United States |J Department of Agriculture Forest Service Intermountain Research Station General Technical Report INT-304 January 1994 Fire Growth Maps for the 1988 Greater Yellowstone Area Fires Richard C. Rothermel Roberta A. Hartford Carolyn H. Chase mt AUTHORS RICHARD C. ROTHERMEL is a senior scientist at the Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory in Missoula, MT. He served 26 years as Project Leader of the Fire Behavior Research Work Unit there. Rothermel has degrees from the University of Washington (B.S. aeronautical engineering, 1953) and Colorado State University (M.S. mechanical engineering, 1971). He has published and lectured extensively both in the United States and abroad. His most notable contribu- tion has been the development of a fire spread model that has been used as the basis for the National Fire Danger Rating System and several other systems that require an estimate of fire behavior. Rothermel is working with scientists in Australia and Canada to develop models for the next generation of fire behavior and fire danger systems. ROBERTA A. HARTFORD is a forester at the Inter- mountain Fire Sciences Laboratory in Missoula, MT. She began working at the Fire Lab in 1968, assisting with studies on the chemical and physical properties of fuels. During the early 1970's she also worked season- ally in fuel inventory and taught high school science. Since 1976 she has remained at the Fire Lab where she has been involved in studies of fuels and fuel bed properties, smoldering combustion, and fire behavior of both laboratory and wildland fires. Recent work includes studies in the use of satellite remote sensing to assess fire potential in wildland vegetation and the use of geographic information systems to document wildfire growth. She has a B.A. degree in zoology from the University of Montana in Missoula and an M.S. degree in forestry there. CAROLYN H. CHASE is a mathematician stationed at the Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory. She received her B.A. degree in mathematics from the University of Montana in 1969. Chase began working at the Fire Lab in 1978; she is a member of the sys- tems development and application team. Her current work includes integration of geographic information system technology for the next generation of fire danger and fire behavior prediction systems. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors gratefully acknowledge the valuable assistance of many individuals in the following organizations. Without their support this comprehen- sive project would not have been possible. The Denver office of the National Park Service, for its assistance in installing hardware and software, GRASS and UNIX training, preparing data tapes compatible with our computer system, and continued support in problem resolution. The Boise office of the National Park Service, for lending its work station to start the project before purchase of our machine. Yellowstone National Park, for lending the wall map assembled at park headquarters in Mammoth during the summer of 1988, preparing additional data for transfer to our system, helping locate missing data, and accepting the responsibility to distribute the electronic data. Andy Norman from the Bridger-Teton National Forest for interpreting fire growth on the Huck and Mink Fires and providing maps of those fires. The U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Depart- ment of the Interior for partially funding this work from the grant for Greater Yellowstone Area postfire re- sponse studies. The GIS Laboratory at Central Washington Univer- sity, Ellensburg, for digitizing the initial data from the headquarters wall map. RESEARCH SUMMARY The growth of the 1988 fires in the Greater Yellowstone Area from June 1 4 to October 1 has been digitized and displayed in the form of daily fire growth maps. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to process the data for distribution and analysis. The fire record integrates information and data from a variety of sources, including daily infrared photography flights, satellite imagery, ground and aerial reconnais- sance, command center intelligence, and the personal recollections of fire behavior observers. Using GRASS GIS software, fire position was digitized from topo- graphic maps to construct a file of daily fire location in vector format. The vector file was converted to raster format for further analysis. The data base is available in electronic form. A summary of the growth of the fire and points of interest throughout the summer is included. Cover: The cover shows the daily growth of the 1988 Yellowstone Fires. Each color represents one day's growth. Intermountain Research Station 324 25th Street Ogden, UT 84401 Fire Growth Maps for the 1988 Greater Yellowstone Area Fires Richard C. Rothermel Roberta A. Hartford Carolyn H. Chase INTRODUCTION In the summer of 1988, Yellowstone National Park and adjoining areas within the National Forests, commonly referred to as the Greater Yellowstone Area (fig. 1), experienced the most extensive forest fires seen in the Western States since the great Northwest fires of 1910. As the summer progressed and the fires continued to spread unabated, it be- came apparent that unprecedented opportunities for studying large-fire behavior were at hand. However, the very size, intensity, and remoteness of the fires, as well as widespread smoke, made personal obser- vation and mapping all but impossible. Fortunately, there was a strong effort to map fire progress for use in strategic and tactical fire planning. National Parks and National Forests forming the Greater Yellowstone Area include Yellowstone Na- tional Park, Grand Teton National Park, and por- tions of the Custer, Targhee, Bridger-Teton, Gallatin, Beaverhead, and Shoshone National Forests. Major fires included in the data set are the North Fork- Wolf Lake, Fan, Hellroaring, Storm Creek, Clover- Mist, Huck, Mink and the Snake Complex, consist- ing of the Falls, Red, and Shoshone Fires. A research effort was initiated soon after the fires were over to reconstruct the fire behavior and the conditions that produced 3 months of large-fire growth. The purpose was to put together a data set suitable for analyzing large-fire growth. Of particu- lar importance to further study are growth progres- sion, rates of spread, and relation of fire progress to weather and terrain. The GRASS (U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory 1988) geographic information system (GIS) software was used to store and orga- nize the data. The growth layer produced by the GIS contains polygons made up of perimeters repre- senting the fire position, each with the single at- tribute of date. A complete set of fire growth maps is shown in appendix A. Those maps show the daily fire growth summarized by week. Each color indi- cates a different day's growth. Fire growth previous to the current week is shown in black; lakes and streams are blue; roads are brown. Daily colors grade from "cool" early in the week, through "warm," with red indicating growth on the last day of the week. These data are available in electronic format. Appendix B describes how to obtain the data set and gives details about file contents, formats, and sizes. One of the key elements of this work has been a comprehensive effort to resolve conflicting or incom- plete data and to develop maps accurately depicting the growth of the fires. Considerable thought and care were given to preparation 6f the fire growth map, but there are many potential sources of error; the data should not be considered to be the absolute truth. Boundaries, streams, and sites used for refer- ence at map production scales were taken from a va- riety of sources and were digitized at a variety of scales. These results should not be considered for determining legal questions such as whether or when a fire burned a particular feature. If readers have additional data or corrections they feel should be in- cluded in the data set, contact the authors with the details. All suggested additions or corrections will be evaluated early in 1995 and published if warranted. MAP PREPARATION The initial data were taken from a large wall map assembled from Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey quadrangle maps (quads) at Yel- lowstone National Park Headquarters at Mammoth. The location of the fires was recorded on this map, to the extent possible, each day throughout the sum- mer. Figure 2 shows quad coverage over the fire area. The data were obtained primarily from air- craft using infrared (IR) scanners. Two aircraft were available until late August, when one was sent to other fires. Unfortunately, the largest fire growth was taking place at this time, and one aircraft could not cover all of the active fire perimeter in one night of flying. Areas on the Snake Complex in the south, the Clover-Mist Fire in the eastern section, and the North Fork- Wolf Lake Fire were not well mapped late in the summer. The majority of daily fire positions on the head- quarters map could be verified with IR overlays or with chronology information (USDA/USDI 1988). Daily fire growth prior to centralized mapping (and between IR flights) was reconstructed with the help 1 Figure 1 — This figure shows the final perimeters of the 1988 fires in the Greater Yellowstone Area. The colored boxes indicate areas covered by the maps in appendix A. Yellowstone National Park is outlined in black. 