0,

UNITED STATES COMMISSIOIM OK FISH AND FISHERIES

SPEN^CER F. BA-IRD. COM JMISSIONEK

THE FISHERIES

FISHERY INDUSTRIES

UNITED STATES

PREPARED THROUGH THE CO-OPERATION OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES
AND THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE TENTH CENSUS

BY

GEORGE BROWN GOODE

ASSISTANT DIIiECTOE OF THE tJ. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

AND A STAFF OF ASSOCIATES

SECTION I

NATURAL HISTORY OF USEFUL AQUATIC ANIMALS

WITH AN ATLAS OP TWO HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-SEVEN PLATES

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1884

2^ V A

ASSOCIATE AUTHOES,

Joel A. Allen Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge.

Taeleton H. Bean U. S. National Museum, Washington.

Jaijes Temple. Brown U. S. National Museum, Washington.

A. Howard Clark U. S. Nation.il Museum, Washington.

Joseph W. Collins Gloucester, Massachusetts.

E. Edward Earll U. S.Fish Commission, Washington.

Richard H. Edmonds Baltimore, Maryland.

Henry W. Elliott Cleveland, Ohio.

Ernest Ingeksoll New Ha ven, Connecticut.

David S. Jord^vn Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.

LuDwiG KUJILIEN Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Marshall MacDonald U. S. Fish Commission, Washington.

Frederick Mather N. T. Fish Commission, Cold Spring, New York-

Ba j;net Phillips Brooklyn, New York.

Richard Rathbun U. S. National Museum, Washington.

John A. Ryder U. S. Fish Commission, Washington.

Charles W. Smiley U. S. Fish Commission, Washington.

Silas Stearns Pensacola, Florida.

Frederick W. True U. S. National Museum, Washington.

William A. Wilcox Boston, Massachusetts.

iii

LIST OF PLATES

(Engraved by the Pboto-EngTavinjr Company <if New York City.)

Page.

1. The Sperm Wliale, Physeter mairocephuhis L 7

Outline from Scammon's Marine Mammals of the Noithwest Coast, plate xiv.

2. The Pygmy Speriii Whale, Kogia Goodci True 11

Drawing l)y II. L. Todd, from No. 13738, U. S. National Museum. Stranded at SjiringLake, New Jersey, April 27, 1883.

The Blackii,sh, Ghhiocei,haliis melas (Traill) ' 11

from Transactions of the Zooloj:ical Society of London, vol. 8, plate 30.

3. The capture of a nhool of BlackiisU in Cape Coil 12

Drawing by Henry "W. Elliott, from a sketch by John S. Ryder.

4. The Cowtisb or Grampus, Grampus griscus (Less. ) Gray 13

Outline by Henry W. Elliott, fiom cast No. 12839, U. S. National Museum. •
The Harbor Porpoise, or " Herrius; Hog," Fhocceiia hracliycion Cope 14

Outline by Heniy W. Elliott, from photograph by tJ. S. Fish Commission.

5. The Skunk Porpoise or Bay Porpoise, Lagcnoilnjiichiis yiibernator Cope {= L. perspiciUuiiis Cope) Ki

Outline from plate iv. Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1876.

The High-finned Killer, Oica nvtipiniiis Cope 17

Outline from Scammon's Maiiuo Mammals of the Northwest Coast.

The Sperm Whale Porpoise, Hi/peraodon hkleiis 0 wen 18

Sketch by James Henry Blake, 1869, from specimen stranded at North Dennis.

(i. The White Whale, or Beluga, Delphhiapterus calodon (L.) Gill IH

Outline by Henry W. Elliott, from cast No. 12490, U. S. National Museum, obtained near Quebec, 1875.

The Narwhal, Monodon monoceros L 19

Sketch by Henry W. Elliott, adapted from Vogtand Specht's " Saugethiere," p. 236.

7. The Bowhead or Arctic Whale, Balwna mysticetiis L 20

Outline from Scammon's Marine Mammals, plate xi.

The Right Whale of the Pacific, Balamajapoinca Gray. {EubaJcena cullamach) 24

Outline from Scainmou's Marino Mammals, plate xii.

8. Diagrams illustrating the use of the whalebone plates iu the month of the Bowhead Whale 22

From sketches by Captain David Grey iu Land and Water, December 1, 1877.
(Upper.) The Bowhead with its mouth open.
(Lower.) The Bowhead with its mouth shut.

9. The Humiiback of the Pacific, ilegaptvra rersabilis Cope 26

Outline from Scammon's Marine Mammals, plate vii.

The Sulphur Bottom of the Pacific, Sibbaldius sulf areas Cope 27

Outline from Scammon's Marine Mammals, plate xiii.

10. Cutting in a Humpback Whale at Proviucetowu, Massachusetts 28

From a sketch by John S. Ryder.

11. The Finback of the Pacific, Balaiiioptera velifera Cope 28

Outline from Scammon's Marine Mammals, plate ii.

The California Gray Whale or Devil-fi.sh, Ekacliiaiwctes ylaucus Co\i6 31

Outline from Scammon's Marine Mammals, plate ii.

12. The Pacific Walrus, Odobceniis obenus (lUiger) Allen 34

Sketch by Henry W. Elliott, Walrus Island, Alaska, July 5, 1872.

13. Steller's Sea Liuu, Eumetupias .'^tclhri (Less.) Peters — 38

Sketch from life by Henry W. Elliott.

14. The California Sea Lion, ZalophiiH caUforiiiaiius (Less.) Allen 44

Sketch from life by Henry W. Elliott.

15. The Harbor Seal, Phoca vitulina L hG

Sketch from life by Henry W. Elliott, Alaska. 1872.

Vi LIST OF PLATES.

rage.

16. The Harp So.al, Phoca groenJatidica Fnhricing 62

Sketch by n<-nry W. Elliott, from speeinicus in Iho U. S. N:itiou:il Museum. Noa. 13741, 13748, 139.,8, and 13939 obtiiineU
ou the north shore of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by Dr. C. Hart ilerriam.

17. The Kinged Seal, Phoca firlida Fiibrioiiis 65

Slietch by Henry W. Elliott, adapted from fijiure in Allen's North American Pinnipeds, p GOl.

18. The Ribbon Seal (Male and Female) nistrinplioca, fasciala (Ziniuiermann) Gill 67

Drawing by Henry W. Elliott, from specimens in U. S. National Museum, No. 13284. obtained at Plover Bay. East
Siberia, August 12. 1880. by \V>. H. D.all, and No. 13285, obtained from Bering Sea. 1880, by Captain H. E. Williams.

19. The West Indian Seal, Moiiachus Iropicalis Gray 68

Drawing: by Henry W. Elliott, from specimen inU. S. National Museum. No. 13950, obtained by Professor Felippe Poey
at Matanzas, Cuba.

20 The Hooded Seal (adult and young) Cystophora cristata (Evx\.) Nils.s 68

Sketch by Henry W. Elliott, from specimens in U. S. National >Iuseum, Nos.13742 and 13753. collected by Dr. C. H.art
Merriam, off Labrador, 1883.

21. The Gray Se.al, Salichocnis gri/pus (Fabricins) Nilss 70

Sketch by Henry "W. Elliott, from specimen in U. S. National Museum, No. 5851, collected at Sable Island, Nova Scotia,
1862.

22. The Square Flipper Seal, Erignalhus barhatus (Fabricius) Gill 70

Sketch by Henry W. Elliott, from specimen in U. S. National Museum, No. 13755. collected by Dr. C. Hart Merriam, off
Battle Harbor, Gulf of Saint Lawrc'«ce. 1883.

23. The Sea Elephant, Macrorhimis avgustirostris Gill 72

Drawing by Henry W. Elliott, frou) specimen in U. S. National Museum, from S.anta Barbara Island California.

24. Map of the world ou Mercator's Projection, showing the geographical distnbiition of the Species of the Hair

Seal Family. Prepared by J. A. Allen 33

25. Map of the world on Mercator'.s Projection, showing the geographical di.slributinu of the Walruses, Fur

Seals, Sea Lion.s, and Sea Elephants, prepared for the ilUi.stration of the chapter by J. A. Allen. Prepared

by J. A. Allen 33

26. The countenance of Callorhiuus 75

A life study of an adult male fur-seal. (Full face of old male, pioflle and under view of female heads.) Drawing by
Henry W. Elliott, North PLOokery, Pribylov Group, July 5, 1873.

27. The Fur-Seai, Callorlibim urnnus 88

A series of life studies by Henry \V. Elliott, Pribylov Islands, 1872-1876.
A.— Old "Seecatch". or male, eight to twenty -four years,
B. — TouDg " Seecatch," sis to eight years.
C. — "Holluschickie," or young males, two years.
D. — *' Matkah" or mother nursing her '' Pup," I.
E. — "Cow" fanning herself.
F. — ''Cow" sleeping.

G. — "Cow" napping and fanning herself.
H. — "Cow " crooning to the male.
J. — Characteristic position of old males.

28. Sundry Seal Sketches on the Pribylov Islands 96

From the portfolio of Henry W. Elliott, 1872-1876.

29. Hauling and Breeding Grounds of the Fur-Seal 9^

Sketched from nature on the North Rookery, Saint George's Island. Priliylnv Group, by Henry W. Elliott, July, 1874.

30. Thenorth shore of Saint Paul's Island, Priliylov Group 99

Sketched from the summit of Hutcliiuson's Hill, by Henry W. Elliott, looking over a wing of the great Norastosho.ih
Ilookery, July, 1873.

31. Pelagic attitudes of the Fur-Seal 101

Sketched I'lom life by Henry W. Elliott, Saint P.iul's Islaud, 1872. Village of Saint Paul in distance. Black bluffs to the
right on middle ground.

1. Position wiiile slet^ping.

2. Position when rising to breathe, survey, etc.

3. Position when scratching.

4. "Dolphin .jumps."

32. Fur-Seals Sporting around the " bid.irrah" 102

Sketched from lifo by Henry W. Elliott in Zoltoi, Saint Paul's Wand, 1872. A view of the Reef Point and Gorbatch
Rookery on the horizon.

33. The Manatee, Trichechus muiiuiiia L 114

Sketch by Henry W. Elliott, from plate in Transactions, Zoological Society of London.

34. Manatees swimming 114

Sketch by Henry W. Elliott, from plate in Transactions, Zoological Society of London.

35. The Sunfish, Mola rotunda Cnvier 170

From wash-drawing by H. L. Todd, from a cast.

36. The Swell-fish or Burr- fish, Chilomiicterus i/eometricus (Sclmeidir) Kaup 170

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from No. 14825, U. S. National Museum, collected at Noank, Connecticut, 1874, by U. S. Fish
Commission.

2. The American Plaice or Tuibot Flounder, Paralichthys dentatus (L.) J- & G ^'°

LIST OF PLATES. Vll

Pape —

The RaWnt-fisli, Laqocejihnhtis Icn-mtus (L.) Gill ■ '

Drawing by H.'l. Xodd Irum Ko. '^0757, U. S. National Mnseniu, coUccted at Newport, Ehode Island, by Hon. Samuel
PoweL

37. The Trunk-fish or Cow-fish, 08()-arion (/(((K/ntwnis L ■ •- 1'

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21548, U. S. National Slnseum, collectid at Cbarlcston, South Caiolma, July, 18,8, by
C. O. Leslie.

38. The TiiK!;cr-tish, UulUtes capriscua Gmelin ''

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 15233, V. S. National Museum, collected at New York by Mr. Sutbeilaud.

39. The Sea Horse, Bippocampus hcpluf/oiitis Eaf -■ ■•-

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 3451, U. S. National Museum, conected at Old Point Comfort, Vir-in.a, by Commodore

Farragut, TJ. S. N.

1 74

40. The Goose fish or Bellows-fish, Lopliius piscatoriits L -

Drawing by H. L. Todd, fiom siiecimen collected in Tineyaid Sound. Massaclnis.tts. by the U. S. Fish Commission.

41. The American Sole or " Hog Cholier," Achirus !ineaf«8 (L.) Cuv :''"."''' ^'*^

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. I'JSSo, U. S. National Museum, collected at Wood's HoU, Massachusetts, July 14, i8, 1,
by Vinal N. Edwards.

(Upper.) Showing upper side of fish.
(Lower.) Showijig under side of fish.

42. The America.^ i «..^- -■ - - „.,,_, t,- t-i j

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21279, TJ. S. National Museum, collected at Arlington, Saint John s Eiver. 1 lor.da,

1878, by G. Brown Goode.

43 The Four-spotted Flounder, Paraliclitlnis ohlongus{Miich.) J. & G

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 1U730, U. S. National Museum, collected at W.md's HoU, Massarhu.'^etts, by Piolcssor

S. F. Baird. .. ,„„

44. The Flatfish or Winter Flounder, Pseudopleuronectea amerieantia (Walb. ) Gill

Drawing by H. L. Todd.

183

45 The Smooth Flounder, Pleuroiiectes glahcr (Storer) Gill

Drawin" by U. L. Todd, from No. 5363, U. S. National Museum, collected at Salem, Miissachusetts, by C. I'utu in.

° 184

4G. The Starry Flounder, Pleuroveclea ateUatua Pallas •-■-•

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 24164, TJ. S. National Museum, collected at San Francisco, CaUfoi u.a, January 1880,

by Professor D. S. Jordan.

