597.0977366 ^ Tr^ cop. 2 ^K fo ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY VO 1^ HUllGttTl ^""'^'^ ^y Authority of the State of Illinois ?•* 5 The Fishes of I Champaign County, Illinois, as Affected by 60 Years S of Stream Changes b R. WELDON LARIMORE PHILIP W. SMITH 00 5 STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION 5 NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION ^ Urbana, Illinois ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY Bulletin Volume 28, Article 2 March, 1963 Printed by Authority of the State of Illinois The Fishes of Champaign County, Illinois, as Affected by 60 Years of Stream Changes R. WELDON LARIMORE PHILIP W. SMITH STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION Urbana, Illinois C ONT E N T S Acknowledgments 299 Methods and Equipment 300 Forbes & Richardson Procedure 300 Thompson 5c Hunt Procedure 300 1959 Survey Procedure 301 Selection of Site 302 Sampling Technique 302 Preservation and Sorting of Collections 304 Habitat Data Recorded at Site 304 Tabulations 304 Supplemental Distribution Records 304 Sources of Additional Information 306 Description of County 306 Soils 306 Weather 307 Agricultural Practices 307 Population, Urban, and Industrial Developments 308 Stream Drainages and Courses 308 Water Discharge 308 Draining and Dredging 310 Stream Habitats 311 General Ecological Characteristics 311 Habitat Types 313 Rivulets and Small Creeks ^14 Large Creeks > 1 -"> Small Rivers 315 Other Aquatic Habitats 317 Changes in Stream Habitats 317 Annotated List of Fishes 320 Amiidae 3-1 Lepisosteidae 3-1 Hiodontidae 3-1 Clupeidae 3-1 Esocidae 321 Catostomidae 321 Cyprinidae 322 Ictaluridae 324 Anguillidae 325 Cyprinodontidae 325 Poeciliidae 325 Atherinidae 325 Aphredoderidae 325 Serranidae 325 Centrarchidae 32:) Percidae 326 Sciaenidae 327 Analysis of Distribution Patterns , 327 Changes in Distribution 328 Forbes & Richardson Records 328 Thompson flat or gently sloping lands of Champaign County. As the native vegetation was removed and the soil directly exposed to rain and wind, the soil became compact and less absorbent, causing more rapid runofif, accompanied by the loss of rich topsoil. The inadequacy of soil conservation practices had adverse effects upon the streams and contributed to more frequent floods followed by seri- ously low water levels. The eftects of soil erosion and the need for intensive con- servation methods are not fully appreci- ated by many Champaign County farm- ers. Few grainfields are farmed on the contour, strip cropping is rare, and grass waterways are maintained in relatively few of the cultivated fields. Farm animals are permitted to graze the stream banks and thereby contribute to serious erosion and siltation. Population, Urban, and Industrial Developments During the first half of the twentieth century, striking changes in land use in Champaign County were brought on by the increasing human population. In 1900, the census reported 47,622 people residing in the county; in 1930, 64,273; in 1960, 132,436. The trend has been toward ur- banization; in 1900, 31.1 per cent of the population lived in urban areas and, in I960, 75.6 per cent. Although there are about 26 cities and villages in the county, only Champaign-Urbana, Rantoul, and a few others have increased in population. Some of the small villages in the count\ have remained static in population or have even declined. The changes in size of urban areas is illustrated by fig. 6, which shows the village limits of the 1870's in red and the recent limits in black. A considerable acreage of farmland has been usurped by urban and surburban de- velopment. The total number of acres in cultivation was roughly the same between 1900 and 1928 and was considerably greater than it is today. Since 1928. cleared land, particularly that marginal to cities and villages, has been pressed into nonagricultural uses. Alany areas that were once farmed now are covered by modern schools, grain storage units, and industrial developments; other large land areas now are occupied by Chanute Air Force Base and the campus of the Uni- versity of Illinois. These lands are per- manently out of production of farm crops. The vast network of roads, including sev- eral major highways that transect the county, occupies a large and e\er-increas- ing area. A highly developed road system has made Champaign County ideally suited for the study reported here because roads are laid out, orderI\' and regularly, paral- lel to each other at mile or half-mile in- tervals throughout the county. All streams could be sampled con\eniently at almost any point, and electrofishing and other heavy collecting gear could be transported by automobile almost to the water's edge. Stream Drainages and Courses The stream drainages of Champaign County can be summarized as follows. Six rivers have headwater channels in the county, four of which (Salt Fork, Em- barrass, Kaskaskia, and Little \'ermilion) actually originate within the county. All of the drainages are separated by moraines, except the Sangamon and Salt Fork ; dur- ing times of flood, headwaters of the San- gamon and Salt Fork may connect, al- though connection occurs much less fre- quently now than formerly. The total drainage area (in square miles) of each of these rivers within the county is as fol- lows: Sangamon 277, Salt Fork 346, Mid- dle Fork 69, Embarrass 138, Kaskaskia 168, and Little Vermilion 40. A few smaller streams flow out of the county, but each joins one of the six larger rivers a short distance beyond the county border. The relationships of the streams to the larger rivers are shown in fig. 5. The total drainage area (in square miles) of the main course of each of these rivers at the point the river leaves Cham- paign Countv is as follows : Sangamon 388, Salt Fork 307, Middle Fork 241, Embarrass 106, Kaskaskia 98, and Little Vermilion 28. These figures include up- per reaches of those rivers that rise out- side the county. Water Discharge. — Annual average discharge records for two gaging sta- March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County 309 tions near the periphery and for three stations well within the county are avail- able, table 1. The records show the size of the streams at these stations and indi- cate the amount of water drained from the different watersheds. Calculated from fig- ures in table 1, the annual average dis- charge of water per acre in the period ending in 1957 was 0.7 cubic feet per second (c.f.s.) for the Sangamon, Salt Fork, and West Branch ; 0.6 c.f.s. for the Kaskaskia ; and 1.0 c.f.s. for the Bone- Fig. 6. — Distribution of towns and water areas in Champaign County in the 1870's (in red) and 1950's (in black). Drawn from map in Atlas of the State of Illinois (Anon. 1876) and U. S. Geological Survey Quadrangles (editions 1950-1957). 