r,

United States Department of the Interior, J. A. Krug, Secretary-
Fish and Wildlife Service, Albert M. Day, Director

Fishery Leaflet 249

Chicago 54, 111.

June 1947

NATURAL RESOURCES
OF JAPAN

(revised edition)

r

I

T>

n

United States Department of the Interior, J. A. Krug, Secretary-
Fish and Wildlife Service, Albert M. Day, Director

Fishery Leaflet 249

Chicago 54, 111.

June 1947

NATURAL RESOURCES
OF JAPAN

(revised edition)

\

NATURAL R-S30URCES OF JAPAN
(Revised Edition)

TABLE OF C0NTKNT3

Page

Section I Introduction 3

Section II General Geography 4

1. Definition and Position of Japan Proper 4

2. Setting V ^

3. Surrounding Waters 6

4. Area and Distances 8

5. Relief 8

6. Climatic Regions 9

7. Vegetation 11

8. Soils 14

9. Political Divisions 18

10. Population 20

Section III Resources 23

1. Agriculture 23

2. Fisheries 27

3. Forestry 30

4. Minerals 38

5. Wildlife 44

Section IV Raw Materials and Japan's Peacetime Hconoray 45

1. Japan's Road Back - To TOiat? 45

2. Japan's Future Economy 45

3. Potsdam Declaration 45

4. Studies of Japan's Past Production and Trade 46

5. Conclusions on Rehabilitation 51

Section V Selected References 52

1. Preliminary Statement 52

2. Orientation 52

3. Gazetteers and Maps 52

4. General 53

5. Terrain. . 54

6. Climate 54

> 7. Agriculture. 54

8. Fisheries ■ 55

9. Forestry 55

10. Minerals 55

TABLE OF CONTWrs (CONT'D)

aection V Selected References (Cont'd) Page

11. Statistics 56

12. Guide Books 56

13. Prefectural Studies ; 56

14. Periodicals 56

15. Bibliographies 57

16. NRS Reports 57

Plates s

Plate 1. Japan Proper 5

Plate 2. Waters Surrounding Japan 7

Plate 3. Physiographic Regions 10

Plate 4. Climatic Regions 12

Plate 5. Timber Zones and Regions 13

Plate 6. Relief of Japan 15

Plate 7. soil Map 16

Plate 8, Prefectures and Traditional Regions 19

Plate 9. Northern Limits of Several Crops and Agricultural

Practices 22

Piste 10. Paddy Rice 24

Plate 11. Food Fishes 28

Plate 12. Oil Districts 3S

Plate 13. Mineral Deposits 41

Plate 14. Coal Fields 42

Plate 15. Japanese T^conomy 47

Plate 15. Japanese 'Economy 48

Plate 17. Japanese 'Sconomy 50

MTURAL RSSOUHCES OF JAPM

Section I

1/

INTRODUCTION

This summary of the natural resoarces of Japan gives an overall
view of aJi island country, somewhat smaller than the state of California,
which has a homogeneous population of about 76,000,000 concentrated in a
relatively few small lowlands. In this report are analysed, in a broad
way, the two main categories of geographic factors: The natural environ-
ment on the one hand, and cultural occupance on the other. In consider-
ing the inter-relationships between these factors, the report depicts
the adjustment of a dense population to an environment which is favored
by a healthful climate and productive fishery and forest resources, but
subject to limitations imposed by its small land area and restricted
mineral and agricultural resources.

This treatment may clarify a question often raised: Japan is on the
road back: — but to what? A definitive answer is difficult, yet an outline
of the economic course along which Japan must travel in the years immedi-
ately aihead can be charted when its natural assets and limitations are
understood.

Many details have been omitted he-^-* because Section II and III are
designed to accompany oral presentatio. i The last two sections, which
are intended for perusal after such ori ntation conferences, will supr^ly
reference data for those who wish to pursue the subject further.

1/ This report was prepared by the Natural Rpsources Section, General
Headquarters, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, Tokyo, April
1947. (Reproduced by permission of the Civil Affairs Division,
War Department).

Section II

(JEKERAL GEOGHAPHY

1. DEFINITION AND POSITION OF JAPAN PROPER

a. Japan Proper, as defined by SCAP Memoranda to Japanese
Government, 29 Jan and 23 March 46, (See Plate l) consists of four islands:
Hokkaido ("North Sea District"). Honshu ("Main Island"). Shikoku ("Four
Provinces"), and Kyushu ("Nine Provinces"), and the approximately 1.000
adjacent small islands.

b. Islands and island groups included in Japan Proper:

(1) Sado

(2) Tsu Group

(3) OkuBhiri

(4) Izu Group, including Sofu-gan

(5) Oki Group

c. Islands and island groups excluded from Japan Propers

(1) Utsuryo (Ullung) , Lianoburt Rocks (Take), and i^uelpart
(Saishu or Cheju)

(2) Ryukyus Group south of latitude 30° N

(3) Kuchino , south of Kyushu

(4) Nanpo Group

(5) Bonins (Ogasawara) Group

(6) Volcano (Kazan or I wo) Group

(7) Kurils (Chiehima)

(8) Habomai (Hapomaze) Group (off NE Hokkaido)

(9) Shikotan

(10) All other outlying Pacific islands

d. Japan is a mountainous island festoon off the coast of Asia.

(1) Climatic consequence: Marine climate, monsoons, many
variations owing to difference In altitude

e. The Latitudinal spread (30° to 45° 30' N) is comparable to
that from Florida to Maine (See Plate 1 Inaet).

(1) Climatic consequences Subtropical in southern Khushu
to cold winters, mild summers in Hokkaido

■f^

■^

GENERAL HEADQUARTERS

SUPREME COMMANDER FOR THE AILIEO POWERS

NATURAL RESOURCES SECTION

JAPAN PROPER

NOTE THIS MAP CONFORMS TO SCAP MEMORANDUM TO II
JAPANESE GOVERNMENT, AG 091 129 JAN l9«filGS
a MEMORANDUM AG 370 Ob |2S MAP 1946 ) QC

2. SETTINO

a. Land

(1) North of Hokkaido: Karafuto and Sakhalin

(2) North of Hokkaido; Chiahlaia Eetto (Kuril Islanda)

(3) South and southwest of Kyushu: Ryukyu Rett© (Nansei
lalemds)

h. Water

(1) East of Japan Proper: Pacific Ocean

(2) West of Japan Proper: Japan Sea

(3) West and southwest of Kyusha: East China Sea

(4) Southeast of Kyushu, south of Shlkoku, east of fiyukyu
Retto (Nansei Islanda), west of Izu Islands:
Philippine Sea

3. SURROUNDING WATERS

a. Deep water is comparatively near shore around the islands.
Single exception is the sea off northern Kyushu and southwestern Honshu.
Limited coastal shelf, hence limited opportunity for bottom fishing.

b. Japan lies at zone of conrergence of two water masses, the
cold waters of the northwestern Pacific, and the warm-surfaced mass known
near the islands as the Kuroshio, or Japan (or Black) current (Plate 2).

(1) The Japan current moves slowly northward from the
equator, divides south of Kyushu, one branch to the
Japan Sea, and the main mass eastward along the south-
ern shore of Honshu. Late summer temperature averages
82 P; late winter temperature 68°

(2) Japan current met by cold waters off northern Honshu,
known as the Oya current on the Pacific side. This
water less salty than Japan 'current , and tenqperature
rarely rises above 65°, even in summer. Winter temper-
atures may approach freezing point.

c. Effects of water masses

(1) Contrast between climates of Hokkaido and other parts
of Japan. Japan current favors mild winters and high
precipitation for Honshu, Shlkoku, Kyushu.

(2) Great variety and abundance of marine life.

124 126 128

WATERS SURROUNDING JAPAN

-—3 COLD WATER -MASSES (OYA CURRENT, JAPAN SEA MASSES)

^H WARM WATER MASSES

^^ ZONES OF MIXING BETWEEN LARGE MASSES, AND UPWELLlNGS

WINTER FRONT OF OYA COLD WATER MASS

SUMMER EXTENT OF JAPAN SEA WARM CURRENT

4. ASIA AMD DISTANC5S

a. Area of Japan Proper: About 147,000 square milee. Nearly
the size of the state of Montana; smaller than California (See Plate 1 for
distances and areas)

5 . EELIEP

a. G-eneral land-form pattern of Japan

(1) A thick core of moderately rugged hill land and high
moantains containing numerous intermontane 'baBino, with
a narrow and diacontinuous border of terraces and delta-
fans.

(2) The largest lowland (about 3.5 million acres) is the
Tokyo or Kanto (Kwanto) Plain. The coastal lowlands
rarely extend more than 30 miles inland.

(3) About 75 to 80 percent of the- area is hill or moVictain
land. Many volcanic cones, such as Mt Fuji (I2,3d9
feet), are conspicuous topographic features.

(4) The streams are short, swift, and shallow.

(5) The v/est coast is less indented than the east coast-.

b. Physiographic regions (See Plate 3)

(1) Outer zone of northeast Japan

(a) That part of Hokkaido east of Sapporo

(b) Northeastern Honshu

1. Kitakami and Abokuma highlands
£. Kitakami and other lowlands

(2) Inner zone of northeastern Japan

(a) The central range, or the "Ou Sammyaku" , elevations
to 7,000tfeet

(b) Intermontane basins

(c) Western range

(d) Western plains ,

(3) Possa Magna

(a) Transects center of Honshu

(b) Volcanoes of the Puji chain

(4) Outer zone of southwestern Japan

8

Region 2)

(a) Principal mountain area is a series of parallel
ranges and intervening valleys. Slevations to
6 .OOOtf eet

(5) Inner zone of southwestern Japan

(a) Mountains of central Japan, including the Japanese
Alps, elevations to 10,000-feet near Matsumoto

(b) Noto Peninsula and neighboring lowlands

(c) Kinki basins (Biwa, Kyoto, Kara, and Osaka)

(d) Low mountains of Chugoku; highest elevation about
4,000 feet

(e) Hilly terrain; northern Shikoku and northern Kyushu

(f) Inland Sea depression; a submerged block of low bat
hilly land, elevation to 2,000 feet

c. Correlation between physiographic divisions and geology:

(1) The "median dislocation line" separates two generally
different types of geologic structure.