1S4

47 The Arctic Flounder, Plearonecfea ghcialis Pallas V'-^'n

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 27947, U. S. National Museum, collected at Kotzebue Sound, September 2, 1880, by DaU
and Bean.

48 The Rough Limanda, Limanda asp^ra (Pallas) Beau

Dr.awing by H. L. Todd, from No. 27944, U. S. National Museum, collected at Sitka, Alaska, 1880, by Dr. T. H. Bean.

49 The Rusty Dah, Limanda ferrugiufu (Storer) Goode & Beau 1^"*

Drawing by H.L.Todd, from No. 21020, U.S. National Museum, coUectcd at Halifax, Nova Scotia, September 4, 1877,
by U. S. Fish Commission.

50. The California "Sole," Lfj)i(ioi)SP»a bilmrala (Ayres) Gill ^™

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 27602, U. S. National Museum, collected at Saint Paul's, Kodiak Island, Alaska, 1880,
by Dr. T. H. Bean.

51 The San Francisco" Sole," Psp»ic;i%3 mdanostictua GiT^rd 1^6

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 24,107, U. S. National Museum, coUected at San Francisco, California, January, 1880,
by Professor D. S. Jordan.

52 The Alaska Sand Dab, Hippoglossoides elassodon J. & G 188

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 27938, U. S. National Museum, colUcted at Humboldt Harbor, Shumagms, Alaska,
July 19, 1880, by Dr. T. H. Bean.

53. The Atherestes Flounder. Athn-eslhcs stomias J. &G •-- 188

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 27186, U. S. National Museum, collected at Point Reyes, California, 1880, by Jordan
and Gilbert.

54. The Halibut, Hippoglossua vulgaria Fleming

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 10439, U. S. National Museum, collected at Eastport, Maine, 1872, by U. S. Fish Commis-
sion.

55. The Sand Dab, Hippoglosmidea platessoidcs (Fab.) Gill -•-••

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21002, U. S. National Museum, collected at Le Have Bank, August 21, 1877. by U. S.
Fish Commission.

56. The Greenland Turbot, Plali/Homatichihtis hippoglossoides (Walb.) Goode & Bean 19^

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from a specimen obtained in Fulton Maiket, New York.

57. The Polo Flounder, Ghiptocephalus cynoglossm (L.) Gill 1-^8

Drawing by H. L. Todd.

58. The Codfish, Gadus monlina L

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No 10444, U. S. National Museum, coUected at Eastport. Maine, 1872, by U. S. Fish Com-
mission.
The Atlantic Tom Cod, ilicrogadm tomrod (Walb.) Gill -■^^

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 17733, U. S. National Museum, collected at Wood's Hull, Massachusetts, December 23.
1875. by Vinal N. Edwards.

viii LIST OF PLATES.

Pajre.

59. The Haddncli, Melanogrammns cpf/Iefinvs L. Gill 223

Drawing by H. L. Todil, fiom No. 10440, U. S. National Museum, collected !it Eastport, Maiue, 1872, bj U. S. Fiali Com-
mission.
The Saiila Cod, Bonof/adiis saida (Ijepeehiii) Bean 0

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 2174G, 0. S. National Museum, collected at Aunnn:uloolv Harbor, Cumberland Gulf,
October 19, 1877, bj' Ludwig Kumlii-u.

60. ThP Pollock, rullachiiis carhoiiariiis (L.) Gill 228

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from No. 10443, IT. S. National Museum, collected at Eastport, Maine 1872, by Professor S. F.
Baird.

Tlic Alaska Pollock, PoUavliins clialcoymmmiis (Pallas) 232

Draxving by n. L. Todd, fi-ora No. 27G37, U. S. National Museum, collected at Pirate Cove, Sbumagin Islands, Alaska,
1880, by William U. Dall.

61. The Cusk, Bro.imius 6io.«»ic (Miiller) White 233

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 20007, tJ. S. National Museum, collected at Boston Market, January 11, 1882, by W. A.
Wilcox.

The iJiirbot or "FreshwaterCusk," Lola maculosa (LeStieur) C. and O 23,5

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from Ko. 10553, V. S. National Museum, collected at Ecorse, Micbigan, by J. W. Milner.

62. The Common Hake, Fhijcis cliuss (Walb.) Gill 234

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 28707, U. S. National Museum, collected at Mai tba's Vineyard, .July 10, 1881, by XT. S.
Fisb Commissiou.
The Squirrel or Whi e Hake, Phijds lemiis (Mitcbill) De Kay 3-34

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21029, U. S. National Museum, collected in Halifax Haibor, Norember 30, 1S77, by U. S.
Fish Commission.

63. The King Hake, I'lnjcis regius (Walb. ) Gill 234

Drawing by U. L. Todd, from No. 20923, U. S. National Museum, collected at New York .Vquarinm, 1S78, by E. G. Black-
ford.
Earl's Hake, Phycia Earllii Bean 234

Drawing by H. E. Todd, from No. 25207, V. S. National Museum, collected at Cliarb-stou, South Carolina, Maich 2'>, 1880,
by R. E. Earll.

64. Chester's Hake, Phijtia Clieslcri Goode & Beau 234

Drawn by H. L. Todd from

The Blue Hake, Huloporph jir ua viola Goode & Bean 0

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21837, U. S. National Museum, collected on Le Have Dank, August 20, 1878, by Captaiu
J. W Collins, schooner ilarion.

65. The Merluccio, Merluciua prodiiclua (A.yres) Gill 243

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 20638, U. S. National Museum, collected at Seattle, Washington Tinitory, 1880, by
Colonel F. AV. Prosser.

The Silver Hake or New England Whiting, Merluciua hiUnearia{}i\tf\i.) Gill 240

Drawing by H.L.Todd, from No. 21010, U. S. N.itional Museum, collected at Halifax, Nova Scotia, September 8, 1^77,
by the U. S. Fish Commissiou.

66. The Sand Cusk, Ophidinm marginal uin De Kay 243

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 10702, U. S. National Museum, collected at Tompkinsvillo, New York, by C. L. Copley.
The Oniou-iish or Grenadier, jl/acno-KS »-Hj7(s//fs (Miiller) Bloch 244

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 15008, U. S. National Museum, eolleetedat S.iint George's Bank, October 27, 1875. Pro-
Bculed by E. G. Blackford.

The Laut or Sand Eed, Ammodijha americaiiux De Kay 244

Drawing by H.L.Todd, from No. 10500, U. S. National Museum, collet t-.d at Nantucket, Massachusetts, August 12, by
U. S. Fish Commission.

67. The Mutton-fish, .^oficct's «H(/M(//ans (I'eck) Storer 247

Drawing by H.L.Toild, from No, 10438, U. S. National Museum, rullccted at Ka^;,>t)rt, Maiue, 187_', by U. S. Fish Coin-
mission.
Vahl's Lycode,s, Lycodea Vahlii Reiiihardt 247

Drawing by IL L. Todd, from No. 21001, XT. S. National iluseuni, eolleeled on Le Have Bank, by Captain Z. Hawkins,
schooner Gwendolen.

68. The Couiiiiou Catfish or Woll'-lisli, .liiarrliicaa lupua h 248

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from No. 2I84G, U. S. National Museum, collecle.l on George's Bank, September 27, 1878, by Cap-
taiu John Gourville.

The Spotted Catfish, Anarrhicas miuor Olafsen 249

Drawing by H. L. Toild, fiom No. 21018, U. S. National Museum, cirlU-cted at sea November, 1878, by Captain li. 11. Hurl-
bort.

69. The Gulf Toadfish, or "Sapo," BaUacliua pardna Goode & Beau 251

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 22237, U. S. National Museum, colleete I at Pi-nsacola, Florida, 1878, by Silas Stearns.

" The Naked Star-gazer," Aatroacopua anoplits (C. & V. ) Brevooit 0

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 4022, U. S. National Museum, collected at Norfolk, Virginia.

70. Tiie l.ump-fish, CyclopteruH lumpua L 254

Drawing by U. L. Todd, from No. 14705, U. S. National Museum, collected at Eastport, Maine, 1872, by U. S. Fish Com-
mission.

LIST OP PLATES. JX

Paga.
71. The Sea Robin or Wingfish, Prionotus pahnipes (Mitrli.) Storcr 256

Bniwing by H. L. Todd, from No, 774, U. S. National Muaeuni, roUoctcd at Beesley's Point, New .T4-i,sey, 18,58, b,v Tro-
fe.^.sor S, r. Baird,

The Striped Sea Eobiu, I'rinnotus evohois (L.) Gill 256

Drawing by H, L. Todd, fiouj No, 5550, U. S. National ^rnsonm, coUt-cted at W'ood'.s Holl, Ma.ssarhusetts, by Vinal N.
Edwards,

72. The Northern or European Sculplu, Cothin snorpiiix L 258

Drawing by H, L, Todd, from No. 21989, U. S. National Mn.senm. oolk-ctod at Cumberland Oulf, September 25, 1877, by
Ludwig Kuudien.

The Common Sculpiii, T'o.'dis .^cor/iiHS L., siibspeeics '/r(r/?'(H(Z'CH< (C. & V,) Beau 258

Dr.awing by H. L. Todd, from No. 10441, U. S, National iluseum, colleeted at Ea.stport., Maiue, 1872, by U. S, Fish Com-
mission.

73. The Alaska Scnlpin, Coitus jjoljiacaiilhoccphaliin Pallas 258

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No, 23499, U. S. National ilusenm, collected at Unalasblca. If 7'.i, by William n. Dall.

The Southern Scnlpin, Coitus oclodccimspbiOKiiK Miteli 258

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 4552, U. S. National Musenm, collecled at lieealey's I'oint, New Jersey, 1858, by Pro-
fessor S. F. JJaird.

74. The Sea Raven, Eemilriptt^rns americaitus (Gmelin') C. &V 258

Drawing by H, L, Todd, from No, 23199, U. S. National Museum, eolleeted at Halifax, NoTa Scotia, September 13, 1877, by
TJ, S. Fish Commission,

Jorilau's Cabezon, Semilcpidolus JorHani Bean 258

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 27598, V. S. National Ilusenm. colleeted at Iliuliuli, Unalasblia Island, If 80, by Dr. T.
H. Boan.

75. The Rose-fisU or Norway Haddock, SehasU-s mnrinni (L.) Liifki'U 2G0

Drawing by H. L, Todd, from No. 10442, U. .S. National Museum, collected at Eastport, Maine, 1872, by U. S. Fisb Com-
mission.

76. The Black-banded Rockfish, Sebastidilhys tiiyrociiiclus ( Ayre.s) Gill 263

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 27285, TJ. S. National Museum, collected at Paget Sound. 1880, by Jordan and Gilbert.

77. The Tree-tish, Sebastichlln/ii sirriceps J. & G 203

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 27041, U. S. National Museum, collected at Monterey, California, 1880, by Jordan and
Gilbert.

78. The Yellow-backed Rockfish, Schasllchthiis maUijcr J, & G 264

Drawing by H, L, Todd, from No, 27713, U. S. Natiimal Museum, collected at Sitka, Alaska, June 2, 1880, by Dr. T. II,
Beau. ,

79. The Corsair, Seiastichlliys rosacetis (Grd. ) Lock 265

Drawing by H, L, Todd, from No, 20001, U. S. National Museum, collected at Santa Barbara, California, 1880 (?), by -Jor-
dan and Gilbeit,

80. The Orange Rockfish, Sfbastichihys pinni<icr (Gill.) Lock 265

Drawing by H. L, Todd, from No, 27488, U, S. Niitional Museum, collected at Neeab Bay, Wyoming TeiTitory, December,
ISfiO, by James G, Swan,

81. The Black Rockfish, SebasUchfhiis mysiiniis J. & G 266

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No, 27031, U, S. National Museum, collected at Monterey, California, 1880, by Jordan and
Gilbert,

82. The Spotteil Black Rockfish, Sebastichthys meJanops (Grd. ) J. & G 266

Drawing by H, L.Todd, from No. 27628, TJ, S. National Museum, collected at Sitka, Alaska, May 28, 1880. by Dr. T, H.
Beau,

83. The " Black Cod," '• Black Candle-fish," or Beshow, Anoplopoma fimbria (Pallas) Ciill 268

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 27745, XT. S. National Museum, collected at Sitka. Alaska, December, 1880, by Com-
mander L, A, Beardslee, U, S. N,

The ".Vtka Mackerel" or Yellow-fi.sh, Plniroyrammiis monoptrrygius (Pallas) Gill 268

Drawing by H, L, Todd, from No, 27954, U, S, National Museum, collected at Iliiiliuk, TJnalashka. 1880, by Dr, T. H.
Bean,

84. St(!ller's Rock-trout, Hr.xatirnmmus aspnr Steller 268

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21530, TJ, S, National Musenm, collected at Saint Michael's, Alaska. June, 1873, by
L, M, Turner.

The Ctiltus Cod, Ophiudon clongatnn Girard 267

Drawing by H. L. fodd. from No. 05727. TJ, S. National Museum, collected at .Sitka, Alaska, June 7, 1880, by Dr. T. H.
Bean.

