UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

CIRCULAR 146

^^^fe^.

The Department of the Interior, created in 1849, is our Nation's De-
partment of Natural Resources, concerned with management, conserva-
tion, and development of water, wildlife, fish, mineral, forest, and park
aJid recreational resources. It also has major responsibilities for Indian
and Territorial affairs.

As America's principal consei-vation agency, the Department works to
assure that nonrenewable resources are de\eloped and used wisely, that
park and recreational resources are conserved for the future, and that
renewable resources make their full contribution to the progress, pros-
perity, and security of the United States, now and in. the future.

Front cover photo by
Fred H. Dale, Staff Specialist

Back cover photos by
Lee E. Yeager, Leader,
Colorado Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, Stewart L. Udall, Secretary

FISH AND \?ILDLIFE SERVICE, Clarence F. Pautzke, Commissioner

BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE, Daniel H. Janzen, Director

WILDLIFE RESEARCH PROGRESS

1961

Circular 146

Washington, D.C. . June 1962

FOREWORD

The population of the United States has doubled in
the last 50 years; the gross national product has
doubled in the last 20 years. These developments,
acconnpanied by advances in transportation and in-
creases in leisure time, have brought greater de-
mands on natural resources and ever-increasing
problems in wildlife conservation.

Wildlife problems are mostly manmade--conaplex
yet challenging to conservationists, wildlife adminis-
trators, research scientists, and resource managers
alike. And they are of concern to all of us. The inter-
est of hunters and fishermen may be in more game
and fish to catch; the tourist, camper, hiker, bird
watcher, or suburban housewife may be pleased nnerely
to see wildlife; the student may w^ant to learn some
technical detail about a given species; the conserva-
tionist may find satisfaction in knowing that a remnant
of the whooping crane population still exists; and the
farmer, the forester, or the jet plane passenger,
while generally appreciative of wildlife, may with
ample justification want to have methods devised for
controlling animal depredations or elinainating bird
aircraft hazards.

We are living in a changing world, a dynanaic age.
Changes in agricultural or forestry practices, changes
in land use or transportation systems, or in almost
any phase of our economy or mode of living, affect
wildlife in some way. To keep pace with these changes
and to ensure sound management of the Nation's wild-
life resources, continued research is essential. The
role of the Branch of Wildlife Research of the Bureau
of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife in providing informa-
tion and improved methodology for wildlife conser-
vation, with particular reference to the period July I960
to December 1961, is the subject of this report.

Daniel L. Leedy
Chief, Branch of
Wildlife Research

11

CONTENTS

Page

Foreword ii

Map of Wildlife Research Stations and Offices iv

Introduction 1

Recent developments of interest 2

Migratory Bird Populations Station 2

New laboratory and research facilities 3

New Cooperative Wildlife Research Units 5

Major w^orks published and planned 5

Research highlights 5

Waterfowl management research 5

Pouplation studies 7

Waterfowl ecology 7

Management of aquatic plants 9

Mosquito control-wildlife relations 10

Other migratory bird studies 10

Dove s 10

Woodc o ck 11

Cranes 11

Bird banding 11

Upland wildlife ecology 11

Small nnannmal studies 13

Other mammals 14

Resident game birds 17

Pesticide-wildlife relations 19

Toxicological studies and pen tests 19

Field and laboratory studies 20

Wildlife diseases and parasites 21

Animal dannage control 23

Habitat nnanipulation 23

Scaring devices 23

Repellents and toxicants 25

Capturing devices for birds 26

Banding and biological studies 27

Reproductive inhibitors 28

Classification, distribution, and life history

studies 30

Publications 31

Appendixes

A. Organization 32

B. Funds available for obligation 33

C. Publications 34

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IV

Wildlife Research Progress, 1961

The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wild-
life has broad authority for research on an
array of wildlife species, resident and
migratory, game and nonganne, harnnful
and beneficial. The Branch of Wildlife
Research is the wildlife fact-finding arm
of the Bureau. It performs research in
the areas of waterfowl management, other
migratory bird studies, upland wildlife,
pesticide-wildlife relations, diseases and
parasites, control methods, and classifica-
tion, distribution, and life history studies.

The Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit
Program is one of many cooperative prp-
gran-is participated in by the Branch. These
Units are supported and administered under
terms of memorandums of understanding
signed by representatives of the Bureau,
the Wildlife Management Institute, and the
land grant colleges and the fish and game
departments of 16 States. The Unit Pro-
gram, in addition to conducting research,
facilitates wildlife training and promotes
conservation education through demonstra-
tions, publications, lectures, and consulta-
tion. The assistance and support of the
Wildlife Management Institute and of the
cooperating States in the Unit activities
mentioned in this report are gratefully
acknowledged. Many of the findings recorded
here are preliminary, and readers wishing
more detailed information are requested to
Avrite to the Bureau or to the Units, listed
in Appendix A.

The Branch also cooperates with other
land-managing agencies of the Interior De-
partment, and with the U.S. Forest Service,
the Soil Conservation Service, the Depart-
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare,
and the Department of Defense in solving
wildlife management problems. In coopera-
tion with the Wildlife Management Institute,
the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration
Program, and the International Association
of Game, Fish, and Conservation Commis-
sioners, research is conducted in foreign

countries on potentially adaptable game
species, and numbers of them are obtained
for trial release in selected game-deficient
areas of the United States.

Other projects made possible through the
cooperation of conservation agencies,
scientific institutions, or individuals in-
clude the international bird-banding record
center at the Patuxent Wildlife Research
Center, Laurel, Maryland. Here banding
data on more than 11 million birds and
recovery records on more than 1 nnillion
migratory birds are kept in addition to a
file of more than 3 million cards on the
distribution and migration of North Ameri-
can birds. The world's largest collections
of North American birds and mammals are
maintained at the U.S. National Museum in
cooperation with employees of the Smith-
sonian Institution. These records, together
with the professional taxonomic services
rendered by Branch employees, are avail-
able to investigators both within and without
the Bureau. The assistance of the thousands
of banders, observers, and collectors who
have cooperated in collecting the specimens
or in providing the data makes this com-
prehensive service possible.

Details on Branch organization, adminis-
trative and supervisory channels, locations
of research installations, and financing are
given in the appendixes. Briefly, the Branch
is organized on a staff-and-line basis with
the Directors of the four research centers,
the Leaders of the l6 Cooperative Wildlife
Research Units, and the foreign game in-
troduction project leader reporting directly
to the Branch's Washington Office, which
is responsible for program planning, co-
ordination, and administration. Fiscal, per-
sonnel, and property management are
handled through the Bureau's six Regional
Offices. In the fiscal year 1962 the Branch
had more than 150 professional and over
100 nonprofessional employees and a budget
of more than $2^ million.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS OF
INTEREST

Migratory Bird Populations Station

A new unit of the Branch was established
through reorganization of the Patuxent Wild-
life Research Center, October 19, 196l,
This unit, the Migratory Bird Populations
Station, concentrates under the Station Di-
rector those phases of research dealing with

national and international studies of migra-
tory bird population dynamics, including
bird banding and data processing. It serves
as a clearing house and a planning center
for developing various migratory bird sur-
veys and investigations involving coopera-
tion of operational personnel of the Bureau
and assistance from State, Canadian, and
other conservation agencies. Analyses of
data already available in the bird banding
files, in addition to information from cur-
rent surveys, are an important part of the
Station's initial work.

Colorado Unit Leader demonstrating the technique of live-trapping beaver to summer-camp forestry and wild-
life students, Pingree Park, northcentral Colorado. (Photo by Lee E. Yeager.)

'v':

Many Uhil oi^U^.i^a ..cv^ .^juiiu ,i ^.>.^e:isary to set up base camps on their summer study areas. In this instance
Bill Rutherford, of the Colorado Unit, is working out of such a camp on the Williams Fork, North Park,
Colorado. (Photo by Lee E. Yeager, Colorado Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit.)

New laboratory and research facilities

To improve the quality and output of
research, every effort is being made to
recruit topnotch personnel and to provide
adequate facilities. Increased attention to
pesticide-wildlife relations, control meth-
ods, and other problems requiring labora-
tory facilities has resulted in acquiring
modern laboratory and other equipnnent.
Excellent progress was nnade in 1961 on
the construction of a 25,000-square-£oot
biochemical-pathology laboratory at the
Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. Pens
for research on pesticides and control

methods were constructed at the Denver
Wildlife Research Center and its Olympia,
Washington, substation.

Planning nnoney was included in the
budget for the fiscal year 1962 to locate
a site and prepare plans for a wildlife
research center in the Northern Great
Plains Area, where greatly expanded re-
search on waterfowl production problems is
needed. In restoring the bird banding files
which were damaged by fire in June 1959,
a modern automatic data processing system
has been substituted for the time-consuming
manaal procedure previously used. With the

Gull pens at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. Gulls have become a problem to jet aircraft at many U.S.
airports. Mass capture methods are being explored through development of anestheticor hypnotic baits, which
are tested on captive gulls. Distances gulls regularly travel to airport trouble sites are being determined by
observations of color-dyed gulls; various dyes are tried on captive gulls to help select an assortment of durable
dyes that can be spotted easily at a distance. (Photo by F.C, Schmid.)

[ The new Forestry Research Center at Olympia, Wash-
ington, which houses the Denver Center's Olympia
Field Station.

(Photo by Denver Wildlife Research Center.)

New outdoor holding pens at the Olympia field station
for testing the effect of systemic chemicals and foliar
repellents on a variety of forest animals.

(Photo by Denver Wildlife Research Center,)

support of State legislatures and grants
from the National Science Foundation, the
Atomic Energy Commission, and other
agencies, research facilities are better
at the Cooperative Unit schools than at
any tinne in the history of this 27-year-old
program.

New Cooperative Wildlife Research Units

Arrangements were nnade in 1961 to
transfer one of the original Units from
Oregon State University to Cornell Uni-
versity, Ithaca, New York. Authorization and
funds were received to establish a Unit at
Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge
in the fiscal year 1962, bringing the total
of such Units to 17.

Major works published and planned

Publications appearing during the period
July 1, I960, to December 31, 1961, are
listed in Appendix C. Special mention is
made here of a few major works either
published or currently in preparation.

The Mammals of Wisconsin by H. H. T.
Jackson, retired employee of the Branch,
was published in February 1961 by the
University of Wisconsin Press. This 518-
page book is far more than the usual State
mammal guide and represents a lifetime of
painstaking work.

Muskrats and Marsh Management, by
Paul L. Errington of Iowa State University
and associated with the Iowa Cooperative
Wildlife Research Unit since its inception,
was published by the Wildlife Management
Institute and Stackpole Company, Harris-
burg, Pennsylvania.

The popular and long out-of-print book,
American Wildlife and Plants, by A.C.
Martin, H. S. Zim, and A. L. Nelson, was
reprinted in a paper-back edition by Dover
Publications, Inc., 180 Varick Street,
New York 74, New York. This valuable
book is now available at $2 a copy.

Publication by the University of Cali-
fornia Press of the 221 -page Seed Identifi-
cation Manual by Alexander C. Martin,
retired employee of the Branch, and
William D. Barkley in December 1961 was
an important contribution to wildlife man-
agement and botanical literature. It is ex-
ceptionally well illustrated and contains
important clues for identifying seeds of
plants valuable to wildlife.

Important works in press or in prepara-
tion include The Black Brant, Sea Goose of
the Pacific, by former Oregon Unit Leader
A.S. Einarsen; Birds of Texas, by Harry C.
Oberholzer, based on his work as an enn-
ployee of the Bureau from 1895 to 1914; a
book on the marshes of the United States
by Neil Hotchkiss; and a book on the white-
winged dove by George B. Saunders and
others. Other works in initial stages of
preparation include a book on the birds of
Idaho by Thomas Burleigh, a book on the
history and philosophy of predator control
by Stanley P. Young, Collaborator, and a
book on waterfowl and waterfowl habitat
patterned after the Yearbook of Agricul-
ture. This is to be edited by Joseph P.
Linduska, former ennployee and now Col-
laborator of the Bureau.

RESEARCH fflGHLIGHTS

Waterfowl management research

The conservation and management of the
waterfowl resource are two of the primary
responsibilities of the Bureau of Sport
Fisheries and Wildlife. In carrying out
these responsibilities, continuing research
is needed to improve techniques for man-
aging existing waterfowl habitat, both in
breeding areas and in migration and winter-
ing areas; to develop means of creating
new habitat; to draw up guidelines for
habitat acquisition to best fill the yearlong
requirements of the birds; to evaluate the
effects on the birds of regulations and
other management measures; and to im-
prove inventory techniques.

Field studies by graduate students and Branch personnel are conducted in widely varying types of terrain from
seashore to mountain top, from desert to tundra and rain forest, and from Arizona to Alaska and India. Trans-
portation varies from jeep to dogsled and from boat to airplane. IHere at Trappers Lake, Colorado, at 10,000-foot
elevation, researchers are resorting to boat to get to their summer study area. (Photo by Lee E. Yeager.)

Population studies. --One means of evalu-
ating the status and productivity of annual
waterfowl populations is the examination of
wings subnnitted to Bureau and cooperating
State biologists. By noting color, growth,
wear, and replacement of feathers, much
can be learned about the sex and age ratios
of various populations, the species composi-
tion of ducks in the hunters' bags, and
whether production of young birds was good
or poor.

The duck wing collection-productivity
survey was expanded for the 1960-61 hunting
season to include the Atlantic and Missis-
sippi Flyways and, because of its uniquely
valuable contribution to an understanding of
waterfowl population dynamics, was further
expanded in the 1961-62 season to all four
flyw^ays. Analysis of wings received from
hunters in the Mississippi Flyway indicated
an increase in the importance of mallards
and a decrease in percentage of lesser
scaups in the hunters' bags in the 1960-61
season as compared with the previous sea-
son. In the 1960-61 season the percentage
of young birds was relatively high in the
populations of mallards, American
widgeons, green-winged teals, blue-winged
teals, pintails, wood ducks, ring-necked
ducks, and lesser scaups. Preliminary re-
sults from the 1961-62 wing collections
indicated that both the number and the
proportion of young ducks in the bag were
substantially below those for the 1960-61
season, suggesting reduced kill and poorer
production.

The mail questionnaire survey of water-
fowl hunters was intensified so as to
achieve reliable kill data in States or
groups of States within a fly-way; previously
the results of these surveys were reliable
only for the flyway as a whole. Special
studies were made of bias that exists when
hunters report their kill and hunting activ-
ity in mail questionnaires, and of the
relations of season length and bag limits
to duck stamp sales and the waterfowl bag.
There appears to have been a significant
positive correlation between season length
and the sales of duck stamps during the
decade 1950-51 through 1959-60.

Accomplishments of pre-hunting-season
banding of mallards and black ducks and of
the overall wood duck banding program
during 1959 and I960 were summarized in
progress reports (see Appendix C).

During the summer of 1961 a study of
aerial inventory techniques applicable to
the Far North, or bush country, was initi-
ated. Simultaneously, ground studies were
begun in the Northwest Territories to learn
the factors affecting brood production and
its chronology under the conditions found
there. Information on the role of the bush
country in the production of species im-
portant in the hunting kill is needed, par-
ticularly during years of drought on the
prairies and as some indication of what
might result if further drainage occurs in
the pothole country.

Through these and other studies the
Bureau is able to refine its procedures
for forecasting fall populations of water-
fowl and measuring the effects of various
hunting regulations on the level of the
kill.

Waterfowl ecology. --Investigators from
the Denver Wildlife Research Center docu-
mented the effects on waterfowl habitat of
severe drought on study areas near Redvers,
Saskatchewan, Lousana, Alberta, and
Jamestown, North Dakota. On the Redvers
area the number of water areas on May 1,
1961, was 78 percent below the previous
9-year average and the number of breeding
pairs of ducks had decreased 86 percent.
Brood production dropped from a mean of
30 broods per square mile during the period
1952-60 and from a mean of 50 broods per
square mile in 1952 and 1953 to 3 broods
per square mile in 1961, A good start was
made in the Jamestown area in determining
basic water level-plant association rela-
tionships in and around potholes and the
use of various types of potholes by water-
fowl. The lack of suitable cover along the
receding shorelines was especially unfavor-
able for diving ducks and late-nesting dab-
blers, including the gadwall, blue-winged
teal, and shoveler.

fiu.

Trapping, banding, color-marking, sexing, and aging Canada geese at llachead Lake, Montana.

(Photo by John J. Craighead.)

A 2-year investigation of the breeding
ecology of the common goldeneye was com-
pleted at the Maine Cooperative Wildlife
Research Unit. It was estimated that total
mortality from the start of incubation to
attainnnent of flight was about 80 percent
of potential production.

A Utah Unit study of the food habits of
juvenile mallards revealed that newly
hatched mallards feed primarily on ter-
restrial insects and take more plant food,
primarily seeds, as the birds grow older.
Although a great variety of food items may
exist on a marsh during the duck rearing
season, few occur in significant numbers
and fewer still occur abundantly in the diet
of the birds. Abundance of food is important,
but it is the combination of quantity, ac-
cessibility, and palatability of a specific
item of animal or plant material that ap-
pears to determine what food items will be
consumed by a duckling of a particular
age.