2 UPB Mount Cowen Mount Douglas Mount Wood Crown Butte Miner Gardiner Mount Wallace Cutoff Mountain Cooke City Tepee Creek Mount Holmes Mammoth Tower Junction Abiathar Peak Pilot Peak West Madison Yellowstone Junction Norris Junction Canyon Village Buff a o Lake Old Faithful West Thumb Frank Island Beartooth Butte Deep Lake Pelican Cone Dead Indian Peak Eagle Peak Grassy Lake _ Huckleberry. Reservoir Mountain Mount Hancock" _Two Ocean Pass J?* Figure 2 — Names and locations of U.S. Geological Survey quadrangle (quad) maps that cover the area described in this report. Quad corners are marked, with quad names inside the area covered by the map. 3 of maps from the archives at Mammoth and with ad- ditional documentation from the files of individual fire teams. In some cases, two or more versions of the daily fire position were found on maps from dif- ferent sources. Chronology, weather reports, and the teams' shift plan notes were used to select the most probable fire location. Infrared imaging flights were often made after midnight; the dates for some polygons had originally been set by the date of the IR flight instead of the burn-period date. Infrared flight map times and dates and some IR flight log information were used to verify or correct dates of fire growth. Through these efforts, most map dates could be verified by one or more sources of informa- tion. In areas flown and mapped daily, the head- quarters map perimeters and dates were corrected with a high degree of certainty. Some of the fire locations in the interior of the fire were uncertain due to large-scale fire activity and the lack of time and resources to map all perimeters. In these cases, we used our experience in fire behav- ior along with weather records and topography to identify probable dates and perimeter locations. When an area was not observed for several days, a "best-guess" date was assigned based on written de- scriptions or interviews with fire behavior special- ists assigned to the fires. When neither of these methods could be used; the areas were dated as "burned by" the date the perimeter was finally flown. The fires rarely stopped moving at the end of a day, and the time of the depicted fire growth snap- shot was not the same for every 24-hour period. Consequently, fires that made a continuous run past midnight are shown as spreading on two separate days. This is especially noticeable from late August until September 10. Table 1 shows burned areas by fire and by day, giving the area in acres (table la) and in hectares (table lb). The daily fire growth area has been cal- culated as the area within the perimeter outlining each day's growth (excluding bodies of water). A fire severity map (Despain and others 1989) was produced from satellite imagery after the fires had stopped spreading. We compared the final perim- eter of the fire growth map to severity to locate burned areas not included on the headquarters map. Some of the outermost perimeters were matched to the final perimeter shown on the severity map and dated by the fire chronology report. Fires do not burn the vegetation in all areas completely, but leave unburned pockets and irregular perimeters. Large unburned areas within the fires' perimeters were excluded when possible, but the fires burned as mosaics and many small patches of unburned veg- etation could not be identified or excluded. Thus the area within a smoothed estimate of final perimeter will overpredict the actual area burned. This prob- lem was discussed by the report of the Burned Area Survey Team (1988) and Despain and others (1989). Figure 3 shows the relationship between the growth perimeters and the burned area as seen by satellite (the basis for the severity map). Tables 2a through 2h show the breakdown of growth areas by severity class by day for each of the major fire complexes. Table 1a — Area burned per day (acres) for each fire, and totals Date Fan North Fork Clover-Mist Hellroaring Storm Creek Mink Snake Huck Totals Acres 6/30 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 7/2 1,844 0 0 0 2,253 0 0 0 4,097 7/3 0 0 0 0 384 0 0 0 384 7/5 210 0 0 0 734 0 246 0 1,190 7/10 288 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 288 7/12 88 0 0 0 0 4 584 0 676 7/13 0 0 207 0 0 166 15 0 388 7/14 0 0 7,133 0 0 4,099 0 0 1 1 ,232 7/16 156 0 0 0 0 0 217 0 373 7/17 177 0 767 0 0 9,450 0 0 10,394 7/18 0 0 0 0 0 1,006 522 0 1,528 7/19 0 0 3,472 0 0 875 155 0 4,502 7/20 153 0 0 0 0 2,906 49 0 3,108 7/21 0 0 1,709 0 0 2,625 661 0 4,995 7/22 0 0 12,774 0 0 1,802 3,281 0 17,857 7/23 0 274 10,161 0 0 1,927 5,020 0 17,382 7/24 0 2,277 0 0 0 826 1,265 0 4,368 7/25 0 3,253 1,775 0 0 1,941 6,350 0 13,319 7/26 0 1,874 24,310 0 0 346 277 0 26,807 7/27 0 733 266 0 0 0 2,866 0 3,865 (con.) 4 Table 1a (Con.) Date Fan North Fork Clover-Mist Hellroaring Storm Creek Mink Snake Huck Totals Acres —j /oo 7/28 0 0 0 a a n 2,1 19 0 0 0 0 0 A AA A 1 ,061 0 0 a on 3,180 -7 /on 7/29 a 0 0 0 0 O 0 A 0 A 0 O A O 843 A 0 843 7 /on //JO n 0 509 n 0 0 A 0 A 0 onn 819 n 0 h OOO 1 ,328 //ol a 0 7,939 A 1 0 0 A 0 ■4 AOC 1 ,625 0 one 3,296 0 a a onn 12,8bU 8/1 1 1 ,338 1 ,997 oon 322 0 0 A 0 A 0 6,887 0 on c a a 2U,o44 8/2 A OOO 1 ,223 2,281 0 a an 3,453 0 0 A 0 A O A 421 O ACQ 3,068 A 0 A n A AC 1 U,44b O /O 8/3 c nn 590 0 A C A ~7 1 ,547 0 0 A 0 A r 1 1 1 ,51 1 O C 4 y4 3,514 A 0 ■7 -1 AO 7,162 0 />i 8/4 O /I AO 3,402 1 O 1 "7 1 ,81 7 7,665 0 A 0 A 0 5,467 n 0 HO OC H 18,oo1 Q /C 8/5 ~7QC 785 O O >1 O n 0 0 0 n 0 ace 566 c end 5,608 n 0 n on i 9,2U1 8/6 001c 3,215 H AO /I 1 ,634 972 0 0 A 0 O CO A 2,624 2,648 n 0 h i nno 1 1 ,U9o 8/7 0 a c n 656 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ■1 CO 158 O 0 814 0 /o 8/8 829 2,965 0 coo 2,698 0 0 A 0 A 0 r~ ■< A"7 5,167 A 0 1 1 OCA 1 1 ,659 0 /n 8/9 549 1 ,955 0 >< no 3,493 0 0 0 0 A A A n 1 ,440 H H OO 1 ,123 A 0 O CCA 8,560 0/1 u a 1 o 912 O AOO 8,023 0 noH o,U21 n 0 0 O yl O 348 on a 2U4 n 0 1 O CAO 1 2,508 O/l 1 0 7,914 0 oeo 6,263 n 0 0 O CH7 2,60/ coo o22 n 0 1 ~7 A AC 1 /,40b 8/12 0 A 0 0 0 a r\ 3,849 0 0 con 689 A A CO 1 ,168 n 0 C ~7AC 5, /0b 8/1 3 0 O C A~7 2,567 O OOO 2,690 0 0 0 "70C 735 A ~7A 1 71 n 0 C 1 CO 6,163 8/14 229 716 764 0 0 A 0 n a 24 A 0 A 0 A TOO 1 ,733 8/15 705 9,026 A A C 415 0 0 A 0 OC O 258 a no 403 A 0 A n OA7 10,807 8/16 O 0 O ~70 /I 2,724 h n 00c 19,386 0 0 A 0 A C A A 1 ,641 C AC 545 n 0 O yl one 24,29b 8/17 0 0 5,420 ^ n a 494 A a no 1 ,193 0 0 0 0 88 A 0 "7 1 AC 7,195 O /H O 8/18 A ^ 61 3,575 A OC7 1 ,357 n a n a 2,191 0 0 0 h on 3,1 80 0 no a 2,034 A 0 a 0 ono 12,398 (J/4 A 8/19 a 0 6,341 —r aaa 7,083 A AAA 4,902 n a no 6,163 O C 0~7 3,527 A A OO 4,182 0 0 00 a no 32,198 0 /on 8/20 0 12,499 rr 000 55,682 a n 07c 19,875 OO C/IO 23,542 on CQ A 32,584 O OA A 2,204 C C70 6,573 1 co ncn 1 52,95y 0/2 1 n 0 o n C /I 3,954 O A AO 3,002 o^o 368 0 0 n 0 1 7,4/6 4,5b5 on occ 2y,3b5 Q/OO 40/ 1 a 1 1 0 1 0,1 1 3 A OAT 4,^0/ O C"7 A £,5/4 A 0 A 0 1 AQQ 1 ,4yo O AAA £,yoy Ol 7CQ Q/OQ QQ 83 Q 7C7 0,/ 0/ O Q07 A 0 A 0 1 1 7C 1,1/5 Q 070 A QOA 07 ACQ Q /Oyl 8/24 n 0 C CC /l 5,654 1 ~J A A 1 ,744 1 ,968 O A 70 6,478 no 1 981 C O A~7 5,80/ O yl O yl 3,484 OC 11c 2b, 1 1 b 8/<:0 A 0 1 a cn 1 10,501 C OO yl 5,284 O A7A 3,070 O C17 2,627 n 0 onn 2yo O OAyl 3,304 OC A7C £5,0/b Q /OC 8/£0 a 0 c aoo 5,923 1 ,491 O 1 AH 2,101 0 0 n 0 O 7Q 1 2./81 c 1 7n b,i /y 1 O yl 7C 1 8,4/5 0/07 old/ a 0 A OOA 4,224 1 AA"7 1 ,997 O 0"71 2,871 C C"7A 6,570 n 0 n 0 onn 8yo 1 c ceo 1 b,55£ Q/OQ 01 do 0 5,2by 1 O "7 A "7 12, /y/ 0 0 0 n 0 n 0 A 0 1 Q ncc 1 8,0bb Q/OO n U A 07C 4,2/0 1 A 1 CO 10,158 COO 523 1 c 0 1 c 1 5,31 5 1 c cm 1 b,byi 00 "7nn 23, /oy a CAQ b.ooy 77 1 Q 1 / /,1 Ol 0730 U 1 O CC7 1 8,bb/ O CO 1 2,581 O AC*7 2,957 