85. The Tantoj;, Taiiloia onili>i {!,.) Gthr 208

Drawing by H, L. Todd, from No. 17738, TJ. S. Nation.al Museum, collected at Wooils UoU. Ma.ssacbusetts, December 13,
1875, by Vinal N. Edwaids.

80. The Choij.set or Cniiner, Cieitulabruit tulspcnus (Walb.) Goode 274

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No, 17741, U.S. National Museum, collected at Wood's Holl, Ma.ssacbusetts, December II.
1875, by Vinal N. Edwards.

87. The Fat-head or Redflsh, riiuflomitopon pitlcher ( Ayres) Gill. = TroiJiucopun pulrher 275

Drawing by H. L, Todd, fi-om No, 24890, TJ. S. National M.iseuul, collected at San Diego, California, January, 1880, by
Jordan and Gilbert,

X LIST OF PLATES.

Page.

88. The Hogfish or Capitaine, Lachnol(xmu8 falcalus (L.) C. & V 275

Drawing by 11. L. Todd.

89. The Alfione, Ehacochilus toxotes Agassiz 277

Drawing by H. L. Todil. from No. 2701.'), U. S. National Museum, colli-tted atilonteroy, California, 1880, by .Jordan and
Gilbert.

90. The Spanish Pompano, Gerres olisthostoma Goode & Bean 279

Dr.awiDg by H. L. Todd, from No. 2D118, IT. S. National Museum, collected at Indian River, Florida, March 8, 1880, by
K. E. Earn.

91. The Mackerel, Scomber scombrus h 281

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 25256, U. S. National Museum, collected at Provincetowu, Massachusetts, September,
1879, by XT. S. Fish Commission.

The Chub Mackerel or "Thimble Eye," Scomber colias Da La Roche 303

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 23480, U. S. National Museum, collected at Provincetown, Massachusetts, September,
1879, by V. S. Fish Commission.

92. The Frigate Mackerel, A uxia thazard Lac^pfede 305

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 25757, U. S. National Mu.seum, collected at Newport, Rhode Ishmd August, 1880, by
TT. S. Fish Commission.

The Bonito, Sarda mediterranea (Schn.) J. «feG 316

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. I04I9, U. S. Nation.al Museum, collected at Wood's Holl, Massachusetts, 1871, by
TJ. S. Fish Commission.

93. The Spanish Mackerel, Scomberomorun maculalua (Mitch.) J. & G 307

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 15382, TJ. S. National Museum, collected at Fulton Market, New York, by E. G. Black-
ford.

94. The Spotted Cero, Scomberomorus regalis (Bloch) J. & G 316

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 12527, U. S. National Museum, collected at Key West, Florida, by E. G. Blackford

The Cero or Kiugfish, Scomberomorus caballa (C. & V. ) J. & G 316

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 19418, XT. S. Nationnl Museum, collected at Wood's Holl. Massachusetts, 1875. by TJ.
S. Fish Commission.

95. The Alalonga or Long-fiuned Tunny, OrciiniiK ninlonf/a (Gniel.) Risso .' 390

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21884, U. S. National Museum, collected at Banquereau, September 10, 1878, by Capt-
tain William Thompson, schooner Magic.

The Striped or Oceanic Bonito, Euthiinnus pelamyn (L.) Liitken 319

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 207C2, sent from Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

96. The Horse Mackerel or Tunny, Orcijnns titiinniis (L.) Poey 320

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from specimen collected in Vineyard Sound by XJ. S. Fish Commission.

97. The Horsefish or Blunt-noaed Shiner, Se/eiie se'i/;i«nis (Mitch.) Lutken 322

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 16252, TJ. S. National Museum, collected in Fulton Market, New York, by E. G.
Bhickford.

98. The Silver Moonfish or "Look-down," SeZene aiv/e/iica Lac^pfede 323

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 22279, U. S. National Museum.

99. The Cavally or CvevaWi, Caranx hippon (L.) Gthr 323

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 10131 TJ. S. National Museum, collected at "Wood's Holl, Massachusetts, 1871, by U. S.
Fish Commission.

100. The Goggler or "Goggle Eye," Caranx criimeiiophlhubntis (Block) Lac 324

Drawing from H. L. Todd, from No. 20681, V. S. National Museum, collected at Wood's Holl, Massachusetts, October 3,
1877, by Viual N. Edwards.

101. The Juiel or Hard Tail, C'aranr^nsij'Me^MS C. & V. = C. c/ir»/sos Gthr 324

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 16512, TJ. S. National Museum, collected at Wood's Holl, Massachusetts, by U. S.
Fish Commission.

102. The Round Robin or Uigar-fish, Decapterus piinetatiis ( Ag. ) Gill 325

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 'J0639, U. S. National Museum, collected at Wood's Holl, Massachusetts, September 11,

1877, by Vinal N. Edwards.

103. The Scad or Dutch Marsebanker, '/'rac/iHrMS suimhs Raf. 326

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 23421, TJ. S. National Museum, collected at Newport, Rhode Island, by S. Powell.

104. The Common Pompano, Track\jtiotns carolinus (L.) Gill 327

Drawing by H. I^. Todd, from No. 15178, TJ. S. National Museum, collected at Wood's Holl, Massachusetts, October 5, 1871,
by Professor S. F. Baiid.

105. The Short Pompano, Trachi/iiotus ovatus (L.) Gthr 329

Drawing from Xo. 26585, TJ. S. National Museutn, collected at Florida b.y Silas Stearns.

106. The Banner Pompano, Trachi/notus glaucun C. «& V 329

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 30176, TJ. S. National Museum, collected at Ponsacola, Florida, January 7, 1882, by Silas
Stearus.

107. The Pilot-fish, Nmu-rales ditctor (L. ) Raf 330

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 23197, TJ. S. National Museum, collected at New Bedford, Massachasetts, September 27,

1878, by WiUiam A. Bansett.

LIST OF PLATES. xi

Page.

108. The California Ypllow-tail, or Amber-fish, 5en'o/(j dnrmlis C. &V 331

Drawing by H. L. Tcidd, IVom No. 26835. U. S. Natioual Museum, collected at San Pedro, Calirornia, 1880 (J), by Jordan
and Gilbert.

109. The Dolpliit), Cori/jiliwiia hipptirus L 332

(Male ) Drawing by II. L. Todd, from spi cinien in Fultcm Market, New Toik. collected by E. G-. Blackford, September
18, 1875.

(Female.) Drawing by 11. L. Todd, from .specimen in Fulton Maiket, Xew York, collected by E. G. Elackford, Septem-
ber 18, 1875.

110. The Harvest-lish, Siromnleiis iilcpidotus (L.) J. & G 333

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from Ho. 15234, U. S. National Muaeum, collected at New York, by Mr. Sutberland.

111. The Battcrfish or DolUir-fish, Slmmateiis trim'.anthus Peok 333

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 787, TJ. S. National Museum, collected at Bcesley's Point, Now Jersey, 1858, by Pro-
fessor S. F. Baird.

The Log-fish or Black Endder-fi.sh, Lirus perdformis (Mitch.) J. & G 334

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 22650, TJ. S. National Museum, collected at Le Have Bank, by Captain Jaraes Hawkins.

112. The Pomfret, Brania Ilaiji Schii 335

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 26234, U. S. Nafio:ial Museum, collected at west cud of Giand Bank, May, 18,S1, by
Captain Andrew McKinney. '

113. The Boar Fish, ZTOopsM oa>Ha/«s (Storer) Gill 335

Drawmg by 11. L. Todd, from specimen takeu at Proviucotown, Mas.sacbu3etts, in miiseniii of Boston Society of Natural
Hi-story.

114. The Cutkss-ti.sh, Trichiurus leptunis'L 335

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 18028, TJ. S. National Museum, collected at Saint Augustine, Florida, 1877, by Dr.
Janeway, U. S. N.

115. The Swonlfisb, Xiphias yUdiiis L 338

(Adult ) Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 16126. U. S. National Museum. collccti:d at NiiW Bedford. Massachusetts,

.Inly 17, 1875, by D. S. Fisb Commission.
(Young.) Drawing by H. L. Todd, from plate 225, Cuvier & Valent icnnes, Histoire Naturclle des Poissons.

116. The Sail -fish, Bistiopliorus gJadius (Brovvu) Gthr 356

The Spear- fish, Tetrapturus albidus Poey 3,57

117. The Tilefish, Lopholatilits chamcclconticeps Goode & Bean 360

Dr.awing by H. L. Todd, from No. 22899, H. S. National Museum, collected 80 miles south by east of No Man's Land,
May, 1879, by Captain Kirby.

118. The Gulf Blauqnillo, CauJulaiilus miciops Goode &, Beau 360

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 20071, U. -S. National Muaeum, collected at Penaacola, Florida, March 18, 1878, by Silas
Stearns.

The Rouchil, BathymanUr signatus Cope 361

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 27646, TJ. S. National Museum, collected at Shumagins. Alaska, 1880, by E. P. Herendeen.

119. The Sqiiirrel-fish, Hnlocentrum pcntucanthum (Block) Vaill. & Bocourt 361

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 20580, TJ. S. National Museum, collected at Key West, Florida, 1880, by Silas Steams.

120. The Spotted Squefeaguc, Cynoscion maoulatum (Mitch. ) Gill 365

Dr.awing by H. I>. Todd, from No. 15000, TJ. S. National Museum, collected at Norfolk, Virginia, 1872, by Mr. SiMey.

The Common Squeteague, Cynoscion regale (Schn.) Gill 362

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 10421, U. S. National Museum, collected at Wood's HoU, Massachusetts, 1871, by
U. S. Fisb Commission.

121. The Drum, I'ogonias chromis (L.) C. & V 367

(Young.) Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 18036, H. S. National Museum, collected at Matanzas River Inlet, Florida,
February, 1877, by John C. Willets.

122. The Drum, I'oijonias chromis (L.) C. & V 367

(Adult.) Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 22936, TJ. S. National Museum.

123. The Fresh-water Drum or Gaspergou, i/a^j/otdoHo/iiS gruiiniens Kaf 370

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 10542, TJ. S. Nation.al Museum, collected at Ecorse, Michigan, by .J. W. Milner.

124. The Spot or Goody, Liosiomus xanthurus Lac 370

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 20222, 0. S. National Museum, collected at Newport, Ehodo Island, November, 1875,
by Samuel Powel.

125. The Red-fish or Bass of the South, SriffiHa oce//a/a (L.) Gthr 371

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 622, U. S. National Museum, collected at Indianola, 1858, by Major Emory.

\iC>. The Yellow Tail. Bairdiella ciirgsura (Lac.) 375

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 771, TJ. S. National Museum, collected by Beesley's Point, New Jersey, 1858, by
Professor S. F. Baird.

127. The Kingtish or Sea Mink, Menlicirrus nehulosus (Mitch.) Gill 375

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 25403, TJ. S. National Museum, collected at Charleston Harbor, South Carolina,
March 25, 1880, by R. E. Earll.
The Carolina Whiting, Menticirrus alburnus (L.) Gill 370

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 22832, TJ. S. National Museum, collected at Pensacola, Florida, 1878, by Silas Steams.

xii LIST OF PLATES.

Page.
128. Tho Cro.iker, 3/ioro;)0(7on iniditlatus (1j.) C. &V 378

Ur;i\viDg by D. L. Todd, from K<). 2UT42, U. S. Kution.ll Museum, collected at Ncwi>ort, Rliode Island, 1877, bj- Siunuel
Powol.
1'29. Tho Roiicaclor, Roncador Steamsii (Steiiiilaclmcr) J. & G 379

Drawiuj; by H. L. Todd, from Uo. 26804, IT. S. National Musi-uni, collei:ted at Santa Barbara, Califoniia, 1880, by Pro-
fessor D. S. Jordan.

130. Tho Sheep's-he.i(l, Diplodiis prohatocrphahis (Walb.) J. & 6 381

(Young). Drawing by IT. L. Todd, from specimen in U. S. National Mnscnm.
Ull. The .Slu-fii's-head, Diplodua prohatocephaJus (.Wall).) J. & G 381

( Adnlt). Drawing by H. L. Todd, from specimen in U. S. National Musenm.
132. Th<! Charleston Bream or Pin-fish, Diplodua HolhrooIcU Bean 386

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 20979, U. S. Nation.tl Musenm, coU.'Cted at Chaikston, South Carolina. March 29, 1878,
by G. Brown Goode.

l.'?3. Tho Scuppau{5, Soup, or Northern Porgy, iStenntomiis chnjuojui (Mitch.) Bean 386

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 10425, U. S. Naticjial Museum, collected at Wood's Holl, Massachusetts, 1K71, by
Professor S. F. Baird.

134. The Southern Scup, Stenotomits Gardeni Bean 387

135. The Gulf Scup, or Goat's Heail Porgy, Steiiotomiis caprinua. Goode & Be.an 393

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 32083, U. S. Xalional Museum, collected at Pensacola, Florida, by Silas Stearns.

136. Milner's Pagellus, I'aijellus Milncri, Gooile & Bean 3(13

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 6134^ U. S. National Museum, collected at Charlotte Harbor, Florida, by C. B. Baker.