From 1955 through 1958, 548 goslings
were color-marked by members of the
Montana Cooperative Unit to determine
the breeding age of Canada geese in the
Flathead Valley of Montana. Eighty-three
color-marked 1 -year-old birds were ob-
served, and none were known to nest.
Thirty-six 2-year-olds were closely ob-
served, and 29 percent of these nested.
Twelve 3-year-olds were observed, and
100 percent of these nested. The one
4-year-old observed nested. Similar data
were obtained from marked known-age
geese in captive flocks except that none of
the six 4- and 5-year-olds nested.

On the Back Bay-Currituck Sound water-
fowl wintering ground, facts concerning food
production are being correlated with water
salinity and waterfowl use. Prelinr^inary
analyses of data collected over a 4-year
period have established production calen-
dars for several important food species

and have shown a relation between fungus
infection and water salinity in the produc-
tion of sago pondweed. In growth studies
in sandy soils, sago pondweed, widgeon-
grass, and claspingleaf pondweed produced
the greatest volume of vegetation at the
highest salinity level (17 percent of sea
strength) and wild celery and southernnaiad
at the lowest salinity level (2 percent). The
greatest production of nitella was at an
intermediate level.

Studies were begun in the coastal marshes
of Louisiana to develop more rapid and
reliable methods for measuring waterfowl
utilization of wintering habitats. The most
promising results have been obtained from
a sampling systenn based on aerial counts
along randomly selected transects within
the different ecological and management
units.

Management of aquatic plants. --One
phase of waterfowl habitat management is
the control of noxious aquatic weeds,
methods for which are being studied by
biologists of the Patuxent Wildlife Research
Center.

A 1961 survey of Eurasian waternnilfoil
in the Chesapeake Bay area showed that
100,000 acres were infested, an increase
of more than 50,000 acres from I960.
History of the increase is shown in the
records of sampling stations on the Sus-
quehanna Flats. None of the stations was
infested in 1957, 1 percent in 1958, 47 per-
cent in 1959, 84 percent in I960, and 88
percent in 1961. Eurasian waternnilfoil
rapidly chokes out waterfowl food plants
and interferes with boating, swimn-iing, and
fishing. Infestations have been found in
fresh and brackish waters from New York
State to North Carolina and Tennessee.
The ability of floating fragments to root
and the capability of plants to survive in 14
to 16 feet of water help explain the rapid
spread of this species. It generally does
not grow along shorelines exposed to con-
stant wave and tidal action.

Cooperative studies with the State of
Maryland have shown that 2,4-D can pro-
vide effective control in tidal areas. Best

Studying waterfowl foods in the San Luis Valley, south-
central Colorado~R.A. Ryder photographed as a
graduate student of Colorado State University where
he was associated with the Colorado Unit.

(Photo by Lee E. Yeager.)

methods and seasons of application are
now being developed for a variety of site
conditions.

Alligatorweed, another plant of concern in
waterfowl habitat management, is ecologi-
cally versatile. It grows in upland fields as
well as in ponds and waterways throughout
the Southeast. Sources of reinfestation,
therefore, are always at hand.

Experiments in water-level manipulation
showed that growth of rooted plants was set
back by drops in water level and stimu-
lated by rises. Tests of methods for chem-
ical control of alligatorweed showed that
rooted growth can be controlled by a single
application of silvex granules during the
active growth period of the plants. Single

applications of a mixture of the sodium salt
of fenac with 2,4-D or other phenoxy
compounds also were effective. Floating
mat growth was not controlled by these
methods.

Management implications of alligator-
weed control were investigated through
study of plant invaders of areas from which
alligatorweed had been removed. Weather-
wax (Hydrochloa carolinensis), which is a
common invader in many areas, proved to
be attractive to ducks and geese on areas
reflooded in early winter.

Studies in management of waterfowl food
plants showed that the germination of wild
rice can be extended over a 2-year period
by planting mixed lots of seeds subjected
to different conditioning treatments. One
portion, held in water at normal refriger-
ator temperatures near 42° F., germinates
the year of planting. The other portion,
kept in water at normal roonn temperatures
of about 72°F., does not germinate until
the second year. At room temperatures,
water must be changed frequently during
the first 30 days to prevent undue putre-
faction. Other plant management studies
showed that attractive orchard grass and
clover meadows can be established on
droughiy and infertile sites by use of a
moderate layer of ripe seed mulch har-
vested in early July and spread in late
August.

Mosquito control--wildlife relations. --
Although drainage of marshes and certain
applications of chemical insecticides for
mosquito control nnay be harmful to water-
fowl and other forms of fish and wildlife,
the controlled flooding of marshes for the
same purpose may enhance these resources.

managed water level fluctuations will be
compared on certain areas. Nine times as
many water and marsh birds were observed
in the impounded marshes as in the unim-
pounded ones. Coots, ducks, herons, and
shorebirds benefited most from the im-
poundments.

Other Migratory Bird Studies

In this budget subactivity of the Branch
of Wildlife Research are included studies
of doves, woodcock, and cranes, and bird-
banding services for all North Annerican
migratory birds, game and nongame.

Doves. --Steps \vere taken to implement
the mourning dove management and re-
search program, developed jointly with the
International Association of Game, Fish,
and Conservation Commissioners last year,
by employing two additional dove biologists.
One is engaged in summarizing accumu-
lated banding data, and the other is study-
ing methods of improving population
inventory techniques. Several dove research
projects are being conducted by Cooperative
Units.

Results of a study of penned mourning
doves at the Missouri Unit indicate that
mating is the major influence on cooing
frequency of a male dove. Tenfold increases
in frequency of coos resulted when penned
females were removed from their mates.
When the females were returned, cooing
dropped to the previous levels, if pair
bonds were restored. If these results can
be extended to the field, then any precise
interpretation of mourning dove call- count
data for inventory purposes requires in-
formation on the ratio of mated to unmated
birds.

Studies of the effects of mosquito control
impoundments on wildlife were begun under
contract by the Florida State Board of
Health. Three study areas, each in a
different marsh type, were selected along
the eastern coast of Florida. Replicated
natural and impounded marshes have been
included in the experinnent. Natural and

In Pennsylvania, the Cooperative Unit
initiated a study to determine the impor-
tance of conifer groves to mourning doves.
Preliminary data indicate that the conifer
groves are utilized heavily as roost sites
and for nesting. Gunning pressure also is
heavy at well-established dove roosts.

10

Woodcock.-- Analyses of wings of wood-
cock sent to the Patuxent Wildlife Research
Center by hunters have provided data of
practical value in the management pro-
gram. Approximately 11,000 wings were
returned in the 1961 survey. The perfection
of a new technique based upon differences
in the pattern and color of certain second-
ary wing feathers permits age determina-
tion throughout the hunting season and until
the first annual molt. This technique re-
places the slower, previously used tech-
nique which involved microscopic examina-
tion of primary feathers and wa s not
reliable for late- shot woodcock from the
southern States where the birds winter.
The improved technique will increase the
speed and accuracy of age ratio measure-
ments, and provide a means of determining
the age of woodcock at the time of banding.

Cranes. --Denver Center biologists con-
tinued surveillance of the whooping crane
remnant population and studied the effects
of hunting on sandhill cranes in the Texas-
New Mexico area. Experimentation in the
techniques for capturing, color-marking,
and artificial propagation of sandhill cranes
was initiated. If successful on these rela-
tively abundant cranes, the techniques may
be of use in bolstering populations of the
related, but rare, whooping crane.

banded and 11,000 recovered; and Canada
geese with 172,000 banded and 37,000 re-
covered. Bands recovered and reported in
1961 totaled 39,104, or about 5 percent
above the number reported in I960.

A communication from the USSR Academy
of Sciences reported that 766 young and
434 adult snow geese had been banded
during 1961 at Wrangel Island, USSR.
Seventy of these were subsequently shot in
Alaska, Oregon, California, and Nevada.
One sandhill crane banded at Bitter Lake
National Wildlife Refuge in New Mexico,
one Laysan albatross and one black-footed
albatross banded at Midway Island in the
Pacific, and 16 snow geese banded at Tule
Lake and Sacramento National Wildlife
Refuges in California were reported as
having been recovered in Russia. Some of
the geese were retained for "maintenance
of Zoological Parks" in Russia.

In April 1961, two communications from
the USSR transmitted information on the
recovery of 95 Fish and Wildlife Service
bands. Most of these recoveries were of
snow geese and pintails. A regular move-
ment of these two species between Siberia
and the North American Continent is in-
dicated.

Bird banding. --Following a fire in the
Bird Banding Laboratory of the Patuxent
Wildlife Research Center in June 1959,
restoration of game bird bandings and re-
coveries was essentially completed by
December 1961, banding and recovery data
having been placed on punchcards and mag-
netic tape. A preliminary summary from
the tape has revealed that since banding
was first initiated, over 3 million ducks
and geese have been banded and over
400,000 of these have been recovered and
reported to the Banding Laboratory. Mal-
lards account for over one-third of the total
bandings and nearly one-half of the total
recoveries. Over 600,000 pintails have been
banded and 64,000 recovered. Other species
with large representation are the black
duck with 284,000 banded and 41,000 re-
covered; blue-winged teal with 233,000

Upland Wildlife Ecology

Much of the resident upland wildlife, in-
cluding game birds and man-imals, is pro-
duced on private land, and the management
responsibilities are primarily those of the
State Fish and Game Departments. However,
the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
assists in research on upland wildlife prob-
lems and, through cooperative agreement
and legislation, conducts wildlife studies
needed to provide wildlife information to
Federal land-managing agencies.

During the past year, an evaluation of the
effects of forestry practices on wildlife
production in the Southeast was undertaken

11

In a pesticides-wildlife study by the Massachusetts
Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, much is being
learned about the biology and life history of the towhee.
Here are (above) a female towhee caught in a mist net,
(upper right) a clutch of four eggs, (right center) two
fledglings, and (lower right) a nestling being banded.
(Photos by Massachusetts Cooperative Wildlife
Research Unit.)

at the request of the U.S. Study Commis-
sion, Southeast River Basins. This indicated
that the wildlife productivity potential of the
area, although not as yet fully attained, can
be expected to meet recreational needs of
the hunting public for many years in the
future. The review demonstrated the need
for more accurate inventory techniques of
game species.

Biologists of the Denver Center studied
the relation of small mammal populations
to forest regeneration and range conditions,
the influence of showshoe hare and white -
tailed deer upon timber stand development,
and the effects on wildlife habitat of silvi-

cultural practices and phytocide applica-
tions to forest and range lands. Most of
this work was done in close cooperation

12

with forest and range experiment station
personnel of the U.S. Forest Service in the
Pacific Northwest, Intermountain, Rocky
Mountain, Lake States, and Southern Re-
gions,

Small mammal studies. --A 5-year study
of pocket gopher populations in relation to
grazing intensity on the Black Mesa Ex-
perimental Area of western Colorado was
inconclusive. Plant species composition
and ground cover conditions, which change
slowly on this type of range, will require
extension of the study to define the relation-
ship. In 1957 and 1958, when pocket gopher
populations were high on Black Mesa, 61
and 56 percent, respectively, of the ani-
mals were young of the current season;
when a population low occurred in 1959,
only 13 percent of the animals were re-
corded as young -of -the -year. The percent-
age of young increased to 40 and 57
percent, respectively, in 1960 and 1961.

'Mm
m

Foliage, stem, and branches of advanced subalpine
fir reproduction were clipped and barked by voles
as high as 66 inches above ground level during winter
with the aid of heavy snow cover on cut strips. Fool
Creek watershed, Oregon.

(Photo by Jay Gashwiler.)

On the Fool Creek Watershed, Fraser
Experimental Forest, Colorado, population
studies have been made of small nnammals
over a 5-year period following experimental
strip-cutting of lodgepole pine and spruce-
fir timber by the Forest Service. As mea-
sured by seed traps, seed production has
been negligible. Deer mice, chipmunks, and
other small mammals frequently considered
important in causing loss of tree seeds
were present, but not abundant. On the other
hand, red-backed and montane vole popula-
tions were high in 1957, 1 year after the
strip-cutting, when green slash provided an
abundance of food and cover for these
animals. Evidence of extensive feeding on
the inner bark of the slash and on advanced
conifer reproduction was prevalent during
the winter of 1956-57. As the logging
debris dried and deteriorated, this abundant
food supply was lost and the vole population
declined.

In the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest
of Oregon, seedling loss from time of
germination until winter was estimated at
77 percent for Douglas fir, 98 percent for
hemlock, and 97 percent for western red
cedar. Most of the hemlock and western
red cedar seedlings succiimbed to drought.
Douglas fir losses were attributed to heat,
drought, mice, and cutworms. Live -trap
sampling indicated that deer mice, Oregon
voles. Cooper's chipmunks, and wandering
and Trowbridge shrews were present on
both virgin timber and logged areas, red-
backed voles were present in timbered
habitat, and Douglas ground squirrels in the

Litter of 5 deer mice about 24 hours old. In 1961 the
average litter size was 4.9 young per female.

(Photo by Jay Gashwiler.)

13

cutover areas. Deermice commonly associ-
ated with loss of Douglas fir seed were
found to have a breeding season extending
from March to October on the experimental
area. Juveniles were found in the population
from July through November with a peak in
October when about 57 percent of the deer
mice were young-of-the -year. The maxi-
mum number of embryos per female was 9
and the average was 5.

The role of red squirrels in forest re-
generation was investigated on Cedar Island
in Flathead Lake, Montana. A mark-and-
release study showed that approxinriately 50
percent of the fall population of red squir-
rels on the Island was composed of animals
2 years old or older. There appeared to be
a poor survival of young, for 7 out of 10
juveniles marked in midsummer disap-
peared by November. The squirrels began
clipping green Douglas fir cones in July and
continued through the fall. Clipping seemed
to be concentrated on thrifty, heavy seed-
bearing trees, and by November few cones
remained on the trees frequented by red
squirrels.

Other mammals. --A 12-year study of a
Lower Michigan jack pine plantation re-
vealed that 22 out of 25 trees within deer
and hare exclosures were of crop quality,
whereas on unprotected plots only 1 of 7
made a crop tree, most of the remainder
being multistemmed or badly deformed.
The average height of the protected trees
was 13.5 feet, compared with 7.5 feet for
unprotected trees. Tree survival as re-
corded in 1961 was 96 percent in the
exclosures and only 44 percent in the un-
protected plots. Similar results were ob-
tained in a red pine plantation in the
Tamarack National Wildlife Refuge in
northwestern Minnesota and in a planted
jack pine stand in the Superior National
Forest of Minnesota.

Among the mammals studied by the Co-
operative Wildlife Research Units were

w^^r

Severe deer browsing produced multiple-stemmed and
badly deformed jack pine in Lower Michigan.

(Photo by Laurlts Krefting.)

antelope; black, grizzly, and polar bears;
bison; mule and white-tailed deer; elk;
javelina; moose; bighorn and Dall sheep;
such fur animals as beaver, fisher, arctic
fox, marten, mink, muskrat, river otter , and
ringed seal; small game mammals including
the snowshoe hare, cottontail, and swamp
rabbits, and the gray squirrel; and others,
including bats, the bobcat, coatimundi,
porcupine, cotton rat, and ground squirrels.
Mention is made here of only a few of these
studies.

Over a 3-year period, Montana Unit per-
sonnel have made a total of 1,809 different
observations of marked, and unmarked but
recognizable, grizzly bears. Data from
field observations and recaptures indicate
a high cub mortality during their first
winter. The cub -yearling ratio has been
91 to 53, Animals remaining with their
mothers as yearlings and 2-year-olds grow
and develop more rapidly than those that
are cast off as yearlings. A number of
marked bears have exhibited airline move-
ments exceeding 50 miles, and at least 7
bears marked within Yellowstone National
Park have been killed by hunters outside
the Park.

14

-Ti.^

In an Alaska Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit mink study, John Burns, graduate student, also learned about
Eskimo life in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta area. Above left is a typical trapper's camp. The dwelling consists of
a willow log frame, grass and square-cut sods from the surrounding tundra. To the right a "taluyak" (wire
mink trap) is being set in a stream covered by ice. The "taluyak" and rifle are the major means of taking
mink in this area. (Photos by John Burns.)

Examination of black bear droppings
collected in the Whitefish Range in north-
western Montana revealed that plant mate-
rial occurred in essentially all of the
scats, insects in 45,3 percent, mammals in
5.0 percent, and birds in 0.4 percent.
In terms of volume, animal material formed
a very minor part of the fecal remains.

In Colorado, continued measurement of
the effects of weather on mule deer be-
havior by Unit personnel has begun to reveal
certain patterns and the reasons for these
patterns. It is increasingly evident that deer
are creatures of habit and, in the absence
of hunting or other violent disturbance, can
be depended upon to respond in a given way
to given stimuli. Thus, mule deer use the
upper and lower edges of heavily timbered
areas more than the interior; they tend to
travel along wooded draws in going up and
down mountain slopes; they feed during
periods of comparatively low wind turbu-
lence, whether day or night; and they bed
down on clear days in winter, in coniferous
tiiTiber or behind rock outcrops, nearly
always on a southerly exposure.