1 O COI 13,521 0 ncc 8,ybb OO coo 38,582 q "7nn y,/yy QC ACQ y5,0b3 Q/Q1 0/0 1 A U c aca b,0b0 O 7Q>( 2,784 O OO >1 3,334 A 1 1 "7 4,1 1 / 0 onn 3,3yo 1 con 1 ,b80 oco 353 Ol 71 Q Q/1 y/ 1 n U b,y32 1 ni 0 1 ,yi 3 4,854 OA A 240 n 0 1 AOO 1 ,0<;3 A 0 1 /I QCO 1 4,yb£ Q/O y/<; n 0 1 O 0~7 1 12,2/1 1 70C 1 ,736 il AAA 4,900 O O A O 8,343 n 0 C- OCA b,354 A 0 QQ CC\A 33, b04 Q/Q y/o n U 1 C Q/1 Q 1 b,34y 0 coo 2,583 O AAO 2,908 c /i An o,4oy A 0 n 0 A 0 07 O/IQ IA 7,346 C"70 572 c ccc b,555 O oco 8,353 1 AC A OC 105,435 o/7 y// 0 OT ~7~7~7 27,777 00 a nn 33,402 C "Til A 5,740 n 4 o~70 21 ,372 n 0 0 n~70 8,0/2 on ocn 2y,250 1 OC C1Q l£5,b13 Q/Q y/8 0 a n non 19,282 0 4 a nn 31 ,109 n n h c 9,215 O 0 A 0 n 0 n 0 cn enc 5y,b0b Q/Q y/y n 0 H /i -7 JQA 14/, 482 no ~7 AC\ 23,749 h n non 10,682 A AilA 6,043 n yl ~7 O y,4/8 10 yi cn 1 8,45y 1 O Oyl A 1 2,244 OOQ 1 Q7 ddo,\ Of q/1 n y/ 1 u n 0 nn nno 29,218 H O AQ7 13,987 -7 nnn 7,900 C Q a n 5,849 1 n nnc i y,oy5 ~7 A OC /,4^5 1 0 oco 1 £,353 QC 007 yo,o£/ Q/1 1 y/ 1 1 n 0 AAA 269 "7 O A O 7,842 0 0 0 n 0 n 0 A 0 Q 1 1 1 8,1 1 1 Q/1 O y/i 0 •4 0 "7*7 A H n~70 1 ,072 A 0 0 n 0 n 0 A 0 1 7 Qyl C 1 /,84b Q/1 Q y/i 0 n 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 H OOO 1 ,223 i i nn 1 ,100 C A 1 b41 0 nc/i 2,yb4 Q/1 A y/i 4 n 0 n co h 2,531 3,576 A 0 A 0 0 n 0 n 0 C 1 A7 b,1 0/ Q/1 C y/ 1 0 n 0 O C1 0 2,51 2 0 0 AO"7 927 0 0 n 0 n 0 n 0 Q yl OA 3,43y Q/1 ft y/ 1 0 n U A 0 yl O 1 431 0 0 0 n 0 n 0 n 0 yl Ol 431 Q/1 7 y/ 1 / A U C CO 1 b,531 0 0 0 0 n 0 n 0 n 0 c CO 1 b,531 q/oo a/dd U A 0 O 07C 2,3/b 0 0 0 n 0 n 0 n 0 O 0"7C 2,3/b 9/24 n n A u n u A U n n u 4flQ 9/25 0 0 2,643 0 0 0 0 0 2,643 9/26 0 0 7,149 0 0 0 0 0 7,149 10/1 0 0 2,254 0 0 0 0 0 2,254 Totals 27,346 531,182 396,268 101,996 143,661 144,698 222,871 120,387 1 ,688,409 5 Table 1b — Area burned per day (hectares) for each fire, and totals Date Fan North Fork Clover-Mist Hellroaring Storm Creek Mink Snake Huck Totals Hectares 6/30 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 7/2 746 0 0 0 912 0 0 0 1,658 7/3 0 0 0 0 155 0 0 0 155 7/5 85 0 0 0 297 0 100 0 482 7/10 117 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 117 7/12 36 0 0 0 0 0 236 0 272 7/13 0 0 84 0 0 67 6 0 157 7/14 0 0 2,887 0 0 1,659 0 0 4,546 7/16 63 0 0 0 U 0 88 0 151 7/17 72 0 311 U U 3,824 0 0 4,207 7/18 0 0 0 U U 407 211 0 618 7/19 0 0 1,405 U U 354 63 0 1,822 7/20 62 0 0 U U 1,176 20 0 1,258 7/21 0 0 692 U U 1,062 268 0 2,022 7/22 0 0 5,170 U U 729 1,328 0 7,227 7/23 0 111 4,112 U U 780 2,032 0 7,035 7/24 0 922 0 U U 334 512 0 1,768 7/25 0 1,317 718 U U 786 2,570 0 5,391 7/26 0 758 9,838 U U 140 112 0 10,848 7/27 0 297 108 0 U 0 1,160 0 1,565 7/28 0 858 0 U U 0 430 0 1,288 7/29 0 0 0 n U n U 0 341 0 341 7/30 0 206 0 U n U 0 332 0 538 7/31 0 3,213 1 U n U 658 1,334 0 5,206 8/1 4,588 808 131 U U 0 2,787 0 8,314 8/2 495 923 1,397 U U 170 1,242 0 4,227 8/3 239 0 626 U U 612 1,422 0 2,899 8/4 1,377 736 3,102 U U 0 2,213 0 7,428 8/5 318 908 0 U U 229 2,270 0 3,725 8/6 1,301 661 394 U n U 1,062 1,072 0 4,490 8/7 0 266 0 U U 0 64 0 330 8/8 336 1,200 1,092 0 U 0 2,091 0 4,719 8/9 222 791 1,414 U U 583 455 0 3,465 8/10 369 3,247 1,223 U U 141 83 0 5,063 8/11 0 3,203 2,535 U U 1,055 252 0 7,045 8/12 0 0 1,558 U U 279 473 0 2,310 8/13 0 1,039 1,089 0 U 298 69 0 2,495 8/14 93 290 309 0 0 10 0 0 702 8/15 285 3,653 168 0 U 104 163 0 4,373 8/16 0 1,103 7,846 U U 664 221 0 9,834 8/17 0 2,194 200 A OO 4oJ U 0 36 0 2,913 8/18 25 1,447 549 QQ7 oof n U 1,287 823 0 5,018 8/19 0 2,566 2,866 i ,yo4 rth Fnrle nurui ruin V^IUVfcM-mlbl Hellroaring Storm Creek Mink mil IK OlIclKc nucK 1 Uldlb Hectares 9/4 o 1,304 448 198 1,322 o o 0 3,272 9/5 o 3,116 527 1,739 1,654 556 o 3,297 10,889 9/6 o 22,507 10,052 872 2,973 231 2,653 3,380 42,668 9/7 o 1 1,241 13,518 2,323 8,649 o 3,267 1 1 ,838 50,836 9/8 0 7,803 12,589 3,729 0 o o o 24,121 9/9 0 59,685 9,611 4,323 2,446 3,836 7,470 4,955 92,326 9/10 0 1 1 ,824 5,660 3,197 2,367 7,727 3,005 4,999 30,779 9/11 0 109 3,173 0 0 o o 0 3,282 9/12 0 6,788 434 0 0 o o o 7,222 9/13 0 o 0 0 0 495 445 259 1,199 9/14 o 1,024 1,447 0 0 0 o 0 2,471 9/15 0 1,017 o 375 0 o o o 1,392 9/16 0 0 174 0 0 0 0 0 174 9/17 0 2,643 o 0 0 o o o 2,643 9/22 o o 962 0 0 o o o 962 9/24 0 0 198 0 0 0 0 0 198 9/25 0 0 1,069 0 0 0 0 0 1,069 n u 0 0 u u u 10/1 0 0 912 0 0 0 0 0 912 Totals 1 1 ,069 214,969 160,372 41 ,277 58,139 58,558 90,202 48,719 683,305 POINTS OF INTEREST Even though the fires burned under similar condi- tions, they often developed unique characteristics; sometimes unusual events distinguished one from another. Fan Fire — The Fan Fire, burning in the north- western corner of the park, was initially of great con- cern because of the possibility it might spread out of Yellowstone National Park onto private lands, pos- ing a threat to the Yellowstone Valley near Gardiner. The fire produced severe behavior in late July and early August. But of all the fires that were fought, it was suppressed most successfully. Although it reached a total size of 27,346 acres (11,069 hectares), it was held without significant growth after the middle of August. Snake Complex — Initially the Falls, Shoshone, and Red Fires made up the Snake Complex. This complex, which burned together by August 23, was named after the Snake River, which has its headwa- ters in the southwestern portion of Yellowstone Na- tional Park. These fires had the potential to burn extensive acreage in the park due to the prevailing southwesterly winds. Grant Village was the first fa- cility threatened, and tourists were evacuated so de- fensive preparations could be made. The problem of spot fires from wind-blown firebrands that would frustrate fire control all summer became evident on July 23, when the Shoshone Fire crossed the south entrance highway despite the best efforts of fire crews and the use of aircraft to drop retardant. The Huck Fire started on August 20, joined the Snake Complex, and burned across the park below Yellowstone Lake. On August 30, the Snake Com- plex burned into the Mink Creek Fire in the south- eastern corner of the park. Mink Creek Fire — The Mink Creek Fire, started by lightning on the Bridger-Teton National Forest, made significant runs in mid-July. The fire was burning within and near some of the heaviest dead and down fuels encountered throughout the Greater Yellowstone Area. A high-elevation cyclone the year before had laid down timber in a swath nearly 15 miles (24 kilometers) long; the cyclone created a heavy log deck about 3 miles (4.8 kilometers) long and a mile (1.6 kilometers) wide that was now adja- cent to the fire. Because of the threat to nearby ranches, the incident command team was instructed to keep the fire from burning into the heaviest of the blowdown. A burnout was conducted on July 20 to isolate the fire from the large log deck. This was done successfully, but the fire moved north following the upper Yellowstone River headwaters, reaching Yellowstone National Park on July 23. After enter- ing the park, the fire curved to the east, burning through the park's southeastern corner and out onto the Shoshone Forest. The combination of the Snake Complex and the Huck and Mink Fires covered a total of 487,956 7 Figure 3 — Growth perimeters are shown in black with overlaid colors indicating various levels of fire severity. The fires burned in patches, leaving a mosaic of unburned areas. Areas of red were burned by crown fires, green by surface fires, and yellow by mixed surface and crown fires. 