137. The Margate Fish, Bastard Snapper of Charleston, or Porgy of Pensacohi, Sparus pngrus L 394

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from specimen in TJ. S. National Jlaseum, collected at Charleston, South Carolina, by G. Brown
Goode.

138. Tho Sailor'u Choice, Lagodon rhomhoides (L. ) Holbrook 393

Drawing by II. L. Tcidd, from No. 21280, U. S. National Museum, collected at Saint John's Iliver, Florida, April, 1S7.S,
by G. Browu Goode.

139. The Bermuda Chub, Cyplwsus Bosdi (Lac. ) J. &. G _ . 394

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 20035, XT. S. National Musenm, collected at \Vuo<rs UoU, Massachusetts, S<-ptember 11.
1877, by Vinal N. Edwards.

140. The Medialuna, Scorpis califoniienais Steiudachuer 395

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 20952, U. S. National Museu'n. collected at Santa Barbara, California, 1880 by Jordan
and Gilbert.

141. The Florida Red Snapper, Ltifjaiius Blachfordii Goode & Bi':in 395

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21330, TJ. S. N.ational Museum, collected at Pens.acola, Florida, M.ay, 1878, by Silas
Stearns.

142. The Pensacola Snapper, i»/;"aHi(s <S(eornsn Goode & Bean 396

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21337, U. S. National Musenm, colli cted at Pensacola, Florida, May, 1878, by Silas
Steams.

143. The Mangrove Snapjier, Ehomboplitis aurorubens (C. & V.) Vaillant 396

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 31338, TJ. S. Nation.al Museaui, collected at Pensacola, Florida, May, 1178, by Silas
Stearns.

144. The Black Grunt, Hwmulon Plumieri (Lac.) J. &G 398

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 20980, U. S. National Musi.-um, collected at Charleston, South Carolina, May 29. 1878,
by G. Brown Goode.

U^. Tho Striped Grunt, Hwmulon elei/ans (0. & V.) 397

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 32003, V. S. National Museum, collected at Key West, Florida, by Dr. J. A. Ilenshall.

146. The Pigfish, Pomodastjs fulvomaculatiin (Mitch.) J. & G 398

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 3113, XT. S. Nation:il Museum, collected at Charhitto Harbor, Florida, by C. B. Baker.

147. The Big-mouth Black Ba.ss or Oswego Bass, Minroplents salmoides (Lac.) Hciish.all 401

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from No. 14143, U. S. National Museum, collected at Little Falls, Potomac River, 1874, by Major
T.J. Uobbs.

148. The Small-mouth Black Bass, Micropterua Dolomiei Lac 401

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from No. 10323, U. S. National Museum, collected at Sandusky, Ohio, by J. W. Milner.

149. Tho Rock-Iiass or Red Eye, AmbloplUea rupestria (Raf.) Gill 404

Draw ing by H. I,. Todd, from No. 9401, U. S. National Museum, collected at Ecorse, Michigan, by George Clark.

150. The Mud-Bass, Acaiithnrckua pomotia (Baird) Gill 405

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 0475, U. S. National Museum, collected at Tarhorongh, North Carolina, by Mr.
Bridger.

151. Tho Sacramento Perch, Archoplitea iiiterruptua {Giraril) G\\\ 405

Drawing by II. I,. Todd, from No. 27137, U. S. National Mu-seum, collected at San Francisco, California, 1880, by Pro-
fessor D. S. Jordan

152. The W.ir-mouth Bass, Choenohrytlua i/uloaiia (C. & V.) Jordan 405

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 17803, U. S. National Museum r< Hefted at Jackson's Lake, Alabama, July 14, 1870.
Sy Kurulien and Bean.

LIST OP PLATES. xiii

Pnge.

153. The Pumpkin-Seed or Snnfish, Lepomis gihhosns (L.) MeKay 40G

Dra\viii;4 by U. L. Todd, from No. 4H>3, TT. S. National Huseum, collected at Root River, 'Wiaconsin, July 1853, by Pro-
fessor S. F. Baird.

154. The Long-eared Sunfish, Lepomis aiiritiis (L. ) Raf 406

Drawius by H. L. Todd, from No. 15351. U. S. NatioD.il Museum, collected at Susquebanna River, Bainbridj;e, Peunsyl-
vauia, May, 1875, by Dr. T. H. Bean.

155. The Bine Snnfish or Copper-nose, Lepomis paUidiis (Mitch.) J. & G 406

Drawing hy H. L. Todd, from No. 844S, 17. S. Nat'imal Musi-um, collected in Teuuessee.

15C. The Chinquapin Perch, Lepomis imnrlatus (C. and V.) Jordan 40(1

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 4227-'4G, U. S. National Museum, collected in Florida.

157. The Broad-eared Snnfish, Lepomis obscunis Ag 406

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 20031, U. S. National Mnsenm, collected at Cmnberland River, Tennessee, by A.
Winibell.

158. The Rainbow Snnfish, Centrarchus macropterus (Lac.) Jordan 406

Drawinp: by 11. L. Todd, from No. 20395. U. S. National Museum, collected at Xinston, North Carolina, 1875, by Welsber
and Hyatt.

159. The Calico Bass or Strawberry Bass, I'omoxi/s sparoides { Lac. ) Grd 400

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 10077, U. S. National Museum, collected at Rochester by J. W. Milner.

160. The Crappie or Sac-a-lai t, Pomoxi/s aiiiiu laris Raf 407

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 10387, U. S. National Museum, collected at Norfolk, Virginia, 1873, by Dr. H. C.
Yarrow.

161. The Black-banded Snnfish, Mesaiionistiiis cheetoilon (Baird) Gill 0

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 20354, U. S. National Museum, collected at Trenton, New Jersey, 1875, by Dr. C. C.
Abbott.

162. The Sea Bass, Sen-anus atrariiis: (L.) J. and G 407

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 14838, U. S. National Mnseuni, collected at Noaiili, Connecticut, 1874, by U. S. Fish
Commission.

163. The Sqnirrel-fish, Serniints faseiodaris C. and V 410

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21543, V. S. National Museum, collected at Charleston, South Carolina, July, 1878, by
C. C. Leslie.

164. The Red Grouper, Epinephehts mnrio (Cuv.) Gill 411

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 22120, U. S. National Musiuui, obtained in the Washington Marlict, District of
Columbia, by G, Brown Goi de.

16.'). The Jew-fish or "Warsaw," I'romicrops giiasa Poey 412

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 22306, U. S. National Museum, collected at St. John's River, Florida.

166. The West Indian Cabrilla, Serraniis clathratua {Grd.) Steind 413

Drawing by H.L.Todd, from No. 26574, V. S. National Museum, collected at Key West, Florida, May, 1880, by Silas
Steanis.

167. The Peusacola Black Grouper, Trisolropis mivolepis Goode arul Bean 413

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 5137, U. S. National Museum, collected at West Florida by Kai.ser and Martin.

168. The Yellow Perch, Firca americaiia Schrank 414

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 2.">19&, U. S. National Museum, collected at Washington Market, District of
Columbia, April, 1880, by U. S. Fish Commission.

169. The Wall-eyed Pike or Dory, Sli:osiedium vitreiim (Mitch. ) Jordan and Coiieland 421

Drawing by H. L.Todd, from No. 22494, U. S. National Museuiu, collected at Port Deposit, Maryland. April 7, 1879,
by R. E. McClenahau.

The Sanger or Land Pike, Stizostedium canadense (Smith) Jordan 424

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 10072, U. S. National Museum, colli-cted at Rochester, New York, by J. W. Milner.

170. The Sfriped Bass or Rockfish, Ilocvus linealiis (IMoah.) Gill {=llocnis saxatilis mnctovnm) 425

Drawing by H. L. Todd, lioui No. 25219, XJ. S. National Museum, collected at Washington Market, District of Columbia,
April 24, 1880, by U. S. Fisk Commission.

171. The White Bass, Ilovcus chrijsops (Raf.) Gill 428

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 10326, TJ. S. National Museum collected at Sandusky, Ohio, by J. W. Milner.

172. The Yellow Bass, Eoccus interruptus (Gill) J. and G 431

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from specimens in National Museum.

173. The White Perch, Iloeciia amerieuiius (Gml.) J. and G 431

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 15681, V. S. National Museum, collected at New Yoik. November 15, 1875, by E. G.
Blackford.

174. TheBluefish Pomatomiis saltatrix {!,.) Gill 433

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from specimens iu U. S. National Museuiu.

The Cobia or Crab-eater, Elacate eaiiada (L.) Gill 444

Drawing liy H. L. Todd, from No. 18563. U. S. National Museum.

175. The Triple-Tail or Black Grouper, ioiotes suriHumcHSw (Bl.) Cuvier 444

17'J. The Moon-liah or Spade-fish, ChcBtodipteriis faber (Brouss.) J. and G 445

Xiv LIST or PLATES.

Paf;e.

177. The Spear-fish Remora, Rhombochirnn oeteochir (Cnv.) Gill '. 440

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 19022, U. S. National MuBcum, collected at Wood's Holl, Massachusetts, 1875, by TI. S.
Fish Commission.

The Sword-fisli Remora, liemoropsU hrachyptera Lowe 446

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 233 74, XJ. S. National Muscnm, collcrtod at pea in 250 fathoms of water by Daniel
McEachriin.

178. The West Indian Barracoiita or Sennet, Sphyrana jiicuda Schn 448

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 14978, U. S. National Museum, collected at Florida by E. G. Blackford.

The Northern Barracoiita, Sphyrana horealis De Kay 443

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 1S862, V. S. National Museum, collected at Wood's Holl, Massachusetts, 1876, by Vinal
N. Edwards.

179. The Striped Mullet, Mtigil albtila L, 449

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 24456, TT. S. National Museum, collected at Wood's Holl, Massachusetts, December 15,
1879, by Vinal N. Edwards.

The White Mullet, Miigil hrasiliensia Agass 449

Drawn by Miss M. Smith, from No. 21498, XJ. S. National Museum, collected at Peiisncola, Florida, 1878, by Silas Stearns.

180. The Sand Smelt or Silver.sides, Memdia notata (Mitch.) J. and G 456

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from specimeu in U. S. National Museum, collected at Noank, Connecticut, by TJ. S. Fish
Commission.

The California " Smelt" or Pescadillo, Alhcrinopsts califoritietinis Girard 457

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 26764, U. S. National Museum, collected at San Diego, California. 1880, by Professor D.
S. Jordan.

181. The Two-spined Stickle-back, Gasteronieus aculeatus L 457

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 2087.^ TJ. S. National Museum, collected at Wood's Holl, Massachusetts, Decembers,
1877, by 'Vinal N. Edwards.

The Silver Gar-fi.sh, Tylosiirus loiuiirostris (Mitch.) J. and G 458

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from specimens in National Museum.

The Skipper or Saury, Scomheresox sanrus ( Walb. ) Fleming 460

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 19853, U. S. National Museum collected at Wood's Hoi', Massachusetts, November 3,
1875, by Vinal N. Edwards.

182. The Half Beak, Heviiramplius unifasc'atiis Ranzani 461

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 1C944, TT. S. National Museum, collected in Chesapeake Bay, August, 1876, by Otto
Lugger.

The California Flying- fish, Exocwtus caUforniensis Cooper 459

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 20907, IT. S. National Museum, collector at Santa Baibaro, California, 1880, by .Jordan
and Gilbert.

183. The Pike, £;80X htdiis h 461

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 9289, TJ. S. National Museum, relh eti d al Feor.se, Mii higan, by George Clark.

The Pickerel or Federation Pike, Esox rcliculatus Le Sueur 464

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 20381, TI. S. National Museum.

184. The Western Brook Pickerel, E^dt iimbrosux Kin land 464

Dra'wing by H. L. Todd, from No. 20708, TJ. S. National Museum, collect, d by E. G. Blackford.

The Mu.skellunge, Esox nobilior Thompson 464

Dra-wing by H. L. Todd, from No. 10007, TJ. S. National Museum, collected at Ecorse, Michigan, by George Clark.

185. The Mummichog, FuiuUhm majalin (Walb.) Gthr. (Female) 466

Drawing H.L.Todd, from No. 13788, U.S. National Museum, collected at Wood's Holl, Mas8.achusctt8. September 15,
1871, by TJ. S. Fish Commission.

The Blackfish of Al.iska, DalHa pectoralis Bean 466

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from 23408 A, TJ. S. National Museum, collected at .Saint Michaels, Alaska, February, 1877, by
L. M. Turner.

180. The Atlantic Salmon, Salmo so/nr L 468

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from specimen in the TJ. S. National Museum, taken in the Delaware Kiver.

The Quinnat or California Salmon, OvcnrliynchuK dioiiirlia (Walb.) J.amlG 479

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 24671, TJ. S. National Museum, eoUcctc d at Xceali Bay, December, 1870, by .Tames G.
Swan.

187. The Steel Head, Salmo GairUvtri Richardson 474

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 27218, TJ. S. National Museum, collected :il Columbia Tlirer, 1880, by Professor D. S.
Jordan.

The Rainbow Troiit, Sulmo irideiis Gibbons 475

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from No. 29093, TJ. S. National Museum, C(dlected at McCloud Itiver, California, 1881, by Livings-
ton Stone.