310 Illinois Natlrai. History Survky Bui.i.utin Vol. 28, Art. 2 Table 1. — Water discharge records taken at five gaging stations in Champaign County (U. S. Geological Survey, 1953-1960). Stream Sangamon Salt Fork Kaskaskia Boneyard West Branch Location OF Station Near Mahomet Near Homer Near Boiid\iIle Near Urbaiia Near Urbana WATKRSHF.n, Square Mii.es 356.0 344.0 12.3 4.6 71.4 Annual Average Discharge (C.F.S.) 249.00 243.00 8.05 4.62 50.40 Years OF Records 1948-1957 1944-1957 1949-1957 1948-1957 1936-1957 >ard. The lowest discharjie per acre was for the Kaskaskia drainaiic, which is en- tirely farmland, and the hi<:;hest dischar < -: J « <■ O t] 2; f z c f" 2 477 555 370 850 842 705 , ^ z -J u £ ^ z ^ *C 35 «& Fig. 8. — The Kaskaskia River southwest of Parkville. This stream, dredged from time to time, illustrates one of the large creek habitats found in Champaign County. Modification of this creek resulted in an unusual amount of sand in the stream bed. M6 Ii.i.iNois Natlrai. History Slrvev Bulletin Vol. 28. Art. 2 Fig. 9. — I'pper picture: a shallow pool in the Sangamon River near Fisher. Habitats such as this contain several species of suckers, basses, and sunfishes, and nnany species of small fishes. Lower picture: a deep pool in the Salt Fork near Homer. Habitats such as this contain carp, catfish, shad, and relatively few species of small fishes. March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County 317 by some standards, we have classed as small rivers, figs. 2 and 3. They include the lower Sangamon, the lower Salt Fork, and the Middle Fork. They are perma- nent streams that have less extreme and less sudden fluctuations in water level and temperature than creeks. Their flood- plains and banks are generally shaded by large trees, fig. 9. Like large creeks, the small rivers contain both riffle and pool habitats, table 4. Riffles of small rivers differ from those of creeks in their greater volume of flow and their greater proportion of large- sized bottom materials. Because of the low gradient of the small rivers, the riffles in these streams are relatively fewer in num- ber and occupy a smaller proportion of the total water area than do those in creeks. Sand and fine gravel riffles with little aquatic vegetation occur in small rivers as well as creeks ; because sand and fine gravel occur also in many boulder and rubble riffles that have some aquatic veg- etation, the two types of riffles are less clearly defined in rivers than in creeks. Pools in small rivers are either shallow and have moderate water flow, or deep and have sluggish current, fig. 9. Their characteristics are similar to those of large creeks, but the pools are deeper and have more overhanging vegetation and greater silt deposits. In certain parts of the lower Salt Fork and lower Sangamon, occasional pools are quite deep and have very slug- gish water movements. Other Aquatic Habitats. — Other Champaign County aquatic habitats that do not fit into the above classification are nonstream habitats, such as farm ponds, artificial lakes, and oxbows. No natural lakes and no permanent swamps and marshes remain in the county. Ponds and artificial lakes are of little interest in the present study inasmuch as they have been stocked, and they are of concern only if the fishes they contain spill over into the streams. Oxbows have characteristic la- custrine populations. The component spe- cies obviously were derived from the streams with which the oxbows were once associated. Changes in Stream Habitats The environment of a stream is sensi- tive to almost any activity within the watershed. It is influenced by the human population, agriculture, and industry as outlined previously in this paper. For the 30-year period between the studies of Forbes & Richardson and those of Thompson & Hunt, specific measure- ments or observations of the stream en- vironment were limited to some studies of stream-flow measurements and drain- ing activities. From these studies and the information on the general development of the county, we know that many water habitats were actually eliminated and that draining and dredging resulted in in- creased fluctuation of water levels, in- creased turbidity, and a reduction in aquat- ic vegetation. We know that channel straightening, with the elimination of meanders, actually shortened stream courses in many areas and consequently increased the stream gradient. The re- placement of stagnant-water marshes by underground drains that discharge waters that are relatively cool in summer and warm in winter may have reduced seasonal fluctuations of stream temperatures. Between the investigations of Thomp- son & Hunt in 1928 and the present time, we have specific information on certain changes that have occurred. Thompson & Hunt's original field notes provide an un- usual opportunity for evaluating various changes in habitats at identical, or nearly identical, collecting sites, figs. 10 and 11. Habitat differences can be seen at specific sites described by Thompson & Hunt and then examined 30 years later during the 1959 investigation. These differences have been evaluated and summarized in table 5. The principal changes noted have to do with dimensions, particularly in average depth and average width of the pools where collections were made. The field work of the 1928 survey was carried on "from early spring to late autumn" (Thompson & Hunt 1930:14) ; most of our collections were concentrated in the dry months of late summer. The entire summer of 1959 was considerably drier than that of 1928. Despite differences in the time of field work and in the amount of precipitation in 1928 and 1959, the two censuses disclosed that measurable changes had taken place in the Champaign County drainage systems in the years be- tween the censuses, table 5. .ns Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 28, Art. 2 Fi^. 10. — The Sangamon River near Mahninet in the autumn of 1928 (above) and the au- tumn of 1962 (below). The habitats at this site have remained relatively unchanged. March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County 319 -MfWrflitM Fig. 11. — The Kaskaskia River near Bondville in the autiamn of 1928 (above), some years after it had been dredged, and in the autumn of 1962 (below), after another dredging. Here the Kaskaskia is classed as a large creek. .^20 Ii.i.iNois Natural History Slrvev Bulletin Vol. 28. Art. 2 ** ' i* ~ 'r ^ + -t O O w^ C ^ "^ t; >■ ^ _ ' 2 r y o VO O C «« O c ■: ^ t^ o C^ o C - ^ ^ *- ^ *- ^ w i> ^ fj - - — IT. ,, .- 1 1 **- ^ a 1 + ' •+ O O o o w ** ^. •^ — M 1- i 2 ^ >'% O u^ O 2-c I > 2 r^ «i o \o ** c u*t: -/ < 1 1 « 2 " — &^ 1 C ^ = w^ O o ■>' _ > ' 1 n ^^ — K C - ) ^- E Z + O O^ O w^ O l±| y o 1-^ f.^ C H O ^C f^l O "^ o 0^ 00 ■.C ul OS >■■«"> ■^ — •^ £ > M ^ t 1> C O C -3 i = 1 en c*i c^ s> t- ** (— + P^l C C vri O »n ^ (S) oo C = 3 t^ IT. ii .5 so >c o «^ O ^ ■ — •I- m o t^ ra y. -. 1) O -h c = = ^ US'" i^ , oo vo o c; o T — ^— —' -- ro NO -!- CI > 7.% K* 1 sc c c: ^^ ^ 1 >— — — r > K "■ c t; Jx + OO S = £ C H O t^ O w^ O ^ — -1- cv| r^ u^ so ^ ^ ^S s i* c u ^ . - 1 C^ m O w^ O _^ *- >. 1 M^ r^ CO CO -f o _S "2 1 u. ** ■** ^ o EA Co' 1 t£. z •£ -^r Is: < u-\ — O O ^'^ ^ •" ~ i C^ — — CVJ E ii 3 z CO c i ii V c. ^2i i JZ »i c *- c. 1 -^E 1 te , O V JS t ■='■ — :-! u 1 c c I 5 K « <; i I — » X ^ X ! ; w £ - *r t 1 ■ 5.