8 acres (197,479 hectares) straddling the park's south- ern boundary. Clover-Mist, Hellroaring, and Storm Creek Fires — The Clover and Mist Fires burned together in mid-July. After merging with several other fires, it became the largest fire complex in the park during July and August, encompassing a total of 232,710 acres (94,184 hectares) by August 31. Since the fire was in the rugged east-central portion of the park, access was all but impossible. Smoke prevented aerial surveillance. The fire made a run toward the open range at the northern end of the Lamar Valley, but it was successfully stopped on August 16 when it burned into a sagebrush-grass area where fire crews had good access. This action prevented the fire from entering the Soda Butte Creek drainage where pre- vailing southwesterly winds could have taken it into the towns of Silver Gate and Cooke City. On Saturday, August 20, referred to as Black Saturday, the Clover-Mist Fire burned approximately 55,000 acres (22,500 hectares) just south of Cooke City. On the same day, winds estimated to be over 60 miles per hour (96 kilometers per hour) drove the Hellroaring Fire to the north, completely burning out the trees at the upper end of the Hellroaring drainage. Concurrently, the Storm Creek Fire to the east spread south toward Silver Gate and Cooke City. The magnitude of these three fires was beyond the experience of anyone present. Some fire manag- ers questioned whether the Clover-Mist Fire had caused inflows that pulled the Storm Creek Fire to the south, while the Clover-Mist and Hellroaring Fires were spreading to the north. Investigation at the time concluded that it probably had not, due to the large valleys and mountain ridges between the Clover-Mist and Storm Creek Fires. During the last week of August and the first week of September, these three fires posed a severe threat to Silver Gate and Cooke City. Bulldozers con- structed a broad fuel break just outside the north- east park entrance as a holding line for a burnout operation to protect the towns. Unfortunately, fire- brands from the burnout crossed the line (Inter- agency Congressional Oversight Task Force 1988) and some of the most fervent firefighting of the sum- mer took place to protect Cooke City and Silver Gate. Table 2a — Percent of perimeter area burned by severity class by day for the Fan Fire in and outside of Yellowstone National Park In Yellowstone Park1 Outside Yellowstone Park 2 Canopy Mixed Nonforest Undifferentiated Canopy Mixed Nonforest Date burn burn burn burn Water Unburned burn burn burn Other3 6/30 35.71 54.76 0.00 1.19 0.00 8.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7/2 49.01 36.62 0.10 2.04 0.00 12.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7/5 28.53 43.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 28.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7/10 21.84 25.48 0.00 1.71 0.00 50.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7/12 0.00 68.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 31.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7/16 12.25 29.25 0.00 0.79 0.00 57.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7/17 7.67 29.62 0.00 2.09 0.00 60.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7/20 20.65 47.37 0.40 2.43 0.00 29.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/1 16.16 25.49 1.47 2.01 0.04 54.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/2 8.44 34.71 0.45 0.05 0.00 56.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/3 18.53 32.15 0.00 4.82 0.00 44.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/4 3.61 12.42 0.00 0.78 0.00 83.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/5 3.31 14.88 1.73 1.34 0.00 78.74 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/6 12.78 10.59 0.27 3.09 0.12 73.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/8 9.09 8.49 1.79 5.66 0.30 74.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/9 7.31 19.46 0.45 1.24 0.00 71.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/10 29.07 29.07 0.20 2.10 0.00 39.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/14 21.83 43.94 2.43 1.35 0.00 30.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/15 15.69 18.40 6.05 4.03 0.00 55.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/18 57.58 24.24 0.00 2.02 0.00 16.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/22 16.89 33.38 10.14 0.81 0.00 38.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/23 5.19 4.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 90.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 Based on Despain and others (1989). Unburned includes area they calculated as undelineated burn (surface burn under dense, unburned canopies that often appeared unburned to the satellite). Undifferentiated burn consisted of burned areas of varied composition that could not reliably be placed in another category. 2The corresponding data within Yellowstone National Park were refined by Despain and others (1989). These figures provide an indication of severity patterns outside park boundaries and are subject to correction as a result of refinement. includes unburned lands and water. 9 Table 2b— Percent of perimeter area burned by severity class by day for the North Fork Fire in and outside of Yellowstone National Park In Yellowstone Park1 Outside Yellowstone Park2 Canopy Mixed Nonforest Undifferentiated Canopy Mixed Nonforest Date burn burn burn burn Water Unburned burn burn burn Other3 7/23 44.90 40.32 0.00 0.23 0.00 13.51 0.00 1.05 0.00 0.00 7/24 33.15 53.31 0.24 0.90 0.00 12.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7/25 34.60 41.09 0.15 0.51 0.00 23.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7 /oc II do A -7 ^ A 47.74 32.67 0.26 2.67 0.00 16.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7 /07 l/dl At C H 47.51 Oft OH 20.81 0.00 0.59 0.00 31.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7 /OO 7/28 oo ft-? 23.97 40.35 0.03 1.46 0.00 34.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7 /OA IIOKJ OO OH 26.21 C~7 CO 57.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7 /OH Hi 1 OA O O 20.68 41 .42 H H ft 1.19 1.16 0.00 35.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 8/1 H A 4 E 10.15 A ft Oft 49.29 0.34 1 .14 0.00 32.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.78 o /o Old 14. 10 A H H O 41 .12 O "7 H 2.71 ft OO 0.22 0.00 41 .20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 o /vl 8/4 28.62 52.75 0.10 0.00 0.00 18.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 o /c 8/5 y« O ft jl 43.94 30.96 2.73 1.87 0.00 20.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/6 OO ftft 28.09 0~7 H r> 37.16 O OO 3.33 0.87 0.00 30.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O /~ 7 Off C 0~7 5.27 16.85 9.42 0.75 0.00 67.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 o /o 8/8 24.15 47.88 0.40 2.83 0.00 24.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Q /ft o/y OO H ft 28.19 55.72 0.66 1 .33 0.00 14.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/1 0 41 .48 30.88 3.97 1 .82 0.00 21 .86 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/1 1 CO cc 58.55 O A O H 24.31 1 .23 3.40 0.14 12.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Q/H O o/lo 04 OH 31 .31 OA 4 O 32.18 H O C 1 .85 2.82 0.00 31 .84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Q / 1 A o/l 4 bU.14 OA CO 30.63 A AA 0.00 H Ail 1 .04 ft ftft 0.00 O Oft 8.20 ft ftft 0.00 ft ftft 0.00 0.00 ft ftft 0.00 8/15 52.44 21 .06 2.46 2.75 0.34 20.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Q M O 8/ 16 OO A A 22.49 37.23 1 .54 2.02 0.00 36.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O M ~7 8/17 36.02 34.50 0.88 4.02 0.00 24.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/18 34.40 22 AO 3.96 4.25 0.00 34.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 n h fi 8/1 9 22.16 32.45 0.42 4.29 0.00 40.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 ft ftft 0.00 o /on 8/20 26.26 32.66 1 .23 1 .76 0.06 38.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 ft ftft 0.00 8/21 ■f O J 7.84 27.03 1 .75 0.78 0.00 62.59 0.00 ft ftft 0.00 ft ftft 0.00 ft ftft 0.00 Q/OO 8/22 H ft 19.21 Oft ft A 30.01 1 .80 H AH 1 .91 ft cc* 0.56 A /-> CO 46.52 ft ftft 0.00 ft ftft 0.00 ft ftft 0.00 ft ftft 0.00 Q/OO 8/2J 32.41 0/"> A ft 36.19 2.43 H HO 1 .12 0.08 0"7 ~7 r> 27. ,76 ft ftft 0.00 ft ftft 0.00 ft ftft 0.00 ft ftft 0.00 Q /O 8/24 28.66 37.67 0.81 0.74 0.17 31 .94 0.00 ft ftft 0.00 ft ftft 0.00 ft ftft 0.00 Q /OC OO CO 08.00 OO OA 33.20 O ft A 2.91 1.11 ft H H 0.1 1 O A A C 24.15 A AA 0.00 A AA 0.00 ft ftft 0.00 ft ftft 0.00 O /OC 8/2b OO 70 OA 7Q 29.78 H CO 1 .62 0-4-4 2.1 1 ft H H 0.1 1 O H OO 31 .23 A AO 0.98 A CO 0.63 ft A ft 0.40 ft OQ 0.00 Q /07 8/27 H O £*0 13.62 28.68 4.18 2.12 0.00 44.30 3.10 1 .74 ft OO 0.83 H A O 1 .42 O /OQ 8/28 OO 23.66 OH HO 31 .13 3.52 2.25 0.00 33.26 2.09 H OO 1 .82 ft ft A 0.94 H OC 1 .35 Q /OO 8/2y Oj( y( ~7 24.47 OO AC 33.46 OHO 3.13 H OH 1 .31 0.09 O^ CO 37.53 0.00 ft ftft 0.00 A AA 0.00 ft ftft 0.00 O /OA 8/30 37.88 23.1 1 3.57 2.01 0.25 33.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 ft ftft 0.00 8/31 ft ft O 9.93 26.47 22.01 2.12 0.09 39.38 0.00 0.00 ft ftft 0.00 A AA 0.00 9/1 44.16 31 .06 4.30 1.37 0.00 19.12 0.00 0.00 ft ftft 0.00 A AA 0.00 9/2 23.33 31.51 7.39 2.52 0.33 34.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ft /O 9/3 16.16 16.99 1 .80 1.22 0.00 11.93 20.00 8.41 8.15 H O OO 13.33 ft />i 9/4 12.25 16.50 0.90 1 .00 0.00 31.67 5.96 8.05 5.29 H O OO 18.38 ft IC 9/5 18.73 27 '.77 2.48 3.11 0.30 46.74 0.16 0.14 0.21 0.36 ft 9/6 51 .82 19.13 1 .26 2.46 0.44 19.27 1.00 1 .04 ft ftft 0.99 A CO 2.58 A/7 9/7 39.21 21 .88 8.89 3.33 0.00 26.69 0.00 A AA 0.00 ft ftft 0.00 A AA u.uu a / n 9/8 33.21 19.96 4.15 2.37 0.19 32.14 0.59 4 HO 1.18 ft OA 0.84 c 07 0.0/ 9/9 45.08 15.75 9.90 3.53 0.02 25.66 0.01 0.00 ft ftO 0.02 A AO 9/10 10.83 9.52 26.48 5.72 0.02 47.