The mule deer on Wildhorse Island,
Montana, probably represent a typical ex-
ample of an unhunted population on a re-
stricted range. This population, estimated
at between 400 and 500 animals in 1954,
dropped to an estimated 150-200 in 1961.
Poaching and movement from the Island are
both considered to be insignificant. Natural
mortality appears to be exceeding the num-
ber of young animals brought into the
population. This is an old-age population
with a sex ratio of about 113 bucks to 100
does.

Typical classification of 100 mule deer
on the Island in October would be some-
thing like 36 bucks, 32 does, and 32 fawns;
while in May it normally would have changed
to 47 bucks, 41 does, and 12 fawns. These
sex and age ratios are a sximmary of
classified counts made over a 3-year period.

Iowa Unit studies indicate that the State's
white-tailed deer are favored with an ade-
quate supply of good food, and reproductive
success is high. This is verified by the fact
that 20 fawns available for examination after

15

Grizzlies in Yellowstone National Park were trapped
and immobilized. Weights and measurements were
taken and the bears were tagged and color-marked
before being released. This bear weighed 565 pounds.
(Photo by Frank C. Craighead.)

the close of the rutting seasonhad anaverage
of 1.25 fetuses each. Older does showed 1.94
fetuses each. Three -fourths of Iowa's doe
fawns breed their first fall.

For the past 6 years the Arizona Unit has
carried on a program of research to gather
needed information on the collared peccary.
These studies have included work on re-
production, methods of aging animals, pro-
ductivity, food and water requirements,
home range and movement studies, and an
analysis of age structures of wild popula-
tions. During 1961, four Arizona Unit publi -
cations on this important game animal
appeared.

As a result of studies onhow to determine
the age of peccaries, it is now possible to
classify the animals into known-age cate-
gories up to the age of 2l| months. It
was found that, in 1957, 2 percent of the
animals were in the 2- to- 10-month age
class compared with 6, 4, and 3 percent,
respectively, in this category in 1958,
1959, and 1960. It is believed that the low
percentage in the 2-to- 1 0-month age class
in 1957 and the low percentage in the

10 -to -21 1 -month age class in 1958 (9 per-
cent in 1958, compared with 20 and 13
percent, respectively, in 1959 and 1960)
were results of the severe drought of
1956. There are strong indications that
severe drought years have adverse ef-
fects on the peccary populations, and that
their numbers, like those of so many
animals, are closely related to the annual
rainfall.

In studies of beaver production by the
Maine Unit, no. significant differences were
noted in current reproductive rates as
compared with an earlier period (1947 to
1950); beavers in central Maine, however,
produced significantly more young than
did those of northern Maine. Also, as
compared with northern beavers, Alabama
beavers use relatively little woody vegeta-
tion for food, and this use occurs primarily
in winter. Summer feeding is more of the
browsing and grazing type, with much
herbaceous vegetation being eaten. In sum-
mer, dams are abandoned to a large extent,
and the beavers use natural waterways and
manmade impoundments.

A study of muskrats on a large marsh in
northern Ohio revealed a higher juvenile
age ratio in muskrats taken from
controlled water level units than in those
from areas not under management. Data
from slightly over 9,000 specimens sug-
gest that age ratios vary because of higher
juvenile survival, rather than in the in-
herent reproductive capacity of the two
populations studied. Immature muskrats
from the managed marsh units weighed
significantly more than those trapped in
undiked units of the marsh. The presence
of 21 placental scars in each of 3 repro-
ductive tracts showed that some of the
female muskrats in western Lake Erie
marshes produce 3 litters per breeding
season. Three cases of probable trans -
uterine migration and one case of twinning
were noted in the specimens examined.
Ovaries collected from January through
August contained corpora lutea.

Adult female cottontails in southeastern
Ohio are known to produce fewer young
per litter than they do in other parts of the
State. An attempt is being made by Unit
personnel to ascertain why this is so.

16

Juvenile cottontails from southeastern Ohio
show consistently lower values for phos-
phorous, hemoglobin, and calcium blood
levels than do juveniles from other regions
of Ohio. General summations of data sug-
gest that differences in the secretion of
pituitary gonadotrophins and/or adreno-
cortical steroids may be influencing the
basic productivity of these animals. This
may be a reflection of soil differences in
various parts of the State.

A study of the characteristics of a swamp
rabbit population in Missouri provided an
estimate of 1.6 years average longevity for
these rabbits. Apparently there is little or
no breeding by juvenile females; in this
respect the swamp rabbit differs markedly
from the cottontail.

Resident game birds. - -Observations by
Pennsylvania Unit personnel revealed that,
after 7 years, openings created for grouse
in pole -size timber had lost much of their
value for broods owing to natural plant
succession. Brood habitat disappears long
before the areas become unsuitable for
adult grouse.

In Utah, a study was made of the effects
of environmental and biological factors on
rally calling in the chukar partridge as an
aid to the interpretation of census methods.
Frequency of calling was high in the morn-
ing and evening, and negligible during mid-
day. The daily pattern of calling before and
after postbreeding covey formation showed
definite differences. High calling periods
normally occurred at lowered light in-
tensities and mild temperatures. High winds
and precipitation diminished calling at most
times. However, it appeared that internal
motivation to call was high enough at times
to stimulate calling under adverse condi-
tions. The presence of other chukars
normally stimulated calling; the presence
of predators normally inhibited calling.
Sex and social' rank influenced calling by
penned birds. Dominant males called more
frequently than subordinate birds. Calling
by females was more frequent than by
males.

As a result of a 2-year study of chukar
partridges and their range in western

Colorado by the Unit, the following general
management recommendation can be made:
Provide green food to chukars during the
prebreeding season (February to about
mid-March) to induce the physiological
condition necessary to high productivity.
This can best be done by establishing
chukars on range with natural water
sources, preferably streams through small
farmed valleys flanked by steep, rocky,
canyonlike slopes. The feeding of green-
cured alfalfa can be resorted to during
very dry winters and springs when the
growth of green food is short or non-
existent. Manmade watering devices com-
monly known as "guzzlers" induce wider
distribution of chukars during dry years
and help maintain populations on marginal
range, but it is doubtful whether they con-
tribute to significant increases in the pop-
ulation.

Gambel's quail research by personnel of
the Arizona Unit has pointed to ways of
increasing production of young birds.
Earlier research indicated that the sub-
stance found in green foods which is neces-
sary for successful breeding is either
vitamin A or an associated substance.
Artificial stimulation of breeding in wild
quail was attempted using high concentra-
tions of vitamin A in a supplementary feed
during both 1960 and 1961. To give experi-
mental accuracy, paired study areas were
used with the vitamin available to the quail
on only one area but added feed given on
both areas. Breeding success was measured
by deternnining the fall young -adult ratios.
This was done by trapping and banding, and,
in 1961, wing collection boxes and hunter
cooperation were also tried to find this
ratio.

In 1960, added vitamin A was available
during most of the breeding season, and was
therefore given both to the breeding pairs
and to the young-of-the-year. Coveys were
larger and there were more young where
the birds had received extra vitamin A. In
1961, the feeding period was shortened to
ascertain whether management economies
could be effected. Less positive results were
attained with a shorter feeding period.
Continued research is planned to find the

17

correct time to feed, the method of supple-
mentation, and the minimum investment to
produce favorable results.

Blood of pheasants in Iowa was investi-
gated with more than 5,700 agglutination
tests on samples of wild birds from
various parts of Iowa and on pen-reared
stock from Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois,
Individual differences provided a sound
basis for continuing investigations.

An investigation by the Ohio Unit revealed
that free amino acid concentrations in the
blood of pheasants varied quantitatively
among genera, species, and hybrids ex-
amined. These quantitative differences
could be determined by chromatographic
analysis, but no qualitative variations could
be detected. Two amino acids, histidine and
homocysteine, showed consistent deviations
between species of Phasianus. Quantities of
several amino acids appear to be related
to sex.

Studies of these types may prove useful
in taxonomic work and in selection of birds
for stocking.

The year ending December 31, 1961, was
one of the most successful in the Foreign
Game Introduction Program. In the 1960-61
shipping season, 6,033 foreign game birds
from India were obtained and shipped to 12
cooperating States, These birds included
the Indian common sand grouse, the black
francolin, the gray francolin, the red jungle -
fowl, and the Kalij pheasant, A cooperating
biologist from the Nevada Fish and Game
Commission completed 2 years with the pro-
gram in India and returned to Nevada in
April 1961. The project leader returned to
the States in May for a summer of field in-
spection and consultation with State game
officials and visits to State ganae farms. He
returned to India in November to direct the
study and collecting of game birds for trial
release in this country.

Although it is too early to predict results
for any species, early reports are en-

Studies of predation on resident wildlife were conducted by the Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit. Among
the species studied were the magpie and the great-horned owl. To the left, magpies are being banded and
color-marked prior to releasing Into the wild for further observation. Right, a young great-homed owl Is
tethered near the nest site to determine the kinds and amount of food provided by the parents.

(Photos by John J. Craighead)

18

couraging in several States for the black and
gray francolins, and the black-necked phea-
sant from Iran. The red junglefowl and the
Kalij pheasant have not as yet been available
in sufficient numbers to make adequate
tests.

Pesticide-wildlife relations

Toxicological studies and pen tests. --
Toxicological studies of the effects of pesti-
cides on wildlife were given special attention
in 1961 as the quickest dependable method of
detecting potential hazard in the use of new
pesticidal chemicals. Tests of herbicidal
chemicals were incorporated in the toxi-
cological program for the first time. Five
hundred and sixteen tests involving more
than 3,700 birds and mammals were made
with 18 insecticides and 14 herbicides. All
of the herbicides tested were relatively
nontoxic to quail, pheasant, and ducks.
The birds survived for long periods when
fed diets containing as much as 5,000 p. p.m.
However, certain herbicides (amitrole,
dalapon, and derivatives of 2,4-D and
2,4,5-TP) appeared to depress reproduction
of ducks when fed at levels less than 25
percent of those producing mortality.

Some of the newer organophosphorus in-
secticides are highly toxic to birds, and
appear to be cumulative in action. Phos-
phamidon, which has been suggested for
gypsy moth control, is much more toxic
than parathion, and quail will not survive
on diets containing 1 p. p.m. Co-Ral, dexon,
dimethoate, Bayer 25141, and Bayer 29493
also are more toxic than parathion, and
levels of these compounds producing death
of quail range from 1 to 50 p. p.m. Dibrom,
thimet, and thiodan have relatively low
orders of toxicity, and do not appear to
produce cumulative effects.

Toxicity of heptachlor to woodcock was
measured in a special series of tests with
birds captured on the Louisiana wintering
grounds. Woodcock feed largely on earth-
worms and apparently will accept only
living food, so it was necessary to develop
suitable methods and time periods for
exposure of earthworms to the toxicant.
The earthworms stored toxicant in their

tissues without obvious harnn to themselves,
and the woodcock showed no aversion to
eating poisoned worms.

Fifty percent of the birds (6 of 12) which
fed on worms containing an average of 3
p.p.nn. of toxicant died within 34 days. Four
more birds had died by the 51st day, and
the remaining two were then killed for
chennical analysis. Worms collected in
areas treated with heptachlor often contain
more toxicant than the worms fed to the
experimental birds.

Collections and chemical analyses of
woodcock were continued in an effort to
determine the extent of heptachlor con-
tamination in thewild population. Heptachlor
epoxide was found in a high proportion of
birds collected in the South and in a high
proportion of adults collected in the spring
in the North.

Two new chemicals (kepone and its analog
GC-1283) which are being tested for use
in fire ant control were found to be con-
siderably less toxic to birds than is hep-
tachlor. Tests showed, however, that kepone
had a marked depressive effect upon re-
production of quail and pheasants. Pro-
longed exposure to this compound resulted
in loss of characteristic coloration of male
quail, pheasants, and mallards, and in
marked tissue changes in the livers and
gonads of pheasants.

At the Denver Wildlife Research Center
one deer and nine cottontail rabbits were
fed diets containing varying amounts of
pure DDT (p,p' -isomer). This was done
in part to test a hypothesis explaining the
presence of DDD (Rothane or TDE) residues
found in analyzing many field samples.
The subsequent presence and prevalence
of DDD in the tissues of the rabbits and
deer experimentally exposed to pure pp'-
DDT must be explained by changes taking
place within the bodies of the exposed
animals. Since the identity of DDD was
established by the infrared spectrophoto-
meter and by an alternate paper chroma-
tographic technique, it remains only to
determine where within the animal, and
how, this conversion is accomplished.
Generally, DDT has been considered to

19

degrade only to DDE and DDA, the latter
being readily excreted.

With expanded pen and laboratory fa-
cilities at both the Denver and Patuxent
Centers and with improved techniques, it
is now possible to screen commonly used
pesticides for acute and chronic toxicity
levels at a more rapid rate and on a
greater variety of wildlife. Among the
techniques developed was a "clean-up"
method for treating biological samples
being analyzed for the pesticide Sevin.

% f"*

-^^*

Mule deer fawns in enclosures at Denver Federal
Center are kept for pesticide studies. They are fed
kpown amounts of pesticides to determine toxicity
and retention of the material within body tissues.

(Photos by Denver Wildlife Research Center.)

Field and laboratory studies. --Chemical
analyses of birds and mammals found dead in
areas treated for control of Japanese bettles
or white -fringed beetles contained up to
50 p. p.m. of dieldrin in their tissues. Con-
centrations in many of the approximately
250 specimens equaled or exceeded those
found in quail or pheasants that died after
exposure to dieldrin or aldrin in pen
feeding tests.

The 1961 counts of quail numbers in a
Georgia area treated for the control of
the imported Jire ant with 2 pounds per
acre of heptachlor in 1958 showed that
populations had increased to a level that
was very nearly normal.

Y-shaped rotary blender used for mixing diets contain-
ing pesticide.

(Photo by Denver Wildlife Research Center.)

A field study of survival of birds and
small mammals in a forest area treated with
DDT was nnade in cooperation with the U.S.
Forest Service at its Coweeta Hydrologic
Laboratory in North Carolina. Comparisons
on two areas treated w^ith 1 pound of chemi-
cal per acre and on two vmtreated areas
showed no significant differences attribut-
able to treatment.

Field studies also included a series of
tests to deternnine possible effects on wild-
life of chemical control of Eurasian water-
milfoil with 2,4-D. Field application of
granular formulations of 2,4-D as high as
120 pounds acid equivalent per acre did not
kill caged oysters, crabs, clams, or fish.
Animals now are being analyzed for herbi-
cidal residues. In one trial, however, decay
of treated vegetation reduced oxygen in the
water to the extent that both caged and un-
caged animals died.

Tissues from several deer and one ante-
lope collected in Montana and Wyoming fol-
lowing treatment of forest and range areas
with DDT and aldrin, respectively, were
found to contain varying amounts of pesti-
cide residues, the greatest amounts being
present in the fat.

A long-term field investigation of the
effects on wildlife of Sevin was begun in
July 1961 at Lostwood National Wildlife

20

Refuge in North Dakota. Prespray censusing
of sharp-tailed grouse, deer, and waterfowl
was accomplished, and prespray samples
were taken of soil, vegetation, aquatic in-
vertebrates, suspended matter in pond
water, and tissues from game animals for
chemical analysis and comparison with
postspray samples.

Experimental testing of Compound 1080
baits for use in harvester ant control in
New Mexico was evaluated from the stand-
point of wildlife hazards. The preliminary
results indicated that the bait used was at-
tractive to wildlife and that some of the few
birds and rodents present in the sparsely
vegetated test area consumed lethal amounts
of the poison.

Of considerable interest was the finding
of up to 0.9 p. p.m. of DDT and its metab-
olites in the tissues of 4 ducklings collected
near Yellowknife, Northwest Territories,
Canada, more than 500 miles fronn any
known pesticide-treated area. Tissues from
13 adult ducks collected in the Yellowknife
area contained an average of 0.3 p. p.m.
of DDT and metabolites, and 24 eggs an
average of 2.2 p. p.m. It is therefore postu-
lated that the adults picked up the pesti-
cides on their wintering grounds and passed
them along to their ducklings through the
eggs.

The effect of sublethal amounts of endrin
on a small mammal population when applied
under field conditions is being studied by
the Ohio Unit. An application of 0.6 pounds
per acre of endrin had no apparent effect
on populations of meadow voles. Satisfactory
bioassay techniques have been developed
for determining minute quantities of endrin
in meadow vole tissue. Mascerated voles
are steam-distilled, and the resultant dis-
tillate is assayed in tanks of live guppies
held at constant temperatures.

Ohio Unit researchers also are attempt-
ing to develop a method of ascertaining the
eventual dispersal of an insecticide in an
ecosystem by using an insecticide marked
with a radioactive isotope (S-^^). Quantities
of S-^^ were detected in insects, minnows,
worms, mice, and turtles taken from plots
sprayed with labeled malathion. Dusky-

winged fungus gnats showed the highest
quantity of radioactivity in comparison with
other insect groups. More basic studies of
this general nature are needed in order
to assess the effects of pesticides on the
ecologic complex.