- decr een sk: \ u I- V $ C :, ?, ^ ~ .= -3 -C jC i|E|I ti-^ ^ „ -= s.^- = ■5.2 i cK 1.^ — x S All of the Champaign County drainage systems showed a decided trend toward a decrease in depth and an increase in width, table 5. All of them showed a decrease in gravel and an increase in sand. All but the Kaskaskia River showed an increase in silt, which had covered the gravel or sand present in 1928. In the Kaskaskia, however, sand deposits had covered over both the gravel and silt formerly re- corded, fig. 8. A general decrease was evident in the occurrence of aquatic veg- etation ; an increase had occurred, except along the Sangamon and Kaskaskia rivers, in the amount of overhanging vegetation. Only in the Kaskaskia was there a strik- ing change in water velocity, an increase caused by recent dredging and straighten- ing of the river and perhaps by the in- troduction of large volumes of well water in its upper reaches. Except for the gen- eral increase in width and the unusual conditions cited for the Kaskaskia River, the changes noted were precisely those which could be expected in view of the changes in land use and landscape appear- ance outlined earlier. Study of the values in table 5 for decrease, unchanged status, and increase for each characteristic in each drainage system reveals the degree of these changes. ANNOTATED LIST OF FISHES Ninety species are included in our an- notated list of the fishes of Champaign County. One of these, Hybopsis aestivalis, is questionable for reasons given subse- quently. A few other species, not in the annotated list, are known from streams in adjacent counties and may eventually be found in this county. These species of hypothetical occurrence are Carpiodes carpio carpio (Rafinesque), Moxostoma carinatum (Cope). Stizostedion canadense (Smith), all of which have been taken a short distance downstream in the Salt Fork of the Vermilion in adjacent Ver- milion County, and Etheostniua camurum (Cope), taken in the Middle Fork of the Vermilion in \'ermilion County. A few other species, reported by Champaign County fishermen but not examined by us or documented by specimens, have not been included in our list. Of the 90 species in the annotated list, 74 were taken dur- ing 1959 or have been taken since. March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County 321 The fishes have an unusually complex s.vnonymy. Accordingly, in the following list, the name applied to a Champaign County species by earlier authors is given in every case where the current name dif- fers from that in the literature. In several cases, the "species" of earlier investigators were composites of two or more species as now recognized. Because of these com- posite species, most of the existing speci- mens in the Thompson & Hunt collec- tions and a few in the Forbes & Richard- son collections have been re-examined and reidentified. A summary of collections for all three surveys is given. FR refers to Forbes & Richardson, TH to Thompson & Hunt, and LS to Larimore & Smith. The num- ber following the initials designates the number of localities represented ; the term "all drainages" following a number indi- cates that all drainage systems of Cham- paign County were represented. A " ?" following FR or TH indicates some doubt as to whether the species involved was in- cluded in the nominal species of Forbes & Richardson (1908) or Thompson & Hunt (1930). Names of drainages from which species were collected are given in paren- theses, Aniiidae Amia calva Linnaeus. Bowfin. — Several large adults taken by rowboat shocker from Kaufman's Clear Lake, where they had been introduced for sport fishing. LS 1 (Kaskaskia). Leplsosteidae Lepisosteus osseus (Linnaeus). Long- nose gar. — A large adult taken by row- boat shocker in the Middle Fork where it leaves the county. The species was prob- ably missed by earlier investigators be- cause of its raritv in the county. LS 1 (Middle Fork). ' Hiodontidae Hiodoii alosoides (Rafinesque) . Gold- eye. — One specimen known from Cham- paign County. This specimen, taken on the Kaskaskia River at the lowermost station in the county and reported as Hio- don tergisus by Thompson & Hunt, is still extant and is reidentified as H. alosoides. TH 1 (Kaskaskia). Glupeidae Dorosoma cepediofiuni (Le Sueur). Gizzard shad. — FR 3 (Kaskaskia), TH 2 (Sangamon), LS 12 (Embarrass, Salt Fork, Sangamon). Esocidae Esox americanus vermiculatus Le Sueur. Grass pickerel. — Reported as Esox ver- miculatus by Forbes & Richardson, Thompson & Hunt, and other early au- thors. FR 10 (Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Mid- dle Fork, Sangamon), TH 26 (Kaskaskia, Embarrass, Little Vermilion, Salt Fork, Sangamon), LS 17 (all drainages). Gatostomidae Carpiodes cyprinus Jiinei Trautman. Central quillback carpsucker. — Reported as Carpiodes velifer by Forbes & Richard- son, Thompson & Hunt, and other early authors. FR 10 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), TH 9 (Middle Fork, San- gamon), LS 27 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon). Carpiodes velifer (Rafinesque). High- fin carpsucker. — Reported as Carpiodes diff oralis by Forbes & Richardson, Thompson & Hunt, and other early au- thors. FR 8 (Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Mid- dle Fork, Sangamon), TH 4 (Middle Fork, Sangamon), LS 9 (Salt Fork, Mid- dle Fork, Sangamon). Catostomus commersoni commersoni (Lacepede). White sucker. — FR 14 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), TH 63 (not 65 as stated: all drainages), LS 76 (all drainages except Little Vermilion). Erimyzofi oblotigus claviformis (Gi- rard). Western creek chubsucker. — Re- ported as Eriniyzon sucetta ohlongus, a composite of E. sucetta and E. oblongus, by Forbes & Richardson, Thompson & Hunt, and other early authors. There is no evidence that E. sucetta ever occurred within the county, although it is known from deep quarries in adjacent Vermilion County. FR 22 (all drainages except Lit- tle Vermilion), TH 43 (all drainages), LS 79 (all drainages). Hypentelium nigricans (Le Sueur). Northern hog sucker. — Reported as Ca- tostomus nigricans by Forbes & Richard- son, Thompson & Hunt, and other early authors. FR 7 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), TH 27 (all drainages ex- 322 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 28, Art. 2 cept Little Vermilion). LS 42 (all drain- ages except Little Wrniilion). Ictiohiis hubalus ( Ratinesque). Small- mouth buffalo. — A sinjile specimen taken on the lower San^jamon River. FR 1 (Sangamon). Ictioht/s (\priiitllus ( X'alenciennes) . Bigmouth buffalo. — One specimen re- ported from the lower Sangamon. TH 1 (Sangamon) . I tt iohus n if/ tr ( Rafinesque) . Black buffalo. — Reported as Ictiohus urns by Thompson ^' Hunt and known in the county by a single specimen taken on the lower Sangamon River. TH 1 (Sanga- mon ) . Miuytrema mil an ops (Rafinesque). Spotted sucker. — FR 15 (Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), TH 4 (not 5 as stated: Kaskaskia, Salt Fork), LS 1 (Little Vermilion). Moxostoma aiiisuiurn (Rafinesque). Silver redhorse. — TH 1 ( Sangamon), LS 7 (Salt Fork, Sangamon). Moxostoma macroUpidotiim mncroh pi- dot ttm (Le Sueur). Northern redhorse. — Reported as Moxostoma breviceps by Forbes ^ Richardson, Thompson & Hunt, and other early authors, but later and until verv recentlv called M. aureolum. FR 1 (Salt Fork), TH 6 (Kaskaskia, Sangamon), LS 8 (Sangamon). Moxostoma erythnuum (Rafinesque). Golden redhorse. — Reported as Moxos- toma aureolum by Forbes & Richardson, Thompson 5c Hunt, and other early au- thors, who presumably based their identi- fications on specimens of this species. 