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9/11 2.52 5.28 21.33 7.11 0.00 63.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9/12 24.82 17.36 5.44 3.70 0.03 48.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9/14 3.47 9.59 3.27 2.88 0.00 38.83 5.44 6.39 7.71 22.41 9/15 20.48 18.37 4.48 2.24 0.00 33.19 5.83 6.20 0.76 8.46 9/17 5.99 11.80 11.80 4.64 0.15 65.01 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.57 'Based on Despain and others (1989). Unburned includes area they calculated as undelineated burn (surface burn under dense, unburned canopies that often appeared unburned to the satellite). Undifferentiated burn consisted of burned areas of varied composition that could not reliably be placed in another category. 2The corresponding data within Yellowstone National Park were refined by Despain and others (1989). These figures provide an indication of severity patterns outside park boundaries and are subject to correction as a result of refinement. includes unburned lands and water. 10 Table 2c — Percent of perimeter area burned by severity class by day for the Clover-Mist Fire in and outside of Yellowstone National Park In Yellowstone Park1 Outside Yellowstone Park2 CanoDv Mixed Nonforest Unri iff orontiatorl Pannnu wui luuy Date burn burn burn burn Water UnhiirnoH Wl IUUI 1 1 ou burn hum UUI 1 ■ hi irn WUI 1 1 7/13 13.73 81.79 0.00 0.60 0.00 3.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7/14 25.86 28.35 1.67 2.60 0.00 41.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7/17 26.81 30.11 1.77 2.09 0.00 39.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7/19 18.50 35.06 0.80 4.02 0.00 41.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7/21 33.12 31.20 0.58 3.18 0.00 31.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7/22 40.12 24.36 0.69 3.17 0.00 30.92 0.15 0.19 0.04 0.36 7/23 23.94 28.86 0.54 1.67 0.30 42.60 0.22 0.29 0.15 1.42 7/25 3.93 4.42 5.08 0.21 0.00 35.40 1.53 4.84 0.97 43.61 7/26 11.87 21.00 0.90 1.40 0.00 64.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7/27 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 41.30 18.10 9.51 30.86 7/31 0.00 50.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 50.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/1 26.05 46.74 0.57 2.87 0.00 23.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/2 11.65 24.37 0.57 1.77 0.02 60.44 0.82 0.02 0.14 0.20 8/3 9.62 49.34 0.28 2.79 0.00 37.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/4 11.68 21.88 0.89 1.18 0.00 57.55 2.34 1.63 0.08 2.77 8/6 22.68 44.60 0.00 1.02 0.00 31.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/8 11.91 46.71 0.55 2.04 0.09 38.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/9 16.13 38.19 0.32 1.73 0.00 43.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/10 10.84 29.20 0.51 3.05 0.00 56.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/11 10.48 32.54 4.55 2.05 0.00 49.42 0.09 0.09 0.02 0.76 8/12 13.95 33.56 2.09 1.43 0.00 48.77 0.02 0.06 0.00 0.13 8/13 15.69 33.74 3.95 1.49 0.00 45.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/14 11.33 28.56 0.73 2.27 0.00 56.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.32 8/15 28.72 34.38 0.74 5.06 0.00 31.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/16 18.43 30.75 4.55 2.60 0.11 43.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/17 18.25 43.25 1.75 0.00 0.00 33.00 0.75 1.00 0.00 2.00 8/18 38.28 31.04 0.00 3.14 0.00 27.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/19 41.60 21.87 3.84 7.20 0.10 25.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/20 35.04 14.20 2.74 4.21 0.00 32.18 3.35 1.74 0.41 6.12 8/21 5.25 16.50 0.82 0.49 0.00 34.98 5.93 5.60 1.11 29.32 8/22 3.61 8.63 2.86 0.95 0.00 28.72 10.85 9.82 1.82 32.72 8/23 3.74 15.73 6.58 2.84 0.00 57.36 1.05 2.94 0.53 9.21 8/24 2.41 1.66 0.11 0.96 0.00 7.12 42.40 18.31 2.62 24.41 8/25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.42 36.45 16.55 6.77 39.81 8/26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.56 24.69 9.69 48.05 8/27 0.25 1.42 0.40 0.00 0.00 7.73 2.32 13.67 0.77 73.43 8/28 23.51 26.84 1.15 1.76 0.00 27.15 3.95 2.86 0.97 11.80 8/29 18.49 25.41 0.88 0.27 0.06 23.61 4.49 6.67 1.38 18.74 8/30 2.58 10.41 0.10 0.45 0.24 22.93 1.44 7.47 1.70 52.68 8/31 2.75 12.09 0.29 0.09 0.00 12.58 9.45 12.41 2.31 48.02 9/1 12.73 30.98 0.19 0.13 0.00 17.76 2.78 10.11 1.42 23.90 9/2 23.42 24.45 1.28 0.75 0.00 26.83 2.81 5.77 1.00 13.70 9/3 11.62 18.97 7.63 0.55 0.00 27.89 2.58 7.94 0.81 22.00 9/4 0.56 7.47 0.06 0.06 0.33 15.94 8.97 15.05 2.45 49.11 9/5 2.47 18.71 1.52 1.09 0.00 29.30 5.70 10.87 3.61 26.73 9/6 2.46 6.39 0.22 0.32 0.00 9.18 36.94 9.43 8.60 26.47 9/7 0.16 0.78 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.64 25.73 13.27 8.59 50.81 9/8 1.01 1.31 0.07 0.04 0.30 1.84 41.27 12.77 5.28 36.12 9/9 0.02 0.07 0.35 0.00 0.00 1.10 10.13 12.91 3.37 72.07 9/10 2.95 7.93 5.57 0.78 0.99 26.57 9.97 6.90 5.22 33.13 9/11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 17.65 17.19 7.22 57.95 9/12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.94 16.36 14.34 58.35 9/14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.82 16.08 14.98 45.12 9/16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.58 15.35 3.87 79.20 9/22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.65 5.46 3.20 88.69 9/24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.48 11.11 4.17 74.24 9/25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.96 8.11 12.27 55.66 9/26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.97 14.40 2.33 66.30 10/1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.24 12.91 16.12 55.73 'Based on Despain and others (1989). Unburned includes area they calculated as undelineated burn (surface burn under dense, unburned canopies that often appeared unburned to the satellite). Undifferentiated burn consisted of burned areas of varied composition that could not reliably be placed in another category. 'The corresponding data within Yellowstone National Park were refined by Despain and others (1989). These figures provide an indication of severity patterns outside park boundaries and are subject to correction as a result of refinement. 'Includes unburned lands and water. 11 Table 2d— Percent of perimeter area burned by severity class by day for the Hellroaring Fire in and outside of Yellowstone National Park In Yellowstone Park1 Outside Yellowstone Park2 Canopy Mixed Nonforest Undifferentiated Canopy Mixed Nonforest Date burn burn burn burn Water Unburned burn burn burn Other3 8/17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.82 43.29 1.71 44.17 8/18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 52.17 29.41 2.79 15.62 8/19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 30.81 22.43 5.26 41.50 8/20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 36.32 13.15 5.70 44.83 o /oh 8/21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.18 5.21 0.00 93.61 8/22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.43 18.00 0.98 68.58 8/24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.14 19.77 0.50 68.58 8/25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.99 17.99 3.46 57.56 8/26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.09 7.53 0.09 89.30 a/27 0.56 1.42 0.17 0.28 0.00 0.73 31.65 37.59 5.60 21.99 O /OA 8/29 2.01 7.20 0.12 0.83 0.00 3.66 12.87 38.25 6.49 28.57 8/30 1.90 1.57 0.00 0.94 0.00 0.69 25.41 28.21 5.04 36.25 8/31 47.75 17.47 0.24 7.34 0.00 15.58 1.15 5.24 0.28 4.95 y/i H O 0£> 13.36 16.37 0.67 4.53 0.00 22.58 5.99 17.29 0.94 18.26 9/2 1.11 2.55 0.39 0.61 0.00 16.25 16.43 26.01 2.09 34.57 9/3 4.97 10.37 0.55 2.53 0.00 30.93 6.44 16.25 1.53 26.43 9/4 9.85 34.09 0.51 0.38 0.00 30.30 0.00 4.17 0.00 20.71 9/5 1.65 4.44 0.86 1.24 0.00 18.65 3.41 21.70 1.05 47.00 9/6 16.36 7.16 3.04 6.39 0.00 48.60 2.69 5.73 0.57 9.46 9/7 3.44 5.05 0.76 1.43 0.00 27.94 5.76 13.03 0.52 42.07 9/8 3.42 7.96 14.30 1.73 0.00 70.85 0.27 0.11 0.27 1.09 9/9 1.49 2.62 6.81 3.13 0.09 20.76 2.23 9.32 0.56 53.01 9/10 0.72 8.30 13.44 5.08 0.19 72.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9/15 0.27 1.27 20.59 0.47 0.00 62.62 0.00 3.46 0.00 11.33 'Based on Despain and others (1 989). Unburned includes area they calculated as undelineated burn (surface bum under dense, unburned canopies that often appeared unburned to the satellite). Undifferentiated burn consisted of burned areas of varied composition that could not reliably be placed in another category. 