6. CLIMATIC RSQIONS (See Plate 4)

a. Hokkaido (Plate 4, Region l)

(1) Long, cold winters; snow from November to April

b. Outer zone of northern Honshu and southern Hokkaido (Plate 4,

(1) Summer warm; winter freezing. Precipitation moderate;
average annual 40-60 inches.

c. Japan Sea Coast (Plate 4, Region 3)

(1) Winter: Heaviest precipitation of year; much cloudiness;
snow cover of one foot or more. Snow accumulations
heavier in 3a than in 3b or 3c. Summer: warm in 3a and
3b; mild in 3c. Annual rainfall generally greater than
60 inches .

d. Mountains and valleys of central Japan (Plato 4, Region 4) "

(1) Continental-type climate in the internontane basins;

high temperatures in summer, freezing in winter. Pre-
cipitation low; mean annual 44 inches at Matsumoto.

e. Southeastern Honshu (Plate 4i Region 5)

(1) Warm Kuroshio current brin^js mild winters and warm

10

summers to eastern central Honshu. High precipitation;
mean annual at Tokyo 64 inches. In September and
October typhoons bring violent downpours.

f. Inland Sea area (Plate 4, Region 6)

(l) Sufficiently land-locked to have hot summers, cool

winters. Precipitation moderate. Typhoons in September
and October.

g. Western Kyushu (Plate 4, Region 7)

(l) Summer hot; winter mild. Precipitation high; mean annvial
at Shimonoseki 67 inches.

h. Outer zone of southwestern Japan (Plate 4, Region 8)

(l) Mildest winters in Japan. Precipitation high. Typhoons
most frequent between July and September.

7. VEGETATION (See Plate 5)

a. Hatural vegetative cover mainly forests of many different
species. Only a small area naturally barren, grasslauid, or marsh.

b. Three principal forest types (Plate 5) named according to
dominant tree groups.

(1) Northern conifer type: Northern Hokkaido and high
mountains elsewhere. Pir, spruce, hemlock, birch, aspen,
larch.

(2) Deciduous hardwood typeJ Northern Honshu, southern
Hokkaido, and mountains elsewhere. Beech, oak, maple,
ash, chestnut, elm, paulownia, cryptomeria, pine.

(3) Evergreen hardwoods; Southern Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu.
Live oaks, camphor, camel ia, bamboo.

c. Original vegatation has been changed considerably by cutting,
fires, reforest rat ion.

(1) Present cover includes:

(a) Cultivated land, settlements, and roads: About 22
percent of total area, mainly lowland. Small cryp-
tomeria or pine woodlots frequent in cultivated
districts .

11

Plote 4

ize'

CLIMATIC REGIONS
OF JAPAN

1. Hokkaido

2. Outar Zone of Northern Honshu
and Southern Hokkaido

3. Japon Sao Coast

4. Mountoins and Valleys of Central Japon

5. Southeastern Honshu

6. Inland Sea

7. Western Kyushu
_ 8. Outer Zone of Southwestern Japan

36'

te* -

130'

132'

l«0

HOKKAIDO

GENERAL HEADOUARTERS

SUPREME COMMANDER FOR THE ALLIED POWERS

NATURAL RESOURCES SECTION

After Fukui, Treworlho (1945),
ond Others

♦0°

S8*

3S'

34°

13^,

12

0.

cn

q:

2

UJ

O

CD

S

UJ

1-

o:

UJ

o

(/)

z

UJ

<

z

<

(/)

Q.

UJ

<

z

-3

O

N

13

(b) Genya, or "wild" lands: Grrass or saea (dwarf
bamboo) covering. Exact extent unknown, but may
reach 20 percent of total area.

(c) Barren, waste, and eroded land: Probably two per-
cent of area.

(d) Marahea , water surface, miscellaneous: Three per-
cent of area.

(e) Trees, coppice, and brush: 53 percent of total
area.

(2) Appearance of present "forests"

(a) Remaining virgin stands few.

(b) Monocultural plantings frequent; cryptomeria, pine,
cypress.

(c) Probably 60 percent of "forest" is brush and
coppice for charcoal and firewood. Oaks are the
principal species.

(d) Approximately five percent of the forest acreage is
cut-over lemd at any given time.

(e) Greater part of the standing timber under 30 years
of eige.

(3) Natural vegetation has been changed least in northern
conifer areas; most in the evergreen hardwood and culti-
vated areas.

8. SOILS (See plates 6 and 7)

a. Origin and distribution

(1) Mineral soils are derived from igneous, volcanic, and
sedimentary rocks, volcanic ash, tuffs, alluvial and
colluvial materials, and unconsolidated marine sedi-
ments. Peats (bog soils) are formed from residues of
decayed vegetation of mafshlajid species. Most areas of
peat soils are in Hokkaido and northern Honshu.

(2) Thin, stony soils (Lithosols) of rugged hill and moun-
tain areas predominate throughout Japan. They are
chiefly forest lands.

(3) The best agricultural soils are centered in a number of
wide plains and extend into rougher areas along stream
valleys and on lower slopes. Such soil areas comprise
only 18 percent of the total area of Japan.

(4) Sandy soils are distributed along almost all sea coasts.

14

I3« 136

— 1 1 n—

RELIEF OF JAPAN

LEGEND

ELEVATION IN FEET

rrn o to eoo
vrrm eoo to 3000

■■ 3000 AND OVER

142"

"T"

KANTO
PLAIN

KYUSHU

,^

GENERAL HEADQUARTERS

SUPREME COMMANDER FOR THE ALLIED POWERS

NATURAL RESOURCES SECT40N

200 Miies

15

1 ! 1 1

GENERALIZED SOIL MAP
OF JAPAN

FEBRUARY 1947

Soil Area

L£G£ND
Gray - Brown Podzolic
Ando (Dark Colored)
Associated Areas of :
Bog Soils '
Holf Bog Soils

Red and Yellow Podzolic Soil Area
Associated Areas of.

Ando (Dork Colored) Soils
Gray -Brown Podzolic Soils
Reddish - Brown Lateritic Soils

Soil Groups Occuring Throughout Japan
Lithosols
Alluvial Soils
Plonosols

iBl Known Areas In Which Soils Have
Been Influenced by Voteanic Ash

Plate 7

144* I4S'

GENERAL HEADQUARTERS

SUPREME COMMANDER FOR THE ALLIED POWERS

NATURAL RESOURCES SECTION

«•

16

b. G-eneral soil characteristics

(1) Most of the agricultural soilB are loams and silt loams
physically suited for tillage.

(2) Natural fertility is low. Even soils of high humus con-
tent require heavy fertilization annually for high
yields. Soils from volcanic ash are particularly low in
phosphate. Essentially all of the agricultural soils
respond well to proper fertilization; nitrogen and
phosphorous are the elements that give the largest yield
increases for most crops.

(3) In general, the upland soils are moderately to strongly
acid. The alluvial soils are only slightly acid, par-
ticularly if used as rice paddies.

c. Fertility gtatuB

(1) The soil fertility trend i-s upward on the ag-. •■ultural
lands.

(a) A large proportion of the crops harvested is re-
turned to the land as night soil, animal manures,
mulches, and composts.

(b) Importation of food and the use of fish, seaweed,
and similar marine products in the diet are in-
direct sources- of additional soil nutrients.

(c) Large importations of fertilizer materials, es-
pecially phosphate (about 1,000,000 metric tons
annually during 1936-40) , and fixation of atmos-
pheric niftrogen as nitrogenous fertilizers' (400,000
metric tons of nitrogen annually during 1936-40)
add greatly to the soil nutrients supply.

(d) Vegetation is removed from non-arable land and
applied to agricultural land as compost and ashes.

(e) Leaching of plant nutrients is partially compen-
sated by nutrients in irrigation waters.

(2) The soil fertility trend is downward on the non-arable
land.

(a) Forest products are removed for lumber and fuel.

(b) Grasses and shrubs are removed for feed and com-
posts .

(c) Plant nutrients are lost by leaching.

(d) Ho replacement of any consequence is made.

(e) Sheet erosion is favored for periods on many forest
lands by clear-cutting practices.

17

d. Irrigation, drainage t and erosion

(1) Irrigation is practiced on most of the soil areas used
for the production of rice and many of the areas where
vegetables are grown. Irrigation makes possible the
utilization of drouthy soil areas. Even steep hillsides
are used for the production of paddy rice. Stream di-
versions furnish about 65 percent of the water for irri-
gation. Reservoirs, lakes, and ponds supply most of the
remainder, bat wells are also used.

(2) Drainage has been important in reclaiming agricultural
soil areas from shallow lakes, bays, and swampy areas.
It has also increased the productivity of some poorly
drained areas, formerly adapted only to the growth of
rice, by increasing the yield of rice and making possible
the growth of a winter crop such as wheat or barley.

In naturally better drained sites, where the climate is
suitable, it is the practice to drain the rice paddies
in the fall eind grow winter crops on these areas.

(3) Water erosion is active on many of the non-arable, hillyj
and mountainous areas of southern Honshu, Shikoku, and
Kyushu. Some areas are nearly barren and badly gullied,
while many others have lost considerable surface soil by
less obvious sheet and rill erosion. Wind erosion is
reTiorted to be active in some dark colored, volcanic
ash-derived soil areas during certain seasons unless
adequate precautions are taken following cultivation.

9. POLITICAL DIVISIONS (See Plate 8) .

a. Administrative regions (chiho)

(1) Established in July 1943

(2) llames of regions

(a
(b
(c

(d
(e

(f

is

(h
(i

Hokkai (all of Hokkaido)
Tohoku (northern Honshu)
Hokuriku (west central Honshu)
Kanto (Tokyo plain region)
Tokai (central Honshu)
Kinki (Kyoto, Osaka, etc)
Chugoku (western Honshu)
Shikoku^
Kyushu

(3) Map of these regions in ASi' Manual M 354-2B and JAKIS
85, Chapter X

18

Plat* 8

134'

-r

138'

J^

M4

J^

PREFECTURES AND ADMINISTRATIVE REGhONS

36' —

KANTO

GENERAL HEADQUARTERS

SUPREME COMMANDER FOR THE ALLIED POWERS

NATURAL ReSOURCES SECTION

40*

36*

19

b. A prefecture is an administrative subdivision of the national
governfflent .

(1) Japan is divided into 43 predominantly rural prefectures
(ken), 2 urban (fu) , 1 territorial administration
(Hokkaido), and Tokyo-to (city and prefecture).