Wildlife diseases and parasites

The problem whether birds are import-
ant in transmission of encephalitis to man
and horses was investigated in a series of
field surveys. A temporary field labora-
tory was set up in the Chincoteague-
Assateague area of the Atlantic coast under
the auspices of the Patuxent Wildlife Re-
search Center, the Walter Reed Army
Institute of Research, and the University of
Maryland. The area was especially suitable
for study because of its isolation and the
presence both of wild ponies and of large
numbers of birds. The presence of eastern
encephalitis virus had been demonstrated
previously. Blood samples were taken from
approximately 1,500 birds. Mosquitoes also
were collected and processed for virus
isolation. Antibodies were demonstrated in
18 birds, including 5 clapper rails, 2 snowy
egrets, 2 brown thrashers, 5 catbirds, 2
yellow-breasted chats, 1 towhee, and 1
robin.

A species of Plasmodium, the organism
involved in mosquito-borne malaria, was
isolated from a Canada goose at the Seney
National Wildlife Refuge by blood inocula-
tion into a 3-week-old domestic goose.
Although blood smears have shown Plas-
modium infection in geese, this was the
first isolation of a natural infection. Tests
of the isolate have shown that mallard
ducks are susceptible and that chickens
cannot be infected.

A strain of T r ypano soma cruzi, the caus-
ative agent of Chagas disease in humans in
Central and South America, has been found
in about 2 percent of the raccoons trapped
at the Patuxent Center. This represents the
most northern known occurrence of this
parasite. Experimental study of isolates
showed that the raccoon strain was much
less virulent than the one occurring in
man. Other species of animals besides

21

Improvised temporary laboratory for study of encephalitis at Chincoteaguc Wildlife Refuge. The isolated refuge
area was ideal for the virus transmission study because of the presence of wild ponies, a large bird population,
and the known occurrence of the virus in the area. (Photo by Patuxent Wildlife Research Center.)

raccoons have been shown to be carriers
in other areas, but no other hosts have been
detected in studies at Patuxent.

Continued observations were made at the
Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge, Utah,
on the relationship of botulism outbreaks
and populations of bottom-dwelling macro-
invertebrates. The first sick and dead birds
w^re observed in mid-July, following a
gradual decline in numbers of tendipedid
larvae. A peak in bird losses was reached
at the end of August and another peak during

the latter part of September following
localized die-offs of aquatic invertebrates.
In the course of an attempt to induce ex-
perimentally a small-scale botulism out-
break by the use of insecticide on the in-
vertebrates assumed to produce the toxins,
the potentially useful observation was made
that malathion inhibits the growth of
Clostridium botulinum type C in the test
tube. Further controlled studies are anti-
cipated to determine the concentration of
malathion required to inhibit bacterial
growth in naturally occurring media.

22

Here, Richard Andrews, graduate student of Iowa
State University, and research assistant of the Iowa
Unit, conducts tests to determine the presence or ab-
sence of Pullorum and Newcastle disease in pheasants.
(Photo by Iowa Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit.)

Some of the waterfowl of various species
examined for internal and external parasites
were found to be heavily parasitized. For
example, a 4-week-old trumpeter swan
cygnet taken at the Red Rock Lakes Na-
tional Wildlife Refuge, Montana, contained 9
species of parasites (4,077 individuals) and
a 6-week-old cygnet carried 15 species
(1,008 individuals) while a 2-week-old can-
vasback had acquired 100 parasites of 8
species in its short period of existence.

Animal damage control

Animal damage problems are becoming
more acute as the competition between
man and wild animals stiffens. The need

for more selective and effective control
measures is apparent whether the animal
be bird or mamnnal or whether the damage
be to forest or range vegetation, to agri-
cultural or horticultural crops, to packaged
or stored goods, or to aircraft. To develop
such control measures many approaches
are being investigated: environmental or
habitat manipulation; cultural practices in-
cluding the development of damage resist-
ant strains of crops; scaring devices; chem-
ical repellents; electronic, sonic, and
supersonic devices; traps; lethal
substances; radiation; reproductive inhibi-
tors; drugs; and disease organisms, to
name some of them.

Habitat manipulation.- -Laysan Albatross
populations at Midway Atoll included a rel-
atively low 21,000 nesting pairs on Sand
Island and 30,000 nesting pairs on Eastern
Island in the winter of 1960-61. The air-
craft strike rate remained well below that
of the previous year, reflecting the bene-
ficial effect of the habitat management that
was completed in March I960. This habitat
management consisted in leveling the dunes
that had provided rising air currents, which
in turn had attracted soaring albatrosses to
the vicinity of the principal runway.

A gradual increase in strikes during the
spring of 1961 was believed to be largely a
result of a rapid increase in the albatross
population in a 30-acre area adjacent to the
principal runway. Because the increase in
this critical tract is expected to continue
for several years, it was recommended to
the Navy that it be blacktopped or other-
wise made unattractive to albatrosses.

At the Logan Airport in Boston, site of
the disastrous airplane crash of October
i960, destruction, through the use of herbi-
cides, of phragmites cover serving as a
roost for starlings has reduced the hazards
from these birds, but gulls and shore birds
still remain a problem.

Scaring devices. --A shotgun patrol to
frighten gulls away from the Logan Airport

23

was reported to be partially successful.
Investigations of herring gull populations
and movements by the Massachusetts Audu-
bon Society under contract with the Bureau
of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife indicated
that a majority of the gulls creating the
problem live year-round within 10 miles
of the airport. Recorded distress cries of
herring gulls are being tested as a method
of frightening gulls from airfields. Pre-

Birds damage many types of crops. Here are some
samples: First column, from top, corn, grapes,
grapefruit; second column, grain sorghum, rice in
shock. (Photos by Denver Wildlife Research Center.)

liminary tests were sufficiently promising
that the technique is being explored further
with the aid of mobile electronic equip-
ment.

An ultrasonic siren, tested as a possible
albatross scaring device at Midway, proved
ineffective. Such devices would seen-i to be
of possible use in some situations, how-
ever, and an electrical sound laboratory
has been established at the Denver Wildlife
Research Center. Much of the equipment
necessary for further field studies has been
obtained. Recordings have been made of the
distress calls of the starling, redwinged
blackbird, yellow-headed blackbird, cow-
bird, common grackle, ring-billed gull,
magpie, and sparrow hawk. Recordings have
been made of many of the common noise-
nnaking devices and of sounds made by jet

24

Anthracnose damage to milo is sometimes incor-
rectly diagnosed as blackbird damage. Note how
closely the blasting due to anthracnose on the upper
part of this head of milo resembles bird damage.
(Photo by J.W. Hardy, Virginia Cooperative Wildlife
Research Unit.)

■•"rV- :

m^

m '

/>

Some varieties of grain crops are more resistant to
bird damage than others. Here the two heads on the
left are blackbird resistant; those on the right are
badly damaged.
(Photo by J.W. Hardy, Virginia Cooperative Wildlife
Research Unit.)

planes, trains, and sirens. A carryall truck
has been equipped with recording and ampli-
fying devices for use in studying the effects
of sounds on birds in the field. Also, a con-
tract was entered into with the Stanford
Research Institute to explore the effects
of different frequencies and intensities of
sounds on birds. Previous research has
shown that carbide exploders, the sound of
.22 caliber rifle fire, and other noisemakers
and scare devices are effective under some
conditions.

Repellents and toxicants.-- At the Denver
Wildlife Research Center 421 coded chem-
icals were received from 10 cooperating
chemical companies in a program to se-
lect and test compounds of potential use
in preventing animal damage to forest and
range plants. The chemicals were used in
bioassay studies to determine their toxic
and repellent characteristics, and the 132

compounds which exhibited desirable char-
acteristics were given phytotolerance tests
to determine their effects on seed germina-
tion and seedlings. They were also subjected
to more advanced tests to determine plant
translocation or systemic characteristics.
Nearly 11,000 small mammals were used As
test animals. Of five promising chemicals
which emerged from the screening program
in 1961 and which were sent to the Olympia,
Washington, substation for field-testing, two
are highly repellent to small mammals while
exhibiting low toxicity, one is a cumulative
toxic agent, and the other two are systemic
compounds having both repellent and toxic
characteristics.

Limited tests of several lethal chen-iicals
were made at cattle feed lots and at black-
bird or starling roosts in holly groves and
other sites, but none can be recommended
for operational use at this time.

25

Neither sounds of gun fire, distress calls, nor ultrasonic tests (illustrated here) have caused albatrosses to leave
their nests on Sand Island, Midway. (Photo by Chandler S. Robbins.)

A new technique involving the micro-
encapsulation of toxicants is being investi-
gated. This technique may have utility in
improving the acceptance of certain chemi-
cals by the target animals and in regulating
the reaction tinie of the animals to the chem-
icals.

The "coyote-getter," long used oper-
ationally in predator control programs, was
improved by the development of an injection-
molded plastic capsule in which the toxicant
can be hermetically sealed. Safety improve-
ments included a crossed-wire guard and
deflector on the top of the getter assembly.

Capturing devices for birds. --Traps, al-
though not considered practical for the al-
leviation of many bird depredation problems,
are useful in bird banding and other
biological investigations and, under some

conditions, may be helpful in control work.
A floodlight trap involving the use of a
battery of flood lights placed behind a funnel-
shaped net has proved useful in taking rel-
atively large numbers of starlings and
blackbirds at their roosts. A lighter, more
portable structure was developed in 1961 by
using aluminum octahedral towers for masts
to support the net at the trap entrance. The
towers make possible a trap entrance 50
feet high. Light trap operations on 14 nights
in Arkansas, Maryland, North Carolina, and
Pennsylvania yielded 240,000 birds. The
most successful operations were at a winter
roost near Walnut Ridge, Arkansas, where
200,000 blackbirds and starlings were cap-
tured on 2 nights. The Australian crow trap
modified for starlings, and cannonnet traps
also proved useful under different condi-
tions.

26

Newly designed 50-foot funnel net and gathering cage for capturing blackbirds at winter roosts. Floudhghts set back
of the net lead the birds Into the trap. As many as 200,000 blackbirds and starlings have been captured in a 2-night
operation. (Photo by F.C. Schmid.)

Exploratory tests were made of the
effects of oral anesthetics and hypnotics on
gulls, with a view to finding effective
methods of capture. Eighty-five tests with
41 compounds showed that speed and extent
of hypnotic action are related to certain
aspects of the chemical structure of com-
pounds. Studies are being continued to de-
termine effective concentrations and to find
better chemicals. In preliminary field trials
with one of the chemicals, herring gulls
were captured successfully in four of nine
baiting tests.

Banding and biological studies of birds.- -
Regional Directors of the North Central

The Australian crow dap, muuiiieu iur stariings, will
capture many birds in farmyards.

(Photo by Denver Wildlife Research Center.)

27

Agricultural Experiment Stations rated bird
depredations as their second most urgent
problem. One of the first steps Branch
personnel have taken in their efforts to find
a solution to the problem has been to learn
where the depredating birds breed and
where they winter. For this reason, trapping
and banding operations were accelerated in
the Atlantic and Mississippi Flyways in
1961. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
biologists banded 22,000 starlings and black-
birds, including 5,500 redwinged blackbirds.
Volunteer cooperators banded 3,200 nestling
redwings. An immediate result was learning
that birds damaging the Arkansas rice crop
were locally bred birds--birds coming into
Arkansas from the north in fall and early
winter get there after the rice has been
harvested and therefore are not part of the
local problem.

tLuxtiis wem

.1 HAjn
tfDTTa tuuzjtm loosn
Lac«tad «• ol Much 1961

Locations of 41 major blackbird roosts In southeastern
United States. Each of these roosts contained a million
birds or more. Three contained 10 to 20 million birds
each.

In the vicinity of the Sand Lake National
Wildlife Refuge, South Dakota, however,
Bureau personnel and cooperators who
banded 2,500 blackbirds learned that only a
small fraction of the birds causing serious
damage to corn were locally produced.

Focal points of blackbird populations were
located through a cooperative search for
fall and- winter roosts in eastern States.
Fifty major roosts, each containing a million
or more birds, were located. Three of these
roosts contained from 10 to 20 million birds
each.

To discover the weak link in the makeup
of birds, basic avian physiological studies
are being conducted at the Massachusetts
Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit. This
work may provide guidelines as to whether
the sight, taste, hearing, or other sensory
systems are most vulnerable.

Reproductive inhibitors. --The Massachu-
setts Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit is
investigating the possibility of controlling
depredating bird populations by steriliza-
tion, a technique used effectively against
the screwworm fly in the Southeast. Ex-
perimentation with three oral progestin hor-
mones indicated excellent potential for in-
hibiting bird reproduction. Lipamone, a
female sex hormone, failed to block egg
production. High-energy microwave ex-
posure had no observed effects on fertility
of chickens, quail, and exposed eggs. Enhep-
tin fed to nesting gulls proved to be inef-
fective in inhibiting reproduction, although
this chemical has high potency in this ob-
jective with other species. Investigations
are underway, also, to determine whether
radioactive perches might cause avian
sterility.

At the Denver Center experiments have
been initiated to develop reproductive in-
hibitors as a means of regulating coyote
numbers. Later the studies will be ex-
tended to include other control chemicals
such as antimetabolite and antifolic agents.

28

Blackbirds coming to roost in a thicket near Slovac, Arkansas. Fifty major roosts have been located in a nation-
wide survey. Studies of blackbird populations and blackbird production in relation to depredation areas are part
of the research directed toward solution of the crop damage problem in grain growing areas through the United
States. (Photo by F.C. Schmid.)

Ml?'

The leader of the coyote control methods research project at the Denver Center is shown here with two of the
devices used in handling the animals. (Photo by the Etenver Wildlife Research Center.)

29

Classification, distribution, and life
history studies

In addition to providing staff services
on nriatters related to the taxonomy, distri-
bution, and life history of birds and
mammals, maintaining extensive study col-
lections, and providing identification serv-
ices for cooperators and scientists through-
out the courtry, the staff of the Bureau's
Bird and Mammal Laboratories located at
the U.S. National Museum is engaged in
several active research projects. Brief
mention is made of some of these.

Studies of the sea otter in Alaska have
been made sporadically since 1936, and
more intensively by Branch per sonnel since
1955. During 1961, progress was made on
analyzing and organizing, with a view to
publication, the accumulated information on
natural history and behavior, experimental
transplanting, populations, pelage, ecology,
aging, reproduction, and pathology of this
species.

During March 1961 an aerial survey of the
Pacific walrus over parts of the Bering Sea
was made with the cooperation of personnel
of the Alaska Regional Office and the Alaska
Fish and Game Department. This resulted
in an estimate of 90,000 walrus in the area
surveyed. This was followed by a survey of
marine mammals in the Chukchi Sea in the
vicinity of Cape Thompson at the request of
the Atomic Energy Commission.

Progress was made, also, in a taxonomic
review of the bobcats; on research on the
mammals of Maryland, Delaware, and the
District of Columbia; and on the mammals
of Alaska. Among the bird research projects
were studies of the geographic variation
in the hermit thrush, the sandhill cranes,
and the Canada geese. A color chart using
color values from the Munsell Book of
Color was developed to aid in field identifi-
cation of Canada geese.

Through the cooperation of the Juneau
Regional Office of the Bureau, critical
specimens representing breeding popula-
tions of Canada geese in Alaska were ob-
tained for the study collection in the Bird
and Mammal Laboratories, U.S. National

Group of walruses resting in close pack ice near an
op>en lead, southwest of St. Lawrence Island. Photo-
graphed from survey plane by Karl W. Kenyon. There
are 182 walruses in this picture.

Museum. These specimens have enabled
Bureau taxonomists to gain a much clearer
picture of the distribution of six markedly
different appearing populations of Canada
geese which nest in Alaska. The character-
istics of the endangered Aleutian Island
Canada goose were more precisely defined
to aid in selecting geese for possible re-
stocking of depopulated islands, when breed-
ing stock is located.

Analysis of measurements and weights of
sandhill cranes examined at checking sta-
tions during the open season on this migra-
tory gamebird in eastern New Mexico in
January 1961, corroborated results of prev-
ious studies by failing to disclose any ex-
amples of the relatively rare greater
sandhill crane. An examination of specimens
of sandhill cranes collected previously in
the depredations area of central North
Dakota indicated that the intermediate-
sized cranes from the Prairie Provinces
of Canada together with a few greater
sandhills move through that area in early
September, followed later by typical
Arctic-breeding lesser sandhills which, in
1959, reached peak numbers in early
October.

Also, at the Bird and Mammal Labora-
tories, coordination and servicing were

30

provided for a rapidly growing bat-banding
program. In 1950, about 10,000 bands were
issued to cooperators throughout the coun-
try. In 1961 over 100,000 bands were issued
and 9,280 record cards were received con-
taining data on approximately 50,000 banded
bats. A little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus)
banded in Ontario in 1941 was recovered in
good health at the same locality almost ZO
years later. Other interesting records on
bat longevity and movements were obtained.