188. The Black-spotted Trout, Salmo purpuraliis Pallas 475

DinwiDK by H. L. Todd, from No. 27D05, TJ. S. National Museum, collected at Sitka, Alaska, 1870, by L. A. Beardsley.

LIST OF PLATES. XV

Page.
The Kayko or Dog Salmon, Onrorhynchus heta (Walb.) Gill and Jordan 476

DrawJDg by U. L. Todd, from No. 27017. U. S. N.ational Museum, collected at Fort Alexander, Cools's Inlet, Alaska, July
4, 1880. by J. Cohen.

189. The Gorbuscha or Hump-hacked Salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walb. ) Gill and Jordan 476

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 27743, U. S. National Mnseum, collected at Cook's Inlet, Alaska, Jnly 6, 1880, by l)r. T.
H. Bean.

The Kisutch or Silver Salmon, Oncorhynchus Jcisiitck (Walb.) J. and G 477

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 27712. U. S. National Museam, coUocted at Qialiak, Unalashka, October 12, 1880, by Dr.
T. H. Bean.

190. The Krasu.aya Ryba, Red-fish of Idaho, or Blue Back Salmon, Oncorftyncftiw meiftrt (Walb.) Gill and Jordan. 477

(Hook-jawed Male.)

(FemaK) Drawings tiy H. L. Todd, from specimens in TJ. S. National Mnseam, collected by Captain C. Bendire, U. S. N.,
in the WaUowa Kiver, Idaho.

191. The Krasnaya Ryba or Blue Back Salmon, Oncorhynchns nerha (Walb.) J. and 6 477

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from fresh run male, sent to U. S. National Museam fl'om the Columbia River, April, 1884, by A.
Booth, esq.

The Namaycush or L.ake Trout, Salvelinus namaycnsh (Walb.) Goode 485

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 17012, U. S. National Mnsenm, collected at Eaqnette Lake, New York, February 23,
1877, by Verpl.anok Colvin.

192. The Speckled Trout, Salreluinn fovtinalis (Mitch.) Gill .and Jordan 497

Dr.iwing by H. L. Todd, from No. 28051, U. S. National Museum, obt.iined in New York Market, .luly, 1881, by E. G.
Blackford.

193. The Oqiiassa Trout, Salvelinus oqnassa (Grd.) Gill and Jordan 593

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 200S8, U. S. National Museum, collected at Oquassoc Lake, New York, November 9,
1877, by E. G. Blackford.

The Malma or Dolly Varden Trout, Sah-elinus malma (Walb.) J. and G 504

Dr.awing by H. L. Todd, from No. 2T740, U. S. National Museum, collected at Port Chatham, Cook's Inlet, Alaska, 1880, by
Dr. T. H. Bean.

194. The Grayling, Thymallus tricolor Cope 505

Drawing by fl. L. Todd, from No. 11II5, U. S. National Museum, obtained from Au Sable River, Michigan, by .7. W.
Milner.

195. The Alaska Gr.ayling, Thymallus signifer Richardson 505

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 3333, tJ. S. National Mnseum, collected at Port Simpson, Jnne, 18C0, by B. R Ross.

196. The Whitefish, Coregonus clupeiformis (Mitch.) Miluer 507

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 10300, TJ. S. National Mnseum, collected .at Ecorse, Michigan, by George Clark.

197. The Cisco or Lake Herring, Coregomix Artedi Lesueur 541

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 33958, TT. S. National Museum, collected at Neer Field Bay, "Wiscosin, by J. "SY. Milner

The Moon-eye or Cisco, of Lake Miehig.an, Coj-fiyowMS iToj/i (Gill) Jordan 541

Drawing b.y H. L. Todd, from No. 321G2, U. S. National Mnseum, collected at Seneca Lake. New York, June, 1878, by Pro-
fessor H. L. Smith

198. The Alaska Whitefish, Corerjonm MerU Gthr , 0

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 27698. U. S. National Musonm, collected at Alaska. 1880, by U. S. Steamer Corwin.
The Lauretta White-fish, Coregonus Laurettce Beau 0

Drawing by n. L. Todd, from No. 27095, U. S. National Museum, collected at Point Barrow, Alaska, July, 1880, by V. S.
Steamer Corwin.

199. The Eastern Smelt, Osnurns mo>-f?(7.r (Mitch.) Gill .' .543

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21435. U. S. National Mnseum, collected at Wood's Holl, Massachusetts, 1878, by 'Vin.al
N. Edwards.

The Alaska Smelt, Onmcrus cicntex Steind.achner 544

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 27914. U. S. National Musenm, collected at Port Clarence, Alaska, 1880, by Dr. T. H.
Bean.

200. The Alaska Surf Smelt, Hi/pomems oUdua (Pallas) Gthr 544

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 23973, U. S. Nation.al Musenm, collected at Saint Miehaels, Alaska, May 20, 1877, by
M. L. Turner.

The Ciilil'ornia Surf Smelt, Hypuntcsnn prctiosus (Grd.) Gill 544

Dr.iwingby H. L. Todd, from No. 27993, XJ. S. National Musenm. coll.cted at Yakutat Bay, Alaska, 1880, by Dr. T. H. ■
Bean.

201. The Capelin, ^fatlofus rillosus (Muller) Cuv 544

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 3418 TI. S. National Museum, collected at Grosswater Bay, by Dr. E. Cones.

The Eulnclion, Tlialeicltlhiis pacificus (Rich.) Gir.ard 547

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 28001, U. S. National Museum, collected atChilkat River, Alaska, June, 1860, by Mar-
cus Baker.

202. The Hand Saw fi.sh, Alepidosaurus ferox Lowe 547

Drawing by H. L.Todd, from No. 18028, V. S. N.--tional Mnsenm, collected at Saint Augustine, Florida, 1877, by Dr. Jane-
way, U. S. N

XVI LIST OF PLATES.

Page.
Baird's Alepocephalus, Alepocephahis Bairdii Goodc & Bean 548

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 22468, U. S. Nation.il Museum, collected on Grand Bank, by Christian Johnson, Schr.
William Thompson.

203. Miillcr's Scopelus, Sivjtcliis MilUeri (Gmel.J Collett 547

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from No. 20943, V. S. National Museum, collected by F. Mather.

The Snake i\sh,Tracliinocephalus myopa (Forster) Gill 548

Drawing by L. H. Todd, from No.l6951, U. S. National Museum, collected at Wood's HoU, 1876, byVinalN. Edwards.

204. The Herring, Cliipea harengui L 549

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 16667, V. S. National Museum, collected at Washington market, Jnne, 1875, by J. H.
Kichards.

The California Herring, Clupea mirabilis Girard 568

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 24865, U. S. National Museum, collected at San Diego, California, January-, 1S80, by Jor-
dan & GUbert.

205. The Menhaden or Mossbunker, Brex-oorlia tjirannus (lja,trohii) Goode 569

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 'Jt.G(;6, U. S. National Museum, collected at Wood's Holl, October 18, 1877, by Vinal N.
Edwards.

206. The Gnlf Menhaden, Breroortia patrovnn Goode 575

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 892 A, XJ. S. National Museum,. collected at Brazos, Santiago, Texas, by Captain Van
Vleet.

207. The Branch Herring (Female), Clupea ro-nffiis Mi Ichill 579

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 27197, U. S. National Museum, obtained from Potomac Kiver, M.arch 29, 1880, by U. S.
Fish Commission.

208. The Branch Herring (Male), Clupea vernalis Mitchill 579

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 25196, U. S. National Museum, obtaiucd from Potomac Biver, M.arch 27, 1880, by U. S.
Fish Commission.

209. The Glut or Summer Herring (Male), Clupea (sstivalis Mitchill 580

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 32639, V. S. National Museum, obtained from the Washington market, April, 16S3, by
H. L. Todd.

210. The Glut Hirring (Female), Clupea wsUmlis Mitchill 580

Drawing by H. L. Todd from No. 32040, U. S. National Museum, obtained at Washington Market, April 21, 1883, by H.
L.Tod.

211. The Inland Ale wife or Skipjack, Clupea ehriisochloris (Raf.) J. &6 594

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 30159, U. S. National Museum, collected at Pensacola, Florida, by Silas Stearns.

212. The Shad, Clupea sapidissima Wilson ( JIale) 594

Drawing by H. L. Todd from No. 25096 D. S. National Museum, collected at Norfolk, Vi.-giuia, March 12, 18S0, by TJ. S.
Fish Commission.

213. The Shad, Clupea sapidis,ima Wilson (Female) 594

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 25U95, TJ. S. National Museum, collected at Norfolk, Virginia, March 10, 1880, by V. S.
Fish Commissiou.

214. Map of the River Basins of the Atlantic Slope. By Col. M. MacDonald 598

215. Diagram illustrating the influence of Hydro-Tlu-riuals in determining the direction, and liniitiug the range

of the migrations of the Shad and Herring (Alewives). By Col. M. MacDonald (iOO

216. The Hickory Shad or Mattowacca, Clupea niediocris Mitch 607

Male. Drawing hy II. L. Todd, from No. 25148, TJ. S. National Museum, obtained from Potomac Kiver, March 19, 1880, by

H. L. Todd.
(Female.) Dr.awing by 11. L. Todd, from No. 25132, U. S. National Museum, collected at Potomac Kiver, March, 1880, by

Dr. T. H. Bean.

217. The Mud Sliad or Gizzard Shad, Doronoma Cepediamim (LeS.)6ill 610

Drawing by H. L. Tiidd, from No. 20034, U. S. Natiou.il Museum, collected at Cumberland River, Tennessee, Mity, 1877,
by Mr. A. WiucheU.

The Tarpum or Grand-Ecaille, Megalops Ihrissoides (Sclin.) Glhr GlO

Drawing by H. I,. Todd, from No. 14924. U. S. National Museum, collected at New Jersey, 1S74 by E. G. Blackford.

218. The Big-eyed Herring, Elops saurus L Cll

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from specimen in V. S. National Museum, from Massathusetts.

The Anchovy, Eiit/raulis rittatus Mitchill .■ (iH

Drawing by U. L. Todd, from No. 14087, U. S. National Museum, collected at Noank, Connoclicut, Seytoniber 21, 1874.
by U. S. Fish Conuuission.

The Lady-iish or Bone fish, Albula vulpes ( L. ) Goodo 612

■ Dr.awing by U. L. Todd, from No. 25902, U. .S. Nation.al Museum, collected thiee miles southeast of Easiern Point, New-
jiort, llliode Island. August 11, 1880, by Captain Kocklitl', U. S. Fish Commissiou.

219. The Moon-eyo, Ilyodon terijisus Le Sueur 612

Drawing by 11. I,. Todd, from No. 8710, U. S. National Museum, collected at Ecorse, Michigan, Febru.iry, 1872. by
George Clark.

220. The Cliul) Slicker, ICrimiizov nucclla (Lac.) Jordan 614

Dr.awing by H. L. Todd, from No. 27867, U. S. National Museum, collected at Nippersink Lake, llUuois, b.v I'rolVrssor S.
A. Forbes.

LIST OF PLATES. XVll

Pogo.

221. Goode's Sucker, Erimyzon Gooilei Jordan 614

Drawing liy Miss M. Smith, from No. 25539, IT. S. National Museum, collected at Ogecliee Ponds, near Savannah, Georgia,
March 6, 1880, by Colonel M. McDonald.

222. The Red Horse, Moxostoma macrolepidotum (Le S.) Jordan 614

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 9393, U. S. National Museum, collected at Ecor.se, Michigan, February, 1872, by George
Clark.

The Carp Mullet, Moxostoma carpio (Val.) Jordan 614

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 10793, 0. S. National Museum, collected at Cincinnati, Ohio, by J. W. Milner.

223. The Montana Sucker, Catostomus )-eJrojji«ms Jordan 61.5

The Brook Sucker or Common Sucker, Catoslomus Commirsoni (Lac. ) Jordan 615

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 10548, TJ. S. National Miyseum, collected at Ecoree, Michigan, by J. W. Milner.

224. The Black Horse, Cijdeptus ehngatiis (Le S.) Ag 615

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 10790, V. S. National Museum, collected at Cincinnati, Ohio, by J. W. Milner.

225. The Quill- back, Carpiodes cyprinus (Le S.) Ag 615

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 33073, V. S. National Museum, collected at Havre do Grace, Maryland, June, 1882,
by Dr. T. H. Bean.

236. The Red Mouth Butialo-fish, Ictiohus luiuhis {B.a{.) Ag 615

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 20774, U. S. National Mu.senui, collected at Normal, Illinois, 1877, by Professor S. A.
Forbes.

227. The Golden Shiner or Bream, Notemigonus chrjjsolciiciis (Mitch.) Jordan 616

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 20243, U. S. National Muaenm, collected at HactensacU Pwiver, 1875, by Professor
S. F. Baird.

The Sacr.amento "Pike," Ptychochilus oregoneiisis (Rich.) Grd 61G

Drawing by H. L. Xodd, from No. 27291, U. S. National Museum, collected at Columbia River, 1880, by Professor
D. S. Jordan.

228. The Fall-tish or Silver Chub, Semotilus buUaris (Rat) Jordan 616

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 15339, U. S. National Maseum, colkcted at Bainbridge, Pennsylvania, May, 1875, by
Dr. T. H. Bean.