(2) Size of prefectures shovm in Plate 8 in square miles

(3) Population of prefectures given in ASF Manual M 354-lA

(4) High degree of correlation between prefectural bounda-
ries and watersheds

c. Counties (gun)

(1) Divisions of prefectures

(2) Of social but not political significance

d. 'Municipalities

(1) Cities (shi)

(2) Towns (machi or cho)

(3) Townships (mura or son)

(a) Buraku are social-economic units, each consisting
of about 20 households , a number of which* together
make up a mura

10. POPULATION 1/

a. Densities: Correlation between area and population;
estimated densities: '

(1) 73,110,995 enumerated April 1945 for the four islands

(2) 497 persons per square mile for total area

(3) 3,095 persons per square mile of cultivated area

(4) Concentration of population along the Inland Sea,
northern Kyushu, and the Tokai region

b. Distribution (April 1946 census)

(1) Hokkaido 3,488,013

(2) Honshu 55,194,449

(3) Shikoku 3,879,672

(4) Kyushu 10.548,861

c; The six metropolises explained by location or function;
statistics from December 1946 etrtiraate: ,

1/ Statistics given by the Economic and Scientific Section

20

(1) Tbkyo-to

(2) OBaka-ahi

(3) Nagoya-shi

(4) Kobe-3hi

(5) Yokohama-shi

(6) Kyoto-shi

3,743.325"]
1,937,396
719,302]
443,344]
706,557j
914,655

Head of "bay

(

Deep water porta

Inland city, the capi-
tal for more than a
thousand years

d. The Japanese govermnent, in December 1946, estirnated that
the population of Japan is 75,700,000. Tokyo-to is reported to have a
population of approximately 4,500,000 as of the end of December 1946.
Census data are, however, inexact.

21

Plote 9

144' 146"

22

Section 111

EESOURGES

1. AGRICULTURE (See Plates 9 and 10 )

a. General statement

(1) Agricaltare the most important single industry

(a) More than 40 percent of national capital invested
in it 2/

(b) Approximately 47 percent of population derive all
or part of their income from agriculture 3/

(2) Principal features of Japanese agriculture

•(a) Small cultivated area in relation to large agri-
cultural population

(b) Small-scale farming

(c) Widespread dievelopment of tenancy 4/

(d) Bmphasls on food production

(e) Predominant position occupied by rice crop

(3) Agriculture has provided 80 to 85 percent of food re-
quirements of Japaji enuring past twenty years

b. Economic factors

(1) Intensity of agriculture reflected by these facts:

(a) Only 14,208(000 acres or 16 percent total land
area assd for eultlTation

(b) Approximately 5,698,000 farms in Japan compared
to about 6,800,000 in United States

(c) Average sized acreage of a Japanese farm 2.49
acres. Median acreage is 1.64 acres 2/.

2/ Bttimate of Japan Hypothec Bank as of 1946

5/ Besulte of Agricultural Census conducted by Ministry of Agriculture
and Forestry as of 26 April 1946

4/ As a result of land reform laws passed by the Japanese Diet on 11
October 1946, it is anticipated that before 1949 tenants on approxi-
mately 2,000,000 of the 2,600,000 cho of land now cultivated by them
will be able te purchase the land they cultivate. One cho equals
2.45 acres.

23

Plate 10

\ 1 — 1 \

PADDY RICE IN JAPAN

» Period of Tronsplanting to Fields
^ Period of Horvesfing of Crop

I38'

T-

36- -

CHUGOKU

m June 1-15
(^Oct 15-Nov 10

34' —

S4

(2) Agriculture in Japan gardening rather than farming

(a) Mo8t work done by ha-nd with primitive tools, but
these tools well suited to their use

(b) Production per unit area high but production per
man low

(c) Many fields made to produce two or more crops per
year

1. Practiced widely in central and Bouthwestem
Japan

2. Area under cultivation enlarged one- third by
multiple cropping

c. Land development

(1) History

(a) Land reclamation increased the arable land area of
Japan seven percent or 896,000 acres from 1910

to 19r59. The arable land in 1939 was 14,750,000
acres. The arable land area decreased three per-
cent or 432,000 acres from 1939 to 1944, chiefly
owing to military and industrial uses of land.

(b) Progressively the er-pansion of the arable land area
has become more difficult. Land now under culti-
vation includes most of the more productive agri-
cultural areas of Japan.

(2) Present reclamation potentials

(a) An estiiated 3,900.000 acres of additional land
could be brought under cultivation by the ex-
penditure of cooperatively large amounts of capi-
tal, labor, and materials. After being reclaimed,
much of this land probably would be marginal.
Reclamation of such an area would add 25 percent
to the present arable area of Japan.

(b) Production on large areas of the cultivated land
in Jap«n can be increased by grading, irrigation,
drainage, and storm and flood protection.

d. Agricultural production

(1) Six crops furnish 85 to 90 percent of calories in
Japanese diet from indigenous sources: rice, wheat,
barley, naked .barley , sweet potatoes, and white potatoes

(2) Rice dominates agricultural economy.

25

(a) Rice occupies- approximately 53 percent total culti-
vated area, and about 42 percent of total crop area.

(b) About 96 percent of rice grown in irrigated lowlandB

(c) Rice better adapted than other cereals to long grow-
ing season, high summer temperatures, and the heavy-
rainfall in Japan.

(d) Wheat and barley, next in importance, require
temperate climatic conditions, i.e., grown in summer
months in northern Honshu and Hokkaido, but in
winter months in central sind southwestern Japan.

(e) Sweet potatoes limited largely to area south of lati-
tude 38° N. , while white potatoes grown extensively
north of 38° N

(3) Sericulture suited to Japan because of mild winters,
humid climate, and abundant supply of cheap labor

(a) Northern limit approximately latitude 40° N

(b) Limit determined by winter survival of mulberry

(4) Tea production extends north to about latitude 37° N.

(5) Livestock of minor importance in Japan

(a) Production livestock products requires four to six
acres to produce as many calories as can be obtained
from one acre of cereals.

(b) Japanese depend on fish and plant sources for most
of their proteins.

Research

(1) 424 institutions have primary function of agricultural
research.

(a) Research conducted by imperial auid pref°ctural ex-
periment stations, imperial vmiversities , prefec-
tural agricultural colleges, private institutions,
and corporations.

(b) Experiment stations are small and highly specialized.

(2) Application of results of research has caused significant
increases in agricultural production.

(a) Yield of silk per hectare increased 400 percent
from 1890 to 1940.

(b) Yields per unit area of rice, wheat, common bardey,
and naked barley increased about 70, 140, 119 and
62 percent, respectively, from the 1878-82 period
to the 1938-42 period.

26

2. FISHERIES (See Plate'll)

a. General statement

(1) Prior to World War II Japan was the foremost fishing
country in the world.

(a) Annual catches in home waters were 2,500,000 to
3,500,000 metric tons; catches overseas Including
those of colonial waters amounted to an additional
2,000,000 to 3,500,000 tons. Total Japanese pro-
duction of marine products accounted for more than
one-fourth of the world's total.

(b) Full-time and part-time fishermen in Japan numbered
about 1,500,000.

(c) Japanese fishing boats numbered about 355,000 of
which 75,000 were powered.

(d) Japanese fishing operations were world-wide.

(2) Fishery products provided most of the animal protein in
the Japanese diet.

(3) Although the greater part of the Japanese fishing pro-
ducts were consnaed at home, the production' provided
needed exports for JapsJi's trade balance.

b. Explanation of emphasis' upon fishing in Japan

(1) Dense population with meager food resources

(2) Insular character and great length of coastline

(3) Coastal concentration of the population

(4) Excellent fishing grounds where warm and cold ocean
currents converge

c. Fishing regions

(1) Coastal and offshore waters of Japan Proper

(a) Cold", waters surrounding Hoklcaido and Kuril I elands

(b) Temperate, waters off coasts of Honshu, K.2''^3hu,
and Shikoku

(c) Subtropical^ area south of Japan

(d) Deep-sea: Pacific Ocean east of Japan

(2) Former overseas fishing regions

27

Plote M

144* I46*

FOOD FISHES
OF JAPAN

• Chief Fiihing Port*

COLO REGION

Salmon

Codfish

Herring

Holrbut

Crobs

Seaweed (Cold Water)

28

(a) In addition to fishing in waters near the Home

lelanda and former colonies (including thn mandated
islands) , Japan operated salmon and crab fisheries
in northern waters of the Oknotsk and Bering seas,
trawling in the East China and Yellow seas, whaling
in Antarctic waters, and small scale fisheries off
the coasts of Alaska, British Columbia, Mexico,
Central America, and South -"^merica of the V/estern
Hemisphere, and in Indian and -fiustralian waters of
the Far East .

d. Ports

(l) The fisheries of Japan are conducted from many small and
a few large ports scattered along the coasts of the Home
Islands. Some important ports which serve as bases for
large-scale operations are Hakodate, vhoehi, Shimonoseki ,
Tobata, and Nagasaki.

e. Marine products

(l) Japan produces a great variety of marine products for
food. Several hundred different species of fish alone
are eaten in Japan. Among the important edible products
are!

(a)

Sardines

(b)

Herring

(c)

God and flounder

(d)

Cuttlefish

(e)

Bonito and tuna

(f)

Mackerel

(g)

Salmon

(h)

Sea breajn

(i)

Yellowtail

CJ)

Shellfish

(k)

Seaweed

(1)

Whale products

Aquicult

ure

(l) The practice of aquiculture (culture of fish, shellfish,
and seaweed) is nighly developed and illustrative of the
importance attached to fisheries by Japanese. Species
raised include carp, eel, oyster, clam, and seaweed as
well as trout and otner fresn water fish. The output
from tnis production contributes considerably to the
food supply.

29

g. Research and education

(l) In keeping with the importance of marine products in the
economy of Japan, much emphasis is placed on fishery re-
search and education. Japan has 143 research stations,
32 prefectural schools, two colleges and three departmenti
In Its imperial universities which deal with fisheries.

