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NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular 427
Ocean Variability in the U.S. Fishery Conservation Zone, 1976
Julien R. Goulet, Jr. and Elizabeth D. Haynes, Editors
July 1979
IVIarine Biological Laboratory ^ LIBRARY (
OCT 14 1992 i
I Woods \-\c-\
K.
■ b.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Marine Fisheries Service
NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS National Marine Fisheries Service, Circulars
The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Ser\'ice (NMFSI are to monitor and assess the abundance and geographic distribution of fisher>' resources, to understand and predict fluctuations in the quantity and distribution of these resources, and to establish levels for optimum use of the resources. NMFS is also charged with the development and implementation of policies for managing national fishing grounds, development and enforcement of domestic fisheries regulations. sur\'eillance of foreign fishing off I'nited States coastal waters, and the develf>pment and enforcement of international fisher\' agreements and policies. NMFS also assists the fishing industry through marketing service and economic analysis programs, and mortgage insurance and vessel construction subsidies. It collects, analyzes, and publishes statistics on various phases of the industry.
The NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular series continues a series that has been in existence since 1941. The Circulars are technical publications of general interest intended to aid c(mservation and management. Publications that review in considerable detail and at a high technical level certain broad areas of research appear in this series Technical papers originating in economics studies and from management in- vestigations appear in the Circular series.
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rifio. Processing EASTROPAC STD data and the construction of ver- tical temperature and salinity sections by computer. By Forrest R. Miller and Kenneth A. Bliss. February 1972. iv + 17 p., 8 figs., .I app. figs. For sale by the .Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of- fice, Washington. DC. 20402.
■ Uiti. Ke\' to field identificatitin of anadromous juvenile salmonids in 'hp Pacific Northwest. By Robert .J. MacConnell and George R. Snyder, •lanuary 1972, iv -*■ 6 p., 4 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. 20402.
367. Engineering economic model for fish protein concentration processes. Bv K K Almenas. L. C. Durilla, R. C. Ernst. J. W. Gentry. M. B. Hale, and.) M. Marchello. October 1972. iii -t- 17.T p., 6 figs, 6 tables. For sale bv the .Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. 20402.
:168. Cooperative Gulf of Mexico estuarine inventory and study. Florida: Phase I, area description. By .J. Kneeland McNulty. William N. I.indall. .Ir.. and .lames E. .Sykes. November 1972. vii + 126 p.. 46 figs.. 62 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, C^.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. 20402.
:169. Field guide to the anglefishes (Pomacanthidael in the western Atlantic. By Henry .\ Feddern. November 1972. iii -t- 10 p.. 17 figs. For sale by the .Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of- fice. Washington, DC. 20402.
,'170. Collecting and processing data on fish eggs and larvae in the California Current region. By David Kramer. Mary .1. Kalin. Elizabeth G. Stevens, .lames R. Thrailkill, and lames R. Zweifel. November 1972, iv -f .18 p., :18 figs., 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. DC. 20402.
;17I. Ocean fishery management: Discussion and research. By Adam A. Sokoloski (editor). (17 papers. 24 authors.) April 1973. vi -t- 173 p.. .38 figs.. 32 tables. 7 app. tables.
•372. Fishery publications, calendar year 1971: Lists and indexes. By Thomas A. Manar. October 1972, iv + 24 p.. 1 leg. For sale by the Superintendent of Document.s, U.F. Government Printing Office, Washington. DC 2(1102.
377. Fishery publications, calendar year 1970: Lists and indexes. By Mary Ellen Engett and Lee C. Thorson. December 1972, iv + 34 p . 1 fig. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. DC. 20402.
378. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Protozoa: Ciliophora. By .Arthur C. Borror. September 1973. iii + 62 p.. .S
rinling
: V iiiopnora. ny .-^rtnur l . tJorror. ^eptemoer ly/.i. in -t- hi p.. -t sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Office. Washington. D.C. 20402.
379. Fishery publications, calendar year 1969: Lists and indexes. By Lee C. Thorson and Mary Ellen Engett. April 1973, iv + 31 p., 1 fig. For sale by the .Superintendent of Documents. I'.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. DC. 20402.
380. Fishery publications, calendar year 1968: Lists and indexes. By Mary Ellen Engett and Lee C. Thorson. May 1973. iv + 24 p.. 1 fig. For sale hy the .Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Of- fice. Washliiston, ll.C, 21)402
.381. Fishery publications, calendar year 1967: Lists and indexes By L-ee C. Thorson and Mary Ellen Engett. .July 1973. iv + 22 p.. 1 fig. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. DC. 20402.
.382. Fishery publications, calendar year 1966: List.s and indexes. By Mary Ellen Engett and Lee C. Thorson. .July 1973. iv + 19 p . 1 fig For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Of- fice. Washington. DC. 20402.
.383. Fishery publications, calendar year 196.5: Lists and indexes. By Lee C Thorson and Mary Ellen Engett. .July 1973, iv -H 12 p.. I fig. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402.
:!84. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Higher plants of the marine fringe By Edwin T. Moul. September 1973. iii + 60 p.. 109 figs For sale hy the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office. Washington. DC. 20402.
374. Marine llora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Annelida: Oligochaeta. By David G. Cook and Ralph 0. Brinkhurst. May 1973. iii -f 23 p.. 82 figs. For sale by the .Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. DC. 20402.
'IS.S. Fisherv publications, calendar year 1972: List.s and indexes. By Lee C. Thorson and Mary Ellen Engett. November 1973. iv + 23 p.. 1 fig. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Of- fice. Washington. DC. 20402.
37.S. New Polychaela from Beaufort, with a key to all species recorded from North Carolina. By -lohn H. Day. .July 1973. xiii + 140 p.. 18 figs.. 1 table. For sale by the .Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. WashingKm. DC. 20402.
376. Bottom-water temperatures on the continental shelf. Nova Scotia to New .Jersey By .lohn B Colton. .Ir and Ruth R Stoddard, .lune 197:1. iii -f ^irt p., Irt figs., 12 app. tables. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.
:!86. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern I'nited States. Pyc- nogonida. By Lawrence R. McCloskey. .September 1973, iii + 12 p.. 1 fig. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402.
:t87. Marine fiora and fauna of the northea.stern United States. Crustacea: .Slomatopoda Bv Raymond B Manning. February 1974. iii -♦• 6 p.. 10 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office. Washington. DC. 20402.
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NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular 427
Ocean Variability in the U.S. Fishery Conservation Zone, 1976
Julien R. Goulet, Jr. and Elizabeth D. Haynes, Editors
July 1979
MARMAP
Contribution No. 146 (Marine Resources Monitoring, Assessment, and Prediction Program)
Marine Biological Laboratory LIBRARY
OCT 14 1992
Woods Hole, Mass.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Richard A. Franl<, Administrator
National Marine Fisheries Service
Terry L. Leitzell, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries
The National Marine Fisheries Service (N'MFS) does not approve, rec- ommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to N'MFS, or to this publication furnished by N'MFS, in any advertising or sales pro- motion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which lias as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS publication.
CONTENTS
Introduction, by Julien R. Goulet, Jr 1
Summary, by Julien R. Goulet, Jr 3
Papers
1 Atmospheric circulation in 1976. by Elizabeth D. Haynes U
2 Atmospheric climatology and its effect on sea surface temperature - 1976. by Robert R. Dickson
and Jerome Namias 19
3 Eastern Pacific sea surface conditions in 1976. by Elizabeth D. Haynes 35
4 Sea surface conditions in the western North Atlantic in 1976. by Julien R. Goulet and Elizabeth
D. Haynes 43
5 Anomalies of monthly mean sea level along the west coasts of North and South America, by Dale
E. Bretschneider and Douglas R. McLain 51
6 Coastal upwelling off western North America, 1976. by Craig S. Nelson 65
7 Oceanic conditions during 1976 between San Francisco and Honolulu as observed from ships of opportunity, by J. F. T. Saur and Douglas R. McLain 77
8 The 1976 El Nino and recent progress in monitoring and prediction, by William H. Quinn 93
9 Sea surface temperature anomalies, by Douglas R. McLain Ill
10 Fluctuations of sea surface temperature and density at coastal stations during 1976. by Douglas
R. McLain 151
1 1 Data on cold weather conditions along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts during the fall and winter of 1976-77. by J. Lockwood Chamberlin and Reed S. Armstrong 167
12 Wind driven transport Atlantic coast and Gulf of Mexico, by Merton C. Ingham 175
13 Sea surface temperature distribution from Cape Cod, MA, to Miami, FL, 1976. by Joseph W.
Deaver III 209
14 Water column thermal structure across the shelf and slope southeast of Sandy Hook, NJ, in 1976.
by Steven K. Cook 231
15 Anticyclonic Gulf Stream eddies off the northeastern United States during 1976. by David
Mizenko and J. Lockwood Chamberlin 259
16 River runoff along the middle Atlantic coast in 1976. by Elizabeth D. Haynes 281
17 Climatic conditions related to the fish kill and anoxia off New Jersey during the summer of
1976 by Reed S. Armstrong 289
18 Variations in the position of the Shelf Water front off the Atlantic coast between Georges Bank
and Cape Romain in 1976. by John T. Gunn 301
19 Temperature structure on the continental shelf and slope south of New England during 1976. by
R. Wylie Crist and J. Lockwood Chamberlin 315
20 Continuous plankton records: zooplankton and net phytoplankton in the Mid-Atlantic Bight,
1976. by Daniel E. Smith and Jack W. Jossi 337
21 Siphonophore ("Lipo") swarming in New England coastal waters— update, 1976. by Carolyn A. Rogers 349
22 Bottom water temperatures in the Gulf of Maine and on Georges Bank during spring and autumn,
1976. by Clarence W. Davis 353
ABSTRACT
Some responses of fisheries resources to natural climate-ocean variability in 1976 are summarized. Emphasis is on the U.S. Fisheries Conservation Zone. Areas in which the United States has an established fishery or commercial interest in a local fishery are also considered. Contributed papers present various aspects of the marine climate in 1976.
IV
Ocean Variability in the U.S. Fishery Conservation Zone, 1976
INTRODUCT ION JuLien R. Goulet^ Jr
1. to provide resource mansgers with en overvie^j and assessment of the status of the environment in terms of larye area and Long time scale natural processes and their possible effects on marine fishery resources/^ and
2. to provide researchers with an infer nidt ion source on the ocean properties and processes influencing fishery
r esou rces .
These three volumes have been prepared by the program management office of the Marine Resources Monitoring/' Assessment/ and Prediction (MARMAP)' program of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS).
The MARMAP program is a national program of NMFS providing information needed for management and allocation of the nation's marine fishery resources. The program encompasses the collection and analysis of data to provide information on the abundance/ composition/ location/ and condition of the commercial and recreational marine fishery resources of the United States. MARMAP also considers the physical and chemical processes influencing fishery resources.
'Resource Assessment Division^ National Marine Fisheries Service/ NOAA* Washington/ DC 20?33.
'J. R. Goulet/ Jr. (compiler)/ The environment of the United States living marine resources - 1974. U.S. Dep. Commer./ NOAA/ NMFS/ MARMAP Contrib. 104; J. R. Goulet/ Jr. and E. D. riaynes (editors)/ Ocean variability: Effects on U.S. marine fishery resources - 1975/ U.S. Oeo. Commer./ NOAA Tech Rep. NMFS Circ. 416.
'For information/ contact Chief/ Resource Assessment Division/ NMFS/ NCAA/ Washington/ DC 2n?35.
1
INTRODUCTION
Changes in physical and chemical properties of the ocean (currents/' tempe ratu r er nutrients/' etc.) and the associated modulation of bioloc^ical processes directly or indirectly affect not only long-term yields and annual abundances of fish stocks/ but also their distribution and availability. Fishery Oceano- graphy/ r^s a subproqram of i^iARMAP^ includes the analysis of physical/ chemical/ and biological oceanographic data collected during ^'ARMAP and other NMF? surveys and from oceanog raphi c and me t eorol cgi c aL operational and research activities of other a'lencies. Fishery Oceanography providea much of the information incorporated into Ocean Variability in the UiS. Fishery CoDser- yatign Zone/ 19Z6»
EfiitQCieLl Q,UtL2Q!i
The areas of interest for Ocean Variabjl^it^ iD the U^Si fisher)^ Conservation Zone/ I'tL^ are the United States' Fishery Conser- vation Zone/ established by P.L. 94-255 (Fisheries Conservation and Mananenent Act of 1976)/ and the areas of fishery resources outside our Zone in which we have an established fishery or a market inter est
The papers in thi
The data focus on se lect ed climate- s e I e ct ed resource p rope r t i resource increase influenc r esou r ce small w d i s t r i bu of the f
pro a I me r
o cea
/ or
s .
e s
s .
d to
e s . man
or k s
t i on
ull
du c t ill i t el y n D
d ev Top i and The
pre
i n age r ho p
of do cu
s/ eve ed t i m on ava ropert eloped ca I s
asses
n u m b e sent m
f utu r s i n a
to d the su ment a
nt not e inte ilabi I i es o / for u m m a r i sment r of ore in e yea
more eve I op mma r y s a r«A
ices rva I ity. r i
thei es p
of
the form r s
time
th
i n d
RMAP
and . The
Rathe ndi ces r sign rov ide
pot en se to at i on we hop ly man e nee raft f
cont r
topi data r / pr
of i f i ca
over t ial p i c a I on p e to n er . ess ar o r m p i b u t i
ca I p rod oduc
pro nee view
eff
su
OSS i
p rov
Thi
y ^ r ior
on .
sum uc t s ts
cess to m s of e ct s mma r ble i de s m nf or to
mane
s hou
which
es s
a rine
c I im
on
i e s
env 1
the s
ay 1
mat i o
di s
s s Id n
po houl
fi ate-
f i shou ronm umma nvo I n/ trib
hou Id ot be rt r ay d be she ry ocean she ry Id be ent al ry to ve a and a ut i on
We we
thank our many contributors/ who made this volume possible. We Icome criticism/ comments/ and suggestions for improvement of
turp wnlnmPQ in thi<; <;prip<;-
future volumes in this series.
SUMMARY
JuLien R. Goulet^ Jr
The effects of ocean variability on U.S. marine fishery resources can best be summarized within the context of the broad-scale atmospheric and oceanic conditions surrounding our area of interest/' the U.S. Fishery Conservation Zone. The variability of the environment within the Zone is controlled by conditions and processes in the overlying atmosphere^ at the coast/ in the open ocean beyond our Zone^ and along the bottom within our Zone. The oarers contributed to this document present a synthesis/ not necessarily analytic^ cf the conditions and processes affecting the U.S. marine fishery resources during 1976.
This summary first focuses on the overlying atmosphere/ which connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans across the North American continent. The conditions at the U.S. coast/ in the open ocean beyond our Zone/ and along the bottom are summarized in turn. Following this/ the responses of marine fishery resources to the variability of their environment are estimated.
A t mosg here
Conditions are considered at the 700 mb Level/ the height of approximately the lower third of the atmosphere. This is high enough (about 3/000 m above sea level) to be free of surface friction/ ana thus reflects the large-scale conditions and events taking plsce in the atmosphere. It is also low enough to be completely within the troposphere/ that part of the atmosphere which interacts with the ocean.
Two salient features of the atmosphere in 1976 were the continuation of stronger than average westerly winds over the Northern Hemisphere oceans and a return to lower latitudes of the subpolar low pressure anomaly cells. The variations in westerly wine strength and position influence patterns of upwelling and offshore wind driven transport as well as sea surface temperature distributions. These in turn influence several resource species
Resource Assessment Division/ National Service/ NCAA/ Washington/ DC 23235.
^ar ine
Fisheries
SUMMARY
such as AtLa herring. T However* the changes in 19 76 p re s su r more cLoseL differences, much weaker more intense continental over the Roc in 19 76. subtropi cat Pacific. T coast penetr consequent conditions o that a re a .
nt i c menhaden* Pacific ma
he strong westerlies ha
high level pressure patte
their annual averages over
e anomaly patterns at 7CG
y than those of 1V75*
The Siberian high latitu
than in 1974. The subpo
and covered broader ar
trough* located over t
ky Mountains in 1975* was
The trough indicated a c
hiah pressure belt extendi
hat it was over the easter
ation of Pacific stable hi
Cali'fornia drought. Tt a
ve r the eastern seaboard a
ckerel* and Atlantic sea ve persisted since 1971. rns have undergone drastic
the Last three years. The mb resemble those of 1974
but with a few important de high pressure cell was lar lew pressure cells were eas. The r.'orth American he Great Plains in 1974 and over the eastern seaboard ontinental weakening of the ng across the Atlantic and n seaboard indicated a west ah pressure conditions* and Iso indicated more unstable nd greater precipitation in
The pattern cf seasonal pressure anomalies (differences from 30-yr seasonal averages) showed a striking change from summer to fall in 1976. In 1974 and 1975* the annual average anomalies were dominated by the winter anomalies. In 1976* the fall anomalies were so intense that they dominated the annual average.
Winter 1975-76* with extremely Tiild east coast conditions* nad a zonal distribution of pressure anomalies (the anomalies tended to Line up zonaLiy* or along latitude lines). There was essentially no continental trough* whereas 1974 had a trough over the Great Plains and 197 5 had a deep trough over the Rockies. Py fall 1976* the pressure anomalies had become meridional (the anomalies tended to line up along meridians)* indicating extreme wave (nor t h -south ) conditions in the actual pressure distributions. Extreme wave conditions preceded both the winter of 1917-18 and that of 1976-77* the two coldest winters of record in the eastern United States.
Hayne s during action at mosp At lant ocean pr esen coast i ndex in th This c the CO and tu
(Pa
19
s be
her i
ic (
su r ted in f of t e S an b as t s na i
per 1 ) 76. t ween c cond GouLet f a ce St at i s all 19 he Sou outh P e CO r r of Ch n thos
P res Dicks the a i t i on
and cond i tics 78 an t her n ac i f i elate i I e a e are
ent ed on an tmosp s ove Hayne t ions on t h d win Os c i c ass d wit nd Pe as .
a su d Nam here r the s * oa
C e ex t ter 1 llati DC i at h upw ru* a
Timar y ias (P and th Paci f per 4 ) h ambe r r erne 977. on* a ed wit e 1 1 i ng nd wit
of
aper e se i c ( al lin cond Q u i n phen h th a lo h th
atmosph 2) dis a s urf a Haynes * so pre and Arm i t i ons n ( Pape ome non e south nq the e abuna
eric cuss c e .
Pap sent s t r o
a lo r &) of t east equ.i ance
c i r cu I ed the i
Su mma r i er 3 ) an ed the no (Pape ng the
discuss he at mos
t rade w tor and
of anch
ation nt e r- es of d t he
open r 11 )
east ed an pher e inas . off ove t a
SUf-iMAR Y
Coast
Very little iaformation on coastal conditions was compiled for Ocean V^riabiJLii^ in the U.S. Fishery Conservation Zoner 1976. Haynes (Paper 16) summarized river runoff into the "liddle Atlantic Bightr where the volume flow showed an early spring/' peaking in February instead of ^larch or April. There also was extremely high flow in October when r rec i pi t a t ion in the Chesapeake drdinage basin exceeded 300% of normal. Precipitation exceeded 15 0% of normal over the entire Appalachian Range in October. This extreme precipitation was associated with the continental trough and extreme wave conditions in the atmosphere. The consequent runoff into the Chesapeake Bay influenced the survival of oyster spat.
McLain (Paper 10) summarized fluctuations in temperature and density at coastal stations from Maine to Florida^ Florida to Texas/^ and Alaska to California. The densities at a tide station at Kiptopeke Beach/ VA/ at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay/ had a large negative anomaly in November/ one month later than the extreme flow in the Chesapeake. The early onset of the cold 1976-77 winter was shown by positive density anomalies in New England/ a consequence of early freezing and decreased runoff. Negative temperature anomalies in fall 1976 extended along the entire east coast. They began in midsumrrer south of New Jersey.
Sretschneider and McLain (Paper 5) summarized historical data (1931-75/ with some gaps in coverage) showing variations in sea level along the Pacific coast. Unfortunately/ the 1^76 data were not available to them. Changes in sea level over broad ocean areas can be related to shifts in wind patterns/ upwelling regimes/ etc./ and may be indicative of conditions affecting certain resource species such as Pacific mackerel.
OpeQ Ocean
The conditions in and beyond the Fishery Conservation Zone were summarized by Haynes (Paper 3) and Roulet ?nd Haynes (Paper 4). Dickson and Namias (Paper ^) presented a summary and analysis of the 19 76 conditions. The eastern North Pacific/ which began 1976 with a smaller reservoir of w^rm surface «ater than in previous years/ continued tc cool. By the end of the ye or the sea surface temperatures were anomalously cold. Heat storage (average tem- perature/ C-100 mb) in the Pacific/ discussed by Saur (Paper 7) also was lower in 1976 than in 1975.
The central North Atlantic does not have as strong an influence on conditions in the Fishery Conservation Zone as does the eastern North Pacific. It is downwind of the Zone and is isolated from it by a strong frontal system/ the Gulf Stream.
SUMMAR Y
The charts of temperature anomaLy (McLain/ Paper 9) do not show any significant patterns/ either positive or negative^ in the open ocean waters. Ingham (Paper 12) presented maps of Ekman transport off the Atlantic coast and in the GuLf of Mexico. In 1976/ the meridional (north-south) component was generally more negative (more to the south) than the average in the open Atlantic. This indicates a stronger westerly wind component (stronger zonality) than average/ which will adversely influence survival of certain species such as menhaden.
Bottom
The bottom does not provide a source of e time affecting U.S. marine fishery reso shallower waters at least/ the bottom doe affecting the marine environment. Davis bottom waters in the Gulf of l^aine and ov has been a warming trend since 1968/ reversed in 1975. In 1975/ the spring te of faine and the autumn temperatures/ bot 6ank/ resumed their warming trend. This waters took place despite the cold autu may be expected that bottom water t recruitment of bottom dwelling species demersal spawning species such as winter herrina.
nergy or variability in
urces. Nevertheless/ in
s modify the orocesses
(Paper 22) discussed the
er Georges Bank. There
though it was partially
mperatures in the GuLf
h there and over Georges
warming in the bottom
mn air temperatures. It
emperatures affect the
such as sea scallops or
flounder and Atlantic
Armstrong (Paper 17) discussed the anomalous bottom anoxic conditions leading to a massive fish kill off New Jersey. Crist and Chamberlin (Paper 19) provided a summary of the bottom temperatures south of New England. No information was available on the broad Bering Sea shelf.
I^stem Responses
How did t he en v respond to the charts of sea information on Nami as ( Pape r 2 and SCO km. T h negative at the noticeable. T offshore wa t er s conditions in South At lant ic are also chart Goulet and Hayn Atlantic coast remainder of congregate in
i ronment surroundi surface scales o ) present e change
beg i nn i n
hese cha
of the e
the Ber
Bight/ K i
ed by McL
es (Paper
were p
t he year
areas a
of ng V
t em f on ed a of a g of nges as te ing ddle a i n
4) . osi t
nd
the U.
ar i ab le
pe ratur
e month
n ana ly
n o m a I i e
the ye
par a 1 1
r n No rt
Sea/ G
^tlant
and d is
The t
i ve thr
Fast -sw
depths
S. F con e a and sis s al ar t el t h Pa ulf ic B cus s emre oug h imii i whe
i s he r d i t i o noma I
1 jC on s c ong t o po s he op c i f i c of Al igbt / ed by ratur
July ng f re t e
y c
ns i
y (
km/ ales he P i t i V pos i
aska and
Hay e an
and ish mpe r
onse n 19 F ape w h i I
of ac if e at t e c The / Gu Gu nes oma I neg sue a tur
rvat 76? r 9) e Di
thr ice
the hang
sea If o If
(Pap i es ati V h es s
ion l^cL
pr ckso ee m oast
en es i
su f Me of
er 3 a Ion e f o as uit
Zone a in ' s ovi de n and ont hs
from d is n the r f ace xi CO/ Maine ) and g t he r the
tuna their
SUMMAR Y
prefer ences . species.
Temperatures effect the growth rates of many
i\ e I s c oas area Sept e xt r i n
i ndi Thes brou indi tree t r op the
on ( t f had embe eme I Nove ce s e i cht ce s kea i c a I grow
Rape r
rom t
ext re
r th
y low
mber .
th roug
ndi ces
up w
of the
the de
Pacif
t h and
6) pre he Gu I me ly rough i ndi ce
The hout t prov ith u
S out h ve Lopm ic . S
abund
sent f of low
Dec s in
Cal hey i de pwe I ern ent t r on ance
ed th 'V I as indi
embe r Apr i
i f orn
ear info
led
Osci I
of El
c El of P
e upwe ka to ces i Th l-Mayr i a Cur except r m a t i o water. I at ion Ni no- N' ino-t e ruv ia
llin
Ba j a n J e G
Jul
rent
i n
n on
G
(tr type ype nan
g in
Cali anua r ulf y t hr
r eg i Apr
ava i u i nn ade w
act i ac t i V chove
dex
f orn y-Fe of
ough on h il
labi (Pa ind vi t y ity ta.
a lo ia.
b rua Alas Se ad e and lity per re la
i n is d
ng
The ry ka
ptem xtre
Jul
of 8) X at i
the et r i
the
sou and also be r , me ly y-Au nut r pres on )
ea ment
west t her n
from had and
high gust . i ent s ented wh i ch stern al to
The wind driven transports along the east coast and in the Gulf of Mexico were discussed by Ingham (Paper 12). In February-March the transports were anomalously strong to the southeast along the U.S. east coast. During Novembe r-De cembe rr anomalously strong southwest transports persisted. In the Gulf of Mexico/ anomalously strong northwest transports persisted from October through Decemoer. Onshore wind-driven transport is extremely important to survival of Atlantic menhaden larvae.
Gunn (Paper 18) mapped the annual march of t wlater front along several transects off the front in 1976 was significantly more variabl 1975. The energetic state of the front m state (extreme wave patterns) of the atmosph cold winter. Deaver (Paper 13) present temperature along the east coast from Fieri data set/ obtained from airborne radiation the early spring and cold autumn of 197 presented the changes in water column ther Jersey. The early spring of 1976 was also e set. The nearshore surface salinities wer SDring/ and a relatively fresh surface layer beyond the Shelf Water/Slope Water front, early spring runoff shown by Haynes in Rape distributions of Shelf Water and Slope Wate overwinter survival of Atlantic herring salinities due to high runoff/ with asso unfavorable to shellfish.
he She
U.S. e
e tha
i r rore
lere an
ed th
da to
t he rmo
'6. C
•ma I St
■vident
e mu c h
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(Not
16.)
may
lar
ic i a t ed
If Wa as t CO n in d the d prec e sea Main me t ry/ ook ( ructur in t r educ times e the The be imp vae . turbi
ter/ ast .
197
ene r
eede
su
e .
ref Pape e of his ed d
ext ext r
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orta
Lo
dity
S lope The 4 or get ic d the rf ace
This le ct s r IA) f New
data ur i ng ended eme ly at i ve nt to wered / are
Smith and Jossi (Paper 20) discussed variations in plankton populations in the Middle Atlantic Bight by season and water mass/ and also in a warm core r-ulf Stream eddy. Named species may be considered as water mass indicators. Armstrong (Paper 17) discussed the anoxic bottom conditions off New Jersey. This was
SUMMARY
a response to the early sprinq warming* with runoff of fresher* Lower density water overlying ocean waters and suppressina mixintj throughout the water column* and the consequent oxygen depletion by biological activity.
Mizenko and Chamberlin (Paper 15) presented data on the formation of anticycLoriic Gulf Stream eodies and their irigration through the Slope Water south of Mew England. Eodies create fast* localized currents which can submerge marker buoys and move lobster and crab traps when the eddies impinge upon the upper continental slope. The total number of eddy days was reduced in 1976 compared with 1975* with the sjirmer quarter showing the greatest redaction. Why the Gulf Stream had a lower energy state* as shown by the number of eddies cast off* compared with the Shelf Water/Slope Water front* is a puzzle.
Rogers (Paper 21) provided an update on the swarming of siphono- phores in New England coastal waters. The "lipo*" or slime* which fouls fishing nets* was mild in 1976 compared with 1975.
R^sgonse of Fishery Resources
What can be said about the response of marine fishery resources to the 1976 status of the environment? We can comment on only a few fishery resources. These comments must be considered only as best estimates rather than as definitive statements.
The 1976 year class of a bo ve-nor ma I upwelling. harvest .
Pacific mackerel was favored by This has been reflectea in the 1977
Larval menhaden were not favored by the wina-criven transport conditions in the Middle Atlantic Bight.
Recovery of the Peruvian anchoveta fishery may oe delayed by trie mild 1976 El Nino conditions.
Anoxia in bottom water off New Jersey hao little effect on finfish recruitment* although many adults died. All age groups of shellfish suffered high mortalities.
Decreased Slope Water on Georges Bank favored herring larvae survival in the fall. Later survival was adversely influ- enced by the severe winter that followed.
Extreme runoff in October affected crao recruitment in the Middle Atlantic Bight. The following cold winter also was adve rse .
The October runoff was detrimental to survival of the oyster spat in Chesapeake Bay.
SUMMARY
Bfi-Sagnse to Ptior lears
Because marine fishery resources integrate the effects of their environment through their Lifetimes^ and because the lifetimes of many species are Longer than a few yearsr it is appropriate to comment on 1976 responses to prior years' conditions.
The continued warming of bottom waters in the Gulf of Maine may adversely affect the recruitment of Lobster.
The catch of Atlantic menhaden was up about 3C% in 1976 compared with 1975. The increased catch was not a response to increased fishing effort. This fishery was primarily on the 19 74 and 1975 year classes. These year classes were stronger than could have been expected from the wind-driven transport in those years. Was the increased catch a response to increased abundance caused by some as yet unidentified environmental or biological factor? Or was it due merely to the increased availability of fish that were swimming in denser or shallower schools because of some eaually unknown influence on their behavior?
What is the relation between the abundance of summer bot t om-spawni ngr short-finned squid and bottom temperatures on the ogter continental shelf and upper slope south of New England? The 1975 year class/- fished in the fall of 1976/' was 10 times more abundant than normal. The bottom temper- atures were about 1C warmer than normal in late spring ana early summer. The spawning area of the short-finned squid has not oeen identified^ and so the environmental influences cannot be studied.
What bott of
p re c 1974 t emp s ix t B eca y ea r I and t emp over (abo
is the om wa t sea s c ipi tous
and eratu re ies and use sea s/ a CO ings era ture all wa ut 1.5C
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and
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196
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Geor a I q ngs i nc r 76. I in e si t er erat e s Per rs s seal
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1963
SUMMARY
LITERATURE CITED
BARKLEY, R. A-
1976. Temperature and dissolved oxygen define skipjack tuna habitat. In J. R. Goulet^ Jr. (compiler)^ The environment of the United States Living f^arine Resources - 1974/ p. 10-1 — 10-2. U.S. Dep. Com (tier. /■ Natl. Ocean. Atmos. Admin./ Natl. Mar. Fish. Ser./ MARMAP (Mar. Resour. Monit. Asses. Predict. Procram) Contrib. 1C4.
GOULETr J. R ./ Jr./ and E. D 1978. Ocean variability: resources - 1975- U.S. C ire . 416/ 35C p.
HAYNES (editors). Effects on U.S. Dep. Commer./ NCAA
marine fishery Tech. Rep. NMFS
10
Paper 1
ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION IN 1976
Elizabeth D. Haynes
In the Nortn Atlantic/ 1976 was characterized by pressure patterns near normal in position but more intense than usual. The winter storms were severer but tracked farther north than normal allowing mild conditions to penetrate northward. In June an anomalous and persistent high pressure center settled over western Europe^ creating a severe drought for nearly four months. 3y October^ the ridge progressed to the east and the weather returned essentially to normal. At the year's end/ winter North Atlantic storms harrassed the shipping Ignes.
Surface pressure patterns in the North Pacific also were near normal in position^ on the wholes but more intense than usual. Air flow over the area south Df the Gulf of Alaska was more zonal than usual uat i I the last quarter^ when a persistent ridge along the U.S. west coast forced surface winas to back (rotate counter- clockwise) and become southwesterly. Farther souths north of ZQHf surface conditions approximated the long-term (1948-70) mean .
In the equatorial Pacific/^ wine and pressure patterns resembled
those of ^97df witn a weakened southeastern Pacific suotropical
high/' and Southern Hemisphere storms passing to the north of their usual tracks.
At the 7 CO mb Level/ winds were much stronger than average all year. Northern Hemisphere flow was primarily zonal the first quarter/ with troughs and ridges beginning to develop in April. Deepening continued through the summer/ though zonal flow persisted over the North "Pacific. A strong blocking ridge became
'This paper is summarized from the Atlantic and Pacific logs in liaLiQeCi ijLeather Loq/ Vols. 20 and 21; the weather ana circulation articles in MonthL.^ !i!.§ather Reyjew/ Vols. 104 ana 135/ and cant ri but i ons in the Proceedings of the NOAA Climate Diagnostic Workshop/ NOAA/ November 4-5/ 1976/ Washington/ DC.
"Resource Assess riient Division/ National l^arine Fisheries Service/ NOAA/ Washington/ DC 20235.
11
Paper 1
established over Europe throughout the summer. The pattern retrograded in October^ with well-developed meridional flo« continuing through November. The pattern reverted to more zonal flow conditions by the end of the year.
Figures 1.1 and 1.2 show anomalies/ or departures/' of the 700 mb surface frotr a 30-yr (1941-70) mean height. The annual and quarterly anomalies can be compared to those for 1974 and 1975 (Goulet and Haynes 1978). In general/ sea surface temperatures tend to be warmer than normal/ ano seas calmer/ under areas of positive height anomaly/ whereas cooler and stormier conditions prevail under areas of negative height anomaly. These interactions in 1976 are more fully discussed by Dickson and Namias in Paper 2 .
January - The high and low pressure centers over the North Atlantic were slightly closer together and more intense than average/ bringing record high winds and severe storms to western Europe. Positive pressure anomalies extended over the ocean from
2 3N to 6':;n.
In the N'orth Pacific the pressure distributions were near normal in position tut more intense than usual/ and storm tracks tended to be about 5 degrees north of their average locations.
Fast mid-latitude westerlies and a three-lobed wave pattern with broad troughs characterized the 7G0 mb circulation/ with a strong ridge alono the U.S. west coast which deflected storms northward to Canada and Alaska-
february - There were more storms than usual in the North Atlantic/ and their tracks were far north of normal (the majority of the storms crossed the coast north of Nova Scotia). Surface pressure was normal in outline/ but more intense. There was a +14 mb closed high anomaly over western Russia/ and a -17 mb anomaly trougfi paralleling the west coast of Greenland.
Pressure was above normal over all of the Pacific north of 25N/ with a +75 m height anomaly at the 700 mb level (+9 mb at the surface) in the center of this area.
The 700 mb wave cattern smoothed this month/ with very strong westerly winds a few degrees north of normal. These brought near record high temperatures over all of the United States except the northwest corner.
!l!!a££t ~ The overall pressure pattern on the North Atlantic was near normal but more intense than usual with a -18 mb anomaly near Iceland and a +11 mb anomaly from 15N to 5CN on the central ocean.
12
Paper 1
The number of storm centers traversing the North Pacific was far above normal . They moved eastwaror tracking progressively farther north to the Latitude of Seattle/ and east of loOw recurved cy clon i cal ly ^ with the majority moving toward and over the Bering Strait. The Aleutian low was far to the east of its usual position. A high pressure cell covered most of the eastern Pacific south of 45 N -
The 700 mb pattern of fast zonal flow produced the highest March wind speeds since records began. Record breaking warmth persisted into March over most of the United States.
£&Cii ~ In the North Atlanticr the month was relatively storm free/ with storm centers concentrated northwest of a line from Newfoundland to Iceland. A ridge stretched northeastward from the Azores high tc SON/ 15Wr where pressure was nearly 1C mb higher than normal.
In the North Pacific there were more/ but smaller and less intense/ low pressure storm centers than normal/ and they tracked more nearly east than the normal northeasterly direction. The anomaly pattern was weak/ with a negative anomaly trough over the Aleutian Islands associated with the primary concentration of storm tracks.
Fast/ zonal 730 mb flow persisted across the Pacific/ but a trough developed off the U.S. west coast/ a ridge over the Great Plains/ a trough off the U.S. east coast/ and a pronounced ridge west of Europe.
Ma^ - Low pressure storm centers formed farther off the U.S. east coast and were fewer in number than normal/ but followed the usual storm tracks across the North Atlantic. There was a -12 mb anomaly centered in the Icelandic low/ with a large area of mildly positive anomaly south of A5N.
The number of storms in the North Pacific was near normal/ but they were more widely dispersed than usual. The Pacific high and Aleutian low remained stronger than normal.
Mean 7C0 mb flow across the North Pacific was flat and stronger than normal/ while waves developed over the continent with a trough over tne U.S. west coast/ a ridge in the western United States/ and an eastern trough west of the Appalachians. Mean flow over the western North Atlantic flattened and strengthened considerably/ while an anomalous Low developed above the surface low/ and the ridge intensified over Scandinavia.
June - North Atlantic storm paths originated in Ungava Bay/ moved southeastward to 5uN/ 35W/ then recurved toward Iceland. None crossed the British Isles or the European continent. A strong
13
Paper 1
ridge nort h-oort heast wa rd from the Azores hiqh brought high temperatures and drought conaitions to northwestern Europe.
The western North Pacific was dominated by a strong surface high pressure cell. The pressure gradient was very weak* and the paths of the storm centers were diffuse.
At 700 mb/' there was a trough at ^75Vlr and a subtropical ridge over the eastern Pacifier which progressed eastward to bring the west coast trough over the western States. There was an anomalous stri?ngthening of the subtropical jet stream approaching the southwestern United States* while pressures rose to the east. The trough S-outh of Greenland deepened* and the ridge over western Europe strengthened-
JuJLj^ - The North Atlantic was relatively ouiet* with diffuse cyclone centers. The sea level pressure pattern was near normal for the month. The few storms that reached Europe did not alleviate the drought or ease the reco ro -break i ng heat.
The North Pacific storm tracks were about 5 degrees farther south and more easterly than normal into the Gulf of Alaska. There was an anomalous surface low at 55N'* 180W* with lower than normal pressures over the entire eastern North Pacific.
The 700 mb f loy over the Pacific was fast and zonal between the Gulf of Alaska low and a strong subtropical high northwest of Hawaii. The western U.S. trough retroaraded into the eastern Pacific. Ridging over the Great Plains induced a strong trough over eastern North America. The strong blocking ridge over Europe continued* extending southward from a +55 m 700 mb height anomaly over the North Sea.
Ayoust - The major North Atlantic storm centers traveled eastward from the Gulf of St. Lawrence* then curved northeasterly and passed into the Denmark Strait. The usual storm paths south of Iceland and across the British Isles were not followed this month. Hurricane Belle brought heavy rainfall tc Long Island and southern New tngland.
The principal North Pacific storm track was from Japan northeast- ward into the Bering Sea. The sea Level pressure pattern closely matched the cl imato I og i ca I mean for the month* although pressures were slightly lower (-5 mb ) than normal over the Aleutian chain.
The 700 mb wind flow was zonal between 40N and 5CN across the entire Pacific Ocean. Troughs lay over both coasts of the United States* with a ridge over the central States. A deep low over the Davis Strait intensified the d r ought -produci ng ridge over western Europe.
14
Paper 1
Se^temttE ~ Ex t rat ro pi ca I storm activity in the North Atlantic was Less frequent than usual this month because of a strong (+13 mb anomaly) surface hiqh in this area. One storm/' bred in the Denmark Strait/ brought England 4 inches of rain in 24 hours/ with winds to 76 knots; it was the worst in 25 years but did not break the drought as the water ran off the dry soil.
In the Pacific, the surface pressure ^as louier than usual/ and the high was displaced westward. The Aleutian low was 7 mb deeper than normal/ sustaining strong westerly winds. Hurricane Kathleen/ the first tropical cyclone to hit California in 37 years/ brought heavy rain to eight western States. Over 2 inches of rain fell in Death Valley/ ana in the San Joaquin and Imperial Valleys crop losses were severe.
The mean 7CG mb circulation showed a three-lob ed pattern/ with closed lows over the Alaska Peninsula/ Baffin Island/ and Franz Josef Land. Strong zonal westerlies persisted over the Pacific north of 4GiM. The trouqh deepened off California and the downstream riage lay over the Rockies. The trough over eastern North America deepened. The persistent ridge over Europe retrograded and a trough became established over Scandinavia and the British Isles/ extending toward the Azores.
October - host of the North Atlantic storms occurred in the second half of the month/ following the historical tracks from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to south of Iceland or from the U.S. east coast to northern Europe. The pressure centers were near their long-term mean locations/ but were more intense than normal. A trough extended from a -12 mt anomaly center over Land's End southeastward across France. A high north of the olack Sea ridqed to a +14 mb anomaly over northern Norway. Surface pressure on the North Atlantic west of 5CW was within 1 mb of the climatological mean.
There were fewer storms than normal in the Gulf of Alaska. They originated farther east and south than usual and tracked toward British Columbia. The pressure pattern resembled the long-term mean/ but with a counterclockwise shifting of centers. There was a -6 mb anomaly center near SDK/ 175W/ ana a +7 mb anomaly center south of Si t ka .
At 700 mb the Aleutian low persisted over Bristol Bay/ but the Pacific subtropical high/ and consequently the area of strong zonal westerlies/ retrograded 30 deg of longitude from its position of the previous month/ and a strong ridge developed over Kamchatka. The upper air pattern in this area was tighter than normal/ and wind flow was more intense. The mean trough over the eastern Pacific intensified/ the ridge over the Rocky Mountains persisted/ and the trouqh over the eastern United States deepened. A Large area of negative height anomaly/ with a -127 m
15
Paper 1
center south of Ireland^ extended froti Italy to the Great Lakes.
N25ig.rpb££. - The western North Atlantic was rough sailing this month. The major storm tracks ran from near Cape Hatteras to east of Cape Race and toward Iceland^ or else recurved into the Labrador Sea. Surface pressure patterns were more intense than normal. The two centers of the Icelandic low were displaced sout hw es twa r d/ while the Azores high was shifted northeastward.
There were fewer/' but larger than normal/ Pacific storms/ oricinatinc in the Sea of Japan and tracking northeast into the western Bering Sea/ or east to the date line then northeast and north into the Gulf of Alaska. The pressure pattern was much deeper than normal with a significant surface trough extending south between 160W and 155*1 from a -10 mb anomaly over Bristol Bay. The Pacific high was split into two/ with a +8 mb anomaly over western r'''ontana diminishing to the south-southwest towards 30N/ 135W/ ana a +4 mb anomaly center near 30N/ 170E.
The 700 mb level showed one major trough paralleling the Asian coast and another extending from Dutch Harbor south-southeast toward 3C-V/ 15QW. The normal ridge over the Rockies was higher and sharper than usual/ and a trough sloped southwest ward from Labrador across the central United States. Flow was west-southwesterly and more intense than normal over the North Atlantic shioping lanes.
December - Normal cyclonic activity occurred from Nova Scotia to the Davis Strait and from Newfoundland through the Denmark Strait/ as well as up the U.S. east coast. Four successive storms on this last track battered the grounded oil tanker Arco ^§rchdnt/ and the fourth one took the Grand Zenith as well.
In the Pacific/ storms tracked along the Aleutian chain into the
Gulf of Alaska. The low was near its usual position/ but was
13 mb deeper than normal. High surface pressure dominated the coast south of British Columbia.
At the 700 mb level/ flow was more nearly zonal than in recent months/ tut with a ridge over the U.S. west coast/ a broad trough over the east coast/ g high over Iceland with an associated flat ridge/ and a low over Scandinavia.
LITERATURE CITED
GOULET/ J. k.r Jr. and E. D. 1978. Ocean variability: resources - 1975. U.S. Circ. 416/ 350 p.
HAYNES (editors). Effects on U.S. marine fishery Dep. Commer./ NOAA Tech. Rep. NI^FS
16
Figure 1.1. — Annual mean height anomalies of the 700 mb pressure surface for 1976. Contour interval is 15 m. Hatched shading is <-15
m; stippled shading is >-t-15 m.
17
Figure 1.2 — Quarterly mean height anomalies of the 700 mb pressure surface for 1976. Contour interval is 15 m. Hatched shading is <-I5 m: stippled shading is >15 m.
18
Paper 2
ATMOSPHERIC CLIMATOLOGY A Im D ITS EFFECT ON SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE - 1976
Robert R. Dickson and Jerome Mamias
The year 1976 saw the continuation of the abnormally strong westerly flow which has tended to characterize the circulation over much of the Northern Hemisphere for the past five years (Namias and Dickson 1976; Dickson and Namias 1978). However/- it is important to note that 1976 also saw the apparent culmination and reversal of this tendency with a progressive amplification of the circulation as the year progressed. We may crudely summarize these changes as follows. A winter of record westerlies at relatively high latitudes over the Atlantic and Pacific sectors was followed by continued westerly vigor in spring accompanied by a return of winds and pressure belts to more normal latitudes. Thereafter/^ amplification of the flow progressed throughout the summer as a dominant blocking ridge built over northwestern Europe with shortening of wavelengths upstream^ and in fall the amplification of the circulation was completed with the e s taPl i shmentx on averager of a full latitude 5-wave system in the upper westerlies. To some extent/ each of these component features of the circulation was reflected in the mean annual distribution of 700 mb height anomaly for 1976 (Fig. 2.1); in this figure^ for example/ the well-developed North Pacific and North Atlantic oscillations are clearly shown/ as are the dominant ridges over the western seaboards of North America ana northwest Europe. However/ in a ye^r when the key development was change itself/ a single "mean annual" distribution such as this provides a less meaningful illustration of events than do the individual maps of circulation anomaly for each season. These are described in detail below.
Winter 1975-76 displayed many of the circulation characteristics of the preceding season and indeed of the preceding year. As shown in Figuce 2.2/ intense suotropical rid&es dominated both
M.A.F.F. Fisheries Laboratory/ Lowestoft/ Suffolk/ England. ''Scripps Institution of Oceanography/ La Jolla/ CA 92C37.
19
Paper 2
the eastern Pacific and no of their normal positio western North America an Coupled with intense sub eastern GreenLandr these record intensity over t maritime eir into north confining arctic air mas noted thaty in December/' " ana 75N over the tJestern H value since records oegan than normal between 60 N zonal wino anomaly was dev Scandinavia where the ma the north of normal around upper westerly wind speed in December (Taub?nsee 197 circulation over both o periodically expanding s continued throuqhout the the strona westerlies were ana* with a weaker* mo continents* the hemispheri without amplitude. Pe extensive Asian ridge was across the western and cycLogenesis there ana rei the eastern Pacific (T
January*
i na speeds aero
Atlantic averaged o to maximum axis." (waqner subtropical ridging over (south of 35 NO reversed th to weaken from December t Western Hemisphere in Janu tendencies cantinued for temperate westerlies (35 averaginj their second intensities of record in f situation was somewhat alt of trouqhing at the wester a whole was characterized with ridging in the west b frequent Chinook winds a with mild maritime air acr country.
rth Atlantic OS and tren d the f ri n polar low s* cells deve I he Western ern North ses to highe The 700 mb p em i sphe re av in 194.3* and
and 65N." eloped betwe in jet St rea
the Atlanti s averaged 1 6a). This p ceans* gener outhwara to winter. A
largely a f re meridiona c wave patt riodically able to inj
central Fa nv igorat i no aubensee 19 ss the easte
V m/s stro
19763) . both oceans* eir norma I s o more than ary (Wagner the remai N-55K) and h i ghes t and ebruary (Die ered in Febr n American s
by intense ringing drou t the easter OSS much of
* lying well t d iny northeast ges of north on average* ov oped polar w
Hemisphere* America and r lat i tudes . olar westerlie e raged 7.8 m/s
as much as 5 I n abs olut e t e e n southern G m axis was def c ridge. In 0-15 m/s faste at t ern of vi go ally poleward
more usual gain* as in pr eature of the I f low ove r t h ern as a wh t h roughout t h ect arctic a cific* stimul sout hwester ly 76a; Wagne r rn Pacific and pge r than no Meanwhile* w
the subt ropi c
easonal streng
3 m/s below no
1976a). Bo
nder of the
subt ropi ca L their lowest * kson 1976a). uary with the eaboard * the U high Latitude ght to the sou n s lope of the the northern
0 the ward to west Eu er Alask esterlie driving Europe * Wagner ( s betwee * the hi m/s St r rms * the r een land lected f
this r than n rous wes of norma I a t i t evious y
ocean e i nte rv o le was e winte ir sout at i ng in
flow a
1976a). the e r ma I nea i t h in a I weste t hening rmal ove th of
winter* weste respect i Though establis . S . wi nt westerly t hwest *
Rockies part of
north cover rope . a and s of
mild and 1977) n 55N ghe St onger
peak and ar to zone* or ma I ter ly I but udes * ears* areas eni ng not r an hward tense cross In nt i re r the tense rl i es t rend r t he these
with r I i es ve ly* the hment er as
flow
with
* and
the
No relation to present author
20
P aper 2
With the continuation of the vigorous westerly regim seasons over both oceans/ it is perhaps no surp antecedent distribution of surface temperature anotn ana ^lamias 1978) was consolidated rather than des the winter of 1976. The frequent injections of arct the west and central iNorth Pacific (with associated cloud cover/' cold front activity/^ and surface water combined with high westerly wind speeds to preexisting belt of anomalously cold water across th of the northern North Pacific (Fig. 2.2). In its the east of Japan this cold anomaly exceeded 2F (1.1 south and east of this cold zone the eastern Pacifi ridge extending between Hawaii and western North Ame to maintain and intensify an area of abnormally water centereu on 30Nr 150V/'. Core anomalies here ro (0.60 from the previous season to +2. IF (+1.2C). cell to the eastwards the cool conditions of antece continued to preveil along the American seaboard, ridge aloft extending well inlands the prime stimu earlier cooling (northerly winds and coastal u removed. As a result/- while still below normal/' strip warmed considerably from the cold condition the previous fall (Dickson and Namias 19'''8). At low the North Pacific cold surface conditions extended the coast once merer reflecting the northward displa eastern Pacific ridge and the resulting weakness of ical m id t ropos phere westerlies^ with attendant stre the trade winds at surface level.
e of previous rise that the aly (Dickson troyed during ic air over c yc logenes i S/ divergence) maintai n the e full width
core area to C). To the c atmospher i c rica was able
warm surface se by over 1 F F lank i ng this dent seasons But/ with the Lus for the pwe lling) was this coastal s observed in er latitudes* westward from cement of the
the subtrop- ngthening of
As with the Pacific sector/ winter temperatures in the western Atlantic were generally cool with an anomaly distribution similar to that of the preceding fall. Building on temperatures already well below normal/ centers of intense cooling developed in the Newfoundland area and in the Gulf of Mexico. The former reflected the arctic airflow off the winter continent and the record intensity of wind speeds offshore; the severe but localized cooling in the Gulf of Mexico C-4F (-2.2C) at the coreD appears to be at least partly the result of periodic but intense northwesterly flow from the western ridge which brought arctic air and occasional record low temperatures to the Gulf coast in the early part of the winter. Between these two main centers of cooling/ a limited area of warm surface water was maintained off the eastern seaboard where the western limb of the Atlantic atmospheric ridge supported an anomalous southerly (from the south) airflow. The narrow/ zonal alignment of this ridqe/ however/ meant that this southerly flow and the induced warming were necessarily of limited latitudinal extent.
Many elements of the winter circulation were maintained into leriQa- ^^ shown in Figure 2.3/ faster than normal mid-latitude westerlies continued to prevail in both the Pacific and Atlantic
21
Paper 2
sect
and
t he
over
move
re tu
with
the
y i t h
weak
more
lack
arct
Litt
or S/
St ro
I ow
A La
d w rned
a
700
pa en in
sou
of i c a Le s
the product of coupling between
ng subtropical highs over each ocean
height anomaly centers maintained t
ska and southern Greenland/ their
estward to mid-ocean from the co
to more southern latitudes. These
weakening of the Atlantic ridge fr
mb Ipvel in winter to +15 0 ft (+46 m
rtial filling of the Greenland lo
g of polar westerlies and a shift of
thern path. Once agairi/' as Wagner (
amplitude in the troughs at nid-l
ir was largely contained at high lat
outhward penetration over North Amer
1 nt en
Wh
heir
corr e
nt i ne
mov
om +3
) in
w/ ef
thei
1977)
at i t u
i tude
i ca .
se subpolar lows ile^ on averager winter positions spending ridges nt a I margins and ements /^ coup led 10 ft (+95 m) at spring^ along fected a general r main axis to a po i nt s out r the des meant that s in spring with
It should be implied in f I ow within March when attain ed the on av er age ; obse rv ed at Lakes to I However/' alt cont i nued t injections o centers of "700 mb c i r cu Atlantic^ a aver ag ed for 1977). Fla ch arac te ri ze In the Pac subtropi cal easterly f I s t rong t y pho
noted/ however/ that the general westerly vigor Figure 2.3 conceals certain periods of more amplifiea the season. The flow was certainly fast and zonal in
the temperate westerlies over the Western Hemisphere ir highest ^iarch value since records began (12.3 m/s Taubensee 1976b). (*^ean anomalies of +5 m/s were 7G0 mb along the orincipal wind axis from the Great celand/ with a +12 m/s anomaly south of Greenland, hough vigorous upper westerlies (+9 m/s anomaly) o be generated over the Pacific in April (where f arctic and subtropical air around the principal action were generating a strong baroclinic zone)/ the lation amplified greatly over North America ana the nd upper wind speeds were slightly below normal when
the Western Hemisphere as a whole (Wagner 1976b/ t/ faster than normal flow returned/ however/ to
both ocean areas for the remainder of the spring, ific sector the continued presence of an intense ridge at higher latitudes than normal/ and the strong ow to its south/ gave the stimulus for unusually on activity over the southwest Pacific.