The Horn Dace, Semotilus corporalis (Mitch.) Putnam 617

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 191C3, U. S. National Mu.'^eum, collected at Anx Plains Eiverby E. Kennicott.

229. The Horny Head or River Chub, Ccratichthys l)igultatus (Kirtlaud) Girard 617

Drawina by H. L. Todd, from No. 10969, U. S. National Museum, collected at Bainbridge, Pennsylvania, 1875, by Dr.
T. H. Bean,

The Orthodou Chub, Orthodon mkrolipidotus (Ayrea) Girard 617

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 27139, TJ. S. National Museum, collected at Sacramento Kiver, California, 18S0, by
Jordan and Gilbert.

230. The Leather Carp, Cyprinus carpio L. (var. coriaseii*) 615

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 25217, U. S. National Museum, collected at the Carp Ponds, Washington, D. C,
Apiil 26, 1880, by U. S. Fish Commission.

231. The Gold Fish, Carassius auratus (L.) Bleeker 0

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 22107, U. S. National Museum, collected at Carp Ponds, "Washington, D. C, January 24,
1878, by William Palmer.

232. The Channel Cattish of the Potomac, Total urus albidus (LoS.) J. & G 628

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 20925, U. S. National Museum, collected at Potomac Eiver, 1877, by Professor D. S.
Jordan.

233. The Bull-Head, ^m(«)-«« »iie?rts(Raf.) Jord. & Copeland 628

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 1497, U. S. National Museum, collected at Aux Plains Eiver by E. Kennicott.

The Bull-Head or Catfish, Amiurus catus (L.) GUI 628

Drawing by n. L. Todd, from No. 33075, U. S. National Mnseum, collected at Havre de Grace, Maryland, June, 1882, by
Dr. T. H. Bean.

234. The Bull-Head, Amiurus vulgaris (Thompson) Nelson 628

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 31946, U. S. National Museum, collected at Wiunepeg, Manitoba, 1683, by Historical
and Scientific Society.

235. The Gafif Topsail CiJtfish, miuriclithys marimis (Mitch.) B. &G 628

Di awing by H. L. Todd, from No. 10422, U. S. National Uusi^nni, collected at Wood's Holl, Massachusetts, 1871, by
Professor S. F. Baird.

236. The Salt Water Catfish, Arius felis (L.) J. & G 629

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21487, U. S. National Museum, collected at Pensacola, Florida, 1878, by Silas Steams.

237. The Spotted Moray, G-ymnothorax moringa (Cuv.) Goodc * Bean 629

Drawing by H."L. Todd, from No. 6994, U. S. National Museum, collected at Garden Key, Florida.

238. The Spiny-back Eel, Ptilichthys Goodei Vesba 0

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 26619, IT. S. N.-itional Mnseum, collected at Ilinliuk, Alaska, July 28, 1880, by Dall
& Bean.

xviii LIST OF PLATES.

Page.

339. The Cominoii Eel, Anguilla imlyariD Tiirton ~. 630

Dnnving by U. L. Todd, fiom No. 20470, U. S. National Musonm, collected at Holyoke. ilnssachusetts, 1876, by U. S.
Fish Commi^siou.

240. The Conger Sea Eel, Lcptoceiihidiis conger (L.) ,1. & G 656

Drawing by II. L. Todd, Iroiu No. 10027, U. S. Kaliuuul Museum, collected at Noank, Conn(;clicut, October 10, 1874, by
J. n. Lalliam.

241. The Bow I'm or Mudfish, Amia caha L 659

Drawiug by H. L. Todd, from No. 6702, U. S. National Museum.

The Short-nosed Gar Pike, Lepidosletis plali/sloiiiits Rat' 604

Drawing by n. L. Todd, Irom No. 3241, U. S. National Museum, collected at Cleveland, Ohio, by Professor S. F. P.aiid.

242. The Paddle-fish, Pohjodon apalula (VValb.) J. & G 600

Under view. Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 12235, U. S. National Museum, collec*ted at Cincinnati, Ohio, by J. W.

Milner.
Side view. Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 12235, U. S. National Museum, collected at Cincinnati, Ohio, by J. "W.

Milner.

243. The Coimnon Sturgeou, Acijimser atiirio L. (= A. oxi/rhynchus) 6C0

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 22495, TJ. S. National Museum, collected in Potomac River by William Woltz.

The Short-nosed Sturgeon, Acipcns( r hrcvirostris Le Sueur 660

Drawn from a photograph of a specimen collected at Wood's Holl, Massachusetts, 1871.

244. The Lake Sturgeon, ^Icijjenser ruhicuiuhtu Le Sueur _. 661

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 10252, TJ. S. National Museum, collected at Ecorse, MicbigaD, by J. W. Milner.

The Shovel-nose Sturgeon, Scapldrhyiuhnps 2)lati/r]ii/iuhiis (IJaf. ) Gill 603

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 22159, U. S. National Museum, collected at Mount Cannel, lUinois, 1878, by Robert
Kidgway.

245. The Southern Sting Eay, Tri/gon sabiiia Le Sueur 665

Drawing by H. h. Todd, from No. 31043, U. S. National Museum, coUectod at Galveston, Texas, by Professor D. S.
Jordan.

246. The Barn-door Skate, i?ni« ?ffimsMitchill 667

Dr.awing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21577, U. S. National Museum, collected at Gloucester, Massachusetts, October, 1878,
by U. S. Fish Commission.

247. The Torjjedo, Torpedo occidenlalis Storer 667

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from cast of specimen in TJ. S. National Mu8«nm, collected at Wood's Holl, Massachusetts,
1H71, by U. S. Fish Commission.

248. The Sawfish, Prisiis pcctiiudus Latham 668

(Side view.) Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 30678, TJ. S. National Museum, collided at Pensacola. Floiida, by Silas

Ste.arns.
(Under view.) Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 30678, U. S. National Museuoi, collected at Peus.icola, Florida, by

Silas Stearns.

249. The Basking Shark or Bone Shark, Cetorhiiius ninximus (L.) BhiinviUe 663

Copied by H. L. Todd, from Plate 6, Aunales du Muse© d'Oisteire Naturelle, Vol. 18.

The Mackerel Shark, Lamna cornuhicri (Giuel.) Fleuiiiig 670

Dr.iwing by H. L. Todd, from No. 27368, U. S. National Museum, collected at Santa Cruz, California, 1880, by .Jordan
A: Gilbert.

2f>0. The Thrasher Shark, Alopias rulpes (Gmol.) Bouap 672

Diawiug by H. L. Todd, from No. 25962, U. S. National Museum, collected at Eastern Point, Newport, Rhode Island,
August 11, 1860, by Captain Eockliff.

The Horned Dogfish, Squalus acanthias L 673

Drawing by U. L. Todd, from No. 22316. U. S. National Museum, collected at Gloucester, Massachusetts, 1878. by U. S.
Fish Commission.

The Tope, or Oil Shark, Galcorhinus galeus (L. ) Blainville 676

Dr.awing by H. L. Todd, from No. 26973, U. S. Natioual Museum, collected at Monterey, California, 1880, by Jordan &
Gilbert.

251. The Sea Lamprey, Pelromyzon marinus L 677

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from No. 10654, U. S. National Museum, collected at Wood's Holl, Mas-sachusetts, by Vinal N.
Edwaids.

The Ala.ska Brook Lamprey, Jmmocsto aureus Bean 0

Driiwing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21524, U. S. N.ational Museum, collected at Yukon River, Alaska, by L. M. Turner.

252. The Sliiiu! Kv\ or Hag, Miixinc glu'inosaLi .■ 681

Diawing by U. L. Todd, from No. 234C0, U. S. National Museum, collected at sea, by Captain E. L. Monison.

253. The Sliort -finned Squid, Ommastrcphes iUeeehrosua (Le S.) Verrill 687

Drawing of young male from Provincotown, ilassacliusctts.
The Giant Squid, Architeulhis princeps 'Verrill 687

Drawing by Professor A. E. Verrill, from specimen obtained at Fortune Bay. Newfoundland, December, 1874.
Common Squid, Loligo J-ealei (Le S.) 687

Drawing of female from Vineyard Sound, Massachaaetts.

LIST OF PLATES XIX

Page.

254. Sea Snails, Ppriwintles, Drills, and Borers Q'JS

Fig. 1. Zidiatia hems. See Kcport U. S. Fisli Commission. Parti, p. 700.

Fig. 2. riirpiiralapillas. See Report U. S. Fish Commission. Parti, p.6D8.

Fig. 3. Purpura lapilhis, banded variety.

Fig. 4. Nereriia dupHcata. See Report U. S. Fish Commission. P.art I, p. 700.

Fig. 5. Ibjauassa obnoleta. See Report U. S. Fish Commission. Parti, p. COG.

Fig. 6. Tritia trivittata.

Fig. 7. The Whelk, Buccinum undatum. See Report U. S. Fish Commission. Piirt I, p.G9D.

Fig. 8. The Periwinkle, Fulgt-r carka. See Report U. S. Fish Commission. Part I, p. 094.

Fig. 9. Aslyris zonalis.

Fig. 10. Antijris lunata.

Fig. 11. Eissoa aculeatits.

Fig. 12. The Drill or Borer, TJromljnnx riiuna. p. TOT.

255. Various species of clams 703

Fig. 1. Angulus tetter.

Animal reduced one-balf. See Keport 17. S. Fish Commission. Part I, p. 677.

Fig. 2. The Long Clam, Soft Clam, or Manuinose, JUya urenaria.

"With animal in extension, reduced to one-half the natural size.
Fig. 3. Tarjchis gihbiis.

With animal, Iho siphon not fully extended. One-half natural size. See Keport TJ. S. Fish Commission. Parti, p. 075.
Fig. 4. The Razor Clam, Eiisalella amcrkana. See Report U. S. Fisb Comiuissiou. Part I, p. 707.

With animal extended. Onchalf natural size.

Fig. 5. Shows some of the terminal papillae enlarged.

Fig. 6. The Razor Clam, EnsaleUa aiiuricana.

Shell. Natural size.
Fig. 7. The Ship Worm, Teredo naralis.

Eulai'^i^ed two diameters.

Fig. 8. The Scallop. Pccteti irradians. See Report U. S. Fish Commission. Part I, p. 709.

Natural size.

Fig. 9. The Bloody Clam, Argina pexnta.
Natural size.

256. Various species of clams 703

Fig. 1. The Qnahaug or Little-necked Clara, Venus mercenaria.

Natural size.

Fig. 2. The Qnahaug of Puget Sound, Saiidotnus Nuitalli.

Natural size of large specimen. Drawn hy -T. H. Emerton.
Fig. 3. The Gaper Clam of the West Coast, Schizothoerus XiiltaUi (Conrad).

(I.) Specimen of ordinary size, reduced about one-fourth in length. The siphons are somewhat contracted: the foot (F)

expands about as usual.
(II.) Outline of the loft valve of a larger specimen, reduced to the same extent. Drawn from nature by R. E. C. Stearns.

2.'i7. The Geodiick, or Giant Clam of the Pacilic, (ilgcimeris geiie.rosa 708

Natural size; specimens with siphons partly contrai^ted: weight when alive, fi^ pounds. Drawn by R. E. C. Stearns.

258. Mussels and Sea Clams 709

Fig. 1. The Beach Clam or Hen Clam, ^j'iauJa soltdissima. See Report U. S. Fish Commission. Part I, p. 70i.
Natural size.

Fig. 2. The Sea Clam, Cifprina isJandica.
Natural size.

Fig. 3. The Black Mussel, Mytihm edulis. See Report U. S. Fish Commission. Part I, p. 709.
Fig. 4. The Black Horse Mussel, Mod'wla nigra.

Fig. 5. The Rough Mu.ssel, Modiola plicatula. See Report U. S. Fish Commission. Part I, p. 709.
Fig. 6. The Horse Mussel, Modiola niodiolus. See Report U. S. Fish Commission. Part I, p. 700.

2,59. The anatomy of the oyster. (See opposite p.age for full explanation) 711

2G0. Fig. 1. The Rock Crab, Cancer irroratus Say ; male one-half natural size 706

Fig. 2. Zoca of the same, in the last stage before it changes to the megalops condition: lateral view

enlarged .seventeen diameters.
Fig. 3, Megalops st.age of the same, just after the change from the zoca condition; dorsal view, enlarged
thirteen diameters.

Fig. 4. The Jonah Crab, Cancer borealis Stimpson ; male, two-thirds natural size 769

Figs. 5, 6. Terminal joints of the big claws of the same, viewed from the outer side, natural size.
Drawings by J. H. Emertnn.

261. The Common Crab of the Pacific Coast, Cancer magister Dana ; male, somewhat smaller than natural size. . 770
Drawing hy H. L. Todd, from No. 2553, U. S. National Museum. California, William Stimpson.

s

XX LIST OF PLATES.

262. The Red Crab, Cancer produclus Randall; male, natural size 771

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 2529, V. S. N.->tioual Mnseam. San Francisco, California, H. Hemphill.

263. The California Rock Crab, Cancer antennarim Stimpson; natural size 771

Drawing by II. L. Todd, from No. 2033, U. S. National Mnsemn. California, 'William .Stimpson.