3. FOHESTEY

a. Importance of forests

(l) Japan depends on her forests to furnish lumber euid

timbers, provide pulpwood smd veneer logs, produce fuel,
regulate stresun flow, maintain water tables, prevent
serious floods, minimize soil erosion, and supply food
and other products.

b. Principal forest types and species (Plate 5)

Type

(1) Coniferous

(2) Broad-leaved

(3) Mixed

(4) Bamboo

(5) Wasteland

Forest areas

Species

Cedar, cypress, fir, hemlock, larch,
spruce, pines (red, black, white)

Oak, beech, maple, ash, chestnut,
cherry, birch, elm, aspen, camphor,
paulownia

Various mixtures of above species

Numerous: 153 species recognized

Called "genya"; treeless or with
scattered trees

COMPARATIVE FOREST AREA
(Unit 1,000 acres)

Total Land Area Fprest Land and Senya Commercial Forest

Area Percent Area Percent Area Percent

92.218 100 58,294 62 49,763- 53

Notes Area of productive forest per capita; 0.67 acres

30

POKE ST AHEAl BY O'rfNERSHIP
(Unit 1,000 acres)

^ Imperial Nat 1 onal Commanal Private Totals

CoEunerclal forests 2,757 15,524 9,780 22,702 49,763

Special purport forests 4/ 220 1,763 411 682 3,076

Wasteland 247 1,341 1,460 2,407 5,455

Totals 3,224 18,628 10.651 25,791 58,294

Commercial Forest Composition

Coniferous
Planted
Natural

Broad-leaved
Planted
Natural

Mixed

Planted
Natural

■bamboo

Denuded

Sub- total a

a/ Special purpose forests are managed under special laws or regulations
for their scenic beauty or for their usefulness in various ways such
as pretection against soil erosion, floods, winds or tides, head
waters control, preservation of water tables, or maintenance of stream
flow.

Note: Total area planted including special purpose forests: 17,011,000

acres
Note: Total area of natural forest: 35,668,000 acres

d. Volume and growth data

GREEN TIMBER VOLUME
(Unit 1,000,000 cubic feet)

Total Volume Softwoods HardiftXiods

Volume Percent Volume Percent Volume Percent
60,708 100 34,916 58 25,792 42

Note: Volume of green ti.-nber per capita: 815 cubic feet

31

698
(322)
(376)

3,661
(1,450)
(2,211)

3,639
(1.691)
(948)

7,566 (14,564)
(5,002)
(2,564)

949
(2)
(947)

7,616
(243)
(7,373)

3,681
(387)
(3.294)

9,249 (21,495)
(1,162)
(8,087)

1,053
(5)
(1.048)

3,300
(423)
(2,877)

2,157
(203)
(1.954)

4,640 (11,150)

(651)
(3,989)

0

2

23

334 (359)

57

945

290

903 (2,195)

2,757

15,524 .

8,780

22,702 (49,763)

VOLUME BY OWNERSHIP
(Unit 1,000,000 cubic feet)

Imperial National Commonal. Private, Other Total

ConiferouB
Old Japan
Hokkaido

Broad-leaved
Old Japan
Hokkaido

TOTALS

2.864
(1.639)
(1.235)

3,337
(531)
(2,806)

6,201

10,914

(5,604)

(5,510)

15,225
(11,137)
(4,038)

26,139

21,136
(20,164)
(974)

7,230
(3,778)
(3.452)

28,368

34,916

25 ,792

60 ,708

ESTIMATED AVERAGE AMUAL GROWTH

OynerBfaip

Imperial
Nat i onal
All Other

TOTAL

Forest Area Increment Total Annual Growth
(1,000 adree) (Cubic feet per (1,000 cubic feet)
acre per year)

3.757
15,524
31 .462

27

20
41

74,436

303.753

1,315,583

1,693,772

49.763

Note, Average nnnual increment per acre per year, 34 cubic feet
Note: Average growing stock per acreJ 1 t220 cubic feet

Reforestation.

(1) Area plant^.d (1946): 525.000 acres

(2) Seedlings are planted at the rate of 800 per acre.
Planting of nine billion seedlings is planned from' 1S47
to 1951.

Utilization Data

(l) Annual Consumption of Wood

32

AVERA.(iE ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF ALL WOOD PRODUCTS
(Unit 1,000,000 cubic feet solid volume)

Period Lumber and Timbers Fuelwood Total

1926-1930

474

1,226

1,700

1931-1935

563

1.316

1,879

1936-1940

906

1,600

2,506

1926-1940 average

648

1,380

2,028

1946

337

556

8S3

COMPARaTIVI] average AUHUAL CUT AND (JROWTE 1937-1943
(Unit 1,000,000 cubic feet solid volume)

Lumber a/ Fuelwood Total Cut Orowth Cut: Growth

1,069 2,331 3,400 1,694 2: 1

a/ Lumber as used here includes round timbers, sawed
boards and timbers, pulpwood and veneer.

Note. Average annual consumption of solid wood per
capita 1926-1940; 30 cubic feet

NoteJ Average annual growth of green timber per
capita (1946); 22 cubic feet

(2) All wood products (except fuelwood): Current require-
ments and production:

(a) The economy of Japan depends heavily on wood, de-
spite recent industrial progress. Ninety-nine
percent of the population lives in wooden houses;
in cities like Tokj-o, only one percent of the
1,100,000 prewar buildings was constructed of
materials other than wood. In industry, rayon
manufacture depends entirely on wood pulp for fiber.
Fishing fleets are coEposed mainly of wooden ships.

33

DEMAND , ALLOCATION, AND PRODUCTION OF WOOD PRODUCTS, 1946

(Unit 1,000 cubic feet)

Mine timbers

Poles

Railroad ties

Veneer (for plywood)

Palpwood

Lumber

Estimated Demand

82,780

16,110

54.540

17,950
119,400
597,500

Allocation

Production

81,000

68.330

11.150

1.540

26 ,490

11.100

17,950

9,660

64,480

31,700

423,410

214,210

TOTALS

88«,280

624 ,480

336 ,540

Lumber Usage

Estimated Demand Allocation Production

Housing

289,000

214,000

(Govt use)

(94.000)

Public works

150,000

80,000

Casks

5,350

5.000

Sat isf act or 7

Agric equipment

4,900

7,380

Matches

3.750

4,520

data not

Wooden ships

16,600

15 ,000

Fishing ships

16,700

15,200

available

Steel ships .

3.680

3,700

Railroad cars

7,340

4,400

Automobiles

3,680

2.800

Miscellaneous a/

96 .500

71.410

TOTAL

597,500

423,410

a/ Included in "Miscellaneous" are sucn items as boxes, wooden
clogs, furniture, hardwood goods, handles, sporting goods,
pencils, excelsior, barrels and others.

(b) Occupation Forces; Requirements for troop and
dependency housing: 500 million board feet.
(This requirement, wni ch represents about eight
percent of lumber smd special timber production,
was virtually completed by 1 January 1947.
Additional requirements are expected to be small.)

34

(o) Japanese housing

Houses destroyed or torn down during war 3,000,000
Houses required for repatriates 800,000

Houses annually depreciated or war-delayed

construction 400,000

Total requirements 4,200,000

Total prewar houses 16,000,000

Estimates of construction requirements are calcu-
lated 15 tsubo (534 square feet) per house, re-
quiring about 4,800 board feet. From 2 September
1945 to 1 January 1947, 300,000 houses requiring
1 i500, 000 ,000 board feet are reported to have been
constructed. (Note! Many emergency structures
r'equlring 2,400 board feet or less have been built.
However, many other buildings, such as theaters,
dance halls, restaurants, or shops requiring muc;h
more lumber per structure have been built with
black-market lumber.)

(d) Sawmills (as of 30 ilovember 1946)

Total reported 18,820

Total in operation 16,042

Rated horsepower in operation 310,000
Annual milling capacity (at 50

bd ft per H P per day) 3,750,000,000
Employees 170,000

Lack of repairs, replacements, lubricants, and.
sometimes electric power are the principal causes
for non- operation.

(e) Plywood Requirements and Production (4 mm thick)

Prewar production (1935-41): 470,000,000 square

feet annually
Occupation Forces requirements: 35 ,000,000, square

feet total
Production - 1946: 128,000,000 square feet

One-fourth of Japan's i535 veneer and plywood
plants were damaged or destroyed during the war.
Shortage of materials holds the industry to about
one-half rated capacity.

35

(f) Pulpwood

1.. Wood palp mi 11b in Japan consume much less

wood than other wood-using industries such as
lumber and charcoal. Prom a total annual
growth per year of 1,693,000,000 cubic feet,
only a little over 30,000,000 cubic feet were
consumed in 1946 by the wood pulp industry.
However, the volume of ./ood consumed annually
for a seven-year period up to 1944 was approxi-
mately 120,000,000 cubic feef, consequently a
substaoitial increase in the use of pulpwood
is essential for the future cultural expansion
in Japan. The preferred species are the
spruce and fir (yszomatsu and todomatsu),
which grow abundemtly in Hokkaido, and the red
and black pines (akamatsu and kuromatsu) of
Old Japan. Other species used for pulping
include beech and hemlock.

2. A substantial increase in the rayon incuetjry
is essential and the production of icraft pulp,
both unbleached and bleached, will become a
necessity if Japan is to have strong papere of
relatively high quality.

3. The following table shows the 1946 production
of the various types of pulp produced and the
cubic feet of pulpwood consumed:

PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTICIT OP PULPWOOD,

Conversion

Factor

1946

short tons

to

Cubic Feet

Type of

Production in

cu

ft sol Id

Solid

Pulp

short tons
138,477

wood

Pulpwood

Gro\indwo od

LOO

13,847,700

Sulfite

69,212

200

13.842,400

Kraft

6,466

165

1,066,890

Say on

11 ,632

220

2,559,040

Soda

1,012

190

192*280

TOTAL

225,799

31 ,.508,310

(g) Bamboo

1946 PRODUCTION

Moso species

All other species

2,255,000 pieces
4,437,000 bundles

36

Note* MoBO species of bamboo is marketed by the piece,
wiiile all other species of bamboo are sold as a
bundle. A bundle consists of a number of stems
forming a unit 20 to 25 inches in circumference,
measured 4-1/2 feet abov© the severed end.

(3) Fuelwood

JUELWOOD PRODUCTION 1946
(Unit 1,000 cu ft solid wood)

Wood for
Firewood Charcoal a/ Total

Demand 473,000 606,000 1,079,000

Production 214,000 342,000 556,000

45.2 56.5 51.6

a/ The figures given are for solid wood for con-
version to charcoal. Solid wood converts to
charcoal at the rate of 260 cubic feet of
solid wood for one metric ton of charcoal.
Annual charcoal requirements are slightly more
than two million metric tons.

Note: Hatio of fuelwood production to production
of all oyier wood products is 1.7 to 1 or
62»5 percent of total wood production.