2The corresponding data within Yellowstone National Park were refined by Despain and others (1989). These figures provide an indication of severity patterns outside park boundaries and are subject to correction as a result of refinement. 'Includes unburned lands and water. Table 2e — Percent of perimeter area burned by severity class by day for the Storm Creek Fire in and outside of Yellowstone National Park In Yellowstone Park1 Outside Yellowstone Park2 Canopy Mixed Nonforest Undifferentiated Canopy Mixed Nonforest Date burn burn burn burn Water Unburned burn burn burn Other3 7/2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.58 18.67 1.32 60.43 7/3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.53 6.12 4.83 75.52 7/5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.67 16.48 5.05 59.80 8/19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.74 10.21 16.95 63.10 8/20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 41.16 16.68 10.30 31.86 8/24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.62 16.12 5.65 55.61 8/25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.15 21.47 1.95 65.44 8/27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.70 7.31 4.17 80.82 8/29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.66 6.42 6.99 75.93 8/30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 32.29 26.22 5.19 36.31 8/31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 35.08 29.95 7.74 27.22 9/1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.10 23.20 7.47 49.23 9/2 0.41 0.29 0.00 0.35 0.00 3.23 45.25 21.78 4.16 24.54 9/3 17.92 6.88 7.41 8.95 0.00 18.34 21.16 8.02 2.75 8.57 9/4 11.44 12.88 7.85 2.74 0.00 44.15 6.11 4.61 1.19 9.04 9/5 30.01 19.36 0.30 0.54 0.00 22.61 10.73 9.05 1.35 6.05 9/6 7.99 10.86 0.51 3.78 0.00 30.00 8.54 13.70 3.78 20.86 9/7 1.50 2.57 0.61 0.53 0.00 14.67 30.81 13.65 6.30 29.36 9/9 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.56 14.95 6.31 64.19 9/10 0.59 6.45 6.09 0.13 0.00 40.23 2.76 4.97 1.13 37.64 'Based on Despain and others (1 989). Unburned includes area they calculated as undelineated bum (surface bum under dense, unburned canopies that often appeared unburned to the satellite). Undifferentiated bum consisted of burned areas of varied composition that could not reliably be placed in another category. H'he corresponding data within Yellowstone National Park were refined by Despain and others (1989). These figures provide an indication of severity patterns outside park boundaries and are subject to correction as a result of refinement, eludes unburned lands and water. 12 Table 2f — Percent of perimeter area burned by severity class by day for the Mink Fire in and outside of Yellowstone National Park In Yellowstone Park1 Outside Yellowstone Park2 CanoDV Mixed Nonforest Undifferentiated Canopy Mixed Nonforest Date burn burn burn burn Water Unburned burn burn burn Other3 7/12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 66.67 0.00 33.33 7/13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.86 26.77 2.97 68.40 7/14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.97 19.86 10.23 55.94 7/17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.70 24.97 7.84 52.50 7/18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.48 18.92 0.92 75.68 7/19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.36 5.43 0.49 88.71 7/20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.45 5.85 0.11 92.60 7/21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.12 10.57 4.24 77.08 7/22 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.03 22.90 11.86 14.81 50.33 7/23 0.32 0.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 2.60 15.00 0.83 80.61 7/24 12.64 10.10 10.70 3.52 0.00 62.08 0.00 0.30 0.07 0.60 7/25 16.26 5.51 0.64 5.54 0.00 29.50 3.41 13.27 2.67 23.20 7/26 16.79 42.14 0.36 2.14 0.00 38.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7/31 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.08 0.00 10.99 9.20 27.79 3.27 48.63 8/2 23.94 25.99 1.03 1.91 0.00 47.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/3 15.74 37.00 4.66 2.33 0.00 40.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/5 17.36 38.54 2.84 1.31 0.00 39.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/6 17.07 34.06 3.06 2.10 0.00 43.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/9 18.02 39.98 0.69 2.79 0.00 38.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/10 27.13 30.85 1.24 7.27 0.00 33.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/11 11.58 35.49 0.09 3.65 0.00 49.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/12 23.57 58.33 0.00 0.09 0.00 18.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/13 20.17 41.60 0.00 2.02 0.00 34.29 0.76 0.34 0.25 0.59 8/14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/15 7.91 46.76 0.24 1.44 0.00 43.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/16 14.57 43.36 1.13 2.22 0.00 38.58 0.00 0.11 0.04 0.00 8/18 28.63 28.69 0.85 3.81 0.00 30.63 0.99 4.90 0.10 1.40 8/19 17.48 30.11 0.68 2.12 0.00 49.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/20 6.95 8.79 1.53 1.45 0.00 22.73 13.20 16.76 2.49 26.10 8/23 11.15 31.76 5.31 4.47 0.00 47.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/24 24.43 23.30 2.14 4.09 0.00 46.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8/29 0.11 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 24.67 25.89 2.77 46.22 8/30 4.37 11.84 0.31 0.66 0.00 10.62 17.65 16.09 4.82 33.64 8/31 17.81 24.35 1.04 2.42 0.00 54.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9/5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.01 25.53 1.62 65.84 9/6 4.21 16.31 0.43 5.40 0.00 73.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9/9 0.33 2.46 0.18 0.01 0.00 15.77 10.88 20.13 2.25 47.99 9/10 0.14 0.44 0.36 0.10 0.00 3.86 13.28 20.10 3.03 58.68 9/13 5.25 13.89 0.00 2.68 0.00 78.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 'Based on Despain and others (1989). Unburned includes area they calculated as undelineated burn (surface burn under dense, unburned canopies that often appeared unburned to the satellite). Undifferentiated burn consisted of burned areas of varied composition that could not reliably be placed in another category. 2The corresponding data within Yellowstone National Park were refined by Despain and others (1989). These figures provide an indication of severity patterns outside park boundaries and are subject to correction as a result of refinement. 'Includes unburned lands and water. 13 Table 2g — Percent of perimeter area burned by severity class by day for the Snake Fire in and outside of Yellowstone National Park In Yellowstone Park1 Outside Yellowstone Park2 Canopy Mixed Nonforest Undifferentiated Canopy Mixed Nonforest Date burn burn burn burn Water Unburned burn burn burn Other3 7/C 7/5 A A AC 1 1 .06 CC oo 56.28 ft ft ft 0.00 0.00 0.00 32.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7M O //12 oo oo 23.28 CO OH 52.91 H A ft 1 .16 0.42 0.32 21 .90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 fl\ 3 r\ a A 0.00 AC OO 45.83 ft ftft 0.00 0.00 0.00 54.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 //I D 07 07 27.27 OC cc 36.65 ft ftft 0.00 1 .70 0.00 34.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 //I 8 AAA 4.1 4 Af\ CC 40.66 A AA 0.00 O ft A 2.01 ft C ft 0.59 52.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7H A //i y O 7fl 2./y 07 OC 3/. 85 1 OA 1 .20 o on 2.39 ft ftft 0.00 CC "70 55.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7 /OA //20 c oo D.OO •i 7 70 1 /./2 A AA 0.00 O CO 2.53 ft ftft 0.00 -TO A A 73.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7/01 //21 IO. 14 OA A7 3y.o/ A AA 0.00 A 04 4.21 ft ftft 0.00 A A CA 41 .59 A A A 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7/00 7/22 A C CO 15.53 42.50 0.00 1 .36 0.04 38.58 0.70 0.43 0.13 0.73 7 /OO lido I 1 7C I I .lb OA AO 39.08 ft CO 0.62 ft A ft 0.42 ft A A 0.14 46.88 0.32 0.47 0.10 0.22 7 /Ovl //24 1 o no 1 8.03 vl C CO 45.63 ft ftft 0.00 0.44 0.00 O C A A 35.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 "7 /OC 7/25 31 .50 40.75 0.00 0.66 0.21 26.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7/OC lido 1 O AC 12.05 CA 1 C 59.1 5 ft ftft 0.00 < 7A 1 .79 ft ft A 0.00 27.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 i /07 lid./ 1 1 OA 1 1 .29 A 7 C7 41. ol ft A C 0.45 ft CO 0.62 ft A A 0.00 Oft ftft 39.