1 he superficially similar M. duquesnei, which the early authors did not distinguish from crythrurum. was not taken in the county during the 1959 survey and is not repre- sented among the Forbes .S: Richardson and Thompson t)n. Thompson ^' Hunt, and other early authors. Local populations are ex- tremely variable, and subspeciHc identifi- cation is based on ^eojiraphical grounds. FR 8 (Salt Fork. Sangamon). TH bQ (all drainages). LS ^7 (all drainages). Notropis volucellus volucellus (Cope). Northern mimic shiner. — Probably in- cluded in the composite .N otropis blenniiis of Forbes ^ Richardson and found in 2 collections (representing two localities) in the 32 reidentitied collections still ex- tant of Thompson & Hunt's ".V. blen- niusr FR ?. TH 2 ( Middle Fork). LS 3 (Middle Fork. Sangamon). Xotropis uhlpplfi (Girard). Steelcolor shiner. — Probably included in the com- posite \otropis u-hipplii of Forbes 5: Rich- ardson and found at 16 localities in the 34 reidentihed collections of Thompson 5c Hunts "li ///>/)///.■■ FR ?. TH lb ( Kas- kaskia. Embarrass, Salt Fork, Middle Fork. Sangamon). LS 27 (Embarrass, Salt Fork. Middle Fork. Sangamon). Opsopoeodus emiliae Hay. Pugnose minnow. — A specimen from the Salt Fork reported by Large (1Q03:15). TH 2 (Kaskaskia: 1 reported from a tributary and another found among a series of Thompson & Hunt's "Notropis blennius" from the Kaskaskia proper). Phenacobius mirabilis (Girard). Suck- ermouth minnow. — FR 18 (Kaskaskia. Embarrass. Salt Fork. Sangamon). TH 25 (Kaskaskia. Salt Fork. Middle Fork. Sangamon). LS 34 (all drainages except Little Vermilion). Pimephales notatus (RaHnesque). Bluntnose minnow. — FR 37 (all drain- ages except Little \ermilion). TH 111 (all drainages). LS 134 (all drainages). Pimephales promelas prornelas Rah- nesque. Northern fathead minnow. — FR 4 (Sangamon), TH 19 (Sangamon), LS 20 (Sangamon, Kaskaskia). Pimephales vigilax perspicuus (Girard). Northern bullhead minnow. — Reported as Cliola vigilax by Forbes 5c Richardson. Thompson & Hunt, and other early au- thors. FR b (Sangamon), TH 4 (Salt Fork, Sangamon). Semotilus atromaculatus atromaculatus ( Mitchill). Northern creek chub. — FR 9 (Salt Fork. Middle Fork. Sangamon), TH 101 (all drainages), LS 12b (all drainages). Ictaluridae Ictalurus melas (, Rahnesque). Black bullhead. — Reported as Ameiurus melas by Forbes 5: Richardson. Thompson 5c Hunt, and other early authors. FR 12 (Kaskaskia. Salt Fork, Middle Fork, San- gamon). TH 12 (not 13 as stated: all drainages except Middle Fork), LS 7 (all drainages except Middle Fork). Ictalurus natalis ( Le Sueur). Yellow bullhead. — Reported as Ameiurus natalis by Forbes 5c Richardson. Thompson ^ Hunt, and other earlv authors. FR b (Kaskaskia. Salt Fork), TH 15 (all drainages except Embarrass), LS 38 (all drainages). Ictalurus nebulosus (Le Sueur). Brown bullhead. — Taken only from Franzen's Fishing Lake. Many specimens of this species were introduced into this lake for sport fishing during the course of our survey. LS 1 (Salt Fork). Ictalurus punctatus (Rahnesque). Channel catfish. — FR 4 (Salt Fork, Mid- dle Fork, Sangamon), TH 11 (not 8 as stated: Salt Fork, Sangamon), LS 17 (Salt Fork. Sangamon, Middle Fork). A oturus exilis Nelson. Slender mad- tom. — Reported as Schilbeodes exilis by Thompson 5c Hunt. TH 2 (Middle Fork, Sangamon). N oturus ftavus RaHnesque. Stonecat. — FR 1 (Sangamon), TH 5 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), LS 22 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork. Sangamon). \ oturus gyrinus (Mitchill). Tadpole madtom. — Reported as Schilbeodes gyri- nus by Forbes 5c Richardson, Thompson 5c Hunt, and other early authors. FR 13 (Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Sangamon), TH 8 (not 7 as stated: Salt Fork), LS 18 ( Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Sangamon ) . N oturus miurus Jordan. Brindled mad- tom.— Reported as Schilbeodes miurus by Forbes 5c Richardson, Thompson 5c Hunt, and other early authors. FR 2 (Salt Fork), TH 2 (not 1 as stated: Salt Fork), LS 8 (Embarrass. Salt Fork. Middle Fork). -\ oturus nocturnus Jordan 5c Gilbert. Freckled madtom. — A specimen seined from a pool over mixed sand-gravel and another from a fast rifHe in the middle Sangamon River. LS 2 (Sangamon). Pylodictis oliiaris ( Rafinesque). Flat- head catfish. — Reported as Leptops olivar- March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County 325 is by Thompson & Hunt. TH 1 (Sanga- mon), LS 4 (Middle Fork, Salt Fork, Sangamon). The flathead is probably much more common than the available records indicate. Anguillidae xinguilla rostrata ( Le Sueur). Ameri- can eel. — Reported as Anguilla chrysypa by Thompson tSc Hunt on the basis of a specimen caught by a fisherman in the Em- barrass River near Villa Grove just south of the Champaign County line. Dr. Mar- cus S. Goldman informs us that a specimen was taken on baited hook in the lower Sangamon River about 1940. In the spring of 1961, two eels were taken by hook-and-line fishermen from a small land-locked lake near Mahomet. We sub- sequently learned that these fish, origi- nally from the AVabash River, escaped from the creel of a local fisherman. TH 1 (Embarrass), LS 1 (Sangamon). Gyprinodontidae Fufidulus notatus (Rafinesque). Black- stripe topminnow. — PR 14 (Kaskaskia, Embarrass. Salt Fork, Sangamon), TH 41 (not 43 as stated: all drainages), LS 54 (all drainages). Poeciliidae Gambusia affiiiis affniis ( Baird ic Gi- rard). Western mosquitofish. — A recent arrival in the county. LS 2 (Salt Fork). Atherinidae Labidesthes sicculus (Cope). Brook silverside. — FR 6 (Salt Fork, Sangamon), TH 5 (not 3 as stated: Salt Fork), LS 3 (Salt Fork). Aphredoderidae J phr-edoderus sayauiis (Gilliams). Pi- rateperch. — FR 1 (Sangamon), TH 12 (Kaskaskia, Embarrass, Sangamon), LS 13 (Kaskaskia, Embarrass, Sangamon). Serranidae Roccus mississippietisis (Jordan 5: Eigenmann). Yellow bass. — Now known in this county only in Kaufman's Clear Lake and Lake-of-the-Woods, where it has been introduced. The evidence indi- cates that the yellow bass held a brief tenure in the Sangamon River of Cham- paign County from 1955 to 1958. Dr. Marcus S. Goldman has numerous mellow bass records for the Sangamon for 1955, and we took specimens there in November of 1957. The Sangamon River fish pre- sumably came from the Lake Decatur pop- ulation. LS 3 (Kaskaskis, Sangamon). Centrarchidae AmblopUtes