PUBLICATIONS

During the period July 1, I960, to De-
cember 31, 1961, a total of 144 publications
by Branch personnel exclusive of Unit
Leaders appeared. (See Appendix C.) In the
same period 221 publications including 27
fishery papers emanated from the Cooper-
ative Wildlife Research Units. The fishery
papers were based upon research financed
primarily by non-Federal funds and were
generally accomplished by university staff
members or by graduate students super-
vised by these staff members.

Branch reports issued in the various
publication series of the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service are available from the
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife or
the Superintendent of Documents, Washing-
ton, D.C. Reprints of most of the articles
published in outside technical journals or
in transactions of scientific meetings are
obtained in limited numbers to facilitate
the distribution of the findings to conserva-
tion agencies and individuals having need
for information on specific topics. Most of
the publications listed under the Cooper-
ative Wildlife Research Units are available
from the respective Units.

Wildlife Review, an abstracting service
for wildlife management, has been pre-
pared, published, and distributed by the
Branch of Wildlife Research since 1935.
In 1961, authority was received by the
Bureau to increase to 5,000 the number of
each issue, and arrangements were made to
have the printing done quarterly by the
Government Printing Office. This increased
the availability of this publication inasmuch
as copies can now be purchased by indi-
viduals or institutions not on the free mail-
ing list.

31

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32

APPENDIX B-- FUNDS AVAILABLE FOR OBLIGATION

Budget subactivity For fiscal year

Appropriated funds: 1961 1962

Waterfowl management $322,000 $439,000

Other migratory bird studies 259,300 314,000

Upland wildlife 156,000 199,000

Pesticide-wildlife research 371,000 423,000

Diseases and parasites 146,500 167,000

Control methods research 358,000 393,000

Classification, distribution, and life history 144,000 144,000

Cooperative Wildlife Research Units 186,500 221,000

Total, research projects 1,943,300 2,300,000

Management of Patuxent Wildlife Research Center 89,000 157,000

Foreign Game Introduction Program 52,940 53,000

Construction 700,000* 120,000

Total 2,785,240 2,630,000

Funds from other sources:

Federal Aviation Agency 100,000 200,000

Army Corps of Engineers 12,000 13,750

Private contributions 9,400 2,100

Quartermaster General 17,000 15,000

Bureau of Land Management 4,000 4,000

U.S. Forest Service 5,000 5,000

Grand total 2,932,640 2,869,850

♦Biochemistry- Wildlife Pathology Laboratory (Patuxent).

33

APPENDIX C--LIST OF PUBLICATIONS, JULY 1, 1960, TO DECEMBER 31, 1961

♦Authors affiliated with two or more stations; publication listed under the affiliation of
each author.

Central Office

Aldrich, John W.

1961. (Review of) Type specimens of birds
in the United States National Museum,
by H. G. Deignan (U. S. National Museum
Bulletin No. 221, 1961). Atlantic Natural-
ist, vol. 16, no. 4, p. 262.

Aldrich, John W.

1961. (Obituary of) Frederick C.
The Ring, no. 26, p. 14-15.

Lincoln.

♦Aldrich, John W., C. S. Robbins, and
W. W. Dykstra. 1961. Bird hazard to air-
craft. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
Wildlife, Wildlife Leaflet No. 429, 10 p.
(processed.)

♦Boeker, E. L., W. S. Huey, and J. W. Aldrich,
1961. Study of experimental sandhill crane
hunting season in New Mexico during Janu-
ary 1961. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
Wildlife, Special Scientific Report: Wild-
life No. 63, 24 p. (Processed.)

Bump, Gardiner, and Wayne H. Bohl.

1961. Red junglefowl and kalij pheasants.
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife,
Special Scientific Report: Wildlife No. 62,
41 p. (Processed.)

Dale, Fred H.

1961. Research problems in wildlife ad-
ministration. Journal of Wildlife Man-
agement, vol. 25, no. 3, p. 265-271.

Hayne, Don W.

1960. (Review of) Work notes on common
statistical procedures by F. R. Hayes and
D. Pelluet. Scholar's Library, New York,
1958, 60 p. Journal of Wildlife Manage-
ment, vol. 24, no. 3, p. 356.

Leedy, Daniel L.

I960. (Introduction to) Fundamentals of
wetland wildlife and fish management.
Proceedings of Symposium on Coordina-
tion of Mosquito Control and Wildlife
Management, Washington D.C., April 1-2,
1959, p. 35-36.

Leedy, Daniel L.

1960. Photo interpretation in wildlife man-
agement. In Manual of Photographic In-
terpretation, p. 521-530. American
Society of Photogrammetry, Washington,
D.C., 868 p., illus.

Crissey, Walter F. (Compiler)

1961. Waterfowl status report, 1961. Bu-
reau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife,
Special Scientific Report: Wildlife No. 61,
122 p. (Processed.)

Dale, Fred H.

1960. Bobwhite propagation and manage-
ment. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
Wildlife, Wildlife Leaflet No. 426 (Octo-
ber), 4p. (Processed.) Supercedes Wild-
Leaflet No. 335 of June 1951.

Leedy, Daniel L.

1961. Some Federal contributions to bird
conservation during the period 1885 to
1960. The Auk, vol. 78, no. 2, p 167-

175.

Leedy, Daniel L. (Compiler)

1961. Wildlife research progress in the
fiscal year 1960. Fish and Wildlife Serv-
ice Circular No. 104, 29 p.

Bird and Mammal Laboratories, U.S. National Museum

Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.

1960. Fur catch in the United States, 1959.
Wildlife Leaflet No. 424, 3 p. (Processed.)

Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.

1960. Big game inventory for 1959. Wild-
life Leaflet No. 425, 4 p. (Processed.)

Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.

1961. Fur catch in the United States, 1960.
Wildlife Leaflet No. 436, 3 p. (Processed.)

Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.
1961. Big game inventory for I960.

Wildlife Leaflet No. 440, 4 p. (Processed.)

34

Burleigh, Thomas D.

1960. A new subspecies of downy wood-
pecker from the Northwest. Murrelet,
vol. 41, no. 3, p. 42-44.

Burleigh, Thomas D.

1960. Geographic variation in the western
wood pewee (Contopus sordidulus). Pro-
ceedings, Biological Society of Washing-
ton, vol. 73, p. 141-146.

Burleigh, Thomas D.

1961. Bird records of interest from the
Mississippi Gulf coast. Occasional Pa-
pers, Mississippi Delta Naturalists Club,
vol. 1, no. 4, p. 1-3.

Kenyon, Karl W.

1960. Territorial behavior and homing in
the Alaska fur seal. Mammalia (Paris),
vol. 24, p. 431-444.

Kenyon, Karl W.

1960. A ringed seal from the Pribilof
Islands, Alaska. Journal of Mammalogy,
vol. 41, p. 520-521.

Kenyon, Karl W.

1960. The Pacific walrus,
vol. 5, p. 332-340.

Oryx (London),

Kenyon, Karl W.

1961. Cuvier beaked whales stranded in
the Aleutian Islands. Journal of Mam-
malogy, vol. 42, p. 71-76.

Kenyon, Karl W.

1961. The sea otter in Alaska. Alaska
Sportsman, vol. 27, no. 2, p. 16-18.

Kenyon, Karl W.

1961. Sleep on the deep. Pacific Dis-
covery, vol. 14, no. 3, p. 22-24.

Kenyon, Karl W.

1961. Birds of Amchitka Island,
The Auk, vol. 78, p. 305-326.

Alaska.

Manville, Richard H.

I960. Recent changes in the maunmal fauna
of Mount Desert Island, Maine. Journal
of Mammalogy, vol. 41, p. 415-416.

Manville, Richard H.

1960. Birds breeding at Cap des Hosiers,
Quebec. Wilson Bulletin, vol. 72, p. 406-
407.

Manville, Richard H.

1960. (Review of) The Wild Mammals of
Missouri, by Schwartz and Schwartz.
University of Missouri Press, 1959.
Atlantic Naturalist, vol. 15, p. 216-217.

Manville, Richard H.

1960. (Review of) The Road to Man, by
Wendt. Doubleday, 1959. And Out of
Noah's Ark, by Wendt. Houghton Mifflin,
1960. Atlantic Naturalist, vol. 15, p.
219-220.

Manville, Richard H.

I960. (Review of) The Galapagos Islands,
by Slevin. California Academy of Science,
1959. Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 41,
p. 417.

Manville, Richard H.

I960. (Review of) Manual of Game Investi-
gational Techniques, edited byH.S. Mosby
(Wildlife Society, 1960). Journal of Mam-
malogy, vol. 41, p. 528-529.

Manville, Richard H.

1960. (Contribution to) Style Manual for
Biological Journals (American Institute
of Biological Sciences, Washington, D.C.)
as member of Subcommittee on Form and
Style, Conference of Biological Editors,
p. i-viii and 1-92.

Manville, Richard H.

1961. The entepicondylar foramen and
Ochrotomys. Journal of Mammalogy, vol.
42, p. 103-104.

Kenyon, Karl W.

1961. Isolation protects the bald eagle in
Alaska. Audubon Magazine, vol. 63, p.
272-274.

Kenyon, Karl W., and J. W. Brooks.

1960. Birds of Little Diomede Island,
Alaska. Condor, vol. 62, p. 457-463.

Kenyon, Karl W., and Dale W. Rice.

1961. Abundance and distribution of the
Steller sea lion. Journal of Mammalogy,
vol. 42, p. 223-234.

Kenyon, Karl W., and D. W. Rice.

1961. The sooty shearwater in the Hawaiian
Islands. Murrelet, vol. 41, no. 3, p. 46.

Manville, Richard H.

1961. Notes on behavior of marten,
nal of Mammalogy, vol. 42, p. 112.

Jour-

Manville, Richard H.

1961, Angora cottontail from Georgia.
Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 42, p. 255.

Manville, Richard H.

1961. Notes on sonne mammals of the Gaspe'
Peninsula, Quebec. Canadian Field-
Naturalist, vol. 75, p. 108-109.

Manville, Richard H.

1961. Cutaneous myiasis in small mam-
mals. Journal of Parasitology, volume
47, p. 646.

35

Manville, Richard H.

1961. Mammals of the Huron Mountains.
Chapter iji Huron Mountain Heritage;
R. Bentley, editor; privately printed,
Chicago.

Manville, Richard H.

1961. (Review of) Wild Animals of North
America. National Geographic Society,
1960). Journal of Mannmalogy, vol, 42,
p. 128-129.

Manville, Richard H.

1961. (Review of) Iceland Summer, by
George Miksch Sutton. University of Okla-
homa Press, 1961. Science, vol. 133,
p. 1, 238-1, 239.

Manville, Richard H.

1961. (Review of) Mammals of Wisconsin,
by H. H. T. Jackson. University of Wis-
consin Press, 1961, Journal of Mam-
malogy, vol. 42, p. 284-285.

Manville, Richard H.

1961. (Review of) The Recent Mammals of
Arizona, by E. L,, Cockrunn. University
of Arizona Press, 1961. Journal of Mam-
malogy, vol. 42, p, 431.

Manville, Richard H.

1961. (Review of) The Natural History of
the Lewis and Clark Expedition, by R. D.
Burroughs. Michigan State University
Press, 1961. Journal of Mammalogy, vol.
42, p. 557-558.

Manville, Richard H.

1961. (Review of) Vertebrate Biology, by
R. T. Orr. Saunders, 1961. Journal of
Mammalogy, vol. 42, p. 560.

Manville, Richard H., and Paul G. Favour, Jr.
I960. Southern distribution of the Atlantic
walrus. Journal of Mannmalogy, vol. 41,
p. 499-503.

Manville, Richard H., and Robert P. Shanahan.
1960. Kogia stranded in Maryland. Journal
Mammalogy, vol. 42, p. 269-270.

Paradiso, John L.

1960. Maryland shrews. Maryland Natu-
ralist, vol. 29, nos. 1-4, p. 9-11.

Paradiso, John L.

1960. A new white-footed mouse (Peromys-
cus leucopus) from southeastern Virginia.
Proceedings, Biological Society of Wash-
ington, vol. 73, p. 21-23.

Paradiso, John L.

1960. Size variation in the rice rat.
nal of Mannmalogy, vol. 41, p. 517.

Jour-

Paradiso, John L.

1961. (Review of) The Bats of Trinidad
and Tobago, by G. G. Goodwin and A. M.
Greenhall. Annerican Museum Natural
History, 1961. Journal of Mammalogy,
vol. 42, p. 559.

Paradiso, John L., and R. H. Manville.

1961. Taxonomic notes on the tundra vole
(Microtus oeconomus) in Alaska. Pro-
ceedings Biological Society of W^ashington,
vol. 74, p. 77-92.

Young, Stanley P.

1960. Wolves, coyotes, and foxes. In Wild
Animals of North America, chapter 9,
p. 120-127. National Geographic Society,
Washington, D.C.

Young, Stanley P.

1961. The wolves of Canelo. InDiscovery:
Great Moments in the Lives of Outstand-
ing Naturalists by JohnK. Terres, chapter
12, p. 104-112. J. B. Lippincott, Phila-
delphia.

Young, Stanley P., and R. H. Manville.

1960. Records of bighornhybrids. Journal
of Mammalogy, vol. 41, p. 523-525.

Denver Wildlife Research Center

*Boeker, E. L., W. S. Huey, and J. W. Aldrich.
1961. Study of experimental sandhill crane
hunting season in New Mexico during Jan-
uary 1961. Bureau of Sport Fisheries
and Wildlife, Special Scientific Report:
Wildlife No. 63, 24 p. (Processed.)

Gashwiler, Jay S.

1960. Longevity of a wild deer mouse. The
Murrelet, vol. 41, no. 2, p. 27.

Gashwiler, Jay S., W. L. Robinette, and O. W.
Morris.

1961. Breeding habits of bobcats. Journal
of Mammalogy, vol. 42, p. 76-84.

Howard, Walter E., Maynard W. Cummings,

and Adolph Zajanc.

1961. Comments on bird problems in Cali-
fornia. California Vector News, vol. 8,
no. 1, p. 14-17.

Jensen, Wayne I., and Jack P. Allen.

I960. A possible relationship between aqua-
tic invertebrates and avian botulism.
Transactions 25th North American Wild-
life and Natural Resources Conference,
p. 171-180.

36

Julander, Odell, W. L. Robinette, and Dale A.

Jones.

1961. Relation of sunnmer range condition
to nnule deer herd productivity. Journal
of Wildlife Management, vol. 25, p. 54-60.

Krefting, Laurits W., and John Arend.

1960. Effect of deer browsing on a young
jack pine plantation in northern Lower
Michigan. Lake States Forest Experiment
Station Technical Note No. 586.

Reid, Vincent H.

1960. Too hot for bob.
Fish, vol. 18, no. 11, p.

Texas Game and
20-21.

H,

L. Hansen, and

Krefting, Laurits W.,
R. W. Hunt.

1960. Improving the browse supply for deer
with aerial applications of 2,4-D.
Minnesota Forestry Notes, no. 95.

Lawrence, Willia, H., Nelson B. Kverno, and
Harry D. Hartwell.

1961, Guide to wildlife feeding injuries on
conifers in the Pacific Northwest. West-
ern Forestry and Conservation Associa-
tion, Portland, Oregon, p. 1-44, illus.

Metzer, Robert, and W. C. Royall, Jr.

1961. Field tests of three chemicals as
bird repellents on nnature grain sorghums.
Agricultural and Mechanical College of
Texas. Agricultural Experiment Station,
MP-524.

Miles, W. R., L. W. Krefting, and H. L. Han-
son.

1961. Pocket gopher damage in red and
scotch pine Christmas tree plantations in
central Minnesota. Minnesota Forestry
Notes, no. 110.

Reid, Vincent H., and Fhil D. Goodrum.

1960. Bobwhite quail: a product of longleaf
pine forests. Transactions of 25th North
American Wildlife and Natural Resources
Conference, p. 241-252.

Robinette, W. Leslie.

1960. Mule deer facts. In^ The Mule Deer
by Jim Bond, 125 pages. Published pri-
vately by Jim Bond, Portland, Oregon.
Chapter 4, p. 63-84.

Robinette, W. L., Jay S. Gashwiler, and O, W.
Morris.

1961. Notes on cougar productivity and life
history. Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 42,
no. 2, p. 204-217.

Robinson, Weldon B., and Van T.Harris.

1960. Of gophers and coyotes. American
Cattle Producer, vol. 42, no. 5, p. 6-7.

Royall, Willis C, Jr., and Johnson A. Neff .
1961, Bird repellents in pine seeds in the
mid- southern States. Transactions 26th
North American Wildlife and Natural Re-
sources Conference, p. 235-238.

Robinson, Weldon B.

1961. Population changes in carnivores in
some coyote-control areas. Journal of
Mammalogy, vol. 42, no. 4, p. 510-515.

Pospichal, C. E., and L. W. Krefting.

I960. The Necedah Wildlife Refuge deer
situation in 1960. The National BowHun-
ter, (August 1960), p. 24.

Smith, Allen G.

1960. Hail: great destroyer of wildlife.
Audubon Magazine, vol. 62, no. 4, p. 170.

Migratory Bird Populations Station (Patuxent Wildlife Research Center)

Aldrich, J. W., C. S. Robbins, and W. W.

Dykstra.