These developments once again were reflected in the distri- butions of surface temperature anomaly in spring over the eastern Pacific and western Atlantic (Fig. 2.3). With much continuity in the tendency of the circulation from winter to sprino/ the season to season changes in sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly are mainly those of detail. The northern Pacific continueo to oe predominantly cold unoer its mean trough/ although the center of cooling C-2.2F (-1.2C) anomaly in the seasonal mean] was situated close to the Aleutians. To the south of this cold zone an expanding belt of warm surface water marked the clear skies/ dry settling air/ and oceanic convergence associated with the intense subtropical ridge in its new mid-ocean location. Unoer its eastern flank/ surface warming spread eastjaro toward the American western seaboard/ continuing the erosion of the cold
22
Paper 2
water fringing the coast. At lower latitudes the strong easterly flow around the ridge maintained intense cooling CSST anomaly >-2F (>-1.1C)l westward towards Hawaii.
Changes in Atlantic surface temperature from winter to spring are similarly explicable in terms of the movements of both subtropical ridges. The westward movements on averager of the Pacific ridge removed the northerly outbreaks that earlier were the source of intense cooling in the Gulf of Mexico. Tempera- tures there continued below normal/ but they increased by over 2F (1.1C) from the previous season. The similar westward expansion of the Atlantic atmospheric ridge brought the expected intensification of warming off the Atlantic states* with anomalies exceeding +1F (+0.6C) over a fairly extensive offshore area. To the northwest of this ridge* however* vigorous offshore westerly flow associated with the upstream trough continued to maintain intense cooling off the Canadian Maritimes and Labrador* in a continuation of the winter situation.
Whi le
into
for su
with
small
As s h
still
amp I i t
westwa
cell
wester
vl agner
split
S i beri
certa i summer mmer ( zonal ce I Is* own in ex tend ude w rd* aw trough lies r 1976 into t a and
n e I
* t
Fig.
pre
con
fig ed
an h ay f ing emai c)* wo w the
ements he mea
2. A) ssure t r i but ure 2 . zona 1 1 a I ved. rom t h
cont i ned an
but eaker Amer i c
of the s n distrib was very
a I i gnmen ing to a 4* a stro y in mi As a re e Amer ica nued oce omalously the sing isolated an North
pr ing c i ut i on of much mo t s brea well -amp nger tha d-Pacif i suit* it n coast . an-wide st rong le high cells c I Pacific
rcul the
re
king
lifi
n no
c*
s ea To so
( + 5 lat
ose
coas
at io
700 c hao
dow ed
rmal
t hou
ster
th
tha
to i tud to t ts .
n we re
mb heig tic tha n into p mean c i subt rop gh its n margin e north t the i
+ 8 m/s e trough he Ar ct i
conserved
ht anomaly
n before*
atterns of
r cu lat i on.
ical ridge
anomalous
ret ract ed
of this
nterven ing
in July*
of spring
c coast of
This w est e f urth su rf a norma deve I t he w (-1 .9 negat C 0 lum took subt r upwe I su rf a CO I la from f rom
c ont r ly e r d ce
I in opme este C) i ve bi a .
pi a opi c I ing ce c p se t hei
CO I
inuat flow ramat wat er
th is nt o rn an and hei gh In ce . al r
off ono it of th r pre d to
ion
at h
i c i
s . zon
f a
d no
-3.1
t an the The
i dge
the
i ons
ei r
V iou wa
of a ighe nt en
Wit e* t
vas rt he F ( oma I
sou we me
Ame
to pare s st rm
noma Iou r latit si f i cat h surf he ren t area rn Paci -1 .7C) y to th t hea ste aken i ng ant we ri can extend nt cell renq t h cond i t i
s trough uoes of t ion of c ace temp ewed COD of subnor fie with
under lyi e northea rn Pac i f i and we aker nor seaboard* eastward * the wea farther s ons i n
ing he No oo I in eratu ling rral t core ng th st of c * eq s twa r therl fin to th kenin out h the
act i V 1 rth Pa g in res a I
rapid
empera
anom
e pr i n
Japan ua I ly d ret y wi nd ally e coas g of t b rough sout he
ty* c i f i
the read Ly
t ure a I i e ci pa and dram ract s an perm t . he t a ast e
and s c* brou under y we 1 1 led to s t hrou s of I cente
off Br at i c ch ion of d suppr i tt ing And wit trade rapid c rn Pac
t rong ght a ly i ng be low the ghout -3.5F rs of it i sh anges the essed warm h the winds hange if i c*
23
Paper Z
contributing to the development of surrmer EL Nino conditions in the eostern equatorial zone.
Over the i\iorth American and Atlantic sectors the key development was the westward retrogression of the dominant centers of action in summerr with a general shortening of wavelengths in the upper westerlies and amplification of the mean flow. From Europe a powerful preexisting block moved westward to settle tenaciously over Britain and assume a dominating role in the Atlantic circulation (Fig. 2.4). With this event and with intensifica- tion of trougfting activity off the Pacific Northwest/ the western Atlantic riage was encouraged to move inland to east-central North America^ leaving only a weak subsidiary cell over the western Atlantic. In the north the persistent mean trough over Greenland also participated in this general retrogressions moving westward while retaining its spring intensity/^ to become centered/ on average^ over the Davis Strait. Coupling between this cell and the separated centers of positive height anomaly to its southwest and southeast induced strong/ anomalous northwesterly winds from arctic Canada to the Laborador Sea and vigorous/ anomalous southwesterly flow at 7C0 mb from southern Greenland to Iceland and the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. Thus/ while the circulation in this sector was much amplified compared to earlier seasons/ the polar westerlies retained great vigor in the strong barocLinic zone along the Arctic fringes. In August/ for example/ when the subpolar trough and the British ridge were both more than three standard deviations from normal intensity/ 1 ZjZ mb level wind speeds were 14 m/s stronger than normal over Iceland iDicKson/ 1976b). abrw-nesDO bsunrJfioo gnrnr
witn the withdrawal of the preexisting western Atlantic ridge to North America/ the causes of ocean warming off the middle Atlantic states and cooling south of Newfoundland were both simultaneously removed so that surface temperatures there became more nearly normal than in former seasons --< JeMTffemo st rong northwesterly component of airflow from the Canadian arctic was/ however/ responsible for maintaining the intense cooling off the Labrador coast Canomaly of -3.5F (-1.9C) in the seasonal meanDiJ'"^
The events of fall. (Fig. 2.5) were apparently of great climatic significance/ bringing an end (at least temporarily) to long- established regimes in the atmospheric circulation and in the underlying surface temperature field. Hitherto/ for example/ the 1970's had been characterized by the extreme vigor of the temperate westerlies over both oceans. In fall/ however/ the pronressive amplification of the circulation was completed with the establishment ot a full train of meridional troughs and ridges at mi d- 1 at i tudes of the fjorthern Hemisphere. While a deep/ f u 1 1- la t i tude trough developed in intensity over the central North Pacific/ the northerly anomalous circulation along its western flank brought a further increment of cooling to the
24
Paper 2
already chilled surface waters of the northern Pacific^ with a core seasonal anomaly of -5.3F (-2.9C) developing south of Kamchatka. To the south of this cell/^ westerlies still continued to flow vi9orously over a restricted sector of the North Pacific* out the broad coast-to-coast sweep of weste r I i e s--so characteristic of recent years--was no Longer in operation. Instead* the anomalous tenaency was for strong northward flow in the eastern Pacific between the mid-Pacific trough and its response ridqe downstream over the American west coast. Already encouraged perhaps by the preexisting distribution of surface temperature anomaly in the easternmost Pacific* which by late summer had featured a strong northward twist of isotherms and an intense anomaly gradient offshore (Fig. 2.4)^ this southerly airflow was responsible for a further rapid northward extension of warming along the American seaboard* with reduced transfer of sensible and latent heat from the ocean and suppressed coastal upwelling (MeLson* Paper 6). The 1970*s thus far had been typified by abnormally warm surface temperatures in the east central Pacific surrounded by cool conditions eastward around the American seaboard. Now* with the cold waters of the northern Pacific becoming encircled to the east by warming at the coast* the SST anoaaly distribution for the eastern Pacific as a whole came more closely to resemble conditions of the 1960's than those of the 1970's just described.
In ke CO Ld-s Amer i c the c North the c coasts fourth ridge* over n Gu If o ( W a g n e z one a i ntens 1976) . once m Gulf o
eping ea son a and ondi t Ame ri ent ra * br i of a V i ort he
lex
19
the
st
As
lor e d
f Mex
wit reg
CO I d i on s c a w a I an ngi ng t he c gor ou r n Me i CO s 7 7) *
ALla orms the r e ve lo i CO a
h the i me of
in th of the s able d ea s
ext re ount ry s low x i c o a torm t
while nt i c s
and esu 1 1 ped an nd wes
se de
warm a
e west
1960's
to di r
tern s t
me low
D epr lati tud nd t he rack ea
the eaboar d St rong of t he s d exten tern At
ve lopm i r tern also s . The ec t a at e s a temper essed e bran sout he r lier est abl cont r w i nds e Chan ded ec lant i c
ent s per a how e
pe r Chi I s fa atu r sout ch o rn U in t i shm ibut of ges * ros s
(Fi
tu re d si s i st I no r as es t h of f th ni te he s ent ed t f s ho col the a. 2
the s in gns ent r the
the o a I
nor e j e d St e aso of a o th re ( d s
sur .5).
lo
the
of ridg r ly
Gul I bu mal t st a tes n t
str e d Dick ur f a face
ng-e s
east
reve
e ove
ai rf
f and
t the
by th
ream
act i han ong b evelo son a ce c w at e
tabl
of rt in
r we low Atl we e we at 2 vat e i s
aroc pmen nd N ondi rs o
i shed North g to ste rn o ve r ant i c stern stern OC mb d t he usual I i n i c t of ami as t i ons f the
Finally* Figure 2.6 presents the mean annual distribution of SST' anomaly (degrees F) over both the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans in 1976 and provides a good general summary of
^SST anomalies for the Atlantic sector were provided by D. R. i^cLain* Pacific Environmental Group* NI^FS* NCAA* Monterey* CA 93940.
25
Paper 2
the dominant events of that year so far as the oceans were concerned. Over both oceans our attention is immediately drawn to the record extent of colder than normal surface water; in the annual mean/' exactly 90% of the 5 degree squares (20N-63N) were below normal temperature in either ocean. In each sector the main zone of intense cooling extended across the northern ocean areas with the center of coolinc; displaced to the west/ reflecting both the antecedent conditions at the close of 1975 and the continuation of the tendency for vigorous westerly flow at high latitudes throughout much of 1976. Farther south/ the domains of the strengthened subtropical rioges are marked by zones of minimum cooling or by actual warming in each ocean/ while at still lower latitudes/ the general strength of the trade winds flowing around these nor t hwar d-di sp laceo ridges is apparent in thie zonal band of cooling at about 2CM-25M.
These mean annual distributions are thus dominated by the zonal circulation tendencies which characterized the winter and spring (and antecedent) seasons/ rather than by the more amplified flo« which prevailed at the close of the year. however/ these latter "atypical" conditions were to be of more than passing signifi- cance. With surface temperature gradients over the eastern Pacific in fall favoring continjed ridging over the Rockies/ and with the chilled east favoring maintenance of the east coast trough/ the stage was set for the intensification of the fall temperature regime into the record breaking ^.inter conditions of 1977.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Part of this research was sponsored by the ^iational Science Foundation/ Office for the International Decade of Ocean Exploration/ under NSF Contract No. 0CE74-24592/ and the University of California/ San Diego/ Scripps Institution of Oceanography/ through NORPAX.
LITERATURE CITED
DICKSON/ R. R.
1976a. Weather and circulation of February 1976. Extreme
warmth over the eastern two-thirds of the United States. Mo.
Weather iJev. 1CA:660-665. 1976b. Weather and circulation of August 1976. Extremes of
wetness in the West and dryness in the Midwest. Mo. Weather
Rev. 104:1455-1460.
26
Paper 2
DICKSONx R. R.y and J. NAMIAS.
1V76. North American influences on the climate of the North Atlantic sector. 104:1255-1265. 1978. Atmospheric climatology and its effect temperature - 1975. In J. R. Gculet/^ Jr. (editors) /^ Ocean variability: Effects
circulation and Mo. Weather Rev.
on sea su rf ace
and E . D . Haynes on U.S. marine
fishery resources - 1975^ p. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ. 416
89-101
U.S
Dep. Cornmer.^
NAMIAS^ J.r and R. R. DICKSON.
1976. Atmospheric climatology and its effect on sea surface temperature - 1974. In J. R. Goulet^ Jr. (compiler)^ The environment of the United States Living marine resources - 1974^ p. 3-1--3-17. U.S. Dep. Commer.^ Natl. Oceanic Atmos. Admin./' Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv.r r^ARf^AP (Mar. Resour. Monit. Assess. Predict. Program) Contrib. 104.
TAUBENSEEy R. E. 1976a. Weather
month across
325-330. 1976b. Weather
precipitation
104:809-614.
and circulation of December 1975. much of the country. ^o. Weather
and circulation of March 1976 around the Great Lakes.
A Rev.
warm 1G4:
Record heavy Mo. Weather Rev.
WAGNER/ A . J .
1976a. Weather and circulation of January 1976. Increasing drought in California and the southern Great Plains. Mo. Weather Rev. 104:491-498.
1976b. Weather and circulation of April 1976. Unprece- dented spring heat wave in the northeast and record drought in the southeast. Mo. Weather Rev. 104:975-982.
1976c. Weather and circulation of July 1976. Wet in the southwest but continued drought in the northern plains. Mo. Weather Rev. 104:1333-1340.
1977. The circulation and weather of 1976. Weatherwise 30: 23-47.
27
1976 MEAN ANNUAL 700 mb HEIGHT a ITS ANOMALY (feet -^10)
Figure 2.1.— Mean annual height of 700 mb pressure surface and its anomaly (departure from the long-term, I9M-72. mean) in iVlU.
28
WINTER 1976
700 mb HT
DM
SSTpM
Figure 2.2.— Anomaly (departure from the seasonal mean; base 1947-66) of 700 mb height for winter (December 1975-February 1976) in ft/IO (upper), and anomaly of sea surface temperature for winter in degrees F (lower). Anomalies > + lF are stippled, > — IF are hatchea.
29
SPRING 1976
700 mb HT
DM
SSTdm
Figure 2.3.— Anomaly (departure from the seasonal mean) of 700 mb heiKht for spring (March-May 1976) in ft/10 (upper), and anomaly of sea surface temperature for spring in degrees F (lower). Anomalies > + lF are stippled, >-IF are hatched.
30
SUMMER 1976
700 mb HT
DM
SSTdm
Figure 2.4.— Anomaly (departure from the seasonal mean) of 700 mb height for summer (June-August 1976) in fl/10 (upper), and anomaly of sea surface temperature for summer in degrees F (lower). Anomalies > + IF are stippled, >-lF are hatched.
31
FALL 1976
700 mb HT
DM
SSTqm
Figure 2.3. — Anomaly (departure from the seasonal mean) of 700 mb height for fall (September-November 197fi) in ft/Id (upper), and anomally of sea surface temperature for fall in degrees F ( lower). Anomalies > + lF are stippled. >-lF are hatched.
32
SSTdm 1976
Figure 2.6— Mean annual anomaly from the long-term. 1948-fi7. mean of sea surface temperature in degrees F for the North Pacific Ocean (upper) and the North Atlantic Ocean (lower). Anomalies > + IF are stippled, >- IF are hatched.
33
Paper 3
EASTtRN PACIFIC SEA SURFACE CONDITIONS IN 1976'
Elizabeth D . Haynes'
The a eas t e by ab 19Afe- 1 SOW with Cold S ept e This hi gh Low c t he su rf a wes te south bring the w
nnu a I a rn Nor out 1C 67. ) A persist
the c anoma ly mbe r t occur re
center enter f y ea r t c e wind r ly th e r Ly as i ng un e St of
ve ra th P in 1 n a ed. u ir cu
wat he d as
bee ar t he
s no aa
Lhe usua U5W
ge se ac i f i 976. noma I nt i I lat i o er la anoma
the omi ng o the winds r t h o norma
Aleu L wa
and
a sur
c (EN (ALL ous early n aro y t o Ly pa sur fa di sp west wer f 4GN I un t i an rmt h acros
face t P) ' no
compa warrn
fall, und t h the so t te rn ce pre laced
of th e st r
and s til S Low re to the s 1 0 A
empera rth of r i sons pat ch
This e Nort uth of began ssu re to the ei r no onq er out h 0 ept emb t reate North sis.
t ure (
30N w
are a Long
warm h Paci
20 N d t o rot patter
nort h r ma I p
than f Alas err t d wes
A m e r i
SST) ove as CO Ide to t he 30N cent patch wa fie subt uri nrj t h ote coun n also east and osi t ions average . ka tende hen the twa rd a can coas
r the r than
2D-yr ered a s ass ropi ea is t im t er e Lo rot ate
the A Thr In g d to b y be ea nd de t and
entire normal mean^ t about oc is t ed I high, e . In e k wi se . dr the leut 1 an oughout ener a l^ e more me more epened^ cold to
Off southern California a warm patch developed in early summer (both warmer than the 20-yr mean and warmer than in 1975) and grew for the remainder of the year. The sea surface was much warmer than usual along the entire coast during the last quarter.
The eastern tropical Pacific (ETP)^ was much colder than normal at the beginaing of the year. Small patches of warm SST anomaly appeared near South America and became larger as the year advanced. By June the anomalously warm waters dominated the
'This paper is summarized from £ishina I QtoLQlst ign^ 1976^ Southwest Fisheries Center/- NMFS/- NOAA^ La Jolla/' CA 92038; the weather and circulation articles in Month^^ Weather Review^ Vols. 10A and 105# and the Pacific logs in Mariners Weather Lqo/ Vols . 20 and 21 .
^Resource Assessment Division^ National Marine Fisheries Servicer NOAA^ vJas hi ngton/- DC 20235.
^ENP = 2CN to the Aleutians/- North American coast to 180W.
^ETP = 2QS to SON/- American coast to 1feuW.
35
Rarer 3
equatorial areas east remainder of the year
of 12Cit./ and continued to spread for the
The ocea du r i nq EL Nino f i rst h Ca L Lao ; poor n ea South of to the c i rcu L at weakened ou r i nq t pressu re this t i m De cernber Nino yea indicati
n-at the year alf ,
the r EC
15s n i on
by he S
gr
e of ove r .
ons
mo sp
sec
T
bu
an c uado , th or t h
w it
f r
out h
adi e
yea r mo Howe that
here ond he a t L hove r f r oug h
h i eque ern nt r .
st o
ve r^
the
CI r half ncho at er t a M om M , fi The ts nt
Hemi sout Be ca f th
by
EL
cu La
of vet a on ere ay t shin
nor as so s t or sphe hwes use e ET the Nino
t ion
1976
f is
th
t DO
o No g wa ma L ci at m p re w t o SST* Pr 1 Last con
oatt resell her y ^ e cat smaL L . vember s not
count ed so ass age inter, f Peru s r ema 976 sh
week di t i on
e rns bled t as not che s w Tun , but affect er c Loc ut heas s far In q
was i ned ou Id
of
were
and t hose o
af f ec ere no a f i s i m p r o V eo by k wi se t t ra t her n ene r a L Latter bove e c Las he ye
di ssi
he wa f 1972 ted du t good hing ed in the wa
high de w i ort h t f the
t han normal si f i e d ar th pat ing
rm f a ring nor
al so De ce rm w
p re nds han
su
usua
th
as ere
SST's
major
the
th of
was mbe r . at e r s ssure
was usual rf a ce I for rough an EL were
J anua r season was si ( + 1C and CO Amer i c S t rong and a to sou t r a c k i usua L /^ the ne
y - East ally 0 .6 mi L a r to anoma I y) ol (-1C an shoe
su rf a ce
st rong
th wes t w
ng sout
and by gat i ve i
ern No C-2:.2C that pool anoma I e to press ridge i nds n h of i nc rea ST ano
rth
f ro w h i c
cen y ) w
3g;vi
u re off
crth the sed ma Ly
Paci m De h pe tere at er r a gr ad
the
of Al mi X i
i n
fie
cemb r s i s
Q ab 10 nd
i ent U.S 30N euti ng m this
sea su er 197 ted th cut 33 0 km wes twa s bet ^ wes ?nd ea an Is I ay be ar ea -
rfa
5 .
rou
N,
out
rd
een
t c
st
and
res
ce t empe r
The SST
ghout 197
150W in t
all al
south of
the deep
oa s t caus
of 165W t
s were mo
pons ib le
atu re anoma 5 / wi he ce ong that Ale ed st 0 135 re in for
s d ly p th a nt ra the
Lat ut i a rong W .
tens i nc r
ropped
att e rn
warm
I ENPx
North i tude . n low
sout h Storms e than easing
Except for small isolated
patches^ the ETP was significantly cooler than normals reaching -3.3C Guatemala and at 7N* 93w . Temperatures over the tuna
15N, 95W off fishing
Off Ecuador the equatorial ocean front began to weaken toward the
end of the month. Sliohtly positive SST anomalies occurred off
the Gulf of Guayaquil. Tuna fishing -jas exceptionally good in this a re a .
£§bruar^ - Seasonal cooling of the ENP occurred at a near normal rate/ with temperatures Dropping up to 1C from January values^ except off California and Baja California where SST's rose
36
paoer 3
sLiahtLy. The anomaly oattern closely resembled that of January^ although the area of positive anomaly contracted and moved northward slightly and the area of anomaly qreater than -1C also decreased. Below normal temperatures continued off the North American west coast.
Along the western boundary of the Perj Current/' SST's increased 1C to ?C since last month from 5N to 20S between 85W and 115W. Warm anomalies of up to +3C occurred inshore of this area. This above normal warminq was associated with a Southern Hemisphere high pressure system which was weaker than usual. The equatorial front between o5w and 95W was very weak, SST's in this area exceeded 26C and the fleet made exceptionally good catches of yell ow fin tuna.
During this month northerly winds from the Gulf of Mexico frequently penetrated the Gulf of Tehusntepec and the Costa Rican fishing grounas. Strong winas and rough seas caused very bad fishing weather up to SCO miles south and west of these areas. SST's were lowered as much as 5C by wind mixing. Tt^e Gulf of Panama also experienced extensive wind mixing cf surface Layers and below normal surface temperatures.
A severe eartnquake occurred in Guatemala on 4 February. At
093C GMT that dayr at 14Ki24'r 94W2:5'/ the ship Unigue Fortune
reported^ "Vessel suddenly jumped twicer shuddered violently in calm sea."
March - Seasonal cooling continued over the ENP; SST's dropped up to 1C since last month and approached the annual minimum. The anomaly pattern continued similar to last month's except that the -1C anomaly pool centered at 25 N/ 135W in February disappeared, winds associated with low pressures in the Gulf of Alaska were stronger than normal.
In the ETP sea surface warming is expected in ("arch. However^ the fishing grounds southwest of baja California experienced cooling greater tnan 1 Cr and fishing decreased due to rough weather. i^lost of the fleet shifted to south of 2jN where the SST's were up to 1C above normal.
Tuna fishing was very good south of the Galapagos Islands where SST anomalies. were positive. Above normal warming occurred off Ecuador and offshore of Peru^ the +1C anomaly areas showinc up clearly in NESS satellite charts -from infrared data and from ship reports. South of 1GS and east of 78Wy SST's have been up to 1C below normal along the coast of Chile for many months.
AqiIL. ~ Sea surface temperatures over most of the ENP increased only slightly from the f^arch minimum values/ and dropped up to 0.6C between aaja California and Hawaii^ creating a large area of
37
Paper 3
-1C anomaly water. Anomalies of -1C showed also south of the Aleutians and off the coast of Oregon. A strong surface pressure gradient north of 40n caused stronger than normal westerly winds which contributed to the below normal heating in this area.
There were large areas of up to -2C anomaly water centered at ION/ 100W and at ICN^ lAGW. In both areasr above normal northeast trade winds and cloud cover persisted most of the months leading to more vertical mixing and less heating than usual for April. There were much smaller areas of up to +3C anomaly water west of Guayaquil to 90vi .
Along the equator east of ^20'^lf upwelling was diminished ana the surface was warmed by solar heating in very light wind conditions. South of 10S along the coast of Peru^ upwelling in the Peru Current maintained below normal SST's during the month.
Maif - Sea surface temperatures increased at a below normal rate over the entire ENP this month. Greatest warming/^ up to 1.7C/ occurred off the coasts of Washington and Oregon out to 4C0 miles offshore. The SST anomaly pattern was similar to that of the previous month/^ but the area oi warm anomaly decreased somewhat and the area of >-2C cold anomaly increased significantly.
There was a strong surface high pressure cell centered near 35N/ 145W ana a deeper than normal Aleutian lowr causing strong winds* the northwesterly winds west of the low contributed to lowering the SST's southeast of the Alaskan Peninsula/ while southerly winds east of the low warmed the surface off the Pacific Northwest.
Extensive warming occurred along the equator east of 115lv. Positive SST anomalies were >+2C in four areas where upwelling was weaker than normal. The warm offshore water moved closer to the coast of Peru from the eqjator to 1CS than in any month since December 1972 when El Nino reacheo its maximum intensity. The normal surface high pressure center off the coast of Chile and Peru was weakened this month by the passage of frequent storms.
In the fishing grounos north of the equator/ SST's increased faster than normal. In the area east of IIOW/ the large negative anomalies of March decreased to near normal this month.
June - Sea surface temperatures increased by up to 4.4C over the entire ENP due to seasonal warming. The areas of >-1 C anomaly decreased greatly/ and a small patch of >+1 C anomaly appeared off southern California. Between 30'^ to 45N and 140W to 170W/ temperatures that were up to 1.7C below normal last month increased to above normal values due to decreased clouo cover (increased solar radiation) and lighter winds (decreased latent and sensible heat flow from ocean to atmosphere). Cold anomalies
38
Rape r 3
decreased also in the GuLf of Alaska. A strong surface hioh pressure area occupierl the entire EN'P^ bringing strong northwesterly winds from Vancouver Island to central California.
In the ETP^ east of IZOWx SST's increased at above normal rates north of the equator and increased markedly in the Southern Hemisphere. The SST's were higher here than in any June since '[^I'df a major £1 Nino year. The positive SST anomalies from ION to 1CSr east of ^ZQ^ to the coast and south to below Piscor Perur were larger rhan those of June 1965x an El Nino year. There was a marked reduction of Low stratus/' because of the decreased 3ir-sea temperature contrast/ and an increase in cumuliform cloud clusters/ with low barometric pressures/ frequent frontal passages/ and disruption in the southeast trade winds in this area usually dominated by the southeastern Pacific high.
Tuna fishing off Ecuador decreased sharply as the water temperature rose. In the Northern Hemisphere tuna fishing was very good/ especially on the Albatross Plateau and northwestward after Hurricane Annette moved through early in the month. West of 120w tunc, fishing was better than usual in water slightly warmer than normal with light winds and seas.
Jyiz ~ Seasonal warming caused SST's to increase over the entire ENP. The warm anomaly pool in the central ENP moved 20 deg southward/ and a small warm patch appeared off Oregon due to decreased northerly winds and less intense upwelling.
Sea level pres.sures were up to 7 mb lower than normal over the entire ENP. Strong surface pressure gradients caused above normal westerly winds/ resulting in increased evaporative and conductive cooling and vertical mixing. A large area of anomaly >-2C appearea along the 45th parallel and into the Gulf of Alaska.
Along the equator the SST's showed a tremendous area of anomalous warming/ especially east of 12CW. Normally the temperatures in July decrease 1C or more in this area. Warming appeared in the Peru Current/ typifying an El Nino year. Below normal surface pressures and surface winds south of the equator to 20S and east of 1 1 OW were associated with an unusually weak subtropical high pressure center off South America. Low pressure centers and fronts frequently passed eastward through this area which normally is dominated by high pressure/ weakening the southeast t r ade winds he r e .
Southwest of Baja California the tuna catch was good warmer than normal.
in waters
39
P aper 3
^lifiust - Except for a small patch off northern Californiax the entire ENP north of 35N was anomalously cold/' up to -3.5C in spots near 4 5''Jr 175W. SST*s increased during the month* but at below normal rates. A bana of slightly (0C-1C) warmer than normal water persisted across the ETP from 25N to 35N except near baja California where upwelling increased due to northwesterly winds.
Sea level pressures were near normal in pattern but with a slightly stronger gradient* resulting in above normal westerly w i nds north of 40N.
The equatorial band of warm SST anomalies reached +4.5C and extended south along the coast to below Pisco* Peru. The subtropical high pressure center was displaced* and the southeast trades were interrupted by passinrj storms. Toward the end of the month the normal high pressure pattern became reestablished.
Six tropical depressions formed in the area from ION to 15N and 10CW to 120W where SST's were above 29C. Two of these developed into hurricanes which moved through the fishing grounds south of the R ev i 1 1 agi gedo Islands. Southwest of the storms' paths winds and seas were unusually lioht where the southeast trade winds were interrupted* and tuna fishing was exceptionally good. The heavy cloud cover associated with the storms created small areas of negative SST anomaly.
Segtember - Sea surface temperatures in the ENP decreased seasonally by 0.5C to 1.7C over most of the Gulf of Alaska and down the west coast to southern California. Small increases occurred over a large area between baja California and Hawaii. The anomalously cold area spread southward to 33N* but a patch of + 1C anomaly appeared at 23N'* 125W. Sea level pressures were up to 8 mb below normal with a stronc Aleutian low pressure system and strong westerly winds.
In the ETP the area of warm anomaly increased greatly* centered on about bS and extending from offshore of Ecuador and Peru to 150W. Although the low level atmospheric circulation returned to normal early in the month and the southeast trade winds became reestablished* a succession of low pressure centers moved across the southeast Pacific at lower latitudes than usual later in the month and again disrupted the normal wind flow along the coast from the equator to 15S- There was only a very small area of upwelling immediately offshore of Guayaquil and some south of Pisco.
Four tropical storms formed over the waters warmer than 29C south of Nexico ana moved northwestward* one doing considerable damage in southern California.
40
Paper 3
QctQbgr - A large end intense low pressure system settled over
Bristol Bay this months bringing storiis with unusually high winds
and severe weather. Wind mixing of the ocean surface layer
caused SST'a to drop at twice the normal seasonal rates
throughout the ENP west of 13jW and north of 30N. South of a Line southwestward from Sen Francisco and east to the coasts
above normal bST's were associated with persistent surface high pressure/ light cloud covers ?>nd low winds.
Positive SST anomalies covered almost the entire IIP. North of 10S and east of 135W SST's were significantly above normal. Light winds and warm seas aided fishermen in this area. The area of above normal temperatures in the ETP was greater than in any month since January 1973^ which marked the end of the 1972 El Nino cond it i on .
Three small areas of negative anomaly occurred off Chala and Lobitos* Peru/ and at tMf 97W. Above normal winds and extensive cloud cover associated with weather fronts moving through this area kept the surface layers well mixed/' ana upwelling was active south of 15S along the coast.
November - Seasonal cooling was weaker than normal over most of the E NP . Cold anomalies receded slightly along the U.S. and Canadian coasts under the influence of an anomalous high over the Northwestern States and its associated light southerly winds and clear skies. A deep and persistent low over the Aleutian chain at 165W caused strong winds and rough seas. It dominated weather conditions across the entire western Pacific north of 35N and brought anomalous cooling to tne Hawaiian Islands.
Seasonal warming progressed along the coast of South America under less than normal cloud cover. Anomalously warm seas prevailed offshore 10 deg north and south of the equator to 180W and beyond. In the Gulf of Tehauntepec SST's were 10 to 2C below normal as the result of strong northerly winds and cold outbreaks which carriec across from the Gulf of Mexico.
December - Sea surface cooling of the ENP proceedeo at less than
the normal rate/ thus diminishing the area of negative SST
anomaly. North of 30N/' surface winds were more southerly than
normal/ blocked to the east by a high pressure ridge off the northwestern U.S. coast.
The Aleutian Low was much deeper (-13 mb anomaly) than normal/ and slightly southeast of its usual position. Storminess associated with this low caused considerable ocean mixing/ and below normal SST's prevailed west of 15CW.
41
Paper 3
The ETP continued anomalously warm/^ with a
upwelling alonqside the coast of Peru.
that of the two recent El Nino years;
slightly more extensive than in December 1965 and not
in December 1972. The subtropical high pressure
frequently weakened by passing weather fronts. Also/
and surface winds over the ETP were much below normal.
very sma II area of
This pattern resembled
the warm areas were
so large as
system was
cloud cover
42
Paper A
SEA SURFACE CONDITIONS IN THE WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC IN 1976
Julien R. GouLet* Jr. and Elizabeth D. Haynes'
This summary essentially is Limited to the area off the U.S. east coast from florida to Nova Scotia and about 1/000 km offshore. The Gulf of Mexico is mentioned briefly also.
In gen than a ver ag i mmedi dispel c entur summer rate i n Aug At lent Nova S weathe north f\i ew f ou t he U .
er a I / usual e .
at e ly led b
y .
adva than ust t ic R cot i a r Wo
of nd I an S . ea
the th In
s y wa This need u sua h e s ight
whe s m nor m d u
St c
sea roug J anu u r ro rm a w a
the L, s ea s
and re w i Id al. nti I oast
su rf ace o h July/ th aryr ther undi no C i r and mix rmth cont
sea surfa o t hat the urface was
e sse nt i a L arm anomal
until lat Very f e
October.
duri ng t h
ff the ea en tended e was c ape Hatt ing durin inued th ce warmed warm ano cooler t I y ave rag i es pers i e in the M crosse There we e last qu
s te rn to b oo ler eras/ g the rough seas ma I ie han n e els s t ed year/ d th re se a rt er
sea
e si
th
bu
war
th
ona L
s be
o rma
ewhe
thro
as e vera
board i ght ly an no t thi mest F e spr I y/ bu came s I in re ex c ugh t h storms coast I seve
wa s
cool rma I s wa ebrua ing. t at ma I le
the ept s e yea
t rac
sou
re st
warmer
er than
water
s soon
ry i n a
As the a lower r unt i I
Middle outh of r . The ked far th of orms up
Except for fiaine and Florida/ the entire country was warmer than normal during the winter of 1975-76 (December-February). Warm conditions continued through spring/ although not quite so markedly. Sjmmer uas cool almost everywhere except Maine/ which remained warmer than usual. Autumn (September-November) was
'This paper is summarized from gyiist ream/ Vol. Ii; the Atlantic logs in !^a£iQe£s Weather Log/ Vols. 20 and 21/ the we?ther and circulation articles in Monthly Weaih§£ EfiyiSSi' Vols. 104 and 105; Gulf Stream analysis charts/ Environmental Products Group/ NESS/ NOAA/ Washington/ DC 20033; temperature anomaly charts/ Pacific Environmental Group/ NMFS/ NOAA/ Konterey/ CA 93940 (see McLain/ Paper 9); airborne radiation thermometer c-harts/ Coast Guard Ocea nog rap hi c Unit/ Washington/ DC 20590 (see Deaver/ Paper 13).
•^Resource Assessment Division/ National Marine Fisheries Service/ NCAA/ Washington/ DC 20235.
43
Paj,e r 4
cooler than normal east of the Continental Diviae. Cooling was rapid in December east of the Mississippi. There was a complete absence of tropical storms in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea due to the unseasonable intrusion of cold air aloft and the stronqer than normal high-altitude westerlies.
JaQUaCi; " The entire Gulf of Mexico and the western North Atlantic (WNA) were seasonally colder than last month. The Middle Atlantic Pioht and the Gulf of Mexico were also significantly colder than average. Warmer than average temperatures were found offshore of the continental shelf from 3jN to the offing of the Gulf of Maine. There was also a large patch of colder than average temperatures southeast of Nova Scotia. The central Atlantic area was not significantly above or be low averag e.
The G convol a c t i vi the S not pr 73u w been e 39M3C' moveo sout hw edge o AONy 6 p r even anoma L the mo last h
u I f S t r uted th t y also outh At esent co as the xt ensi ve / 64W2C w e s t w a r es t wa rd f the sh 6ii^ was f ted its i es in nth. A alf of t
earn an t was lant e we rema ly s • i d u
unt elf i r St earl
t'ha cold he m
and hey muc h i c B ek e ins tudi n J nti I il off
obs ie r t a
edd ont h
si had
red ight ar li of a ed ( u ly
De it f the erve disc rea y at
ope
been
uced
at e r .
war b i sa
197 cemb i na I De Im d ne over i ndi
33N
f ro for - A the
A f m CO gni 5 an er/ ly d a rva ar t y- b cate f 74
nt
the
lar end a i nt rer 1975 d fo
and i sap
Pen he e ut s d th W wa
posit past ge me of th eddy a nt i c ) . I I lowe the pea re i nsu I nd of t rong at it s obs
1 ons
seve ande r e mon like y c Ion t wa d for n mo d in a . J anu pos i had e rved
were r a I m
wa s th/- t f eatu i c ed s pi
nine ved March A wa ar y . t i ve forme
form
far ont hs .
p resen
hough i
re at
dy whi c
eked u
months
e r rat i
1976 a
rm edd
C loud
t empe r
d ear I i
ing in
less
Eddy
t in
t was
37N/
h had
p at
. It
ca I ly
t the
y at
cover
at u re
er in
the
Storm centers crossed the U.S. east coast farther north than usual/^ only one passing south of Cape Hatteras (near Charleston^ SC). Another crossed the lower Chesapeake Bayr and the rest passed farther north. The Grand iBanks received a full measure of severe storms this month.
sli ght ly
February - The Gulf Stream was
for the month
offshore of its historical mean position for the month. Most of the western North Atlantic was warmer than normals but with a -5C anomaly
i\uiLr! HLidriLii- wda woiinri liioii nuriiiouA uul wilfi a j \. diiuiiidix
cold patch at about 41IM/' 60Wx and a cold remnant south of Cape Hatteras. The Gulf of Mexico was up to ?C below normal. The sea surface temperature (SST) was seasonally colderr in the WNA^ than "last nonth by C.bC to as much as b.lZf while the Gulf was slinhtlv usrmer than last month.
slightly warmer than last month.
Eddy activity more than doubled this month from last month/^ from one anticyclonic and one cyclonic eddy at the end of January to two anticyclonic and four cyclonic eddies in late February (west
44
Paper A
of 55W). The Shelf Water/SLDpe Water front also appeared more convoluted^ although data were limited. A Shelf Water excursion pushed southeast off the shelf abreast of Savannah/' displacing the Gulf Stream. This excursion may have lasted up to two weeks/ but cloud cover and differing interpretations do not allow complete definition. The SST anomaly off savannah was strongly negative/ indicating that the feature was persistent.
!!53££!l ~ The western ^'orth Atlantic in general was warmer than normal/ with a small cold anomaly patch remaining southeast of (■^ova Scotia. A tonque of cold water also wandered off the shelf east of Cape Charles/ an expansion of the Savannah negative anomaly of February- Seasonal warminq was general throughout the Gulf of Fexico/ though the anomalies remained negative except for small areas along the northern coast. Warming and cooling was uneven and indefinite in the wNA.
Eddy activity continued to increase/ showing one anticyclonic and five cyclonic eddies at the end of the month/ plus the remains of the anticyclcnic eddy (ACE 5) studied by bisagni (1976). The Gulf Stream movea slightly north during the month and became much more convoluted.
Storms off the U.S. east coast formea farther east than normal/ and only one actually crossed the coast south of Long Island. This was a minor storm over Cape Hatteras. The major fishing grounds were nearly storm free.
Although the number of Gulf Stream eddies decreased to only one small cyclonic one at 34N30'/ 68W2G' by the end of the month/ the Shelf Water/Slope Water front w&s extremely convoLuteo and
45
Paper 4
confusedr as was the Gulf Stream front. Towards the end of the month warm tongues extended east of the Gulf Stream at 30N and 33N^ perhaps precursors to cyclonic eddy activity.
The number of storms was far below normal/' resembling a summer month in the WNA. The storm tracks were concentrated north of Nova Scotia with only one crossing the coast to the south. A brief, severe e x t r at ropi ca I storm caused the loss of the drilling rig Ocean Exeji^e^s while under tow in the Gulf of i-lexico.
Ma^^ - Although almost the entire WNA area unoer consideration was warmer this month/' the change was seasonal, and the warm SST anomalies decreased in extent and intensity. An area of anomalies east of the Gulf Stream from 3CN to 35N is a consequence of increased cyclonic eddy activity. The Mexico was almost entirely colder than normal with anomalies only off Florida ano in the loop current area.
negat i ve pos s ib le Gulf of pos i t i ve
There were three small cyclonic eddies and one larger anticyclonic eddy, broken from a large Gulf Stream meander on 10 May, present at the end of the month. The Gulf Stream flowed smoothly to off Cape Charles, then began to meander downstream. However, the meanders diminished in size as the month advanced. The Slope Water/Shelf Water front was tortuous with incursions and excursions north cf 37N.
Again this month there were fewer storms, and these farther off the coast and farther north, than usual. One e x t rat rop i ca I storm developed in the central Gulf, crossed northern Florida, and then followed the Gulf Stream across the Atlantic.
June - The entire Atlantic area was 1 or 2 dec warmer than last month, as expected for the season. Positive SST anomalies diminished slightly, and -3.3C anomalies appeared off the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. Negative anomalies were found southeast of the Bay to east of the Gulf Stream and southeast of Nova Scotia. The Gulf of Mexico was colder than normal over its entire area.
Eddy a excess Gulf S (ART) west w i sobat and t obse rv off Ch Stream sate I L f ound in gyi
c t i V i t i ve c t r earn
f ligh al I of h to here at i ons esapea , Slo ite la
be twe f§t rea
y wa loud area
ts, th Cap
tu rn
ke B pe
te i en mat
s appa i nes s . The
also e Gul e Hatt i ng t There ay we s Water, n the 70W an
36N,
rent
p re
Coa
int
f S
eras
ow ar
wer
t of
an
mon
d 60
7CW,
ly m vente St Gu er rup t ream , the d th e al
the d Sh th. W. 0
i ts
uch d c a rd ted
ge n be e e so c Gulf elf
Str ne s 29 M
red lea r ai r b
by ner a ar i n ast onvo
St r Wat e ong mall ay
uced sat orne bad lly
g of to
lute
earn.
r re mea eye
posi
thi ellit
radi weat h
fol I f nor
71N, d tem Por g ions nder i loni c t i on.
s m e p i at io er , owi n thea th pe ra t i on
wer ng
edd un
ont h ctur n th port 9 t s tua e I t ure s of e pi act i y wa supp
, t es o ermo raye he
rd t im i t pat the ctur vi t y s p I or te
hough
f the
meter
d the
180 m
o 17 K
of
terns
Gulf
ed by
was
otted
d by
46
Paper 4
SST anomaly or other evidence.
Storm tracks *jere almost entirely north of AONx with only one storr crossing the coast of Maine. The tracks curved northward between Greenland and the Faroes^ and none crossed the British Isles or western Europe.
Ju^^ - The Guif Stream this month closely followed the 180-m depth contour to Cape hatteras^ slightly inshore of its climato- loqical mean position. Northeast of the Cape it followed the mean track to 70inl /■ then meandered slightly downstream. The cyclonic eddy at 55Ny 73W moved 2 deg westward during the month. There was much mixing of Slope and Shelf Waters during the month. Early in the month tremendous meanders and eddies developed^ but all were apparently resorbed by the Gulf Stream.
All SST's increased seasonally during the months but the warm anomalies diminished- A strong warm spot reached a +5C anomaly at 41N30'/' 64U30V with smaller positive anomaly values north of 39tvJ from 55W to the American coastline. The rest of the Atlantic area was near normal for the month. The Gulf of Mexico remained anoma lously cold.
Storm activity was below normal this tracked west of the British Isles.
months and most storms
Over the Fourth of July weekends masses of dead fish were reported off Sandy Hookr NJ . Fisheries investigations (Armstrong^ Paper 17) determined the cause to be an anoxic water massy brought about by natural weather conditions^ which expanded southward to Atlantic City, NJ ^ by mid-Augustr and by mid- September covered half of the Middle Atlantic Bight. Estimates were that up to 50% of the commercial fish stocks might be lost this year due to this phenomenon.
^uQust ~ The Gulf Stream this month was fully seen by satellite
imagery west of 60W. It flowed very smoothly along its
historical mean track for the month to 67Wx then made a dip to
the south followed downstream by a larger one to the north.
Two small cyclonic eddies persisted through the month/^ both moving about 150 km southwe stward . A large (250 km diameter) anticyclonic eddy at 39n30*^ 67W originated on 25 August as a pinched off meander. A minor warm core eddy at about 38N30'r 72W30' shows on the ART isotherms as well as in the satellite analysis. The central ocean waters continued to warm at the surface this month/' but SST's over the continental shelf dropped due to tropical storm activity. In 1975^ by contrasts seasonal warming persisted through August. Significant cold anomalies/^ on the order of -1.50/^ appeared in the Middle Atlantic Bight.
47
Paper 4
ExtratropicaL storms were concentrated from the Canadian Maritimes to the Denmark Strait/ with a feu storms crossing from Alaska to Greenland- There were no ART flights east of Savannah/^ GAr due to tropical storms. The U.S. east coast had no e xt r at rop i ca I storms this months but Hurricane Belle passed from CaPe Hatteras to Long Island on the 9th and ICth. The Gulf of Mexico continued slightly colder than normal. It spawned the weak tropical storm Dottiex which crossed the southern tip of Florida and turned up the 80th meriaian to Charleston.
S§El§.!Dfeer - Almost the entire North Atlantic surface area over the shelf cooled 1C to 2C this month. The warm anomaly area south of Nova Scotia expanded/ but south of AON/ and in the Gulf of Mexico/ the SST's were average or slightly cooler than normal.
The ayif^tream pictures a mildly meandering Gulf Stream for this month/ with three cyclonic eddies and two anticyclonic eddies. Satellite imagery intermittently pictured very complex eddy and meandering activity. Cloud cover prevented proper definition/ but the patterns changed rapidly through the month/ ending with the quieter conditions portrayed in guilstregm. In the middle of the month there were four anticyclonic eddies/ one cyclonic eddy/ and one cyclonic loop. There also were large patches of entrained Shelf Water and of mixed Shelf/Slope Water. One week later only one anticyclonic eddy was found/ along with two cyclonic eddies and the one larqe cyclonic loop. There were still large patches of mixed Shelf/Slope Water/ and the the Shelf Water/Slope Water front was extremely convoluted.
The only tropical storm in September remained completely east of 61w. Only one storm was found relatively near the U.S. coast/ and that ore was still offshore of the Gulf Stream. None crossed the coast south of Newfoundland/ and most storms tracked north between Iceland and the Davis Strait. In 1975/ by contrast/ there were three major hurricanes; the ex t r at ropi ca I storms tracked farther south and then between England and Iceland. There were nc storms in the Gulf of Mexico in September 1976.
October - The warm anomaly area south of Nova Scotia persisted/ but the remainder of the Atlantic coastal area was not significantly warmer or colder than norrral. The aylfstream shows large areas of positive anomaly/ while the temperature anomaly charts show large areas of net-ative anomaly. In the Gulf of Mexico/ SST's were significantly cooler than normal.
The Gulf Stream is pictured in au^fstresm flowing smoothly/ with two major anticyclonic eddies. A cold core eddy at 32N/ 74 W was entirely surrounded by warm Sargasso Sea Water which reached to IOC km from Cape Hatteras. The large warm eddy at 39N/ 69w
48
Paper 4
persisted^ entraining SheLf Water on its eastern smoothness of the Gulf Strearr front is partly definition caused by cloud cover.
edge . The due to poor
Storm tracks moved farther south this passed up the U.S. east coast (36 m/s)r tornadoes^ heavy
monthy and several storms
bringing winds above 70 kn
rainsr and flooding from South
Carolina northward. The trawler Lana CargJL sank with a full load
scallops off Barnegat Light on the 31st. Coast Guard
rescued the crew. The laden dragger Patricia Marig/^
er vessels^ was
of helicopters
neiicopxers rescuea tne crew. i ne laaen aragger homeward bound to Provincetown «<ithin sight of oth lost with all hands (Schwadron 1977).
A storm Developed on a cold front on the 16th/^ 35C km southwest of New Orleans/' moved eas t -nor t heast* a rd across northern Florida the next day/ and raced alono the classical storm track offshore to Nova Scotia and beyond on the 16th. There was a second/ milder storm in the western Gulf at the end of the month. The majority of the storms tracked significantly more easterly than in September/ reaching the area between Greenland and Spain.
NQVfiDDbfir ~ t^ue to surface mixing from intense cyclonic activity/ the warm anomalies disappeared this month/ and the sea surface was colder than normal nearly everywhere. Anomalies of about -3.5C occurred in the middle Atlantic Bight. The Gulf of Mexico continueo about 1.5C colder than usual for the month.
Between 50 and 60 km southeast of Cape hatteras/ SST's rose SC from west to east across the west wall of the Gulf Stream. Both the ART and the sul_fstream pictured an anticyclonic Gulf Stream loop in the South Atlantic Bight. Due to cloud cover/ eddy and meander observations were not clear. There was at Least one anticyclonic eddy at 39N/ 7QU'30*/ and there may have been two more farther east. Last month's cyclonic eddy/ with a noticeable warm ring/ persisted at 35N/ 71(J.
There mont h was o 8th/ Newf o At t weste f ront seas crew s t orm i nf lu day s .
was T V er
pa r und I he rn G al a nd
fro
wh i ence
a su c c he firs Nov a S c alleled and the end of ulf of waves swe IL s m a s i ch farm of th
essi o
t for
ot i a .
the
next
the
Mexi c
ana t
all a
nk i ng
ed in
is St
n of s t
med nea
The s
first
day.
month a
o north
he long
long th
shrimp
the Gu
orm sys
or ms r No e con si Two
bro east
fet e f r
boa If o tern
off rfol d fo ight more ad f
to ch o ont . t 45 f ^le reac
th k on rmed
ly
sto ront Nova f we Th 0 km xi CO hed
e U the off
to
r ms
a I a Sco
ste r
e US no r on
nort
.S. e 5th/ Cape the e cross rea e t ia . ly w i CGC T theas the hern
ast
and
Hat
ast /
ed N
xten
A s
nds
aney
"of
13th
Gree
coas
in 2
teras
and
ew E
ded f
uc c es
creat
res c
Norf
u nd
nland
t this A hours
on the reached ng land . rom t he si on of ed high ued the oik. A er the
in six
49
Paper 4
2g££!!!&££ ~ The SST's were not strikingly unusual this month. They tended to be slightly cooler than average north of Cape Hatteras/ with some warm anomaly water associated with the warm-core eddies. The Gulf of Mexico continued cool.
The Gulf Stream showed a meander east of Charleston associated with the persistent cold eddy surrounded by a ring of warm water at 33N/' 75W. A warm eddy also persisted at 39N/' 72w . No others could be seen because of clouds. The Shelf Water/Slope Water front in the middle Atlantic Bight was ragged with incursions and excursions.
A storm formed in South Carolina on the Zth/' but was of little consequence in the western NDrth Atlantic. Another formed off Georgia on the ISthr the day the Argo 5l:§cchant ' ran aground. It tracked rapidly no rt heastw ard/^ bringing high winds and rough seas to the Nantuclcet Shoals area and preventing the Coast Guard from s a I vag ing the oil.
Another storms from the midwest/^ crossed the Maine coast on the 21st/ affecting the same area with air temperatures in the teens (<-7C) and below/ and causing gales from Maine to Virginia. Another midwestern storm crossed New Jersey on the 28th and turned northeastward/ adding its fury to the shipping lanes. The Panamanian tanker Grand Zenith was last heard from 55 km from Cape Sable. No trace of the ship has been found.
LITERATURE CITED
BISAGNI/ J. J.
1976. Passage of anticycLonic Gulf Stream eddies through deepwater dumpsite 106 during 197^ and 1975. NOAA Dumpsite Evaluation Rep. 76-1.
SCHWADRON/ S .
1977. Loss of dragger and her crew is stunning blow to Prov incetown . Natl. Fisherman 57(9):25A/ 31A.
^Surveys in the area of the Argo M§£chant spill have shown mortalities and deformities among developing cod and pollock embryos/ noticeable decreases in the abundance of sand lance larvae/ and oil contamination of zooplankton. Studies are continuing; preliminary findings have been released in: The ARGO MERCHANT Oil Spill/ NOAA Special Report/ U.S. Dep. Commer./ March 1977.