rupestris rupestris (Rafi- nesque). Northern rock bass. — TH 1 (Salt Fork), LS 16 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon). Chaenobryttus gulosus (Cuvier). War- mouth. — A specimen taken by us on the Sangamon near Mahomet in November, 1957. Dr. Marcus S. Goldman reports that he has taken the species on hook and line in the same area. FR 3 (Kaskaskia), TH 1 (Salt Fork), LS 1 (Sangamon). Lepomis cyanellus Rafinesque. Green sunfish. — FR IZ (all drainages except Lit- tle Vermilion), TH 38 (all drainages), LS 75 (all drainages except Little Ver- milion). Lepomis humilis (Girard). Orange- spotted sunfish. — FR 16 (Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), TH 13 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), LS 9 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork. Sangamon). Lepomis macrochirus macrochirus Ra- finesque. Northern bluegill. — Reported as Lepomis pallidas by Forbes ^ Richardson, Thompson &: Hunt, and other early au- thors. FR 2 (Salt Fork, Sangamon), TH 1 (Salt Fork), LS 16 (Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Sangamon). Lepomis megaloiis megalotis (Rafi- nesque). Central longear sunfish. — FR 16 (Kaskaskia. Salt Fork, Middle Fork), TH 37 (not 39 as stated: all drainages), LS 44 (all drainages). Lepomis rnicrolophiis (Gunther). Red- ear sunfish. — Formerly known as Eupo- motis heros. The widely transplanted red- ear is a recent arrival in Champaign County. Dr. Marcus S. Goldman recalls catching the species in the Sangamon near the Champaign-Piatt county line in the summer of 1958. LS 1 (Kaskaskia). Lepomis punctatus miniatus Jordan. Spotted sunfish. — A specimen taken from the outlet of Crystal Lake by Thompson .S: Hunt and reported as Lepomis miniatus (Garman's sunfish). Their specimen is no longer extant. TH 1 (Salt Fork). 326 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 28. Art. 2 Micropterus doloiniiui dolomirui Lacc- pode. Northern smallmouth bass. — FR 1 (Salt Fork), TH U) (Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), LS 37 (Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sanpinion). Micntpttrits f>tin(tuleitt/s ptiiictulatus ( Ratinesque). Northern spotted bass. — Probably included in the composite Mi- cropttrits Sfilniolilcs of Forbes .Sc Richard- son, Thompson .S: Hunt, and other early authors. 'Fheir specimens of "salmoides" are not available for re-exaniination. FR ?. TH ?, LS 0 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork). Micropterus sdhiioidrs sdlrnoides ( Lace- pede). Northern larjiemouth bass. — Prob- ably included in the composite Micropter- us salmoides of Forbes (Sc Richardson, Thompson O^c Hunt, and other early au- thors. Their specimens are no longer ex- tant. FR ?, TH ?. LS 14 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon). Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque. White crappie. — FR 4 (Embarrass, Salt Fork, Sangamon), TH 2 (Sangamon), LS 16 (Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon ) . Pomoxis ni(jromaculatus (Le Sueur). Black crappie. — Reported as Pomoxis spa- roides b\ Forbes (Sc Richardson, Thomp- son & Hunt, and other early authors. FR 7 (Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Sangamon), TH 3 (Sangamon), LS 2 (Salt Fork, Sanga- mon). Percidae Ammocrypta pellucida (Haird). East- ern sand darter. — TH 2 (Middle Fork), LS 3 (Middle Fork). Etheostomo asprigene (Forbes). Mud darter. — Reported as Etlieostoma jessiae by Forbes ^ Richardson. FR 2 (not 1 as stated by 'Fhompson & Hunt: Salt Fork and Sangamon), LS 1 (Sangamon). Etlieostoma hlennioides Rafinesque. Greenside darter. — Reported as Diplesion hlennioides by Forbes 6c Richardson, Thompson iSc Hunt, and other earlv au- thors. FR 7 (Salt Fork), TH 10 "(Em- barrass, Salt Fork, Middle Fork), LS 13 (Embarrass, Little Vermilion, Salt Fork, Middle Fork). Etlieostoma caeruleum Storer. Rainbow darter. — Probably included in the compos- ite Etlieostoma coeruleum of Forbes & Richardson; seven localities represented among the 11 Thompson (Sc Hunt collec- tions still extant. FR ?, TH 7 (Embar- rass, Salt Fork, Middle Fork), LS 7 (Kaskaskia, Embarrass, Salt Fork, Mid- dle Fork). Etlieostoma clilorosomum (Hay). Hluntnose darter. — Reported as Boleoso- ma camurum b\ Forbes & Richardson, Thompson (S: Hunt, and other early au- thors. FR 1 (Sangamon), TH 1 (Kas- kaskia). Etlieostoma flabellare flabellare ( Rafi- nesque) X lineolatum (Agassiz). Fantail darter. — Champaign County specimens representing an intergrade population. Material from the Sangamon is rather dis- tinctly striped and approaches typical line- olatum, whereas flabellare influence pre- dominates in our series from the Salt Fork drainage. Specimens from the other drain- age svstems are intermediate in pattern. FR 2 (Salt Fork), TH 16 (not 14 as stated : Embarrass, Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), LS 18 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon). Etlieostoma yracile (Girard). Slough darter. — Reported as Boleiclitliys fusifor- mis by Thompson & Hunt and known in the county from only one specimen, still extant, taken on lower Wildcat Slough. TH 1 (Sangamon). Etlieostoma nigrum nigrum (Rafi- nesque). Eastern Johnny darter. — Re- ported as Boleosoma nigrum by Forbes & Richardson, Thompson & Hunt, and other early authors. We assign the Champaign County material to the nominate subspe- cies on geographical grounds. Material from the Embarrass, Little Vermilion, and perhaps the Kaskaskia is clearly refer- able to EAlieostoma nigrum nigrum, but large series from the Sangamon, Salt Fork, and Middle Fork exhibit characters of both E.. n. nigrum and E. n. eulepis Hubbs (Sc Greene, and specimens from the Salt Fork and Middle Fork of the Vermilion display predominantly eulepis characters. FR 1^ (Embarrass, Salt Fork, Sanga- mon), TH 82 (all drainages), LS 80 (all drainages). Etlieostoma spectabile spectabile (Agas- siz). Northern orangethroat darter. — Probably included in the composite Etlieo- stoma coeruleum of Forbes & Richardson and found in 4 of the 1 1 Thompson & Hunt collections still extant. FR ?, TH 4 (Sangamon), LS 60 (all drainages). March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County 327 Etheostoyna zonale zonale (Cope). Eastern banded darter. — TH 8 (Sanga- mon), LS 6 (Sangamon). Percina caprodes caprodes (Rafinesque) X semifasciata (De Kay). Logperch. — The meager material available regarded as representing an intergrade population. Middle Fork specimens show greater re- semblance to Percina caprodes semifasciata and Kaskaskia specimens to P. c. caprodes ; Sangamon specimens are almost exactly intermediate. FR 2 (Salt Fork, Sanga- mon), TH 2 (Kaskaskia, Middle Fork), LS 10 (all drainages except the Salt Fork). Percina maculata (Girard). Blackside darter. — Reported as Hadropterus aspro by Forbes & Richardson, Thompson & Hunt, and other earlv authors. FR 15 (Salt Fork, Sangamon), TH 24 (all drainages except Little Vermilion), LS 49 (all drainages except Little Ver- milion). Percina phoxocephala (Nelson). Slen- derhead darter. — Reported as