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7 /OQ lido 1 1 QO 1 1 .02 OO o o 36.38 ft a o 0.12 ft A A 0.41 ft ft A 0.64 CA ft A 50.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7/OQ 1 IdM 01 F\A d \ .U4 A~7 C1 4/. 51 A A7 0.0/ A OO 0.22 A AA 0.00 01 1 c 31 .16 n nn 0.00 A A A 0.00 A AA 0.00 A A A 0.00 II OK) 1 C CO 1 D.5*i CA A C 5U.45 A AA 0.00 A OO 0.38 A AA 0.00 oo cc 32.65 n nn 0.00 A AA 0.00 n nn 0.00 A A A 0.00 7/01 //Ol OC 77 do. 1 1 OC 77 2b./ / A AA 0.90 A Oft 4.20 ft ftft 0.00 JH 07 41 .37 n nn 0.00 n nn 0.00 n nn 0.00 A A A 0.00 a/1 OV I 07 CO 01 70 ol . lo •i AA l .oy O CIA 3.94 A 70 1 ./3 OO QO 33.82 n nn O.UO n nn 0.00 n nn 0.00 A AA 0.00 Q/O old 14. DO OC OA o5.o9 A A A 1.13 ^ A C7 10.57 Oil 2.1 1 OC H A 36.14 n nn 0.00 n nn 0.00 n nn 0.00 A AA 0.00 Q /O 8/3 OC QO 35. oo A H OO 41 .28 ft ftft 0.00 A ft A 1 .04 ft Oft 0.86 20.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0/4 Ovl 1 O 24.12 A A CC 40.56 A A ft 1 .49 o 01 3.21 O O 1 2.31 OO OA 28.31 A A A 0.00 A A A 0.00 A A A 0.00 A A A 0.00 Q /C 8/5 1 o cc 12.55 jio OA 42.89 A "7 ft 1 .72 A ft 7 4.27 A OO 1 .28 OT A A 37.29 A A A 0.00 A A A 0.00 A A A 0.00 A A A 0.00 o /c 8/6 1 Jl OA 14.30 41 .60 ft C H 0.61 C ft "7 5.97 1 .96 OC Cft 35.56 0.00 0.00 A A A 0.00 A A A 0.00 Q /7 Ol f C A A 5.49 61 .96 ft ftft 0.00 O OC 2.35 ft ftft 0.00 Oft A A 30.20 n nn 0.00 n nn 0.00 n nn 0.00 n nn 0.00 QIQ O/O 01 CO ^1 .o1 36. / 4 A 1. 7 4.1 / O OQ 2.3o A AA U.UO AC 7Q 40. /O A AA 0.00 A AA U.UU n AA U.UU n nn U.UU Q/1 O 1 Q QQ 1 O.OO OO i A 33.10 O -i 7 3.1 / H 7 AO i / .y3 A OQ 4.28 OO CO 22.63 A AA 0.00 A AA U.UU A AA U.UU n nn U.UU Q/1 O. on o 1 7 AO 1 / .Uo C7 AO of .Uo A AA A OC 0.36 A OC U.36 ■i c oo 1 5.22 A AA 0.00 A AA U.UU n nn U.UU n nn U.UU Q/1 c 0/ 1 o 1 c on 1 b.oy AC CA 45.64 A 77 0./ f A OA 4.2y O CA 2.60 OA OO 30.32 A AA 0.00 A AA 0.00 A AA U.UU n nn U.UU O/ID A CO 9.52 OC CO 36.62 O 7>l 3.74 A OC 1 .25 A AA 0.00 A O Q7 48.87 A AA 0.00 A AA 0.00 A AA U.00 n nn U.UU Q/1 7 0/1/ A 7A U. IV Af\ OC 4U.85 A AA 0.00 A AA 0.00 A AA 0.00 CO AC 58.45 a nn 0.00 A AA 0.00 A AA 0.00 n nn U.UU Q/1 Q on o OA QO AC OA 46.20 A AO 0.03 H CC 1 .55 a ^ o 0.12 07 OO df .do A AA 0.00 A AA 0.00 A AA 0.00 n nn U.UU Q/1 Q OO QA dO.O'* /! H OO 41 .23 O CA 2.50 A AC 4.06 A A7 0.07 OQ OA 28.29 A AA 0.00 A AA 0.00 A AA 0.00 n nn U.UU Q/on o/du OO OC oo.ob OC C7 25.5/ A AA 0.00 O C7 3.6/ A AA 0.00 07 Af\ Of. 40 A AA 0.00 A AA U.UU A AA U.UU n nn U.UU Q/91 OC Q7 OC oo 26.32 ft OA u.3y A CI 4.61 A OC U.25 AO AC 42.46 A AA 0.00 A AA U.UU U.UU n nn U.UU Q/OO o/dd 1 A7 1 VI 1 1 . /y A A O 0.12 A OA 0.29 A f\A 0.04 OC CO 86.68 A AA 0.00 A AA U.UU A AA u,uu n nn U.UU Q/OO O/dO 01 OC d \ .OO OC cc 30.56 A 70 0./3 O OC 3.26 A CO 0.53 OQ C7 38.0/ A AA 0.00 A AA U.UU a An U.UU n nn U.UU QIOA Old'* OC vl A ob.4y OQ -17 38.1 / H AA 1 .00 A 7A 0.79 A OA 0.24 oo oo A AA 0.00 A AA U.00 n nn U.UU n nn U.UU Q/OC o/<:5 OC OQ 36.38 CA C7 59.57 ft ftft 0.00 ft OC 0.85 a ftft 0.00 O A A 3.1 9 A AA 0.00 A AA 0.00 n nn U.00 n nn U.UU Q /OC 8/<£b .IO CO 42. oo r\A ftft 24.90 A AA 0.00 O OA 3.89 ft ftft 0.00 OO A C 28.45 A AA 0.00 A 1 1 0.1 1 n nn 0.00 n no u.u^ o /oa 8/29 40.82 OO C 4 23.51 O CO 2.63 C AO 5.23 ft A H 0.41 07 OA 27.39 n nn 0.00 A AA 0.00 n nn 0.00 n nn U.UU O /OA 8/30 35.85 22.33 1 .52 f- CO 5.53 ft A A 0.21 OA C"7 34.57 n nn 0.00 A AA 0.00 n nn 0.00 n nn U.UU O /O 1 8/31 1 .51 O ftO 2.98 ft ftft 0.00 ft ftft 0.00 n oo 0.88 C\A CO 94.63 A AA 0.00 A AA 0.00 n nn 0.00 n nn U.UU A /^ 9/1 29.65 35.51 0.91 2.23 0.00 O A "7 A 31 .70 n nn 0.00 A AA 0.00 A AA 0.00 n nn U.UU 9/2 16.50 24.25 1.50 3.09 0.14 54.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9/6 17.81 14.90 1.89 4.39 0.06 60.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9/7 18.44 36.64 0.21 10.74 0.01 33.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9/9 16.59 25.86 1.07 3.94 0.28 52.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9/10 13.58 19.14 5.42 5.66 1.14 55.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9/13 18.31 33.03 0.00 3.20 0.00 45.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 'Based on Despain and others (1989). Unburned includes area they calculated as undelineated burn (surface burn under dense, unburned canopies that often appeared unburned to the satellite). Undifferentiated burn consisted of burned areas of varied composition that could not reliably be placed in another category. 2The corresponding data within Yellowstone National Park were refined by Despain and others (1989). These figures provide an indication of severity patterns outside park boundaries and are subject to correction as a result of refinement. includes unburned lands and water. 14 Table 2h — Percent of perimeter area burned by severity class by day for the Huck Fire in and outside of Yellowstone National Park In Yellowstone Park1 Outside Yellowstone Park2 Hat a utile vol tufjy hi i rn UUI 1 1 MixGd Hi irn UUI 1 1 Nnnf orp I Tower Jet / V □ No Data H Through 7/2/88 f§] 7/3/88 H 7/4/88 ffj 7/5/88 D 7/6/88 □ 7/7/88 □ 7/8/88 g 7/9/88 hi Water Hellroaring and Storm Creek Fires Growth for week ending July 9, 1988 10 15 i 20 _1_ 25 miles 40.2 km (February 1 993) 31 \ \ Tower Jet ♦ Cooke City r V □ No Data HI Through 7/9/88 B 7/10/88 ■ 7/11/88 g 7/12/88 H 7/13/88 □ 7/14/88 □ 7/15/88 g 7/16/88 §|] Water Hellroaring and Storm Creek Fires Growth for week ending July 16, 1988 10 15 20 J_ 25 miles 40.2 km (February 1993) 32 Cooke City Tower Jet ✓anyon V □ No Data ■ Through 7/16/88 ■ 7/17/88 ■ 7/18/88 P 7/19/88 D 7/20/88 □ 7/21/88 □ 7/22/88 H 7/23/88 H Water Hellroaring and Storm Creek Fires Growth for week ending July 23, 1988 10 15 20 I 25 miles _l 40.2 km (February 1993) 33 Cooke City V □ No Data H Through 7/23/88 m 7/24/88 m 7/25/88 M 7/26/88 H 7/27/88 □ 7/28/88 □ 7/29/88 H 7/30/88 ^1 Water Hellroaring and Storm Creek Fires Growth for week ending July 30, 1988 10 _l_ 15 _!_ 20 I 25 miles i 40.2 km (February 1993) 34 ♦ Cooke City __s>f~^ jr Canyon 1+ V □ No Data H Through 7/30/88 m 7/31/88 H 8/1/88 Hi 8/2/88 H 8/3/88 □ 8/4/88 □ 8/5/88 m 8/6/88 B Water Hellroaring and Storm Creek Fires Growth for week ending Aug. 6, 1988 10 i 15 20 25 miles 40.2 km (February 1993) 35 ♦ Cooke City j ^ Tower Jet V □ No Data B Through 8/6/88 H 8/7/88 m 8/8/88 H 8/9/88 B 8/10/88 □ 8/11/88 □ 8/12/88 M 8/13/88 H Water Hellroaring and Storm Creek Fires Growth for week ending Aug. 13, 1988 10 _i_ 15 20 i 25 miles 40.2 km (February 1 993) 36 Hellroaring Fire; 8/15/88 V ♦ Cooke City □ No Data HBfi Through 8/13/88 H 8/14/88 HJ 8/15/88 HJ 8/16/88 H 8/17/88 □ 8/18/88 □ 8/19/88 g 8/20/88 Hi Water Hellroaring and Storm Creek Fires Growth for week ending Aug. 20, 1988 10 15 20 I 25 miles 40.2 km (February 1993) 37 □ No Data Hi Through 8/20/88 H 8/21/88 |fj 8/22/88 PU 8/23/88 gj 8/24/88 □ 8/25/88 □ 8/26/88 m 8/27/88 HI Water Hellroaring and Storm Creek Fires Growth for week ending Aug. 27, 1988 10 i 15 I 20 I 25 miles 40.2 km (February 1993) 38 □ No Data B Through 8/27/88 H 8/28/88 H 8/29/88 m 8/30/88 ■1 8/31/88 □ 9/1/88 □ 9/2/88 fg\ 9/3/88 m Water Hellroaring and Storm Creek Fires Growth for week ending Sept. 3, 1988 10 15 20 _1_ 25 miles J 40.2 km (February 1993) 39 □ No Data pi Through 9/3/88 £|] 9/4/88 H 9/5/88 £j 9/6/88 g| 9/7/88 □ 9/8/88 □ 9/9/88 fg\ 9/10/88 W Water Hellroaring and Storm Creek Fires Growth for week ending Sept. 10, 1988 10 15 20 25 miles 40.2 km (February 1993) 40 □ No Data H Through 9/10/88 1 9/11/88 ■ 9/12/88 Ei 9/13/88 H 9/14/88 □ 9/15/88 □ 9/16/88 B 9/17/88 m Water Hellroaring and Storm Creek Fires Growth for week ending Sept. 17, 1988 10 15 _l_ 20 _l_ 25 miles 40.2 km (February 1993) 41 Tower Jet Mist Fire: 7/9/88 Raven Fire: 7/11/88 East Entrance □ No Data gf: Through 7/9/88 ■ 7/10/88 H 7/11/88 P 7/12/88 ID 7/13/88 □ 7/14/88 □ 7/15/88 W\ 7/16/88 m Water Clover-Mist Fire Growth for week ending July 16, 1988 10 15 20 25 miles J 40.2 km (February 1993) 42 Tower Jet \ Cooke City Lovely Fire: 7/20/88 *• — I East Entrance □ No Data H Through 7/16/88 M 7/17/88 m 7/18/88 H 7/19/88 H 7/20/88 □ 7/21/88 □ 7/22/88 B 7/23/88 1j Water Clover-Mist Fire Growth for week ending July 23, 1988 10 15 20 25 miles _l 40.2 km (February 1993) 43 ♦ Cooke City East Entrance □ No Data M Through 7/23/88 H 7/24/88 B 7/25/88 fg 7/26/88 §|J 7/27/88 □ 7/28/88 □ 7/29/88 |[ 7/30/88 hi Water Clover-Mist Fire Growth for week ending July 30, 1988 10 I 15 i 20 I 25 miles 40.2 km (February 1993) 44 ♦ Cooke City « ► East Entrance □ No Data Id Through 7/30/88 §fj 7/31/88 ■ 8/1/88 fS\ 8/2/88 H 8/3/88 □ 8/4/88 □ 8/5/88 B 8/6/88 m Water Clover-Mist Fire Growth for week ending Aug. 6, 1988 10 _i_ 15 20 25 miles _l 40.2 km (February 1993) 