1961. Bird hazard to aircraft. Bureau of
Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Wildlife
Leaflet No. 429, 10 p. (Processed.)

Atwood, Earl L., and Aelred D. Geis.

1960. Problems associated with practices
that increase the reported recoveries of
waterfowl bands. Journal of Wildlife
Management, vol. 24, no. 3, p. 272-279.

Atwood, Earl L., and Clinton F. Wells, Jr.
1960. Waterfowl harvest in the United States
during the 1959-60 hunting season. Bu-
reau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife,
Special Scientific Report: Wildlife No. 25,
25 p. (Processed.)

Atwood, Earl L., and Clinton F. Wells, Jr.

1961. Waterfowl harvest in the United States
during the 1960-61 hunting season. Bu-
reau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife,
Special Scientific Report: Wildlife No. 55,
20 p. (Processed.)

Atwood, Earl L., and Clinton F. Wells, Jr.

1961. Waterfowl harvest in the Mississippi
Flyway States during the 1960-61 hunting
season. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
Wildlife, Special Scientific Report: Wild-
life No. 56, 49 p. (Processed.)

Carney, Samuel M., and Aelred D. Geis.

I960. Mallard age and sex determination
from mallard wings. Journal of Wildlife
Management, vol, 24, no. 4, p. 372-381.

37

Geis, Aelred D., and Earl L.. Atwood.

1961. Proportion of recovered waterfowl
bands reported. Journal of Wildlife Man-
agement, vol. 25, no. 2, p. 154-159.

Geis, Aelred D., and Samuel M. Carney.

1961. Results of duck-wing collection in the
Mississippi Flyway, 1959-60. Bureau of
Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Special
Scientific Report: Wildlife No. 54, 120 p.
(Processed.)

Kaczynski, Charles F., and Aelred D. Geis.
1961. Wood duck banding progress report,
1959 and 1960. Bureau of Sport Fisheries
and Wildlife, Special Scientific Report:
Wildlife No. 59, 41 p. (Processed.)

Martin, Fant W.

1961. Woodcock status report - 1961. Bu-
reau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife,
Special Scientific Report: Wildlife No. 58,
29 p. (Processed.)

Robbins, Chandler S.

1960. The season - April, May, June, 1960.
Maryland Birdlife, vol. 16, no. 3, p. 71-77.

Robbins, Chandler S.

1960. The season - July, August, Septem-
ber, 1960. Maryland Birdlife, vol. 16,
no. 4, p. 92-97.

Robbins, Chandler S.

1961. The season. Maryland Birdlife, vol.
17, nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Kiel, William H., Jr.

1961. Mourning dove status report - 1961.
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife,
Special Scientific Report: Wildlife No. 57,
34 p. (Processed.)

Snnith, Robert I,, and Aelred D. Geis.

1961. Prehunting season banding of mal-
lards and black ducks progress report,
1959 and 1960. Bureau of Sport Fisheries
and Wildlife, Special Scientific Report:
Wildlife No. 60, 29 p. (Processed.)

Kiel, William H., Jr.

1961. The mourning dove program for the
future. Transactions 26th North Ameri-
can Wildlife and Natural Resources Con-
ference, p. 418-435.

Stannnn, Donald D,, David E. Davis, and Chand-
ler S. Robbins.

I960. A nnethod of studying wild bird popu-
lations by nnist-netting and banding. Bird
Banding, vol. 31, no. 3, p. 115-130.

Patuxent Wildlife Research Center

Buckley, John L.

1961. Quality vs. quantity. Maryland Con-
servationist, vol. 38, no. 5, p. 5-10.

Buckley, John L.

1961. (Review of) Arctic Wild by Lois Cris-
ler. Harper & Brothers, New York, 1958,
301 p., illus., $4.95. Journal of Wildlife
Management, vol. 25, no. 2, p. 220.

Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.

1961. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Circular
No. 107, 23 p.

Byrne, Robert J., F. M. Hetrick, John E.

Scanlon, J. W. Hastings, Jr., and Louis N.

Locke.

1961. Observations on eastern equine en-
cephalitis in Maryland in 1959. Journal
of the American Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation, vol. 139, no. 6, p. 661-664.

Campbell, Dan L.

1960. A colored leg strip for marking birds.
Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 24,
no. 4, p. 431.

Clark, Gordon M.

I960. Parasites of the gray squirrel. Pro-
ceedings of the 13th Annual Conference,
Southeast Association of Game and Fish
Commissioners, October 25-27, p. 368-
373.

DeWitt, James B., and John L. George.

1960. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wild-
life - pesticide-wildlife review: 1959.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Circular 84 (re-
vised), 36 p. (Processed.)

DeWitt, James B., Calvin M. Menzie, Vyto A.

Adomaitis, and William L. Reichel.

1960. Pesticidal residues in animal tissues.
Transactions 25th North American Wild-
life and Natural Resources Conference,
p. 277-285.

George, John L.

1960. Effects on wildlife of pesticide treat-
ment of water areas. Proceedings of the
Symposium on Coordination of Mosquito
Control and Wildlife Management, Wash-
ington, D.C., April 1-2, 1959. p. 94-102.

38

George, John L.

1961. (Review of) The Herring Gull's World
by Niko Tinbergen. (Basic Books, 1961,
255 p. First American edition of a book
first published by Collins, London, in
1953, in the New Naturalist Series). At-
lantic Naturalist, vol. 16, no. 3, p. 202-
203.

George, John L.

1961. (Review of) Biological and chemical
control of plant and animal pests. (A
synnposium presented by Section O on
Agriculture at the Indianapolis meeting of
the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, December 28-30, 1957.
Edited by L. P. Reitz. AAAS, Washing-
ton 5, D.C. Publication 61, xii + 273 p.,
$5.75). Journal of Range Management,
vol. 14, no. 4, p. 225-226.

George, John h.

1961. Some primary and secondary effects
of herbicides on wildlife. Herbicides and
Their Use in Forestry. Forestry Sympo-
sium, Pennsylvania State University,
August 30-31, 1960, p. 40-73.

George, John L.

1961. Pesticides and wildlife: the need for
more knowledge. New Scientist, vol. 11,
no. 242, p. 15-17.

George, John L., and Oliver B. Cope.

1961. The program of research relating to
pesticides. Proceedings of the Northeast
Wildlife Conference, Halifax, Nova Scotia,
June 11-14, 1961, p. 1-10 (mimeograph).

Herman, Carlton M.

1961. Epizootics in wild animals in rela-
tion to populations. Wildlife Disease No.
13, 9 p.

Herman, Carlton M., and L. N. Locke.

1961. Trichomoniasis, a disease of mourn-
ing doves. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
Wildlife, Wildlife Leaflet No. 331 (Re-
vised), p. 1-4. (Processed.)

Johnson, Frank M.

1961. Count down on deer research. Wild-
life in North Carolina, vol. 25, no. 8, p.
8-9.

Llewellyn, Leonard M., and Clark G.Webster,
1960. Raccoon predation on waterfowl.
Transactions 25th North American Wild-
life and Natural Resources Conference, p.
181-185.

Lindzey, James S.

1960. Research on control of blackbird
depredations. Transactions 25th North
American Wildlife and Natural Resources
Conference, p. 116-121.

Lindzey, James S.

1961. Food and cover modifications. Her-
bicides and Their Use in Forestry, For-
estry Symposium, Pennsylvania State Uni-
versity, August 30-31, 1961, p. 30-32.

Locke, Louis N.

1961. The susceptibility of the cardinal,
Richmondena cardinalis (L.), to Tricho-
monas gallinae from a mourning dove,
Zenaidura macroura (L.). Journal of
Parasitology, vol. 47, no. 1, p. 76.

Locke, Louis N.

1961. Pox in mourning doves in the United
States. Journal of Wildlife Management,
vol. 25. no. 2, p. 211-212.

Locke, Louis N.

1961. Sparrow hawk feeding ondragonflies.
The Condor, vol. 63, no. 4, p. 342.

Locke, Louis N.

1961. Heron and egret losses due to ver-
minous peritonitis. Avian Diseases, vol.
5, no. 2, p. 135-138.

Locke, Louis N., and William H. Kiel, Jr.

1960. Isolation of Trichomonas gallinae

from the white-winged dove, Zenaida a^.

asiatica. Proceedings Helminthological

Society of Washington, vol. 27, no. 2, p. 128.

Locke, Louis N., Carlton M. Herman, and
Elmore S. King, Jr.

1960. The need for differentiation of tri-
chomoniasis and pox infection in doves.
Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 24,
no. 3, p. 348.

Locke, Louis N., and Carlton M. Herman.

1961. Trichomonas infection in nnourning
doves, Zenaidura macroura (L.) Chesa-
peake Science, vol. 2, nos. 1-2, p. 45-48.

Locke, Louis N., Frances S. Locke, Divid H.

Reese.

1961. Occurrence of Trichomonas gallinae
in the ground dove, Columbigallina pas-
serina (L). Journal of Parasitology, vol.
47, no. 4, p. 532.

Meanley, Brooke.

1960. Fall food of the sora rail in the
Arkansas rice fields. Journal of Wild-
life Management, vol. 24, no. 3, p. 339.

Meanley, Brooke.

1961. The king rail. Maryland Conserva-
tionist, vol. 38, no. 4, p. 12-15.

Meanley, Brooke.

1961. Late-summer food of red-winged
blackbirds in a fresh tidal-river marsh.
Wilson Bulletin, vol. 73, no. 1, p. 36-40.

39

Meanley, Brooke, and Robert T. Mitchell.

1960. Selected bibliography of the red-
winged blackbird. Bureau of Sport Fish-
eries and Wildlife, Wildlife Leaflet No.
423, p. 1-8. (Processed.)

Meanley, Brooke, and John 5. Webb,

1960. Distribution of winter blackbird
roosts east of the Appalachians. Bureau
of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Leatflet
No. 428, 4 p. and, in 1961, in Audubon
Field Notes, vol. 15. no. 1. p. 79-80.

Meanley, Brooke, and John S. Webb.

1961. Distribution of winter red-winged
blackbird populations on the Atlantic
coast. Bird Banding, vol. 32, no. 2, p.
94-97.

Mitchell, Robert T.

1960. Research on control of blackbird
depredations. Transactions 25th North
American Wildlife and Natural Resources
Conference, p. 99-101.

Ripley, Thomas H., Frank M. Johnson, and

William P. Thomas.

1960. A useful device for sannpling under-
story woody vegetation. Journal of Range
Management, vol. 13, no. 5, p. 262-263.

Springer, Paul F.

1960. Environmental nnosquito control and
wildlife nnanagement in freshwater areas.
Proceedings of Symposium on Coordina-
tion of Mosquito Control and Wildlife
Management, Washington, D.C., April 1 -2,
1959, p. 118-126.

Springer, Paul F.

1961. Relationship of mosquito control to
conservation. Proceedings and papers,
29th Annual Conference California Mos-
quito Control Association, Inc., and 18th
Annual Meeting American Mosquito Con-
trol Association, Anaheim, California,
January 31-February 2, 1961, p. 83-85.

Springer, Paul F.

1961. The effects on wildlife of applications
of DDT and other insecticides for larval
mosquito control in tidal marshes of the
eastern United States. Dissertation Ab-
stracts, vol. 22, no. 6, p. 1,777.

Springer, Paul F., G. Francis Beaven, and
Vernon D. Stotts.

1961. Eurasian watermilfoil - a rapidly

spreading pest plant in eastern waters.

Proceedings of the Northeast Wildlife

Conference, Halifax, Nova Scotia, June 1 1-

14, 1961, 6 p.

Springer, Paul F., and Robert L. Vannote.

1961. Activities of the National Mosquito
Control - Fish and Wildlife Management
Coordination Committee. Mosquito News,
vol. 21, no. 2, p. 158-160.

Steenis, John H. (Compiler of)

1961. Report of the research coordinating
committee - aquatics. Supplement to
Proceedings of the Northeastern Weed
Control Conference, vol. 15, p. 63-68.

Steenis, John H.

1961. Aquatic weed control. Herbicides and
Their Use in Forestry, Forestry Sympo-
sium, Pennsylvania State University,
August 30-31, 1960, p. 33-39.

Steenis, John H., and Frank B. McGilvery, Jr.

1961. Environmental factors affecting the

control of alligatorweed. Proceedings of

the Southern Weed Conference, vol. 14,

p. 289-292.

Steenis, John H., and Vernon D. Stotts.

1961. Progress report on control of Eura-
sian watermilfoil in Chesapeake Bay,
Proceedings Northeastern Weed Control
Conference, vol. 15, p. 566-570.

Steenis, John H., and John Warren.

1961. Management of needlerush for im-
proving waterfowl habitat for Maryland.
Proceedings 13th Annual Conference
Southeastern Association of Ganne and
Fish Commissioners, p. 296-298.

Stickel, Lucille F.

1960. Peromyscus ranges at high and low
population densities. Journal of Mann-
malogy, vol. 41, no. 4, p. 433-441.

Cooperative Wildlife Research Units

Alabanna

Adams, W. H,, Jr.

I960. Choccolocco deer range analysis and
management innplications. Proceedings
13th Annual Conference Southeast Asso-
ciation Game and Fish Commissioners,
p. 21-34.

Adams, W. H., Jr.

1960. Population ecology of white -tailed
deer in northeastern Alabama. Ecology,
vol, 41, no. 4, p. 706-715.

40

Arner, D. H.

1960. Effects of rights-of-way techniques
on vegetation. Transactions 25th North
American Wildlife and Natural Resources
Conference, p. 378-386.

Haugen, A. O., and E. L. Hove.

1960. Vitamins A and E in deer blood.
Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 41, no. 3,
p. 410-411.

Johnson, A. Sydney.

1961. Antagonistic relationships between
ants and wildlife with special reference to
imported fire ants and bobwhite quail in
the Southeast. Presented before the 15th
Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Asso-
ciation of Fish and Game Commissioners.
(October.)

Speake, D. W,

1960. Land management for good quail
hunting in the Piedmont. Highlights of
Agricultural Research, Auburn Univer-
sity, vol. 7, no. 4.

Speake, Daniel W,

1961. Poisonous snakes - what you should
know about them. Forest Farmer, vol.
20, no. 13, p. 10-11, 16-17.

Speake, Daniel W.

1961. Good quail hunting follows moist,
cool summers. Highlights of Agricultural
Research, Auburn University, vol. 8, no. 4.

Arizona

Wildlife publications

Eddy, Thomas A.

1961. Foods and feeding patterns of the
collared peccary in southern Arizona.
Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 25,
p. 248-257.

Sowls, Lyle K., Vearl R. Smith, Robert Jenness,

Robert E. Sloan, and Edna Regehr,

1961. Chemical composition and physical
properties of the milk of the collared
peccary. Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 42,
p. 245-251.

White, Robert W.

1961. Some foods of the white-tailed deer
in southern Arizona. Journal of Wildlife
Management, vol. 25, p. 404-409.

Fishery publications

McConnell, W. J,

1960. Applications of the primary produc-
tivity concept in fishery management.
Transactions 40th Annual Conference of
Western Association of Game and Fish
Commissioners, June 19-22, Salt Lake
City, Utah.

Colorado
Wildlife publications

Anderson, A. E.

1960. Effects of sagebrush eradication by
chemicals on deer and related range.
Colorado Game and Fish Department,
Federal Aid Division 72 p. (Mimeo-
graphed.)

Crouch, Glenn L.

1961. Inventory and analysis of wildlife
populations and habitat, South Platte River
Valley. Colorado Game and Fish Depart-
ment, Federal Aid Project W-104-1-2,
68 p. (Processed.)

Dietz, D. R.

1960. Kill your trophy on his feed grounds.
Sports Afield, vol. 144, no. 4, p. 52-55,
101-102.

Hungerford, C. R.

1960. Water requirements of Gambel's
quail. Transactions 25th North American
Wildlife and Natural Resources Con-
ference, p. 231 -240.

Sowls, Lyle K.

1961. Hunter checking stations for collect-
ing data on the collared peccary (Pecari
tajacu). Transactions North American
Wildlife and Natural Resources Confer-
ence, vol. 26, p. 496-505.

Gilbert, D. L.

1960. Successes, pitfalls, and techniques
in wildlife television. Transactions 25th
North American Wildlife and Natural Re-
sources Conference, p. 444-457.

Grieb, J. R.

1960. Outlook for shotgunners: ducks. Col-
orado Outdoors, vol. 9, no. 6, p. 5-6,

Grieb, J. R.

1961. Waterfowl outlook. Colorado
doors, vol. 10, no. 6, p. 6-8.

Out-

Sowls, Lyle K.

1961. Gestation period of the collared pec-
cary. Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 42,
p. 425-426.

Hay, K. G.

1960. An evaluation of Colorado's access
problems. Transactions North American
Wildlife and Natural Resources Con-
ference, vol. 25, p. 364-377.

41

Lyon, L, Jack.

1961. Evaluation of the influences of woody
cover on pheasant hunting success. Jour-
nal of Wildlife Management, vol. 25, no.
4, p. 421-428.

Medin, Dean E.

1960. Physical site factors influencing an-
nual production of true mountain mahog-
any, Cercocarpus montanus. Ecology, vol.
41, no. 3, p. 254-260.