Hadrop- terus phoxocephalus by Forbes & Rich- ardson, Thompson & Hunt, and other early authors. FR 3 (Salt Fork, Sanga- mon), TH 8 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), LS 18 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon). Percina sciera sciera (Swain). North- ern dusky darter. — A specimen recently taken in the minnow seine near Penfield, the first record for the county. LS 1 (Middle Fork). Sciaenidae A plodinotiis grunniens Rafinesque. Freshwater drum. — TH 3 (Sangamon), LS 4 (Sangamon) . ANALYSIS OF DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS Of the 90 species of fishes in our an- notated list for Champaign County, 7 {Amia calva, Carassius auratus, Ictalurus nebulosus, Gambusia affinis, Roccus mis- sissippiensiSj Lepomis punctatus, and Le- pomis microlophus) are introductions and must be excluded from any distributional analysis of native species. Of the remaining 83 species, 13 reach the edges of their natural ranges within, or very near. Champaign County. They can be classified as northern, southern, western, and eastern components on the basis of the direction in which their main ranges are located in relation to the coun- ty. Notropis rubellus and Etheostoma zonale are northern species that, in Illi- nois, reach their southernmost point of distribution within the county. Notropis heterolepis also is a northern species that once extended southward somewhat be- low Champaign County, but whose range has since retreated to the north. Noturus nocturnus, Micropterus punctulatus, and Etheostoma gracile are southern species that, in Illinois, have their northernmost records of occurrence within the county. Notropis dorsalis, Notropis lutrensis, and Noturus exilis are western species that, in Illinois, reach their easternmost limit of distribution in the county. Noturus miu- rus, Etheostoma blennioides, and Hybopsis amblops are eastern species that, at least at this latitude, reach their westernmost limit of distribution in the county. Eri- cymba buccata, another eastern species, occurs throughout Champaign County but does not occur, in central Illinois, much to the west of our area. Peripheral popu- lations are of considerable interest in that they can, when studied over a period of time, provide evidence of range expansion and withdrawal. The 13 species just men- tioned above have been carefully studied for such trends, and the data that they provide are discussed under Changes in Distribution. The other 70 species of fishes in our Champaign County list have more exten- sive ranges and occur throughout this part of the state. These 70 species, needless to say, do not occur everywhere in the county. In fact, only 19 species are known to occur in all six drainages within the county. These species are as follows: Esox americanus Catostomus commersoni Erimyzon oblongus Cyprinus carpio Ericymba buccata N otemigonus crysoleucas Notropis spihpterus Notropis stramineus Notropis umbratilis Pimephales notatus Semotilus atromaculatus Ictalurus melas Ictalurus natalis 328 Illinois Natlral History Survey Bulletin Vol. 28. Art. 2 Fiiiutulus notntiis Lff>oniis cyauclliis Leponiis rni't/dlotis A tlu'O s ton I (I II III r it in I'/lieostoiim spfcldhilt' Pt'iciiKi raproJcs Certain additional species, such as Le- pornis macruchirus and Micropterus sal- mo ides, are known to be in man\' ponds in all parts of the counts , havin;^ been intro- duced for sport fishing, but they were not taken in all drainaj^es as rejjular com- ponents of the stream populations. Some species could be expected to show seasonal dilierences in occurrence, as sev- eral of our drainaj^es are represented by headwaters onl\. For example, some of the catostomids mij^ht have been present in headwaters durinj^ the spring months but might ha\e migrated downstream and out of the counts before our summer field work began. Although our data on sea- sonal distribution are limited, we found no evidence to support the assumption that spring runs of migratory species greatly influence the occurrence of species in Champaign County. We revisited ap- proximately 20 stations in the county one or more times, the revisits representing the months of September, October, Jan- uary, May, June, and July. Subsequent visits to a station usually revealed a few species that we missed on the initial visit, init at every station the greatest number of species was taken on the first visit, probably because the low water levels in July and August of 1959 had concentrated the fishes. Moreover, the species added on subsequent visits were usually fishes of relatively sedentary habits rather than strongly migratory species such as catosto- mids. CHANGES IN DISTRIBUTION The earliest published references to Champaign Countv Hshes appear to be those of Large (1903:19, 15). who cited Hyhopsis hyostomus (equals H. ficstii-alis) and Opsopaeodus [sic] megalops (equals Opsopoeodiis ciniliae) from specific locali- ties within the county. No date or other information is given, but the collections are presumed to have been made prior to the extensive work of Forbes & Richard- son. Both records, although published in 1903, were overlooked, or perhaps ig- nored, by Forbes & Richardson (1908) and all subsequent authors. The speci- mens are no longer extant. Although fish collections by staf¥ mem- bers of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural Histor\, a parent agency of the Natural History Survey, were made as early as 1882, no references to Champaign County fishes, except those by Large (1903:15, 19), appeared until Forbes (1907) published a paper on the distribu- tion of certain Illinois fishes. Forbes & Richardson Records The Forbes u "O u ^ i) "O 1) .y (U "C lU .y c t tiC S " aj .5 u bC 4> C Oi'a DC "5 «'n «•« « « «•« pt: « »5"w « n 05 "S « « ^•j; Urn U u kri U ,« I- «i ^ £Q T,a £Q ?;q ?;q Sq £q £Q £q S£Q So S = Si * S = ^ R ii = i!R U .5 i!2 i.S S2 Si.S ^2 a. D. Cl. c c Q. n. a. c. a. Q. a. c« CA Vi CO C/5 'J^ 'Ti a> o 14 0) Q. 35 10 E ■3 Number of Stations Represented -»>l-«— 13— ►!••— 10— ►!••— 17 — ►!-< 25- 8 16 32 64 128 256 Drainage Area in Squore Miles -►I • — 1000 \ y* - 900 ^ •o \ y/ 1- o — \ y/^ — 800 >- — %;\/ — — /" X — 700 g CO 600 Q . o .,«^ ^ \ - 500^ a. — 0^ /^ \ — 400-^ - ^^ ^ % u. \%^ — 300.^ - ^ - 200^ E 3 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 100 -z. 512 (/> XJ k- CT CO O o _2 Q. w ■o c 3 g> Fig. 13. — Relationships of weight, number of individuals, and number of species to size of the drainage area. Data for collections from the two smallest and the three largest areas of stream size, table 14, were combined, as explained in the text under Relationships With Stream Size on page 340. 342 Illinois N.atur.al History Survey Bulletin Vol. 28, Art. 2 Table 15. — Correlation between size of drainage area (square miles) and the number of species per collection and the number and wei^iht of fish taken per 100 square yards at 70* stations in 1959. Number OF Collections Coefficient of Correlation (r) with Square Miles of Drain.age Dr.