MINOH BI-PEODUCTS COLLSCTfflD ANNUALLY

Edible mushroome 13,000 T.etric tons

Sdible bmiboo shoots 20,000 - 30,000 metric tons

Sdible nats 5,000 - 10,000 metric tons

Cork bark 10,000 ^.f^.tric tons

Bark of cedar and cypress 75,000.000-35,000.000 sq ft

Wax, lacquer, resin and wood tar are also collected.

g. Forest Hesearch

(l) Forest research covers a wide range of activities,

including utilization, protection, soils, silviculture,
technology, management, meteorology, and by-products.
Japanese re-searchers are fully conscious of the desira-
bility of improving forest areas and utilit'-ation of
the products. Some projects do not give the impression
of having immediate practical value until it is real-
ized that there are ehortaj^es of many commodities in
Japan, necessitating development of substitutes.

37

(2) Forest erperimant stations have been established to
conduct programs under the supervision of the Imperial
Household, national and prefectural governments and
universities. Forest product experiments are pursued
by private industrial laboratories seeking better uti-
lization practices in their manufacturing processes.

(3) Forest experiment stations are located at:

(a) Imperial Forest and Estates Bureaui
Tokyo end Hokkaido

(b) Bureau of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture and
Forestry, Tokyo

(c) Prefectures: Fukuoka, Hokkaido, Hyogo , Kagoshima,
Shimane, Toyama, Wakayama auid YamaJiashi

(d) Imperial Universities: Hokkaido, Kyoto, Kyushu
and Tokyo

(e) Industry: Several major wood using manufacturers
have established private wood products experiment
laboratories

4. MISEBALS

a. Japan Poor in Mineral Resources

(1) In all except a few commodities the resources and pro-
duction are inadequate for her own needs. Japan did,
however, build a large i^efinlng and processing industry,
which, although dependent on imports of raw materials,
yielded finished products for her own use and for ex-
port.

b. Inadequate Mineral Resources

(1) Petroleum (See Plate 12)

(a) Three major producing areas - Akita, Yamagata,
and Niigata districts in northwestern Honshu

(b) Present production about 1,400,000 barrels froiL
about 4,000 producing wells. This production is
about 10 percent of civilian requirements in 1935.

(2) Lead, manganef^e, tungsten, molybdenum, fluorlte, nickel,
cobalt, antimony, mercury, vanadium, titanium, iron,
asbestos, graphite, gypsum, tin and other minerals are
produced in insufficient quantities. No phosphate,
potash, or rock salt. Pan salt is produced in suf-
ficient quantity to provide for about 50 percent of
Japanese needs. Lack of phosphate and potash is

38

OIL DISTRICTS

OF

JAPAN

Plote 12
144' (46'

KITAMI DISTRICT

14.698 Kl

HOKKAIDOy

SAGARA DISTRICT

142 KL

GENERAL HEADQUflRTERS

SUPREME COMMANDER FOR THE ALLIED POWERS

NATURAL RESOURCES SECTION

200 MILES

Total Oil Production of Jopan in KMolJters

10 31 March 1946

I Kiloliler -6 29 Borrcis of 42 US Gallons

-L

39

particularly critical in view of the large quantities
required for fertilizer.

c. Adequate resources (See Plate 13)

(1) Copper: Production has exceeded 70,000 metric ton* of
refined copper per annum from 1935 to 1944, inclusive.
Eighty percent of production from mines in Honshu.

(2) Zinc: Production of refined zinc has exceeded 22,000
tons each year since 1935. Ninety percent of productior
from Honshu.

(3) Gold: Recent production of gold has been about 3.8
tons per year. The production has come from many widely
scattered mines.

(4) Silver: Production has exceeded 200, .000 kg since J.935.
Japan was seventh in world production.

(5) Arsenic: Since 1935 production has exceeded 2,000 tons
per year which is approximately enough for insecticides
and other normal needs.

(6) Chromite: Since 1935 production has exceeded 33,000
metric tons annually. Nearly all production has come
from southern Hokkaido and southern Honshu.

d. Resources in excess of needs (See Plate 14)

(1) Coal: The Japanese coal reserves have been estimated
at 16,000,000,000 metric tons, of which 93 percent is
bituminouE, 4 percent semi-anthracite, and 3 percent
lignite; peak production of 57,000,000 metric tons in
1940 was achieved under government subsidy and is not
an index of peacetime producing capacity. The princi-
pal coal fields are:

(a) Northern Kyishu fields produce over one-half total
output

(b) Hokkaido fields, chiefly Ishikari

(c) Honshu fields, chiefly Joban and Yeimaguchi fields

(2) Sulfur and pyrite: Sulfuric acid production is esti-
mated to have reached a maximum of 3,800,000 tons in
1943.

(3) Cement: During the war Japan produced more than
4,000,000 metric tons per year.

40

Plat* 13

— *••

41

126* ISO' IK; 134; 136; 138; 140; 142'

1 r

COAL FIELDS
OF JAPAN

COAL FIELD
LIGNITE FIELD

1 r

Plate 14

J44* 146°

GENERAL HEADQUARTERS

SUPREME COMMANDER FOR THE ALLIED POWERS

NATURAL RESOURCES SECTION

42

(4) Water resources: The Japanese have large resources of
water and have utilized their surface water to a high
degree.

(a) Streams are short, with high gradients; becaase of
large rainfall, they carry a large volume of water.

1.. Electric power potential for Japan Is esti-
mated at 10,000,000 kw

2. Largest hydroelectric plant is on the Shina.no
river at Tomaru-mura , Niigata Prefecture -
165,000 kw

3. Many small-scale irrigation projects

e. Plant Capacity for Smelting and Reduction in Exce«s of Needs

(1) Steel: 6,887,000 metric ton maximom production in 1943
To achieve sufficient production, imports of high-grade
iron ore or pig iron were necessary.

(2) Ferroalloys: Capacity proportionate to steel capacity

(3) Sulfuric acidl 3,800,000 metric tone maximum pro-
duction in 19-^2,

(4) Magnesium: 2,903 metric tons maximum production in
1944

(5) Aluminum: 114,057 metric tons maximum production in
1945

(G) Superphosphate: 1,639,000 metric tons maximum pro-
duction in 1939

(7) Copper refining: 122 ,000 metric tons maximum production
in 1943

f . . Research and Education

(1) Research in mining and geology is on a small scale com-
pared to similar research in the United States. The
relatively low potential of scientific personnel made
it necessary for the capable Japanese scientist to
divide his efforts between numerous assignments. The
Imperial universitiee, where most Japanese scientists
receive their training, are inferior to the average
American state university in both faculty and ecjuipment.
Research lacks continuity between the academic and
applicatory phases.

43

(2) Scientific research in Japan ie largely under the con-
trol of the Japanese government throrgh agencies within
the Ministry of Education and government ownersliip.

(3) Important research institutions are the Imperial G-eo-
logical Survey, the Imperial Universities of Tokyo,

, Hokkaido, Tohoku, -Kyoto, and Kyushu, and laboratories
of, the Mitsubishi Mining Company, Ltd. Researches in
sciences related to mining and geology are made at the
Yawata Technical Research Institute and other metallur-
gical laboratories maintained by the Japan Iron and
Steel Company, Ltd, the Japan Steel V/orks , and the
Kobe Steel Works, the Institute of Physical and
Chemical Reseiarch, the Chemical Industrial Research
Laboratory, and the Imperial universities.

5. WILDLIFE

a. Although wildlife was well protected in feudal days, in-
craasing territorial pressure from the axpanding human population has
caused it to decline steadily since 1868. Heedless exploitation during
World War II brought all wildlife to a critical state. Many species of
economic and scientific value are in danger of extermination.

b. The decline in receipts from wildlife in the last two
decades has been marked. Ninety-five percent of the 200,000 licensed
hunters in 1925 made all or a major part of their living hunting. Today,
with only half the number of hunters, none is able to earn his living from
it. A small ducte-netting preserve now averages 5,000 ducks a year. In
1926 it produced 200,000. Up to 1925 one village in Gifu Prefecture mar-
keted 500 barrels of pickled thrushes annually. It lias had none to ship
since 1942. Japan abrogated the International Fur Seal Treaty in 1946 and
has conducted legal pelagic sealing since. Even this has been insuffi-
cient to bolster receipts from the overworked fur industry.

c. The mediaeval game laws ,- unchanged since 1922, never favored
a sustained annual yield. A six-month open season, spring killing, and
sach destructive hunting methods as netting, trapping, and liming were
allowed. Species protected elsewhere in the v/orld as insect destroyers
and song birds were slau^^i^tered for food and sport. Lax enforcement
nullified what good those laws might have done. The "balance of nature"
has been badly upset, as insect epidemics attest. After stripping the
guano, sea-bird colonies were despoiled by egging and shooting, prevent-
ing future deposition of fertilizer.

d. Strict conservation measures are needed to restore wildlife,
regain the T3enefitB formerly harvested from it, and establish a sustained
yield. Corrective regulations have been promulgated by the Ministry of
Agriculture and Forestry.

44

Section IV

HAW MATERIALS AKD JAPAH'S PEACETIME ECOKOMY

1. JAPAN'S ROAD BACK - TO WHAT?

a. Both the Allied Forces and the Japanese government have a
problem vhich complicates every plan and enters every decision. What is
the character of the economy toward which Japeifa should be directed?
Japan is on the road back - but back to what?

2. JAPAN'S FUTURE ECONOMY

a. A partial answer to those questions will be provided at the
peace table, but em accurate final answer depends on still other features
which will be difficult to predict at any tine. Both types of compli-
cating factors are illustrated even in so simple a decision as the
determination of what and how much of a given commodity Japan needs to
"sustain" her economy. Among them may be ment^ionedJ

(1) Possible changes in the rate of population growth and
rural-urban population shifts

(2) The difference between prewar and postwar peacetime
requirements for consumer goods and raw materials

(3) The degree to which Japan's economy will be de-industri-
alized

(4) The economic effects of the geographic dismemberment of
Japan (the lose of Korea, Formosa, Karafuto, and
Manchuria)

(5) The fluctuations of an adjusting economy to postwar
conditions

3. POTSDAM DECLARATION

a. In spite of the unpredictable aspects a rough approximation
of Japan's future economy can be outlined. One of the guide posts in
this respect is the Potsdam Declaration (26 July 1945) , which contains
this paragraph: "Japan shall be permitted to maintain euch industries as
will sustain her economy and allow the just reparations in kind, but not
those which would enable her to rearm for war. To this end, access to,
as distinguished from control of, raw materials shall be permitted. The
eventual Japanese participation in world trade relations should be per-
mitted".