50
Paper 5
ANOMALIES OF MOMThLY viEAN SEA LEVEL ALONG THE WEST COASTS OF NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA
Dale E. Brets chnei der and Douglas R. r^cLain'
INTRODUCTION
Measurements of mean sea level provide a source of long-term information concerniny ocean processes. The data series of hourly tidal height measurements are unique among marine data series/^ in that they have been obtained i nexpensi ve ly x over relatively Long periods^ at many fixed Locations worldwide.
Many s i ngl R oden e X ami at mos North be twe of b Cu r re moni t Large the Attu/
1 nv est e Stat
(196C ne t h phe r i c A mer en the r oad-s nt sys o ri ng r area west
in th
igat i ons f 19 e i n
pre i ca .
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of s .
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ors
f or
63r
te r r
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a i i a
ch F ocea The ts eut i
have ex re lat i 1966) u elation e at se aur (1 n I s I an anges or f i s n Chang station of Nor an Is La
amine onsh i sed s ships lect e 972) ds an in 9 he r ie es re s exa t h an nds/^
d fl ps a pect
amo d St
e xa d th eost s a qui r mine d So to C
uct u
mong
ral
ng s
at i o
mine
e Ca
roph
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es g
din
uth
aide
at ion sma L and s ea le ns a I d se L i f or ic f sment roups this Amer i rax C
s of s L groups tatistic ve Lr tern ong the a level nia coas Low in t purpos of Stat report ca from hile.
ea
of aim pera west di t as he C esx i ons exte Mass
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how
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nd acre
I at ions . ds to f and St of ences index orni a ever^ er i ng along Bayx
DATA
Most of the manthly mean sea level data in our data base were obtained from the University of Hawaii." These data were updated
'Pacific Environmental Group/^ National Marine Fisheries Service^ NOAAx Montereyr CA 93940.
Ue thank K. Wyrtki and B. Kilonsky/ Department of Oceanography^ University of Hawaii/^ who assembled these data and provided us with a t ape copy .
51
Rape r 5
and expanded with data from other sources verted to centimeters.
ALL data were con-
For this rep or t/^ tide stations most representative of open ocean conditions were seLected. ALthough many tide gage stations examined in tnis report are Located on piers in sheltered coastal harbors/' stations subject to highly variable local tidal conditions common to Large river mouths ^such as Astoria^ OR)r large shallow bays (such as Alameda^ CA), and straits or sounds (such as Ketchikan^ AK)/^ were generally not included. Additional criteria for station selection were a Long/^ continuous data records a constant tidal reference datum/^ and an even distribution of stations with distance along the coast. The stations selected and their Locations are shown in Figure 5.1.
The processes affecting sea Level are complex. In addition to the well-understood tidal or astronomic forces^ sea Level is a f f ect ed by :
1. Changes in the average density of the water column.
2. Changes in distribution of atmospheric pressure over the ocean surface (resulting/' in partr in variations in Large scale wind patterns).
3. Variations in speed of alongshore components of ocean currents.
4. Changes in total mass of ocean accretion or melting of glaciers.
water resulting from
5. Subsidence or emergence of the Land upon which the is loc ated .
gage
The relative importance of these processes varies from station to s t at i on.
For ocean monitoring in support of fisheries assessment/ we are interested in fluctuations with periods of months to years. For this reason the data are presented in terms of monthly means which remove the principal diurnal and semidiurnal periodicities from the data. Fluctuations with periods longer than months or years can be reduced by comparing the data with a 19-yr mean. This compensates for the nodal tide/ which results from the changing declination of the moon over a period of 18.61 years. The nodal tide has a much greater "potential/" or effect/ than do
'Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level/ Berkenhead/ National Ocean Survey/ NOAA/ Washington/ DC 20852.
U.K./
and
52
Paper 5
other long-per 1 od/^ astronomically induced/^ harmonics observed in tidal data CLisitzin 197A), iJe did notr however* remove very Long-period fluctuations such as those caused by isostatic glacial responses (as at Yakutat* AK) or fluctuations related to land subsidence or uplift (such as at Balboa* CZ).
Our objective is to compare temporal fluctuations of sea level along much of the eastern Pacific coast for eventual comparison with fishery fluctuations. In order to allow comparison between stations and to flag unusual events* the data are presented as monthly mean anomalies or departures of a given month from its long-term mean- The long-term means used in this report were for the 19-yr period* 1949-67, The tidal reference datum differs from station to station. Computation of anomalies at each station allows comparison in time between stations having different oatum Levels.
PattulLo et al. (1935) found that in temperate and tropic latitudes (between about 40N and 40S) changes in the specific volume of the water column were responsible for most of the nontidal variation in recorded sea Level. Atmospheric pressure effects were found to account for only a small part of the recorded changes in sea Level. This situation is not true* however* in higher Latitudes. Lisitzin and PattulLo (1961) found that north of 40N much of the variation in sea Level results from changes in distribution of atmospheric pressure over the ocean. This "inverted barometer" effect can be removed from the data in high Latitudes by adjusting sea levels for departures of atmospheric pressure from a long-term mean.
There qu i ck L total This severa T hu s* equi L i more . const a ch ange differ d i St ri Saur 1
IS evi y foil pr essu isost a I thou
t he br i urn
ASSU
nt * i s* the en ce but i on 972).
den c ow ed re o ti c sand
o c with mi ng f t sea so
of
e th
by n th
ad j
mil ean
atm th he
su r that
pre
at f comp e se ustm es a can osph e a pr es face th ssur
Lu c tu ensat a flo ent nd w i
be eric ve rag su re
s lop ere e on
a t i ons i ng ch or re i s th thin a
consi pres su e pre
diffe e will will the se
1 n ange main ough
ti m der e re f ssur ren c
cha be a fl
at mo s in
s
t
e
d
or
e
e
V
to
sp
t
P
0
b
nge
no
oor
sphe sea
e ry occ
an
o a
e r i o
ve r
e twe
toe
net
(Fat
n c
leve near u r ov of s pp roa ds of the o en t ompen ch an tuL Lo
pres L so
Ly
era ever ch a cean wo sate
ge
et
sure tha
cons ran
al
i SOS
mont
s re sta for i n
al .
are t t he t ant . ge of days . t at i c h or mains t i ons this
the 19 5 5;
Pressure effe£ts were removed from the data by correcting sea Levels to a long-term mean atmospheric pressure in the vicinity of the tide gage. This compensates for both the normal seasonal cycle and the monthly pressure anomaly- Monthly mean sea Level pressure data were obtained from the »Jorld Weather Record series*
53
Paper 5
Monthly C L i rn at i c Data for the worLdr from CCEA/' or computed from monthly mean pressure fields obtained from FN^C.^
Normal atmospheric pressures at each station were obtained averaging monthly pressures for the entire period of record, effects of monthly variations from this long-term pressure were removed from sea level measurements by applying a correc of 1 cm in sea level for each millibar deviation in atmosph pressure. Sea level data for all stations north of razatlan corrected in this manner^ with resultant small decreases in range of sea level anomalies. Pressure deviations sout Mazatlan were on the order of one millibar or less* not I enounh to warrant correction because sea level measurements a typical error of about 1 cm.
by The mean t ion eric were the h of arge have
DISCUSSION
The anomalies of corrected monthly mean sea level (Figs. 5.2-5.6) exhibit remarkably coherent patterns in time and space. Perhaps the most striking feature of the time series is the long-term persistence and wide distribution of high sea level during the period 1957-59. Evidence of anomalously high sea level extenos from Calderar Chile/^ to Adakr AK. Similar periods of anomalously high sea level can be seen in 1940-41 and 1971-73* and to a lesser extent in 1951-52 and 1965-66.
The simultaneous occurrence of these changes over such vast distances suggests a relation to large-scale oceanic or atmos- pheric disturbances. The periods of anomalously high sea levels were also periods of anomalously warm sea surface temperatures and are associated with El Nino occurrences in the eastern tropical Pacific (Quinn 1976/ 1978).
Such environmental changes can have dramatic effects on marine fisheries. Along the coast of Peru* for example* large changes in the distribution and abundance of anchoveta result from adverse oceanog raph i c conditions associated with El Nino periods. These conditions* combined with heavy exploitation* have resulted in a decline of the fishery and have had major economic impact. Radovich (1961) documented many changes in the distribution of marine populations along the coast of California during the warm water periods 1940-41 and 1957-59 which were associated with high sea levels. He found a general northerly shift of southern
'Center for Climatic and Environmental Assessment* Environmental Data Service* NOAA* Columbia* MO 65201. ■^Fleet Numerical U/eather Central* U.S. Navy* Monterey* CA 93940.
54
Paper 5
species and an increase in yeLLowtaiL and bonito populations off California. Changes of sea level related to fluctuating coastal circulation may be associated with variations in year class strengths of marine populations due to changes in larval t r ansport .
In his investigation of low frequency sea level oscillations^ Roden (1966) found a high coherence in sea level fluctuations measured by tide gages located within similar macroenvironments/ such as those located within the Gulf of Alaska or within the California Current area. Even stations with dissimilar exposure*' such as thos.e with gages located on the open coast compared to those with gages located in enclosed baysx yielded similar results if the stations were within the same macr oenv i ronment . We now examine fluctuations of sea level in groups of stations having similar oceanog raph i c environments.
A I eut i an Is I ands
Sea I
term
(1952
and
anoma
to b
This
of r
Sear
p r oce
inter
e xami
1957-
pos i t
1964-
sugge
U na la
e ve I s
lower -53) .
At tu lous ly e lit sugges e la t i V may re s ses e St i ng n ed t 5 9. U i ve a 67 and sts I s ka .
i n th sea
In c in
hi gh t le c ts th ely f s pond t ha n
to n hat nalas noma I
1971 ong -t
is ar lev
ont ra 1952 va lu
or re I
at se
ree e to sea
cte t
did
ka ha
i es
-74
e rm
ea ar els St to -53r esf w at i on a lev X ch an a di le ve hat A not d sma dur i n e xh ib f luct
e qui
can
the
Unal
ith a
betw
el at
ge be
f f ere
I at ttu i show
II an g 19 it s ua t io
te
be s low aska
pea een
Att twee nt
Ada s t
ano oma I 57-5 t ron ns
van
een sea , K k in Attu
U r W
n th
comb
k, U
he
malo
ies
9.
g n
in
able at A leve cdi a ear and hi ch e Pa inat na la on ly us ly thro
In egat the
dak
Is
k,
ly 1
nei
i s c i f i ion
SkSr St
hi ugh
con i ve ocea
Si gni
(1943
obser
and
953.
ghbor
locat
c Oce
of
or K at i on gh s
1956 t rast
anom n env
f i ca -51) ved Yaku The i ng ed i an a envi odi a
of ea
an A th a li e i ron
nt
and
at tat re
Stat n an nd B ronm k.
th leve d s e pe s . ment
long-
Attu
Adak
show
seems
ions .
area
er ing
enta I
It is
e 25
Is in
t rong
r iods
This
near
§yit 2l Alaska " Pacific Northwest
Kodiak has the shortest record of observations in the series. It was included to fill a gap between widespread stations. It shows surprisingly small variations in sea level with extremes in 1957-56 and 1961-62. A weak positive anomaly with a peak in early 1958 is evident.
The Yakutat gage/' Located in a harbor/^ is subject to salinity changes due to increased river runoff during sum-mer months (Favorite 1974). The trend of decreasing sea level seen in the series for this station results from land uplift due to isostatic glacial rebound. Strong negative anomalies are evident during 1955-56r 1961-62^ and 1971-72. Surprising small positive
55
Pacer 5
anoma Lies annua I »j i t h m ea Alaska d
s are seen during 195d. Fdvorite (1974) has shown that mean sea level anomalies at Yakutat were well correlated n annual wind stress transport anomalies in the Gulf of uring the period 1950-59.
Fairly persistent long-term sea level anomalies with short-term fluctuations can be seen at Sitka/' Prince Ruperts Tofino/ Neah Say/ and Crescent City. Sea level fluctuations are remarkably coherent among these stations^ considering the 1800 km along the coast between Sitka and Crescent City. Major periods of high sea level are seen during 194C-41 and 1957-59. Low sea level periods include 1955-36/ late IVdl-early 1962/ and 1964. A significant period of anomalously low sea level is evident at Prince Rupert between the years 1947 and 1951.
Cal^ifgrnia Current
Sea level data from San Francisco/ Avila Beach^ Los Angeles^ and La Jolla also exhibit similar fluctuations. Periods of high sea level are noticeable during 1941/ 1951-52/ 1957-59/ and 1972-73 at all stations. Periods of high sea level during 1969 were observed at San Francisco and Avila. Periods of low sea level occurred at all stations during 1955 and early 1956 and during 1964- A strong trend of rising sea level in relation to Land occurred at all stations in this group.
Mexico ~ CentQal America
Mazatalan/ rtanzanillo/ Acapulco/^ Ealboar La Union/^ and Buenaventura show similar patterns of sea level fluctuations. Periods of high sea level correspond very well with El Nino (Quinn 1976r 1978). All stations exhibit very high during 1941-42/ 1937-59/ and/ to a lesser extent/ high levels ijere noted during 1972-73.
£&£y. £yC£&Qi E£9i2D
Talara/ Callao/ Matarani/ Antofagasta/ and Caldera also show remarkably coherent fluctuations in sea level. Like the group of stations to the north/ p^^riods of high sea level correspond well with El Nino conditions. The 1941-42 period of high sea levels is evident at Matarani. The 1957-59 and 1965 periods of high sea levels are seen at all stations, in this region. During 1972/ a period of extremely high sea levels occurred at Talara peaking at 36.5 cm in December 1972. A maximum anomaly of 34.4 cm was measured at Talara during November 1974. It is interesting to
56
Paper 5
note the sharp spike of extremely Low sea Level that occurred just before the 1974 period of high sea Level at Talara. Anomalously high sea levels are also evident at Callao durino 1972. Perioas of low sea level occurred at all stations in this group during 1949-5C^ 1954-56y and 1966-67.
CONCLUSION
Anomalies of monthly mean sea level observations along the west coast of North and South America persist for periods ranging from several months to two years or longer and are coherent in space for hundreds of kilometers. Anomalous "events" can be traced along the coast from Chile to Alaska and may be relatea to coastal circulation processes which may in turn affect larval drift and reproductive success of marine organisms. Certainly the major periods of anomalously high sea Level during 1941-42/' 1957-59/' and 1.972 were associated with unusual changes in the abundance or distribution of many marine species. It is hoped that further research on the factors affecting sea Level will Lead to s better understanding of ocean circulation processes and their effects on populations of marine organisms.
LITERATURE CITED
FAVORITE/' F.
1974. On flow into the Bering Sea through Aleutian Islano passes. In D. W. Hood and E. J. Kelly (editors)x Ocean- ography of the Bering Sea. Occas. Publ. No. 2^ Inst. Mar. S ci . /^ U. Alaska^ Fairbanks.
LISITZIN, E.
1974. SeaLevel changes. Elsevier Sci. PuDl. Co./ hJ.Y.r 286 D.
LISITZIN/ E.r and J. G. PATTULLO.
1961. The principal factors influencing the seasonal oscillation of sea level. J. Geophys. Res. 66:345-852.
PATTULLO/ J . r W. MUNKr R. REVELLE/ and E. STRONG.
1955. The seasonal oscillation in sea Level. J. Mar. Res. 14:88-155 .
57
Paper 5
QUINN^ W . H.
1976. El Nino/ anomalous Equatorial Pacific conditions and their prediction. Iq J. R. Goulet^ Jr. (compiler)r The environment of the United States living marine resources - 1974./ p. 11-1--11-18. U.S. Dep. Commer./ Natl. Oceanic At IT. OS. Admin./ Natl. Mar. Fish/ Serv./ MARMAP (Mar. Resour. Monit. Assess. Predict. Program) Contrib. 104.
anomalies and £1 Nino. iq j. R. Haynes (editors)/ Ocean variability: fishery resources - 1975/ p. 179- NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ. 416.
1978. Equatorial Pacific Goulet/ Jr. and E. D. Effects on U.S. marine 190. U.S. Dep. Commer/
RADOVICH/ J.
1961. Relationships of some marine organisms of the northeast Pacific to water temperatures/ particularly during 1957 through 1959. Calif. Dep. Fish Game/ Calif. Fish Bull. 112/ 62 p.
RODEN/ G. I.
1960. On the nonseasonal variations in sea level along the
west coast of North America. J. Geophys. Res. 65:2809-2526. 1963. Sea level variations at Panama. J. Geophys. Res. 68:
5701-5713.
1966. Low- frequency sea level oscillations along the Pacific
coast of North America. J. Geophys. Res. 71:4755-4776.
SAUR/ J. F. T.
1972- Monthly sea level differences between the Hawaiian Islands and the California coast. Fish. Bull. U.S. 70: 619-036.
58
^^
Attu, AK Adak, AK
Figure 5.1 .—Selected tide stations along the west coast of North and South America.
59
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Paper 6
COASTAL UPWELLING OFF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA/. 1976
Craig s. Nelson
INTRODUCTION
The nearshore marine environment off western North America is markedly influenced by processes of coastal upwelling and downwelling. Upwelling is widely recognized as a fundamental factor in the formation of nutrient rich surface water favorable to primary production. Wind induced surface layer divergence may also dramatically modify nearshore marine climate* and may act as an important driving mechanism for continental shelf/slope ci rculation.^
Variations in biological communities often occur nearly in phase with the predominant seasonal cycle of coastal upwelling. Major fluctuations in the intensity of coastal upwelling also occur at frequencies corresponding to the diurnal sea breeze* to synoptic "events"* and to interyear variations in the location and intensity of the Large scale atmospheric circulation system over the northeastern Pacific. Anomalously strong or weak upwelling may be related to major fluctuations in stock recruitment (Parrish 1976) which are likely to have subsequent effects higher in the food chain.
Bakun (1973) computed an index of coastal upwelling based on calculations of surface wind stress derived from analyzed fields of surface atmospheric pressure. These fields are routinely oroduced by the U.S. Navy Fleet Numerical Weather Central. The "upwelling index" is defined as the offshore directed component of Ekman transport* and is considered to be a gross measure of the amount of upwelling required to replace water transported offshore in the surface layer. Negative values of this index
'Pacific Environmental Group* National Marine Fisheries Service* NOAA* Monterey* Cm 95940.
'Niiler* P. P.* and C. N. K. Mooers. 1977. A model shelf dynamics program. A report to the National Science Foundation* Office of the International Decade of Ocean Exploration* January 1977.
65
Paper 6
indicate onshore surface transport and downwelling at the coast. Monthly mean upwelling index values for the period 1946-71 were presented for the 15 locations shown in Figure 6.1. These time series have been updated for 1972-74 and 1975 (Bakun 1976* 1978).
Monthly upwelLing indices for 1976 are given in Table 6.1. Anomalies from the 20-yr (1946-67) mean monthly values are presented in Table 0.2. Upwelling indices are displayed in percentiles in Figure 6.2. Percentile values were based on the rank of the upwelling index for each month and Location within the 31-yr (1946-76) time series.
THE GULF OF ALASKA
wind driven surface transport in the Gulf of Alaska (60N* 149W to 5 1 N * 171w) tends to be divergent in the interior and convergent at the coast.' The annual cycle of coastal convergence is dominated by vigorous downwelling during the winter season/^ when intense cyclonic storm activity characterizes the atmospheric circulation in the region. During 1976 monthly upwelling indices were negative along both northern and eastern boundaries* except in June and July when small positive values were evident.
In January more intense than normal downwelling was indicated alono the eastern boundary* while positive anomalies occurred in the northern GuLf of Alaska. This pattern of anomalies reversed the trends for these two areas begun during the last quarter of 1975 (bakun 1978). The remainder of the first quarter of 1976 was marked i? y less intense than normal winter downwelling. Reduced levels of coastal convergence may be associated with less intense than normal surface divergence offshore. A decrease in the strength of the coupled "punping" between the central Gulf of Alaska and the coast would tend to reduce the baroc I in i c i t y established during the previous three months.
More intense than normal coastal convergence was evident during the remaining months of 1976. A general pattern of upwelLing indices below the median (Fig. 6.2) was interrupted in June* when small positive, values occurred* and in October* when an irregular transition to vigorous winter downwelling was apparent. Anomalies from the long-term monthly means (Table 6.2) were negative from April through September* except during June* at
Ingraham* W. J.* Jr.* A. Bakun* and F. Favorite. 1976. Physical Oceanography of the GuLf of Alaska. U.S. Dep. Commer.* MOAA*Ni*iFS, Northwest Fish. Cen.* Processed Rep.* 132 p.
66
Paper 6
these five locations. Upwelling indices at 54N/ 134W and 51n^ 131W for May and July were the lowest (Largest negative values) calculated in the 31-yr time series. Coastal convergence continued through the summer at approximately one-half the intensity of the preceding winter's downwelling. Under these conditions/^ the existing baroclinic structure would tend to be maintained. This situation contrasts with more typical relaxed summer conditions^ in which the ba roc I i ni c i t y established during a previous winter is dissipated.
A smooth transition to vigorous winter downwelling was replaced by less inteose than normal downwelling in October. This period of positive anomalies immediately followed and preceded several months of large negative anomalies. An examination of the monthly mean surface atmospheric pressure field for October (not shown) indicated a westward shiftx relative to the long-term mean position^ of the center of the low pressure system and a much reduced pressure gradient near the coast. A return to near normal (50th percentile) winter downwelling occurred in December.
VANCOUVER ISLAND TO POINT CONCEPTION
The stretch of coast from Vancouver Island (48N) to Point Conception (36N) is a transition zoner in which wind driven surface transport changes from predominantly onshore to predominantly offshore. Durino 1976 this entire coastal region was characterized by a pattern of three periods of more positive than normal upwelling indices separated by two short intervals of more negative than normal indices. These features repeat the general pattern noted in the previous section^ and indicate a degree of coherence in the large scale atmospheric circulation on space scales approaching 1^200 km and on time scales of two to four months .
Neah B posi t i coasta This i ndi ca W ashi n coasta by a appea r the m Alaska than t and ea va lues indi ca
a^ to
ve 6 I con trend ted gton I upw
retu ed as ed i an
to 0
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rl y w
(c
ted L
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verge
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f ram
and e U in r n to
an a f in r eg on ng- 1 e i nter oas ta ess i
rai 0 i es nee f not
Febr
nort g f ro
near
noma L
a
Up
rm me
were I c nt ens
re^on in J i rs t
con uary hern m May
no rm y in r eg io wel I i an va
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anua
note
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n s
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ough gon . Septe nde X 1 1 ern t retc ea ked wou I ri zed e), rmal
125W xten Dec e nea r
Apr
A p mber va lu
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by
alt down
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ro lo
was
es .
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di ca
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i5N a p 1975 rmal a long nged int e Howe e 1 1 i n m the ne / te (B turn h po ing.
r 1
e r io (B
dow th peri r rup ver ^ e i
nor some akun to n s i t i
25W1. d of akun nwe I I i e coa od of ted i
this ndi ce s t hern what
1973) egat i v ve an
La rge relaxed 1978). ng was St s of relaxed n June feature
be I ow Gulf of earlier . Fall e mean omal i es
67
Paper 6
CiES Bianco ta Point Conceetign (42Nr l^SW to 36N^ patterns of positive anomalies during winter a anomalies during summer noted above were not repea along the coasts of southern Oregon and northern This stretch uf coast encompasses the core of the Current upwelLing region^ which is characterized^ in a maximum in the alongshore component of surface during July (Nelson in press). In 1976 the timing/^ d intensity of the indicated up.jelling at Cape Blanco Mendocino (39N)x and to a lesser extent Point Conce were markedly different than the 1946-67 long condi t ion s.
122W). The nd negative ted exactly California. California the mean* by wind stress urat ion* and (42N)* Cape ption (36 N)/ -term mean
Positive anomalies occurred in January and February* during a part of the year ordinarily characterized by coastal convergence. Although onshore transport was indicated at 42Nr upwelling indices for 39N were positive and were clearly above the 50th percentile. This feature continued a long trend of positive anomalies which began in April 1975 (bakun 1978).
The onset of anomalous upwelling appeared to occur rather abruptly in March. The timing of this event was coherent at three locations along the coast (Fig. 6.2). Near Cape Mendocino (39N)* the March index was nearly a factor of three greater than the long-term mean value for this month and location. A return to near normal conditions occurred in April.
Cond May* perc Mend larg unus year i ndi shif c i re t i mi Inde the
i t ions f
June* entile a oc i no ( est in J ually I in w h i c cated. t in* or u I at i on ng of th X va Lue long-ter
avo r
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une
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able
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2N a re
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strong
Month nd 39N. the se he 31- e anoma han nor rm pers a t i o n the el I i ng May* tw s for t
coas
ly
Th cond
yr
lies
mal
iste
of*
west
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on w
nths loc
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hest
es .
keo
tal
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ast
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in May This the fou
di verg i bly su rge-sca of Nort Lso som I ier th ns .
reap ceede ut ed * and
recu rt h c en ce ggest le a h Ame ewh at an th
pear
d th
for
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onse
has
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un
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e 3Cth
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thi rd
ce of
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been
t he r a
phe r i c
. The
usual.
a ks in
A rapid transition to below narmal upwelling (i.e.* negative anomalies) during August was ifn mediately followed by a return to large positive anomalies in September. The period of relaxed upwelling in August was notable* since negative anomalies during this month were evident along the entire stretch of coast froT the northern Gulf of Alaska to the Southern California Bight.
The pattern of positive anomalies oersisted through the last quarter of 1976. While the upwelling indices at 42N approached the 20-yr mean values (i.e.* downwe I li ng ) * inoices exceeding the
68
Paper 6
80th percentile occurred in September and October at Cape Mendocino. The indices for November and December showed a gradual return to median values; however^ upwelling was still indicated for 39N. As Bakun (1978) has already noted/^ such a prolonged period of upwelling would appear to be favorable for those fish stocks dependent upon upwelling based primary produc ti on .
POINT CONCEPTION TO BAJA CALIFORNIA
A secondary California Current upwelling regime along this coast (33N/ 119W to 21N/ 107W) is characterized by positive values of offshore transport throughout the year (Bakun and Nelson in press). Maximum upwelling index values occur from March to May and coincide^ in time^ with major peaks in spawnino.
Although the upwelling index remained positive during 1976^ the most prominent features were the extended periods of large negative anomalies in January and February/^ and again from August to December. This pattern marked an almost complete reversal of the conditions which prevailed in 1975. During the previous yearr below median values occurred in summer* while above median indices were evident in spring and fall.
Positive monthly mean anomalies were evident from March to August (Table 6.2). Much more intense than normal upwelling at Locations from Punta Eugenia (E7N) to Cabo San Lucas (21N) extended the upwelling season to late summer. This period was immediately followed by a decline to large negative anomalies. This pattern of negative anomalies during fall and early winter encompassed the entire region from Point Conception (36N) to Cabo San Lazaro (24N). Upwelling indices were consistently below the 30th percentiie/^ which suggested extremely relaxed upwelling for this time of yea r .
The pattern of negative anomalies corresponded in time and in Location with a rapid warming of surface water during fall and The intensity of warning was indicated by December sea temperature anomalies 2C warmer than the 1946-67 mean* than 3C warmer than the temperatures during the 1975 season.' Relaxed upwelling (i.e./ small values of
winter . surface and more winter
offshore transport) is correlated with northward surface flow
'fishJDa
Fisheries
I M 2 £ 2! § t i Q D ' Center^ NMFS/
No. 12/ December 1976. NOAA/ La JoLLa/ CA 92038.
Sout hea St
69
Paper 6
near the coast. The upwelLing conditions during fall and winter 1976 indicateu the possibility of a major intrusion of warm southern water which could have extended beyond Point Conception.
RELATION TO FISHERIES
Within the coastal region from Point Conception (33N) to Cabo San Lucas (2lN)x upwelling and upwelling related processes may be important transport mechanisms for fish stocks which spawn in the area.*' The five months of below normal indices in this region followed a period of moderate upwelling at 30N/ 119W. On the basis of above normal upwellinq at this location during peak spawning/^ recruitment models predicted better than average reproductive success for Pacific Tiackerel in 1976.' Relaxed upwellinq during the fall and increased northward flow near the coast would tend to favor northward transport of the southern stock of Pacific mackerel/^ Scomber iaeonicus^ which would increase the estimates of the 1976 year class above those predicted on the basis of spring upwelling alone. Current market evidence indicates that^ indeed^ the 1976 year class is much stronoer than had been anticipated.*
' N e I s o to the Pacific
' Far r i Cali fo r Fish. I U npub I .
'R . H . M 0 n t e r e
"R. A . 90802.
nr C. o. 1976. Seasonal variations in processes related California Current. Paper presented at the 23rd Eastern
Oceanog r ap h i c Conference^ September 29-October 1^ 1976. sh/ R. H./ and C. S. Nelson. Fish stocks and the nia Current. Paper presented at the Calif. Coop. Oceanic nvest . Conference^ November 16-18/ 1976/ Palm Springs/ CA.
manuscR.
Parrish/ Pacific Environmental Group/ NMFS/ NOAA/ y/ CA 939A0. Pers. comnun.
Klingbeil/ California Fish and Game Comm./ Long Beach/ CA
Pers . commun .
70
Paper 6
LITERATURE CITED
BAKUN/- A.
1973. Coaatal upwelling indices/^ west coast of North America/
1946-71. U.S. Dep. Commer./ MOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-671y
103 p. 1976. Coastal upwelling off western North America/ 1974. In
J. R. Goulet/ Jr. (compiler). The environment of the United
States living marine resources - 1974/ p. 12-1--12-16. U.S.
Dep. Com.mer./ Natl. Oceanic Atmos. Admin./ Natl. Mar. Fish.
Serv./ MARMAP (Mar. Resour. Monit. Asses. Predict. Program)
Contrib. 104. 1978. Coaatal upwelling off western North America/ 1975. In
J. R. Goulet/ Jr. and E. D. Haynes (editors)/ Ocean
variability: Effects on U.S. Tiarine fishery resources -
1975/ p. 141-149. U.S. Dep. Commer./ NOAA Tech Rep. NMFS
C ire . 416 .
BAKUN/ A./ and C. S. NELSON.
In press. Climatology of upwelling related processes off Baja California. Calif. Coop. Oceanic Fish. Invest. (CalCOFI) Rep.
NELSON/ C. S.
In press. Wind stress and wind Current. U.S. Dep. Commer./
stress curl over the California
NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF.
PARRISH/ R. H.
1976. An assessment of environmentally related variation in the recruitment of the California Stock of Pacific mackerel (SCQdibgr iaoQDisys) and its implications for management. Ph.D. Thesis/ Oregon State University/ Corvallis/ 111 p.
71
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Figure 6.1.— CompuUtion grid. Intersections at which upwelling indices are computed are marked with large dots.
74
PERCENTILIZED MONTHLY MEAN UPWELLING INDICES
60N. 149U
60N.146U
57N,137W
54N, 134U
51N.131W
48N. 125W
45N,125W
42N.125W
39N, 125W
36N,122W
33N,119W
30N.119U
27N,116W
24N.113U
21N,107W
M R M
1976 J J
R
66
' nfiii%\iit^ fy-f\^^^-^'-^f
6^ ^MJI
0 N D
|i^)ii4 iWl^j
56 SJ3='- .-^
N I
62 .: ...^ •-..^. .,_, 43Lj^J .4iltW' ~ k\i\^ .-75 75 7Z
68Lx"'7^ r-S?\ N ^T /^^3St\\^^l^4p^ 69; ^ 53
1 i ',-
20^-^/V 7&' 79^-62^ 85 ,81 ^i4\6^^~^^^^^-^^^^::^M^
Figure 6.2.— Percentalized upwelling index values for 1976. Percentiles indicate relative ranking within the 31-yr data set for each month and location. The contour interval is 10 percentile units. Values below the median (50th percentile) are shaded.
75
Paper 7
OCEANIC CONDITIONS DURING 1976 BETWEEN SAN FRANCISCO AND HONOLULU AS OBSERVED FROM SHIPS OF OPPORTUNITY
J. F. T. Saur' and D. R. McLain
INTRODUCTION
Durino 1976 cooperating merchant ships continued to make sections of surface salinity samples and of expendable bathythermograph (XBT) observations on the San Francisco-Honolulu ship route (Fig. 7.1). Similar sections of observations were obtained most of the yearr but less frequently^ on the Seattle and Los Angeles to Hawaii routes. These/ however^ were discontinued at the end of October for lack of funds* and these two routes are not considered in this paper. The sampling was done for the National Marine Fisheries Service using funds provided by the National Science Foundation under the NORPAX program.
Tne San Francisco-Honolulu route crosses a Transition Zone which Lies between the cooLer/^ lower salinity/' modified subarctic waters of the California Current and the warmer/ higher salinity waters of the Eastern North Pacific (ENP). Laurs and Lynn (1975/ 1977) indicated that the character and position of the Transition Zone/ directly or indirectly/ influence the offshore distribution and migration routes of albacore tuna movina from the central Morth Pacific into the summer fishery off the continental west coast .
Selected vertical sections of the data have been published monthly in LishioS iQformat ion ' since March 1972. Interpreta- tions of features in the sections were included through March 1975 (Saur 1972-75). Saur et al. (1979) discussed the char- acteristics of long-term mean vertical sections of subsurface temperatures trom the XBT data on the San Francisco route.
Scripps Institution of Oceanography/ La Jolla/ CA 92P37. "Pacific Environmental Group/ National Marine Fisheries Service/ c/o Fleet Numerical Weather Central/ Monterey/ CA 93940- 'Southwest Fisheries Center/ NMFS/ NOAA/ La Jolla/ CA 92037.
77
paper 7
In this report we present distributions of surface salinity^ sea surface temperature (SST)/ and heat storage (surface to 100-m Layer) during 1976/ and have extended the previously published 1972-75 time series of their anomalies through 1976. We discuss the 1976 distributions and differences in anomalies from the preceding years- An apparently atypical relation of positive temperature anomalies occurring with negative salinity anomalies off the Pacific coast during October-December 1976 is attributed/ at least partially/ to a decrease in evaporation and weak vertical mixing by winds.
OBSERVATIONS
Observational programs and procedures for making XBT observations aboard cooperating merchant shios have been described by Saur and Stevens (1972). The "surface" salinities are determined from water samples drawn at around 7 m below the surface. "Surface" temperatures from the XBT observations are representative of temperatures at about 5 m. Heat storage is presented as average temperature from the surface to ICO m as determined from the XBT observations. These observations were normally scheduled at 4-h i ntervals .
For 19 76 the number of ship of opportunity transits/ number of observations/ and range of observed values are shown in Table 7.1.
Table 7.1
Number of Transits Obs. Minimum Maximum Range
Surface salinity (o/oo) Surface temp. (C)
27 814 32.37 35.59 3.22 31 926 10.0 25.9 15.9
Heat storage (C/ 0-10C m)
30
86fe
10.0
25.2
15.2
The locations of the observations are shown in Figures 7.2-7.4. In these/ and other figures/ the location of an observation is given by its great circle distance from a reference point/ 21N12'/ 157^*2'/ which is in the ocean channel near Honolulu/ south of M?kepuu Point/ Oahu.
78
Paper 7
DISTRIBUTION OF VARIABLES DURING 1976
The time-space distributions of salinity/^ t emperatu re/^ and heat storage (0-100 m) are shown in Figures 7 .2 r 7.3r and 7.4^ respec- tively. The irregularly Located observations were first analyzed by the NORPAX/ SUR FACE II computer program to a time-space grid of 24 intervals ^qt year by 92.6 km (50 n mi). The distributions were then camputer contoured from the UDSIDQQthed grid fields using double Linear interpolation with five subintervals within each standard grid interval.
The surface salinities (Fig. 7.2) showed the underlying mean pattern (Saur 1978) of a low salinity minimum (below 33.0 o/oo) a short distance offshore in the California Current; a region where salinity increased toward Hawaii and had maximum gradients located between 2/OOC km and 3/>000 km along the route from Hawaii; a region of maximum salinites (above 35.0 o/oo) located between 500 km and 1 /■750 km from Hawaii; and somewhat lower salinities (below 35.0 o/oo) most of the year near Hawaii. The high salinities occurred where the vessel track crossed the eastern end of the high salinity Eastern North Pacific Central Waters^ located between 25N and 30N (Sverdrup et al. 1942).
The annual cycle of temperature is much more prominent than the annual cycle of salinity. Minimum and maximum values and total range for each gridded field are shown in Table 7.1. The greatest range of salinty at a given position was about 0.5 o/oo or only 15% of the total observed range. On the other hand/ near the California coast the temperature range was 6.0C/ and near S/COO km along the route (in the Transition Zone) the annual range was 5.1C/ which were 39% and 32%/ respectively/ of the total observed range.
79
P ape r 7
ANOMALIES DURING 1976
The time series since 1972 of anomalies of salinityr temperature^ and heat storage given by Saur (1978) are extended to include 1976 anomalies (Fig. 7.5). The mean data from which the anomalies were computed did not include the 1976 data^ but were for the same 8-yr period (June 1 966-De cember 1970/^ January 1972-June 1975) used previously. The grid fields for the anomalies were numerically smoothed by a 5 x 3 point (60 days by 100 n mi) before being contoured.
The an domi na Two ex was a and an (-0.2 migrat winter 2^000 rout e 2.5 cm anoma I and Sa
oma I i nt Ly cept i pul ot her o/oo) ed we / bu km in
was /s in ies a ur (1
e s of
pas i
ons a
se o
in M
w hi
s tw a r
t th
Hay
abou
197
t 170
9 78) .
su 1 1 ve
re n f be ay-J ch h d al en and t 3 2-75 m (
r f ac /• t otic low u ly . ad a ong incr June .3 c an gene
e sal hrough eab I e . no rma I Near ppea re the tr eased
1976. m/ s a d spe rally
in i ty w out the Along
sa li ni t er midse d nea r 2 a c k / dec
in int
This p
s compa
eds of
in the t
ere g f i rst the Ca y w at e c t i on ,700 k reased ens it y ropaga red w i 2.9 c he r moc
ene r a nine li f or r in the n m i n to to t ion th ob m/s line)
lly
mon n i a J anu egat late near -0.2 spee s erv for
f ou
sma I I r ths of coast ary-Feb ive an
summer norma
o/oo a d a long ed va lu
t emper nd by D
but 1976. there rua r y oma ly 1975 I in round the es of ature orman
The outstandiog feature of surface salinity anomalies in 1976 was the appearance of significant negative anomalies (below -0.2 o/oo) at the California coast and also near the outer edge of the California Current (near 2/800 km) in October. In mid- November there was a band of negative anomalies (below -0.3 o/oo) from near the California coast to midsection. Further^ anomalies below -0.4 o/oo occurred in the Transition Zone and extended toward Hawaii somewhat into the ENP region. These strong negative anomalies appeared to be returning to near normal at the end of the year.
The S ence F rom over about to s enti r seaso to ne anoma anoma si gni
ST anomal
with d i
J anu ary t
most of
the last
i gn i f i c an
e route b
nal warmi
a r zero o
lies app
lies over
f i c ant I y
ies
Stan
h rou
th
600 tly ecau ng . ver ea re
the nega
in 197 ce a lo gh Apr e rou km ap neg at se of
Ui armi
most o
d nea
rest
t i ve V
6 ex ng t il t te
proa ive the ncj i f th r th of a lue
hi bi ted
he t r ac empe rat except chi ng t anoma I pr ev iou n July e route e Calif
the s dur i n
the k an ure that he C ies s ly bri e . A orn i rout q Au
earl d low
anom
t hey a I if o
occu ment i fly r
nar r a coa e re gust
1 er
per a I i e
wer rni a rred oned etu r ow b St a turn thro
obse s i St e s we e neg
coas i n
dela neo t and t tha ed/ ugh 0
rved nee re
at i V t . May yed he a of
t t i howe ct ob
coher-
i n time. positive e within A change ove r the onset of nomal ies pos it i ve me . The ver / to er.
80
Paper 7
The pattern of anomalies of heat storage in the upper 100 m differed considerably from that of surface temperature anomalies. Only during the first quarter of the year was there some correspondence of positive anomalies of heat storage and surface temperature over most of the route along with negative anomalies near the California coast. During May-July over the central portion of the routes the positive anomalies of heat storage persisted while the anomalies of SST changed to negative^ indi- cating that the warm waters remained at depth but were covered with anomalously cool waters at the surface.
Toward the last half of the year negative heat storage anomalies progressively appeared over a larger portion of the route at the Hawaiian end of the section. Otherwise/^ the patterns of signi- ficant heat storage anomalies were very spotty.
DISCUSSION
The oceanic conditions in 1976 on the San Francisco-Honolulu route began with the relation between surface salinity and surface temperature anomalies which has been typical for at least the period 1972-75. This historical relation had banded and westward-migrating positive (or negative) salinity anomalies over the eastern half of the route accompanied by positive (or negative) surface temperature anomalies over most of the route. This relation continued in the first quarter of 1976 when positive salinity anomalies were associated with positive temperature anomalies.
During midyear the relation broke down and 1976 ended with a strongly atypical relation between salinity and temperature anomalies. Negative salinity anomalies occurred simultaneously for 1/'50C km along the eastern part of the route with positive temperature anomalies--a reversal froti the previous relation.
For the years 1972-75 an heuristic model with anomalies dominated by advective processes could explain the association of positive salinity anomalies in the outer California Current region with wider spread positive temperature anomalies. The California Current is the fastest portion of the eastern limb of the major (clockwise) gyre of the central North Pacific. Along the
81
Paper 7
San
nort
1 nc r
cool
wou L
the
and
of
in i
gr ad
nega
are
(or
fore
from
F ran hw es ease , Lo d ap Tr an t emp the nc re i e nt t i ve
w ea deer i ng
h ea
CISC
t t
i n w s a pear s i 1 1 e r at rout asi n s 0
sal k o ease by w t ex
o-Ho o s spee li ni fir on Z ur e e/ a pLy f t in i t r no ) in inds ch an
no lu out h d of ty, St i one . anom n in nega empe y an nex i spe . T ge a
lu
east the modi n th Th a L ie crea ti ve ratu oma L st en ed Q his nd V
rout f e
Nor fied e Ca is w s in se i
t em re ) i e s t in f th s i mp ert i
e t ssen th P
Sub lifo oj Id
the n sp per a
but beca
tha e gy le TI ca L
he ave tially ac i f i c arctic rni a Cu result se area eed of tur e an wou I d use mer t a rea re cou I ode Las mi xi na
rage cu
normal Gyre wou Water wh rrent re in more s . Over the gyre omal i es
not res id iona I (Peid 19 d resul sumes th is neg I i
r ren
to
Id b
i ch /
g ion
neg
the
wou
(due
ult
sail
69) .
t f
at t
gibl
t f the r ing
on
and at i V
wes Id a
to ins n i ty Th rom he V e .
lows rout e
in t he r
Late e sal tern L so r mer i d i gnif
gr ad e i nc
long a r i a b
f rom An
more out e^ r in i n i t y
half esu 1 1 i ona I i c ant ient s rease -t e rm ility
The patterns of salinity and temperature diverged greatly from this model in the Last three months of 1976. Dickson and Namias (Paper 2) noted that during 1976 the upper air (70C mb) patterns also changed noticeably. During the first three seasons the anomalous circulation was strongly zonal across the central North Pacific. But during the Last three months* a high pressure ridge established itself over the eastern North Pacific and west coast of North America. The ensuing fair weather and 1976-77 winter drought over the western United States were documented in the
??9Dttii.^ ypathe.1 Eivi§y-*
The br r e I at i ch ange su rf ac anoma L Look anoma I heat but ed compi I Anoma I months quadra west other no rt "^ / r out e . means comput
ea kdown on betw
in ba La
e sa I in
ies we re
for pro
y to pos
ex change
to pos it
e d b y 5
ies were
of 1
ng Ies (5
of San
(4CN-45N
t hroug
Heat e
g i ve n ed from
in 0 een nee ity
due cess i t i V an i ve -deq
com 974/ 5N-4 Fran , 12 h w xc ha by the
ct ob
sal of o
i s
to es e .
d L anom
qua
put e
19
ONr
c i s c
5N-1
h i ch
nge
Clar
1961
er t in it cean
a incr that The es s a L ie dran d fo 75/ 125vJ o a 30W) wa anom k et -76
hroug y and i c p quasi eased wou poss i vert i s was g Ies r two
and -130W nd i
i s te r s a L i e s
al. mont h
h De tern
roce
-con adv
Id
bili
cal exp
at t qua 197
) li
s c
the nor wer
(197
Ly m
cember per a tu sse s . servat ect i on cha nge ty th mixing lor ed he Sou drang I 6 (Ta es ove ros sed ad j ac mal Ly e comp 4). W ean s p
19 re a If i ve
to a at
by us i n t hwe es f ble r th
by ent flow ut ed ind ubli
76 o noma L
we prope the s negat inc re weake g mon St Fi or t 7.2). e Cal the s quad bef o fro speed shed
f th ies i
cons rt y a out h/ ive t as ed r win thly sheri he I On i f orn hip r rangl re cr m th
anom in 19
e e ndi c ider nd t we empe ano ds c mean es C ast e o ia C out e e t OSS i e 1 a I i e 76
a r L i er a ted a
that he low
must r at ure malous ont ri -
dat9 enter, three f the u rrent The o the ng the 961-71 s were issues
* Prof es s ionaL journal of the American Vol. 105/ Nos. 2-5/ February-viay 1977.
Meteorological Society/
82
P ape r 7
of Lishioa iQtoclQiat ion .
The anomalies showed that wind speeds were lower and heat gained the ocean was much higher in 1976 than in the previous two reased wind speeds along with occurrence of warm/'
by years
The dec
moist air resulted in less evaporation and sensible heat loss andr con sequeat ly / more heat retention by the ocean (Table 7.2). Decreased wind speeds also permitted more stratification in the ocean and thus a greater positive surface temperature anomaly from thp excess heat aain.
from the excess heat gain.
The major characteristics Table 7.2 are;
of anomalies which stand out
1 n
1) In both quadrangles there was a month to month consistency of heat exchange anomalies in 1976/ particularly as compared with 19 74. The same consistency occurred in the anomalies of w i nd speed .
2) Above normal retention of heat by the ocean because of reduced evaporation was the major component in 1976. Above normal incoming radiation and Lower flux of sensible heat were secondary terms. Year to year changes of effective back radiation were relatively sitalL.
3) The total heat flux anomaly in 1976/ the anomaly from decreased evaporation/ and the wind speed anomaly were larger in magnitude in the area to the north of the route (upcurrent) than in the immediate area of the XBT observa- t ions .
The data presented in Table 7.2 indicated that processes (heat exchange and vertical mixing) prev/iously considered small as compared with advective processes ./ere/ at least partially/ responsible for the late 1976 reversal of the relation of salinity anomalies to temperature anoTialies observed in 1972-75. We are mindful that this argument is based on the assumption that the salinity anomalies resulted from advection and that the temperature anomalies were atypical. It is not immediately apparent how one could interpret the data if the temperature anomalies were assumed to be advective and it were necesssary to explain the salinity anomalies as atypical.
83
Paper 7
ACKNOWLEDGf'ENTS
We thank the Chevron Shipping Co. and Matson Navigation Co. for their cooperation and that of their ships* personnel in making the observations used herein. The Fleet Numerical Weather Central supplied the XBT nrobes and the use of computer facilities at .lonterey.
This project was a part of the NORPAX program and was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation^ Office for the International Decade of Ocean Exploration.
LITERATURE CITED
CLARKx N. E./. L. E. EBERr R. M. LAURS/' . S AUR. 1974. Heat exchange between ocean eastern North Pacific for 1961-71, Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-6SZr 1 08 p.
A. RENNER/' and J. F. T.
and atmosphere in the U.S. Dep. Commer./' NOAA
DORMAN/- C. E .r and J. F. T. SAUR.
1973. Temperature anomalies between San Francisco and lulur 19d6-197A^ gridded by an objective analysis. J. Oceanog. 8:247-257.
Hono- Phys.
LAURSr R. M./' and R. J. LYNN.
1975. The association of ocean boundary features and albacore tuna in the Northeast Pacific. In Proceedings: Third S/T/D Conference and Workshop/^ San Diegor Cf\r p. 23-30.
^^77. Seasonal migration of North Pacific albacore^ Ihunnus aiaiungar into North American coastal waters: Distribution/^ relative abundance^ and association with Transition Zone waters. Fish. Bull. U.S. 75:795-822.
REID/- J . L.
1969. Sea-surface temperature/ salinity/ and density of the Pacific Ocean in summer and in winter. Ceep-Sea Res. 16(Suppl.) :215-224.
84
Paper 7
SAURr J.
1972- Pac Sou 197
1978. U .S
Id vap
P . 416
F. T. 1975. if ic 0 t hwe St 3(1-12) Ocean . West
J • rV •
i abi t y: 151-168
Subsurface temperature structure in the northeast cean. Eisjiina information (monthly)^ NOAA^ NMFS^ Fisheries Centers La JolLay CA 92C37-f 1972(11-12)^ , 1974(1-12)r 1975(1-3).
ic conditions between the Hawaiian Islands and the
Coast as monitored by ships of opportunity - 1975.
Gouletr Jr. and E. D. Haynes (editors)/ Ocean
Effects on U.S. marine fishery resources - 1975^
U.S. Dep. Commer./' NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ.
SAUR/- J. F. ^., L. E. EBER/ D. R. McLAINr and C. E. DORMAN.
1979. Vertical sections of semimonthly temperature on the San Francisco-Honolulu route: From expendable bathythermo- graph obse rvat i ons / June 1 966-De cembe r 1974. U.S. Dep. Commer./' NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-728, 35 p.
SAUR/ J. F. T./ and P. D. STEVEf^S.
1972. Expendable bathythermograph observations from ships opportunity. Mar. Weather Log 16(1)1-8.
of
SVERDRUP/ H. d./ M. W. JOHNSON/ and R. H. Fleming. 1942. The oceans: Their physics/ chemistry/ biology. Prentice-Hall/ Inc./ N.Y./ 1087 p.
and gene ra I
86
50*
«)•
40*
30*
20°
150*
MO*
130*
Strait
of Juon <Je FucoVo
IZO*
CZ3CX
ISeoitle
_Co(umbio R
^Portlond
/
.^^^^
Francisco
V
Mmmgmm
'c ^e.
A, '>> S^9eles
D> 'iawaiion Islands
''**''
' ' ■ ■ — *~
Figure 7.1.— Three oceanic domains (schematic) in the eastern North Pacific Ocean crossed by cooperalinK merchant ships taking surface salinity and expendable bathythermograph observations during 1976. Observations reported herein were taken on the San Francisco to Honolulu route (solid line).
86
Surface Salinity (7oo)
o o
Ui
c o
c
o
CO
o Q
o
k—
o
o
O
_3 O
<z o
X
Figure 7.2.— Surface salinity in parts per thousand (7..) between San Francisco and Honolulu during 1976. Symbols ( + ) indicate tbe locations of observations in time and distance. Contour interval is 0.257...
87
Surface Temperature (°C)
o o
o o
CO ..
c_>
(S>
o
sz o
X
1976
Figure 7.3. — Sea surface temperature in degrees Celsius (C) between San Francisco and Honolulu during 1976. Symbols ( + ) indicate the locations of observations in time and distance. Contour interval is l.OC.
88
Heat Storage, Tq/iqq^ CO
Figure 7.4.— Heat storage for the surface to 100-m layer, expressed as average temperature (T) 0-100 m in degrees Celsius (C), between San Francisco and Hono- lulu during 197G. S>Tnbols ( + ) indicate the locations of the expendable bathy- thermograph observations. Contour interval is I.OC.
89
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92
Paoer 8
THE 1976 EL NINO |^ND RECENT PROGRESS IN MONITORING AND PREDICTION
Wi 1 1 i 3ir H . Qui nn '
INTRODUCTION
In earlier papers^ the author (Quinn 1974^ 1976) presented definitions and concepts regarding the El Nino phenomenon and a method of predicting its occurrence utilizing Southern Oscillation (S.O.) indices (pressure differences between sites representing the Indonesian equatorial low and South Pacific subtropical high) and other >/ariables. In 1975/ Quinn (1978) predicted the 1976 El Nino type event. The prediction was verified by an event of moderate intensity^ and indications from data are disc^jssed here.
New methods of handling pressure indices and other variables for monitoring ana predicting El Nino are presented in this paper.