Medin, Dean E.

1960, References on methods of measuring
production and utilization of range and
pasture forage, Colorado Department of
Game and Fish Technical Bulletin No. 6,
43 p, (Processed,)

Ryder, Ronald A.

1961. Coot and duck productivity in northern
Utah. Transactions 26th North American
Wildlife and Natural Resources Con-
ference, p. 134-146.

Sandfort, W. W.

1960, Your chance with the chukar. Col-
orado Outdoors, vol, 9, no, 5, p, 26-29.

Sandfort. W, W,

1960, The ring -necked pheasant. Colorado
Outdoors, vol. 9, no. 6, p. 13.

Wagar, J, V, K,

1961. Do we need a common camping ethic?
Park Practice Guideline, vol. 1, no. 27,
p. 1-2,

Yeager, L. E.

1960. Progress in forest -wildlife manage-
ment, p, 123-136, In American Forestry:
Six Decades of Growth, Society of Ameri-
can Foresters, Washington, D,C,, 319 p,

Yeager, L, E,

1960, To have a clean camp. Sports Afield,
vol. 143, no. 5, p. 62-65, 118-119.

Yeager, L. E.

1961. Snow on the big game range. Colo-
rado Outdoors, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 8-12.

Yeager, L. E.

1961. Raccoon. Colorado Outdoors, vol 10,
no. 2. (Inside cover.)

Yeager, L. E.

1961. The river otter - distinguished
weasel, Virginia Wildlife, vol, 22, no. 4,

p. 8-9, 11.

Yeager, L, E.

1961, Classification of North American
mammals and birds according to forest
habitat preference. Journal of Forestry,
vol, 59, no. 9, p. 671-674.

Sandfort, W. W.

1961. Elbow room for pheasant hunters.
Colorado Outdoors, vol, 10, no, 6, p, 9,

Swope, H,, and W, W. Sandfort,

1960. Outlook for shotgunners: gamebirds.
Colorado Outdoors, vol. 9, no. 6, p. 14.

Yeager, L. E,

1961, The white -tailed deer, ColoradoOut-
doors, vol, 10, no, 5, (Inside cover,)

Yeager, L. E., and Donald R. Dietz.

1961. Brush and deer food; not necessarily
the same. Colorado Outdoors, vol, 10,
no, 5, p. 18-23,

Wagar, J. V, K,

1960, (Review of) Recreational Use of Wild
Lands, by C, Frank Brockman. McGraw-
Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1959,
346 p. Journal of Range Management,
vol. 13, no. 2, p. 1 -2.

Fishery publications

Yeager, L. E,

1961. Virginia's trout are headwaters fish.
Virginia Wildlife, vol. 22, no. 7, p, 8-9,

Wagar, J, V, K

1961. Who should pay the bill? The case
for a fee for use of public land for
recreation. Transactions International
Association of Game, Fish, and Conser-
vation Commissioners, vol. 50, p. 25-30.

Wagar, J. V. K.

1961. A Great Plains National Monument
in eastern Colorado. The Green Thumb,
vol. 18, no. 8, p, 267-269,

Idaho

Wildlife publications

Dalke, P, D,, D, B, Pyrah, D, C. Stanton,
J. E, Crawford, and E, F, Schlatterer.

1960, Seasonal movements and breeding
behavior of sage grouse in Idaho, Trans-
actions of 25th North American Wildlife
and Natural Resources Conference, p.
396-407,

42

Hungerford, K. E.

1960. (Review of) Wildlife of Mexico, by
A. Starker Leopold. University of Cali-
fornia Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles,
1959, 568 p. In Northwest Science, vol.
34, no. 3, p. 110-111.

Kindel, Fred.

1960. Use of dyes to mark ruminant feces.
Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 24,
no. 4, p. 429.

*Robel, R. J.

1960. Detection of elk migration through
hunter interviews. Journal of Wildlife
Management, vol. 24, no. 3, p. 337-338.

Fishery publications

Bjornn, Ted C.

1961. Harvest, age structure, and growth
of game fish populations from Priest and
Upper Priest Lakes. Transactions of
American Fisheries Society, vol. 90, no. 1,
p. 27-31.

MacPhee, Craig.

1960. Postlarval development and diet of
the largescale sucker, Catostomus nnacro-
cheilus, in Idaho. Copeia, no. 2, p. 119-
125.

MacPhee, Craig.

1961. (Review of) Ecology of Inland Waters
and Estuaries by G. K. Reid. Reinhold
Publication Company. In Northwest Sci-
ence, voL 35, no. 2, p. 79.

MacPhee, Craig.

1961. Bioassay of algal production in chem-
ically altered waters. Limnology and
Oceanography, vol. 6, no. 4, p. 416-422.

MacPhee, Craig.

1961. An experimental study of competition
for food in fish. Ecology, vol. 42, no. 4,
p. 666-681.

Iowa
Wildlife publications

Errington, P. L.

1959. Rovdjuren och balansen i naturen.
(In Swedish - predators and the balance of
nature.) Djurens Varld, vol. 3, p. 6-8,
and vol. 4, p. 14-18.

Errington, P. L.

1960. Ett ar i Sverige (In Swedish - A year
in Sweden) Sveriges Naturs Arsbok, p.
170-183.

Errington, P. L.

1960. The wonder of an Iowa marsh,
lowan, vol. 8, no. 7, p. 41-45.

The

Errington, P. L.

1961. An American visitor's impressions
of Scandinavian waterfowl problems. Jour -
nal of Wildlife Managennent, vol. 25, no. 2,
p. 109-130.

Errington, P. L.

1961. An Iowa boyhood. The lowan, vol. 9,
no. 4, p. 4-5, 43-44.

Errington, P. L.

1961. Muskrats and marsh management.
The Stackpole Company, Harrisburg,
Pennsylvania, 183 p.

Errington, P. L.

1961. Canadian North. In Discovery: Great
Moments in the Lives of Outstanding
Naturalists. (Edited by John K. Terres),
p. 113-126. J. B. Lippincott Company,
Philadelphia and New York.

Errington, P. L.

1961. Of marshes and fall, p. 310-319.
In The American Year; Nature Across
America Through the Four Seasons, as
Observed by the Great Writers and Natu-
ralists of the Past and Present. (Edited
by Henry Hill Collins, Jr., G.P.Putnam's
Sons, New York.)

Errington, P. L.

1961. Biologiche Studien am Alpensegler.
(Review of Hans Arn-Willi.) The Auk,
vol. 78, p. 445-446.

Haugen, A. O.

1960. Coon Valley: from Indians to Nor-
wegian pioneers to atomic age. Wisconsin
Academy Review, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 75-76.

Haugen, A. O.

1960. Bow and arrow hunting. Safety Edu-
cation Magazine, vol. 40, no. 2, p. 44-45.

Haugen, A. O.

1960. Cottontails with "horns." Proceed-
ings Iowa Academy of Science, vol. 67,
p. 610-615.

Haugen, A. O.

1961. Wolverine in Iowa. Journal ofMam-
malogy, vol. 42, no. 4, p. 546-547.

Haugen, A. O.

1961. Visual aids with legible slides. Iowa
Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit. 4 p.
(Mimeographed.)

43

Haugen, A. O.

1961. Turkey talk for Paint Creek.
Conservationist, vol, 20, no. 1, p.
101.

Iowa
100-

Haugen, A. O., and E. W. Mustard, Jr.

1960. Velvet -antle red pregnant white -tailed
doe. Journal of Mamnnalogy, vol. 41,
no, 4, p. 521-523.

Martin, E. M,, and A. O Haugen,

1960. Seasonal changes in wood duck roost-
ing flight habits. The Wilson Bulletin,
vol. 72, no. 3, p. 238-243.

Vohs, Paul A., Jr., and E. W. Pearson.

1961. A visible plastic field marker. Wild-
life Society News, vol. 78, no. 2.

Weller, M. W.

1961. Breeding biology of the least bittern.
The Wilson Bulletin, vol. 73, no. 1,
p. 11-35.

Fishery publications

Carlander, K. D,

1960, Does walleye fry stocking pay in
Clear Lake? Iowa Conservationist, vol,
19, no. 11, p, 86.

Carlander, K, D,

1961, Variations on rereading walleye
scales. Transactions American Fisheries
Society, vol. 90, no. 2, p. 230-231.

Carlander, K. D., and Committee.

1960. Report of Committee on Conserva-
tion. Proceedings Iowa Academy of Sci-
ence, vol. 67, p. 29-37.

Fremling, C. R.

1960. Biology and possible control of nui-
sance caddisflies of the Upper Mississippi
River. Iowa State University Agricultural
and Honne Economics Experinnent Station
Research Bulletin 483, p. 856-879,

Fremling, C, R.

1961. Screened pail for sifting bottom-fauna
samples. Limnology and Oceanography,
vol. 6, no. 1, p. 96.

Ridenhour, R. L.

1960. Abundance, growth, and food of young
game fish in Clear Lake, Iowa, 1949-1957.
Iowa State Journal of Science, vol. 35,
no. 1, p. 1 -23.

Weber, C. O.

1960. Some nneasurements of primarypro-
duction in East and West Okoboji Lakes,
Dickinson County, Iowa. Proceedings
Iowa Academy of Science, vol. 65, p.
166-173.

Maine

Alkon, Philip U.

1961. Nutritional and acceptability values
of hardwood slash as winter deer browse.
Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 25,
no. 1, p, 77-81,

Coulter, M. W,

1960. The status and distribution of fisher
in Maine, Journal of Mammalogy, vol41,
no. 1, p. 1-9,

Gibbs, Richard M.

1961. Banding the goldeneye. Maine Fish
and Game, vol. 3, no. 1, p, 11,

Carlander, K, D., R, R, Whitney, E, B,
Speaker, and K, M, Madden,

1960. Evaluation of walleye fry stocking
in Clear Lake, Iowa, by alternate year
planting. Transactions American Fish-
eries Society, vol. 89, p. 249-254.

Carlander, K. D., and R, R, Whitney.

1961. Age and growth of walleyes, Stizos-
tedion vitreum, in Clear Lake, Iowa,
1935-1957. Transactions American
Fisheries Society, vol, 90, no. 2, p. 130-
138.

Fremling, C. R.

1960. Biology of a large mayfly, Hexagenia
bilineata (Say) of the Upper Mississippi
River. Iowa State University Agricultural
and Honne Economics Experinnent Station
Research Bulletin 482, p. 842-851.

Gibbs, Richard M.

1961. Notes on the mammals of the Pierce
Pond Region, Somerset County, Maine.
Maine Field Naturalist, vol. 16, p. 14-23.

Mendall, Howard L.

1961. Timberdoodles in spring. Outdoor
Maine, vol. 12, no. 5, p. 4, 6.

Mendall, Howard L,, and Howard E, Spencer,
Jr,

1961 . Waterfowl harvest studies in Maine,
Game Division Bulletin No, 7, Maine
Department Inland Fisheries and Game,
Augusta, Maine. 60 p.

Robinson, W. L.

1960. Test of shelter requirements of
penned white -tailed deer. Journal of
Wildlife Management, vol. 24, no. 4, p.
364-371.

44

Massachusetts

Cowardin, L., and E. M. Pollack.

1961. The wild turkey in Massachusetts.
Massachusetts Wildlife, vol. 12, no. 3,
p. 15-20.

Sheldon, W. G.

1960. A method of nnist netting woodcocks
in sunnmer. Bird Banding, vol. 31, no. 3,
p. 130-135.

Sheldon, W. G.

1960. American woodcock (feeding habits).
Naturalist, vol. 11, no. 2, Journal of
Natural History Survey of Minnesota.

Sheldon, W. G.

1961. Suminer crepuscular flights of Amer-
ican woodcocks in central Massachusetts.
The Wilson Bulletin, vol. 73, no. 2,
p. 126-139.

Smith, R.

1961. Bird damage to fruit. Fruit Notes,
Extension Service, College of Agriculture,
University of Massachusetts, (April), p.
1-3.

Smith, R,

1961. Bird damage to cultivated blueberries
and peaches in 1960. Fruit Notes, Ex-
tension Service, College of Agriculture,
University of Massachusetts (May), p. 2.

Wetherbee, D. K.

1960. A skeletal teratism in neonatal red-
winged blackbirds. The Auk, vol. 77,
no. 4, p. 471-472.

Wetherbee, D. K.

1961. Neonates and incubation period of
chimney swift. The Wilson Bulletin, vol.
73, no. 1, p. 86-87.

Wetherbee, D. K.

1961. Observations on the developmental
condition of neonatal birds. The Ameri-
can Midland Naturalist, vol. 65, no. 2,
p. 413-435.

Wetherbee, D. K.

1961. Descriptions of four artificially
hatched, neonatal large waders. Bird
Banding, vol. 32, p. 99.

Wetherbee, D. K., and K. F. Jacobs.

1961. Migration of the common Coturnix
in North America, Bird Banding, vol. 32,
p. 85-91.

Wetherbee, D. K., and N. S. Wetherbee.

1961. Artificial incubation of eggs of vari-
ous bird species and some attributes of
neonates. Bird Banding, vol. 32, p. 141-
159.

Missouri

Wildlife publications

Brohn, A., and T. S. Baskett.

1961. Free livestock range in Missouri.
University of Missouri Agricultural Ex-
periment Station Bulletin 761, 4 p.

Easterla, David.

1961. Food analysis of yellow rail.
Bluebird, vol. 28, no. 3, p. 18.

The

Wetherbee, D. K.

1960. Cultural and economic relationship
of common Coturnix. Aviculturists' GA-
zette, vol. 9, p. 26-29.

Wetherbee, D. K.

1960. Egg weight, juvenile weight, ptery-
losis of neonates. In The Kirtland Warb-
ler, by Harold Mayfield. The Cranbrook
Institute. Bulletin 40, 242 p.

Wetherbee, D. K., and J. S. Webb.

1960, Southeastern breeding range of the
brown-headed cowbird. Bird Banding,
vol. 31, p. 83-87.

Wetherbee, D. K.

1961. Investigations in the life history of
the common Coturnix. The American
Midland Naturalist, vol. 65, no. 2, p. 168-
186.

Easterla, David, and Gary Jackson.

1961. Discovery of Canis dirus inMissouri.
The Bluebird, vol. 28, no. 3, p. 3-4.

Elder, W. H.

1960. An albino Cryptotis from Missouri.
Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 41, no. 4,
p. 506-507.

Elder, W. H.

1961. Problems of prairie preservation in
Missouri. Garden Forum, (May-June),
p. 17-18.

Elder, W, H.

1961. Needs and problems of grassland
preservation in Missouri. The Bluebird,
vol. 28, no. 2, p. 2-7.

Elder, W. H.

1961. A large rookery of little blue herons.
The Bluebird, vol, 28, no. 3, p. 13.

45

Frankel, Arthur I., and Thomas S. Baskett.
1961. The effect of pairing on cooing of
penned nnourning doves. Journal of Wild-
life Managennent, vol. 25, no. 4, p. 372-
384.

Marsden, H. M.

1961. Natural longevity record for a bob-
white. The Auk, vol. 74, no. 1, p. 94.

Martinson, R. K., J. W, Holten, and G. K.
Brakhage.

1961. Age criteria and population dynam-
ics of the swamp rabbit in Missouri.
Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 25,
no. 3, p. 271-281.

McKinley, D.

1960. A chronology and bibliography of
wildlife in Missouri. University of Mis -
souri Bulletin, vol. 61, no. 13, 128 p.

Tomlinson, R. E., H. M. Wight, and T. S.

Baskett.

1960. Migrational homing, local move-
ment, and mortality of mourning doves in
Missouri. Transactions of North Ameri-
can Wildlife and Natural Resources Con-
ference, vol. 25, p. 253-267.

Fishery publications

Witt, A., Jr.

1960, Length and weight of ancient fresh-
water drum, Aplidonotus grunniens, cal-
culated from otoliths found in Indian mid-
dens. Copeia, vol. 25, no. 3, p. 181-185.

Witt, A., Jr.

1961. An improved instrument to section
bones for age and growth determinations
of fish. Progressive Fish Culturist, vol.
23, p. 94-96.

McKinley, D.

1960. The American elk in pioneer Mis-
souri. Missouri Historical Review, vol.
54, no. 4, p. 356-365.

McKinley, D.

1960. "Greenhead" and "horse-guard" in
the history and folklore of Missouri, The
Bluebird, vol. 27, no. 2, p. 3-12.

McKinley, D,

1960. The Carolina parakeet in pioneer
Missouri. The Wilson Bulletin, vol, 72,
no. 3, p. 274-287.

McKinley, D.

1960. The question of the pronghorn in
pioneer Missouri. Journal of Mannalogy,
vol. 41, no. 4, p. 503-505.

McKinley D.

1960, History of the ruffed grouse in Mis-
souri. The Bluebird, vol, 27, no, 4,
p, 3-11.

McKinley D,

1960. A history of the passenger pigeon in
Missouri. The Auk, vol. 77, p. 399-420.

McKinley, D.

1961. History of the Canada goose in Mis-
souri, The Bluebird, vol. 28, no. 3, p.
2-8.

Montana

Craighead, J. J.

