 7, reflexed gill edges. 1, umbo, 45 Fam. 12. Placentade. Animal and shell free. Foot cylindrical, compressed, medial, without any byssal pore. Vent attached to the right lobe of the mantle. Pedal muscle small, having a small round scar between the diverging cardinal plates. Lips elongate, attached by their hinder edge. Shell compressed. Hinge with two diverging ridges bearing the cartilage. 1. PLACENTA (fig. 28). Fig. 28.—Placenta ——?. a, adductor muscle. J, ligament. Ah, liver. f, foot. g, generative gland. 6, muscles suspending the mantle. p, pedal muscle. e, cartilage or hinge ridges. 7z,rectum. v, ventricle. 64, branchio-pallial muscles, 46 Class IT. BRACHIOPODA. Subclass JI. ANCYLOPODA. The oral arms not extensile, or only at the tip, on fixed shelly supports, or in grooves in the under or ventral valve. The mantle is adherent to the shell, the substance of the shell being pierced with numerous minute perforations, which are pervaded by the pro- cesses of the mantle. Order I. ANCYLOBRACHIA. The oral arms are attached to two shelly plates arising from the hinder or cardinal edges of the ventral valves; they are recurved and convolute on the inner side of the lamina, The animal is generally attached to marine bodies by a tendimous peduncle, which passes through an aperture in the apex of the umbo of the larger or dorsal valve. The peduncle and the aperture are sometimes obliterated in old specimens. Fam. 1. Terebratulide. 1. TEREBRATULA. a. , t. 380. f. 4. T. Sowerbyi, t. 380. f. 5-9. T. , t2. 381. fal. T. caput serpentis, t. 381. f. 6. T. truncata, t. 381. f. 4. Su ORS) Order II]. CryproBRacHIA. Oral arms entirely attached, in the form of two or more lobed pro- cesses sunk into the grooves in the disk of the ventral valve. Shells thick, generally attached by the outer surface of the larger valve. Fam. 1. Thecideade. 1. ARGIOPE. 2. THECIDEA. Subclass I]. HELICTOPODA. The oral arms elongate, regularly spirally twisted when in repose. The mantle lobes merely applied to the inner surface of the shell. The substance of the valves is not pierced with minute perforations, though the surface is sometimes spinulose, the spines beg only formed on the edge of the shell while it is being mereased in size. Order IT]. ScLEROBRACHIA. The oral arms supported by a shelly band arising from the hinder or cardinal edge of the ventral valve. 47 Fam. 1. Spiriferide. The oral arms very largely developed, and supported the whole of their length by a thin, shelly, spirally twisted plate. Only known in the fossil state. 1. SprriFER (fig. 29). ze Fig. 29.—Spirifer Fam. 2. Rhynchonellide. The oral arms are elongate, fleshy, supported at the base by two short, hard, diverging shell-laminz arising from the hinge-margin of the ventral valve. 1. RHYNCHONELLA. 1. R. psittacea, t. 381. f. 2 (fig. 30). Fig. 30.—Rhynchonella psittacea. @ Order IV. SARCOBRACHIA. The oral arms fleshy to the base, and without any shelly support. The lower valve without any processes on the hinge-margin or disk, or except sometimes a slight medial longitudinal elongation. Fam. 1. Productide. Shell generally spmose, attached by the surface of the ventral valve. Only found fossil. 1. Propuctus. 48 Fam. 2. Craniade. The upper valve conic; the lower valve entire, flat. Attached to marine bodies by its outer surface. 1. CRANIA. 1. C. personata, t. 380. f. 1, 2, 3, t. 381. f. 5 (fig. 31). Fig. 31.—Crania personata. (Dorsal surface.) en mn Fam. 3. Discinide. The upper valve conical, patelloid; the lower orbicular, with a small slit in its disk, through which a short tendinous peduncle is emitted, by which it is attached. 1. Discrna. 1. D. Cumingi, t. 381. f. 9 (fig. 32). Fig. 32.—Diseina Cumingii. (Lower surface.) p, peduncle. Fam. 4. Lingulide. The valves free, nearly equal, elongate, and supported by a thick peduncle, which comes out between the beaks of the two valves. Periostraca hard, olive. Shell sometimes very thin, almost flexible. 49 1. LINGULA.._ 1. LU. Audebardii, t. 345. f. 1, 2. 2. L. anatina (fig. 33). Fig. 33.—Lingula anatina. Ny aa " VV aa, anterior adductors. a’, posterior adductors. pp, external protract- ors. p’p’, central protractors. 77, anterior retractors. 1/7 7”, posterior retractors. c, capsule of pedicel. mn, visceral sheath. 0, cesophagus. s, stomach. /, liver. 7, intestine. », vent. hh, auricles. ’, left ventricle. 6, branchial vessels. m’, mantle edge. m, inner lamina of the mantle margin retracted, showing the bases of sete. s, setee.— Hancock. Lisatie Siditnnatel 48 rh wate) ‘ ~) Ce f wr A et TAS a ct NO Mates e thy Mae ie — DLO, ¢ a en AW Ss WS Mf fe 7 ” xe Nt Wd: VAR Wy WY wy Tk ary ot he i 34. Se Alay PK Sy iy , f 4 at (Ai sy we eae 3G, ee =. ~~ TS ee lS haall a, — “Co nee ey _ = ay > “ oy K) *X)) ih} \ : Y i \ CULPA. 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