\inace System Number of Species per Collection Number of Fish per 100 Square Yards Pounds of Fish per 100 Square Vards Middle Fork _ Sang-TTi' Distribution and Stream Size. — Fishes . . . exhibit fre- quencies which vary u'ith stream size in a very consistent and definite manner for each species. The frequency distribution of our fishes in relation to stream size is March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County 343 shown in tables 16-23. Distribution pat- terns were different for each species; some species showed definite patterns of distri- bution based on stream sizes, whereas others occurred seemingly with no rela- tion to stream sizes. As might be expected in a group of streams that differed from each other in Table 16. — Suckers. Average numbers of each of several species taken in the 1959 survey (quantitative samples only) in streams of various size ranges. Each species average is for only those stream systems in which the species occurred in the quantitative collections. Species Drainage Area of Stream in Square Miles at Point of Collection -16- -32 64 — -128- -256 512 Erimyzon oblongus Catostomtis commersoni .. Hypenicliiim nigricans -^ Moxostoma macrolepi- dotiim* Moxostoma anisurumf^. . Moxostoma erythrurumX Carpiodes cyprinusX Carpiodes 'velifer% 105.6 6.2 4.6 8.0 0.2 12.6 2.9 5.2 5.3 0.3 2.9 1.7 2.9 3.4 1.7 0.1 1.2 1.0 1.9 1.5 0.2 tr. .— .... 0.2 tr. 2.4 0.1 1.4 11.2 0.4 — - — - 1.0 0.3 0.8 0.6 0.2 tr. 1.6 0.1 tr. *Sangamon only. tSangamon and Salt Fork only. tSangamon, Salt Fork, and Middle Fork only. §Middle Fork only. Table 17. — Mud-eating minnows. Average numbers of each of several species taken in the 1959 survey (quantitative samples only) in streams of various size ranges. Each species average is for only those stream systems in which the species occurred in the quantitative collections. Species Drainage Area of Stream in Square Miles at Point of Collection ■4- -16- -32 64- -128- -256 512 Pimcphalcs notatus Campostoma anomalum Pimephales promclas*-.. Hybognatlius nuc/ialisf- 445.9 126.6 91.6 168.4 566.7 109.6 99.2 66.0 11.3 2.0 — - .... 0.2 68.7 25.5 0.6 0.1 55.1 38.7 0.2 33.6 15.2 7.9 tr. 10.1 5.2 0.1 •Kaskaskia and Sangamon only. fKaskaskia only. Table 18. — Minnows of the genus Notropis. Average numbers of each of several species taken in the 1959 survey (quantitative samples only) in streams of various size ranges. Each species average is for only those stream systems in which the species occurred in the quanti- tative collections. Species Drainage Area of Stream in Square Miles at Point of Collection ■4- -16- -32- -64- -128- -256 512 Notropis Notropis Notropis Notropis Notropis Notropis Notropis Notropis spilopterus stramineiis umbratdis chrysocephalus dorsalis* lutrensisf villi p pi cit rubellus^ 57.8 0.2 0.2 0.2 15.2 0.2 0.6 0.5 4.1 5.0 32.3 12.5 16.9 33.2 5.1 1.6 2.2 4.7 1.5 1.8 78.0 158.7 53.2 18.1 6.1 109 0 112.1 36.2 7.1 0.6 14.9 0.4 1.0 4.6 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.4 13.4 9.5 2.4 12.1 1.5 1.6 *Sangamon, Middle Fork, and Kaskaskia only. fKaskaskia and Sangamon only. JSangamon, Embarrass, and Middle Fork only. §Middle Fork only. 344 Illinois N.atlr-al History Survey Bulletin Vol. 28. An. 2 habitat succession and in degree of hu- ty streams in which they were present. man-induced modification, most fish spe- However, some support for the Thomp- cies showing definite patterns of distribu- son \ Hunt concept e.xpressed above was tion based on stream size did not e.xhibit found. The following species showed these patterns in all the Champaign Coun- somewhat consistent distribution patterns Table 19.— Other minnows and the carp. Average numbers of each of several species taken in the 1959 sur\ev quantitative samples only in streams of various size ranges. Each species average is for only tho-e stream s\ stems in which the <;pecie^ occurred in the quantitative col- lections. Species Draixace .\rea of Stream ix Square Miles at Point of CoLLEcnox -8- -16- -64- -128- -25< -512 Sem»tUus atromaculatus Phrmacoblus mirabilis Ericymba bmccata - Hjbopsis biguttala* .. K»temiponus crjsolrucas Cjprimus carpio — __ 250.0 263.8 130 9 55.2 56.1 31.3 0.6 1.1 5.2 1.3 1.0 1.5 11.1 67.2 8.9 38.0 29.3 2"? 0.5 52.0 23.3 6.5 9.0 0.2 tr. 0.3 0.8 1 ~ 3.5 0.2 4.3 3.8 4.3 0.4 1.5 0.7 1.3 1.0 8.1 0.1 0.4 1.4 0.5 0.3 •AU except Embjnas*. Table 20. — Catfishes. .Average numbers of each of several species taken in the 1959 survey 'quantitative samples only in streams of various size ranges. Each species average is for only those stream systems in which the species occurred in the quantitative collections. Species Drainage .Area of Stream iv Square Miles .at Point of Collection -16- -64- -128- -256 512 Ictalurus natalis Soturus gjrinus* Koturus fia^usf Soturus miuruft Ictalurus punctatus^ FyloJictus olivaris% 4.3 0.4 0.1 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.5 tr. 0.1 0.1 0.2 02 0.1 0.1 tr. 0.6 1.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 *Salt Fork. SangamoD. 3Dd Kaskaskia onlj. tSalt Fork, Middle Fork, and Sangamoo oolv. IMiddle Fo:k and Elmbarra^ only. §Middle Fork 011I7. Table 21. — Sunfish and bass. .Average numbers of each of several species taken in the 1959 survey quantitative samples only in streams of various ', and the Chanute .Air Force Hase have in- stalled sewaLie treatment plants. Althou)j;h. in the past 60 years, Cham- paijj;n Countx' has lost such sources of pollutants as the earl\ ^as plants and stables, and has improved the sewer sys- tems and the treatment of human waste, it still has to contend with domestic sew- ajje from outlets illej^ally connected to storm sewers; chemicals that pass un- chanjied throuj^h the treatment plant; oils that wash from roads and machinery ; wastes from canninji plants, milk plants, and soybean mills; modified water tem- peratures; and aij;ricultural chemicals, such as modern herbicides and insecti- cides. It has the University of Illinois chemical laboratories, the Chanute Air Force Base machinery, and an ever-in- creasing number of industries. Alonji with these pollutants, there is the growinji problem of an increasing vol- ume of efHuents, which may be detri- mental to aquatic life, no matter how well they have been treated. The Champaign- Urbana community and the West Branch provide a good example. In October, 1917, a total How of 3,U0U,000 gallons per day was reported for the Salt Fork below the disposal plant (Baker 1922:171). About half of this volume (1,500,000 gallons per day) was from the sanitary treatment plant. The natural stream flow was low when the measurement was made and is comparable to that during the low water period of September, 1959, when we studied the West Branch. In September, 1959, the total volume of sewage going through the plant was 7,276,000 gallons per day, nearly five times the volume cited by Baker for 1917. (This and similar 1959 figures are from a monthly report of the Urbana-Champaign Sanitar_\' District.) If the natural volume of the flow in the West Branch has not changed over these years, and the sewage effluent has increased nearly five-fold, the West Branch below the disposal plant must be nearl\' three times as large as it was in 1917. 