CHANGES IN FILTER AND DATA APPLICATIONS
In ea S.O. How ev me an runni anoma subt r from c h anq Lost we a I anoma t e chn F i qur (SST)
r li e r p i ndi ces e r f in
f i Iter ng mean lies 0 a ct i ng
the i e s (Fig
with so use lies t i ques e 8.2 s f sea I
aper i n 1976 (i 0 ve f P long ndi V s. S each the o g are how s eve I
s th or
a s nvo I r th ress -ter idua .la
sue less ui de
app
p lo / an
e 12 der w i t c V i ng e in u re m mo I m and cess -smo ou I i ca t s o d r
-mo r
to h was thr vol ve
diff nt hly onthl 8.1b) i V e a ot h r as ble f pre a i nf a
unm ng bring
made ee su d data e rence
mean y va I Sin ppl i ca 3-(no ses sme to d s sure II an
me a out
to
cces
);
(w va lu ues ) ce t t i on runn nt s ata inde oma I
n f i I i nte
the
s i ve
and t
ith
es of to
h ree of t
ing and f 0 r
X / se
i es
ter
rann
trip
pas his anom
pre
sho moni he 6 mean
out o a su for
was ua I le ses
was a L i e ssur w th hs -mo
Pl
look
the r
rf ac
nea
appl f luctu 6'-mo of t
appl s obta e dif e i nte of ti runnin ot of S . T va r e temp r equ
ied to at ions . runn i ng he 6-mo ied to ined by fe rence rannua I me are g mean/ index he same i ables . er at u re ator i a I
'School of Oceanography/ Oregon State University/ Corvallis/ OR 97331 .
93
Paper 6
sites that reflect the interannual changes discussed in this paper. Due to the large month to month variations in pressure and rainlallr a higher degree of smoothing was applied to their anomalies in this illustration.
The con j peak only t nat i n
El N i ndi year sout Case oc cu re I a
E I N
un ct
s in
on
i t Fi gs i nos ce s
s 0 he as s wh r red X a t i
i no (t i on M the a the occu ri . 8.1a ] oc cu c o n t in as to t t ra ere th too on per
N)
ith
noma
dea . T an r r ed ued rein de e in
ear i orir
type
the lies, ree o he St r d 8.1
when to fal force system t e rann ly or
resuL
act 1 vi t re I axat The in f relax onge r c b for the i nt I rapid the rec
(Sout ua I re
too I ted in
y s i on
tens at io ases st ro e ran ly t u lar hern la xa ate weak
et s i t rough i t y of n but
Cdeno ng and nua I r hrough
seaso Hemi t ion to fol er Fl
n pr 1 s foil
such also o ted by
moder e I axat
the e na I r sphere was t low th Nino e
or t owi ng event n t he EN (S ate^ ion w ar ly e I axa sum oo s rough vents
o and /o
ant i-E I
s depend
time of
) and
respect i
as large
mont hs o
t ion of
mer sea
ma I I r o
the sea
r in Nino
s not year
EN(M)
vely r and
f the the
son ) .
r it
sona I
The studies of Berlage (1957^ 1966) and that the S.O. affected not only the hinh but also the North Pacific subtrop relationship .<as explored superficially however^ in that case the Easter Island the former Ship U location component us filter. Here we consider Rape/' Austral the old Ship N position/ because i longitude/ ana use the smoother triple on the index anomalies. A maximum cor was obtained in this case. (This confidence level.) Fiaure fc.3 compare the Ship N-Darwin index. (The plots a From visual inspection one can see ledd-Lag relationship between the two i the change in trend will show up firs in another it will show up first nevertheless/ it is evident that the t being similarly affected by the S.O. I from the Ship N-Darwin index will also outlooks on Fl Nino ana eouatorial Paci
Troup (1965) indicated
South Pacific subtropical ical high region. This
in Quinn and Zopf (1975);
component was compared to ing the 12-mo running mean
Islands/ in relation to t is much nearer the same 6-mo running mean filter relation of 0.59 at no lag
is well within the 1% s the Rapa-Darwin index to re correlated at 0.80.) there is no consistent ndex trends; in one case t south of the equator and
north of the equator; wo high pressure areas are n the future/ indications be actively considered for fie activity.
USF OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE TRENDS
A close relationship of fluctuations in north equatorial coun t ercu r rent transport and resulting sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies off the coast of Central America (illustrated in fig. 2 of ks'yrtki 1973) to the interannual variations in southeast trade strength (as reflected in the 12-mo running mean trend of the S.O. index)/ was noted in Quinn (197A). In a recent climato-
94
P aper 8
logical investigation of the southeast part of the North Pacifier time series plots of SST were studied for several Marsden Square (MS) quadrants in order to find particularly suitable areas for diagnosing changes associated with the El Nino type developments. Figure 8.4 sho«s two of the quadrants selected; Ms 10(1) reflects changes taking place along the equator^ and MS 10(3) reflects changes in an area affected by the north equatorial countercurrent . Figure 8.5 shows how the Easter-Darwin index anomaly trend relates to SST anomaly trends for MS 10(1) and MS 10(3) when the data are subjected to the triple 6-mo running mean filter. MS 10(1) is next to the equator^ and when the circulation is relatively strong (S.O. index is high) it shows lower SST's due to the advection of cooler Peru current water into the area and/or equatorial upwelling; when the circulation is weak (index is low)/' SST's rise. MS 10(3) SST's reflect changes in the north equatorial countercurrent transport discussed earLy in the section. Table 8.1 shows lag correlation coefficients between index and SST anomalies. Changes show up about a month earlier in the index than in the MS 10(1) SST trend and about three months earlier than in the MS 10(3) SST trend. Events of significant magnitude are reflected in both the index and SST trends of Fig. 8.5. The value of the corroborative SST evidence is shown in 1961/' when the indication of a fairly deep Easter -Darwi n index trough was not substantiated in the SST trend. Since this trough was of much less significance in the other index trends of Fig. 8.1ar an unrep resent at ive ly low Easter input was the misleading factor in this case. As an interesting sidelights Berla^e in 1960 put out a widely publicized forecast for an El Nino in 1961 (Schweigger 1961). However/^ there was no significant El Nino development in 1961. A comparison of the East er -Da rwi n index anomalies with anomalies of the other indices and the MS 10(1) SST anomalies would have precluded trie forecast.
Three-month running mean plots of the index anomalies and the SST anomalies for MS 10(1) (Fig. 8.6) become particularly useful to the forecast process between 18 and 3 months prior to the onset of El Nino. However* they should also be followed closely during the course of an event to determine whether a subsequent secondary trough in the index is likely or a persistent recovery from the initial event is probable.
THE 1976 EL NINO EVENT
In summer 1975 an outlook for El Nino type activity in 1976 was prepared. The outlook was given at the October 1975 Eastern Pacific Oceanic Conference and at several subsequent meetings* workshops* and seminars. The 12-mo running mean of the Easter- Darwin index was predicted to rise from the shallow early 1975 trough to a small peak by the middle to latter part of 1975 and
95
Paper 8
then to faLL off to a deeper trough in 1976. The analog selected for this deve I opment was the 1964-65 situation. (There was a rise from a shallow index trough in late 1963 to a small peak in mid-1964/' then a fall to a deep trough in 1965 when an El Nino occurred.) Heavy western equatorial Pacific precipitation was called for in the latter half of 1976-early 1977.
The e in I 8.1b) 3S t t roug anoma a noma w estw and S 1975- du r i n consi i nt en resen 6-mo t he r the r few El Ni was the s ab les
xpec ate
F he h in
ly
lies a rd ST a 76/ g t h der e s ity t t r unn a inf a in f more no e a ecu e le c at
ted sma 1975 an igu re 8 index f
i ndex
for
off th
over nomal i e and Tab e last d to . ) Tar a he wes i n g ru e a all pea all >ja s
months V i d en c e rate a ted 196 var ious
U p d th .5 s ell. anom MS 1 e CO the s f o le 8 thre be war tern n t r k (F
1/1
of
i nd s to 5 an
loc
eak in ere ha hows t F i gu a Ly an 0(1) . ast of
equat r two .3 sho e El St rong Gi Iber
equat end of ig. 8. 30 mm this h i cat ed
time a log ) . at ions
the i s been he cor re 8.6 d the Fi gu
Peru or i a I static w s pre N i no
r 197
t Isla or i a L
the r 2) . F above eavy r
that of occ Fi qu
we re
nte ran a fal robo ra shows as soc re 8.7 and s Pac i f i ns alo ci pi ta events 5 very ndb r d P a c i f i ainf a I or the normal a inf al the fo u rrenc re 8.2 affect
nua I in ling t r t i V e r i
the de i ated
shows out hern c . Tab ng the t i on at (Th
weak / at a hav c r ai nf I anoma
pe riod
and it I will recast e and i
shows ed by t
dex tre
end sin
se in S
ep 3-mo
la rge
the
Ecuad
le 8.2
coast o
Guayaq
e 1972
and 197
e been
all; a
lies c
Apri l-
i s exp
occur i
for the
nt ens i t
how tre
his rec
nds ce t ST
run peak pos i or
s how f Pe u i I / -73 6 mo used nd t lear Dece ect e n ea 19
y (s
nds ent
occ hen anom ni ng i n t i ve exte s th ru d
E cu
cas de ra
to he t
ly
mbe r d th r ly 76
im i I of E I N
ur red (Fig. al i es
mean SST SST nd i ng e SST ur i ng ador / e is te in
rep- rip le shows
1976 at a 1977. event ar to va r i- ino .
FURTHER OUTLDOK
In the suiiimer of 1976/ the further outlook to the Coastal Upwell- ing Ecosystem Analysis (CUEA) Peru project called for a hold-over of the 1976 positive SST anomalies through February 1977 along the Peruvian coast/ with a return to near normal coastal SST's by March or April 1977. The analog given for the 1976-77 holdover effect was the 1965-66 situation; however/ the 1976 onset was a month or two Later (than in 1965) and the lag effect in 1977 was also expected to be a month or two later (than in 1966).
In retrospect/ Wyrtki et al. (1976) reported that a patch of the warm water that crossed the equator in the southward transgression of earLy 1975 had been cut off and remained south of the equator. Monthly SST analyses'^ showed this warm body of
^fisbioa iDfQ£!D3t joQ/ 1975 and 1976/ Southwest Fisheries Center/ NMFS/ NOAA/ La JollaJ CA 9203S.
96
Paper 8
water to remain west of Peru through the rest of 1975 and on into 1976. This residual effect along with the event triggered by large-scale relaxation in the southeast trade system between late
1975 and mid-1976 Tas characterized by the falling indices following the late 1975 peaks (Fig. 8.1b)] most likely caused the
1976 El Nino to appear as it did.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
L a rge-sc 0 ceano gr part i cul a s soc i at can use f Luctuat hope in predict envi ronm minimize must be es tab I is the ca se (March -M a I ready r eproduc the re cr
ale aph i ar ly ed w t ren i ons the
cli
ent a
ef
caps
h s
ay)
unde t ive u i tm
c li
c c
i n ith ds i an
f ut rra t i I i m feet ble uj t a In
pro rw ay
St
ent
mat i ondi the the n S . d p u re c c pact s 0
of ble both ceed ; a ock fai I
c pat t i ons Pe ru f S.O. 0. ind rovi de
to s hanges
so t h n the
using
f i sh i 1972 ed wi nd in
shou I ures i
terns
i n i she r Me ha ices
out I ubst a
and
at p
fis
mon
ng or
and
thout
both
d hav
n 197
f a the y re ve f
to ooks nt i a to b lans hery i tor act i 19
CO
case e be 3 an
s w
eas
gion
ound
ant
for
iiy
e a b c a H ing ces . 76
nsi d s it en c d 19
ell
tern / a
tha i c ip
env
imp le t n b owev
and So the er in
cou onse 77.
as t ro ppear t to ate i ronm rove o rou e se err f pre far main g an Id be rved
flue pica to a la ext r enta
our ghly t i i she di ct this f i
El
arg so a
t uat io I Paci
be rge ex ernes I chan abil
asses n mot r y man ion d
has n s hi ng Nino t ued t h s t o m
ns in fie and closely tent we in the ge . We i t y to s their ion to agement at a to ot been season hat was at the in imi ze
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I th
of
P res
Aust
grap
A rma
Data
^ari
Fi sh
stud
Inte
Sout
a t u r
and
Q uep
West
Clay
0 reg
an k the the Met i den t of ra L i an hie Inst da de
Service ne Fis e r ie s Ce
y. I r- Amer i c hw es t F es and w to Jos OS sea I er n Reg ton C ree on Stat
Dire earo t he Biir e itut Chi I /■ NO he r i nt e r am
an T is h e eath e M eve I ion ch a e U
ctor o log i ca
Inst i au of e and e; t A a; t es Se /■ NMFS grea 1 1 rop i ca ri e s C er con . Diaz
dat a .
(Seat nd Dav ni ve r s
f the I Ser tuto d
Mete Chief he Na he Pac rv i ce r NCAA y ind I Tuna enter di t i on -And ra
I al tle)^ id Zop ityr f
C i vi vice el M orol of t t i on i f i c
(NM
for eb te
Com for s ov de ^ so t
Nat
f 3
or t
I Avi a
of ar del ogy; he Nav a I Cli Envi FS) -r
their d to m is sio timely er the
Un ive hank K i ona I f the heir a
t i on Se rv P oLynesi e Peru; t the Dire a L Weat he mat i c Cen r onment a I
noaa; a i nva I uab Forrest
n and R ic i nf ormat eastern
r s i dad /
ent S hor Weather School
etive par
ice and r Franc he Di ree ctor of r S erv i e t er X Env Groupi' nd t he le suppo
R. Mill hard Eva ion on s
t ropi ca Costa Ri t f now Servi ce/^
of Oce t i e ipat i
the ai se; tor o the H e of i ronm Nat Sout rt to
er
ns
ea
I
ca
o of te Pa f o
with
NOAA anogr on in
Chief
the f the ydr o-
the enta I iona I hwe St this f the
the mper- ci f i e r t he
the
r and
aphy^
this
97
Paper 8
project. Support by the National Science Foundation under the North Pacific Experiment of the International Decade of Ocean Exploration through NSF Grant No. OCE 75-21907 A01 and under the Climate Dynamics Program of the Division of Atmospheric Sciences through K'SF Grant No. ATM 77-00870 is gratefully acknowledged.
LITERATJRE CITED
BERLA6E/- H. P.
1957. Fluctuations of the general atmospheric circulation of more than one year^ their nature and procinostic value. Mede- del en. Verhandel./ No. 69/ Kon. Ned. Meteor. Inst./ 152 p.
1966. The Southern Oscillation and world weather. Mededel. en Verhandel./ No. 88/ Kon. Ned. Meteor. Inst./ 152 p.
QUINN/ W. H.
197A. Monitoring and predicting El Nino invasions. J. Appl. Meteor. 13:825-830.
1976. El Nino anomalous equatorial Pacific conditions and their prediction. In J. R. Goulet/ Jr. (compiler)/ The environment of the United States living marine resources - 1974/ p. 11-1 — 11-18. U.S. Dep. Commer./ Natl. Oceanic Atmos. Admin-/ Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv./ MAR MAP (Mar. Resour. Monit. Assess. Predict. Program) Contrib. 104.
1978. Equatorial Pacific anomalies and El Nino. IQ J. R. Goulet/ Jr. and E. D. Haynes (editors)/ Ocean variability: Effects on U.S. marine fishery resources - 1975/ p. 179-190. U.S. Dep. Commer./ NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ. 416.
QUINN/ W. H./ and D. 0. ZOPF.
1975. The Southern Oscillation/ equatorial and El Nino. Geofis. Int. 15:327-354.
Pacific anoma lies
SCHWEIGGER/ E. H.
1961. Temperature anomalies in the eastern Pacific and their forecasting. Soc. Geogr. Lima/ Boletin 78:3-50.
TROUP/ A. J.
1965. The 'Southern Oscillation.' Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 91:490-51) 6.
WYRTKI/ K.
1973. Tel econnect ions in the S ci ence (Wash./ D . C . )1 80 : 66-68 .
equatorial Pacific Ocean,
WYRTKI/ J./ E. STROUP/ W. PATZERT/ R. 1976. Predictina and observing El 191:343-^46.
WILLIAMS/ and W. QUINN. Nino. Science(Wash./ D.C.)
98
Table 8.1. — Lag correlation coefficients between Easter-Darwin (E-D) index anomalies and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies for Marsden Square (MS) 10(i) and Marsden Squaxe 10(3). See Table 8.1+.
|
Lag in |
E-D |
index and |
|
Months |
SST |
for MS 10(1) |
|
-2 |
-0.693 |
|
|
-1 (index lags SST) |
-0.732 |
|
|
0 (no lag) |
-0.755 |
|
|
1 (index leads SST) |
-0.761 |
|
|
2 |
-0.748 |
|
|
3 |
-0.717 |
|
|
4 |
-0.668 |
|
|
5 |
||
|
Period of record |
1948-76 |
E-D index and SST for MS 10(3)
-0.588 -0.636 -0.672 -0.694 -0.702 -0.693 -0.668 1949-76
99
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101
Table 8.4. --Location of stations used in the several
indices.
Chimbote, Peru
Darwin, Australia
Easter Island
Guayaquil, Ecuador
Juan Fernandez Island
Marsden Square 10(1)
Marsden Square 10(3)
Quepos, Costa Rica
Rapa, Austral Islands
Ship N
Tahiti, Society Islands
Talara, Peru
Tarawa, Gilbert Islands
Totegegie, Gambler Island
|
9S10' |
78W31' |
|
12S28' |
130E51' |
|
27S10' |
109W26' |
|
2S10' |
79W50' |
|
33537' |
78W50' |
|
0-5N |
90-95W |
|
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90-95W |
|
9N25' |
84W10' |
|
27S37' |
144W20' |
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SON |
140W |
|
17S33' |
149W37' |
|
4S34' |
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|
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172E58' |
|
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110
Paper 9
SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES
Dougl as R . McLai n '
Monthl depart for th the w At lant were surf ac m any n and at i nc lud su rf ac F i shin are a uses t emper ana Lys the da period War II
y mean sea s ures from a e Gulf of AL estern Nort i c was mappe mapped for e marine wea at i ons .^ T low costx a ing these e temperatur a Infg£mati few impo rtan the same 2 atures and is; the d ta and uses
i nc I udes f and cluste
urface temperatures and their anomalies^ or 20-yr (1948-67) mean/' for 1976 have been mapped aska-3ering Sea/ the eastern North Pacific/ and h Atlantic (Appendix 9.1). The western North d for 1974 (McLain 1976) and all three areas
1975 (McLain 1978). The maps are based on ther observations made routinely by ships of he observations are available in near real-time nd are used to produce several data products monthly mean maps. There are other maps of sea e available/ in particular auifst ream ' and gn.^ The areas covered sre distinct and there t processing differences. Fishing Information Q-yr base period as the present maps. The
anomalies are contoured and thus reflect ata are not presented. The gulfstream presents a full data set historical mean. The reference years of sparse data/ particularly before World rs of data from classical research cruises.
T echnigue
The observations of sea surface temperature were edited through a two-stage filter. In the first stage/ all observations <-2.0C or >40C were rejected. In the second stage/ observations >8.0C from a reference value were rejected- The reference value was the base period mean for the particular month and the particular
'Pacific Environmental Group/ National Marine Fisheries Service/ NOAA/ Monterey/ CA 93949.
^The marine weather observations are transmitted worldwide over the GTS network. They are received at the Fleet Numerical Weather Central/ U.S. Navy/ Monterey/ CA 93940.
^The gyifstream/ Oceanogr aphi c Services Branch/ National Weather Service/ NOAA/ Silver Spring/ MD 2091D.
'fishing lQfe£[DSti2D' Southwest Fisheries Center/ NMFS/ NOAA/ La~JolLa/ CA 92038T
111
Paper 9
1-deg sc,uare for the first two observations of that month; for later observations the reference value was the current mean for the particular month and 1-deg square.
Saur (1963) and McLain (1976/ 1978) discussed sources of error in the observations ana in the maps.
LITERATURE CITED
McLAINy D. R.
1976. Monthly maps of sea surface temperature anomaly in the northwest Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico 1974. In J. R. Gouletr Jr. (compiler)/ The environment of the United States living marine resources - 1974/ p. 20~1--20.17. U.S. D ep . Commer./ Natl. Ocean. Atmos. Admin./ Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv./ MARMAP (Mar. Resour. Monit. Asses. Predict. Program) Cont ri b . 104. 197iS. Anomalies of coastal sea surface temperatures along the west coast of North America. In J. R. Goulet/ Jr. and E. D. Haynes (editors)/ Ocean variability: Effects on U.S. marine fishery resources - 1975/ p. 127-140. U.S. Dep. Commer-/ NOAA Tech Rep. NMFS Circ. 416.
SAUR/ J. F. T.
1963. A study of the quality of sea water temperatures reported in logs of ships' weather observations. J. Appl. Meteorol. 2:417-4 25.
112
Paper 9
APPENDIX 9.1
The maps cover the foLLowing regions
Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea
Eastern North Pacific
western North Atlantic
45N-63N 25N-50N 20N-46N
122W-180W
110W-150W 60W- 99W
113
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149
Paper 1 0
FLUCTUATIONS OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND D.ENSITY AT COASTAL STATIONS DURING 1976
Doug Las R. McLain
Sea surface temperature (SST) and density measur made routinely at many U.S. National Ocean gages and other coastal stations for many years data suffer from various problems such as ga inadequate exposure to open ocean conditions/^ c of stations allows the data to be used as an in of climatic fluctuations in nearshore water summarizes moathly mean SST and density fluctuat long-term means for three coasts of North Americ contoured in a common manner for each coas climatic events and to allow comparison of flue coasts .
ements have been Survey (NOS) tide Alt hough t he ps in coverage or areful selection expensive monitor s . This report ions for 1970 and a. The data are t to flag unusue I tuations between
This report is a refinement for 1976 of a similar report by Goulet (1978). His plots were for 1974 and 1975 only/ as earlier data were not available in a computer compatible format. Subsequently/ a computer tape of all available historical monthly mean temperature/ density/ and sea level data taken at NOS tide gage control stations was developed.^ The Tides Branch of NOS provided update punch cards of monthly mean data. These data and certain Canadian data' were merged with the historical tape for preparation of this report. The data are now archived by the National Oc eanog raphi c Data Center and are available through their Data Services Division.
McLain (1978) presented time series of monthly mean anomalies of SST's at coastal stations along the west coast of North America. Presented here are distance vs. time contours of long-term means and anomalies from the means for 1976 SST and density at selected
Pacific Environmental Group/ National Marine Fisheries Service/ c/o Fleet Numerical Weather Central/ Monterey/ CA 93940.
'J. R. Goulet/ Jr. end E. D. Haynes Df the Resource Assessment Division/ NMFS/ NOAA/ provided for the editing/ keypunching/ and quality control of these data.
'L. F. Giovando/ Environment Canada/ Vancouver/ B.C. V7V 1N6. P e r s . commun .
151
Paper 10
stations along the coasts of Month America (Appendix 10.1).
The 1976 data are presented as anomalies from a long-term mean for the period 1948-75. This reference period differs from the 1948-67 period used for other data sets such as maps of SST anomaly (McLain^ Paper 9). The change was necessary to develop means for certain stations which were established in the last de cade -
The stations used in this report are shown in Figu stations chosen were those which had the best desirable characteristics: exposure to open ocea long data records^ minimum gaps in data recordS/^ an between stations. The ideal combination seldom consequently many of the sations used were in estua in coverage^ or were at varying intervals along the example^ data coverage is poor in Oregon and Was stations are in estuaries or are subject to river r Neah Bay near the mouth of the Strait of Juan d coverage was available from British Columbia ligh have long complete data records from Dpen/ exposed
re 10.1. The combination of n condi t ions r d equidistance
existed and riesr had gaps
coast. For hington as all unoff (as at e Fuca ) . Good thouses which locat ions .
The data are plotted as contoured isopleths of the long-term mean and anomaly by month and station position along the coast. Temperature data are in degrees Celsius while density data are in sigma-t units C(density-l) x lOOOD. Density values are computed for a standard water temperature of 15. OC. All monthly means represent at Least 12 daily observations.
WEST COAST SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURES
The long-term monthly mean (1948-75) SST's at stations along the
mini mum values in July or August . AK^ while maxi mum CA. The winter southern stations at t he nor t hern February. S ummer except
west coast of North America (Fig. 10.2) had
January and February and maximum values in
Minimum winter temperature occurred at Kodiakr
summer temperature occurred at Los Ancelesx
minima occurred earlier (in January) at the
(California to southern British Columbia) than
stations/' where minimum values occurred in
maxima occurred in August at all stations along the coast
at Neah Bay^ vJA^ where the maximum occurred in July.
Bakun et al. C1974) described the long-term mean distribution of SST from ships in 1-deg squares of longitude and Latitude adjacent to the west coast of the United States. Their data show that offshore SST minima and maxima occur about one month later than at the shore stations. This may result from more rapid warming in spring and cooling in fall in shallower coastal waters. The summer maximum temperatures reported by Pakun
152
Paper 10
et aL. (1974) are similar to those at the coastal stations but winter minimum temperatures are about 1C lower at the coastal stations. This depression of coastal coastal temperatures may result from the lower heat capacity of the shallower water column at the coastal stations as compared to the offshore areas.
Both Figure 1u.2 and the figure of Bakun et al. (1974) show a horizontal trend to the isotherms near Point Conception/ CA/ oetween Port San Luis and Los Anqeles. This "flattening" of the isotherms is an indication of change of ocean water masses at Point Conception between the cold California Current water to the north and the warmer water of the Los Angeles Bight to the south.
During 1976 the anomalies of SST's at coastal stations were rather noisy and the only major trend was the presence of cooler than normal water along the co^st during spring and summer from Sitkar AKr south to California. During summer^ first in southeastern Alaska and later farther souths the anomalously cool water was replaced by warmer than normal water which reached maximum anomalies of +2.5C at Yakutat/^ AKr and off southern California in November and December.
WEST COAST DENSITIES
The long-term mean distribution of density along the west coast of North America (Fig. 10.3) showed that minimum densities occurred off California in February/^ probably in response to winter rains. In Alaska/^ however/^ minimum densities occurred in June or July due to snow and glacial nelt.
During 1976/' observations of density were spotty but showed positive anomalies off most of the coast most of the year. Large positive anomalies of density off San Francisco and Crescent City were associated with drought conaitions existing over California most of the year. The low densities at Kodiak/ AK/' in August and September were apparently in response to local precipitation.
153
Pape r 10
EAST COAST SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURES
The long-term mean SST's at stations along the east coast (Fio. 10.4) showed minimum temperatures at all stations J anuary-Kar c hx and maximum t enperatures July-September. As for the west coast/ the peaks were earlier (January ana July-August) at the southern stations and later ( Februar y-^la^c h and August -Sept ember ) at the northern stations- Minimum winter temperatures of G.6C occurred in February at Portland/ ME/ and maximum summer temperatures of 30. 7C occurred in August at Key West / FL .
Two regions of rapid change of SST with distance can be seen (Fig. 10.4). These regions are between Kiptopeke Beach/ VA/ and Myrtle Beach/ SC/ and between Mayport and Miami Beach/ FL. As at Point Conception on the west coast/ these regions are associated with changes in ocean circulation and occur at Cape Hatteras and Cape Canaveral/ respectively. Unlike Point Conception/ however/ where the greatest SST change between adjacent stations occurred in summer (4.0C change in August)/ the greatest changes in SST between stations on the east coast occurred in winter or spring (8.2C change in January at Cape Canaveral and 5.7C in April at Cape H at teras) .
Du r i nq va lues along e as t er i n Feb (up t was me anoma I but we normal the un anoma I
1976/ were the en n Uni rua r y / o 2.6 nt i one ie s w re neg dur i usu all y of -
samp mis tire ted S
and C abo d by er e 3t i ve ng th y col 5. 5C
ling at t sing. In coast as tates (Wa by March ve normal Taubensee positive to the e fall/ a d winter was obse r
he Stat
J anua r
were ai
gner 19
SST 's w
at Cha
(1976&
at Mon
sout h .
nd beca
of 1976
ved at
ions y ano r t e'n 76). ere a r lest ). t auk
SS me ex -77 b S andy
was ma I ie pe r at
Anom bove on/ S Dur i n Point T's t reme egan .
Hook
inc s of u res a lou norm C). g t / NY were lye An / NJ
omp let e SST wer over mo
s w a r m i n
a I a long This wa
he summ
/ and to gene ra
old in N ext reme
/ in Nov
and e ne s t o g oc
the rmi n er
the
lly
ovem
ne
embe
many
gat i ve
f the
cur red
coast
g also
mont hs
nort h
be low
ber as
gat i ve
r .
C h ambe data of 197 e as ter weat he that negat i agreem the SS Miami F I or i d The s to the conseq
rl i n a along 6-77 w n Unit r Stat anoma L ve du r en t w T data
or Ke a air t rong
e xt re uent
na A the he n ed S ions ie s ing ith did y We temp neg a me I y CO Id
rmst ro
east
St rong
tates .
for t
of a
Novemb
the SS
large
St/ F L
er a t ur
five a
south
/ dry
ng (P coas t
nort h Thei he per i r t e er ove T data
negat
Di c
es wer
noma I i
er n lo
winds
aper 5 to sho e r I y w r data i 00 Ju rn p e r a t r most
In i ve an kson ( e not es of cation from
) s
w th i nds / fr ly 1 u res
of nei t omal 1977
unu SST
of t he
ummar 1 e deve
occur o m i^J a t 976-Ja i n
the her t h i es oc ) a Iso sua I ly i n Nov
the north
zed lopm red iona nua r fall coas e ai cur sho
CO
embe
jet
and
air ent over I We y 19 19 t .
r t e as f wed Id r we
str nort
te of t
muc athe 77/ 76
Thi mpe r ar
that i n
re a eam hwes
mper
he w
h of
r Se
indi
were
s i
atur
sout
sou
Nove
res
and
t .
ature inter
the rv i ce cat ed most s in e nor h as thern mbe r . ponse
the These
154
Paper 10
atmospheric conditions enhanced heat loss from the waters strengthened southward-flowing coastal currents^ and increased vertical mixing. Evidently these processes were not fully effective at Miami and Key West where SST's are more closely associated with Gulf Stream advective processes.
EAST COAST DENSITIES
The lo s how t runoff S andy c losed M i n i m u Mar ch- J anuar no rt he d i s ch a in the de laye May-Se Octobe
ng-ter hat ma
is pa Hookr
cont m de May X y-Apri rn St a rge in
south d to pt embe r at t
m me ny o rt i c
HJ, ou rs n&i t wbil I. tion
spr . T
the r at he n
an d
f th
u I ar
Ki
en
y
e a Thi
s r
ing
he t
no
the
orth
ensi t e st a ly ev pt ope close water t t s del esul t in th i ming rth
sout ern s
y da tion i den a ke re o he
a y i ed e no
of a s
hern tati
t a on s are t in 3each* g ions ecu rre
south n t he from rth re m a X i m u max imu
st at i ons .
the affe
the
VAr
of d a ern time ret a lat i m w a m d ons
eas ct ed
tig
and mini t th sta of m rded ve to te r d ens i t and
t c by I ure Char mum e n tion ini m sno win ensi
y g
dur i
oast and r
at le st o
wat e ort h e s i urn de wmel t t e r p t y s ene r a ng S
(Fig. unof f . Boston nr SCr r de rn st t oc ns i ty and rec ipi imi lar I ly oc ept emb
10.5) Such
, ^A-r
where ns i t y . at i ons cur red at the
river t at i on I y is cur red e r or
Large and variable anomalies occurred at Charleston/^ SCr and Mayport/ FL/ and resulted from fluctuations of river discharge near these stations. For example^ the positive anomalies of density at these stations February-May were associated with drought during February and March (Dickson 1976a; Taubensee 1976a). Similarly the negative density anomalies at these stations in June were associated with higher than normal precipitation in the area (Dickson 1976b; Taubensee 1976b).
GULF. OF MEXICO COAST SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURES
The long-term means of SST's at all stations along the U.S. coast of the Gulf of Mexico (Fig. 10.6) showed minimum values in January and maximum values in July or August. Minimum winter temperatures occurred at the most northern/ estuarine station/
155
Paper 10
Dauphin Islands AL/ and maximum summer temperatures the most southern^ open ocean station/' Key West/ FL
occurred at
D ur i
fair
patt
St at
a nom
and
Anom
peak
oc cu
peak
the
magn
(-5.
Arms
t emp
anom
temp
SST
ng 1
Ly
e r n i ons a I ou Ja a lou ed
r r ed i ng coas itud U) t ron er at a L ie erat anom
976/ obse comp Let e of SST an
f rem sly cold nua ry 19 s wa rm i ng in March over mos in the L t . The e only w as at g (Rape ures du r s at Ga ure were alies wer
rvat i and oma L i New J at al 76 w bega at t of arge negat at K Ga I ve r 11) i ng Lvest cause e cau
ons of showed es s i m er sey I ?uLf ith t n in F Cedar the ar nega t i i ve a ey irfes St on / i n late on du d by s sed by
SST
goo i I ar
to
coa he ebru
Key ea f ve a noma t/ F
TX/
the 1976 ring t ron
hea
's a
d CO
to
Flo st s g rea a ry / F or t nom a lies L.
i n
i r
al
No
g no
t lo
t Gu
here
that
ri da
tat i
test
in T
L.
he
lies
i n The
No summ so
vemb rt he sse s
If nee
obs oc ons
an e xas
Ano rema
of No g rea vemb ary f oun e r . r ly
to
coast in spa e rved cur red dur i ng oma lie / and ma lous inder Novemb vember test n er .
of G
d gre
The a
winds
the CO
Stat
ce an
at e
S
De ce s in
SST coo
of e r ov wer egati Ch amb ulf at est noma I / wh Id/ d
1 ons d ti ast ST's mber Fl ano ling the er m e < ve a e r I i coas ne i es erea r y a
were
me . A
coast
were
1975
0 ri da . mal i es
then
year/
ost of
1 C in noma ly n and t air gat i ve of air s the i r .
GULF OF MEXICO COAST DENSITIES
Long-term mean water density (Fig. 10.7) ranged from almost fresh in January at Dauphin Island/ AL (in Mobile Bay)/ to open ocean conditions at Key West/ FL . The months of minimum and maximum densities varied and reflected variations in timing of local river discharge. Minimum densities occurred January-June and maximum densities occurred June-November.
Anomalies of density in 1976 i^ere variable/ and apparently were related to Local fluctuations of precipitation and runoff. Negative anomalies of density were observed almost all year at south Texas stations. Positive anomalies occurred during August -October from Dauphin Island to Key West/ and into December at stations in southern Florida.
SUMMARY
Although coastal station data are noisy and have frequent gaps in coverage/ they do show large-scale coherences among stations. These coherences are in general caused by climatic fluctuations that affect long stretches of coastline. An extreme example of such a climatic change is the strong northerly winds over much of the eastern United States during November 1976. These winds created negative anomalies of SST at coastal stations of at least
156
Paper 10
-1C in magnitude from Portland ME/ to Mayportr FL/^ and from St. Petersburgr FLr to Padre Islands TX. Extreme anomalies of -5.5C were observed at Sandy Hookr NJ^ and -5.1C at Galveston/^
TXx in November.
LITERATURE CITED
BAKUN, A.r D. R. McLAIN/ and F. V. MAYO.
1974. The mean annual cycle of coastal upuelling off western North America as observed from surface measurements. Fish EuLl.r U.S. 72:843-844.
OICKSONy R. R.
1976a. Weather and circulation of February 1976. Extreme
warmth over the eastern two-thirds of the United States.
Mo. Weather Rev. 104:660-655. 1976b. Weather and circulation of May 1976. Temperature
reversal over the United States. Mo. Weather Rev. 104:
1084-1089.
1977. Weather and circulation of November 1976. Record cold over south and midwest for the second consecutive month. Mo. Weather Rev. 105:239-244.
GOULET/ J . R ./ Jr.
1976. Tidal station t emperaturesr U.S. east coast and Long
Island Sound. In The environment of the United States living marine resources - 1974r p. 19-1 — 19-9. U.S. Dep.
Commer.x Natl. Oceanic Atmos. Admin. r Natl. Mar. Fish.
Serv./' MaRMaP (Mar. Resour. Monit. Assess. Predict. Program) Contri b. 104.
GOULET^ J. R.f Jr. and E. D. 4AYNES.
197b. Coastal temperatures. In J. R. Gouletr Jr. and
E. D. Haynes (editors)^ Ocean variability: Effects on U.S. marine fishery resources - 1975r p. 21-23/ 34-39. U.S. Dep. Commer.r NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ. 416.
M c L A I N / D . R .
1978. Anomalies of coastal sea surface temperatures along the west coast of North America. In J. R. Goulet^ Jr. and
F. D. Haynes (editors)/' Ocean variability: Effects on U.S. marine fishery resources - 1975/ p. 127-140. U.S. Dep. Commer./ NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ. 416.
157
Paper 10
TAUBENSEE, R . E. 197oa. Wecither p re c i pi tat i on 1 J4:fc09-a14. 1976b. weather
and circulation of March 1976. Record heavy around the Great Lakes. Mo. Weather Rev.
and circulation of
drought in California
Mo. Weather
June 1976. Increased Rev. 104:1200-1205.
WAGNER/- A. J.
19 76. Weather drought in Weather R ev . 104
and circulation of January 1976. Increasing California and the southern Great Plains. Mo.
491-498.
158
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APPENDIX 10.1
Locations of stations shown in Figure 1C.1
West £02St
Adakr AK Unaiaska f AK Kodiak, AK Yakutat/ AK Sitkayr AK
Langara Island/' B.C. Cape St . J ames r B.C. Kains Island/ B.C. Amphitrite Point/ B.( Neah Bay, WA Crescent City/ CA San Francisco, CA Port San Luis, CA Los Angeles/ CA Imperial Beach/ CA
51N52' 53N53' 57N45' 59N'33* 57N03* 54N15* 5 1 N 5 6 • 50N27' 4&N55 • 4SN2?' 41N45" 37N4£ • 35N1C' 33N43' 32N35*
176W39' 16 6W33 • 152W29* 139W44 • 135W21 ' 133WJ4' 131W01 • 12&W02' 125W32 • 12 4W37' 124W12' 122W28 • 12 0W4 5 ' 11fcWl6' 117W08'
East Coast
Eastport/ ME Portland/ ME Boston/ MA Woods Hole/ MA Newport/ RI Montauk/ NY Sandy Hook/ NJ Atlantic City/ NJ Cape May, NJ Kiptopeke Beach, VA Myrtle Beach, SC Ch ar le St on, SC Mayport/ FL Mi am i Beac h / FL Key West, FL
44N54* 43N4C" 42N21 • 41N32' 41N3C* 4lNr.3" 40N28" 39N21 • 38N58' 37N1C' 33N41 • 32N47' 30N'24' 25N46" 34N33'
66W59' 7CW15' 71W03' 70N43 • 71W23' 71W58' 74W01 • 74W25 • 74W58* 75W59' 78W5 3 • 79W56* 81W26' 80WG8' 81W49'
Syif of Mexico Coast Pa are Island, TX Port Mansfield/ TX Port Aransas/ TX Freeport/ TX Galveston/ TX Dauphin Island/ AL Pensacola, FL Cedar Key, FL St. Petersburg/ FL Key West, FL
26N04 • 26N33* 27N49' 28N57' 29N18" 30N15' 30N24" 29N08' 27N46' 24N33*
97W09' 9 7W26 ' 97W04 ■ 95W19' 94W47* 8 8W05 * 87W13 • 83W02' 82W37' dlW49'
166
Paper 11
DATA ON COLD WEATHER CONDITIONS ALONG THE ATLANTIC AND GULF COASTS DURING THE FALL AMD WINTER OF 1976-77'
J. Lockwood Chamberlin and Reed S. Armstrong
The cold we Gulf Coast will undoub res our ces effects on regard ing and su rv iva survival of parts of th young of overwi nter should be o can best be know ledge o the va ri ous condi t ions
INTRODUCTION
ather conditions that prevailed along t during the winter of 1976-77 and the telly have significant effects on the and environment. Favorable as well resource species are/' of course/- readi their distribution^ migration^ reprod I. For example^ the fall-winter spawn i
some northern species may be enhanced eir ranges. Conversely/^ there may be such species as menhaden and white sh
in estuaries. Consideration of po n a species-by-species and region-by-re
given by the individual scientists who f the life histories and physiological
species/ and familiarity with the in the regions where they work.
he Atlanti preceding marine f i as unfavo ly conce i uctionr gr ng and I in the sou da mage to ri mp where ssible ef gion basis
have sp requiremen
e nvi ronm
c and fall she ry rab le vab le ow t h / arva I t hern the they f ect s r and ec i a I ts of enta I
This report presents air temperature anomaly data for selected weather stations/ in order to describe the severity/ duration/ and distribution of the cold conditions along the entire coast. Some discussion of possible effects on estuarine and coastal waters is included.
'This paper was released in Tianuscript form as a NMFS Marine Environmental Notice/ 22 February 1977. Data were derived from Weekly Weather and Croe Byiietin/ Vol. 63 (for 1976) and Vol. 64 (for 1977)/ prepared jointly by U.S. Department of Commerce/ NWS/ NOAA/ and U.S. Department of Agriculture/ Statistical Reporting Service; and Locgl C li ma tologic al Data/ Annual Summaries for "•975/ Parts I and 11/ U.S. Department of Commerce/ Climatic Center of Environmental Data Service/ NOAA.
'Atlantic Environmental Group/ National Marine Service/ NOAAy N ar raqanset t / RI 02882.
National Fisheries
167
Paoer 11
ENTIRE COAST COLDER THAN IN PREVIOUS 40 YEARS
Anomalies of monthly mean air temperatures for July 1976 to January 1977 appear in Figure 11.1 for 12 coastal stations. The anomalies are based on long-tem monthly means for the 40-yr periods 1936-75. For comoarison with these anomalies^ Figure 11.1 aLso includes the extremes and standard deviations of the monthly means for the 40-yr period.
The anomaly data in Figure 11.1 show colder than average temperatures every month from October to January along the entire coast except in southern Florida. Furthermore^ the record cold anomalies of the past 40 years are equalled or exceeded in one or more months at every station except Key West. At both Savannah and Jacksonville the negative anomalies equalled or exceeded the 'fO-yr recora in three of the four months--all but December. Record breaking anomalies are notable at Atlantic City in January^ Jacksonville in November/^ and Galveston in October. In December/ the. negative anomalies were relatively moderate along the entire coast.
Some apparent regional patterns are:
-- North of Cape Hatteras/ negative anomalies in all months from July to January.
- Hatteras to Jacksonville/^ negative anomalies in months from August to January.
all
-- Gulf of Mexico/ negative anomalies in all months from October to January.
To permit interyear comparisons of entire cold seasons/ averages of the monthly mean air temperature anomalies have been calculated for. the five months/ September-January/ at six of the stations: Portland/ Atlantic City/ Savannah/ Key West/ Tallahassee/ and Galveston. These averages appear in Table 11.1 for the 1975-77 fall-winter period. Also listed in Table 11.1 are comparable values for each station for the four coldest September-January periods of the previous 40 years.
The data in Table 11.1 clearly show: 1) that record cold weather conditions prevailed in the fall and winter of 1976-77 alono the entire coast/ with the exception of southern Florida/ and 2) that unusually cold conditions in earlier years were more Loc a li zed--not extending along the entire coast.
Longer records from a few stations (Providence/ 1905-1977; Hatteras/ 1875-1977; Jacksonville/ 1S71-1977; and Galveston/ 1905-1977) indicate that the 1976-77 cold season was unrivaled during the years of record/ except at Providence in 1917-18.
168
Paper 11
NOTES ON INDIVIDUAL STATIONS
Portlands ME
1) ALL 5 months beLow normal (2nd time in Last A1 years; also in 1964-65).
2) AIL 5 months 1 standard deviation below normal (only time in last 41 years with monthly means that low for more than 2 months).
3) Record low of 41 years in October.
4) Average anomalies for 5-mo periods -4.6F (-2.6C)r which is 1.9 times the previous coldest (1958-59).
5) December monthly mean colder than normal January value. Atlantic Cityr NJ
1) All 5 months below normal (5th time in last 41 years; also in 1969-70.' 1968-69, 1967-68, 1962-63).
2) All 5 months 1 standard deviation below normal (only time in last 41 years ^ith monthly means that Low for more than 4 months; 4 months in 1967-68).
3) Record lows of 41 years in October, November, and J anuary .
4) Average of anomalies for 5-mo period, -7.6F (-4.2C), which is 1-3 times the previous coldest (1967-68).
5) December monthly mean colder than normal January value. Savannah, 6A
1) All 5 months below normal (4th time in last 41 years; also in 1965-66, 1963-64, 1955-56).
2) Four of the 5 months 1 standard deviation below normal (only time in last 41 years with monthly means that low for more than 3 months; 3 in 1967-68).
3) Recocd lows of 41 years in October, November, and January.
4) Average of anomalies for 5-110 period, -5.3F (-2.3C), which is 1.6 tin.es the prei/ious coldest (1969-70).
5) November monthly mean equivalent to normal December value, and Decerr^ber mean below normal January value.
169
Paper 11
Key We St ^ FL
1) Three months below normals September above normaL/' and December normal.
2) Only 1 month 1 standard deviation below normal (January).
3) No record lows established in 1976-77.
4) Average of anomalies for S-mo periods -1.2F (-0.70^ which is 3.6 times the coldest of the 41-yr record (1939-4u> .
Tallahassee^ fL
1) All 5 months below normal (only time in last A1 years).
2) Four of the b months 1 standard deviation below normal (only time in last 41 years with monthly means that low for more than 7> months; 3 in 1969-73).
3) Record low of 41 years in October.
4) Average of anomalies for 5-tio perioo/ -5.2F (-2.9C)/ which is 1.6 times the previous coldest (1963-64).
5) November monthly mean equivalent to normal January value/ and December mean below normal January value; J?inuary was second coldest of 41-yr record.
■Salvestonr TX
1) Four months below normal (October-January) occurred 7 times in previous 40 years; only in 1943-44 were temperatures below normal for all 5 months.
2) Four of the 5 months 1 standard Deviation below normal (only time in last 41 years with monthly means that low for more than 3 months; 3 in 1943-44).
3) Record Lows of 41 years in October and November.
4) Average of anomalies for 5-mo period/ -5.4F (-3.CC)/ which is 2.3 times the previous coldest (1943-44).
5) October monthly mean about equivalent to normal November value/ ^govember mean below normal December value/ and December mean below normal January; January mean was second coldest in 41-yr record.
170
Paper 11
EFFECTS ON ESTUARINE AND COASTAL WATERS
Increased vertical mixing: The increased density of chilled water v. i I L accelerate vertical mixing and alter normal circulation patterns in inshore waters.
Ice covgr: oecause the onset of ice cover causes abrupt cessation of uina driven vertical tiixingx the salinity in some estuaries may be above normal near bottom and below normal near the surface.
^icreased rung,ff : Decreased coastal runoff resulting from frozen streams and snowfalls instead of rainr results in general elevation of estuarine salinities^ although the opposite effect can be looked for in the upper oarts of mixed estuaries where the penetration of saline water along the bottom is driven by surface flow toward the ocean.
ice cover effects in CQastaJL zane: Ice cover and near freezing temperatures in estuaries and lagoons along the southeast Atlantic coasts where such conditions are a rarity^ may severely affect some resident marine species. Along the northeast coast su-ch conditioDSr although normal in the winter/^ may be having marked effects on the marine life because of their unusual duration/' offshore extension/ and depth penetration.
Strong seriQii runoff: Wherever there are above normal accumulations of snow and ice in the drainage basins^ the possibility exists of strong spring runoff. In the estuaries^ this would result in an abrupt reversal of the salinity and circulation conditions that now prevail. On the inner continental shelf^ strong runoff could lead to early stratification of the water column with the possibility of anoxia developing next summer^ as occurred last summer off New Jersey. Despite the accumulation of snow and ice in the drainage, basins/' however* strong runoff will sti I L^ depend on the volume of precipitation during the spring and -timing of the thaw.
I!}§if yaie£ tenjQer atures : Not only should water temperatures be expected to equal or go below record low values* but the normal spring and summer warming cycle may be delayed. Persistence of the cold water can be expected* particularly in bottom waters over the outer continental shelf* where the cold water becomes insulated from seasonal warming by formation of a warm surface layer. The vertical stratification may also be stronger than usual because of cold dense water persisting at the bottom.
The Atlantic Environmental Group* NMFS* is attempting to determine whether the warm Slope Water that contacts bottom on the outer continental shelf in the Middle Atlantic Bight could be displaced in 1977 by abnoririally chilled Shelf Water. Such
171
Paper 11
displacement night increase m3rtality of tilefish and ether bottom dwelling animals whose distribution is apparently limited to the Slope Water zone^ where the temperature regime is normally quite stable throughout the year. (The well-known mass mortality of tilefish off the Middle Atlantic in Warch-May 1882 was not preceded by a cold winter.)
RECENT REPORTS OF COLD WEATHER EFFECTS ON FISHERY RESOURCES
The follow inq information has come to our attention on the apparent influence of the cold weather on the fishery resources:
ybit§ Sbci!!lQ iO So^tb Q.§.Q2i.iQi* A newspaper article from the United Press International dated February 19/^ 1977 reports that "Charles H. Farmer^ head of the [South Carolina] Department of kJildlife and Marine Resources' crustacean management program^ said a week-long survey showed the cold weather has virtually wiped out the white shrimp that spend the winter along the South Carolina coa st . "
Snook and other traQical fisti in Florida: Thomas H. Fraser/ Environmental Quality Laoratory/^ Inc./' Port Charlotte^ FLx has informed us by telephone that unusually widespread kills of snook were reported in Florida during and following the extremely cold weather in the third week of January. Other species for which kills were reported or observed by Fraser during the same period of January include mcjarra^ ladyfish/^ crevalle/ and tarpon. Fraser advised that cold weather kills have been reported in Florida for each of these tropical species in earlier years.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We ap W e a t h us wi 1977^ As hev Dona I W ashi S andy of th Labor sour c En vi r W . Ch the f
p re c i at e r Sup th the
and R i lie/ N d L. G ngt ODr
Hook e snook ator y^ e s of i onment a r ist ma i gu r es .
e t po r t Week 00 er C/ w ilma DCr Labo ki I Sout nf or I de t
he c Serv ly We t G. ho su n, N gave ra tor I in heas t mat io Group he St
ooper a i ce r N at her Quayle p p I i e d at i ona advic e y /• Nor F Lor i Fi sh e n on F
of ati St i
t ion WS/ and r Na
the I M
on thea da/ r i es lori
N«1F ca I
of
NOAA
Crop
t ion
n i s
et eo
sour
st F
and
Cen
da f
S/
ca Ic
Ly / Wa Bui al C tori rolo ces i sh e
Al ter / ish Dav i ulat
le
shin leti lima
Col
g i ca of d r i es ex an ref ki II d A ions
M. Oe gton /• n for tic C air t I Ce a ta .
Cent der e r red s .
. Mi z and
nny / A
DC/ wh
1976 ente r / empe rat nt e r /
John A er / fir D r a g o V i
us to In the enko a he Ipe
g r 1 cu o sup and EDS/ u re NWS/ . Hoi St to c h/ addit Atl nd P d pr
Itur e plied early NCAA/ da t a . NOAA/ St on/ Id us Miami i ona I antic obert epare
172
Table 11.1. — Averages of monthly mean air temperature anomalies (de- grees F) for September-January at selected Atlantic and Gulf coast weather stations. The averages for 1976-77 are listed for each sta- tion. Only the four coldest averages from the previous i|0 years are listed.
|
Portland |
Atlantic City |
Savannah |
Key West |
Talla- hassee |
Galveston |
|
|
1976-77 |
-4.6 |
-7.6 |
-5.3 |
-1.2 |
-5.2 |
-5.4 |
|
1970-71 |
-2.2 |
|||||
|
1969-70 |
-3.8 |
-3.3 |
-2.5 |
|||
|
1968-69 |
-3.3 |
-1.9 |
||||
|
1967-68 |
-5.9 |
-2.9 |
||||
|
1963-64 |
-3.1 |
-1.6 |
-3.3 |
|||
|
1961-62 |
-1.4 |
|||||
|
1960-61 |
-2.2 |
|||||
|
1958-59 |
-2.4 |
-2.9 |
-1.5 |
|||
|
1956-57 |
-2.4 |
|||||
|
1955-56 |
-2.4 |
|||||
|
1954-55 |
-1.7 |
|||||
|
1943-44 |
-2.7 |
-2.3 |
||||
|
1939-40 |
-1.9 |
-1.8 |
||||
|
1937-38 |
-1.6 |
173
JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN
+10-1 + 5
—i
- Si -10
♦ 5 0
- 5 -
-10^ + 5 -
- 5 -10 -15-1
0 - 5- -10 -
+ 5 '
- 5 .
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- 5 -10 + 5
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+ 5- 0-
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T
ANOMALY FOR \'ilhm
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES FOR 1936-1975
i 1 STANDARD DEVIATION FOR 1936-1975
|
5- |
• ■ |
|
• . . • • |
|
|
5- |
--^-.:l:r. |
1 |
-\~~ |
1 |
11:1
Figure 11. 1. — Anomalies of monthly mean air temperatures at selected Atlantic and Gulf coast weather stations. July I97fi-January 1977. based on long-term monthly means for the 4(1 years, 1936-75. Shown for comparison are the maxima and minima and standard devi- ations of the anomalies for the same period.
174
Paper 12
WIND DRIVEN TRANSPORT ATLANTIC COAST AND GULF OF MEXICO
Merton C . Ingh am
INTRODUCTION
Variations in surface currents and transports resulting from changes in the overlying wind field are significant factors in the survival and development of the early stages of several resource species and the strength of year classes of their populations. This is especially true for species whose larvae spend a relatively lonq period of time as plankton in the surface layer.