45

b. The declaration, while general in content, clearly points to
the fact that despite the limitations to be put on Japan's economy, it
will be permitted to recover from its present low level. To do otherwise
would be to condemn millions of Japanese to a below subaistenca level, if
not out-and-out starvation. When Japan's economy was purely agricultural,
it supported a rather stable population of about thirty cillion people;
the addition of forty million in less than a century has been made possible
mainly by the growth of industry and foreign trade.

4. STUDIES Oy JAPAN'S FAST FHODUCTIOH AKD THADE

a. In order to impart more specific meaning to the general
principles laid down by the Potsdam Declaration, perhaps the moat useful
approach is the study of Japan's prewar basic economic features. This
method may serve as a useful reference to the basic question under con-
sideration: What is the economy toward which Japan should be directed?

b. One method of analyzing Japan's economy is by means of the
"pie-rcharts" reproduced here (See Plates 15 - 17). These are designed

as illustrations for economic studies, each one representing a particular
condition in the early 1930 's. These studies do not offer definitive
answers to problems facing the Allied Powers in shaping Japan's postwar
economy, but they are e«BentialB in formulating the answers.

c. Figure 1 (Plate. 15) describes the material composition of
Japanese national wealth and Figure 2, the occupation of her people in
1930. These comparisons are basic to an understanding of Japan's past
economic attainments as well as its future aspirations.

d. Figures 3 and 4 (Plate 15) show the relative position of
Japan in the world picture of the two most important food crops, rice and
wheat. It is safe to assume that Japan's respective shares in world
totals are not likely to change much in the immediate future; however,
the output of these crops in Japan is likely to be larger than in the
prewar years. Japan will not be in a position to import as much food as
was the case in the past; she will have to rely upon a larger domestic
production for a still greater share of food consumption.

e. Industrial crops are illustrated in Figure 1, Plate 16 (tea)
and Figure 2, Plate 16 (raw silk). Japan produced an average of about
50,000'metric tons uf tea from 1930 to 1935 and 42,000 metric tons of raw
silk. It should be emphasized, however, that the data on silk represents
em optimum never to be attained again. In 1929 about two-fifths of
Japan's exports consisted of raw silk. This trade was unique in that It
did not depend on imported raw materials; but silk exports had greatly
diminished by 1937, and they probably will not regain their former '
position in view of the competition from synthetic fibres.

46

FEATURES OF THE JAPANESE ECONOMY

RoOways ond
Troms

« INCLUDES FlREWOOO. SAMSOO. FRJIT TREES, MULBERRY, AND
TEA PLANTS IN ADDITION TO TIMBER
SOURCE CABINET BUREAU OF STATISTICS, 1930 REPORT ON

THE SURVEY OF NATIONAL WEALTH. DECEMBER, 1933

OofiMsrte Sarvlc«

781.319

I 2 %
Tronsporlolion ond
Commumcotion — -^
1,107.574 17% ' .
Officiol and Professiooal
Services

SOURCE: JAPAN YEAR BOOK 1939-1940

* CHILDREN, AGED, INFIRM. RETIRED, ETC . 04% OF *hOM
ARE MEMBERS OF HOUSEHOLDS WHICH INCLUDE PER-
SONS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO VOCATIONS

U S 0 A AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS , 19 44

British Indio

9, 67a.000l«T

6.4 %

GENERAL NEAOOUARTERS
SUPREME COMMANDER FOR THE ALLED POWERS
NATURAL RESOURCES SECTION

47

Plole

16

FEATURES OF THE JAPANESE

ECONOMY

OTHERS

OTHERS

8,905 KOREA

2,042

l—<9% ,,463
. 2.5*^

•/— 3 4%

^\ CHIN* \

^V V'lTALY

X

/ \ 42.307 1

\ X \6 0%

\

/ \9I% \

\ X \

\

/ JiPAN V 1

\ / \

\

/ 49,861 \ 1.

L \ / \

\

/ 10 7% ^y^^ "*\ \ / CHINA

\J^ \ \

/-^J^ , / WORLD \ O'^^'S" "«"« \ / ,0,205

/^RAW SILK ^V *'

1 " — -^Vtea proouctionX 'e'.595 1 1^2%

f PRODUCTION \

1 7 "^ METRIC TONS 1 390% 1

IN METRIC TONS 1 JAPAN

1 ■'"^<^» I 1930-1934 y 1

1930-1934 1 42,223

I EAST INDIES \ j.veaR AVERAGe/ I _„. ^

\ 76,364 V ^ / y^"'^

\5-YEAR AVERAGE / 70,9%

\ '*** /^***— "'■^x / \

^"^-^ /

\ / CEYLON \ X \

/

^\y 106,562. \ y \^

y

N^ 22 9% ^r ^^

^ ^^

"igures for Chino ond Ceylon indicote the omouni Jopon Yiorbooh

1938, ond by McDoniel in Koreo

of their eKporrs No figures ore ovoiloble on their

production

JAPAN

1,904

^**^^^ 01% ^^^

•'^

^^^^^

^*V^ DUTCH EAST '"DIEi-^^T

OTHERS

^S,.

^r OTHERS

117,169

^v

--L -

.8 3%

\

\ R0UMAN1A-V''?X^^ \
UNITED STATES \ Ai't °^\

\

\

POLANDx^^'*\^ 1

\VJ

\

fegV<\. /^AL ^ 58^.896 \ / ^^-^ \

sJ^WORLD^N. \

'^4\cr— --Oy "* *°° N '°" • ' ^enezuelJ---.^

Aruoe petroleumX

40'."'^ 7 "^^-'^

TONS \ 1 1 124.729
'954 88% ]

PRODUCTION \
IN 1000 BARRELS 1 UNITED STATES

USSR \ '"°"

70,088 ^,.^5-YEAR AVERAGE A.„^__^ 1 L ■

I 1930-1934 / 869,594

\ 35^'''''^ \^ y ^~~"~~--~„^^ / \ USSR

Vs YEAR AVEfWGE/ 617% /

Y"^ UNITED KINGDOM 1 ^"V A 154,384

/ /

\ 223,513 SERMifNY / \ '0 9% /

J

\ 178% 259.532 / \ /

/

\^ 20 7% y \^/

y

>v..._ _-^^^ 3 ^^

^ ^-^4

SOURCE 1930-1931 production, -Th« General Con- SOURCE Oil Weekly, Feb 11,1946 token from

Oitions ol Mining InOutlry in Jopon in 1935,- Minerolt Reeourcee 8 Minerolt Yeor-

Mines Buroou, Joponese Mtnietry of Com- book

Productior> for Jopor) front data

merce ond Industry submitted bv Imperiol Oil Co

1932-1934 production 'Minerols Yeorbook of

1937- U S Dept of tne Interior

■ GENERAL HEADQUARTERS

SUPREME COMMANDER FOR ^HE ALLIED POWERS

NATURAL RESOURCES SECTION

48

f . Sinilar attention may be given to other commoditieB shown on
Plates 16 and 17 for the purpose of determining Japan's place in world
economy as a producer of certain basic commodities.

g. Another fruitful approach to Japan's future economy is
through study of its foreign trade, the country's very life-blood in tha
past fifty years. For reasons peculiar to Japanese economic and political
development, the domestic market for manufactured goods has been modest

at best. Japan concentrated her efforts, and successfully so, on foreign
markets. Within three decades (1911-1939) foreign trade increased six-
fold and trade with colonial possessions more than twenty-fold. This in
turn shaped the type and size of Japan's industrial fabric.

h. What are Japan's foreign trade prospects now? In this regard
one must mention Japan's loss of Korea, Formosa, Manchuria, Southern
Sakhalin, South Sea Mandated territories, and its former privileges in
Manchuria and China. This colonial trade, which was conducted in circum-
stances favorable to Japan, will now become foreign trade. Even if
allowed to buy and sell on equal terms with other nations in her former
colonial territories, Japan, will no longer be able to mold the economy of
those territories to its special advantage. The net effect will be still
greater dependence upon foreign trade to pay for industrial raw materials
and imported foodstuffs.

i. What are likely to be the responses of Japan's economy to
these foreign trade prospects? Japan will doubtless attempt to reduce
her food imports to a minimum by devoting more manpower to agricilture
and fishing than before the war. In reality, hov/ever, the return from
application of additional labor in these fields will be small. It seoas
probable then that the only solution left to her will be that of retracing
part of the course followed in the two decades before the war, that of
concentrating resources on consumer-goods industry. An accompanying
effort woiild be the revival of export trade in those goods sufficient for
the purchase of needed raw materials and food. But to 'succeed in that
attempt Japan would have to create an export of these commodities far
greater than she had before the war, for her population has grown and
other sources of income (from colonial and foreign investments and
merchant marine) will no longer be available.

j. Japan will be faced with most serious obstacles in her
efforts to revert to the former industrial structure, partly because raw
silk has lost its former pre-eminent- position in international trade, and
partly because of the fear of Japanese competition on the part of Western
industries. The most that now appears likely is a modest participation
in international trade, and rehabilitation a.long similar lines in tra-
ditional manufacturing industries. That much was guaranteed by the
Allied Powers when they made it clear in the Potsdam Declaration that
they would allow Japan eventually to participate in international trade.
The United States repeated this in thp "U.S. Initial Post-Surrender Policy

49

Plots 17

SOURCE The Minarol Indusrry During 1938, by G A Roulh,
McGrow Hill Book Co, 1939

OTHERS

\

100.902
\ 9 1%

UNITED STATES

v^ ^

. 355,038

^ COPPER

\ 321%

"

-1 IN METRIC TONS \

CANADA

\ 1930-1934

;

I36,90«

V-YEAR AVERAGE

^\

\x

CHILE I

AFRICA*

x

179.402 1

181,257 y

\

162%

164% _/

*lncludes Belgian Congo -*■ N Rhodesio * 5 Afnco
""Figures for Jopon cover 1932-1934 only

SOURCE. Mmeroli Yearbook 1937

Conditions of Jopon's' Mining Industry 1935

Mineral Industry During 1938, Vol 47,
Edited by G A Rouih, McGrow Hill
Publishing Co

Note: Stotitlics for leod, zinc, and copper ore
for ifflclter and refinery production

GENERAL HEADQUARTERS

SUPREME COMMANDER FOR THE ALLIED POWERS

NATURfiL RESOURCES SECTION

50

for Japan", of 22 September 1945, which reads: "Japan shall be permitted
eventually to resome normal trade relationa with the rest of the world
diirii^ occupation and under suitable controls. Japan will be permitted
to purchase from foreign countries raw materials and other goods that it
may need for peaceful purposes, and to export goods to pay for approved
imports."