1960. Water and outdoor recreation. Hear-
ings before the Senate Select Committee
on National Water Resources, 86th Con-
gress, 1st Session, Water Resources,
Part 3, p. 457-463.

Craighead, J, J,

1960. Your Cooperative Wildlife Research
Unit. Montana Wildlife (July), p. 19-27,

Craighead, J, J., and D, S. Stockstad.

1960, Color marker for big game. Journal
of Wildlife Management, vol. 24, no. 4,
p, 435-438.

Craighead, J. J,, and F. C. Craighead, Jr.
1960. Knocking out grizzly bears for their
own good. National Geographic Magazine,
vol. 118, no. 2, p. 277-291.

Craighead, J, J,, M. Hornocker, W, Woodgerd,
and F. C. Craighead, Jr.

1960. Trapping, immobilizing, and color-
marking grizzly bears. Transactions
North American Wildlife and Natural Re-
sources Conference, vol. 25, p. 347-363.

Craighead, J, J,, and Dwight S. Stockstad.

1961. Evaluating the use of aerial nesting
platforms by Canada geese. Journal of
Wildlife Management, vol. 25, no. 4,
p. 363-372.

Smart, G.

1960. Ross goose taken at Horsehoe Lake,
Illinois. The Wilson Bulletin, vol. 72,
no. 3, p. 288-289.

Hoffman, Robert S.

1961. The quality of winter food of blue
grouse. Journal of Wildlife Management,
vol. 25, no. 2. p. 209-210.

46

Morrison, J. A.

1960. Ovarian characteristics in elk of
known breeding history. Journal of Wild-
life Management, vol. 24, no. 3, p. 297-
307.

Pengelly, W. Leslie.

1961. Factors influencing production of
white-tailed deer on the Coeur d'Alene
National Forest, Idaho. U.S. Forest Serv-
ice, Missoula, Montana, or University of
Michigan microfilnri library. 190 p. (Mim-
eographed.)

Senger, C. M., and D. J. Forrester.

1960. Experinnental infestation of a Rocky
Mountain bighorn lamb with Melophagus
ovinus (Diptera: Heppoboscidae). Journal
of Parasitology, vol. 46, no. 5, p. 598.

Taber, R. D.

1961. (Review of) Introduction a L'Ecologie
des Ongules du Pare National Albert,
158 p., 96 figs., 18 tables, 1960. By
Bourliere, Francois, and Jacques Ver-
schuren. Journal of Mamnnalogy, vol. 42,
no. 1, p. 126-127.

Taber, R. D.

1961. Wildlife administration and harvest
in Poland. Journal of Wildlife Manage-
ment, vol. 25, no. 4, p. 355-363.

Taber, R. D.

1961. The black-tailed deer: a review of
ecology and management. Extrait de La
Terre et la Vie No. 2, 1961, p. 221-245.

Taber, R. D., and K. L. White,

1960. The annual cycle of condition in the
Rattlesnake, Montana, mule deer. Pro-
ceedings Montana Academy of Science,
vol. 19, p. 72-79.

Ohio

Giles, R. H., Jr.
1961. High time;
(March), p. 18.

Virginia Wildlife, vol.22

Giles, R. H. Jr.

1961. The big edge. Virginia Wildlife, vol.
22 (August), p. 10-11.

Giles, R. H., Jr.

1961. Vulture blind.
22 (October), p. 8.

Virginia Wildlife, vol.

Giles, R. H., Jr.

1961. Overlay mapping as a technique for
improved management of upland game.
23d Midwest Wildlife Conference (Decem-
ber). Ohio Cooperative Wildlife Unit Re-
lease No. 212. 6 p. (Mimeographed.)

Good E. E,

1961. Original vegetationof Van Wert Coun-
ty, Ohio. Ohio Journal of Science, vol. 61,
no, 3. p. 155-160.

Kessler, F. W,

1960, Egg temperatures of the ring-necked
pheasant obtained with a self-recording
potentiometer. The Auk, vol. 77, p. 330-
335.

Peterle, Tony J.

1961. The hunter - who is he? Trans-
actions North American Wildlife and Nat-
ural Resources Conference, vol. 26, p.
254-266.

Snyder, Donald B.

1961. Strychnine as a potential control for
red-winged blackbirds. Journal of Wild-
life Management, vol. 25, no. 1, p. 96-99,

Stevens, Vernon C.

1961. Experimental study of nesting by
Coturnix quail. Journal of Wildlife Man-
agement, vol. 25, no. 1, p. 99-101.

Winner, R. W.

1960. Fall and winter movements of black
and mallard ducks. Journal of Wildlife
Managennent, vol. 24, no. 3, p. 332-335.

Giles, R, H,, Jr,

1960. Salt as a game management tool.
Virginia Wildlife, vol. 21, p. 16.

Giles, R. H., Jr,

1960. Conifers for wildlife. Virginia Wild-
life, vol. 21, p. 10.

Oklahoma

Wildlife publications

Anonymous,

1961. Working with wildlife.
State Alumnus, vol. 2, no. 3, p.

Oklahoma
14-15.

47

Baumgartner, F. M.

1960. Audubon Field Notes, vol. 14, no. I,
p. 50-52; vol. 14, no. 2, p. 230; vol. 14, no.
3, p. 320-322; vol. 14, no. 4, p. 398-401;
and vol. 14. no. 5, p. 459-460.

Ellis, Ralph J.

1961. Trapping and marking Rio Grande
wild turkeys. Proceedings Oklahoma
Academy of Science for 1960, vol. 41, p.
201-212.

Glass, Bryan P.

1960. (Review of) Studies on the Structure
and Development of Vertebrates, 2 vol-
umes, by Edwin S. Goodrich, Dover Pub-
lications, Inc., New York. Journal of
Mammalogy, vol. 41, no. 1, p. 145.

Glass, Bryan P.

1960. The taxonomic status of Oklahoma
beavers. Castor canadensis. Southwest
Naturalist, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 21-74.

Glass, Bryan P., and A. F. Halloran,

1960. Status and distribution of the red fox
(Vulpes vulpes) in Oklahoma. Southwest
Naturalist, vol. 5, no. 2, p. 71-74.

Jones, J., and B. P. Glass.

1960. The short-tailed shrew Blarina
brevicauda in Oklahoma. Southwest Nat-
uralist, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 136-142.

Jones, R. E.

1960. Activities of the magpie during the
breeding period in southern Idaho. North-
west Science, vol. 34, no. I, p. 14-24.

Jones, R. E.

1960. The life-form concept applied to
prairie chicken habitat in Oklahoma. Pro-
ceedings Oklahoma Academy of Science,
vol. 40, p. 134-136.

Marquardt, R. E.

1960. Smokeless powder cannon with light
weight netting for trapping geese. Journal
of Wildlife Management, vol. 24, no. 4, p.
425-427.

Marquardt, R. E.

1960. The barnacle goose in Oklahoma.
Southwest Naturalist, vol. 5, no. 4, p. 228.

Marquardt, R. E.

1961. Albinism in the small white-cheeked
geese. The Auk, vol. 78, no. 5, p. 99-100.

Marquardt, R. E.

1961. Investigations into high-intensity
projectile equipment for net trapping
geese. Proceedings Oklahoma Academyof
Science for 1960, vol. 41, p. 218-223.

McCulloch, Clay Y., Jr.

1961. Age classification and weight varia-
tions of Ord's kangaroo rat on the south-
ern Great Plains. Southwest Naturalist,
vol. 6, nos. 3 and 4, p. 149-155.

McCulloch, Clay Y., Jr., and J. M. Inglis.

1961. Breeding periods of the Ord kangaroo
rat. Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 42, no.
3. p. 337-344.

Morse, R. C, and B. P. Glass.

1960. The taxonomic status of Antrozous
bunkeri. Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 41,
no. 1, p. 10- 15.

Fishery Publications

Dorris, T. C, W. R. Gould, and C.R. Jenkins.
1960. Toxicity bioassay of oil refinery
effluents in- Oklahoma. Transactions 2d
Seminar on Biological Problems in Water
Pollution, April 20-24, 1959, U.S. Public
Health Service, Robert A. Taft Sanitary
Engineering Center, Cincinnati 26, Ohio.

Riggs, C. D., and G. A. Moore.

1960. Growth of young gar (Lepisosteus) in
aquaria. Proceedings Oklahoma Academy
of Science, vol. 40, p. 44-46.

Pennsylvania

Hayden, Arnold H.

1961. Winter range requirements of the wild
turkey in Cameron County, Pennsylvania.
Northeast Wildlife Conference, Halifax,
Nova Scotia. June 12-14. 7 p. (Mimeo-
graphed.)

Hoover, Kenneth B.

1961. Hawthorn studies in Pennsylvania in
relation to wildlife values. Special Report
No. 5, Pennsylvania Cooperative Wildlife
Research Unit, Pennsylvania State Univer-
sity, University Park, Pennsylvania, 72-p.

Hoover, Kenneth B., and Ward M. Sharp.

1961. Hawthorns feed birds and nurse forest
trees. Science for the Farmer, Agricul-
tural Experiment Station, Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Penn-
sylvania, p. 1 5.

Long, T. A., R. L. Cowan, C. W. Wolfe, and
R. W. Swift.

1961. Feeding the white-tailed fawn. Jour-
nal of Wildlife Management, vol. 25, no. 1,
p. 94-95.

Sharp, Ward M., and Henry H. Chisman.

1961. Flowering and fruiting in the white
oaks: Part I--Staminate flowering through
pollen dispersal. Ecology, vol. 42, no. 2,
p. 365-372.

48

Utah

Wildlife publications

Balph, David F.

1961 . Underground concealment as a nnethod
of predation. Journal of Mammalogy, vol.
42, p. 423-424.

Bellrose, Frank C, Thomas G. Scott, Arthur
S. Hawkins, Jessop B. Low. 1961. Sex
ratios and age ratios in North American
ducks. Natural History Survey Bulletin 27,
Article 6, p. 391-470.

Berryman, J. H.

1960. A thumbnail sketch of wildlife in Utah.
Utah's 4-H Ideas for Activities Pamphlet,
4 p. (Mimeographed.)

Berryman, J. H.

1960. Wildlife extension, a new and potent
management tool. Transactions 40th
Annual Conference Western Association
State Ganne and Fish Commissioners,
June 19-22, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Berrynnan, J. H.

1960. Wildlife and land use. Utah Fish and
Game Magazine, vol. 16, no. 7, p. 18-19.

Berryman, J. H.

1960. Population pressures. Utah Fishand
Game Magazine, vol. 16, no. 8, p. 3-4.

Berrynnan, J. H.

1960. Highway planning and wildlife nnan-
agement. Utah Fish and Game Magazine,
vol. 16, no. 9, p. 10-11.

Berryman, J. H.

I960. Public attitude. Utah Fish and Game
Magazine, vol. 16, no. 10, p. 6-7.

Berryman, J. H.

1960. Who pays the piper? Utah Fish and
Game Magazine, vol. 16, no. 11, p. 14-15.

Berryman, J. H.

1960. They have eaten sour grapes. Utah
Fish and Game Magazine, vol. 16, no. 12,
p. 14-15.

Berryman, J. H.

1961. New wildlife laws affect farmers.
Utah Farmer (April), p. 20.

Berryman, J. H.

1961. The new look. Utah Fish and Game
Magazine (April), p. 22.

Berryman, J. H.

1961. Cooperation, the 3d phase. Utah Fish
and Game Magazine, vol. 17, no. 6, p. 22.

Berryman, J. H.

1961. The responsibility of State agencies
in managing hunting on private lands.
Transactions North American Wildlife and
Natural Resources Conference, vol. 26, p.
285-297.

Berryman, J. H.

1961. Landusers-sportsmen relationships
at the crossroads. Utah Sportsman (July),
p. 2.

Berryman, J. H.

1961. Urban sprawl. Utah Fish and Game
Magazine, vol. 17, no. 8, p. 8-9.

Berryman, J. H.

1961. Pheasant countdown. Utah Fish and
Game Magazine, vol. 17, no. 11, p. 10-11.

Berryman, J. H.

1961. December refections. Utah Fish and
Game Magazine, vol. 17, no. 12, p. 20-21.

Berryman, J. H.

1961. What price pollution? Utah Fish and
Game Magazine (February), p. 20-21.

Berryman, J, H.

1961. Wildlife resources and the changing
scene. Let's look ahead, Utah Fish and
Game Magazine (February), p. 1.

Berryman, J. H., J. Whitney Floyd, Arthur D.

Smith, John M. Neuhold, and Frank W. Kearns.

1961. Road construction and resource use.

A statement with recommendations for

coordinated planning. Brochure, Ulah

State University, vol. 297, no. 3, p. 1-15.

Chura, N. J.

1960. Unique method for northerns. Out-
door Life, vol. 125, no. 1, p. 82.

Chura, N. J.

1961. Food availability and preferences of
juvenile mallards. Transactions North
American Wildlife and Natural Resources
Conference, vol. 26, p. 121-134,

Chura, N. J.

1961, Selective food utilization by juvenile
mallard ducklings. 41 st Annual Convention
of the Western Association of Fish and
Game Commissioners, vol. 41, p. 176-180,

Low, J. B., G. J. Smith, and E. B. Wilcox.
1961. A way to better venison. Farm and
Home Science, vol. 22, no. 3, p. 62-63.

*Robel, Robert J.

1960. Detection of elk migration through
hunter interviews. Journal of Wildlife
Management, vol. 24, no. 3, p. 337-339.

49

Robel, Robert J,

1960. Your first deer rifle. Utah Fish and
Game Magazine, vol. 16, no. 9, p. 18-19.

Robel, Robert J.

1961. Water depth and turbidity in relation
to growth of sago pondweed. Journal of
Wildlife Management, vol. 25, no. 4, p.
436-438.

Robel, Robert J.

1961. The effects of carp populations on the
production of waterfowl food plants on a
western waterfowl marsh. Transactions
North American Wildlife and Natural Re-
sources Conference, vol. 26, p. 148-159.

Stokes, Allen W.

1960. Nest-site selection and courtshipbe-
haviour of the blue tit Parus caeruleus.
Ibis, vol. 4, no, 102, p. 507-519.

Stokes, Allen W.

1961. Voice and social behavior of the
chukar partridge. (Reprinted from the
Condor, vol. 63, no. 2, p. 111-127.)

Clark, W. J., and W. F. Sigler.

1961. Preliminary investigation of the
phytoplankton of Bear Lake Utah-Idaho.
American Microscopic Society, vol. 80,
no. 1 , p. 28-32.

Neuhold, J. M., and W. F. Sigler.

1960. Effects of sodium fluoride on carp
and rainbow trout. Transactions Ameri-
can Fisheries Society, vol. 89, no. 4, p.
351-370.

Rich, Royal.

1960. Hyrum Reservoir. Utah Fish and
Game Magazine, vol. 16, no. 4, p. 4-5.

Virginia

Hardy, Joe W.

1961. Location and ecological examination
of the 1960-61 winter blackbird roost in
Dismal Swamp. Virginia Academy of
Science Meeting, Lexington, May 13, Vir-
ginia Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit
Release No. 61- 1 .

Williams, H. W.

I960. An isolated chukar partridge popula-
tion. Utah Fish and Game Magazine, vol.
16, no. 7, p. 10-11.

Williams, H. W.

1960. Study in black and white. Utah Fish
and Game Magazine, vol. 16, no. 12, p.

4-5.

Williams, H. W.

1961. The influence of physical and bio-
logical factors on the rally call of the
chukar partridge (Alectoris graeca) with
regard to use of the call as a census
nnethod. Presented at the 41st Annual
Conference of the Western Association of
Fish and Game Commission, Santa Fe,
June.

Fishery publications

W.

W. F. Sigler, and N. M.

Angelovic, J.

Neuhold.

1961. Temperatures and fluorosis in rain-
bow trout. Journal of Water Pollution
Control Federation, vol. 33, no. 4, p. 371-
381.

Arnold, Billy.

1960. Central Region. Utah Fish and Game
Magazine, vol. 16, no. 6, p. 9.

Krug, A. S.

1960. The future of hunting depends upon
the gun. Virginia Wildlife, vol. 19, no.
10, p. 8-9,12. Virginia Cooperative Wild-
life Research Unit Release No. 60-11.

Massey, A. B.

1960. Virginia ferns and "fern allies."
Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station
Bulletin 256, 80 p. (Revised November
1960). Virginia Cooperative Wildlife Re-
search Unit Release No. 60-13.

McGinnes, Burd S., and T. H, Ripley.

1961. Hunting and fishing recreation on
Virginia's National Forests. Virginia
Wildlife, vol. 22, no. 10, p. 4-5. Virginia
Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit Re-
lease No. 61-3.

Mosby, H. S., et al.

1960. Manual of game investigational tech-
niques. Printed for The Wildlife Society
by Edward Brothers, Ann Arbor, Michigan,
345 p. (Edited by Mosby.)

Woronecki, Paul P.

1961. Rabbit pellet durability. Virginia
Academy of Science Meeting, Lexington,
May 12. Virginia Cooperative Wildlife
Research Unit Release No. 61-2.

50

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