45 ♦ Cooke City East Entrance □ No Data P Through 8/6/88 ■ 8/7/88 m 8/8/88 m 8/9/88 M 8/10/88 □ 8/11/88 □ 8/12/88 H 8/13/88 Ml Water Clover-Mist Fire Growth for week ending Aug. 13, 1988 10 15 20 25 miles 40.2 km (February 1 993) 46 No Data Through 8/13/88 8/14/88 8/15/88 8/16/88 H 8/17/88 □ 8/18/88 □ 8/19/88 8/20/88 Water □ m m Clover-Mist Fire Growth for week ending Aug. 20, 1988 10 15 20 25 miles B B 40.2 km (February 1993) 47 ♦ Cooke City East Entrance □ No Data 11 Through 8/20/88 H 8/21/88 II 8/22/88 PQ 8/23/88 i] 8/24/88 □ 8/25/88 □ 8/26/88 i] 8/27/88 H Water Clover-Mist Fire Growth for week ending Aug. 27, 1988 10 15 20 25 miles _l 40.2 km (February 1 993) 48 ♦ Cooke City ^ > East Entrance □ No Data |] Through 8/27/88 B 8/28/88 ■ 8/29/88 B 8/30/88 H 8/31/88 □ 9/1/88 □ 9/2/88 Q 9/3/88 ■] Water Clover-Mist Fire Growth for week ending Sept. 3, 1988 10 _]_ 15 J_ 20 25 miles 40.2 km (February 1993) 49 f tf%JI*J*tl ♦ Cooke City East Entrance □ No Data m Through 9/3/88 H 9/4/88 M 9/5/88 B 9/6/88 H 9/7/88 □ 9/8/88 □ 9/9/88 H 9/10/88 M Water Clover-Mist Fire Growth for week ending Sept. 10, 1988 10 15 i 20 I 25 miles 40.2 km (February 1993) 50 ♦ Cooke City □ No Data H Through 9/10/88 m 9/11/88 El 9/12/88 B 9/13/88 Ml 9/14/88 □ 9/15/88 □ 9/16/88 H 9/17/88 %$} Water Clover-Mist Fire Growth for week ending Sept. 17, 1988 10 15 _l_ 20 25 miles 40.2 km (February 1993) 51 ♦ Cooke City □ No Data ■ Through 9/17/88 B 9/18/88 H 9/19/88 B 9/20/88 B 9/21/88 □ 9/22/88 □ 9/23/88 B 9/24/88 B Water Clover-Mist Fire Growth for week ending Sept. 24, 1988 10 15 20 I 25 miles 40.2 km (February 1993) 52 East Entrance □ No Data fM} Through 9/24/88 H 9/25/88 H 9/26/88 H 9/27/88 ■ 9/28/88 □ 9/29/88 □ 9/30/88 H 10/1/88 H Water Clover-Mist Fire Growth for week ending Oct. 1, 1988 10 _i_ 15 _I_ 20 25 miles 40.2 km (February 1993) 53 Madison ^ > East Entrance □ No Data H Through 7/2/88 Snake, Huck, and Mink Fires PO 7/3/88 11 7/4/88 Growth for week ending July 9, 1988 Hi 7/5/88 II 7/6/88 0 5 10 15 20 25 miles PI 7/7/88 i i i i i i □ 7/8/88 40.2 km H 7/9/88 M\ Water (February 1993) 54 Madison j * East Entrance Mink Fire: 7/11/88 yo4 □ No Data B Through 7/9/88 ■ 7/10/88 M 7/11/88 ■ 7/12/88 U 7/13/88 □ 7/14/88 □ 7/15/88 B 7/16/88 B Water Snake, Huck, and Mink Fires Growth for week ending July 16, 1988 10 _]_ 15 J_ 20 25 miles 40.2 km (February 1993) 55 □ No Data H Through 7/16/88 $7/17/88 |§7/18/88 H 7/1 9/88 Pj 7/20/88 □ 7/21/88 □ 7/22/88 B 7/23/88 B Water Snake, Huck, and Mink Fires Growth for week ending July 23, 1988 10 _i_ 15 20 25 miles i 40.2 km (February 1 993) 56 Madison * East Entrance . I.- Old Faithful □ No Data H Through 7/23/88 m 7/24/88 B 7/25/88 B 7/26/88 ■ 7/27/88 □ 7/28/88 □ 7/29/88 B 7/30/88 B Water Snake, Huck, and Mink Fires Growth for week ending July 30, 1988 10 _i_ 15 _[_ 20 _l_ 25 miles 40.2 km (February 1 993) 57 □No Data BThrough 7/30/88 IT 7/3 1/88 H 8/1/88 B 8/2/88 B8/3/88 □8/4/88 □8/5/88 H 8/6/88 M Water Snake, Huck, and Mink Fires Growth for week ending Aug. 6, 1988 10 15 20 25 miles 40.2 km (February 1 993) 58 } Madison East Entrance □ No Data ■ Through 8/6/88 ■ 8/7/88 H 8/8/88 ■ 8/9/88 H 8/1 0/88 □ 8/11/88 □ 8/12/88 H 8/1 3/88 M Water Snake, Huck, and Mink Fires Growth for week ending Aug. 13, 1988 10 15 20 _1_ 25 miles _l 40.2 km (February 1993) 59 □ No Data H Through 8/13/88 fl 8/14/88 ■ 8/15/88 B 8/16/88 II 8/17/88 □ 8/18/88 □ 8/19/88 B 8/20/88 B Water Snake, Huck, and Mink Fires Growth for week ending Aug. 20, 1988 10 15 J_ 20 I 25 miles i 40.2 km (February 1993) 60 □ No Data M Through 8/20/88 H 8/21/88 ll 8/22/88 B 8/23/88 H 8/24/88 □ 8/25/88 □ 8/26/88 M 8/27/88 Ml Water Snake, Huck, and Mink Fires Growth for week ending Aug. 27, 1988 10 15 20 25 miles 40.2 km (February 1993) UPB 61 □ No Data M Through 8/27/88 ■ 8/28/88 ■ 8/29/88 H 8/30/88 M 8/31/88 □ 9/1/88 □ 9/2/88 M 9/3/88 M Water Snake, Huck, and Mink Fires Growth for week ending Sept. 3, 1988 10 15 20 I 25 miles 40.2 km (February 1993) 62 Madison ► East Entrance V Old Faithful K I t III! imi^ 4* 2? □ No Data H Through 9/3/88 H 9/4/88 U 9/5/88 1! 9/6/88 H 9/7/88 □ 9/8/88 □ 9/9/88 jg 9/10/88 M\ Water Snake, Huck, and Mink Fires Growth for week ending Sept. 10, 1988 10 15 I 20 i 25 miles _J 40.2 km (February 1 993) 63 n No Data ■I Through 9/10/88 H 9/11/88 Ml 9/12/88 H 9/13/88 P 9/14/88 □ 9/15/88 □ 9/16/88 H 9/17/88 D Water Snake, Huck, and Mink Fires Growth for week ending Sept. 17, 1988 10 15 20 J_ 25 miles 40.2 km (February 1993) 64 APPENDIX B: THE ELECTRONIC DATA BASE The electronic data set is a GRASS (U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory 1988) mapset of approximately 3.5 megabytes, which has a Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) zone 12 projection and is bounded by the following coordinates (meters): North: 5034650 South: 4851650 East: 634200 West: 477850. Elements of the mapset are described in the following table: Type Name Description Vector perimeters 0.001 -inch digitizing resolution from 1:62,500 and 1:24,000 U.S. Geological Survey quads; contains daily burn period positions Raster perimeter 50- x 50-m resolution; a composite derived from the digitized perimeters vector file with water-covered areas taken out; attributes (categories) are the first confirmed date for burning of the area Raster firemasks 50- x 50-m resolution; a masking layer which can be used to separate individual fires for analysis purposes; the fires are mutually exclusive and exhaustive with regard to areas burned Sites starts Fire-start locations labeled by date of start The electronic data set for fire growth is available from: National Park Service P.O. Box 168 Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190 Rothermel, Richard C; Hartford, Roberta A.; Chase, Carolyn H. 1994. Fire growth maps for the 1988 Greater Yellowstone Area Fires. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-304. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 64 p. Daily fire growth maps display the growth of the 1988 fires in the Greater Yellowstone Area. Information and data sources included daily infrared photography flights, satellite imagery, ground and aerial reconnaissance, command center intelligence, and the personal recollections of fire behavior observers. Fire position was digitized from topographic maps using GRASS GIS software to construct a file of daily fire location in vector format, later converted to raster format for further analysis. The data base is available in electronic form. KEYWORDS: forest fires, fire growth, geographic information systems, Yellowstone National Park, fire mapping 09* Federal Recycling Program Printed on Recycled Paper The Intermountain Research Station provides scientific knowledge and technology to im- prove management, protection, and use of the forests and rangelands of the Intermountain West. Research is designed to meet the needs of National Forest managers, Federal and State agencies, industry, academic institutions, public and private organizations, and individu- als. Results of research are made available through publications, symposia, workshops, training sessions, and personal contacts. The Intermountain Research Station territory includes Montana, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, and western Wyoming. Eighty-five percent of the lands in the Station area, about 231 million acres, are classified as forest or rangeland. They include grasslands, deserts, shrublands, alpine areas, and forests. They provide fiber for forest industries, minerals and fossil fuels for energy and industrial development, water for domestic and industrial consumption, forage for livestock and wildlife, and recreation opportunities for millions of visitors. Several Station units conduct research in additional western States, or have missions that are national or international in scope. Station laboratories are located in: Boise, Idaho Bozeman, Montana (in cooperation with Montana State University) Logan, Utah (in cooperation with Utah State University) Missoula, Montana (in cooperation with the University of Montana) Moscow, Idaho (in cooperation with the University of Idaho) Ogden, Utah Provo, Utah (in cooperation with Brigham Young University) Reno, Nevada (in cooperation with the University of Nevada) The policy of the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, religion, sex, or disability, familial status, or political affiliation. Persons believing they have been discriminated against in any Forest Service related activity should write to: Chief, Forest Service, USDA, P.O. Box 96090, Washington, DC 20090-6090.