An example of the influence of wind driven transport on larval survivals recruitments and year class strength can be found in the Atlantic menhaden. Winter spawning of this species takes place south of Cape Hatteras at some distance offshore^ near the edge of the Gulf Stream. Eggs and larvae from this spawning activity are transported toward estuarine nursery grounds/ under favorable conaitions/ by wind driven currents in the surface layer. Studies of monthly Ekman (wind-driven) transport and recruitment for the years 1955-70 have revealed a strong link between years of high or low recruitment and years of strong or weak westward Ekman transport during January-March. A model relating these factors shows that variations in January-March zonal Ekman transport at a point south of Cape Hatteras accounts for about 60% of the variation between actual and expected (density-dependent) recruitment (Nelson et al. 1977).
In addition to the effect of «/ind driven transports on larval drift/ there are other reasons for scientific interest in the variations of Ekrran transport:
'Atlantic Environmental Group/ National Service/ NOAA/ N a r ragnase 1 1 / RI OeLbbd.
Marine
Fisheries
175
Paper 12
1. Coastal upweLlingr »(hich is quite prcnouncea along the Pacific coastr is a consequence of offshore transports of this type and can occur along any coastline/' given the appropriate wind stress.
2. Coastal circulation patterns/ such as those described by Armstrong- for the western Gulf of Mexico/ are strongly influenced by variations in Ekman transport.
The position of water nasses and their boundaries/ such
Shelf Water/Slope Water front along the Atlantic
..^enced by wind driven transports. As a
the distribution of pelagic fishes also may be
Q^ them tend to associate with
especially in frontal areas.
3.
as the
coast/ are influenced
consequ eo ce/
influenced because many
particular water masses/
4. The efficiency of productivity cycles and their timing in a particular location may depend a great deal on the presence or absence of specific water masses/ whose movement may depend largely on wind driven transport.
The data portrayals presented here are drawn from among the suite of parameters computed from monthly average pressure distribu- tions.' Figures 12. 1-12. A graphically display mean monthly Ekman transport values for 1976 and for a 10-yr base period/ taken from an alternate 3-deg grid for the Atlantic and a 3-dea grid for the Gulf of Mexico. Table 12.1 contains the corresponding zonal and meridional transport values-
In order to provide a more complete set of data for studies in areas not well represented by the locations selected for Figures 12.1-12.4/ the 1976 mean monthly and 10-yr monthly mean zonal and meridional trans^o^t values for all points on the 3-deg grid in the mapped areas are portrayed in Appendix 12.1.
^ Arms t rong x salinity and Texas Outer Oceanography/ Galveston/ TX
R. S. 1976, circulation. Continental p. 43-51. 77550.
Seasonal cycle of temperature/
In Environmental Studies of the South
Shelf/ 1975/ Vol. 11/ Physical
Gulf Fisheries Center/ NMFS/ NOAA/
^Data provided by Pacific Environmental Group/ National Marine Fisheries Service/ NOAA/ Monterey/ CA V3940.
176
Paper ^^
DISCUSSION OF 1976 CONDITIONS
Atlantis (Figs. 12.1 and 12.2)
Si gnif of me during (No venn were t winds compon Februa that p one-ha from t much of f sho hi gh r early
ic ant an mo
the e be r-De o the
f rom en t of ry in er i od If th he sou ua rmer re . T iver r St rat i
anom nth I ar ly cemb sout the Ekm
th (197 at s th we
an hi s unof fi ca
a lous CO
y Ekman
months
er). D heast in sout hwes an tran e 31 yea 1 ) s howe hown in st^ espe d more condi t io f along tion ove
ndit t ra (Fe
ur i n st ea t in spor rs o d ea 1976 ci al hum n y i the r th
ions nspo brua
9 f d of
st ea
t w
f re
stwa
T
ly i
id a e Ide coas e sh
are r rt for ry-Mar ebruar
to th d of t as la cord . rd t ra hes e a n Feb i r t ha d unse t and elf (A
e vea I ed
both 3
ch) an
y and e sout he nort r ger t Only o nspor t s noma lou rua ry* n usual a sonab I apparen rms t ron
in the 5Nr 75W d the March t hw est * hwes t . han f o ne othe * and i sly per brough and ve y mild tly led g/ Rape
197
and
lat
he t
pro
The
r a
r Fe
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ry f
wea
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r 17
6 r 40N
e m
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as
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ith
ew s
t her
unus
).
ec ord r 7 0W ont hs ports d by twa rd other ry in about winds t hefti torms a nd ua I ly
Another possible impact of the unusual southeastward transports in February and March is the loss of larvae of several commercial species from 3eorges Bankr located immediately northeast of 40Nr 70W. Once transported off the Bank to the southeast the larvae would be in a more hostile/' deep-waterr pelagic environment and probably would be permanently lost from the year class.
Dur i n were condi pe rs i usual of t w i nt e Paper the u could away deve I s t age
g Novem toward t ions/ stent / I y larg he cont r exper
11). n u s u a I have from oping s would
be r
th but
st r e t r inen ienc
Her tr an
c au Ge or on
suf
and e s the ong ansp tal ed b e a spor sed ges the f er
De ce outh i r
nor or ts air y th gain t s s si gn
Ban Bank loss
mber west magn t hwe
b ro mass e ea r a hown i f i c k.
at es .
at r in itud st er ught
' yi st c s wa
at ant
Fis that
these
agre
es w
I y wi
with
eldin
oast
s t he
AONr
t rans
h la
time
two p e ment ere u nds wh
t hem g the ( Ch amb
case 70W re port o r V ae
and s
o int s with nusua i ch p thee re cor e r I i n in Fe f lect f pla f rom till
th the iiy
rodu old d br an brua
con nk to
the in t
e t 10-y
lar ced
tem eak i d A ry a dit i nic
ye hep
rans r av ge. thes pe r a ng s rmst nd M ons orga ar lank
por t s erage The e un- tu res eve re rong /• arch* which ni sms class tonic
The anomalous transports which occurred in the vicinity of 35N* 75V in February and March should have had an impact on the transport of menhaden larvae spawned offshore south of Cape Hatteras in the January-March period. The eastward components of the transports would tend to transport the larvae offshore* away from the estuarine nursery areas they require for development- That portion of the spawning and larval transport which occurred in January* when there was a westward component in the Ekman transport* should have been more successful.
177
Paper 12
In the vicinity of 33 iN/ 80W/^ an area of considerably smaller Ekman transports^ the most unusual condition in 1976 was the relatively strong northeastward transport in June. Such trans- port should have resulted in some upwelling along the Florida shelf. During July the transport shifted to southeastward and '.was stronger farther norths at 35 N'/ 75Wx which could have produced upwelling on the shelf off Georgia and the Carolines.
&yif of :!!exico (Figs. 12.3 and 12.^)
The most apparent departure in 1976 from the 10-yr mean condi- tions in the Gulf of Mexico was the strong northwestward transports during the October-December period. These transports* which were Bore westward than normal at all three of the positions portrayed/ are the consequence of unusually strong or persistent northeasterly winds during the early part of the severe winter of 1976-77. These conditions should have produced unusually strong onshore and counterclockwise alongshore flow.
During January the difference between the transport vectors at 27Nr 96W and 27N, 90W/ which usually produces counterclockwise nearshore circulation in the western Gulf (see footnote 2)/ was greater than normal. This condition should have led to more intense nearshore flow to the west and south (counterclockwise). In February and Inarch the difference in transport values between the two positions reversed/ with the stronger value at 27N/ 96W/ including a strona eastward component. This may have caused a reversal in nearshore circulation/ to clockwise/ during February/ a month earlier than normal.
LITERATURE CITED
NELSON/ <^ . R ./ M. C. INGHAM/ and W. E. SCHAAF.
1977. Larval transport and year class strength of Atlantic menhaden/ BLSVQQLlia t^tSQQii- Fish. Bull. U.S. 75:23-41.
178
Table 12.1. — Monthly average Ekman transports for selected points off the U.S. east coast and in the Gulf of Mexico for 1976. Units are t/s-km. Positive is eastward or northward.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May J\m J\il Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
UO°N, 70°V
Zonal
Meridional
35°N, 75°v
Zonal
Meridional
30°N, 80°W
Zonal
Meridional
27*^, 8U^
Zonal
Meridional
27°N, 90°W
Zonal
Meridional
27°N, 69°V
Zonal
Meridional
-70 170 30 -90 2U0 180 110 20 20 -20 -200 -I30
-220 -700 -190 -270 -290 -260 -250 -70 -90 -kO -760 -i470
-60 130 80 -50 180 170 100 10 0 -50 -190 -100
-170 -Ui+0 -li+o -80 -90 -30 -290 30 0 30 -310 -180
-60 10 100 -10 190 180 80 UO 10 -150 -180 -120
20 -20 30 20 20 lUO -110 I60 80 210 60 60
-270 -30 220 -30 220 100 20 -10 10 -38O -1480 -260
500 170 1+30 190 70 260 10 160 110 650 720 570
-3U0 -10 520 80 30 100 10 -130 -60 -520 -7U0 -1+50
780 260 960 630 230 550 160 210 230 770 1020 720
20 klO 530 1000 210 500 790 190 120 -2i+0 -68O -i+80
14.50 330 1110 iiuo 510 790 890 320 I470 620 880 520
179
45' -
40«
35'
30«
1 1 I I I I I — I— I — 1—1
looomermc roms/sec/KU
25"
- 45'
40'
35'
- 30«
MONTHLY IKMAN TRANSPORT 1976
_L
25'
SO"
75'
70'
65'
Figure 12.1.— Mean monthly Ekman transports for three representative points off the U.S. Atlantic coast for I9"fi.
180
80«
45»
40"
35"
30'
25» -
75
"T
40»N,70''W
JAN DEC
® 35»N,75°W
AN ^\ DE(
iooomcthic tons /sec /km
DEC
- 45*
- 40*
MONTHLY EKMAN TRANSPORT
10 YEAR MEAN 1964-1973
I I
- 35"
30*
25«
80"
75"
70'
65«
Figure 12.2.— Mean monthly Ekman transports for three representative points off the U.S. Atlantic coast for the
lO-yr period 1964-73.
181
30'
25°
20"
lOOO hieTRfC To/ts/sec/KM
95" SO" 85°
Figure 12..'!.— Mean monthly Ekman transports for three representative points in the Gulf of Mexico for 1976.
182
30» -
25*
20«
Figure 12.4.— Mean monthly Ekman transports for three representative points in the Gulf of Mexico for the 10->t period 1964-73.
183
APPENDIX 12.1
Mean monthly Ekman transports (t x 1G/kfr-s) in the western North Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico for 1976 (upper numbers) and for 196't-73 (lower nuTibers). Left numbers are zonal (positive eastward) and right numbers are meridional (positive northward).
184
80'
75
70
45'
JANUARY
40° —
-19r22 -21,-30 -7r32 lL_-'ll -27-52 -5?~-/43 -'12-25 -5y-li\
W 1-18 -7 r29
35° —
30
4.^
■Il_rl9 -2,-21 ■33-37 -39^-28
— 45'
— 40
39i_-57
■SrS ■5"^2Q
Lizij -/ riy 11_iz'J7 rji- 25^41 -39-17 -61-3 -8^7
-3,-12 7,-2^ 2'ir/40 39_,-^t7 9jr~-9, -.'i6~^fi -63^13 -73 'l^
— 35
25° —
1
0 -11,-1 -V2 1,-3 5_r5 13 ,-8 15_r7 If -15 2~16 -5~3 -iFs -19"^8 -27'^9 -3^}'^n
■18,2/) -6, 10 -1 _l6 3j 10 SM^ 7117
16-6 10^-3 12-0 12~1 9^ 7 2
51,132 -37, 132 -17, 103 -13,66 -8. 62 1_J3 24_S7 \ I II
— 30
— 25'
80'
75
70
65
185
80'
75
45'
40'' —
35° —
30° —
25'
FEBRUARY
— 45'
. , 16|-70 17_r67 22 ,-R7
■.::;::i:i^^o -35 -I'v-m -ir -12
20_r75 19 1-84 20_|z88 25 1-90 1'4 -47 -15-34 -23-15 -32-5
9 ,-61 19r60 21 ,-54 23_r73 33 ,-86 2 "^-35 -24"^'42 -32 "^-25 -45"^5 -50 "^16
10,-31 10r32 12 1-30 17r33 25 ,-40 -14^-23 -34 42 -54"^ 9 -57"^23 -74 '27
— 40
— 35
l4_-2 li-2 1 I -2 1,-2 4 I -2 lliz -10-15 -16-5 -12^ 6 -40 "JJ -44' 17 -471
3 17
30
-4, 17 -3,11 -2,10 0_jl2 5 ,15 IIJO 2-1--3 -^-1 -7r3 -9+7 _i2+7 -12'^5
-25.102-14 116 -7 98 -13 64 -9 59 2 54 9 80 ?¥' 3 63T] 54"T^6 43+-3 4J+D 37+1 31+1
25'
80'
75
70
65
186
45*' —
40° —
35° —
30° —
80°
I
75
70
MARCH
45'
-5|-21 -3_r?l -3,-21 1^-24 -15-20 -20'-ll
— 40'
-l_rl2 -8,-17 -5_rl6 -1,-19 -17"^20 -2F-20 -23"^12 -3?"-5
5,-12 -1,-15 -5_r26 -1 r28 10_r31 "^-.14^5 -2ir-13 -37-7 -5^/4 -57"^13
— 35
12-8 lOijll 5i-17 -1-27 2i-35 19i -38 lF-2 -15-1 -28'^ -4FIQ -53^17 -71 18
7_L_ 0
^1-12 15 rl9
IJi 1 / I 'J ll-l 0 [-3 41-1^ ID rl
0 -liTl -13' 5 -18^1 -23"l2 -2?" 9 -3^7
— 30
15,38 7 27 2.19 3,11 4.5 5.3
8"r-5 V2
^ "^ 3^1 f'-l
25° -
2O1IIO 23,155 17_j242 4,105 5 ,81 5,85 0 75 77n? 7F'8 55"^3 /tT^-B /4l'^-5 3g^"-3 34^2
— 25'
80'
75
70
65
187
80'
75
70'
45° —
40° —
35° —
30° —
25
— 45"
-8,-23 Or2'4 7,-23 -8^-10 -8-10 -r-9
10, -40 -6,-i|7 1 r42 9_l37 i5~f"-9 -1/T*"-15 -14^13 -18'T^7
-2_^19 -4r27 -5|_-3i -1 , -29 8_r27 ?;,10"T^1 -18'Lll -25 "^-14 -31~r-5 -i^iTs
^Ul2 -li_-4 -5_t.6 -5 1-7 -2_t9 /U.-9 -8~4 -12^3 -22^2 -36-2 -45^6 -Si" 13
:|l5 Q4l -34! -7_LL -liO 04 l|z2
.'f 7 -3^ -rS -11 "3 -19^ -23 3 -23^
-3j22 -8,10 -9i6 -2i3 1,2 3i2 20'! 15^3 15^-0 13^2 11-3 10^1
-8,50 a 75 -8,53 -1^24 -4.11 2 ,13 5jl5 93^17 QRH qn'-l 7?~-in F^V-U aq~r"-q UV-^
— 40'
— 35
— 30
— 25'
80'
75
70
65
188
80'
75'
70'
65'
45° —
40° —
35° —
30
MAY
-1^7
39_r53 45_r^^ ^0,-^1 L^l"*3 -12"^5 -IFS
— 45'
0^
— 40'
2V28 37,-36 if0_r35 35,-35 -7 '3 -9i"6 -13 '10 -21' 17
17,-11 32_r21 ^2i-29 42_r31 401-31. -T 5 -IV 9 -W 17 -25^27 -3?" 35
— 35
25° -
19-3 35_r_9 50_Lzl7 4Zi_-20 4Iiz22 35Lj_-i9 -5 8 -7 15 -12~^4 -l7~30-21 33 -22^32
||zl 38 ir4 51j_-4 504^3 43i_-l 32-b2 19f--l '^3 ^ 14 3*21 422 5 22 8 21 10 16
29J4 35,14 4122 40.28 30_|27 15.21 28a3 28^13 3013 33T.4 3815 38^^14
30
25'
27 ,37 56175 79"*"14 7Q"h
584/9 38 177 4LiS8 70' 1? QO 'i7 70^^
c 79' 1? QO 'i7
354DI 18J93 77TS 7^*90
80*
75
70
65
189
80'
75
45° —
40° —
20^34 22 r^8 227' 15 -27~^18
19, -1'4 29,-27 32 r39 iriO -l/Tie -17~^21
35° —
30° —
25
1
3
20
22_r65 -32"^23
27_r5^ -22''25
— 45'
— 40
29_i3
31|_-11 46,-21 37l-2'4 31_r33 9" 15-12^21 -l?'26-2l'33
25^-7
-ir35
— 35
48_r2 -'420
43_r/| -575
34_r6 -9 39
l'^ 21_jl3 39_a3 5^25 45_423 39i_16 19_il5
Q line /TToo /TTo? -Tine Jon r\^n
4' 23 3 '26 '4'29 6 '29
33i|6 i}3,i|7 58,66 56478 35 67 29_i55 1?~21 19'23 23'25 23~^7 2426 29~'23
— 30
48 ,104 51_ill8
ii 00 ccfl
55,129 59_il46
51 7n 70 I ■
43,158 2i\ 153 01
— 25
S4 ' ?S SR ?R R^3n 70^39 RR" 9R 7T ^1
80*
I
75
i
70
t
65
190
80'
75
70'
65'
45'
10|-17 23_r?'4 21 15 -27 22
40° —
8ir2'l 23_r35 ^%_-'4l 'I5r'l3 -1?~11 -n''lP -25* 29 -35~'r4
35° —
30
-^
30_r30 -34"^31
- 45'
— 40
8_r29 ^-10"^13
■15 17 -22^34
29,-45 48 r51 52,-^1 51 r^3 -2r 29 -30'^38 -3?" 49 -42 '61
57i-71 57_r7n 48_r69 44 r48 -25* 45 -27~^47 -26"' 45 -19 '49
— 35
''B 31h43 444z53 4^-51 35_4z49 26_r31 23r23 l5 -7^22 -7T"39 -41^31 9+26 3+21 6+17
15,3 18, 3 14,-1 8_rl 5,9 5,1
29"18 24+21 27121 30^8 3716 41^2
30
25° -
7,53 27199 36^3
' 7-^^^ ^1
19.67 13_ii9 6 39 4^40
1ir^4 195+19 198"t2 113^9
I \
— 25
80'
75
70
65
191
80'
75'
70'
65'
45"* —
40° —
35° —
30
25° —
AUGUST
7-13 10_j-17
rr c
'^-'
llrll -3' 9 -15"^15
14 4
2
19
10,-19 -30^17
15,-17 ■23"i~21
- 45'
40
±j_" S,9 9,-3 11-4 11,-5
-3^1 -7 '12 -14 "^20 -22 29 -2S^V\
— 35
2_il? 8il9 14 I S 19i4 9 i4 V4
■VS -?"15 -10% -1V32 -15"^2 -1476
14 UO 13i_13 20 I 18 15il5 1114 9_il8 " 9 1 '12 T 22 2 '25 4^20 Fl5 10~^1
II427 15,22 21,31 15_i37 7,35 2ii4 21 17 22~l8 2fl8 32 14 3?~19 42^
3.27 17,50 25j63 15,5? Il_i64 4,68 3/5
"^^9 7(riR Rvu nriR qon4 qi ' r qa"^s
— 30
— 25'
80'
75
70
65
192
80'
75'
70'
45'
40'' —
35° —
SO** —
25** -
SEPTEMBER
^-5
65'
7^
vd^i/^ i
V23 -iy-2
- 45'
7_r20 ■3"t2
'4r5 5^5
— 40'
L-l 2 rl
15^16 13 L8 9^-3 6^1 3^5
H^9
35
.n 2,2 2,1 1,0 2
30^18 20^10 12^-1 9^4 6
i
6,1 2^0
6 U 4_l3 /|,3 2,2 2,1 442 -9 27~t9 18 "Q 13 '7 1379 imi lOHO
30
y:7 5J 5, 9 5J0 3J 2J
28"'"2 1?T^ 2S"8 2240 2511 27^3
2 ,25 l^m 17,56 5 36 '132 335 IJ^
61"^ ^ 55-a3 '47n2 /|6"r'B '40^^ n7~^9 5m't
25'
80*
75
70
65
193
80'
75
70'
45** —
40* —
35** —
30** —
25** -
OCTOBER
-r-3 -10-3
5, -? -^1,-3 0_r2
2a
■12,3 -5,3 0,0 IjO .?'F-25 IS't'lS 13^-5 8~tl
^1
V-
-12-2
-2' 0
2,-1 5^1
- 45'
— 40
— 35
■17 13 -15,11 -3,5 0,3 24I 'hi
42-33 3?"-21 20~t6 lV-2 16^1 1310
-:?1, 29 -25423 -13,14 -2 I 11 5,13 940 ■^^-29 38~^2'l 25' -0 2V1 2?^ 0 22 'l
649 21'3
— 30
-2^ i|9 -12,21 -3.15 5,24 10,33 5_J9
30"+"3 28%
5T-I4 33^-6 31+-1 32 "^i ^^"^^ ''^"^
■35,80 -22102 -^67 -5,30 -2M -0_j58 -5,89 85T"-21 69-1 SfT^^ SF 0 45^4 ^7~^7 4T^9
25'
80'
75
70
65
194
80"
75
70
45** —
40'
35° —
SO** —
25* —
iNOVE'iBER
-33,-85 -17_l8/4 -T-10 -8^11
— 45"
'4.1 -69 -3V77 -9_r78
2,-92 -8^-9
1V86 -1911:
— 40'
15 -IQT-W -10 '-11 -12 '-7
■2V30 -28 r40 -11-57 5-73 26-84 »-ST"-l9 -22"tl9 -2F-11 -19~t5 -23"t"1
-12 -18^15 -8-2/4 2-38 11-50 24-58 ^19 -F-13 -6"t8 -11 "h| -16"^0 -19"^ 2
— 35
-22_i2 -7,-2 -l_r? 1^-21 6"^20 ?"-9 3"t:6
L_-5 3r7 11,-12 T-^ 0~t3 -V-^
— 30
-30_^3 -12,19 -6_jll -3,11 2_il0 8,10 31^21 2F-18 17*^13 19^-10 2l"^9 17"^-12
-71 121 -51 ,139 -19. 99 -15 59 -10,48 3j49 13, 55 13r-47 116+-33 9gr-30 75^32 6gT--31 51^19 5Z^-4
— 25'
il
80*
75
70
65'
195
45'
40** —
35** —
SO** —
DECEMBER
65'
I
22rj
P3
-20
— 45'
-4O76O -18_£56 -I2T26 -14"tl5
3S_-4n -3V52 -7_r57 19-29 -22i"-21 -25"tl0
4-54 -17"^-7
20,-71 ■27T--2
— 40
25" -
-22,-15 -24 r22 -%-3^ m_r57 44,-75 14^-21 -26"t21 -3V~-8 -44'^1 -50' 6
-l_9_-6 -13i_-5 -4rl0 5_r23 20_r37 35 t43 -T-12 -r-7 -2l'^2 -33"^3 -38^5 -43 ~^^
5 -20 1 -5rl 0 fl 57^4 12_f 8 15,-9 -7 -r"-10 -3~^l -6 '2 -lOTL -19 i^l -ir-5
— 35
— 30
-25_^3 -8 29 OJl 5,5 87 9 ,8 25"^10 19 "LB 20'^6 19"^-7 18"^11 18 "^-15
-50i 223 -43 ,113 -12, 74 -1 .48 10. 41 13^46 10, 50 14?"-18 13fr~-22 112^-27 91"'^24 7gT--24 72^28 6rr-27
— 25'
80*
75
70
I 65
196
o CD
o
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(J)
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o
lO
00
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o
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197
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o
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208
Paper 13
StA SURFACE TEMPERATURF DISTRIBUTION FROM CAPE COD^ MASSACHUSETTS.- TO MIAMI^ FLORIDA - 1976
Joseph W. Deaver III
sine
cond
of t
L o C3
gene
sea
poll
coll
cove
i^ate
De ce
(App
e Ju ut; 1 1 he U te
e St sur ut i 0 ec te ring rs . mber endi
ly 1
nci .,S. ocea rea k face n si d i
app Th
v.e r X 13
9b 9 mon t At la nogr iin te aht i n 1 roxi e re e di .1 ).
tne U. hly a nt i c c aphi c es ) as mpera t ngs f r 976 w nri a t e I y suits St ri bu
S. Coast irborne r oast a I wa features soci at ed ure (SST om Cape ere obt a
130,000 of the mc ted irjithi
Gua r adi at t ers such with ), a
Cod/^ i ned sq km nthly n se V
d Oceanogr
ion t he rmo
(Deaver 1 9
as the sur
the Gulf S
nd report
MA/ to
over 6/8
of Atlant
surveys f
eral weeks
aphi c Uni t has been meter (ART) surveys 75). These surveys face Siome (conver- tream/ define the ma ri ne animal and
Miami/ PL. Data 00 km of transects ic Shelf and Slope rom January through
after each survey
In 197 Hatter 197A ( of Ca March 1975. Sept em s t abi I coo I i n Oc t obe of 5C d i m i n i 1^ o V e m b until more g until
6/ the as du no dat pe Ha and Ap
The ber 19 iz ed q t ren r 1976 in le s sh be er but
late radua I Late D
s pr ri ng a we tter ri I SST 76. f o r d ex T s t h twee the Nov / be e£ em
1 ng war F e b r u a re avail as / to 1976/ ab patt erns In 197 only t tended f his St ro an 30 n Miami trend c ember, ginning ber.
mi ng ry a
able Cape out o Stab 4 an wo mo rom C ng CO days . and on t i n In 1^ in Au
tre
nd for Cod/ n e rn iliz d 1 n t hs ape 0 I i n T Ca ued 74 a gust
nd b ^"a rch this
the ont h ed in 975 / Jul Cod t g tre he r pe H f r om nd 19
and
egan / one area i spring ea r I i e
all a the s y and o Mi am nd low ate 0 a 1 1 era Cape H 75/ th
Sept e
from (T.ont n ea wa r r th reas umme Augu i i ered f c s d atte e CO mber
Mi h ea r ly mi ng an
bet r p st . n S
SST ool i urin ras ol in an
ami r lie 1975
beg in
ween atte
A r epte 's a ng
g Oc to
g t r d c
to r th ).
an d 1974 Jul rns ap id mber n av bega tobe Cape ends ont i
Cape an in North ur ing and y and
were
fall
and
er age
n to
r and
Cod
were nu i ng
Analysis of the 1976 ART data was made by comparing them to a 50-yr (1914-64) historical average (Walford and Wicklund 1968). Although the comparability between remotely sensed and bucket
'U.S. Coast Guard Ocean oa rap hie Unit/
20590.
Navy Yard/ Washington/ DC
209
Paper 13
gathered temperatures might be questioned^ it is still of interest to make such a comparison. The difference between Loj altitude ART and bucket temperatures is small; ART temperatures averaged 1 . CC lower than bucket values/^ and 95% of ART values were 0.5C to 1.6C lower than bucket values. Comparisons between ART observations on Coast Guard aircraft and surface truth measurements have shown differences of less than 1C.-
For both the 1976 ART data and Walford and Wicklund's (1968) data/ a monthly^ distance weiqhted/ mean transect SST was calculated for each of 20 equally spaced sampling transects from Care Cod to Miami (Fig. 13.1). The sampling transects were aligned normal to the l&G-m isobath and the shoreline (Fig. 13.2). The weighted means are given in Tables 13.1 and 13.2. The means from the 20 transects were averaged to give the mean east coast SST for each month (Fig. 13.3). The monthly means were than averaged to give an annual mean east coast SST.
The 1976 annual mean east coast SST averaged just 0.6C below the historical annual mean SST of 19. OC (Fig. 13.3). In 1976/ January/ February/ and September-December SST's were below historical averages. Conversely/ the remaining spring and summer months were slightly warmer than the historical average.
In addition to the comparisons for the entire Middle Atlantic Bight winter and summer compared. This was done by averaging the weighted mean transect SST's for transects 14 obtain monthly Middle Atlantic Sight SST's. and July-September monthly Middle Atlantic Big averaged to give seasonal winter and summer inea 1976 data and Walford and Wicklund's C196b) 1976 SST in the Bight was 5.6C/ which is historical averages. Interestingly/ the July-S east coast SST's were 0.1C warmer than the his as were the 1976 mean Middle Atlantic Bight val
east coast/ the temperatures were
monthly distance -19 (Fig. 13.2) to The January- ^l arch ht SST 's were then ns for both the
data. The winter 0 .3C coo ler t han eptember 1976 mean torical averages/ ues .
The warmest monthly distance weighted mean transect SST off the east coast in 1976 was transect 1 off Miami/ FL/ in August with a value of 29C; the coolest was transect 2j off Cape Cod/ MA/ in March with a value of 3.8C.
'Picket/ R. L. 1966. Accuracy of an airborne infrared radiation thermometer. U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office/ Informal Manuscript Report No. C-1-66.
210
LITERATURE CITED
Paper 13
DEAVER/ J. W.
1975. Aerial oceanographi c observations/^ Cape Cod/ setts to Miami/ Florida/ July 1969-June 1970. Guard Oceanogr. Rep. CG 373-68/ Zl p.
Massachu- U.S. Coast
WALFORD/ L. A./ and R. I. WICKLUND.
1968. Monthly sea temperature strjcture from the Florida Keys to Cape Cod. Ser. Atlas Mar. Envir./ Am. Geogr. Soc./ Folio 15/ 16 p lates .
211
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213
Where :
^i
i=l , n
11
T =
T =
T,- =
n =
i = l , n distance weighted mean tem-
perature
Value of an isotherm crossing transect
distance woiahting factor equal to the distances between the isotherm crossing and the midpoints between it and adja- cent isotherms or it and the end point of the transect as shown in figure below
Mumber of isotherms crossing the transects.
Figure 13.1.— Formula and graphic portrayal of method used to calculate distance weighted mean sea surface
temperature from contoured isotherm chart.
214
80
40'
35'
25'
Washington
Jacksonville
SO** ^
40'
35'
— 30«
J L
r^*-i^
80 Meter Isobath
J I L
J.
25'
80" 75" 70'»
Figure 13.2.— Standard airborne radiation thermometer sampling transects from Cape Cod, MA, to Miami, FL.
215
o
o UJ
oc
ID I- <
UJ Q-
:e
UJ
I-
26- 24- 22- 20- 18- 16- 14- I 2- 10-
1976 ANNUAL MEAN EAST COAST SST I8.4°C HISTORICAL ANNUAL MEAN EAST COAST SST I9.0°C
••^-•^v
/.'
•»,
*• — « .
. 1976 MEAN EAST COAST SST (USCG ART FLIGHTS) HISTORICAL EAST COAST SST (WALFORD.WICKLUND)
—I 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 —
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
MONTH
Figure 13.3. — East coast average monthly mean sea surface temperature (SST) (degrees C) for 1976 and the historical average.
216
APPENDIX 13.1
Sea surface temperatures (degrees C)^ U.S. east coastr as observed by airborne radiation thermometer.
1 . January 20-24^1976.
2. February 10-12 and 20-24/' 1976.
3. March 11-12, 14, and 23-25, 1976.
4. April 20-22, 1976.
5. May 18-21, 1976.
6. June 8-10, 1976.
7. July 20-22 and 27-28, 1976.
8. Aunust 17-19, 1976.
9. September 14-17, 1976.
10. October 19, 21, 22, 27, 28, and 30, 1976,
11. November 16-20, 1976.
12. December 8-10 and 14-16, 1976.
217
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
IS CIISI titll aCEtNOdtPIIC HIT tirhtii laialiii riiriiiilii Pii|iia
SURFACE ISOTHERMS - °C
JANUARY 20. 21, 23, md 24, 1976
Philadelphia Wilmington Baltimore^
IBO Itlirs ( 100 tai) ~
Gulf Streom Weit Wall Crossing os indicated by
Beoufort Savannah
i^A,.i;l.iI^i......i.oi.^,...i.l^^i.^....l,-l^i.^,^i.......uj3
iMliiliiliilllliiinrilliiliinTtlTlMliiliiliif inn
80'W
lilliilnlitf/iliililliilnliiliiliilMliiliiliiliilMliiliiliiliiliilliliilnhiliiliiliillilllliiliilllllllllllllr^ 75* 70»W
218
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
IS. citsr (y«iD oc(tiio(i«riic ymi
titkiiii liliatlii Tkitiiiitir rti|rii
SURFACE ISOTHERMS • °C
FEBRUARY 10. 11. 12, 20. 21. 23, and 24, 1976
Philadelphia Wilmington Baltimore
GULF STREAM WEST WALL CROSSING AS INDICATED J
40°N
Beaufort \j;> Savannah
IC
U
J.I..I..I..I..I..I..I I..L.iaa!iJl,,l,.i..i.Ai.a..l..i..i.2l..i.,u..l..i..i,,r..l i,.l..l„i |J.I ,1, l,,Ul,.'iJ.J»kkUi]t
iiliiliiliiliiliilMfiiliMM^rmXTiihiihTiiliili
.l.iJ\li;tTlliilnl,.ljili.lnliili,lMl.il,iliilMliJMliJMliilliliilnlillllllilHllllllllllllllll^
35"
30«
80*W
75*
70'W
219
DEPARTMENT OF TMNSPORTilTION
II COST tiai ICCUItllPIIC nil tirkirii lillitlii Tliiiiiilii Priirii
SURFACE ISOTHERMS
MARCH n, 12, 14. 23-25, 197B
40'N
Beaufort '\^y Savannah
17^
,l,.i..ill.,l„l„l,.l.,l„l..l,.l,.l.,l,.l..l I.I.. I I..I..I1.I1, I.,l,ili,l,ili,l,ltl
rJ,,liJ.ilMliili,rnlMlMlnmHl7T;7Tf,fiJnlnliiikLti^liJnliilJl.lnliJ^ 25*N
80°W
75*
Miir.h 11.I2,H.2.3-2S.1976
70»W
220
Cl»« c><
DEPARTMEIIT OF TRANSPORTATION
IS Mill (Itll ICEtlltMPIIC HIT lirkidi lillitlii Ttiriiiilir Pfiitia
SURFACE ISOTHERMS • °C
APRIL 20-22, 1976
Philadalphio s'^
Wilmington Bftllimor*.
40»M
C Roiiln
CharUston
Beaufort Savannah
liiliiliiliiliilritn 2s*N
80*W
221
— 30*
lriliiliiliiliiliJii>iil\lMT7llilliiliilirfiiliililliiliilMliJiiliiliiliiliLlnliilMliJiiliJMllil]iliilliliilnliillilll^^ 80*W 75* 70*W
222
Cipi Cod
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
IS. CltU Cllll ICEtMtltPIIC HIT llibirii lUlitlii Ihriiiilii P(i|tM
SURFACE ISOTHERMS - X
JUNE 8-10, 1976
tais (100 <•<)
NOT FLOWN DUE TO OPERATIONAL OIFFIOJLTCS"
40°N
35*
Baaufort Savannah 24;
— 30*
hT7ili,ii,lniiiliiii,rMiiJMtiil'
80*W
liiliiliiTI
25»N
70*W
223
lEPARTMENI OF TRtNSPONTMION
IS CIISI tun ICEtNltllMIC lilt tirliiii IWiiliii Thraiiilit P[i|tii
SURFACE ISOTHERMS • °C
JULY 20-22, 27-28, 1976
40'N
C Roiain
Charleston
Beaufort Savani^ah
• 28 ' • / NOT f LOWN DUE TO 28 27
' /l,AIRS^ACE WARNING AREA
Cape Hatteras /) /
. /gulf stream west wall crossing as indicated 8y infrared and visual sightings
35*
30*
tfaJ^!lj|il,lAl.;t^lMlnlnllllMlnlnl,,ljnlMlMllll,,lJlJlllMllllllllllll|l|lMlnllH^ BO-W 75* 70**
224
■'L'^J:K'^J^}'^M /« }i :>?. ii"-ii',it
r* VI ,*
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Paper 1A
WATER COLUMN THERMAL STRUCTURE ACROSS THE SHELF AND SLOPE SOUTHEAST OF SANDY HOOKr NEW JERSEY^ IN 1976
Steven K. Cook
INTRODUCT ION
The objective of this cooperative program was to identify and describe seasonal and year to year variations of temperature and circulation in the major current regimes of the western tropical Atlantic^ Caribbean Sear Gulf of Mexico^ and western North Atlantic^ utilizing the various ships as inexpensive platforms for the collection of data.
Ships' routes were selected to obtain regular sampling in the most dynamically active areas of the Gulf of Mexico and the western North Atlantic. The features of principal interest i«/ere the Yucatan Currentr Loop Currents Florida Currents Gulf Stream/ Shelf Water/Slope Water front/ and a cold-water cell in the Middle At lanti c Bight .
Because 1976 was such an anomalous year both in meteorology and
oceanography in the Middle Atl?ntic Bight/ a subset of the 1976
SOOP data/ comprising 18 transects and one surface transect/ was ana lyz ed .
'Atlantic Environmental Group/ National Service/ NOAA/ Nar r aganset t / PI 02882.
Marine
Fisheries
231
Paper 14
The anoxic event which began early in the year off New Jersey and Lasted through the spring and summer of 1976 necessitated a detailed analysis of the thermal water column structure, considerino how it ev/olved, was maintainedr and eventually declined. ^Oxygen depletion in the bottom waters over a large area off the coast during the summer had severe effects on the sport and commercial fisheries. The immediate impact included finfish and shellfish mortalities and unusual fish distribution patterns ana concentrations. Likely causes of the oxygen depletion can be traced back to anomalous environmental conditions in January and February of 1976 in the Middle Atlantic Bicht (A rmst ronci/' Paper 17).
HISTORICAL SUMMARY
Water temperatures in the Middle Atlantic Bight range from a minimum of <3C in the New York Bight in February to >27C off Cape Hatteras in August (Bumpus et al. 1975). The annual range of surface temperature may be >15C in the Slope Water to >20C in the Shelf i«at er .
I^inimum winter temperatures are reached in late February or early .^arch and may be as low as 1C. During this coldest season the Shelf Water column is well mixed (isothermal) from surface to bottom and extends out to the Shelf Water/Slope Water front (at aoproximately the 100-m isobath) (Gunnr Paper 18). Irregular warming usually begins in late February or early March, and a t herrr.ocline develops in late April or early May.
A rather intense thermocline develops during the summer, sealing off the bottom waters and isolating a pool or cell of cold winter water that rests on the bottom surrounded shoreward, seaward, and above by warmer water. As the summer progresses into early fall, this cold cell tends to erode in extent and increase in temperature. This erosion is presumably caused by mixing from above with warmer near surface waters and from a "calving" process, described by Whitcomb (1970), where parcels of this cooler water break off and flow and mix seaward into the Slope water.
For this rep
or t all figures have been annotated to show
SheLf Water/Slope Water front Shelf Water/Slope Water meander North wall of the Gulf Stream Anticyclonic warm core eddy Gulf Stream meander Flow direction
SSF
SSFM
GS
ACE
GSM
e into the page
© out of the page
232
Paper 14
TRANSECT ANALYSIS
Locations of features are given in parentheses in kilometers from the 200-m isottath. positive is seaward.
JaQuary- Unfortunately/ the three January transects occurred in the latter part of the month/' but still they are relevant in that they show the early beginning of the stratification which usually occurs in late February or early March.
The Mormac Riael 76-01 (Fig. 14.1) crossed through the area during 24-25 January- This transect showed the normal isothermal water inshore with slight warming of surface waters offshore. The sea surface temperatures (SST's) ranged from <4C to >21C which were warmer than usual (on the inshore end of the transect) for that title of year. The Shelf Water/Slope Water front was crossed at station 3 (-65 km) and the north wall of the Gulf Stream was crossed between stations 4 and 5 (+160 km).
The USCGC DaUas 76-01 (Fip. 14.2) crossed through the area during 26-27 January (just after the Mgrmac Eiggi) . The Dallas section did not extend as far offshore as did the Rigel section/ and therefore the SST's shown range only from <4C to >T5C. Again the normal isothermal water structure was evident with a slight warming of the surface waters showing up/ especially between stations 5 and 10 (-53 km to +75 km). The Shelf Water/Slope rtater front was crossed between stations 6 and 7 (-15 km).
The Lash Atlanticg 76-01 (Fig. 14.3) crossed through the area during 31 January-1 February. The SST's ranged from <5C to >14C. The nearshore water column structure was isothermal/ while the offshore waters were beginning to show stratification. The subsurface warming (100 m) was probably due to Slope Water intruding up onto the shelf. The Shelf Water/Slope Water front was crossed between stations 12 and 13 (+15 km).
While it may not have been obvious from these three vertical sections/ comparisons with the past eight years of Gulf Stream SST data" indicated that the January surface water temperatures were about 0.5C warmer than normal and that some evidence/ at least in offshore waters/ showed that surface stratification was beginning to develop early.
"Ii!£ Guif stream Monthly Summary/ U.S. Naval Oceanog raphi c Office/ Vols. 4 through 9 (1969-1974); gulfstream/ National Weather Service/ Vols. I and II (1975-1976).
233
Paper 14
Februar}^. The USCGC Bibb 76-02 (Fiq. 14.4) crossed through the area'on 6 February. The SST's had increased/ and ranged from <7C to >14C. Stratification had definitely set in over the shelf/ with vertical temperature gradients as large as 0.4C/m at the thermocline. Patches of isothermal ^ater extending to >100 -n depth k^ere still evident offshore. The Shelf Water/Slope water front was crossed between stations 2 and 3 (+15 km).
The Exeort DeieQder 76-02 (Fig. 14.5) crossed through the area during 7-b February. The SST's ranged from <3C to 16C. This was a rather complex section showing some return of cooling and some s t ret i f i cat i oa. This on again off again coolin*^ and warming is not uncommon for this area at this time of year. These oer- turbations in warming and cooling are probably caused by small- scale/ short-lived forcing events/ such as rapid frontal passings and reversals in wind direction that affect shallow coastal waters in a very complex fashion.
The Shelf Water/Slope Water front was crossed between stations 13 and 14 (+45 km) with a small Tieander (also visible in satellite imagery) in the front between stations 9 and 14 (-170 km to +45 km). The north wall of the Gulf Stream was crossed between stations 15 and 16.
The USCGC Gallatin 76-02 (Fig. 14.6) crossed through the area during 27-28 February. Unfortunately only surface values of temperatures and salinity were obtained/ but from these data we could still determine the position of the Shelf Water/Slope Water front (between stations 7 and 8/ -10 km) and an increase in SST's (<8C to >1DC).
harch. The Mormac Rigel 76-03 (Fig. 14.7) crossed through the area" on 23~March. The SST's ranged from <7C to >19C. Stratification of the water column was well established/ with surface to bottom temperature differences as large as 4C in <50 m depth. The Shelf water/Slope Water front was crossed between stations 5 and 6 (-30 km).
Aeril. The E^BOrt Defender 76-34 (Fig. 14.8) crossed through the area~during 3-4 April. The SST's offshore had increased to >22C. The nearshore waters had warmed to greater than 7C/ however/ the stratification appeared weak in this transect. The Shelf Water/Slope Water front was crossed between stations 11 and 12 (+350 km). The north wall of the Gulf Stream was crossed between stations 18 and 19 (+643 km) -ith a Gjlf Stream meander occurring oetween stations 13 and 16 (+42C km to +5CC km). The distances indicated are so great because the ship's track ran parallel to and just offshore of the 200 ti isobath. Subtracting about 330 km would give more reasonable distances.
234
Paper 14
The La during rather overly origin cell-l the CO to the Th erma the CO by th satel I to +16 c r ossi end of
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comp ing ) bet i ke s nt our
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The t of ng Le r Ly . bo ve ated by 5 km i na L
the
May. The Mormac Rigel 76-05 (Fig. 14.10) crossed through the area during 15-16 May. The SST's ranged from 11C to >19C in the Middle Atlantic Bight and increased to >25C south of Cape Hatteras. The cold cell consisted of multiple bubblelike structures that are probably an artifact of the contouring because of the highly oblique angle at which the cold cell was crossed on this transect. The Shelf Water/Slope Water front was crossed between stations 12 and 14^ in about 50 m. A sharp thermal front occurred between stations 12 end 13 and a less sharp salinity front occurred between stations 13 and 14.
The Delaware II 76-05 (Fig. 14.11) crossed during 17-24 May. The SST's ranged from Little <14C across the whole section, to the shelf break and its minimum stratification was normal for thermocLine differences as Shelf Water/Slope Water front stations 5 and 8 (+30 km).
t hroug h the area
slight ly >12C to a
The cold cell extended out
temperatures were <8C. The
that tifr, e of year with surface to
large as 4C in <1 00 m depth. The
was weak but discernible between
June. The De4.aware II 76-Ob crossed through the area during 9-13 June. The SST's ranged from about 16C to 19C. The cold cell hao moved shoreward to about the 75-m isobath with minimum temper- atures still <8C. The Shelf Water/Slope Water front showed up between stations 5 and 6 (+20 km) as a weak subsurface thermal front. Stratification was fairly intense with surface to bottom temperature differences as Large as IOC in <50 m depth.
Jyi^- T^iP Motmac Rigel 76-05 (Fig. 14.13) crossed through the area during 6-7 July. The SST's had increased/' and ranged from 22C to >27C. The cold cell was generally <8C and extenaed off the shelf break. The Shelf A/ater/Slope Water front apparently v^s crossed near station 41 (-95 km)/ well seaward of the 10C-m isobath. Its Location was uncertain/ because no thermal structure was present to identify the front and it was
235
Paper 14
arbitrarily Located at the 54.5 o/oo surface isohaline. The stratification was intense^ with surface to bottom temperature differences as large as 14C in <50 m depth and gradients >0.5C/m at the thermocline. The north wall of the Gulf Stream was crossed betweeen stations 36 and 37 (+240 km).
Ayoyst. There was no SOOP iliddle Atlantic Biaht.
transect during this month in the
JeEteniber. The Mormac Eiaei 76-09 crossed through the area
Hiirinn 1-? 9piitPmhpr_ Thp ^l^^T'c haH rparhoH tho-ir neat anH
October. The Lash lyrki^e 76-10 (Fig. 14.15) crossed through the area during 7-8 October. The SST's ranged from <17C to >23C. The cold celL had a double bubble shape with the minimum temperature C<12C) occurring within the shoreward bubble and the warmer temperature (<13C) occurring within the seaward bubble. The Shelf Water/Slope Water front was crossed at station 7 (-300 km) and possibly again between stations 10 and 11 (-160 km). A Gulf StreaTi meander occurred at station 20 (+210 km) with the other half of the meander occurring just to the east of station 22 (+310 km).
The US during cold c with be low was w those was c of the of th 34.5 0 and t h
CGC G 23- ell w the lie 0 a r m e r of th ros se
100 e f r /oo i e fal
aUa
24 0 as q s ho r n on r w i e sh d b mis ont soh a I 0 V
tin 76-10 (Fig. 14.16) crossed through the area ctober. The SST*s ranged from 14C to 20C. The uite eroded and had a double bubble shape again eward bubble again ha»/ing the lower t emper at ur es r e station and generally <12C. The seaward bubble th minimum temperatures at least 1 deg higher than oreward bubble. The Shelf Ivater/Slope Water front etween stations 7 and 5 (-20 km) and was shoreward obath. At this time of year the thermal structure was weak/' and it was identified mostly by the line. Stratification had weakened considerably/^ erturn was in prooress.
November. The Lash lurki^^e 76-10 (Fig. the area during 17-18 November. The
14.17) crossed through SST's ranged from 11C to
20C. The Shelf Water/Slope Water front was crossed between stations 35 and 34 (-0 km)/ and had a weak thermal signature. An anticycLonic eddy was crossed between stations 26 and 23 (+310 kii to +420 km) with the north wall of the Gulf Stream being to the
236
Paper 14
east of the end of the transect. The fall overturn had mixed away all thermal stratification over the shelf. The water column was nearly isothermal/ ranging from 11C on the shelf to 14C just off the shel-f.
December- The USCGC Bjbb 76-11 (Fig. 14.18) crossed through the area during 4-5 December. The SST's ranged from <9C to >20C. The cold cell had eroded away with the overturn and the Shelf Waters were isothermal^ ranging from ICC on the inner shelf to 12C on the outer shelf. The Shelf Water/Slope Water front was evident between stations 29 and 28 (+55 km) with a fairly strong thermal front. The north wall of the Gulf Stream was crossed at station 13 (+450 km). This distance is overly large because the transect paralleled the continental shelf.
The USCGC Gallatin 76-12 (Fig. 14.19) crossed through the area on 21 December. The SST's ranged from >7C to <16C. The Shelf Waters were isothermal^ ranging from 9C to 11C (onshore to offshore). The Shelf Water/Slope Water front was crossed between stations 4 and 5 C-1G km)x and had a strong thermal signature.
SUMMARY
Water temperatures in the Miodle Atlantic Bight in 1976 generally followed normal trends for most of the year. However^ two anomalous conditions arose during late winter and early spring. During late winter the SST's averaged about 0.5C warmer than usual. During spring the nearshore surface salinities were greatly reduced. Sometimes these reduced surface salinities extended beyond the Shelf Water/Slope Water front with values of <22 o/oo.
A combination of the high river discharge in spring coupled with slightly increased surface temperatures led to earlier than usual stratification in the nearshore zone.
The offshore waters (at the shelf break and beyond) followed the normal trends of warming and cooling in both intensity and duration. Even the passage of hurricane Belle did little to interrupt the normal seasonal warming.
237
Paper 14
LITERATURE CITED
BUMPUS/- D. F./ R. E. LYNDEr and D. M. SHAW.
1973. Physical oceanography. In S. R. Saila (coordinator)/ Coastal and offshore environmental inventory^ Cape Hatteras to Nantucket Shoals/ p. 1-1--1-72. Univ. R.I. Mar. Publ. Ser . 2 .
WHITCOMBy V. L.
1970. Oceanography of the mid-Atlantic Bight in support of ICNAF/ S ept embe r -Dec embe r 1967. U.S. Coast Guard Oceanogr. Rep. CG 373-35r 157 p.
238
OISTfiNCE (N. MILESl->
PflRfiMETEB AT SURFACE
100 _
150 _
200 _
_ 100
150
200
250
CRUISE TRPCK PLOT
60. 120. 180. 240. 300. 360. H20. 480. 540. MORMPC RICEL 7601 (50057) STATIONS 1-9 1/24/76 - 1/25/76
Figure 14.1. — Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (degrees C) and sea surface salinity (/..) and vertical distribu- tion of temperature (degrees C) in the upper 50 and 2.50 m; Mormac Rigel 76-01, 24- 2.5 January 1976.
239
niSTflNCE (N. MILES)-*
16
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,500
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OflLLflS 7601 (500621 STfiTIONS 1-11 1/26/76 - 1/27/76
Figure 14.2. — Horizontal distribution of ^^^ sea surface temperature (degrees C)
and sea surface salinil.v (7„) and verti- cal distribution of temperature (degrees C) in the upper 1(X) and SOO m; USCGC Dallas 76-01, 26-27 January 1976.
240
DISTBNCE tN. MlLESl*
12 _
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m
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1(0. 80. 120. 160. 200. 2^0. 280. LRSM RTLRNTICO 7601 (S006m STBTJBNS 1-13 1/31/76 - 2/1/76
CRUISE TRRCK PLOT
Figure 14.3.— Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (degrees C) and sea surface salinity (7„) and vertical distribution of temper- ature (degrees C) in the upper 200 and 800 m; Lash Atlantico 76-01, 31 Januar>-1 Februar>' 1976.
241
OISTRNCE (N. MILES)*
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210.
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CRUISE TRACK PLOT
Figure 14.4— Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (deifrees C) and sea surface salinity (7..) and vertical distribu- tion of temperature (degrees 0) in the upper 20tl and S(K) m: I'SCGC Bibb 76-02. 6 Febru- ar> 197fi.
242
OISTRNCE tN. MILES)-*
37.
><0. 60. 120. 160. PBRflflETEB RT SURFRCE
n 1 —
280. 320. 360.
_36. o
V.
O
-35. ^
-3U. 5
-33. i 32.
_ 50 _
= 100 _
ISO _
_ 100
_ ISO
.200
CBUISE TRACK PLOT
100
200 _
300 -\
1400 _|
500 -J i|;jf,
600 _
700 _ SHiSI
i^^^;;gfe^
800
_ 100 _200 _300 _U00 _S00 _600 _ 700 _ 800
■"■T'"' '■ I I ■ — ■■■■r i 1 1" — } —
MO. 80. 120. 160. 200. 240. 280. 320. 360.
EXPORT OEFENOER 7602(501641 STATIONS 1-16 2/7/76 - 2/8/75
Figure 14.5.— Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (degrees C) and sea surface salinity (V_) and vertical distribution of temper- ature (degrees C) in the upper 200 and 800 m; Export Defender 76-02. 7-8 Februar> 1976.
243
STATION NO.