264. The Stone Crab, Afempjie mcrcenariiis Gihhea; male, about four-fifths the natural size 772

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from specimen obtained at Charleston, South Carolina.

265. The Green Crab, Carcinus mcenas Leach; slightly enlarged 774

Drawing by J. II. Enn^rtou, from specimen obtained at "Wood's Holl, Massachasetts, 1882.

266. The Lady Crab, Flalyonichiis oceJUitiis hatreiXle; about one-third larger than natural size 774

Drawing by J. II. Emcrtou, from apecimea obt.iiued at 'Wood's Holl, Massachusetts, 1881'.

267. The Common Edible or Blue Crab Callhiecte^ liaatatus Ordway ; male, somewhat smaller than natural size. 775

Drawing by J. H. Emcrton, from specimen obtained at "Wood's Holl, Massachusetts, 1S82.

268. The Kelp Crab, EpiaJtus produclus Randall ; female, natural size 778

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 2139, U. S. National Museum. Pacific coast of the Ui'ited States, Dr. Suckley.

269. Fig. 1. The Fiddler Crab, GetosMHusjjuji/a^or LatrelUe; male, slightly enlarged 763

Fig. 2. The Oyster Crab, Pinnotheres ostreiim Say; male, enlarged four diameters 765

Fig. 3. The Mud Crab, Panopeus depressus Smith ; male, natural size 772

Figs. 4, 5. The .Spider Crabs. Fig. 4, Libinia emarginata Leach; male. Fig. 5, IJbinia diibia Edwards;

male. Both three-fourths natural size 778

Fig. 6. The Sand Bug or Bait Bug, Hippa lalpolda Say ; enlarged about two diameters 779

Fig. 7. The Hermit Crab, Eupagurua bernliardus Brandt; about natural size 7f0

Drawings by J. H. Emcrton.

270. The Spiny Lobster or Rock Lobster, Panuliriis interniptua Randall ; somewhat smaller than natural size. . . 780

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from specimen obtained on the coast of California.

271. The American Lobster, Homarus americanus Edwards; male, much below natural size 781

Drawing by J. H. Emerton, from specimen obtained at Eastport, Maine, 1882.

272. The River Cray-fish, Camharus affinis Erichson ; one and one-half times t ho natural size 812

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from specimen obtained at Havre do Grace, Maryland.

273. The Southern Shrimp, Penceus seliferus Edw aids; about one-fifth larger than natural size 821

Drawing by J. H. Emerton, from specimen obtained on the coast of Louisiana.

274. The Mantis Shrimp, Squilla empusa Say ; natural size 823

Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 375'2, U. S. National Museum. "Wood's Holl, Massachusetts, Y. N. Edwards.

275. Fig. 1. The Common Shrimp, Crangon vulgaris Fabr. ; male, natural size 816

Fig. 2. The Common Prawn, Palainoiietes vulgaris Stimpson; mule, enlarged one and one-half diameters.

Fig. '3. The Deep-water Prawn, Pandalus Moutagui Leach ; slightly smaller than natural size.
Fig. 4. The Beach-Flea, Orchestia agilis Smith; male, enlarged five diameters.
Fig. 5. The Scud, Gammarus locusta Gon'.d; male, enlarged two diameters.
Fig. 6. The Boring Amphi pod, Chehtra terebrans PhiWiiti; enlarged about fourteen diameters.
Fig. 7. The Gribble, Limvoria lignorum White ; enlarged ten diameters.
Fig. 8. The Salve Bug, Mga x'sora Kroyer; young specimen, enlarged three diameters.
Fig. 9. The Horse-Shoe Crab, Limuhis Poh/phemus Latreille; much smaller than natural size.
Drawings by J. H. Emerton, S. I. Smith, aud 0. Harger.

276. Marine Annelids, used as bait 832

Figs. 1,2,3. Nereis pelagica Linn€. Fig. 1, larger figure, female ; smaller, male; natural size. Fig. 2, head.

Fig. 3, proboscis, enlarged.
Fig. 4. Nereis limbata Ehlers; male, anterior part of body, head, and extended proboscis, enlarged.
Figs. 5, 6. Diopaira cuprea Clapar^de. Fig. 5, head aud anterior part of body, showiug part of (he brauchije,

side view. Fig. 6, veutral view, showing the mouth open and jaws thrown back, enlarged.
FniS.7,8, 9. Clgmenella torqualaVeriill. Fig. 7, entire animal, side view, natural size. Fig. 8, head and

extended proboscis, front view, enlarged. Fig. 9, posterior and caudal segments, dorsal view,

enlarged.
Drawings mostly by J. H. Emerton.

277. FiG.l. The Sea-Cucumber, Pen (acto/roK^oso Jajger; much smaller than natural size 840

Fig. 2. The Green Sea Urchin, Strongi/Jocentrotus Driibachiensis A. Ag. ; side view, much smaller than natural

size.
Fig. 3. The Sand Dollar, Echinarachnius parma (<ray; upper surface, with the spines mostly removed,

natural size; a, ambulacral zones; ft, iuter-ainbulacral zones.
Fig. 4. The Star-fish or "Five Finger," Aslcrias /'orfcesii Verrill ; much smaller than natural size.
Figs. 5, G, 7. The .lelly Fishes. Fig. 5, Zijr/odaelyla Grwnlandiea Agassiz ; profile view, one-half u.-itural size.

Fig. 6, Jurelia flaridula Peron and Le Sneur; dorsal view, about one-fourth n,atural size. Fig. 7,

Dacl^iomelra quinqueeirra Agassiz ; lateral view, oue-fourlh natural size.

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PLATE 5.

THE HIGH-FINNED KILLER.

Orca rectipinnis, Cope. ip. 17. i
Outlin.. r.ou. S,;„Miu"ira Slarii... llMU,.m,ls of ll.r Noitbwst Coast.

THE SKUNK PORPOISE, OR BAY PORPOISE.

Lagenorhynchus gubernator, Cope (L. persp.cUlatus, Cope), (p. Ui.)

Outline from

Proceclinga <.f tl.. Aoa.k-ii.y of Natural S,i,iuc-s, I'lnhok-lpliia. Ih

THE SPERM WHALE PORPOISE.

Hyperoodon bidens, Owen. (p. Ih.i
Sketch liy James lle.ny Blake, ISCO, f.om specimen stranded at Korth Dennis, Mass.

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PLATE 8.

THE BOWHEAD WITH ITS MOUTH OPEN.

THE BOWHEAD WITH ITS MOUTH SHUT.

DIAGRAMS ILLUSTRATING THE USE OF THE WHALEBONE PLATES IN THE

MOUTH OF THE BOWHEAD WHALE.

Froni sketches liv I'^iptMUi Daviil Gray, in Laiul and Water. Dieeniher 1, 1S77. i|i. J'J.)

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THE PACIFIC WALRUS.

Odobfenus obesus (Illiger), Allen, (p. 34.)
Sketch by Henry W. Elliott, W'ulnis Islaud, Alaska, Jnly :>, 1872.

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PLATE 24.

MAP OF THE WORLD, ON MERCATOR'S PROJECTION, SHOWING THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES OF THE HAIR SEAL FAMILY.

I'lvpaiiil l»y J. A. Allin.

MAP OF THE WORLD, ON MERCATOR'S PROJECTION. SHOWING THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE WALRUSES, FUR SEALS, SEALIONS, AND SEA ELEPHANTS.

I'nimiuJ fur (lu ntii>-ri;ili..ii i.l" llic tliai-tfi l.y J. A. Allin.

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THE SUNFISH.

Mola rotunda, Cuvier. (p. li;!». ) ^^^^

From waslird liiawiii;; !)V II. I,. Toiltl, fnmi :i cast.

PLATE 36.

THE SWELL-FISH OR BURR-FISH.

Chilomycterus geometricus (Schneider), Kaup. I p. 17(1.)
D,.a.i., by ... L. To.,., ,n,u. K. 14S25, U. S. Katioua, Mas..,,,,, co.,.c..,. n, X,k.„U, Cone, 1.74, by U. S. l.sh Co,„„u»»ion.

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THE RABBIT-FISH.

Lagocephalus Isevigatus (L.), Gill. (P- 170-1
Prnwin. .,y ... ... T,.,,.l, fr,.,,, No. .,,7.7, .:. S. X..i,„w,. Mns,-,.,,,. , ol.oCcl at K.« ,.o, t, R. ... ..y Ho,,. San,,,-, .•„« ,..1.

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THE SEA HORSE,

Hippocampus heptagonus, Raf. (p. \Ti.)

Dra-wins I'y n. L. ToiW, from No. 34r.l, T. S. Katinnnl Musc-uni

, colk-cl.-.l .It OIJ PoiLt Comfort, Virsini^, I'.V Admiral Fairagiit.

PLATE 40.

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THE GOOSE-FISH OR BELLOWS-FISH.

Lophius piscatorius, L. (p. 17.'!. )
Drawing by H. L. T.i.l.l. from specimeu coUectcrt at Vmcyar<l Sound, MassMrliusetts, by the U. S. Fish Cmniission.

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THE BUTTERFISH OR DOLLAR-FISH.

Stromateus triacanthus, Peck. (p. :!:{:j. )
Drawing by II. L. Tuilcl, from No. 787, U. S. is'atioual MusLHim, coUeiteil at Bcosley'a Point, Now Jersey, 1858, by Trof. S. F. Bairil.

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THE LOG-FISH OR BLACK RUDDER-FISH.

Lirus perciformis (Mitch.), J. & G. (p. 334.)
Drawing' liy H. L. ToiUl, liom Ko. L'2650, V. S. National Museum, eoUi-.tea at Le Have Hank, by fa|it. Janiea Hawkins.

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THE SOUTHERN STING RAY.

Trygon sabina, Le S. (p. (iG5. )
Drawiii;; by 11. I.. Tmlil, Irnni N". ;!lU4:i, V. S. Natioual Muscuin, collcctcil at GalvestDii, Ti'xas, l),v Pinf. I), S. Joiilan.

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THE BARN-DOOR SKATE.

Raia laevis, Mitchiil. i^p. ()67. i
Drawing liy IT. L. Tnrtd, from Xn. 21577. U. S. Xational Museum. coUet^tert at Gloucester, Massachusetts. October. 1878, by TT. S. Fisb Commission.

PLATE 247.

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THE TORPEDO.

Torpedo occidentalis, Storer. (p. (iOT. )
Drawing by H. I.. T..,U1. from cast of spe.imen inF. S. National Museum, collected at -WooiVs Holl, Slaan.. 1H71, by r, S. Fish Coiuroisaion.

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PLATE 253.

THE COMMON SQUID.

Loligo Pealei (Le S.j.
Drawiug of femalis IVom Vineyaril Sound, MaHxaclms.-tIa

THE GIANT SQUID.

Architeuthis princeps, Verrill.
I)r.awiuK l.y Prol. A. K. Verrill. from specimen obtainwl at Fortime Bay, Newfonn.llaiiil. Dpeenil.er. 1X74.

THE SHORT-FINNED SQUID.

Ommastrephes illecebrosus ( Le S.K Verrill.
Drawiun of yoiinj; male from Provinretowli, Mass.

PLATE 254.

SEA SNAILS, PERIWINKLES, DRILLS, AND BORERS.

Fk;. 1. LinuUid herofi, y. 700.

Fig. 2. Vnrpnra Inpilliai. p. ('>9f<.

Fig. :i. Puypiira lapilliii. Ijaiided varirtv.

Fig. -1. Xererita diiplicala, \>. 700.

Fig. r>. llyaiumm obsnltta, \t. (i'JG.

Fig. (>. Trilia Irii'iltalu.

Fig. 7. Tlif WIkIK. lliuriiiiiiii inuUiliiiii, j). (i9'.>.

Fig. 8. Till' I'eriwiiiklc, Tuli/nr cnrii'd, p. fi'.M.

.Fig. 9. AKti/rix :oiiuliii.

Fig. 10. Asti/rix hiiiuia.

Fl(i. 11. I\is-Ht}(i antJcuK.

l'"iG. 12. The Urill or 15nrcT, I'ronulyihi ciiiiria, ]>. (597

PLATE 255.

Fig. .<-.

Kg. 7.

Fig. 8.

Fis

Flu. 1. Aiiijiiliis ttiier.

See Report U. S. Fish Commissitm. Part I, \). (377.
Animal reduced one-h.ilf.

Fio. 2. The loiifj flam, .soft olam, or Naimiiiose, Alyii
aroiariu.
With flniiiiul iu exten.'^ion, reduced to r>ue.Iialt' the n.tt.
ur.il size.

Fl(i. ;i. Taiifliis f/ihhus.

See Report U. S. Fish Commiasion. Part I, p. 075. with
animal. The siphon not fully extended. One-half
natural size.

Fk;. 4. The Razor Clam. EiisiuleJUi (imericann. p. 707.
Witli animal e\ti-iided. (iue-half uatitial size.

Fig. ">. The Razor C-'am with some of the teiiiiiiial
papilhe enlarged.

Fiii. r>. The Razor Clam. liiisaliUti umirifinni.

Shell natural size.
Fi(i. 7. The Ship Worm, Tercdn iiiiralts.

Enlarged two diameters.
Fici. 8. The Scallop, Pecfen inadhiiis. ]t. 709.