- 5. CONCLUSIONS ON REHABILITATION

a. Japan, in the forseeable future, may reasonably look forward
to no more than a partial revival of its former manufactural exports.
Because of reduced exports, the loss of colonies, and the loss of shipping
and foreign investments, raw materials imports are likely to be less than
they were in prewar years. Because the population has increased since 1939,
raw material imports may be considerably less per capita than before.
While Japan should be mindful of all possibilities for increasing manu-
factural exports by developing new and superior products, Japanese states-
men, scientists, and business men will nave to examine additional possi-
bilities for improvements in the lot of their countrymen". Possibilities
will include, among others:

(1) Development of higher yielding staple crops

(2) Substitution of domestically produced raw materials for
imported, wherever practical

(3) Elimination of raw material waste in manufacturing

(4) Careful attention to conservation of resources /

(5) Attention to synthetically produced, as constrasted with
nsiturally produced, materials

(6) Examination of the means for reducing the rate of popu-
lation growth

b. Among all that is indistinct in Japan's future, one thing is
clear: the achievement of any substantial improvement in the Japanese
standard of living will come only from many-sided effort. Japan has had
two periods in its recent history, one in which it looked exclusively
inward, and the other in which it looked primarily outward. Now it must
do both, but hopes will best be placed on technical improvement and adap-
tation to the limitations of the resources on its islands. For Japan,
more than at any time since Commodore Perry's visit, will have to live at
home. Occupational policy may be planned on that constant, at, least, and
it should recognize that Japan's future lies in cultivation of physical
science, social science, and the arts of engineering and planning.

51

Section V

SELllCTED RErEHENCES

1. PRELIMINARY STAT^ENT

a. Several thouaand publications deal with the various fields of
the natural resources of Japan. Most of these are technical in scope;
others are generalized and inaccurate; still others include lengthy bihli-
ographies. The references with recorded titles constitute a sample of the
unclassified literature available in the library of the Natural Resources
Section, Mitsubishi Shoji Building. Room 504. Many classified publi-
cations are available to authorized personnel. The library number pre-
faced by the initials "KRS" is given for each reference.

b. An exceptionally good library is the Economic Research
Council Library, formerly the Mitsubishi Research Library. It contains
60,000 volumes, 20,000 of which are in languages other than Japanese. It
also contains a wide variety of perlodicalp of recent years. Booka and
publications may be used in the reading room of the library. A complete
card catalogue index is available to library users. Th? reference for
publications in this library is ERG.

d. Copies of the "Catalogue of Publications in the Natural Re-
sources Section Library" are available on request to authorized personnel.

2. ORIENTATION

a. "Japan, Its People, Its History, Its Land, Its Work", re-
printed from the Encyclopedia Britannica. (Deals with geography, commerce
and industry, end other topics, with emphasis on history.) NRS No 1658

3. GAZETTEERS AND MAPS

a. "Garettear to Maps of Japan". Scale 1:250,000. published by
Army Map Service, Fovember 1944 (Discussion of romaniratlon of Japanese
and alphabetical list of place names, with latitude and longituds, eJid
index to published maps). NRS No 373.

b. "Gazetteer to Maps of C'^ntral Honshu". Scale 1:50,000,
published by Army Map Service, April 1945. NRS No 1786.

c. "Gazetteer to Maps of Northern Honshu. Scale 1:50,000,
published by Army Map Service, May 1S45. NHS No 374.

d. "Gazetteer to Maps of Kyusnu" . Scale 1:50,000, published by
Army Map Service, Second Edition, July 1945. HES No 375.

52

e. "(jazetteer to Maps of Ho'ckaido and Karafuto" . Scale
1:50,000, published by Army Map Service, January 1945. NRS No 376.

f. "Gazetteer (No 14) Japan"
No 894, March 1945. MS No 380.

Hydrographic Office publication

4. (tENSRAL

a. "Asia's Lands ajid Peoples" by &eorge B. Creseey published by
the Mcftraw Hill Book Compsny, New York, 1944. (A .geography of Asia with
special emphasis on Japan, China, The Soviet Union, and India) NRS No
1048.

b. "Japanese Trade and Industry, Present and "Future" by Mitsu-
bishi Economic Research Bureau, 1936. (Overall picture of Japanese
industry, including agriculture, fisheries, mining, and electric power,
with a list of principal statistical resources.) NRS No 601.

c. "Japan: A Physical, Cultural, and Regional Seography" , by
aienn T. Trewartha, published by The University of Wisconsin Press, 1945.
(The most comprehensive textbook on the geography of Japem published to
date.) NRS No 1788.

d. "Japan: A Creographical View" , by Guy-Harold Smith and
Dorothy Good, published by American Geographical Society, New York, 1943,
pp 104, 3 figures in text; 2 plates (maps). (Good but superficial summary}
inaccurate in details and some internal discrepancies.) NRS No 843.

e. "Japan: Its Resources and Industries", by Clnyton D. Carus
and Charles L. McNlchols, published by Harper and Brothers, New York,
1944. NRS No 1106.

f. "Monthly Sumnation of Non-Military Activities", issued by the
Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers. (These reports include brief
discussions of the food position, fertilizer, reactivation of the fishing
industry, sawmills, timber reserves, coal, and related topics, with many
maps smd charts)

No 1 September-October 1945

No 2 November 1945

No 3 December 1945

No 4 January 1946

No 5 February 1946

No 6 March 1946

No 7 April 1946

No 8 1-lay 1946

No 9 June 1946

No 10 July 1946

No 11 August 1946

NRS

No

1750

NRS

No

973

NRS

No

1751

NRS

Nc

1468

NRS

No

291

NRS

No

716

NRS

No

1025

NRS

No

1089

NRS

No

1110

NRS

No

1105

NRS

No

1153

53

No 12 September 1946 KRS No 1192

No 13 October 1946 NES No 1923

No 14 November 1946 NRS No 330

g. "Scientific Japan, Past and Present". (This book was pre-
pared in connection with the Third Pan-Pacific Science Congress, Tokyo,
1926, and includes technical articles by several authors dealing with
geography, climate, geology, flora, fauna, and earthquakes.) NES No 886-

h. "The Strategy of Raw Materials", by B. Emeny, published by the
Macmillan Co, 1938. (fiecommended to one who is interested in a study of
the ctrate£io raw material position of the United States before Mforld War
II In contrast to Japan and other powers.) N£S No 1819.

•
i. "Agricultural Eegions of Asia, Part VII, The Japanese Enqslre"
by R. B. Hall, "Economic Geography", Vol 10, No 4, October 1934. (Con-
cise treatment of climate and. physiographic divisions, with emphasis on
agriculture.) NES No 1752.

5. TERRAIN

a. "Landforms of Japan", by R. B. Hall and Akira Watanabe,
published in Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters,
Vol 18 (1933); pp 157-207, 6 pis, 5 fgs in text. (The basic study in
English of the physiography of Japan.) NES No 845.

6. CLIMATE

a. "The Climate of Japan", NAVAEE 50-IR-60 (1944), republished
from the Bulletin of the Central Meteorological Observation of Japan, Vol
14, No 2, 1931; pp 416, 35 pis, figs in text. (Comprehensive treatment;
many statisticB.) NES No 508.

7. AORI CULTURE

a. "Aspects of Japanese Agriculture" , by S. Nasu, published by
Institute of Pacific Relations, New York, 1941. (Social, and physical
conditions of land utilization, distribution of land for different uses,
general description oi Japanese agriculture utilization of forest and
waste land changes in cultivated area sind the rate of exploitation, annual
frequency of cultivated land utilization, productive power of cultivated
land, agricultural economy and farmer's living conditions, land utili-
zation, and population.) NES No 1781.

b. "The Teas of Uji" , by Joseph A. Russell. Econ Geog 16J211-
224, 1940. (This report deals with specialized tea culture near Uji-mura)
NES No 707.

c. "Janners for Forty Centuries", by P. H. King, published by
Harccurt, Brace and Company, 1927. (This interestirg classic is recom-

54

mended to those who wish an understanding of farming In monsoon Asia.)
ERG No VIII, 1137.

d. "Agricultural Occupation of Hokkaido", by D. H. Davie, Econo-
mic Geography, Vol 10, No 4, October 1934. (Topography, soils, climatic
conditions, crops, and crop systems.) NRS No 1752.

e. "Eice Sconomy of Monsoon Asia", "by Wickizer & Bennet,
published by Food Research Institute, 1941, Stanford University. (A de-
tailed analysis of the influence of rice on the economic life in the
monsoon area of Asia.) NES No 1853.

8. FISHERIES

a. "Fishing Industry of Japan", Civil Affairs Training School,
University of Chicago, 1945. (General report on all phases of Japanese
fishing.) KHS No 624.

b. "Illustrations of Japanese Aquatic Plants and Animals" in
two volumes, published by The Fisheries Society of Japan, Tokyo, 1931.
(A compilation of more than 700 illustrations in natural color with de-
scriptions and explanations in English and Japanese.) NRS No 1197.

9. FORESTRY

a. "Forest Resources of the World", by R. Zon and W. N. Sparhawk,
Vol 1, 1923. (Japan treated on pages 437-449; forest area, character of
forest, character of ownership, annual growth, cut and consumption, ex-
ports and imports, forest industries, forestry movement , probable future.)
NSS No 654.

b. "Japan, Forest Resources, Forest Products, Forest Policy",
by W. N. Sparhawk, May 1945. (Mimeographed compilation dealing with
extent and character of the forests, ownership, timber, utilization,
management, policy, and administration, with a list of selected refer-
ences.) NRS No 678.

c. "Forest Resources of Japan", by Mitsunaga Fujioka, Proc
Fifth Pacific Science Congress, Vol 2, pp 961-971. 1334. (Concise treat-
cent, with statistics.) IffiS No 1661.