40°00 N -
SS'OO
40»00'N
- SS-'OO'
74»00 W
72»00
USCGC GALLATIN 76-02
Figure 14.G.— Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (degrees C) and sea surface salinity (•/„); USCGC
Gallatin 7B-02. 27-28 February 197G.
244
D1ST9NCE (N. MlLES)-»
37.
40. 80. 120. PflRfiMETER RT SURF9CE
160.
200.
240.
280.
50 _
100 _
150 _
200
_ 100
150
200
200.
CRUISE TR9CK PLOT
SSF
^ ' i^ ^ ij^'* " ^F "Ir^ /" "* ^
100
;t^ 200
LlJ
X 300
t—
Q-
* 400 _
500 _
600 _ 700
800
8
120.
T
_400
_500
.600
_ 700
.800
MO. 80. 120. 160. 200. MORMflC RIGEL 7603(502991 STRTIONS 1 -
Figure 14.7. — Horizontal distribu- tion of sea surface temperature (degrees C) and sea surface salinity (7„) and vertical distribution of temperature (degrees C) in the up-
15 3/23/76 - 3/23/76 ^' ^^ *"'' **"" ""' ^"''"""^ Rigel
76-03. 23 March 1976.
240.
280.
245
DISTRNCE IN. MILES)*
0. 60. 120. 180. PRRPMETER RT SURFPCE
240.
300. 360. 420. 480.
CRUISE TRRCK PLOT
Figure 14.8. — Horizontal di.stribution of ^'-"^ sea surface lemperature (degrees C) and sea surface salinil.v (V..) and vertical distri- bution of temperature (degrees C) in the upper 200 and 800 m: Export Defender 76- EXPORT DEFENDER 7604(507131 STATIONS 1 - 22 4/3/76 - 4/4/76 o4, 3-4 April 1976.
360. 420.
480.
246
DISTANCE (N. MlLESI-»
60. 120. 180. 240. PRRRMETER AT SURFPCE
180.
50 _
200
150
100 _
60. 120. 180. 240.
^*i, n T^ .n^ *,
|
1 ; : 1 300* : 360. |
• 430. : |
|
• • • • |
• • * • • * |
|
SSF GSM |
GSM |
|
: ® |
o® o |
|
• • ■2 Z»ft Z |
= :=:= .:. |
100
CRUISE TRBCK PLOT
LflSH flTLBNTlCO 7604 1507121 STATIONS 1 - 22 4/24/76 - 4/25/76
Figure 14.9.— Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (degrees C) and sea surface salinity (*/..) and vertical distribution of tempera- ture (degrees C) in the upper 200 and 800 m; Lash Atlantico 76-04, 24-25 April 1976.
247
DISTANCE (N. MILES1+
PflRRMETER HT SURFfiCE
SSF
in az
UJ
a.
UJ
50 _
100
490.
_50
100
CRUISE TRACK PLOT
MORMRC RIGEL 7605(50822) STATIONS 001 - 02U 05/15/76 - 05/16/76
C) and sea surface salinity (7..) and vertical distribution of tem-
Figure U.lO.-Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (degrees
perature (degrees C) in the upper 100 m; Mormac Rigel 76-05, 15-16 May 1976.
248
I I I I I 1 I I I 1 — I — r
0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60 70. 80. 90. 100. 110. DISTANCE ( N M )
25 -
50 -
75 -
100
50 -vmm
100 -
150 -;
200 -
250 -
300 -S
350
— 25
— 50
— 75
100
~1 n f-n' — ^T r — n-i —
0. 10. 20. 30 4Q 50 60. 7Q 80 90 100 110
— 50
— 100
— 150
— 200
— 250
— 300
75 72
CRUISE TRACK PLOT
350
Figure 14.11.— Horizontal distribu- tion of sea surface temperature (de- grees C) and sea surface salinity (7..) and vertical distribution of temperature (degrees C) in the up- per 100 and 350 m; Delaware II 76-05, 17-24 May 1976.
DELAWARE 11 76-05
STATIONS 1-9 5/17/76
5/24/76
249
o o
UJ
o
< UJ
a.
s
u
t-
19
18 -
17
16
1 — r
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120. DISTANCE (N M )
en
UJ
25 -
- 50
a.
UJ
o
75 -
100 -
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
— 100
— 200
300
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 DELAWARE H 76-06 STATIONS 1-8 6/9/76-6/13/76
74*30
71*30'
74-30' 7r30'
CRUISE TRACK PLOT
Figure 14.12.— Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (degrees C) and sea surface salinity ('/„) and vertical distri- bution of temperature (degrees C) in the upper 100 and 300 m: Delaware II 76-06, 9- 13 June 1976.
250
DISTANCE (N. MlLES:-»
50. 100. 150. 200 PflRflMETER AT SURFACE
250. 300. 350. 400. 450.
s » * 7i * an t a X *
50
- 100 _
150 _
200
100
200
300
400
500 _
600
700 _
800
_ 100
_ 150
200
_ 100
_200
_300
400
_500
600
700
800
MORMflC RIGEL 760S 150822) STATIONS 048 - 025 07/07/76 - 07/06/76
CRUISE TRACK PLOT
Figure 14.13.— Horizontal distribu- tion of sea surface temperature (de- grees C) and sea surface salinity (■/„) and vertical distribution of tem- perature (degrees C) in the upper 200 and 800 m; Mormac Rigel 76-05, 6-7 July 1976.
251
DISTANCE IN. MILESI*
28
26 _
24 _
uj 22 20
100. 150. 200.
PflRRMETER RT SURFRCE
300. 350.
a to
O
50
- 100 _
150
200
100
200
300
400
500 _
600 _
700
800
_50
100
_ 150
200
|
^ / |
^W^ |
|
¥ssf\ |
.GS ^19 |
G. 50. 100. 150. 200. 250. 300. 350. 400.
MOBMflC R"GEL 7609(50867) STATIONS 001 - 019 09/01/76 - 09/02/76
CRUISE TRACK PLOT
Figure 14.14.— Horizontal distribu- . tion of sea surface temperature (de- grees C) and sea surface salinity (7..) and vertical distribution of temperature (degrees C) in the up- per 200 and 800 m; Mormac Rigel 76-09, 1-2 September 1976.
252
DISTANCE (N. MILES1-*
180. 240.
PfiRflMETER AT SURFACE
"1 U20.
.37.
.36. g
.35. 2
.34. :;
z
.32. O .31.
480.
- 100 _
200
... -50
_ 100
_ ISO
lei. 2iil. 300. 360. I 420. 480.
SSF
SSFM
GSM
500
700
CRUISE TRfiCK PLOT
LfiSH TUHi<ITE 7610^508691 STATIONS 001 - 022 10/07/76 - 10/08/76
Figure 14.15.— Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (degrees C) and sea surface salinity ('/..) and vertical distribution of tem- perature (degrees C) in the upper 200 and 800 m; Lash Turkiye 76-10, 7-8 October 1976.
253
DISTPNCE (N. MILES)-*
|
. |
?n |
|
o |
|
|
o |
11 |
|
LU |
|
|
o |
|
|
18 |
|
|
UJ |
|
|
(C |
|
|
3 |
1 7 |
|
cc |
|
|
a. |
16 |
|
Q. |
|
|
UJ |
15 |
|
»— |
|
|
X |
m |
|
13 |
PRRRMETER r)T SURFRCE
in
i 50 _
a
100
_50
100
CRUISE TRACK PLOT
SSF
<" 100 _
^ 200 _
300 _
400 _
500
_ 100
_200
_300
UOO
500
GRLLRTIN 7610 150836) STATIONS 016 - 01 10/24/76 - 10/23/76
Figure 14. lA. — Horizontal distribu- tion of sea surface temperature (de- grees C") and sea surface salinity (■/„) and vertical distribution of temperature (degrees C) in the up- per 1(M) and 500 m; USCGC Gallatin 76-10, 23-24 October 1976.
254
DISTfiNCE (N. MILES)*
|
?? |
|
|
CJ |
|
|
liJ |
20 |
|
o |
|
|
liJ |
18 |
|
zs |
|
|
t— cr |
16 |
|
(C |
|
|
UJ |
|
|
0- |
14 |
|
bJ |
|
|
X |
12 |
|
10 |
37.
10. 80. 120. 160. PRRfiMETER AT SUBFPCE
200.
240.
280.
320.
* t t
50
100 _
150 _
200
_50
_ 100
_ 150
200
0. 40. 80. 120. 160. 200.
280: 320.
;;; 200 _
r 300 _
4. 400 _
40. 80. 120. 160. 200. 240. 280. 320. LflSM TUBKITE 7610(50869) STATIONS 039 -023 11/17/76 - 11/18/76
|
ft |
ACE |
60 SO
CRUISE TRACK PLOT
Figure 14.17. — Horizontal distribu- tion of sea surface temperature (de- grees O and sea surface salinity (7») and vertical distribution of temperature (degrees C) in the up- per 200 and 800 m; Lash Turhiye 76-10, 17-18 November 1976.
255
DISTfiNCE (N. MlLESl-»
21
60. 120. 180. PflRRMETER RT SURFACE
300.
^-e^S"^
.37.
_36.
.35. 'Z
_34. in
.33.
360.
420.
_ 50 _
- 100 _
150
200
_ 100
_ ISO
200
"1 100 _
a
200
300 _
400 _ M
soo
100
200
!.^300
_400
SOO
0. 60. 120. 180. 240. 300. 360. 420. BIBB 7511IS0892) STATIONS 034 - 012 12/05/76 - 12/04/76
CRUISE TRACK PLOT
Figure 14.18.— Horizontal distribu- tion of sea surface temperature (de- (trees C) and sea surface salinity (■/„) and vertical distribution of tem- perature (degrees C) in the upper 200 and ,'>00 m; L'SCGC Bi66 76-11. 4-5 December 1976.
256
DISTANCE (N. M1LESI-*
16
14 _
12 _
10
20. 40. 60. PflRfiMETER AT SURFACE
120.
...* *
50
"^-m^
100
0.
20.
40.
60.
15
100.
SSF
t" 100 _
200 _
300 _
400
500
_50
100
120.
_ 100
200
_ 300
_400
500
' i I
20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. GALLATIN 7612(509291 STATIONS 013 - 001 12/21/76 - 12/21/76
CRUISE TRACK PLOT
Figure 14.19.— Horizontal distribu- tion of sea surface temperature (de- grees C) and vertical distribution of temperature (degrees C) in the up- per 100 and 500 m; USCGC Gallatin 76-12, 21 December 1976.
257
Paper 15
ANTICYCLONIC GULF STREAM EDDIES OFF tHE NORTHcASTERN UNITED STATES DURIMG 1976
David Mizenko and J. Lockwood ChamberLin
INTRODUCTION
This report continues for a third year (1976) an analysis of the movements of anticyclonic Gulf Stream eddies in the Slope Water region off Ne^ England and the Middle Atlantic coasts. A report on these eddies durinq 1974 and 1975 was prepared by Bisagni. A general summary of information on the formation^ structure/' and dynamics of anticyclonic eddies is available in his report.- and is not included here.
The information provided here on the eddies is basically the same as that presented by Sisagni.' It aiffers in minor ways, as described in the following sections, because of some differences in our methodology and improvements in the primary information available from satellites.
Some additional information is also given, especially on the I formation ana destruction of the individual eddies, the surface boundaries of the eddies, and a zonal analysis which summarizes information on the movements of the eddies relative to one anot her.
Methods of Analysis and Sources of Information on &dd^ Surface e.gsitigns and Boundaries
The positions and surface boundaries of the eddies, during 1976 (Figs. 15.1-15.7), were largely taken from Experimental Ocean Frontal Analysis charts issued weekly by the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office. Additional information was obtained from infrared imagery from the NOAA GOES 1 and 2 satellites, enhanced
Atlantic Environmental Group, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Na r raca nse 1 1 , RI 02882.
'Bisagni, J. J. 1976. The oassage of anticyclonic Gulf Stream eddies through Deepwater Dumpsite 106, 1974-1975. Evaluation Report 76-1, 39 d.
'■JOAA Diimpsite
259
Paper 15
for sea surface temperature (about 6 to 8 images available per day)/ and the Experimental Gulf Streati Analysis^ issued weekly by the National environmental Satellite Service. For the special analysis of the February-April periods NOAA-4 satellite imagery was also used.
Pos it bouno posit dots by ey shown Both appro the i Pot oc iJ a t e r indie i s mo
ions ar i e i on s (Fin e f r fo t he X ima mage s ky
may ated
St f
bas
s of
f r om
s. 15
om tn
r re
posit
t i ons
r y ar
(197
apj-i
by
reque
ed on the
uncle .1-15. e surf c r esen ions a r bee e of t e 6) ha a r mu
t he s nt wes
1 m eddi ar i 7) a ace tati nd b ause n di s p ch
ubsu t of
33 e r y es ar mage r re t h bound ve St ounda
t he St ort oi nt e smal I rf ace
70W .
th e d r y a r e ee a r i e at es r i es surf ions d o e r St r
at c I ea awn with e drawn nt ers of s . Surf in the sho J I d aee e xpr
of t he ut that in sate uc tur e /
r I y
so I with
the ace life
be ess i
sub
edd Hit and
s how s
id line
dashed
eddies
boundar
times o
regard
ons of
surface
i es ent
e imag
that th
the s s ; unc
lines .
as est i es are f the e ed as the edd s t ru c raining ery t h is d i st
u rf ace ert ain The i mat ed on ly ddi es .
rough i es in tur e. ^
Shelf an is 0 rt i on
Eddies that made surface contact with the Gulf Stream were still regarded as eddies^ so long as it appeared from the imagery that their circulation was largely separate from that of the Stream. In the Experimental Ocean Frontal Analysis^ eddies which later made such contact were labeled as meanders.
tiylhile the metnods used here are basically similar to those of Bisagni (see footnote 2)/ there are some important differences in detail. On his "trajectory" Tiapsx Bisagni shows all positions^ sure and estimated^ from several sources. We have avoided plotting esti .Bated positions except where long time gaps exist between sure positions/ and have given only one position for an eddy on any given date.
Though similar data sources were used/ their quality has improved markedly since the period 1974-75 studied by Bisagni. This is especially true of the Experimental Ocean Frontal Analysis charts/ which during 1974 lacked the detail/ accuracy/ and documentation .which has since been incorporated — especially during 197o. This improvement has allowed more accurate data to be presented here than was av=iil3ble to Bisagni.
The dates of eddy formation and destruction were interpolated when necessary. For example/ if a feature was clearly a Gulf Stream meander on 15 October and an eHdy on 19 October/ it is
Chamberlin/ J. L. 1977. Monitoring effects of Gulf Stream meanders and warm core eddies on the continental shelf and slope. Int. Comm. Northwest Atl. Fish./ Sel. Pap. 2:145-153.
260
Paper 15
assumed to have detached from the Gulf Stream as an eddy on 17 October. These interpolations are accurate to within a week or less. Bisagni used the dates an eddy was first sighted and last sighted as his formation and destruction dates/ making his estimates of eddy lifetimes a little shorter (on the order of a week) than would be obtained by our method. Infrared imagery from the Geostationary Orbiting Environmental Satellites at 3-h intervals/^ which Bisagni did not have available^ was very useful for establishing such dates.
Only eddies that were observed west of 60w are considered in this report. These are labeled by the year in which they formed plus a sequentially assigned letter. The dates of their formation and destruction/ and the number of days they survived/ are summarized in Table 13.1.
Table 1 5 .1 . --Summa ry of estimated eddy formation and destruction dates and days of survival.
Eydi:
Dates
|
75E |
7/23/75 |
- 3/27/76 |
|
751 |
11/1/75 |
- 3/17/76 |
|
76A |
2/27/76 |
- 3/30/76 |
|
7613 |
4/1 /76 |
- 9 |
|
76C |
4/19/76 |
- 10/15/76 |
|
760 |
5/20/76 |
2/4/77 |
|
76E |
5/28/76 |
- 7/24/76 |
|
76F |
1C/ 15/76 |
2/4/77 |
|
76G |
10/27/76 |
- 5/13/77 |
|
a^^s |
Days in "lllV |
|
248 |
87 |
|
137 |
80 |
|
37 |
32 |
|
>90 |
>90 |
|
179 |
179 |
|
260 |
225 |
|
57 |
57 |
|
112 |
77 |
|
198 |
65 |
Total eddy-days in 1976
>892
Date first observed Subject to revision. May have survived into Totals by quarter:
J an- Ma r
Ap r- J un
J u l-Sep
Oct-Dec
(See also Bisagni
(see text footnote 2)
August
199 236 2 08 249 1978).
261
P aper 15
EDDY HISTORIES
1976
Two eddies survived 1975 into 1976 (75E ana 751). Eddy 75E (Fig. 15.1)/ first observed on 23 Jjly 1975 (Bisagni's ACE-10)/ was off southern Delaware with an apparent surface diameter of about 40 nm (70 km) at the start of 1976. An expendable bathythermograph (XBT) survey on 18 February and 19 revealed a maximum Core temperature of 13C extending to nearly 3C0 m depth (Cook et al. 1976). This eddy coalesced with the Gulf Stream about ll Karch .
Eddy 7 not a month locate (170 k V i c i ni 17 Mar and 15 detach ex t ens (Fig. that and 75
51 (F ppare for t d at m) . ty of ch r b .iJC) .
ed f r i V e 15.8e eddy I are
ig^ 15. nt in wo mont
o6W After m
6iiWr t y enc ro About om the patch ) . Ano 751 was
tue sa
2)x sate hs u with ov i n he e ac hm
1 A Stre of t he r
not me .
wh i c
Hit
nt i I
an
g so
ddy
ent
pr i I
am a
Gulf
pos
des
h f or Tte
e image
the en
aopar
ut hwes t
appear e
of a ou
r part
s anot h
St rea
s i b le i
t royed
d in ry af d of ent
abou d to If St of th er ed no wa nt erp du r i n
early ter t
J anua su r f a t 100 be la ream is me dy (7 ter ret at g Mar
Novem he latt ry 1976 ce d i a
nm (1 roe ly d
meande ander a 6B) r in at 67W ion of c h and
be r er p
r wh
mete 9G k es t r r ( ppea di ca 30" the that
1975 art o en i r of m) t oy ed/ Figs, red t ted
on 7 image
edd i
/ was f that t was
90 nm o the
about
15.feb 0 have as an
A p r i I r y is es 76 F
An XBT section from Albatross IV on 2-3 April (line AB in Fig. 15.9) in the area of the warm patch indicates anticyclonic circulation/ especially in the form of the isotherms for 12C and colder/ but because of the section's placement/ does not determine the feature as a meander or eddy/ although the thermal structure does show a surface connection with the Gulf Stream. The very steep thermal gradient at the inshore margin of the eddy (Fig. 15.9) is based on the traces from three XBT probes dropped near together in quick order. An additional XBT section along line BC in the inset map on Figure 15.9 is not reproduced in this report/ but shows a similar steeo thermal gradient (at position C). An eastward current can be inferred on the offshore side of the gradient.
The hi the sa water on a en t r ai (90 km outer the Ea eddy . westwa imager weeks.
story telli pat ch prot nment ).
shelf St war ~If t rd m y/ an Thi
of edd t e i mag
of unc r us ion
around T he pr
SQUt h
d on 1 1 he deep u ch mo d then s eddy
y 763 (F
er y . Th
er t a in c
of She
an eddy
esence
of New E
-12 May/
1 3C wat
re qu i c
remained
may have
ig. 15.2) is not clearly apparent in e 24 April position is based on a warm- haracter. The 29 May position is based If Water that has the appearance of
with a surface diameter of about 50 nm of 13C water to a depth >155 m over the ngland (7lw12')/ in an XBT section from
provided evidence of the passage of an er was from this eddy/ then 76B moved kly than was indicated by satellite
in the area of 71«i/ for about three
been the one that appeared in the area
262
Paper 15
of Deepwater tjumpsite 106 (38NA3 ' -39N00 ' r 72W00 •-72W30 ' ) at the end of June as shown by several XbT sections.' After Mayr however^ the history of the eddy was not revealed in satellite imagery.
Eddy 76A formed about 22 February from a large meander centered at 63 w (Figs. 15. 3x 15.8a/ 15. Bb). The large decrease in appar- ent surface diameter of this eddy froti 140 nm (260 km) at the end of February to 1C0 nm (190 km) at the end of March was probably a result of deceptive surface expression. A hydrocast transect from the RV Ernst Haeckel made on 20 March (Fig. 15.10) showed this eddy to be a smoothly structured mass of Sargasso Water/ with a sigma-t range of only 25.9 to 26.3 at stations 1 to 4 (except in a few of the deepest samples at stations 2 and 4).
A special set of diagrams (Fig. 15.8)
illustrate i/iajor interactions between
anticyclonic eddies in the area southeast
mid-February through April, Involved in
two large changes of course by the Stream
eddies 751 and 76A/ as well as the formation and destruction of
cyclonic eddy.
has been prepared to the Gulf St ream and of Georges Bank froti these interactions were ana the destruction of
a
On 17 February (Fig. 15.8a)/ eddy 751 lay south of Georges Bank/ and a Gulf Stream meander was separating as eddy 76A.
On 28 February (Fig. 15. bb)/ eddy 751 was entraining warm Gulf Stream water/ and eddy 76A was fully formed and had moved wes t wa rd .
By 24 March (Fig. 15.8c)/ a developing Gulf Stream meander had encroached on eddy 751/ apparently destroying it. Eddy 76A moved westward and entrained warm Gulf Stream water.
By 27 March (Fig. 15. 8d)/ 3ulf Stream water was from the meanoer south of Georges Bank as eddy 76A ceased entraining Gulf Strean water and was losing kater to the Gulf Stream. I^eandering of intensified southeast of eddy 76A.
separ at i ng 76B. Eddy apparent ly the St r eaii
By 7 April (Fig. 15. 8e)/ eddy 763 had separated from the Stream south of Georges bank and had moved westwaro. The Gulf Stream changed course through the northern portion of eddy 76A/ forming a broad meander that incorporated this eddy. Tti e former path of the Stream to the south became a cyclonic eddy. A hydrocast transect from the W^eczno made
J. J. Bisagni/ Atlantic Environmental sett/ Rl 02b£d. Pers. commun.
Group/ NMFS/ Narragan-
263
Paper 15
on 4-7 April (Fig. 15.11; station location plotted on Fig. 15. 8e) showed only one crossing of the Gulf Stream axisr inJicdting that the Gulf Stream had assumed its directly eastward path by the tiiie of the section. The rise in isotharms and isohalines at station 4 was due to the proximity of this station to the Gulf Stream's northern edge .
On 14 April CFig. 1 5 . 8 f ) /• eddy 76B/ south of Georges Sank/ was not visible in satellite imagery. The Gulf Stream had merged with the west rriargin of the cyclonic eddy.
By 18 April (Fiq. 15. 8g)/ the cyclonic eddy was incorporated into the Gulf Stream/ but the former path of the Stream was not completely abandoned. Hydrocast stations (Fig. 15.2/ BeloQorsk/ 17-19 April) of leg AB were entirely in Slope Water/ while the middle stations of leg BC were in the Gulf Stream/ providing agreement with the surface pattern shown in Fipure 15. 8g. Because of the placement of stations/ the link between the old and the new Gulf Stream paths was not recorded in Figure 15.12.
On 24 April (Fig. 15. 8h)/ eddy 75C formed from the of the old Gulf Stream path.
remnant s
The po April/ August and f 28 Jul reach have h per d 4 nm ( 1976. was p r cont i n on 12- af th d i amet marked coa les
si t i on
was
The
or 28
y pos i
i ts ad to ay . T 7 km)
Ev i de ov i ded en ta I 13 Aug is ed er was ly d ced w i
of not pos Jul tion fair tr av hi s per nee
oy
she us t . dy ' s 60 ur i n th t
eddy 7 c lea i t i on y/ a
was e ly ce el at speed day th for th 13C wa If at The size nm ( p lat he Gu I
6C (F rl y for 1
sugg spec i rt ai n an av is in at we e pas ter t
71N1 sa te I unt i I 110 k e Se f Str
seen 5 via est i ally
pos e r ag cons
hav sage o a 0'/ lite
lat m) . pt em earn
15.3)/
i n y wa s ve Sh
quest i t ion e rate i St ent e ca Ic
of th dept h in an
image e Auqu
The ber a about
f ol the base e If i ona of 1
of
wi t a lat i s e of XBT ry p s t w
su r nd 1 5 0
lowi n sate d on
W a t e ble/ 3 Aug at I h a ve ed f o ddy s >140 sect i rov id hen t face Octob ct obe
g it I lit a wa r p beca ust / east rage r ot out h m o on f es n he a exp er/ r .
s for e ima rm wa rot ru use i
the 6 n
rate her
of H ve r rom t o c le ppa re re ssi
and
mat i gery ter s ion n or eddy m ( s of edd i ew E the he 0 ar p nt s on the
on in
unt i I
patch/
The
der to
would 11 km)
up to e s in ng land
out er ceanus i ct u re u rf ace shrank eddy
Eddy 76D c en t e r ed (20C km)
(Fin. 15.4) formed about
264
Paper 15
shallow eddy waters the deeper circulation seemed to be closed. The shara thermal front on the shoreward side of the eddy (Fig. 15. 1A) indicated considerable velocity shear. In mid-De cember r the eddy was located at 70w30* and had an apparent surface diameter of 80 nm (15 0 km). This eddy persisted into 1977 until captured by the Gulf Stream during February.
Eddy 76E (Fig. 15.5) formed about elliptical meander _ surface diameter at this time eddy
.-. 26 May at 62W from an
that looped westward from 6CW. Its apparent was about 80 nm (15C km)
This a e
suiidte uicimtTLer dt tnis Ljmtr wdi auoux ou nm ^.IDU Km^. inis eddy survived at least into late July^ when it became masked by a large area of warm surface water. It may have lasted through the better part of Augusts but the fate of eddy 76E is obscure. Presumably^ it coalesced into either the Gulf Stream or eddy 76D.
Eddy 76F (Fig. 15.6) formed from a northward extending meander at 64W on 15 October. Its apparent surface diameter was about 80 nm (150 km). It survived until February 1977.
Eddy 76G (Fig. 15.7) formed about 27 October from a meander that had looped westward from 65W with an apparent surface diameter of 90 nm (170 km). After initial westward movements the eddy remained fairly stationary during December at 67W30'. This eddy persisted until well into 1977.
ZONAL ANALYSIS OF EDDY POSITIONS AND MOVEMENTS
A zonal analysis of all the eddies in 1976 is summarized in Table 15.2 to reveal their movements relative to one another. The region studied was divided into eight zones of about equal lengths along the axis of eddy movements (Fig. 15.15). The zonal boundaries were drawn approximately normal to both the mean position of the Gulf Stream's north wall and the lOQ-fm (180-m) isobath. The zone in which each eddy occurred at the middle of each month is shown in Table 15.2.
Eddy positions with respect to zone were also determined for 1974 and 1975 from Bisagni (see footnote 2). The last column of Table 15.2 gives the number of occurrences at midmonth for the years 1974-76 in each zone. Thusr in zone 4^ eddies were present at midmonth 15 times out of a possible 36.
Except for zones 1 and 8/ overall eddy activity was fairly uniform with respect to zone for the years considered. There are relatively few occurrences in zone 8 because many eddies never get that far and those that do are soon incorporated into the Gulf Stream. The low level of activity in zone 1 seems to be realr even though partly a data artifact caused by excessive cloud interference in the satellite coverage. Occasional cloud
265
Paper 15
free imagery indicates that Gulf Stream eddies are common in the Slope Water region east of zone 1. It appears/^ therefore/^ that eddies formed east of zone 1 (off the central Scotian shelf) tend not to move westward very far. No eddies observed during 1976r in the area of our analysis/^ originated east of zone 2.
A westward boundary to the region of eddy formation is apparent in the zonal analysis. During 1974-76^ no eddies originated west of zone 5 .
ENVELOPES OF EDDY CENTER POSITIONS AND BOUNDARIES
Envelopes drawn around all the observed surface center positions and surface boundary positions of eddies during 1976 appear in Figure 15.16. The narrow portion of the envelope of centers between 69W and 72W reflects the fact that few eddy observations were made in this region.
DISCUSSION
Satellite ima.gery has proved itself an effective means of monitoring anticyclonic eddies but does have inherent limitations:
1. Imagery reveals what is happening at the surface/ but the surface is the last place to become disconnected in anticyclonic eddy formation fGotthardt 1973)/ whereas the area of maximum energy may be over 100 m below the surface (Khedouri and Gemmill 1974). Thjs/ a feature located near the Gulf Stream may appear as a meander in satellite imagery/ while the main body of water beneath the surface circulates as an eddy.
2. During the summer/ surface temperatures ir the Slope Water may approach that in the eddies/ causing the latter to "disappear" in the imagery. This effect probably contrib- uted to eddy 76C's not being detected until mid-August (Fig. 1 5.3) .
3. The region of our analysis is subject to long periods of cloudiness during which eddies may be formed or destroyed. Potocsky (1976)/ in an evaluation of imagery over the entire western North Atlantic/ found that cloud free coverage was best during April and October and worst during December.
A- Eddy surface expression can be distorted by entrained Shelf Water (Potocsky 1976). Chsmberlin (see footnote 3)
266
P aper 15
suggesteo that distortion mey also occur when wind causes overrunning of an eddy by surrounding water/^ or chilling of an eddy at the surface.
This report and that of Bisagni (see footnote 2) demonstrate that eddies have a variable^ Dut major* influence on physical conditions in the Slope Water. During the three years of record/ the number of eddies oresent at any time has ranged from a low of one (November 1974 to mid-January 1975) to as many as six (early November 1975/ one of which/ 751/ was not recorded by Bisagni).
SUMMARY
Two we I L -de vel oped anticyclonic eddies (751 and 76A) occurred south and southeast of Georyes Bank in the early months of 1976/ but these were short lived. Only three eddies moved westward beyond Georges Bank during the year (76B/ 76C/ 76D). Although two of these/ 76B and 76C/ were apparently weakly developed/ the former probably moved at least to the vicinity of the Hudson Canyon/ and the latter to the latitude of Virginia. Eddy 76D was strongly formed. It moved to the vicinity of the Hudson Canyon by the end of the year.
ACKNOWLEDGMEMTS
In the National Environmental Satellite Service/ NOAA/ Franklin E. Kniskern provided several prints of NOAA-4 satellite imagery and Robert L. Mairs provided 3-hourly imagery from the Geosta- tionary Orbiting Environmental Satellite. Rudolf J. Perchal/ U.S. Kaval Oc ea nog rap hi c Office/ provided up-to-the-minute satellite information at times when research vessels were making special observations in eddies. Philip L. Richardson/ University of Rhode Island/ provided NOAA-4 satellite pictures for the F ebruo ry - Apr iL period.
Henry ti . Jensen provided special X6T observations south of Georges Bank from RV Aigatros^ IV on 2-3 April. Special acknowl- edgment is owed for data provided by the crews of cooperating foreign fishery research vessels: the German Democratic Republic's RV Ernst haecke], for Nansen bottle data on 20 March/ the Polish RV Wieczno for XBT data on 4-7 April and for Nansen bottle data on 7-T9 April/ and the U.S.S.R. RV Belogorsk for .■Hansen bottle data on 17-19 April and for XBT data on 5-6 September. W. Redwood Wright and Patrick J. Twohig/ NMFS/ Woods Hole/ MA/ assisted in obtaining oceanog raphi c aata from the foreign vessels.
267
Paper 15
Reed S. Armstrong / fotional Marine valuable oce anog raph i c advice.
Fisheries Service*'
gave
LITERATURE CITED
biSAGNl/ J. J.
1978. passage of anticyclonic Gulf Stream eddies through deepwater dumpsite 106 during 1974 and 1975. In J. R. Goulet^ Jr. and E. D. Haynes (editors)/ Ocean variability: Effects on U.S. marine fishery resources - 1975/ p. 293-298. U.S. Dep. Commer./ NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ. 416.
COOK/ S. K./ J. J. BISAGNI/ and K. A. HAUSKNECHT. 1976. A sjrvey of en anticyclonic (warm core) eddy. Gulfstream 2(3):6-7.
Gu I f Stream
60TTHARDT/ 6. A.
1973. Gulf Stream eddies in the western North Atlantic Naval Oceanogr. Off. Tech. Note 6150-16-73/ 42 p.
U.S.
KHEDOURI/ E./ and W. GEMMILL.
1974. Physical properties and energy distribution of Gulf Stream eddies. U.S. Naval Oceanogr. Off. Tech. Note 6150- 22-74/ 25 p.
POTOCSKY/ G.
1976. Application of VHRR-IR satellite imagery to quali- tatively estimate subsurface thermal structure. U.S. Naval Oceanogr. Off. Tech. Note 3700-48-76/ 18 p.
268
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42° -■
40'
38°-
36 =
42'
- 40"
- 38'
Figure 15.1. — Track line for unticyclonic eddy 75E (23 July 1975-27 March 1976). Surface boundaries, as seen on satellite imager)*, are
shown for some positions.
42°
40°
38°-
36°
75°
70°
65°
Figure 15.2.— Track lines for anticyclonic eddies 751 (1 November 1975-17 March 1976) and 76B (1 April 1976-?). Surface boundaries, as
seen on satellite imagery, are shown for some positions.
270
42'
40" -
38°-
36'
42°
Figure 13.3.— Track lines for anticyclonic eddies 76A (22 February-30 March 1976) and 76C (19 ApriI-15 October 197G). Surface bound- aries, as seen on satellite imagery, are shown for some positions.
42'
40" -
38°-
36°
Figure 13.4.— Track line for anticyclonic eddy 76D (20 May 1976-February 1977). Surface boundaries, as seen on satellite imagery, are
shown for some positions.
271
42'
40°-
Figure 15.5.-Track line for anticyclonic eddy 76E (28 May-24 July 1976). Surface boundaries, as seen on satellite imagery, are shown for some
positions.
Figure l.i.B.-Track line for anticyclonic eddy 7fiF (15 October 197fi-February 1977). Surface boundaries, as seen on satellite imagery, are shown
for some positions.
70'
4 2°
40° —
65'
60'
:d-v^
100 . _ _ _ / ~
10/30 \
/ 1/J
> 12/a \ /
42=
— 40'
75°
65"
60'
Figure 15.7.-Track line for anticyclonic eddy 76G (27 October 1976-13 May 1977). Surface boundaries, as seen on satellite imagery, are
shown for some positions.
272
70" 68" 66* 64«' 62' 70» 68° 66" 64" eZ"
42'
40»-----
38"-
36»-
40»-
38"-
36«
40"-
38«
36"-
40» —
38°-
36°-
Figure 15.8. — Interactions between Gulf Stream eddies and the Gulf Stream during the late winter and early spring of 1976.
See text.
273
283 284
285 286
NAUTICAL MILES
Figure 15.9. — Expendable balhvthermoRraph (XBT) sei(ion (degrees O from K\' .U6«(ro.ss /\' in Gulf Stream meander (or eddy) on 2-3 .April I97fi that had been pu.shed into proximity with Georges Bank. Section is not given for line B to C on inset map. The three dots on the map inset correspond to the locations where the thermal front was denned by the XBT survey. See text for discussion.
274
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to
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I-
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Q.
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100 —
200 —
300 —
400 —
0
o > tr z
en
500
600 —
700
NAUTICAL MILES
Figure 15.13.— Expendable bathythermograph section (degrees C) and surface salinities ('/..) through eddy 76D and the Gulf Stream on 5-6 September 1976 from RV Belogorsk. See Figure 15.14 for detail of upper left corner of section. Location of section is shown on inset map.
278
a:
LlI
(-
LlI
Q. LlI Q
100
200 —
10 20 30
NAUTICAL MILES
Figure 15.14. — Detail of upper left comer of Figure 15.13.
40
279
/
^
Figure 15.15. — Zones used in Table 15.2.
ENVELOPE OF EDDY CENTER POSITIONS
ENVELOPE OF EDDY SURFACE BOUNDARIES
-T-
^
3
5o
Co
O to
KiKiirc l.').lli. — Knvolopcs of surfiuc boundaries and rcnliT positions uf eddies during l!l7(i.
280
Paper 1 6
RIVER RUNOFF ALONG THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC COAST IN 1976
Elizabeth D. Haynes
The river runoff (rate of volume flow) presented
The river runoTT (rate or volume Tlow; presented calculated from the continuously recorded water level stations located at Trentonr NJ^ on the Delawar
PniinKL-oartc-io^ MY- nn <-ho WiiHcon Piv/^r. anH al/-\r\n *-ho
Poughk eepsi e X
. ..v^a-'- -- K - • >- ' NY^ on the Hudson Riverr and Chesapeake Bay at the sections shown in and P ough keeps i e
here is
at gaging
e Ri ver/^
along the shores of
Appendix 16.1. Trenton
and Poughkeepsie are upstream of any tidal influence^ but the tidal flow and consequent mixing need to be accounted for in order to estimate Chesapeake Bay runoff.
The unusual warming in January and February caused higher than
average runoff in February in all three estuaries. Spring runoff
normally peaks at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay in March and
continues high in April as a result of snow melt in the southerly
James and Potomac river basins/ in contrast to Delaware Bay^ in
which the average runoff is greatest in Aprils with March a close s econd .
By March there was no snow nor river ice left in the drainage
areas/ so runoff was unusually low. April was hot and dry/ with
less than 50% of normal rainfall and temperatures reaching the
mid-90's; runoff was low (Appendix 16.1/ Fig. 16.1). Flow continued below average through May/ and then was essentially
average in magnitude (within 10/000 cu ft/s ' of the long-term mean at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay) until October.
Due to a succession of frontal waves/ rainfall in September exceeded 1502i of normal. On one day/ 5 inches of rain fell in the Chesapeake drainage basin. This weather pattern continued in October and brought three times the rainfall normal for the month.
'The data used in this report were supplied by the U.S. Geological Survey District Offices in Hudson/ NY/ Trenton/ NJ/ aad Towson/ MD .
^Resource Assessment Division/ National Marine Fisheries Service/ NOAA/ Washington/ DC 20235.
M/000 cu ft/s = 28.32 wis.
281
Paper 16
The highest runoff measured at the mouth of Chesapeake Pay (35G/C00 cu ft/sec) for any month since data were first recorded in 1950 occurred in June 1972 as a result of Hurricane Agnesr and because of it the annual mean for that year also was the highest on record (about 130/000 cu ft/secx Appendix 16.1). The second highest annual mean (IIS/OOC cu ft/sec)/ although not monthly peak/ was in 1975/ associated with Hurricane Eloise in September; the rest of that year was essentially normal. Mean flow in October 1976 (179/900 cu ft/sec) exceeded that of September 1975 due entirely to e xt r at r op i ca I frontal activity. Despite the dry months of spring/ the annual -nean flow in 1976 (&4/40C cu ft/sec) was the sixth highest of the ?5 years of record. Runoff decreased in November and was average in December.
Runoff in the Delaware Bay and Hudson River (Fig. 16.1) paralleled that in the Chesapeake due to the same climatic conditions during the year. The December flow dropped in the Delaware and Hudson Rivers as the onset of the cold winter of 1976-77 locked up precipitation in snow and ice. Long-term iiean monthly runoff figures were not obtained for the Hudson River/ and the 1976 data are provisional. The annual average of the data set is 20/100 cu ft/sec over the period of record.
Runoff affects estuarine and offshore fishes and shellfishes by varying the salinity/ turbidity/ dissolved oxygen/ and stratification of their environment. Early warming in the spring of 1976 was associated with high runoff very early in the year. This accentuated the early onset of stratification in the near shore waters and suppressed oxygenation two months earlier than usual. The normal summer biological depletion of dissolved oxygen led to anoxic conditions and the subsequent fish kill in July (Armstrong/ Paper 17).
282
Table 16.1. —Mean monthly runoff in cu ft/s (O.O2832 cu m/s). A - Hudson River at Poughkeepsie , NY, 1976 (provisional data); B - Delaware River at Trenton, NJ, 1976; C - Delaware River at Trenton, NJ, monthly- means for 19i+l-70.
|
A |
B |
C |
|
|
JAN |
29200 |
19770 |
11850 |
|
FEB |
54800 |
26830 |
12410 |
|
MAR |
42300 |
16450 |
19780 |
|
APR |
46300 |
13420 |
21500 |
|
MAY |
41200 |
12670 |
14390 |
|
JUN |
18800 |
7490 |
8544 |
|
JUL |
18200 |
8610 |
6440 |
|
AUG |
20100 |
8007 |
6218 |
|
SEP |
12200 |
4800 |
4995 |
|
OCT |
33900 |
18020 |
5637 |
|
NOV |
23600 |
10800 |
9857 |
|
DEC |
19300 |
7476 |
11970 |
283
u
CO
o
O O
MONTH
Figure Ifi.l. — Mean monthly runoff into the Middle Atlantic Bight. A - Hudson River at Poughkeepsie. NY. 1976 (provisional data); B - Delaware River at Trenton, NJ, 1976; C - Delaware River at Trenton, NJ, monthly means for 1941-70.
284
APPENDIX 16.1
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
in Cooperation with
STATES OF MARYLAND, PENNSYLVANIA, AND VIRGINIA
ESTIMATED STREAMFLOW ENTERING CHESAPEAKE BAY
A monthly summary of cumulative streamflow into the Chesapeake Bay designed to aid those concerned with studying and managing the Bay's resources. For additional information, contact the District Chief, US. Geological Survey, 208 Carroll Building 8600 La Salle Road Towson, Marylond 21204 Phone 301-828-1535
January 1, 1577 4 Q Q ^ T !■■ ~ ., T T" p
JAN FES MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
150
50 30
T I I I I I I I I ! iT~rr I I 1 I I I I ui I n I I I I
Annual mean streomflow into Chesapeake Boy by calender years _
I_i_l-L-L-1 I 1 1-LJL.1_J_1.J-L L-L1-J_I I I I I I I II I 950 '55 '60 65 70 75 1980
285
ESTIMATED CUMULATIVE STREAMFLOW ENTERING CHESAPEAKE BAY ABOVE INDICATED SECTIONS BY MONTHS, DURING 197i
240
220
200
180
I I I I I I I I I I I
CUMULATIVE INFLOW TO CHESAPEAKE BAY AT INDICATED CROSS SECTIONS
A Mouth of Susquehanna R.
B Above moufh of Potomac R.
C Below mouth of Potomac R.
D Above mouth of James R.
E Mouth of Chesapeoke Boy
JFMAMJJASOND
286
ESTIMATED CUMULATIVE STREAMFLOW ENTERING CHESAPEAKE BAY
Cubic feet per second at section
YEAR
MONTH
1975
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
53,000 86,100 83,000 50,700 59,000 42,500 19,500 9,460 86,100 66,700 42,500 38,100
60,600 97,800 94,500 57,800 67,800 48,000 24,000 13,000 97,800 76,800 48,000 43,600
76,400
124,600
132,000
77,000
93,500
62,700
36,000
19,700
128,600
99,600
63,000
54,400
85,000
136,200
151,300
84,500
104,100
68,300
43,600
23,600
138,600
106,000
68,400
58,700
97,600
155,600
185,000
96,700
121,800
77,700
56,100
30,200
155,100
118,000
77,400
66,000
Mean
53,100
60,800
80,600
89,000
103,100
1976
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
49,300 102,000 64,600 45,700 34,800 39,200 25,000 20,900 12,500 82,400 38,600 27,200
56,200 114,800 72,200 51,800 40,300 44,700 29,900 25,400 16,400 93,900 44,200 32,300
82,800 134,900 87,100 68,200 47,600 53,800 35,800 30,100 20,200 135,000 58,600 45,900
96,000 142,700 93,700 74,900 52,000 61,600 38,000 31,300 21,100 148,500 64,200 54,400
118,200
155,400
104,400
85,900
59,400
74,400
41,900
34,300
22,900
173,900
73,400
68,300
Mean
45,200
51,800
66,700
73,200
84,400
287
Paper 1 7
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS RELATED TO THE FISH OFF NEW JERSEY DURING THE SUMMER
KILL AND ANOXIA OF 1976'
Reed S. Armstrona-
INTRODUCT ION
A massive fish kill in the bottom waters over the middle continental shelf off New Jersey occurred during the summer of 1976. Beginning in late June 1976/' dead or dying fish and shell"fish were sighted off the northern New Jersey coast andr through the summer/ the fish kill area expanded continuously southward. Low oxygen or anoxic conditions accompanied the fish kills (Bullocn 1V76). By mid-September the region of extensive fish mortalities covered an area of about 2/1G0 square miles (5/40u km-).'
Observations in August 1976 indicated that the fish kill was probably related to the presence of exceptionally low oxygen concentrations in the bottom waters on the shelf.* By mid-October/' oxygen concentrations in the bottom waters had returned to near normal conditions. Comparison of the August 1976 data with historic August observations from the National Oceanographic Data Center (MODC) archives indicates the terrperature of the waters below the thermocline and oxygen concentrations in the surface layer were not unusual in 1976
Tak relat
du ri n bnv i r
1976x
1^ I'i F S /
■At I
e r vi
Ste
enon
In J
At I an
1976.
'Oat
H inh I
en from: Armstrong^ R. S. 1977. "Climatic conditons ed to the occurrence of anoxia in the waters off New Jersey c the summer of 1976." In Oxygen Deplption and Associated onmental Disturbances in the Middle Atlantic Bight in
f. 17-3 5. Tech. Ser. R. No. 3/ Northeast Fisheries Center/
NCAA antic Environmental Group/ National Marine Fisheries ce/ NOAA/ Narraaansett/ RI 0?.bb2. imle/ F. 1976. A Summary of the fish kill - anoxia phenom-
cff New Jersey and its imoact on resource specieS/ p. 5-11. . H. Sharp (editor)/ Workshop Report/ Anoxia on the Middle tic Shelf during the SumTier of 1976/ l«i ash i ngt on / DC/ October
a prov ided by a nds / 1^1 J 07732 .
Northeast Fisheries Center/ NMFS
NOAA,
289
Paper 1 7
(Fig. 17.1). Therefore/^ any physical phenomena related to the anoxic condition in the bottom waters must have occurred earlier.
To define environmental conditions that might have led to anoxic conditions/^ various sets of historical and c I imat o log i ca I data were examined. The data used and their sources were:
Monthly mean river discharge for the Delaware River and Hudson Riverr and cumulative discharge into Long Island Sound/ provided by the U.S. (Geological Survey.
f^onthly mean sea surface temperature* compiled from ship reports and published in 2yiistream (National Weather Service/ January 1975-August 1976) and in The Gulf St££a2! (j2D£.hl^ iumrnar^ (U.S. Naval Ocea nographi c Officer January 1966-Dece(nber 1974).
I^onthly mean shore station temperatures at tide stations (Sandy Hook/ Atlantic City/ and Cape May/ NJ)/ acquired from the National Ocean Survey/ NOAA.
Historical oceanographic station data/ including dissolved oxyoen ooservations/ provided by the National Oceanographic Data Center/ Environmental Data Service/ NOAA.
In addition/ data from oceanographic stations occupied in the area in 19 7:> were provided by the Sandy Hook Laboratory of NMFS and by the Atlantic Oceanographic and "Meteorological Laboratories of NOAA'S Environmental Research Laboratories.
CLIf^ATOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
nn ex a e s sent be twee the s 1976 t any o T he ea water water I arqes years) At lent F ebrua a d d i t i Del awa early f r eshe
mi n at ia I ly n t he ur f ac he wa f th r ly w t emp t e^ipe t wa Fc ic C ry 1 on / re an
i n ni ng
i on of oegan
me an a e wate t er s be e pr ec a rmi no e ra t u re r at ures r mi ng r the I ity (1 976 wa t he us d H udso
1*76/ of surf
c I i mat
one nd 197 r s off g an wa ed i no in 197 r eco
in Fe for t onqe r 912-19 rm i ng ua I s n Rive
which ace wa
ol og i
to t
6 ann
New r m i ng 10 y 6 is rds/ brua r hose re cor
was pring rs ( F wou t e r s
ca I recor
wo mont hs
ual cycle
Jersey (F
at least
ears ( Feb
also in
where at
y over Ja
months f
d of shor
1923-1969
ex ceeded
increase
ig. 17.3)
Id cause
ove r the
ds i earl s of ig. 1
one
r ua r y
di c at
Sand
nua ry
or t h
e s t a
/ 19
onl
in r
heg
an
shelf
nOi ca y in warmi 7.2) mont h
vs . eo i y Hoo
1976 e per t ion 72-19 y on i ver an a
earl S p
tes 1976 ng a i ndi
ear Marc n s k th
rep iod
t em 76)/ ce
disc bout i e r ring
tha
C
nd c
cate
I ier
h an
hore
e i n
res e
of r
per a
the
(19
harg
tw
tha
inc
t s
ompa
oo I i
s th
tha
d Ap
St
crea nt ed ec or ture Jan 27). e f o o m n n reas
pnng r i s o n ng in at in n in ri I), at i on se in the d (32 s at ua r y- In r the on t hs or ma I e in
290
Paper 17
discharge into Long Island Sound was also two months early.
These two conditions^ early warming and Lowering of surface
salinities from early occurrence of high discharge/ would
establish stratification of the weter column some one to two months early.
OXYGEN CYCLE A^D STRATIFICATION
The annual cycle of dissolved oxygen in the subpycnoc li ne waters is shown in Figure 17.4/ which is a compilation of historic observations from the NODC archives for a 1-deg square off New Jersey (39N-4QN/ 73W-74W). Also included in the compilation were values collected in July 1957." For this analysis oxygen measurements at the greatest sanpling depth for each station with bottom depths >2.Q m and <60 m were plotted by month/ regardless of year of observation/ and a mean annual trend was derived from the plotted values. Data were available in all 12 months. They were obtained from 77 stations (28 cruises/ 12 years).
Du r i ng Waters bottom concen i nc rea March sa I i n i es t ab I and it rep len shelf/ a c t i vi t h roug the S pr ovi d rep len I imi t e spring s t agna than de crea until s t rat i
fall and
causes o
and r ai s trations. se in bot
(Fig. 17 ties de c is h i ng s t s pers ist i shmen t
where di ty. The h s pr i ng helf Wat e e V i den is hment d vertica and su nt water
rep leni s se (Fin.
su rf a ce f i c a t i on
w i nt e vertur es bot Sur torn ox .4)/ r ease r a t i f i ence t of ox s so Ive per si s and su er/Slo ce of by ad I and mmer mass i hment . 17.4)
coo I i in Sep
r / CO
nino/ torn 0 face ygen when
as cat i o hroug ygen d oxy t ence mme r / pe W li vec t i hor iz the n whi S f rom ng a t embe
o I i n
whi xyge cool cone
sur sp ri n. h sp
int gen
of
and at er mite on
ont a bott ch u ubpy the nd r .
g at t ch mixes n concen i n g / o V e ent ra t io face war ng ri V The St re ring an
0 the is norma the cold
the St r f ront d late from of
1 ex cha om water ti lizati cnoc I ine on«:et of overturn
he SU the w t r at i 0 r tu rn i ns typ mi ng b e r d ngt hen d sum subpy c I ly de
core ong t e over t ral
f s hore
nge i
on t h
on of
oxy
St ra
i nq b
r f ac ater ns t ng / ica I egi n i sch ing mer noc I plet over mpe r he c mi x i
mpl i e sh ox qen tif i egi n
e o s fr o e and ly c s .
arge of s
I im ine ed b
the at ur ont i ng The es elf ygen
va I
ca t i
br
f t
om s
qua I
the
ont i
'^ Iso
i
t rat
its
wate
y b
mi d
e gr
nent
and
con
that
i s a
i s
ues
on
eak i
he
urf a su resu nue / su nc re i f i c
ver rs o iolo die adi e a L s o dit i th
som
gr
st e i n
ng u
Shelf ce to r f a ce It i ng into rf a ce ases/ at i on t i ca I n the gi ca I shelf nt of lope/ xygen on of rough ew hat eater ad i ly March p the
Woods Hole Oceanograph i c Institution. 1961. Biological/ chemical/ and radiochemical studies of marine plankton. Reduced data report/ Appendix C to Ref. No. 61-6.
291
Paper 17
APfLICATION OF OXYGEN MODEL FOR 1976
Assuming that the early warming and early spring river discharge
in 1976 Pstaolished stratification t-o months earlier than usual
(January instead of Inarch), and assuming ,t hat oxygen^ ^depletion
progressed at typical
concentrations was
the normal trend
c
a
t
rates/ a trend for subpycnocline oxygen
formulated (Fio. 17.4). In this formulation
curve for the months of declinina oxygen
concentrations were received from AOML ^ '^^ ^^"^ ^ ^^ °"?"°^,^^S^^ J
Laboratories) surveys as part of the MtbA
New York Bight Project. The
AOML observations (Fig. 17.4) seems to
conditions resulted from a
and Net eoro logi ca I
(Marine Ecosystems Analysis)
correspondence with the
sucDort the contention that u^^h
teng?hened period of near stagnation in the bottom waters which. In ?urn" was caused by the onset - e ....... ..t .on one to two
months e?rliec than normal.
anoxic
of st rati f icat ion
An additional feature during the summer of 1976 was the occurren e of a distinctly larger than normal plankton PoP-Lation t rourhout the Shelf Waters of the ^''-'''l^'l[J;'l',\,'Z]2
cells on the New Jersey shelf, representing a larger than normal
d e
ecayina biomass. The continued high rate of oxygen depletion of llrlV sulleT and the maintenance of anoxic -"^^ ^ ;?"%J^^ ° ^/^ Late summer may be attributed to the large mass of oecaying
Cgrat i uffl.