Natural size.

Fig. 9. The Bloody Clam, Arginu pcKitn.
Natural size.

PLATE 256.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 1. The. QnalKUig or Little-uecked Clam, Feijas ma-cennrid. Fig. 3. The Guper Clam of the West Coast, Srhizolh aru-i iml-

Naniral sizi'. talH (Coarad).

Vii- o Tl,.> (In.il.nnn- ..fPiio-ot Slnnnil «<r ri^?,!!)) 1/ 9 niitlnlli H) Specimen of oiilinary size, niluced ah.nit i.iii-t'oiirtli in leuj;lli-

i IG. ^. Uie Cinaliaiis ot 1 nget SsOUUU, ^axidomm mitmili. v siphon.s are somewliat contracted; the foot (F) expands

Natural size of large specimen. Drawn Ijy J. H. Emerton. about as usual

(11.) Outline of the ielt valve of a larger specimen, redueetl to the
same extent. Drawn from nature liy E. E. C. Steams.

PLATE 257.

, /^

THE GEODUCK, OR GIANT CLAM OF THE PACIFIC.

G'ycimeris generosa.
Natural size; aprrinKHB Willi siphiiis parlly conliacttil ; ■fft-ij;Iit ■v\licn alivp, CA itounds. Drawn liy K. E. C. Stearua.

PLATE 258.

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Fig. 1.

rig. 4.

Fig, 1. Tlie Beach Clam or Heu Clam, ^pisiila solidiasima,
p. 708.

Natunal size.
Fig. 'i. The Sea Chim, I'mmim inland'wa.

Natural size.

MUSSELS AND SEA CLAMS.

KiG. :i. The Mussel, MijUhis ednlis, p. 709.
Fig. 4. The Bhick Horse Mussel, ilodiola nigra.
Fig. 5. The Rough Mussel, ilodiola pUcatula. \>. 709.
Fig. <■>. The Horse Mussel, ModioJa modiolus, p. 709.

PLiVTE 359.

EXPLAJ^^ATION OF FIO. 1.

A. Hloge or anterior urobonal end of tho loft valvo of an adult oyator, upon which the soft parts of the animal are represented as they lie t7i

situ, but with the greater part of the mantle of tho right aide removed.
a u. Tho auricle of tho li^ht side of tho heart contracted.

B. Posterior or ventral end of the left valve, which in life is usually directed upward more or less, and during the act of feeding and respira-

tion is separated slightly from the margin of its fellow of the opposite side to admit the water needful for respiration, and which

also contains the animal's food in suspension.
Bm. Body-mass, traversed superticially by the generative ducts g e.
bj. The organ of Eojanus, or "renal " organ, of tho right side of the oyster. (The ducts wliich it sends into the mantle are not shown, nor

is its connection with the genito-urinary stuns s indicated.)
bp. The large branchial pores which open from the subdivided cavities of the pouch-like gills g into the cloaca rf.
br. The anterior branchiocardiac " veiu," which conveys part of the blood ft'om the gills to the auricle. '

c. Right pericardiac membrano, which has been thrown back over M in order to expose the heiirt ve and au.

c I. Cloacal space, through which the water used in respiration passes out, and into which the excrement of the animal is discharged from
the vent v.

d. Nervous commissure of the right side, wliich connects the parieto-splanchnic with the supra-cesophageal ganglion.

g. Gills, which extend as four flattened transversely, subdivided sacks from the palps p to the jioint y, at the edge of the mantel.

g e. Superficial uet-work of the generative ducts as they appear when the oyster is spawning.

h. Groove in the hinae end of the left valve, which receives the ridge developed in the corresponding situation on the right one.

l. Dark brown elastic body or ligament by which the valves are held together at the hinge.

M. Great adductor muscle, which is here viewed from tho end, and whicli ia attached to the inner faces of the valves over the dark purple soars.

It opposes the elastic ligament and closes the valves, and corresponds to the posterior adductor muscle of dimyary mollusks.
m. Honth.

m t. Mantle of the left side fringed with two rows of tentacles ; m V, portion of the mantel of the right side.
n to 2 marks the extent to which the right and left loaves of the mantle are joined together; the hood thus formed above and at the sides of

the palps ia called the cucullns.
P. Palps exposed, a part of the cucullus on the right being cut away.
p d. Pedal muscle of right side, which is also inserted upon the shell of the same side.
p g. Parieto-splanchnic ganglion.
8. G«nital opening of the right side.
8 g. Supraoesophageal ganglion.
V. "Vent or anus.

V e. Ventricle of the heart, which is dilated, or in the condition of diastole.

xxz. Areas at the edge of tho inner surface of the shell, where intruded mud has been inclosed by a thin laminee of shelly matter deposited by
the mantle.

y. Point at the posterior extremity of the gills, where the right and left leaves of the mantle are joined together by the membrane which sup-
ports the gills.

EXPLANATION OF FIO. 2.

This figure was drawn from a dissection of a hardened specimen which'had been removed from the shell, and is viewed from the left side,
the superficial tissues of the left half of the body-mass having been removed in order to display the surface of the "liver" L, with its largo
clusters of minute follicles, and part of the course of the intestine i. Atj the widened pyloric part of the intestine is shown, which incloses
the crystalline style. The ventricle vc and auricle are much contracted, and a spacious pericardiac space is shown on either side of it, g e.
Stratum of reproductive follicles. The remaining letters of reference are the same as in Fig. 1.

EXPLANATION OF FIG, 3-

This figure of the viscera of the oyster is also drawn in part from the hardened soft parts, but is viewed from the right side. The great
duels d of the "liver" L are bhowncut open longitudinally, and are representt^d as opening dii'ectly into the cavity of the stomach «(, in front
of which the (esophagus oe is also shown running back from the mouth m. This figure shows almost the entire intestine, with its widened
anterior eudj, and its course and curvature as here represented is what will bo found constant, even when hundreds of specimens are exam-
ined. Nearly all the substance ol the body-mass has been carefully removed from the right half of the body, and whei"6 the edges of the
body have been cut through the stratum of reproductive tissue i? « is also shown. The corragated outer surface of tho inner or lower palp
at P. The remaining lettors have tho same significance as in the previons figures.

EXPLANATION OF FJQ. 4.

This represents a sectioa or slice cut from the soft parts of au oystsr at the level of the dotted lino o iu Fig. 3, and viewed from its
anterior surface. Tho tissues and structures which have been cut across in this section are as follows:
a'. The dorsal or posterior branch of tho groat splanchnic artery.
a". The anterior or ventral branch of the splanchuic artery.
b r. Branchial vessels,
c. The connective tissue which envelopes the organs contained in tho body^mass and. forms the principal portion of the substance of the

animal in winter.
g. The gills cut across, showing their hollow interiors.
g e. Stratum of reproductive follicles, which inimediatoly upderlics tho mantel layer mt. Intestinal canal cut through at two points, ii

posteriorly and anteriorly, showing the manner in which the intestinal walls are folded inwai*ds upon themselves.
L L. Hight and left lobes of the liver, embedded iu the connective tissue and most considerably developed at the sides and below th«

stomach.
B b. Snprabr&nchial epaoe.
« t. Stomach, showing its irregular form and oouuectiou by moans of spacious ducts with tho "liver."

V c. Vena cava.

712

PLATE 259.

Fit'. 1.

Fm. :i.

Fig. 4.

For explanation of tignres see opposite page.

PLATE 260.

PLATE 261.

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PLATE 263.

PLATE 264.

PLATE 265.

PLATE 266.

PLATE 267.

PLATE 268.

Fig. 5.

Fig. -

Fig. 1. Tli(^ FiddUn- Crab, (h'lttsimiin jiiKjilatur, Latri-'ille; male, .slightly eulargod.

Fro. "i. TliLi Oy.stcT Crab, I'hiiiutliiri-s oslreum, Say: male, enlarged four diameters.

Fn;. X The Mtid Crab, VanoiKus deprcssus, Smith; male, natural size.

Fni.s. 4, 5. The Spider Crabs. Fig. 4, IJhinia emarginafa, Leach; male. Fig. 5, J.ihinia ditbia, Edwards; male.

three-fourths natural size of small specimens.
Fig. fi. The Sand Bug or Bait Bug, Hqipa talpoida, Say ; enlarged about two diameters.
Fig. 7. The Hermit Crab, Euimijurus beniliardits, Brandt; about two-thirds natural size.
Drawings by J. U. Emertou.

Both

PLATE 270.

THE SPINY LOBSTER, OR ROCK LOBSTER. (Somewhat smaller than natural size.

Panuliru:j interruptus, Randall, (p. 7x0. i
J)iiiwiiii^ by II. L. Tuihl. from apuciiiiL-ii obfaintd (m the <:<i:ist of (.'alitornia.

PLATE 271.

THE AMERICAN LOBSTER. (Male, much below natural size.)

Homarus americanus, Edwards, (p. 7SM.)
Drawing by .J. II. Eiiiirton, Irciin spiM-imcu (jl>t;uinil at Eastpnrt, Mo., 1882.

PLATE 272.

■^^^fe^^^^^^^ •*^^"-^^

THE RIVER CRAY-FISH. (One and one-half times natural size.)

Cambarus affinis, Erichson. (p. fil2.)
Diawiiii; I'V H. L. Tmlil, from spi-ciiuen iilitaJPLil at mivre ik- Graix-, Mil.

PLATE 273.

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PLATE 274.

^tf^'V »||>

THE MANTIS SHRIMP. (Natural size.)

Squilla empusa, Say, (p. 823.)
Drawing by H. L. Todil. from No. a?r,2, U. S. Xatioual lliiseum. Wood's Iloll, 'Mas.l.. Tiiuil N. Eiiwanls.

PLATE 275.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 7.

FiR. :i.

Fig. 6.

Fr
Fi
Fi
Fi
Fi
Fi
Fi
Fi
Fi

Fig. 5.

I. 1. Tlic CoiiinioTi Shrinip, Crmujon ruhjarh, Fabr. ; male, natural size.

. 2. The Coiiimou Prawu, PaJa-moneles rtihjuris, Stimpsiiu; male, enlarged oue and oue-balf diameters.
. :H. Tile Deej)-\vater Prawn, I'andahis Montaijiti, Leacli ; slightly smaller thau uatural size.
. 4. The Beach-Flea, Orchestia agilis. Smith; male, enlarged five diameters.
. r>. The Send, Oammarus locusia, Gould ; male, enlarged two diameters.
. 6. The Boring Amphipod, Cheliira terehrann, Phillipi; enlarged aliout fourteen diameters.
. 7. The Gribhle, Limiioria ligiioriim, White; enlarged ten diameters.
. 8. The Salve Bug, J-^ga psora, Kriiyer; young speeimeu, enlarged three diameters.
. 9. The Hor.se-shoe Crab, Limuhis rolijphemufi, Latreille; much smaller thau uatural size.
DruwinR.s by J. H. Eniertou, S. I. Smilli, :md O. Harger.

PLATE 276.

MARINE ANNELIDS. (Used as bait.)

Figs. l,2,:l Xereis })elafiicn,lu\nu. Fig. 1, larger tiguri', feuuili-; suuiller, lualc; natural size. Fig. 2, bead.
Fig. 3, proboscis, enlarged.

Fk; 4. Xereia limbatu, Elilers; ni.ale; anterior part of liody, head, and extended jiroboscis, enlarged.

Figs. 5, 6. Viopatra cuprea, Claparede. Fig. 5, head and anterior part of body, .showing part of tlie brauehia',
side view. Fig. G, A'eutral view, showing the mouth open and jaws thrown back, enlarged.

Figs. 7,i?, 9. ClymeneUa lorquala, Vorrill. Fig. 7, iiitire animal, side view, natural .size. Fig. 8, head and ex-
tended probosci.s, front view, enlarged. Fig. 0, posterior and caudal segments, dorsal view, enlarged.
DrawiDgs moatly by J. II. Emerton.

PLATE 277.

■) i^^'Ti'^

..sV'

N... 012

Ho. 613
Fig. G.

617
Fig. 3.

■fS0

i-ig. ■-'.

016
Fig. 4.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. The Seii-Cucuniber, Vciiiacla frondosa, J:rger; iiiiicb smaller tliuii luitural size. (p. 63-i.)

Fid. 2. The Common Sea- Urchin, i^tronyijloccnlrutus ihuhacliien-'ii.i A. Ag. : side view, much .smaller than natural size.

Fig. r!. The Sand Dollar, Echinaracltnius parma, Gray; upper surface, with the spines mostly niiiovcd, natural

size; a, ambulaeral zones; i, inter-anibulacral zones, (p. 839.)
Fig. 4. The Star-fish or " Five Finger," AslerUis Forhesii, Verrill; much smaller than natural size. (p. S40.)
FlG.s. 5, G, 7. The JcMly Fishes. Fig. 5, Zijijodai;! ijla ijr(ailandica, Agas.siz ; protile view, one-hall' natural size. Fig. (>,

AureViaflaeidida, Per<m and Le Sueur; dorsal view, aliout one-fourth natural size. Fig. 7, Daciijlomctra

qKiiiqiwcirra, Agassiz; lateral view, one-fonrth natural size. (p. >*41.)