10. MINERALS

a. "Geology and Mineral Resources of the Japanese Empire" ,
Imperial Geologic Survey, 1926, pp 85-96. (General geology, but includes
data on mineral resources, including coal and petroleum, as of that date.)
NRS No 187.

55 /^

b. "Japan's Oil Supplies", by Louis E. Frechtling, published in
"Amerasia" , Vol 5, July 1941. pp 97-201. (Strategy in connection with
Japanese foreign oil supplies.) NHS No 189.

c. "Outline of Geology of Oil Fields of Japan", Proc Pan Pacific
Science Congress (Australia), Vol 2, 1923, #95, pp 1180-1206. (Brief
general description of Japanese oil field geology, followed by detailed
description of largest fields.) MS So 864.

d. "Mineral Resources of Japan", Foreign Minerals Survey, Vol 2,
No 5, October 1945, pp 118, U S Dept of the Interior, Bureau of Mines.

(A regional review of mineral resources, production, and trade.) HES No
1966.

11. STATISTICS

a. "The Japan Year Book, 1943-44" , published by the Foreign •
Affairs Association of Japan, 1944. (Summary of statistics for years
1936-1944.) HRS No 511.

b. "Resume Statistique de I'Empire du Japon, 49e Annee" , pub-
lished by Bureau de la Statistique fienerale au Cabinet Imperial, Tokyo,
1935. NRS No 793.

c. "The Orient Year Book 1942" , published by The Asia Statistics
Co, Tokyo. NRS No- 1707.

d. "Japanese Economic Statistics" , published monthly by the
Economic and Scientific Section, SCAF, (first issue Aug 1946). NRS No
1143.

12. GUIDE BOOKS

a. NumerouB guide books have been issued by various agencies.
(Representative ones are those by the World Engineering Congress, 1929;
Tokyo, Nikko, Kyoto, Kara, etc.) NRS Nos 1579-1596.

13. PREFEGTURAL STUDIES

(Note; This section cannot be completed until action of Docu-
ments Downgrading Board is published. Submitted for declassification on
5 Nov 46).

14. PERIODICALS

a. "Far Eastern Survey". (This periodical contains articles on
a wide variety of topics. ERG, not numbered, and NRS No 1746 (incomplete)

56

b. "The Oriental Econo.-aist" . (Weekly economic magazine publish-
ed in Tokyo. Many statiatice, soae of doubtful authenticity, are presented.
NES Np 1708.

c. "Japan ?ertili7.er Weekly", published by the Japan Fertilizer
Co, Ltd. (This periodical was first published on 10 April 1946 as a weekly
digest of current information on fertilizer. As sucn it is a good summary
of action by SCAP and Japanese fertilizer a^^encies.) NRS No 1044.

15. BIBLIOGRAPHIES

a. "An Annotated Bibliography of the Southwest Pacific and Ad-
jacent Areas", Vol III, Allied CJeographical Section, 9 August 1944. (Con-
tents and maps, if any, are noted.) KRS No 493.

b. "Geographic References in Harvard Libraries on Japan Proper",
by Hubert G. Schenck, 1944. (Annotated) NHS No 604.

16. NATURAL RESOURCES SECTION REFOHTS 5/
a. Unclassified reports

Report No 1
Report No 3
Report No 4

Report No 5
Report No 6
Report No 7
Report No 8
Report No 9
Report No 11
Report No 12

Report No 13

Possibility of Reparations from Japan's

Natural Resources - 31 Oct 45

Basic Problems of the Coal Mining Industry in

Japan - 14 Nov 45

Culture and Utilization of "Kozo" and "Mitsu-

mata" for the Manufacturing of High-Grade

Paper in Japan - 24 Nov 45

Ownership and Administration of Japan's

Forests - 27 Nov 45

Administration of the Japfmese Mining Industry

- 1 Dec 45

Rice Crop Losses from Adverse tVeather Con-
ditions in Japan Proper in 1945 - 11 Dec 45
Stockpiles of Logs and Lumber in Japan - 11
Dec 45

Unusual Materials as Foodstuffs in Japan -
17 Dec 45
Estimate of the Forestry Situation in Hokkaido

- 28 Dec 45

So-arces of Phosphate for Japan - 31 Dec 45
Supplement io NRS Report Nq 12 (Sources of
Phosphate in Japan) - 15 Mar 46
Forest Areas, Forest Composition, and Standing
Timber by Volume in Japan - 10 Jan 46

^ Reports not listed are classified.

57

Report No

14

Report No

15

Report No

16

Report No

17

Report No
Report No

18
19

Report No

20

Report No

21

Report No
Report No
Report No

22
23

24

Report No

25

Report No

26

Report No

27

Report No

28

Report No
Report No
Report No
Report No
Report No
Report No

29
30
31
32
33
34

Report No

35

Report No

37

Report No

38

Report No

Report No
Report No
Report No

39
40
41

Report No 42

Production of the Fiehing Industry of Hokkaido

- 20 Jan 46

Livestock Feed Requirements for Japan Proper

- 21 Jan 46

Soils of Kyushu said Southern Honshu - 26 Jan
46

Wartime Administration of the Japanese Mineral
Industry - 29 Jan 46

Oil Fields of Hokkaido (Preliminary Field
Investigation)

Oil Fields of Hokkaido - 2 Feb 46
Soils of Hokkaido and Northern Honshu - 4 Feb
46

Vegetable Seeds in Relation to Food Supply in
Japan - 14 Feb 46

The CoaL Industry of Japan in Recent Years -
20 Feb 46

Japanese Fishing Areas - 25 Feb 46
Korean Mineral Industry Statistics - 18 >iar 46
Foodstuffs Used in the Manufacturing of Alco-
holic Beverages in Japan - 22 Mar 46
Characteristics of the Japanese Agricultural
Co-operative Association - 27 Mar 46
Estimate of the Charcoal and Firewood Situ-
ation in Japan - 1 Apr 46
Production, Consumption, and Stockpiles of
Beunboo - 5 Apr 46

Estimate of the Pulpwood Situation in Japan -
15 Apr 46

The Honkeiko Colliery Disaster - 18 Apr 46
The Livestock Industry in Japan - 18 Apr 46
The Japanese Salmon Industry - 25 Apr 46
Lumber Production in Japan - 26 Apr 46
Commercial Fertilizers in Korea - 6 May 46
Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing in Japan -
8 May 46

The Mineral Industry of Korea in 1944 - 14
May 46

Fisheries Education ajid Research in Japan -
31 May 46
A Survey of Timb<=>r Control in Japan Since 1941

- 10 Jun 45

Special Report - Extracts from a Survey of
Timber Control in Japan Since 1941 - 24 May 46
Hydroelectric Power in Japan - 12 Jun 46
Forestry Situation in Kyushu - 17 Jun 46
Japanese Research Institutions in the Field
of Mining and Geology - 25 Jun 46
The Japanese Agar-Agar Industry - 28 Jun 46

58

Report No 4.3
Report No UU

Report No U'y

Report No Lh
Report No I^H

Report No 4.8

Report No 49

Report No 50

Report No 51
Report No 52

Report No 53
Report No 54-
Report No 55
Report No 56
Report No 57
Report No 58

Report No 59

Report No 60

Report No 61

Report No 62
Report No 63
Report No 64

Report No 65
Report No 66

Report No 67
Report No 68
Report No 69

Report No 70
Report No 71
Report No 72

Hydrology of Japan - 1 Jul 46

Mineral Resources of Japan Proper 1925 - 1945

- 5 Jul 46

Statistics of Fruit Production in Japan 1926-

194.6 - 12 Jul 4.6

The Imperial Forests of Japan - 19 Jul Ljb

The Forestry Situation of Southern Korea -

26 Jul 46

Forestry and Forest Industries in Shikcku -

31 Jul 46

Japanese Petroleum Drilling Methods and

Equipment - 7 Aug 46

Iron and Steel Metallurgy of the Japanese

Empire - 31 Oct Uo

Forestry Education in Japan - 16 Aug IJb

Economic Controls in the Japanese Coal

Industry - 21 Aug 46

Dolomite Resources in Japan - 26 Aug 4.6

Cobalt Resources in Japan - 31 Aug 46

Fertilizers in Japan - 10 Sep 46

The Wood Pulp Industry in Japan - 15 Sep 4.6

Nickel Deposits in Japan - 30 Sep 46

The Forestry Situation in Northern Honshu -

31 Oct 46

The Agricultural Experiment Stations of Japan

- 15 Oct 46

Limestone, Lime, «md Gypsum Resources in Japan

- 15 NoTr 46

Supplement to ims Report No 60 - Descriptions
of Gypsum Producing Areas and Mines
Tungsten and Molybdenum Metallurgy of Japan -
30 Nov A6

Ferroalloy Metallurgy of Japan - 5 Dec 4.6
Glossary of Fisheries Terms - 23 Dec 46
Chromite Resources of Japan - 15 Jan 4.7
Supplement to NRS Report No 64 (Description of
Chromite Producing Areas and Mines, 15 Jan 1947)
Zinc-Lead Resources of Japan - 30 Jan 47
Sulf^u- Resoru-ces of Japan - 10 Feb 4.7
Supplement to NRS Report No 66 (Description of
Sulfur Producing Areas and Mines, 10 Feb 1947)
Barite Resources in Japan - 11 Feb 4.7
Fushvin Coal Field, Manchuria - 17 Feb 47
Iron Ore Resources of Japan - 26 Feb 47
Supplement to NRS Report No 69 (Descriptions of
Iron Ore Producing Areas and Mines, 26 Feb 1947)
Pyrite Resources of Japan - 4. Mar 47
Japanese Fishing Gear - 5 Mar 47
Molybdenum in Japan - 14. Mar 47

59

Preliminary Study No 1 - Form'^san Metal and Mineral Statis-
tics - Oct 4.6

Preliminary Study No 2 - Coke in Japan-- Nov A6

Preliminary Study No 3 - Quality and Uses of Japanese Coal

and Lignite - 31 Dec 4-6

Preliminatry Study No 4- - Food Position of Japan for the

194.7 Rice Year (As of 1 No-rember
46) - 3 Feb 47

Preliminary Study No 5 - Japan's Big Fishing Companies -

13 Mar 47

Preliminary Study No 6 - Japanese Food Collection Program

with Emphasis on Collection of the
• 1946 Rice Crop - 11 Mar 47

60 22759

mwX°,\ .rSlfV ■ Senals

5 WHSE 00708