KEGIONAL ASPECTS OF THE 1976 FISH KILL
fish kill
.„o,ic condUions an. the cesuU^n, ^J,s.^ --..H:. ^^llZ'll
Historical oxygen observations
limited to the. Shelf Waters off
292
Paper 17
Off Lo c on cen summer New J e L ong I Oxygen more r during d 1 s c h 3 in 197 one to
N
mo
t
Jo
off
two
for
for
along
Given
spring
I s I and
ng IsLandr as off New Jersey/' maxim trations normally occur in March/^ deer r and begin rising in September. Similar rsey Shelf Watersx the annual cycle of di sland reflects the seasonality of densit decrease in this 1-deg square off Lo apidly during spring than off New Jersey^
summer (Fig. I7.5a). Sea surface rge rates into Long Island Sound and from 6 indicate that stratification should hav
two months earlier than normal off Long ew Jersey. Assuming that stratification nths earlier than normals a trend for 19 he waters off Long Islandir beginning with nuary (6.5 ml/l). This curve is shown
with the one formulated for New Jer
sin, ilar anomslous events for the two area
and comparable Ceratiym bloom)/ bott
should not have gone mjch belo^ 2 ml/l i
um bottom oxygen
ease in spring and
to the cycle in
ssolved oxygen off
y stratification.
ng Is land proceeds
but less rapidly
temperatures and
t he Hudson River
e been established
I s land , as it was
became established
76 was deve loped
t he t yp i ca I value
in Figure 17. 5b/^
sey bottom waters.
s (two-month-early
om oxygen off Long
n 1976.
The
be tw
cond
A s
s h a I
bank
t ypi
off
less
Auau
of" t
New
off
Lone
cone
typi
New
ciff een i t io ini i I lowe of ca II New er V St 1
he p J er New
Is ent r
Cell
J e rs
e ren the n s . a r r .
f Ne
y oc
Je
0 lum 949, y cno sey
J er s
1 and at io y a V ey.
ce s tw
H b bank The w J e cu r s rsey e of
a c c L i n and ey w
ns / ai I a
1 n
0 ar
road
i s
anox
rsey
(Fi
wou
oxy
ru i s
e at
Long
as o
Appl
it c
ble
the a
eas mo
bank
prese
i c con
r uh i c
q. 17.
Id hav
gen, t
e that
a dep
I s I an
n ly ab
yi ng
ou Id b
below
nnua I St li (40-6 nt of di t i 0 h is 1) . e a I han t t r an th of d. T out 1 the e a rq the p
eye le ke ly ar
3 ill dep f New J n in 19 the reg The thi esse r v he wate s i tt ed about h i cknes 5 m, wh ratio ued tha ycno c li
of e the th) e e r sey 76 de ion w nne r o lume r s o both 25 m s of e re as of t t twi n e of
oxy
res
xi St
r bu
ve lo here
sub
of f f
a rea over the
it hese ce a f Lo
gen ult s of t it ped
the pycn wate Long s f o
the bott was
va s mu ng I
conee of bat f Long
is ab on the
lowes
oc li ne
r / and
Isla
und t h
banks om wa t about lues t eh ox s I and
ntr a hyme
Isl out
sha
t ox
wa
hen nd. e bo
of er I 30 m o ox ygen than
t ion trie and . 20 m How ygen t e r s ce a In 1 1 om both ay er
off
ygen
i s
off
Shelf Waters south of New Jersey (off the Delmarva Peninsula) also experienced early warming in 1976 ana would probably be unaer influence of the early, high river discharge. The lack of fish kills and anoxic conditions in this area in 1976 also is attributed to bathymetric differences. Off the Delmarva Peninsula the continental shelf is only about half as wide as off New Jersey and Long Island, which allows for greater cross-shelf exchange and oxygen replenishment. Historic observations in the NODC archives for the waters off the Delmarva Peninsula were too few to develop an annual cycle of bottom oxygen.
293
Paper 17
PREVIOUS FISH KILLS
In the same area as the fish kill and anoxia aevelopment of 1976^ three previous fish kills have been reported: September through early October 1968 (Ogren and Ch^ss 1969)/ October 1971 (Young 1973)/ and August 1974.' Aoparently none of these earlier fish kills was as extensive or enduring as the 1976 kill. Low oxygen conditions in the bottom i^aters accompanied all of the fish kills. C I i mat o log i ca I records of sea surface temperature from shore station reports and discharge rates for the Hudson River for the last iO years (19A7-76) were examined for conditions similar to those of 1976. During this 3u-yr period/ high discharge (arbitrarily defined as >150% of the monthly mean) occurred five times in January (1949/ 1950/ 1952/ 1973/ and 1974)/ and three times in February (1951/ 1954/ and 1976). Shore station temperature records for Sandy Hook and Atlantic City indicated early warming of the water (monthly mean for February warmer than for January) occurring 12 times at Sandy Hook and 9 times at Atlantic City. No observations were made in 1970 and 1971 at Atlantic City/ which were two of the years of early warming at Sandy Hook. Coincidence of early warming and high discharge occurred in 1949/ 1952/ 1954/ 1974/ and 1976. Therefore/ these five years had the potential to develop low oxygen conditions as a result of early stratification. For the 30-yr record/ the highest warming rates and record highest discharge in February all occurred in 1976. Included in the years of potential early stratification is 1974/ one of the times of a reported fish kill/ but not incLuaed are the other two instances.
A sign o c c u r r fall, result
which temper be caus (the than t the h means temper t y pi c ^ only S ept em 1968/
if i can
ed du r The i f rom wou Id 3tu res e rive h i ghe s he mon ig hest
for atu re lly th seven be r t e and
t po ing mp I i
e i leng
we r di t d th Ly
di De ce r e c e wa t i m mpe r 1971
int summ cat i t he r then re e sch a i s ch me a scha mbe r ords rme s es at ur
here er / on i an the xami rge arqe ns f rge / J fr t mo f rom es w Of
is t
but 1
s t ha
ear
peri ned t in su
of or De
for anua r om A nt h a 194 ere i these
hat th n 1968 t very ly sp od of o det e Timer a
the 3 cember
Septe y/ an t lanti nd Sep 7 to n 194 year
e fi and lo ring st r a rmi n nd
0-y r / J a mbe r d F c C t emb 1976 8/ s t
sh k i 1971 w ox or a t i f i c e the fall
r eco nuar y
i s ebrua ity er wa . Th 1957/ he hi
Us o
they ygen
late at i on
late
1 s rd f o / and about ry) . s how s war e ins 195 ohes t
f 19 oc c con fal
. 0 a r r
typi
r Au
Fe
the
S
t ha
mer
t an c
9/ rat
74 an ur r ed di t i o 1/ ei nly i va I ca I ly gust bruar same ea
t Aug than es of 1965/ e of
d 1976
during
ns may
t her of
surface
of fall
s!tia 1 1
is less
y / and
as the
surface
us t was
August
higher
1966/
wa rm ino
"C. J. Sindermann/ Northeast Fisheries Center/ NMFS/ NJ 07732. Pers. commun./ November 1976.
Highlands/
294
Paper 17
during August and September was in ^968 ^ with 1971 second/' the years of fall fish kills. fJone of the cases of early spring and late fall kills occurred in the same year.
Included in the data set of bottom water oxygen concentration were some values from February and June of 1968 and from f^arch of 1971. At these times/ the bottom water oxygens were above or equal to the average trend values/ implying that the low oxygen accompanying the fish kills did not result from eari^ stratifi- cation.
CONCLUSIONS
Stratification that develops in the Shelf Uaters off New Jersey in spring and persists through sjmmer/ along with limited exchange with offshore waters/ tends to develop an almost stagnant water layer along the bottom. During this period of near stagnation/ bottom oxygen concentrations typically decline until fall/ when cooling at the surface leaos to overturning and replenishment of dissolved oxygen. Conditions that would lengthen the season of stratification/ and thereby stagnation/ are considered to be the principal elements that would set the stage for generation of anoxic conditions.
The pe a r r i V a of i nc ( Late by t he kills fall a the t pot ent 0 c cur r h i ghe s in 19 p ro Ion
n oo I of rease
i ni t se de
r epo r r i ve wo m ia I i ed i t dis 76/ ged s
of s ap d sp i at i f in i rted d La ost nst a n t cha r i mp I t rat
t rat i ring ring on of t i ons
i n t e se re ce nces . he s ge an ying i f i ca
f i cat i (early river
coo I i / sp r i the tw ven t i nt ca Both ame y d warm
that t i on .
on c a warm di sch ng) . ng be V mos mes ( ses/
an e ea r . ing r that
n be i ng a roe
Ove gan t re Jith
197
ar Ly
Fo
at es
yea
pro comb ) or r t h earl cent
f is 1 an
sp r r t
for r H a
longe i ned
the e las y f i V
case h ki I d 196 i ng a he 30
an e s the
d by with Late t 30 e t
S/ 1
Is a 8)/ nd a -yr ar ly mos
eit ear a r r yea
ime s
976
gain
for lat
peri spr
t ex
her t I y 0 c i va I rs (1 (wi and 1 repo a tot e fal od of ing t reme
he e cur r of
947- th
974) rted a I 0 L n
rec occu
ca s
a r ly ence fall 76)/ fish and i n f 12 ever or dx r red e of
Bathymetric differences on the continental shelf seem to cause
the effects of stagnation to be more intense off New Jersey than
in adjacent ihelf Waters off Long Island and the Delmarva Peninsula.
295
Paper 17
Page 296
The role that plankton blooms play in conditions is not clears but they may
the generation of anoxic be a necessary ingredient.
Althou bound bot t cm the r of f re ^ d. in have I oc cur r again each r ebu i I I i mi te were n any o cons i d
g h the to h f i she e c r u i t Quent stance ed to ed e V from 1 pe r i od ding a d. Du o i ndi f the er ably
oc c ave s« p
ment recu s i
V er er y 96 5 ).
bund
ring
cat i
ye
bet
ur renc
a ca er haps of f r rence n the y low
two to 197
Du r i n ances
the i ons of a r s X t e r .
e of tast
a n is h
of
l?s ox to 6 (1
g t
of b
nt er
eit
ma in
ve roph equ9 St oc low t 3D ygen th re 2 ye hese otto veni her tena
ry low i c ef f L ly sev ks beca oxygen years
cone e e years ars wit
two m spe ci ng f i ve early s nee of
oxyg e c t on ere itn use of cond i t .* h en c n t r a t i from h six 12-yr e s mig years p r i ng
abun
en
ben pact
the i ons lima onsr 19^8 pot e peri ht h
(19 or I done
eonc thi c ma cum C tic su thr nt i a ods / ave 60-6 ate e m
entr o rg y d u lat onsi cond ch
ough I o pro been 4)/ fall iqht
at 10
ani s
eve I
i ve
der i
i t i o
cond
195
c cur
spec
se
when
ki I
ha V
ns is m s and op in effect ng the ns may i t i o n s 9, and r enees t s for ver e ly there Is in e been
LITERATURE CITED
BULLOCH, D. K.
1976. Ocesn kill in the New York 3 i gh t--summer 1976. Under- water Nat . 1C(1 ) :4-12 .
OGREN/> L.y and J. CHESS.
1969. A marine kill on New Jersey wrecks. Underwater Nat. 6(2) :4-12.
YOUNG/. J. S.
1973. A marine kill in New Jersey coastal waters. Mar. Pollut . Bull. 4:70.
296
AUGUST 1949, ALONG 39°50'N. LAT.
TEMR rc) OXY (ml/L)
100 0 25
DISTANCE (km)
AUGUST 1976, ALONG 39°30'N. LAT
TEMR (°C) OXY. (ml/L)
I I I J II I
I H a.
u o
100 DISTANCE (km)
100
Fig\ire 17.1. —Temperature and dissolved oxygen structure off central New Jersey (August 1949 data from National Oceanographic Data Center archives; August 1976 daU from Sandy Hook Laboratory, NMFS).
297
|
o |
+ 10 |
|
o |
|
|
UJ |
|
|
•F |
+ 5 |
|
< |
|
|
X |
|
|
o |
|
|
LJ q: |
0 |
|
3 |
|
|
H |
|
|
< |
|
|
UJ |
-5 |
|
a. |
|
|
S |
|
|
liJ |
-10
JASONDJFMAMJJA
RANGE OF EXTREMES 1966-1975
o
a: <
Ij o o o
Figure 17.2. — Monthly sea surface temperature change, July IHT.i-August 1976, and its historic 196G-75 range at S9N-40N, 7;)W-7-)W (values from gulfatream. National Weather Service, NOAA, January 197.5-August 197(1, and The Gulf Stream Monthly Summary. l".S. Naval Oceanographic Ofrice, January IHWi-Deccmbcr 1*.I71).
|
D,J|F|MiA|M|J |
7n -^ |
D,J,F|M|A|M|J |
||
|
V) b. |
RECORD FOR |
|||
|
K,"60- o |
RECORD FOR MONTH 1941-1970 » |
60 - 50- |
MONTH Vi ••" 1947-1975 ^.• |
|
|
o |
.." •. |
■• /*v |
||
|
< 40 - o |
,/■ |
40- |
1976 / y' '^ \ |
|
|
5 30- |
•■■ f~^^'\^'^^^ |
30- 20 - |
||
|
o 10- 0 -^ |
30 YR MEAN-I94I-I970 |
10 - |
/ 29 YR MEAN / 1947-1975 |
|
|
DELAWARE RIVER (TRENTON |
HUDSON RIVER (POUGHKEEPSIE ) |
Figure 17.3.— Monthly river discharge rates for 1976 and long-term means and extremes (from U.S. Geological Survey provisional
records).
298
N|D|J|F|M|A|M|J|J|A|S|0|N
ANNUAL TREND
Figure 17.4. — Subsurface (>20 m) dissolved oxygen as predicted and observed in 1976 and historical range and mean at
39N-40N, 73W-74W.
299
O i
— o
e '-
.2 is
» -
z £
c .2
o **
■o -a
en t
•a o
(1/LUJ) M39AX0 G3A10SSia
- cu
Z o
>-
X
o
CO
a:
C3 UJ
en
.— o
(l/L^) 3SV3b330 N3DAX0
<* 5
X CO
c a I:
'u,
300
Paper 18
VARIATIONS IN THE POSITION OF THE SHELF WATER FRONT OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST B E T iJ E E M GEORGES BANK AND CAPE ROMAIN IN 1976
John T . Gunn
INTRUDUCT ION
Dup to the tendency of forage oroanismsy and thus pelagic fish stccksr to De associated with the convergence zone of ocean frontS/^ knowledge of temporal and spatial variations of the Shelf Water front position can be imoortant to fishery scientists. Because the Shelf Water front may extend to the bottom over the continental shelf^ there is also the possibility of an effect on oenthic ana demersal species. It is anticipated that a better understanding of the interaction of different species with ocean fronts also may lead tc more efficient fishing efforts.
This reoort is a product of a monitoring effort using infrared satellite imagery which records thermal features of the sea surface. Previous reports (Ingham 1976; Gunn 1978) have dis- cussed front variations from June 1973r when data first became availabley through 1975. This report will discuss the data for 1976 and its comparisons with previous years.
DATA
The basis of this study is the Experimental Gulf Stream Analysis Charts' (Fir*. 18.1)y drawn fron the best infrared NOAA satellite image of the week or/' if large yaps occur on daily charts due to clouds or observational limits/' a composite of several partial images. These charts show the position of the surface thermal boundaries between the following oceanic features: Shelf Water/ Slope Water/ Gulf Stream/ and warm and cold core Gulf Stream eddies .
Atlantic Environmental Groups National Marine Fisheries
Service/ NOAA/ N ar r aga ns e t t / RI 02882.
"Proouced by Environmental Sciences Group/ National mental Satellite Service/ NOAA/ Washington/ DC 20233.
Env i ron-
301
Paper 18
DATA ANALYSIS
To portray the variation of the Shelf Water frontal position/ distances were measured to the front along 12 standard bearing lines from selected coastal points (Fig. 18.2). These bearing lines intersect the 2C0-(n isobath at reqular intervals (about 150 km) and are approximately perpendicular to it. The distances Tieasured f ro.n each satellite chart are corrected for scale variation (+ or - 5%) from chart to chart and converted to kilometers. These distances are then reduced by the distance ^Lono each bearing line to the 20C-m isobath. The resulting values represent the distance from the shelf edge/ as defined by the 2CC-m isobath/ to the front/ positive values are seaward from this isobath.
Also/ a measurement of the intrusion of Slope Water over Georges 3ank was produced by measjring the area covered by the Slope Water on an overlay of the 200-m isobath. For this calculation/ Georges Bank was defined as the area of the bottom at a depth <2C0 n and east of 69w in the Georges Bank region. The intrusions are expressed as a percentage of the Georges Bank area covered by Slope Water. Chart to chart scale variations are partly compensated for by using various scaled overlays.
WEEKLY FRCNTAL POSITIONS
Inspection of the weekly frontal positions along a bearing line c^n suggest occurrences of excursions or intrusions and general spatial and temporal trends. Comparison between adjacent bearing lines allows the identification of events which affect more than one bearing line. Inspection of the individual weekly charts suggests possible causes such as Gulf Stream meandering or warm core eddies. The discussion of the different bearing lines is broken up into three regions: New Southern/ in order to simolify evidence in the data/ ho«jever/ different gr'^ups.
England/ Middle Atlantic/ and
discussion. There is some
of cohesiveness among the
New En>iL.and - The three northernmost bearing lines originating from Casco Bay/ l^F/ extend into the large amplitude Gulf Stream meandering and eddy production cause large fluctuations in position. Since the length scales of generally equal to or less than twice oearing lines/ this can lead to a biasing consequent misinterpretation. Consider/ February-Inarch period on the C?sco of Casco Bay 12 0 indicates an beginning of I'larch. The graph of
(Fig. 18.3)/
region where
warm and cold core
the Shelf Water front
these phenomena are
the separation of the
of the data and
for example/ the
Bay bearing lines. The graph
intrusion which peaks at the
Casco Bay 143 indicates an
302
Paper 18
mid-July. Lo-nger ^j^ . , ^^ ^ , ^ .^^ -.^ ^
bearing Lines/', and better correlation exists from one bearinp Line to the next. The 2 1/2 month intrusion which showed up on the Casco Bay 120 bearing Line from July to mid-September was caused by a large meander and warm core eddy formation which was also associated with a large increase in the area of Slope Water. Although the Casco Bay 140 Line does not show strong evidence of this/ the other two lines show definite shoreward displacements.
The Casco Bay 120 bearing Line shows the greatest fluctuation of the three/ with the Casco Bay 140 line showing large fluctuations only in the first three months of the year/ and the Casco Pay 160 line showing only minor fluctuations during the whole year.
Middle At Nantucket first thr Hook/ a f Luctu at i a number in the section) . middle At the more f ront a I d Point/ a Lasted un of the Lines in closer t excurs ion some bear
iaQii£
IsLa ee bea
t oncju ons du
of be
beq ion
fhi s
lanti c
south i sp la c nd aa ti I th front this r o th e
in la i na Li
- Thi nd to ring I e of ring J a r i ng i ng o
resu I
bear i e rn be eme nt ndy H e end
in L egion i r me t e Aug nes .
s reg ion
A Lbema r i nes/ Nan
S I ope /J anu ary-Ma lines was f Ju ly t ed in a ng lines, a ri ng Lin
took pL ook Lines of Cctobe ate Augus did not s an posit ust was s
consists of six bearing lines from Le Sound CFigs. 18.3-18.5). On the tucket/ Montauk Point/ and Sandy ater moving offshore caused large rch. The next event that affected a Large area of Slope Water formed (also mentioned in the previous large intrusion observed on all six Cloud cover obscured the event on es/ but it was obvious that a large ace. Cn the Nantucket/ Montauk / this displacement appears to have r/ interrupted by a large excursion t. The three most southern bearing eem to recover as well and remained ions after this excursion. The udden/ taking place in a week on
Southern - The southern bearing lines suffer from large gaps in the data during the summer months due to cloud cover (Fig. 18.5). The number and amplitude of excursions and intrusions in this region were smaller than on the bearing lines farther north. The only well-correlated movement occurred on the Cape Fear and Cape Romain lines. A seaward excursion in late September and October
303
Paper 18
changed to a significant intrusion in Late November. Inspection of the weekly charts showed that during this periods the Gulf Stream had meandered offshore and a relatively larqe area of Slope Water forced the Shelf Water front to impinge on the coast.
MONTHLY MEAN FRONTAL POSITIONS
The monthly mean frontal positions are shown in the three complete years of data collection exercised in interpretation since the number of varies (due to lack of data because of clouds^ occasionally only one weekly value was available for ( about 5% of the time).
Figure
Care
weeks
18.6 for
should be
averaged
etc.) and
t he mont h
Definite tendency for seasonalit
the other bearing
somex there was little indication of it- The Cape
May and Cape Henry bearing lines show little seasonal variation/
to be affected by shorter period fluctuations and
Seasonal variation was not as consistent on
Lines and on some/ there was little indication of it- The Cape
but seem
but seem to oe aTTected by shorter penoa TLuctuations and aperiodic occurrences. The Albemarle Sound besring line showed a seasonal cycle in 197A ana 1975/ being onshore the first part of the year and offshore the Latter/ but it did not show this cycle in 1976.
The three southern bearing Lines suffer from gaps in the data/ making it difficult to determine if seasonal variations do indeed exist on these bearing lines. The three bearing lines do correlate well among themselves/ however/ suggesting that they are affected biy similar events.
YEARLY MEAN FRONTAL POSITION
The yearly mean shelf front position for 1976 agreed well with the position for the previous two years (Table 18.1/ Fig 18.7a). Except for Casco Bay 120 and Sandy Hook/ the 1976 positions were close to those for 1974 and 1975. The Casco Pay 12C mean position was considerably more seaward (about AO km) and the position for Sandy Hook was slightly more shoreward (about
304
Paper lb
25 km). This was also evident in the monthly mean frontal positions (Fig. 18. 6) discussed above. It was also interesting to note that the seaward displacements of the yearly mean frontal position from the general north-south trend/^ at l^ontauk Point and Cape henry/' ace evident in all three years.
The variability of the front/ as reflected by the standard devia- tion (Table IR.i; Fiq. 18. 7b)/^ increases in 1976 along the bear- inn lines from Nantucket to Cape Henry. Inspection of the weekly frontal position graphs seems to confirm this/ with greater amplitude excursions and intrusions more prevalent in 1976.
INTRUSION OF SLOPE WATER OVER GEORGES BANK
This type of seasonal coveraqe also occurred in the previous years .
two
LITERATURE CITED
GUNN/ J. T.
197S. Variations in the position of the Shelf Water front
off
the Atlantic coast between Cape Romain 1975. In J. R. Goulet/ Jr. and E. D Ocean variability: Effects on U resources - 1975/ p. 213-228. U.S. Dep. Rep. Nr^FS Circ. 416.
and Georges Bank in
H aynes (editors)/
S. marine fishery
Commer./ NOAA Tech
INGHAM/. M . C .
1976. Variations in the shelf water front off the Atlantic coast between Cape Hatteras and Georges Bank. In J. R. Goulet/ Jr. (compiler)/ The environment of the United States living marine resources - 1974/- p. 17-1--17-21. U.S. Dep. Commer./ Natl. Oceanic Atmos. Admin./ Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv./ MAR MAP (Mar. ResDur. Konit. Asses. Predict. Program) Cont rib. 1 04.
305
Table I8.I. — Ssimple size, mean separation, and standard deviation of Shelf Water front position along standaird bearing lines, 197i4-76.
|
Sample size^ 197ii 1975 1976 |
Mean 197i| |
separation^ 1975 1976 |
Standard deviation |
||||||
|
Bearing line^ |
197U |
1975 |
1976 |
||||||
|
Casco Bay 120° |
30 |
38 |
30 |
hS.h |
72.2 |
119.6 |
70.9 |
59.0 |
76.1 |
|
Casco Bay ll40° |
31 |
38 |
33 |
35.il |
o.u |
39.7 |
6i|.0 |
22.6 |
i;6.6 |
|
Casco Bay 160° |
36 |
ill |
37 |
6.1 |
-2.9 |
1.1 |
39.3 |
26.1 |
27.3 |
|
Nantucket 180° |
37 |
35 |
i|0 |
0.6 |
-5.6 |
-1.1 |
38.5 |
37.8 |
55.6 |
|
Montauk Pt 1^0° |
3i+ |
35 |
1+1 |
19.8 |
8.8 |
1U.5 |
36.7 |
38.3 |
6U.8 |
|
Sandy Hook 130° |
36 |
35 |
i+3 |
1.2 |
-ii.il |
-17.0 |
i+6.8 |
ii5.0 |
57.8 |
|
Cape May 130° |
38 |
3ii |
Uh |
il.l |
-7.3 |
-2.5 |
31.8 |
3ii.8 |
i|6. ii |
|
Cape Henry 95° |
i|0 |
32 |
kl |
17. i| |
7.3 |
6.6 |
36. i+ |
39.5 |
ii7.1 |
|
Albemarle Sd 90° |
i|0 |
31 |
ill |
-11.5 |
-16.7 |
-17.0 |
2U.6 |
32.5 |
32.2 |
|
Cape Lookout 135° |
2i; |
31 |
37 |
-18.2 |
-2U.5 |
-17.1 |
20.1 |
28.9 |
19.3 |
|
Cape Fear li+0° |
19 |
28 |
36 |
-20.2 |
-35.8 |
-29.6 |
ii0.5 |
38. li |
29.2 |
|
Cape Romain 1^0° |
21 |
22 |
32 |
-9.9 |
-U0.2 |
-17.5 |
i43.il |
33.3 |
35.7 |
^ See Figure l8.2.
■^Number of weekly positions of front.
^Distance (km) of front from 200 m isobath; positive is seaward.
306
65w
EXPERIMENTAL GULF STREAM ANALYSIS NOAA-2 SATELLITE THERMAL INFRARED VHRR Observed: ;^'?- 3o flPRiL \<^1H- PLEASE FORWARD COMMENTS TO:
NOAA-NESS Suite 300
3737 Branch Ave., S.E.
Washington, D.C. 20031
Attn: Environmental Sciences Group
BERMUDA
Gulf Stream
warm eddy
Slope Water ShW Shelf Water
sharp thermal gradient
less distinct thermal front
Figure 18.1. — Example of weekly Experimental Gulf Stream Analysis chart produced by Environmental Sciences Group, NESS,
NOAA, Washington, DC.
307
45*
40'
35«
30*
25*
80«
75"
70*
65*
Figure 18.2.— Twelve standard bearing lines used in the portrayal of the time variations of the Shelf Waterfront positions relative to the 200-m
isobath (dotted line).
308
if)
UJ
UJ
o
400
300
200
100
0
300
200
100
0
200-
100-
0-
-100 H
200
100
0
-100
CASCO BAY 120'
1 — r
1 — \ — r
/' /
\.
CASCO BAY 140**
- — /976 --I975 1974
\
y^N4*v
>/
^•T r^Cv <
CASCO BAY 160*'
NANTUCKET IS. ISC'*
/
■V.-- "^ •'■■'a .^_ •■•...•■• 'v^x^^-X.'
■^'^•\..../^.v;a
j|f|m|a|m|j|j|a|s|o|n|d
MONTH
Figure 18. .1.— Annual march of Shelf Water front positions relative to the 2l)0-m isobath (positive is seaward), 1974-76, along standard bearing
lines for New England and the Middle Atlantic regions.
309
LU
300
200
100
0
-100
200
100
0
-100
LJ
o
200 -
100 -
0 -
-100 -
200
100
0
-100
MONTAUK PT 150'
"7 — \7^ — ^/"'•.■■^T
\
•">\y\/-V-'^-"^
1 — \ — r
SANDY HOOK 130"
V
V - Xy^
'AX^W^--^.>--;
.■S'^x"^::^^ '
\
CAPE MAY I30»
>.-..^-;/.rr->i
"• • V
yr^.. <-^,
-\/
\
rtT^
.^^
2ii:iL
•^
:/
CAPE HENRY 95
V>.
J_-> ■<r.<^%
. . a. '^
/\ ;
/■■r^Vy^-...- y..v
/\,^^^
N, 'V
:7V
j|f|m1a1m|j|j1a|s|o1n|d
MONTH
Figure 18.4. — Annual march of Shelf Water front positions relative to the 200-m isobath (positive is seaward), 1974-76, along standard
bearing lines off the Middle Atlantic region.
310
300 - 200 H 100 - 0 ■
(f) LU
200
100
0
LU O
-J 5
200 H 100 ■ 0 • -100 H
200 -
100 -
0 ■
-100 H
ALBEMARLE SD. 90^
/\.
;^:^-^>;^:^,:^V2C" ■ '--■■"■■■:,- :J ■ • ■ V'<:;;-^^^ v^^.:.
CAPE LOOKOUT I35»
^^^cy-s ■■■. ■■i\-- ''■\'<v
X -.
J:'<>''^, ^^.ii^^
CAPE FEAR 140
/
- ■ k_
>^^--vr;v>^\/-^/
-=^ -^^^ -V-.-
•-V>/rV:
1 — \ — r
CAPE ROMAIN 140*
•• '-.yK: A--"-- ^\--\ .-
^'\.-
-7?^
^^A^
jIfImIaImIjIjIaIsIoInId
MONTH
Figure 18.5.— Annual march of Shelf Water front positions relative to the 200-ni isobath (positive is seaward), 1974-76, along standard bearing
lines off the Middle Atlantic and southern regions.
311
1974
1975
9 76
|
CB 120 - CB 140- |
\ . -'-v/-....-.--V/""^--x./' |
|
|
CB 160 - |
-/x — ^^ /-^ ^ |
|
|
NT 180 - |
.^•'-^.^. ^^. /--. ,,-/V^._.-\^^ ^_ |
|
|
MP 150 - |
"^'-- /- — /-^v-^^__^ - |
-\/v_..^. |
|
SH 130 - CM 130 - |
.— -j ^.^ |
|
|
CH 95 - |
-^. ^— ^^^ |
|
|
AS 90 - |
./-^^^ |
|
|
CL 135- |
||
|
CF 140- |
||
|
CR 140 -- |
-^ - ._^. ./^v-. |
|
|
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND |
||
|
200 KM |
MONTH |
Figure 18.6.— Monthly mean Shelf Water front positions, relative to 200-ni isobath (positive is seaward). ]974-7fi. along standard bearing lines.
312
id 100 -
<IU
'^<
Q
< UJ
50 -
0 -
-50 -
T ^ \ 1 T I \ r \ I r
CB CB CB NT MP SH CM CM AS CL CF CR
120 140 160 180 150 130 130 95 90 135 140 140
I I I I I I I I I I ' I
'< ^
>
LU O
Q
<
< (/>
Figure 18.7.— Annual mean Shelf Water front positions relative to 200-m isobath (positive is seaward) and standard deviation of position
at each standard bearing line, 1974-76.
100 -
50 -
0 -
313
UJ '^o -
a:
LU
> 20-
o o
0 H
30 -
10 -
/Bre
/9Z5
/97'4
'/
/ \ I I / 1
> A/v'A'"''- ' /v^'^
M
M
0 I N
MONTH
Figure 18.8.— Percent of Georges Bank covered by Slope Water, 1974-76.
314
Paper 19
TEMPERATURE STRUCTURE ON THE CONTINENTAL SHELF AND SLOPE SOUTH OF NEW ENGLAND DURING 1976
R. Wylie Crist and J. Lock.jood ChamberLin'
INTRODUCTION
This report continues for a third year a series of analyses beginning with 1974 (ChamberLin ^976f 1978) that are intended to reveal the principal temperature variations on the continental shelf and upper continental slope south of New England/' with emphasis on bottom temperatures. Includea are the vertical temperature sections on which the analysis is basedr as well as a contoured diagram of bottom temperatures derived from the sections. Siiailar bottom temperature diagrams for 1974 and 1975/' and a lono-term monthly mean bottom temperature diagram for the years 1940-66r are available for comparison in the report for 1975 (ChamberLin 1978).
PREPARATION DF VERTICAL SECTIONS AND BOTTOM TEMPERATURE DIAGRAM
As in previous years^ this analysis has depended on the cooperation of scientists who made data available from cruises thct traversed the shelf south of New England in a generally north-south direction (Fig. 19.1). Sixteen sections have been used (Appendix 19.1)/ obtained from cruises of eight different research vessels. These temperature sections are not from along a single line/ but from an area up to 90 nm (173 km) wide at the southern end centering on about 71WO0' (Fig. 19.1). Ambiguities introduced to the analyses by the lack of spatial coincidence amono the sections have been previously discussed (Chamberlin 1976/ 19<'o).
The vertical temperature sections constructed for each transect have uniform distance and depth scales (Appendix 19.1). All sections were constructed froTi expendable bathythermograph (XBT)
'Atlantic Environmental Group/ National Service/ NOAA/ Narranansett/ RI 0 28 8 2.
Marine
Fisheries
315
P aper 19
data plotted directLy from the traces/ except section 7 based on mechanical bathythermograph data.
which is
The bottom temperature diagram (Fig. 19. Z)/ prepared by the same method as in previous years/ is an interpretation of where isothermal surfaces intersected the bottom throughout the year (Chamberlin 1978).
The occurrence of warm core Gulf St accordance with Mizenko and Chamberli as duration Lines at the bottorr, of Fi were determined from the Experimen (EOFA)^ and from infrared iTiaqery satellites. The duration lines are used for the 1975 analysis (Chamberlin of each line is on the approximate d boundary of the eddy crossed 70Wlb' an eddy completely passed south of 39N30' apparently passed south of New England (eddy 76 D ) showed a clear surface satellite imagery/ and thus could be t duration lines of the first two (edd in Figure 19. Z because their times uncertain. Less strongly developed th surface temperature contrast in the their passages and were detectable occasions from tongues of Shelf Water Water in the pattern generally associ eddy .
ream eddies/ numbered in
n (Paper 15)/ are indicated
gure 19.2. The durations
tal Ocean Frontal Analysis
from NOAA environmental
based on the same criteria
1978)/ that is/ the start
ay when the western surface
d the Line ends the day the
Of the three eddies that
during 1976/ only the Last
temperature contrast in the
racked with assurance. The
ies 76B and 76C) are dashed
of passage are rather
an eddy 76D/ they showed no
satellite imagery during
only by inference on a few
projecting into the Slope
ated with entrainment by an
HIGHLIGHTS OF TEMPERATJRE SECTIONS
The folLouinq sections are illustrated in Appendix 19.1.
Section 1. NJAA RV Keiez Cruise 76-01/ 4 February.
Temperatures in this short section from the inner shelf were 3C colder offshore to 7C colder inshore than in mid-December/ seven weeks earlier (Chamberlin 1978). The water was mixed to a depth of about 20 m . The 1-2C temoerature inversion in the underlying water indicated the presence of warm Slope Water near bottom on the outer sheL f .
Section 2. Thermal
NOAA RV Kelez Cruise 76-02/ 9-1C February, structure in this detailed section was
unusually
^Issued weekly by the U.S. Niavy Oceanogr aph i c tions Research Division/ Suitland/ MD 20374.
Office/ App L i c a-
316
Paper 19
comple about warm cont ac of the 13C w sect 10 Water imager the e deep S below F igure on the was su Hacker of su r Water, this t Waters f ront . Atlant ( south of Ne the pa 2 Febr t r ansp
X .
5C Slop ted
war ate r n.
fro y' r as t lope
100
19.
bot
bs 1 d
(1
face
T
ype
bu
An
i c
ward w En ssag ua ry or t .
In th m/ t e Wa
bott m SLo
at There nt a evea I
of t
Wate -m d 2. T torn a i ng a 976)
wate he i cf e V t al a I ys i coast ) com 0 I and e of may
e central he vert i ter cont om at de pe Water
i nc reasi
was a I so t the s ed this e he se ct io r f causin ept h / wa he i solat t dept hs t the t im
suggeste r sr 3 c com s ot he r m ent / not so in 0 s of aver
during 1 ponent fo
(Ingham^ a s ever e have b
oar t ca I ly ai n i ng pt hs a were r na mi
a mar ur f a ce X cu r s i n line g mark s evi ed bod ar ound e the d that pani ed patter on ly f f shor ag e mo 976 sh r Febr
P a^er storm een a
of th Ti i xe en round evea I ddept ked s (10 on to In ed re dent y of 130 se ct i wind by a n of in t e sur nt hly owed uary
12). that f ac
e s d Sh
i s o
9D ed b hs i eawa C at
ha V
add due t
in rel 3 m i n on s me
ret
se c he face
win an a in t St mov e tor
ec t i elf late m .
y tw n th rd e
abo e be i t io ion the t i ve di ca was y f o urn t i on upwe
di s d-dr noma he S rong d up
i n
on^ Hate d 1 Addi o mu e of X cur ut 3 en m n/' s of b sect lye ted
mad
r ce
f Io
2 w
llin
p lac
i ven
Icus
lope
wes
the
the
at r was 2-13C t iona ch la f shor s ion 9N35' ore p t ronq ot t om i on r old that e .
of f sh w of as CO g of ement
t ran ly st
Wate t er I y
At la off
oept hs
und e r
core
I d i s r
rge r c
e part
of the
) . Sa
ronoun
upwe I
tempe
as we I
water
t he up
Boi cou
ore t r
deep
ns i s te
deep
of th
sport
rong o
r a rea
winds
ntic c
shore
be low
lain by
that
up t ions
ells of
of the
Slope
te llite
ced to
I i ng of
ra tu r es
I as in
(<11C)
welling
rt and
anspo r t
S lope
nt with
S lope
e slope
off the
ff shore
south
during
oast on
surface
Section 3. NOAA RV Albatross IV Cruise 76-C1/- 23-24 February.
The mixed Shelf Water was Q.5-2C colder than in the previous section^ made two weeks earlier/ and was at the minimum observed during the year. The underlying intrusion of warm Slope Water on the outer shelf was of similar dimensions to that in the previous section^ but Lacked an isolated core of water warmer than 12C.
Sect io
The t empe r dept h Unlike 1978)/ outer
<12C)r
contra bot torn the S t emper
n 4. ve rti c
at ure
(about
the which shelf the 1
ry/ 13 i n ea
lope
at u res
NOAA ally from
oO
sec
sho to 97 6 C w a ch o Wate
may
RV Alba
mixed S
a month
m) whe re
t i ons f
w ed t emp
be at
sec t i ons
ter oc cu
f the Fe
r zone.
be asso
t ros s
he If W
ear I i
the
rom t
er atur
thei
indi
r r ed n
brua ry
Thi
ci at ed
IV Cr aterx er (s s lope he I es of r an cated ear b -^arc s CO wit
ui s e 7
al tho
ect ion
f r on
ate w i
the w
nua I m
no ott om/ h 1976 nt i nu a h the
6-02/
ugh I
3)/ e
t was
nt e r o
arm SI
i n i mum
such
and 1
se ct i
t i on o
anom
25-2 itt I x t en mo f 19 ope i n mini 2C w ons f wa a lou
6 Ma e c ded re
75 ( Wate Ka re mum. a ter that rm S sly
r ch . h ang tog with Cham r o h (m 0
con
i n
lope
war
e d in r ea t e r drawn. ber I in n the a x i m u m n the t ac t ed eluded Wat er m air
EOFA (Experimental Ocean Frontal Analysis)/ 4 and 11 February.
317
Paper 19
temperatures alonj the Atlantic coast in February and subsequent moderate air temperatures during the spring (Dickson 1976; T auben see 1 97t> ) .
Section 5. Polish RV Wieczno Cruise 76-o1r 10-11 April.
The first rise in Shelf Water temperatures (<1C) was evidenced in this section shoreward of the 6j-m isobath. At the bottom/ the slope front was withdrawn offshore to the greatest depth observed during the year. As a result/ bottom temperatures were at their observed annual mininuTi in depths of S0-15C m.
Section 6. Duke University 9\J Eastward Cruise E2B76/ 11-12 May.
Development of the seasonal thermocline had defined the underlying cold core which had a temperature minimum of about 5.5C. A "bubble" of water colder than 7C appeared to be separated from the seaward side of the cold core. The slope front/ with the lUC isotherm contacting bottom at a depth of <b5 m/ was at a more nornial shoreward position than in the previous section.
Section 7. Sea Education Association PV Westward/ 16-17 May.
This section/ constructed from mechanical bathythermograph data/ resembled the previous one made five days earlier/ although on the shelf the minimum temperature in the cold core was about 1C lower (A.2C) and the maximum in the warm Slope Water was 1C higher (14. 6C). Detachment of w?ter from the offshore side of the cold core appeared to be in progress. The elevation in bottom temperature to 13C at depths below about 120 m/ as well as the 14. 5C water/ indicated the presence of Gulf Stream warm core edoy 76a beyond the offshore end of the section (Fig. 19.2).
Section S. WHOl RV Kngrr Cruise 58/ 1-2 August.
Surface temperatures/ as well as the steepness and shallowness of the thermocline/ were at their observed annual maximums. Five separate bodies of minimum te-nperature water (colder than 9C) appeared in the cold core bottom water on the shelf/ and a "bubble" of 9-5-10C water appeared to have "calved" from the offshore side of the core. The slope front Lay shoreward of the 1jQ-m isobath/ as in the previous two sections/ but had an unusually vertical configuration at depths below about 25 m.
318
Paper 19
than IOC near the offshore side of the core. Warm core eddy 76Cx Located beyond the offshore Limit of the section (Fig. 19.2) was presumed to have been the source of the isoLated body of 13-14C water centered at about 90-m depth in the SLope Water zone. infLections of isotherms were beneath this body.
Section 1G. wHOI RV Knorr Crjise 58-III, 27-28 August.
Surface temperatures were warmer than in the previous section (section 9) r made two weeks oefore^ but remained about 2C cooLer than in section &/• made prior to hurricane BeLLe. (In Later sections/ surface temperatures were aLso cooLer than in section 8/ except in section 12 made in earLy October.) The therrrocLine was nearer the surface than in section 9^ but remained deeper than in section 8 and Less sharpLy defined. SLow warming was apparent in the coLd core water/' which aLso had a "calving" tendency at its offshore margin.
Section 11. *JHOI RV Qceanus Cruise 15/ 18-19 September.
Surface temperatures were about the same as in the previous section/ made a month earlier/ but were 2C warmer in the cold core bottom water/ which had minimum temperatures >11C and was divided into two cells. The slope front had become thermally indistinguishable near bottom/ because the cold core water had warmed to about the same temperature as the adjacent warm SLope Water (see Wright 1976). The domed feature in the upper 30 m at XBT stations 5-6 may be a cyclonic eddy from the slope front.
Section 12. WHOI RV Oceanus Cruise 15/ 8 0 Surface temperatures at the shoreward end 2C colder than over the same depths of wat 2 0 days earlier/ and the onset of vertical the deepening of the surface layer, temperatures/ from about the 65- to 120-m i in section ^k.r with the difference incre the offshore direction. This rise in tempe when cooling is normal and in a year when t October were abnormally Low along the entir States (see Chamberlin and Armstrong/ represents an influx of warm Slope t'ater. feature in the upper 150 v at XBT sta cyclonic slope front eddy. If so/ warm S reached the shelf/ near the surface/ by e feature. Influx of warm SLope Water to indicated below the subsurface by the rise to above 13C at depths around 70-80 m. At temperatures were about 15. 5C/ which was 3 previous section and uas the maximum observ
ctober .
of the section were er in section 11/ made mixing was apparent in In contrast/ surface sobaths/ were warmer asing to about 1.7C in rature/ in a season he air temperatures in e coast of the United Paper 11)/ presumably
The prominent domed tions 317-318 may be a Lope Water may have ntrainment around this
the shelf was also in bottom temperatures the bottom at 50-60 m, .5C warmer than in the ed during the year.
Section 13. NOAA RV Albatross IV Cruise 76-C9/ 23-24 October.
As a result of continued autunn cooling/ the Shelf Water was 4-5C colder than in section 12/ irade two weeks earlier/ and
319
Paper 19
Section 14. NOAA RV Albatross IV Cruise 76-C9, 9 November.
The vertically mixed Shelf Water/ 2-3C cooler than in the previous section^ had become colder than the underlying Slope Waterr beyond the 60-m isobath. Within this underlying Slope Water/ the (tiinimum temperatjre ^ater lay on the bottom (<13C at 105 m depth)/ as in the pre\/ious section/ but was greatly diminished in cross sectional area. Temperature elevation in the warm Slope Water area beyond the shelf break and the deepening of isotherms at. the bottom in depths below 120 m presumably reflected the presence of warm core eddy 760/ centered beyond the offshore end af the section (Fig. 19.2).
Section
Detai I spacing was abou before . cooler b shelf/ i s obat h . core of pr ev ious t empe rat 75 m/ we apparent limit of
15. NOAA RV R s in this sect
between XBT t 3C colder th Temperatures y about 2C/ bu extending som Within the w mi ni mum tern two sections ures in the re 2C cooler t ly reflected t the section (
esea rcher
ion were
stations.
an in the
in the
t this w a
e unmeasu
arm Slope
pe ra tu re
apparent
S lope iJa
han in t
he presen
Fiq. 19.2
C ru i s uncer The pr ev unde t er ne red d i Water that w Ly no t er / w he pr ce of ) .
p 11 tain >/ e rt ious r I y i net r Stan
on as s lo a r me e V i o eddy
-76/ be i ca I se ng S at ed ce s
the een nge r r t h us
76D
27-28 Nov cause of I y mixed S ct i on mad lope Water
farther horeward o
out er s at the bot
existed, an 16C to section/ beyond th
embe
the
helf
e 1
wer
ont
f th
helf
t om
a de but e of
wide Water 8 days also the 50-01 the the a xi mum pth of sti II f shore
e
0
e / i n
Section 16. WHOI RV KDQrr Cruise 62/ 21 December.
The Shelf Water temperatures were only 1.5-2C colder than in the previous section made three weeks before/ presumably because of relatively mild air temperatures along the Atlantic coast during December (see Chamberlin and Armstrong/ Paper 11). Nevertheless/ these water temperatures/ being colder than at the same time in December of the previous two years (Chamberlin 1978)/ did seem to reflect the unusually cold air temperature that prevailed along the coast during fall 1976/ especially in October and November (see Chamberlin and Armstrong/ Paper 11). For example/ bottom temperatures shoreward of the Slope Front in
320
Rape r 19
sect
2.5C
oc cu
the
rema
aopa
bott
eddy
th is
at
sect
CO Lu
sate
appa
t he
ion
CO
pi ed p re i ned rent om a ing
edd the i orir mn Hit re nt of fs
16 ave Ide r
t he D V ious f one ly is t dept
ef f ec y to h
time
the s sugg es e i m aj ly onL hore e
raged a than i ot torn o
four of wh i c elated hs of fe t s of w ave tnov
the se teep th ted th e of on y a la r nd of t
bout n 19 n t he sect i h con body 5-135 arm c ed we cti on e rma I e in e day ge pa he se
3.5C 75.
out
ons^
tact
of
m^ ore St wa
Mias
f ro
shor
la
t ch
ct io
col
Th er s
bu ed b
13 and eddy rd e Tiad nt i e ed t er
of M
n .
der
e i
helf
t is
otto
-14C
may
76D nt i r e.^ nth ge o di arm
than nt rus i
was m o la ted m at a Mate have b Sat e ly be
At th e uppe f a wa d not S lope
in ve ore
rem roun r a een elli yond e of r 12 rm c sh Wate
1 V74 Slop with nant d 65 Iso form te i the f sho 0 m o re ow r ce
r and e Wat drawn s of 9 -m dep rested ed by mage ry se c t i re end of the eday / an ed nte red
about e r that than in C water t h . An
on the count e r
s howed on line
of the
water
but the
dy but
beyond
BOTTOM TEMPERATURES IN 1976
Ihe Shelf Wat£r Cycle
The seasonal bottom temperature cycle in the waters south of New England is most pronounced in the Shelf Water region^ shoreward of the zone where Slope Water contacts bottom (Colton and Stod- ard 1973; Wright 1976). A general chronology and description of the seasonal Shelf Water cycle for this region is given by Biqelow (1933).
Duri ng 1 about obse rvat 1974 an ( Ch amber as in t emper at mid-Marc be low 3 e xt r erne I coast in minimum value is the 50- i sot he rm trend c 1978)^ a m i ni mum
976/ t
30-m
i ons f
d 197
I in 19
Febr ua
ure at
h 197
C . T
y w ar
Febru
obser
wi t hi
m i so
s move
onf o rii
It houg
at 7
he o
dept
rom
5/
78)
ry
dep 5 i he
m a a ry ved n th bath d se ed
h th 5-m
bse rve h in as sha the bo indi ca 1976. t h s ar t was early i r te (Dicks bottom e rang
r cool
award c lose I e re co depth/
d mi
ear How tt om ted
In
ound
be
war mpe r on 1
t em e de ing to t y t rded
for
m mu
ly
as
t em that Ma 30 low mi ng at ur 976) per a sc r i cont he J o t
m i n
e X a
m bott Feb rua 30 m w per atu
the Ti rch 1
m ro 3C and
i n e con In tu r e <i bed by i nued pper s hat i i mum w mp le/
om tern ry.
ere I re di a i n i mum 976/ se ab in Ma 1976 d i t ion
dept as abo
Bige at the lope . n 1974 as so was ab
pera Alth acki gram s we howe ove rch was s a hs
ut 4
low
bot
The
and
mewh
out
t ure ojgh ng f s for re ab ve r /
4C/ 1974
cons long of 4 C in
(193 torn i
t i mi
1975 at w 1C wa
was 2.5
temper
or Feb
those out the the b whe rea was pro i s t e n t the At I C-50 m/ Mar ch . 3). B nt o Apr ng of
( C hamb armer . rmer th
C/ at at ure ruar y years
same ot torn s in bably
ij i t h
ant i c
the
This eyond i I as
this
er I i n
The
an in
^EOFA (Experimental Ocean Frontal Analysis)/ 22 December.
321
Paper 19
197A/' and 2C warmer than in 1975. The extent and timing of this cooLinc may be controlled by movement of the Slope Front. However^ the fact that the deepenino of the isotherms on the outer shelf had occurred in Aoril during each of the three years/ suggested the alternative explanation that the minimum Shelf Water temperatures of early spring promoted cross-frontal mixing with the warm Slope Water. Salinity data will te necessary to determine which explanation is correct.
Shoreward of the 50-m isobath/ the bottom water began to warm by mid-March/ rising to about 7C (warmer inshore) before thermal stratification set in by early May/ and established this water as an isolated cold core. Although data were were not obtained during June and July/ it appeared that summer temperatures in the cold core were similar to those in 1^74, but about 1C warmer than in 1975.
The pdssaqe of hurricane Relle across the shelf on 9-10 August/ with its center about 100 nTi (185 km) west of where data were collected for this analysis/ was apparently quite influential in coolino and deepening the surface layer south of New England (see discussion of section 9)/ but had no obvious effect on bottom temperatures as seen in the sections.
FoLlowincj an incursion of Slope Water toward the end of October/ which interrupted the seasonal progression/ Shelf Water cooling at the bottom was rapid to a deoth of 75 m/ and by the end of the year reachec values/ at that lower depth/ about 4C lower than in 1974 and 1975. The early breakdown of stratification and strong cooling presumably resulted from unusually cold atmospheric conditions during October and f^ovember following below normal air temperatures during the summer (see Chamberlin and Armstrong/ Paper 11).
SLoE;e Water Events
The Slope Water/ a band lying between the Shelf Water and the Gulf Stream and having intermediate temperature values/ is separated from the Shelf Water by a thermal gradient that Wright (1976)/ in an analysis of historical data from 1941 to 1972/ found to have an average midpoint temperature of IOC in the region south of New England/ except for a brief period following the fall overturn when the minimum temperature Shelf Water is
322
Paper 19
frequently warmer than ICC.
<J r i ght a ranqe f warm S lo outer s Gulf S tr mask s e outer sh of the w outer c maximum great ma morer t the ou te the 9 re Ch ambe r I mean va I depth zo i n t r u s i 0 Water f r water is to 1976.
I so
r om pe W helf earn ason elf/ arm ont i
bot j or i he
r sh at
in 1 ues ne i n o om t
not
ca I c 12. ate r . A Wate at i t Slop nent torn ty o ma X i elf ma j o 9?8) are s th f c he b e V i
u lat ed an 3C to 14
that norm It hough no r or upwe I events in is apparen e Water do al shelf.
temperatu f the t i me mum long-t for the ye r i t y of
Part of colder t ha at they we old Lsbra ottom sout dent in an
annua .6C f ally nseas I i ng
the t r ne es no Du res
(see er m m ar s 1 the
the n the re pa dor h of y of
I mean or t he under li ona I e^ of deep S lope /si vert hel t or din r i ng 1 were b
also C ont h ly 94C-66 time ( reason
1974-7 rt ly ba Coastal New Eng the tem
of 13. ma X imu es the ent S/
S lop a te r n ess / t a r i ly 974-76 etween h ambe r mean b were b Co I ton that C 6 t emp sed on
Wate land ( per atu
2C and m temp
Shelf such a e Wat ear t h hat th cent ac / for 12.0 lin 19 ottom etween
and o It on eratu r
data r di sp Col ton re sec
a mean er atur es
Water n s incurs er /■ may e bottom e warmes t bottom e xamp I C and 13 78). F
t emper at
10. OC a
Stoddar and S to es for t from yea laced th 1968). t i ons f r
annua I
in the
ear the
ions of
often
on t he t part
on the er the .OC the ur the r- ures on nd 12C d 1973; ddard • s he same rs when e Slope This om 1974
w r i q h t that and 12 and F ac coun waves/ wind f F ront a as sume d i rect howeve dur at i eddies V ar i at derive of Sh flow o
(197 the s
0 m o laag
t for
2) ield
1 di d to
obs r/ ar on ( / al ion i d w at elf f SLo
6)/ in L ope f f f sou (1976 f ron bar oc I var i ab s tort i be f re e rvat i e know Boi cou t hough n t he er, SI W at er /■ pe Wat
his ront t her n ) sug t al i n i c i I i t y ons quent on . n to r t a
not s lope ope W
ace er (C
anal inte
New ge St move
ins / an caus
and
The be s nd fr
f ro at er ompa hamb
y SI s rsec
Enn ed f ment tabi d 4) ed
m i n ef i gni Hack eque nt p
d i s ni ed e r li
of ted land our s : liti
pas by or/ feet f i ca e r nt / OS it p lac
by n 19
his the
84^0 poss
1)
es
sage t he but s D nt/ 1976 may i on emen como 76;
tori bott
of
ible
prop
aero
of
fir are f w alth ) .
al by i t / a ensa
1^0 r
c a I d om at
the
mecha aqat i o ss t h Gulf St tw not ea i nd s ough u Passag SO c a n j ect i nd off to ry s gan an
at a / dept h time, ni sms n of e fro Str o me s i ly tress sua 1 1 es of use on of shore ubsur d Bis
a Is
s be
B
wh i
ba
nt/
eam
chan
asse t r
y o Gul si g Gul ent
face
hop
o f twee ea rd c h m rot r 3) I
edd isms ssed ansp f b f St ni f i f St rain
ins 1977
ound n 8C s I ey ight op i c oca I 1 es . are by ort / r i ef ream cant reaT ment hore ) .
During 1970/ the maximum observed bottom temperatures in the warm Slope water zone ranged from slightly >12.0C to nearly 15. OC. This range is similar to that observed in 1974/ but cooler than in 19/5/ when unusually warv, as well as moderately colder/ temperatures occurrea. The observed inter- section of the slope front with the bottom was generally at depths shallower than IJC m/ except in April when the depth was nearly 120 m/ during the time when the Shelf 4ater was at its annual minimum temperature in depths >7C m as described -above.
323
Paper 19
During 1976^ as in 1974/ no data were obtained to indicate that bottom temperatures in the warm Slope U;ater zone fell below 1 2 C /• as they did on at least t«jo occasions in 1975. The apparent absence of a minimum temperature interval in March is particu- larly interesting/' because such an event occurreo in 1975 and was stronnly evident in long-terTi Tionthly mean bo'ttom temperatures for the years 194u-66 (Chamberlin 1973). The apparent absence of such a minimum in March 197A can be explained by the persistence of a warm core Gulf stream eddy south of New England during that month (Chamberlin 1975). In 1976/ however/ no warm eddy was detected in that region during the entire winter and early sprino. It seems possible/ although questionable/ that bottom temperatures at such a depth as the warm Slope Water zone remained above 12C during March 1976 because of the record warm air temperature during the preceding month (Dickson 1976).
Two strong incursions of Slope Water onto the upper slope and outer shelf are evident: the first in early February and the other in October; but only the latter appears to have caused shoreward displacement of the slope front (see discussion of sect i ons 2 and 13).
Bottom temperature variations can be associated with each of the three Gulf Stream warm core eddies that passed south of New England during 1976 (Fig. 19.2). During 'Aay f eddy 76B presumably caused the observed elevation of bottom temperatures to above 13C in the warm Slope Water zone. During mid-August/ the presence of eddy 76C was probably reflected in the deepening of isotherms (as much as 80 m) at depths below 15C m. Another effect of this eddy may have been a temporary rise in bottom temperature to above 13C in the warm zone/ as suggested by dashed lines in Figure 19.2. The occurrence of such a bottOTi temperature rise is indicated in sections 9 and 10/ although not actually shown in either of these sections. In November/ eddy 76D probably caused the observed rise in bottom temperatures to above 14C (probably above 15C) in the warm zone. The deepening of isotherms at depths below 160 m may also have been caused by this eddy.
SUMMARY
Shelf Water temperatures during the spring/ particularly as observed at the bottom/ were about 1C warmer than in 1974 and about 2C warmer than in 1975/ probably as a result of record warm air temperatures in February and moderate air temperatures in the following few months.
Marked cooling and deepening of the surface layer was recorded on the shelf following the passage of hurricane Belle in early August .
324
Paper 19
The cold core bottom water warmed to the Level of warm Slope Water by the end of September/^ about a than in 1974 and 1975.
the ad 3 acent month earlier
At the end of the year^ followinq record cold f a 1 1 /^ the Sbelf Water was 3-4C colder than in years .
weather in the the previous two
Maximum bottoai temperatures in the warm Slope Water zone on the outer shelf were not recorded below 12C nor above 14C during the year.
Three Gulf Stream warm core eddies apparently passed south of New England during 1976 (the same number as in 1974 and in 1975) but the first twor in late spring and late summer/' were weakly developed and their influence on bottom temperatures moderate.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Several scientists kindly supplied the data for the temperature sections: Robert C. Beardsley^ Woods hole Oceanog raphi c Institu- tion (WHOI)/^ sections 1/- Zr and 9; Bradford Butman^ U.S. Geological Survey/^ Woods Hole^ MAr section 6; Steven K. Cookr Atlantic Environmental Group (AEG)x N^FS/ sections 8r 10^ 11r and 12; William G. Metcalfr WHOI/ section 16; Henry Jensen^ Samuel R. Nickerson/' and W. Redwood wright/^ Northeast Fisheries Center/ Woods Hole/ MA/ sections 3/ 4/ 5/ 7/ 13/ 14/ and 15. Reed S. Armstrong/^ AEGr gave his usual valuable advice.
LITERATURE CITED
BEARDSLEY/ R. C./ and C. N. FLA3G.
1976. The water structure/ mean currents/ and she If -w.at e r / slope-water front on the New England continental shelf. Mem. Soc. R. Sci. Liege (Ser. 6) 10:209-225.
BIGELOW/ H. B.
1933. Studies on waters on the continental shelf/ Cape Cod to Chesapeak.e Bay. I. The cycle of temperature. Mass. Inst. Technol. and Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst. Pap. Phys. Oceanogr. Meteorol. 2(4)/ 135 p.
BOICOURT/ W. C./ and P. W. HACKER.
1976. Circulation on the Atlantic continental shelf United States/ Cape May to Cape Hatteras. Mem. Soc Liege (Ser. 6) 10:187-200.
of
R .
the Sci.
325
Pape r 19
Cri AKdt RLIN/ J. L.
1976. Bottom temperature conditions on the continental shelf
and slope south of New England during 1974. In J. R.
Gouletr Jr. (compiLer)r The environment of the United States
liv/ing marine resources - 1974/' p. 18-1--18-7. U.S. Dep.
Commer.^ Natl. Oceanic Atmos. Admin. ^ Natl. Mar. Fish.
Serv.r hARMAP (Var. Resour. Monit. Asses. Predict. Program)
Contrib. 104. 1V7b. Temperature structure on the continental shelf and
slope south of New England during 1975. In J. R. Goulet^
Jr. and t. D. haynes (editors)/ Ocean variability: Effects
on U.S. marine fishery resources - 1975/ p. 271-292. U.S.
Dep. Comiaer./ NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS Circ. 416.
COLTON/ J. B./ Jr.
1966. Recent trends in subsurface I'aine ?nd contiguous waters. 25:2427-2437.
temperatures in the Gulf of J. Fish. Res. Board Can.
COLTON/ J. B./ Jr. and P. R. STODDARD.
1972. bottom-water temperatures on the continental shelf/ Nova Scotia to New Jersey. U.S. Dep. Commer./ NOAA Tech. Rep. NKFS CIRC-376/ 55 p.
DICKSON/ R. R.
1976. Weather and circulation of February 1976. Extreme warmth over the eastern two-thirds of the United States. Mo. Weather Rev. 104:660-665.
MORGAN/ C.w./ and J. C . BISHOP.
1977. An exarrple of Gulf Stream eddy-induced water exchange in the mid-Atlantic Bight. J. Phys. Oceanopr. 7:472-479.
TAUBENSEE/ R . E .
1976. Weather and circulation of March 1976. Record heavy precipitation around the Great Lakes. Mo. Weather Rev. 104:809-814.
WRIGHT/ W.R.
1976. The Limits of shelf water south of Cape Cod/ 1941 to 1972. J. Mar. Res. 34:1-14.
326
7r30'
7roo'
TO'SO'
TCOO'
4I''30'
4roo'
40''30
40''00
7I°30
7I°00
70«'30
70°00'
Figure 19.1.— Locations of vertical temperature sections included in this report. Sections are numbered chronologically. See Appendix 19.1 for
identification of sections.
327
MONTH
400
76 B
I 1
760
76 D
Figure 19.2.— Bottom temperatures on the continental shelf and slope south of New England during 1976. Temperature sections are numbered along the top margin (see Appendix 19.1). Dots mark the depth limits ofthe bottom data from each section. Horizontal lines at the bottom of the diagram indicate the times of Gulf Stream antic.vclonic eddy passages south of New England.
328
APPENDIX 19.1
Vertical temperature sections of the conti" nental shelf and slope regions south of New England during 1976. Solid line isotherms ore at 1C intervals. The dashed line iso- thermsr which appear occasionally^ are at r.5C intervals. Hatched areas represent iso- thermal water-
Section 1.-
Section 2 .-
Section 3.-
Section 4 .-
Section 5.-
Section 6.-
Section 7.-
Section 8 .•
Section 9.-
Section 10.-
Section 11.
Section ^2 .■
Section 13.
Section 14.
Section 15.
Section 16.
■-NOAA PV Kelez Crjise 76-Olr 4 February. ■-NOAA PV Kelez Cruise 76-02/ 9-10 February. •-NOAA PV Albatross IV Cruise 76-01^ 23-24 February, ■-NOAA RV Albatross IV Cruise 76-02/- 25-26 March. •-Polish RV Wieczng Cruise 76-01/ 10-11 April. -Duke Univ. RV Eastward Cruise E2B76/ 11-12 May. --Sea Educ. Ass'n. RV Westward Cruise of 16-17 May. ■-WHOI RV Knorr Cruise 58/ 1-2 August. --WHOI RV Qceanus Cruise 13-111/ 12-13 August. •-WHOI RV Kngrr Cruise 58-111/ 27-28 August. --WhOI RV Oceanus Cruise 15/ 18-19 September. --WHOI RV Qceanus Cruise 15/ 8 October. --NOAA RV Albatross IV Cruise 76-09/ 23-24 October. --NOAA RV Albatross IV Cruise 76-09/ 9 November. --NOAA RV Researcher Cruise 11-76/ 27-2fa November. ■-WhOI RV Knorr Cruise 62/ 21 December.
329
SECTION I
I 5
0 30
NAUTICAL MILES
SECTION 2
7 9 18
300
350 -
400
'\
FEB 9-10
I I I I I I r
50
NAUTICAL MILES
50 -
100 -
150 -
200 -
250 -
SECTION 3
300
1 — I — I — \ — r
0 50
NAUTICAL MILES
330
SECTION 4
S 201 202 208 210 ^^^.^*f2\7
I I I
50 -
100
150 -
— 200 —
UJ
liJ
250 -
300 -
Ql UJ Q
1 — r
0 50
NAUTICAL MILES SECTION 5
2 4 6 9 10
50
100
150 —
I r
0 50
NAUTICAL MILES
100 -
150
200 -
250 -
300 -
350
400 -
SECTION 6
I \ r
0 50
NAUTICAL MILES
331
m
4A
SECTION 7
lA
UJ
H UJ
50 -
100
150 -
1 — \ — \ — \ r
0 50
NAUTICAL MILES
SECTION 8
5
Q
50 -
-23
100 -
150 -
1 — I — \ — \ — r
0 50
NAUTICAL MILES
CD
SECTION 9
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
50 -
100-
150 —
200 -
250 —
300-
350
1 — I — \ — I r
0 50
NAUTICAL MILES
SECTION 10
50-
0 50
NAUTICAL MILES
332
SECTION II
CD
X 321
100-
150-
200-
250-
300-
350-
400
SECTION 12
316
tIO
w^
OCT 8
~i — \ — \ — n
0 50
NAUTICAL MILES
^»2Z^
0 50
NAUTICAL MILES
333
SECTION 14
in
100-
liJ 150-
Q_ LlI Q
200-
250-
300-
350-
SECTION 13
215
300-
350-
NAUTICAL MILES
NOV 9
1 — r
0 50
NAUTICAL MILES
334
SECTION 16
SECTION 15
cr
LJ
I—
LlI
Q_ LJ Q
200 —
250-
300-
0 50
NAUTICAL MILES
304 301
150-
200 —
250 —
300 —
350 -
400 -
DEC 21
^
,10,
\
-8
^^Q "I I I I , ,
0 50
NAUTICAL MILES
335
Paper 20
CONTINUOUS PLANKTON RECORDS: ZOOPLANKTON AND NET PHYTOPLANKTON IN THE MID-ATLANTIC BIGHT, 1976
Daniel E. Smith and Jack W. Jossi
Th e se phy t op the Ne P lankt and re C hesap be twee Dumpsi MARMAP (1 ) th (2) th United of p La moni to zoopla the su
asona lankt u Yor on R sea re ea ke n Am te 10 P rog e U. e Ins Kin nk t on ri ng nk ton rvey
I abu on a k and ecord h ve
Bay brose 6 f a r am o S . Co t itut gdom dy na seas of a a rea
ndance t a 1
Chesa ers (C sse Is
and Ligh s par f the ast 6 e for
for a mi cs i ona I
warm are a I
an 0-m peak PR)
tow Oc ea t*-
t 0 Na uard Ma ri sou n th and CO re so d
d va dept h e Big (Hard ed t n We a New f a t i ona for ne 6n t hern e Nor Icnq Gulf esc r i
r lat ^ in hts/> y 19 he
t her York
coo I M
the vi ro
ext th A -ter
Str bed.
1 on
the
we r 39) . CPR '
St a
Ha
per a
ar i n
at - nmen ens i t Ian m c eaii
of
She e as U. s b t ion rbor t i ve e F sea tal on o t i c hang eddy
zoo If a sess S . C etwe
HOT
agr i she coll Rese f th by w e s
whi
plank nd SI ed b oast en t EL (3 and eemen rie s ect in arch e Ion h i ch since ch pa
ton
ope
y c
Guar
he
8Nx
Dee t be
Ser g of (TME g-t e IMER 19 ssed
and Wate ont i d cu mout 71W)
P
twee
vice
dat R) o rm s
has 30. th
net rs of nuous tt er s h of f and Water n the
and
a and
f the
urvey
been
The rough
SEASONAL ABUNDANCE AND VARIATIONS OF ZOOPLANKTON AND NET PHYTOPLANKTON
The CPR routes are shown in Figure 20.1. Shelf Water plankton
data for the New York and Chesapeake eights are shown in
Figures 20.2/ 20.4/ and 20.6. Slope Water plankton data for these areas dr^ shown in Figures 20.3/ 20.5/ and 20.7.
Because a major objective of these surveys is to describe
long-term cyces/ means/ and trends/ it was felt appropriate to
present the data on an annual basis rather than wait until
detailed analysis is feasible. As a result/ the data are
'MARMAF Field Group/ National Marine Fisheries Service/ NOAA/ Nar ragnasett / RI 02882. Present address: Atlantic Environmental Group/ National Marine Fisheries Service/ NOAA/ Na r r aganset t / RI 02882.
337
Paper 2C
presented with little corrrnent. However/^ some explanation of the units presented and the counting system which produced them is in order. The countinq system used was designed to allow for the rapid analysis of large numbers of plankton samples taken monthly from large areas of the North Atlantic Ocean.
P hyt op lankt on were recorded as number of occurrences per twenty 0.295- mm diameter microscopic fields taken diagonally across a section of bolting silk which had filtered 3 m of seawater (a 10-n mi Sample). The silk aperture size was 225 x 234 mm. lean occurrences of each taxum per water mass per month are shown in Figures 20. 2 and 20.3.
Zoop
thei of t abun subs mu It per s amp t oge Z OOP the prec in F me t h pr es stag
lank r s he s danc t i tu ip li sa mp le s t h er lank numb ludi igur ods ent es )
t on i ze . i Ik e c ted ed le (
pe r
to ton er o ng es 2
see in b and
ware Zo
we re
ateg
for
by
3 cu w a
op t a >2
f a
the
0-6 Co
ot h
are
cou op la
est or i e each an
m ) . te r in t mm II
need and lebr size pres
nt ed by nkton t i ni a t e d s . /s n
cat eg o
aliquot
F ina
mass p he numb were a animals
f or an 20.7. ook (1
cat ego ented s
e i t he a xa <2
to f
"sec
r y / an
facto lly^ e r mon er s s h na I yze on
a I i qu
For 96C). r i e s ( epar at
r of
mm s all e p t e d d th r to the th (s own i d in a si ot fa more
Som usual e I y .
two een with
va I ese give numb e e F n F the Ik c t or
det e t ly d
me t h
ina
i n
ue" ace the
er s
ig.
iqu r same was
T ails axa i f fe
ods / Q
stagge
one of
(weight
epted
numbe r
for a
23.1 ) w
es 20.4
manner
record
he se da
conce
of zoop
rent d
epend i n
red tra 3 se e d ni e a n va lues
of p I a II ana ere ave and
except ed/ th ta are rn ing lank ton eve lopm
c on verse t of ) was
were nk t on ly zeo raged 2 G . 5 .
that ere by shown these
were ent a I
Two features of the plankton dynamics which are not obvious from the figures are mentioned below. Thecosomate pteropods increased and decreased along with the Cerat.ium tripos bloom in all instances during the springtime. Compare Figures 2C.2 with 20.4/ and 20.3 with 2U.5. The cladoceran Pennil^la ^P« dominated the plankton in October Chesapeake Bight Shelf Water samples in 1976 but were not abundant in fall samples of 1974 and 1975."
ZOOPLANKTON DF A WARVI CORE tDDY
A decayed warm core Gulf Stream eddy (called Eddy U.S. Navy 0 ce anog raph i c Office) was traversed by February 1976 (Fig. 20.1).
D by the the CPR in
^Atlantic Environmental Group/ National f^arine Service/ NO A A/ Narraciansett/ Rl G?P82. Unpubl. data.
Fisheries
338
Paper 2C
inated the zooplankton within the eddy but also were more numerous within the eddy than without. ALL other taxa of cLankton were more numerous in SheLf and SLore Water samples than in the eddy sanpLes. The history of this eddy and the distribution and abundance of these copepod species show some interesting relationships.
Gotthardt (1973) showed that warm core Gulf Stream eddies form from Gulf Stream meanders/' ^hich break off into the Slope water forminc a Gulf Stream Water ring surrounding a Sargasso Sea Water core. * Gulf Stream meander was shown southeast of Georges Bank on the 2b June 1V75 Experimental Ocean Frontal Analysis (EOFA)^ chart. A week later the 3 0 June chart indicated a feature which was later shewn to be Eddy D.
Thp Gulf Stream and a small area of the Sargasso Sea east of the Chesapeake biyht were sampled in June 1975. No M. iucens was found/ which is consistent with the findings of other i p ve St igs tor s in this area. It can be assumed that Eddy D formed without i,ny M. lucens. Although F. aracilis was not founo in any summer ti 11.6/ 1C-m CPR samples of the Gulf Stream/ Bowman (1971) found it abundant in all seasons in Gulf Stream samples taken between the surface and 73 m. ^ieuromamma aracilis may have been cresent in the deep water of the eddy.
The EOFA charts showed Eddy D moving westward from southeast of of Georqes Bank in late June 1973 to the New York Bight area in December 197 5. It appeared from the charts to be entraining Slope and Shelf Waters as it ijent. f^etridia lucens appeared in Chesapeake Bight Shelf Water samples in November and December 1975 and Slope i^ater samples in December 1975. Pleuromammg gracilis appeared in both Shell and Slope Waters in November and DeceTLier. It is likely that these two species also occurred in Slope Water in the vicinity of Fddy D. Edcy D may have been colonized by '^i • iU£^CS from the Shelf and Slope Waters which it entrained to the south of New England.
During J^nuary 1976 every Slope Water sample from the New York Biyht contained P. g.Lacil.is and r^. Ly.£§.QS/ while Shelf Water samples also contained M. iy cens . It can be assumed that Eddy D entrained scne of these as it Toved through the New York Bight Slope water.
'U.S. Navy Oceanogrspf'ic Office/ Applications Research Division/ SuitUnd/ V.\) Z0374.
339
Paper 20
By January and February 1976^ Eddy 0 had moved southwest ward from the New York ji.iht to the positions shown in Figure 20.1.
However^ in the Chesapeake bight Slope Water samples/' outside the eddyr W. iyceoi and P. 2raciL.is had become absent by January.
In Februaryr when Eddy 0 arrived in the Chesapeake Bightr it contained more j^ . iycens and £. 3£c£iii5 than either the Chesapeake Bight Shelf or Slope Waters and more than the New York iMght Slope Water through jhich it had come. rioueverr at this time the abundance of M- iycens and P. araciijs was also increasina in Chesapeake Biyht Shelf and Slope Waters.
SUMMARY
It is postulated: that Eddy D broke off from the Gulf Stream in June 1975 containing P. aE.2cii.is but no 'A. Lucens; that Eddy D was populated with ^^. iycens from entrained Shelf and Slope Waters as it traveled to the west and southwest; that M. iu^ens and P. oracilis reproduced more and/or survived longer in the eddy than they did in the Slope or Shelf Water; and that it is unlikely that M. Ly.9.&Qi accumulated in Eddy D by simple addition of recruits from outside the eddy/^ because if this were the reason for its abundance/' other Shelf and Slope Water species would be expected to have accumulated in the same manner and this was not the case.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
we thank the staffs of the U.S. Coast Guards Atlantic Area/' i^arine Services Division; the U.S. Coast Guard Oceanog raph i c Unit; and the officers and crews of the Coast Guard cutters ^LslL' ^aki.sg./' Duane/' ia^Latin/' ReL.ieance/ and lane^. we also thank the Sea Education Association/ the officers and crew of their RV westward/ ana the personnel of the NOAA ship Oregon II.. Without the help of these groups^ this survey would not have been possille.
340
Paper 20
LITERATJRE CITED
BOWMAN^ T. E.
1971. The distribution of calanoid copepods off the south- eastern United States between Cape Hatteras and southern Florida. Smithson. Contrib. Zool. 96r 58 p.
COLEBROOK/ J . M.
1963. Continuous plankton records: methods of analysis/' 1950-59. Bull. Mar. Ecol. 5:51-64.
GOTTHARDT/ 6. A.
1973. Gulf Stream eddies in the western North Atlantic. U.S. Navy Oceanoor. Off.^ NAVOCEANO Tech. Note 6150-16-73/' 42 p.
HARDY/ A. C.
1939. Ecological investigations with the Continuous Plankton Recorder: Objects plan and methods. Hull Bull. \^ar. Ecol. 1 :1-57.
341
76*W
ACN
- 40*N
^ 40*N
Figure 20.1.— Positions of water masses, surface fronts, and continuous plankton recorder samples during 1976. SH = Shelf Water, SL = Slope Water, ST = Gulf Stream Water, SS = Sargasso Sea Water, WE = warm eddy (after I'.S. Na\->' Experimental Ocean Frontal Analysis 1976), — = lO-mi sample.
342
NY BIGHT
CHESAPEAKE BIGHT
|
— |
||
|
30 — |
||
|
28 — |
||
|
— |
||
|
26 — |
||
|
— |
||
|
24 — |
||
|
22- |
7 |
|
|
CO |
— |
|
|
o |
20 — |
|
|
-1 |
||
|
UJ |
— |
|
|
u. |
18 — |
|
|
o |
|
|
|
(\J |
||
|
>« |
16 — |
|
|
Ul |
— |
|
|
o |
14 — |
|
|
z |
||
|
UJ |
— |
|
|
K |
12 — |
|
|
oc |
||
|
r» |
•— |
|
|
o |
10 — |
|
|
u |
||
|
o |
— |
|
|
8 — |
— |
|
|
— |
||
|
6 — |
||
|
10 |
||
|
4 — |
~ |
|
|
If |
||
|
__ |
20 |
* *
* *
* *
^^ NO SAMPLE
^H I BLUE -CREEN ALCAE
DIWOFLAGELLATES
=) 2 CERATIUM TRIPOS
^ 3 C FUSUS
^= 4 C MASSILIENSE
=i 3 OXYTOXUM SPP SILICOFLAGELLATES I. . I 6 SILICOFLAGELLATES DIATOMS
7 THALASSIOSIRA SPP
8 aiODULPHIA ALTERNANS
9 THALASSIOWEMA WIT ZSCHIOIOES
10 NITZSCHIA SERIATA
11 RHIZOSOLENTA ALATA FORMA A LATA
12 R ALATA FORMA GRACILLIMA
13 R ALATA FORMA INDICA
14 R HEBETATA FORMA SEMISPIWA I 5 THALASSIOTHRIX LOWGISSIMA
16 CHAETOCEROS SPP
17 COSCINOnSCUS SPP 19 CERATAULINA BERGONII 19 ASTERIONELLA JAPOHICA
20 SKELETONEMA COSTATUM
MONTH
Figure 20.2.
-Net phytoplankton abundance in Shelf Water of the New York and Chesapeake Bights, 1976. See text for explanation of
abundance units.
343
NY BIGHT
J' NO SAMPLE
^H I BLUE -GREEN ALGAE
DINOFLAGELLATES
2 CERATIUM TRIPOS
3 C FUSUS A C MASSILIENSE 9 OXYTOXUMSPP
SILICOFLAGELLATES
I. ■■ I 6 SILICOFLAGELLATES
DIATOMS
7 THALASSIOSIRA SPP
8 BIDOULPHIA ALTERNANS
9 THALASSIONEMA N IT ZSCH lOIDES
10 NITZSCHIA SERIATA
11 RHIZOSOLENTA ALATA FORMA A LATA
12 ft ALATA FORMA GRACILLIMA
15 R ALATA FORMA INDICA 14 R HEBETATA FORMA SEMISPINA I 5 THALASSIOTHRIX LONGISSIMA
16 CHAETOCEROS SPP
17 COSCINODISCUS SPP
18 CERATAULINA BERGONII
19 ASTERIONELLA JAPONICA 20 SKELETONEMA COSTATUM
o
iij
20 — ,
18 —
16 —
14 —
|
o |
1? |
|
<\J |
|
|
»«. |
|
|
UJ |
10 |
|
o |
|
|
z |
|
|
UJ q: |
8 |
|
oc |
|
|
3 |
|
|
O |
6 |
|
u |
|
|
o |
2 —
jTfTm
2=
|
14 |
|
|
♦ |
16 |
|
M |
J |
* * ♦
6
T
9 10
n"
CHESAPEAKE BIGHT
* *
M I A
* ♦ * ♦
0 I N
MONTH
Figure 20.2.— Net phytoplankton abundance in Slope Water to the seaward of the New Yorlt and Chesapeake Bights, 1976.
See text for explanation of abundance units.
344
NY BIGHT
4000—1
3600-
3200-
2800 —
2 2400 —
q: 2000-
UJ
ffi
3 1000-
1200 —
800 —
400 —
* *
19-
20
la
20
21, ^2o:
20
3/^ NO SAMPLE
HI THECOSOMATE PTEROPODS 2 LARVACEA OTHER CRUSTACEA t^^=< 3 EUPHAUSID CALYPTOPIS CLADOCERA
I I 4 PENNILIA SPP
L_) 5 PODON SPP EURYTHERMAL COPEPODS
6 PARACALANUS PSEUDOCAL ANUS SPP
7 OITHONA SPP
8 CLAUSOCALANUS SPP
9 HARPACTICOID COPEPODS
10 COPEPOD NAUPLI I TROPICAL - SUBTROPICAL COPEPODS
11 CORYCAEUS SPP
12 ONCAEA SPP
13 CALANUS MINOR COPEPODITES 1-4
14 EUCALANUS SPP COPEPODITES 1-4
15 ACARTIA DANAE
16 CENTROPAGES VELIFICATUS 'J 17 TEMORA TURBINATA
COLD TEMPERATE COPEPODS ?| 18 CENTROPAGES TYPICUS 19 TEMORA LONGICORNIS 20 PSEUDOCALANUS MINUTUS ADULTS 21 CALANUS FINMARCHICUS COPEPODITES
OTHER COPEPODS
I I 22 OTHER COPEPODS
CHESAPEAKE BIGHT
m
* *
M I A
* *
a! s
MONTH
Figure 20.4.
-Zooplankton ( <2 mm) abundance per 3 m' in Shelf Water of the New York and Chesapeake Bights, 1976. See text for explanation
of abundance units.
345
^ NO SAMPLE
HI TMECOSOMATE PTEROPOOS 2 LARVACEA OTHER CRUSTACEA 1=1 3 EUPHAUSID CALYPTOPIS
CLADOCERA
4 PENNILIA SPP
5 PODON SPP
EURYTHERMAL COPEPODS
6 PARACALANUS PSEUPOCALANUS SPP
7 OITHONA SPP
8 CLAUSOCALANUS SPP
9 HARPACTICOID COPEPODS
10 COPEPOD NAUPLI I TROPICAL - SUBTROPICAL COPEPODS
11 CORYCAEUS SPP
12 ONCAEA SPP
13 CALANUS MINOR COPEPOOITES 1-4
14 EUCALANUS SPP COPEPOOITES 1-4
15 ACARTIA DANAE
16 CENTROPAGES VELIFICATUS
17 TEMORA TURBINATA COLD TEMPERATE COPEPODS
IS CENTROPAGES TYPICU8 19 TEMORA LONGICORNIS
20 PSEUPOCALANUS MINUTU5 ADULTS
21 CALANUS FINMARCHICUS COPEPOOITES
OTHER COPEPODS
I I 22 OTHER COPEPODS
lO
fO
en cr
UJ
m
|
1200 — ] 1000 — 800 — 600 — 400 — 200 — |
— 1* * |
N1 1 22 6 7 8 •I8' ■zV |
* |
3I( 7 |
3HT * * ♦ |
22 |
6 |
|
J 1 F 1 M |
A |
M |
J |
jIaIs |
0 |
N |
_, CHESAPEAKE BIGHT
2±
♦ ♦
M I A
A I S I 0 I N I
MONTH
Figure 20.5. — Zooplankton ( <min) abundance per 3 m' in Slope Water to the seaward of the New York and Chesapeake Bights, 1976. See
text for explanation of abundance units.
346
NEW YORK BIGHT
CHESAPEAKE BIGHT
jiFlMAMJJASON
MONTH
16 15 * *
* »
^
23
J F |m I A Im I J Ij 1 A I S I 0
MONTH
:|c NO SAMPLE
Bl FISH LARVAE 2 FISH EGGS 3 CHAETOGNATHS 4 POLYCHAETE WORMS OTHER CRUSTACEA
5 HTPERIID AMPHIPODS
6 DECAPODS
7 DECAPOD LARVAE e LUCIFER SPP.
9 OSTRACODS
10 EUPHAUSID
11 EUPHAUSID JUVENILES
12 EUPHAUSID ADULTS
COLD TEMPERATE COPEPOOS
13 METRIDIA LUCENS
14 CALANUS FINMARCHICUS
EURYTHERMAL COPEPODS
D
15 PLEUROMAMMA GRACILIS
16 CANDACIA ARMATA
TROPICAL -SUBTROPICAL COPEPOOS
17 LABIDOCERA AESTIVA IS EUCALANUS MONACHUS 19 CALANUS MINOR
20 EUCHIRELLA ROSTRATA
21 EUCHAETA MARINA
22 UNDINULA VULGARIS
1
<^
'T:'^ ^
Figure 20.6.— Zooplankton (>2 mm) abundance per 3 m' in Shelf Water of the New York and Chesapeake Bights, 1976. See text for explanation
of abundance units.
347
NY BIGHT
CHESAPEAKE BIGHT
fO
CD
m
3
45 —I
40 —
35 —
30 —
25 —
20 —
15 —
i7>
10 -@
♦ *
F IM
iB=
ElO
S
19
♦ ♦
M I A
15
* NO SAMPLE
Bl FISH LARVAE 2 FISH EGGS S CHAETOGNATHS 4 POLYCHAETE WORMS OTHER CRUSTACEA
5 HYPERIID AMPHIPODS
6 DECAPODS
7 DECAPOD LARVAE
8 LUCIFER SPP
9 OSTRACODS
10 EUPHAUSIO
11 EUPMAUSID JUVENILES
12 EUPMAUSID ADULTS
COLD TEMPERATE COPEPODS
13 METRIDIA LUCENS
14 CALANUS FINMARCHICUS THERMAL COPEPODS
15 PLEUROMAMMA GRACILIS
16 CANDACIA ARMATA
TROPICAL -SUBTROPICAL COPEPODS
17 LABIDOCERA AESTIVA
18 EUCALANUS MONACHUS
19 CALANUS MINOR
20 EUCHIRELLA ROSTRATA
21 EUCHAETA MARINA
22 UNDINULA VULGARIS
D
* * ♦ *
A I S I 0 I N
MONTH
Figure 20.7.— Zooplankton ( >2 mm) abundance per 3 m' in Slope Water to the seaward of the New York and Chesapeake Bights, 1976. See text
for explanation of abundance units.
348
Paper 21
SIPHONOPHORE ("LIPO") SWARMING lU NEW ENGLAND COASTAL WATERS--UPDATE/ 1976
Carolyn '\. Rogers
The Northeast Fisheries Center has continued to examine the distribution of Nanomia cara. During the winter of 1975-76 there were few reports of net-clogging organisms. In Late March and April reports from Gloucester^ MA^ indicated that fishermen again were encountering "Lipo."
Port agents asked interested fishermen to bring in samples of "lipo" and other net-clogging organisms for examination. Several fishermen frofa Gloucester and Fortland/^ MEr collected samples. Similar organisms were collected from Al_batrgss IV trawl nets during fishery resource assessment surveys in New England coastal waters. In addition/' samples of plankton/ neuston/ and bottom sediments were collected from Cape Ann to the Wilkinson Basin and in the Scantum Basin area from the Albatross IV in April and again in May (Fig. 21.1).
Examination of bottom samples which were collected with a variety of gear (naturalists' dredge/ Dietz-Lafono grab/ Ponsr grab/ Smi th-Hc I nty re grab)' revealed no lipolike organisms. Plankton and neuston samples collected on the April cruise hao s i phonophores at all Locations/ but they were not abundant. Concentrations of Phseoc^siij gouchetii/ a planktonic alga which is enveloped in large gelatinous masses in the spring during its reproductive phase/ were also found in these samples/ with greatest densities in the more coastal (shallow) locations oft Cape Ann and iVewburyport/ MA.
During May, N. cara was present in the plankton. However/ as in April/ numbers were low along the entire transect. In addition/ the siphonophore colonies were smaller than those collected in autumn 1975. Curing our earlier studies (Rogers 1978)/ three
'Northeast Fisheries Center/ National Karine Fisheries Service/ NOAA/ Nar ragansett/ RI C^2682.
^P*>ference to trade nErr.es does not imply endorsement by the National Marine Fisheries Service/ NOAA.
349
Paper 2.1
cstegcries of relative abundance were established based on the number of siphonophore remains in the plankton samples: highr moaerdter ana few. All samples in spring 1976 were categorized 3S "few" compared to the autumn 1975-winter 1976 estimates bjhich vvere generally "hiqh."
Exam
reve
and I a rg thes £ eri a lo ceme a nd abun deep was s i ^ h all spec at t
1 nat aled worm e j e e
anth no X nt ed are dant w at fro ono^ t he i e s he I
ion of
the
tubes
llyf is
sample
us bg
rough/
toget
bur i eu
s p ec
e r . I
m an i
hore s*
samp
of or j
ocat io
s am usu
' br
h.
S/
thi her
i n i e s
n ad n sho w?s les an i s ns s
pies al
yozo The
how is i ck t by m sand
thr di t i re I
col
exa ms w amp I
obt i n ve ans/ pr in ever s an ube ucus y bo ou tih on/ cc at lect mine hi ch ed.
a i ned r t eb r
hydr c i pa I / u
anem of m Th 1 1 onis out t two s ion a ed in d CO
uou I
f r 3tes Olds sou e re one I ud e tu
he G amp I nd t the nt a i d be
om
/ su / s m rces Ce ike and bes eri a ulf e s c he o
Mp ned
e xp
t r aw I
ch as
all b
of g
riiDt ant ho
var i are o nt hus of Ma ont a i t h er / p eni e
the ec t ed
net bri t i va I V elat i hus b zoan ous f ten
bore
i ne a
ned r
wh i c
s are
typi
at t
s during tie stars es/ urchi nous mate 2££alis which con other ma 2 feet in al i s i s nd e spe ci j[iaeoc^s t i h also CO a . In c a I numb his time
April / worms ns / and rial in
tubes . St ru ct s t e r i a I s
I engt h a very ally in S/ one nt ai ned gene r a I er s and of year
Conver
B e d f o r been n f i sh i n of Por that was (li i p r esen the in a n u pi P h aeoc I pswi c h y d r o rr 0 c c cT s i were u qu ant i many b four the p o of he live w in the
sa 1 1 on d/ l-r o sign G fro 1 1 ano/ loss o ni ma I / ce of shore 3nk ten ^s tis . h Ray eduspe ona 1 1 y sua 1 1 y ties t oats w or f i pu lat i svy f i ere f o t r s w I
s w 1 ov i n if 1 c
m th
,-lE/
f fi
EU C
a Q r Wa t e
s a") Th /
i n
abl o re
ere ve ons sh i n und net
th por ce t own ant p r ese po and V sh i nci h r e d u een si rs- F p les / ere we this p I ankt t c I oc e t o a duce f in f i s years, of C. g pres rr, o r e f s .
t a gen / and ob lem w rt s du r 1 1 o 6 i 5 time du ceo fro i me h i g r o m the it is c re a I s was V e en and (j e ri wit void t h is h i ng hi ng a r It i s bore a I i sure/ s requ ent
ts f r
Boston i t h ne i ng sp ca lone e t o n 11 a ut u h in t i r des one lud D rep r i f i ed trawl h thPS en and effort e a s w h pass i s had
0 the
1 y and
om
/ MA t-f o ring
of et-f mn . he w crip ed t ort s oy net e ge
the . r-' i ch ble not tube
i n
Pt . / in u I i n P G I ou ou I i
The
at er
t i on
hat
of
th
s am lat i y we or r i haa to c been s in o rea
Juoi t d i cat g org ort a cest e no or y ea colu / and this
sm a e pr pies, nous re no Hal not one I u r edu whi c t fc r n
h/
ed t an i s gent r/ M oan i ch mn/
fro slim II
esen A mass t i so c been de t ced h th umbe
RI/ and hat ther ms on ve s Bob Mo A / indi sms in s reported especial m trawl e is the j el I yf i s ce of It hough es / fish n suf f i omme nt ed fished herefore as in e se or ga r s than
New e had sse I s rr i I I cat ed pr i ng the ly in net
alga h in small
nets er me n ci ent
that for
that areas n i sms usual
350
SUr'flMARY OF FINDINGS
E X ami n Eng Ian could 1 976. of one for t the DC o rgani ij e I a t i un i ce I u . car C e rien number little p opu la these bee ome s i ghte they c in Ne that a likely f i shi n remain
a t i o n d po cl on In
o rga he r ci s i 0 sms : nou s lu I ar ax f o thus s i n or t i on
area
en me d. T omp le w En ny of tha Q i nd
at o
ct V rt a f is hi fall n is mr edu c t nal f the m s&s
ex i una i
bg re t raw I
of C.
S CO
s hed hes e te th g land thes t th u stry bse rv
an o gent ng n 1975
the ion ou I i al dur i st en n sm aiis s . fish
bor nt i n
i n are ei r
wa e po e re
as ed I
us s s i et s and s ip of f nq o c-a
ng i ce all
tu Beca ing ea I i ue
the seas life ters nu la will a re eve I
amp I nd i c were win hone i sh i f ne
ts~r as
numb be s/ use
had s wa to
ne ona I
eye
an
t i on
be suit s .
es a ated
not te r phor ng i t s w oc^s ep ro the em
a m of i
occ s qr be f ts .
and les . d th s w a any
of
nd CO that unus 1976 t e tJano n coas as ca tis e due t iv/
water ent ang ate r i a nc reas ur red eater i s h e d /• S ma I
their
Each
ere is
s abno
s i gnif
their
nve rs
ge la
ua I Ly
he un
EJa £ tal w used gu che e pha s wa led I oft ed fi in re than
f ewe
I hy
numb
orga
no i
r ma I I
i cant
pre
at ions w t inous or abundan usua I ly h ara/^ was at ers . I by seve
sex re sum rm; the in Phaeo en brough sh ing in cent year u sua I ly o r and few dromedusa ers s hou I n i sm cite ndi eat 1 on y abundan
adve r se s e n c e if
ith gani t i eavy re n sp ral e lop i ng s i ph c^st t up are
Sr t
bse r er t e w d di d i s
at t /• n i mpa po
the Ne J sms which n spring
swa rmi ng sponsi b le ring 1976
separate ed in a a mot i le onopho rer is; and
i n sma 1 1 as where he bottom ved. As ubes will ere also minish as
resident this time or is it et on the pu lat ions
LITERATURE CITED
ROGERS/ C. A.
19 7Cj. Impact of autumn-winter s*<arminy of a siphonophore ("lipo") on fishing in coastal waters of New England. In J. P. Gouletx Jr. and E. l; . Haynes (editors)x Ocean vari- ability: Effects on U.S. marine fishery resources - 1975/ p. 3 33-55 0. U.S. Dep- Commer./ NCAA Tech. Rep. NISFS Circ. 41o .
351
71"
70*
69*
PORTLAND
43»-
42°-
&
0 v'
427 • 425 423^^^
A HELGOLAND SITE
43'
_42«
69'
Figure 21.1.— Station locations of RV Albatross /V cruise 76-02-11 at which plankton, neuston. and bottom samples were collected and ex- amined for the presence of siphonophores.
352
Paper 22
BOTTOM-WATER TEMFERATURtS IN THE GULF OF MAINE AND ON btORGES BANK DURING SPRING AND AUTUMN^ 1976
Clarence W. Da\/is
Davis (1978) discussed observations of bott orr-wat e r in the Gulf of Maine and on Georges bank and t temperature cj^anges on fish stocks. It was general that the inflow of Slope Water through the North which lies between Browns Bank and Georges Bank/ wa factor affecting changes in water temperature in t the Northwest Atlantic. There was a warminq trend i both the Gulf of Maine and on Georges Bank/ but temperatures reversed that trend in 1?75. Data in show a resumption of the .jarminn trend in 1976 d negative air temperature anomalies during the autum Atlantic coast .
temperatures he effects of ly concluded east Channe 1/ s the major his region of n 1968-74 in bot tom-wat e r this report espite record n a long t he
DATA AND METHODS
The e xpe autu pe r s bott by e m i dp inte ad j u coll i ndi more
temp ndab mn d onne om-w ac h oi nt rv al st ed ec t i ces app
erat ur le ba u r i ng
1 a bo ate r t
2 C con of ea
and
to ac
on bet
are pr
r op r ia
e da thyt bott ar d empe tour ch i d i V coun ween esen te f
t a hav he rmog om t r
Aibat ratu re
inter nte rva idi ng t for
yea rs ted in or c om
e been o raph (X aw I sur ross IV.
was obt va I (Fig I by th
the to differen . Both
this re paring d
bta ine BT) c vey c A we ained s. 22. e per tal b ces in observ port; i f f ere
d f r a St s ru i se i gh te f rom 1/ 22 centa y 10
seas ed an
the n ces
om
rr.ad s c d me the .2)
ge
G.
ona I
a ad
ad j
betw
appro e ea onduc an or
area by mu area
Thes
t i m
juste
usted
een y
X ima ch s ted
ind
re
Itip
wit e va ing d te va ears
t e I y 1 5 C pr i no and
by NMFS ex of the pres ent eo lying the hi n that lues were
of data mpe r at u re lues are
Northeast Fisheries Center/ National NOAA/ Narraaansett / RI D2ab2.
Marine Fisheries Service/
353
Paper 22
The Gulf of l^bine and Georges Bank are analyzed in their entirety and by subareas of 1 -deg Longtitude (Table 22.1). Only those waters less than 100 m on Georges bank and mostly deeper than 100 m in the Gulf of Maine are considered in this report.
RESULTS
£yi.l of Maine
Both observea and adjusted bottom-water temperature indices reached maximum values in the Gulf of riaine in 1976 (Figs. 22.3/' 22. A). The adjusted autumn index of 9.5C was 2.1C warmer than the 1963-75 mean and the adjustea sprino index of 7.2C was 1.1C warmer than the 196a-75 mean. All subarea indices in the Gulf also exceeded the 1963-75 autumn and the 196b-75 spring means (Table 22.2). In the spring^ subarea V had the greatest anomaly (+1.1C) while subareas II and III shared maximum of 2.2C in the autumn .
Georges Bank
Adjusted mean bottom-water t en^per at ur e s on Georges Bank in 1976 were greater in both spring and autumn than the time-series means for each season and reversed the substantial drop in temperature noted in 197 5 (Figs. 22. 5r 22.6). All subareas of the Bank had
positive anomalies +2.3C on eastern subarea is u sua I ly Bank in autumn ^ Georoes bank and 1,
in both seasons/^ mast notable of which is the Georges Bank in autumn (Table 22.5). This 2C or more colder than the remainder of the but in 1976 was only 0.7C colder than central QC colder than western Georges bank.
DISCUSSION
Cont r a lonn A rmst highs Bank, by t CO Ide of N t enpe obse r a t i m ch ang enter F i cur
a ry to At la rony r in th Be ca ide a r w ate a ine r atu re vea i e -I ag e s or ed the e 22.1
thee nti c P ap er e Gulf u se Ge nd w i r t he r wou Id s . Th n 1976 in the by th Gulf , buf
ccur r coast 1 l)r
of M or ges ndr i e in
be e e rea
are
bott e f ac in th f er ed
ence du bott ai ne Ban t wo autu xpec sons no d om
t th
e sp
th
of r i no om-w
and k is uld mn 1 ted
for oubt wa t e at t r i nu e CD
r eco
the at er w ere relat have b 976. t 0 be t he p comp I r • s r he la r f i n Q i Id air
rd
aut temp high i ve I een The less OS i t ex / es po ge a ca t e
ef f
cold umn e rat e r t y sh r ea s deep af f i ve but nse moun d by e ct /
wea t 1976 ures han no allow enable er wat e ct ed anoms I ni a y be to a t of S the 8 espec
her condi ( C hambe r I i reached r rmal on Ge and well
to expect ers in the by the col ous condi
explainab ir temper lope Water C isother ially as w
t i o n s
n and
ecord
or ges
mixed
much
Gulf
d air
t i ons
le by
at u r e
t hat
m in
a r m e r
354
P ape r 22
GuLf Water irixed kiith Georges Bank Water.
The record coLd air temperatures of 1976r however/^ may have Lessened the current trend/^ only partially reversed in 1975r to even tiigher temperatures than those observed.
LITERATURE CITED
i) A V 1 S / C . W .
1V7fc. Spring and autumn bottom-water temperatures of t'isine and Georges bank/' 1968-1975. In J. R. and E. D. Haynes (editors)^ Ocean variability: U.S. marine fishery resources - 1975/' p. 241-255 Conimer./ NOAA Tech Rep. NMFS Circ. 416.
in the Gulf
Goulet r Jr.
Effects on
U.S. Dep.
355
Table 22.1. — Subaxea designation and loca- tion in the Gulf of Maine and on Georges Bank.
|
Longitude (w) |
||
|
Area |
Subarea |
|
|
Gulf of Maine |
I |
7r-7o° |
|
n |
lO'-GS' |
|
|
III |
69° -68° |
|
|
IV |
68°-67° |
|
|
V |
67° -66° |
|
|
Georges Bank |
Western |
69°-68° |
|
Central |
68°-67° |
|
|
Eastern |
67°-66° |
Table 22.2. — Adjusted mean bottom-water temperatures and anomalies by subareas in the Gulf of Maine in 1976. Anom- alies are based on the 1968-75 mean in the spring and the 1963-75 mean in the autumn.
|
Spring |
: - 1976 |
Autumn - 1976 |
||
|
Gulf of Maine subarea |
||||
|
mean °C |
anomaly °C |
mean °C |
anomaly °C |
|
|
I |
5.1 |
+1.0 |
9.0 |
+1.5 |
|
II |
6.7 |
+0.9 |
8.8 |
+2.2 |
|
III |
7.0 |
+0.9 |
9.1 |
+2.2 |
|
rv |
7.7 |
+0.8 |
9.1+ |
+1.8 |
|
T |
7.2 |
+1.1 |
10.2 |
+2.0 |
|
Entire Gidf |
7.2 |
+1.1 |
9.3 |
+2.1 |
Table 22.3. — Adjusted mean bottom-water temperatures and anomalies by subareas of Georges Bank in 1976. Anomalies are based on the 1968-76 mean in the spring and the I963- 75 mean in the autiomn.
|
Georges Bank subarea |
Spring - 1976 |
Autumn - 1976 |
||
|
mean °C |
anomaly °C |
mean °C |
anomaly °C |
|
|
Western Central Eastern Entire bank |
5.6 5.2 5.1; 5.U |
+0.3 +0.1 +0.3 +0.U |
13.3 13.0 12.3 12.6 |
+1.0 +0.7 +2.3 +0.9 |
356
100 M
Figure 22.1.— Distribution of bottom-water temperatures in the Gulf of Maine and on Georges Bank during spring 1976; At6a«ro«s /V 76-02.
357
'<JllJ>-'^
GEORGES BANK
Figure22.2.— Distribution ofbottom-water temperatures in the Gulf of Maine and on Georges Bank during autumn 1976; Albatross IV 76-09.
358
o
UJ
»-
h- o m
UJ
Adjusted
Observed
Spring - GULF OF MAINE
1
1968 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76
Figure 22.3.— Observed and adjusted mean bottom-water temperatures in the Gulf of Maine during spring 1968-76.
359
o
o
a.
llJ
»-
IT UJ
o
2 <
_L
Observed
/ Adjusted
Autumn — GULF OF MAINE
I I I I I I L
1963 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76
Figure 22.4. — Observed and adjusted mean bottom-water temperatures in the Gulf of Maine during autumn 1968-7fi.
360
o
o
LiJ
I-
LU
I
IE O
o
CD
Spring — GEORGES BANK
1968 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76
Figure 22.5. — Observed and adjusted mean bottom-water temperatures on Georges Bank during spring 1968-76.
361
13
o
o
liJ
12
O
t-
S 10
y ___y Adjusted
Autumn —
GEORGES BANK
J I I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 L
1963 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76
Figure 22.6.— Observed and adjusted mean bottom-water temperatures on Georges Bank during autumn 1S68-76.
362
!S8. Proceedings of the first U.S. -Japan meeting on aquaculture at Tokyo, Japan. October 18-19. 1971. William N. Shaw (editor). (18 papers. 14 authors.) February 1974. iii -f 1.3.3 p. For sale by the .Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402.
.389. Marine fiora and fauna of the northeastern I'nited States. Crustacea: Decapoda. By Austin B. Williams. April 1974. iii -I- 50 p.. HI figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. D.C. 20402.
.390. Fishery publications, calendar year 1973: Lists and Indexes. By Mary F.llen Engett and Lee C. Thorson. September 1974. iv + 14 p.. I fig. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. DC. 20402.
391. Calanoid copepods of the genera Spinocalanus and Mimocalanus from the central Arctic Ocean, with a review of the Spinocalanidae. By David M. Damkaer. June 197.S. x -t- 88 p.. 22.5 figs.. 4 tables. For sale
by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402.
392. Fishery publications, calendar year 1974: Li.sts and indexes. By l^e C. Thors(m and Mary Ellen Engett. June 197.5. iv + 27 p., 1 fig.
393. Cooperative Gulf of Mexico estuarine inventory and study — Texas: Area description. By Richard A. Diener. September 1975. vi -K 129 p.. .55 figs.. 26 tables.
394. Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United .States. Tar- (linnida, Kv I.eland W, Pollock. May 1976, iii ■(- 25 p.. figs. For sale liv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. DC, 211402.
395. Report of a colloquium on larval fish mortality studies and their relation to fishery research. January 1975. By John R. Hunter. .May 1976. iii -I- 5 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.
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