'Fhe total flow has changed from one-half effluent in 1917 to four- fifths effluent in 1959. In September, 1959, this eftluent had a biochemical ox\gen de- mand of 9 p. p.m., which would quickly reduce the oxygen in the natural stream water with which it was mixed ; natural agitation of the flowing waters would, of course, partially replace the dissolved ox- ygen used up by the effluent material. In spite of the present high level of efficiency for the treatment plant, which produces an effluent that is as nearly perfect as sanitary engineers consider practical, the stream remains unfit for most aquatic life. The problem centers on the great volume of effluent that is produced and on the accumulation of chemical agents that pre- clude existence of clean-water organisms. Areas of Chronic Pollution Seven principal areas of chronic pollu- tion, fig. 14, affect the distribution of Champaign County fishes, figs. 15-70. The Boneyard. — Because of its loca- tion in the center of Champaign-Urbana, fig. 14, the Boneyard receives quantities of varied pollutants. Although Forbes & Richardson collected Johnny darters from the stream, some pollution probably existed then. According to Baker ( 1922 : 1 72) , at the time of his study the Bone>ard was receiving domestic pollutants as well as oil and tar from the gas works; pollution was extremely severe in 1915. Thompson (Sc Hunt stated that the Boneyard con- tained no permanent fish population in 1928, although at that time, as well as in 1959, some fishes occasionally moved into polluted areas during high water and re- mained for short periods. In 1958, black bullheads taken from the Market Street gutters during a period of high water were collected by several peo- ple and identified by Dr. Marcus S. Gold- man. Apparently the fish had moved up the Boneyard, through the storm sewers, and out through the street drains. Except for similar brief ingressions, no fish occur at the present time in the Boneyard. It remains badly polluted by waste from im- properly connected household drains and from businesses discharging directly into the ditch or into storm drains. March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County 349 West Branch. — Although Forbes & Richardson found a variety of fishes in the West Branch of the Salt Fork during their survey, this creek has subsequently undergone drastic reduction in both va- riety of species and abundance of indi- viduals. The West Branch is divisible into three sections: Section 1, the 4 miles of creek above the Urbana-Champaign disposal plant; Section 2, the creek from ;^=D K^ Modified water temperature Excessive siltotion Chemical sampling station Fig. 14. — Distribution of pollution in Champaign County and location of seven stations at which chemical analyses were made in 1960. Severe pollution was found in Copper Slough and Phinney Branch west of Champaign-Urbana (city near center of map), the Boneyard in Champaign-Urbana; the West Branch of the Salt Fork east of Champaign-Urbana, the East Branch of the Salt Fork east of Rantoul (upper center of map), and the small stream from Chanute Field south of Rantoul. 350 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 28, Art. 2 the disposal plant to its junction with the East jiranch; and Section 3, the stream (actually the Salt Fork) from the junc- tion of the Kast and West branches down- stream for a distance of 4 miles. Section 1 presumably was relatively free of pollution when Forbes ^' Richard- son collected at least 23 species there. In 1928. Thompson ^' Hunt described this section as clean and relatively free of pol- lution ; they reported 20 species in the area. Since 1928, however, waste water from the northward expansion of Urbana and from several industrial plants has polluted this portion of the stream. In 1959, only 15 species of fish were found there, table 24. Examples of species that disappeared early from this section were the spotted sucker, golden redhorse, suckermouth min- now, black bullhead, black crappie, and two species of darters. Species that disap- peared in recent years (as pollution in- creased) were the grass pickerel, tadpole madtom, brook silverside, and bluegill. The most notable examples of species ap- pearing in the section for the first time after 1900 were the carp, common shiner, Table 25. — Number of fish per 100 square yards and number of species taken at sampling stations above and below sewage disposal plant on the West Branch of the Salt Fork by Thomp- son & Hunt and by Larimore & Smith. Presence of a species in very small numbers is indi- cated by +. Thompson & Hunt Larimore & Smith Station in Relation to Disposal Plant Number of Fish per 100 Square Yards Number of Species Number of Fish per 100 Square Yards Number of Species 7 miles above. 4 miles above 1 mile above i/o mile above 1|4 miles below - 214 miles below 4 miles below .— . 614 miles below 12 miles below 150 167 67 332 2 14 7 30 397 10 10 11 11 2 3 2 4 15 510 230 675 37 0 + 1 + 9 6 13 10 9 0 1 2 1 12 Table 26. — Number and weight (pounds) of fish per 100 square yards, and average number of species per station, collected in 1959 at various stations in two streams, one polluted (part of West Branch and Salt Fork) and one unpolluted (part of East Branch and Salt Fork). Each station is located with reference to stream size. Polluted Area Unpolluted Area Stream Size (Square Miles OF Drain- age)* Number of Stations Number of Species per Station Collection per 100 Square Yards Number of Stations Number of Species per Station Collection per 100 Square Yards Number of Fish Weight of Fish Number of Fish Weight of Fish 4-8 8-16 16-32 32-64 64-128 128-256 2 4 1 10 1 12 356 tr. 9 0.7 tr. 3.0 1 3 1 1 2 1 7 13 15 14 20 15 954 809 308 1,338 721 33 1.3 2.8 1.6 9.1 7.7 3.9 •Classification used by Thompson & Hunt (1930). In our work, we considered the numerals as designating size limits, so that a stream classified as size 4-8 had a drainage area of more than 4 and not more than 8 square miles. March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County 351 Table 27. — Number of species of fish collected at several stations above and below the sewage disposal plant on the West Branch of the Salt Fork. The two pools immediately above and below the mouth of the Boneyard were one-half mile above the disposal plant. Date Pool Above Mouth of Boneyard Pool Below Mouth of Boneyard 114 Miles Below Sewage Disposal Plant 214 Miles Below Sewage Disposal Plant 4 Miles Below Sewage Disposal Plant 6 14 Miles Below Sewage Disposal Plant 1959 September 1960 March April May June July 9 0 1 6* 1* 5 4 1 1 6* 6* 7 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 4 1 0 0 2 0 1 8 7 6 1 0 1 -t 6 9 *Heavy oil film on banks and part of water surface. tWater level too high to permit collecting. hornyhead chub, creek chub, and redfin shiner. Three quantitative samples from Sec- tion 1, taken at points 4 miles, 1 mile, and one-half mile above the sewage treatment plant, table 25, indicate that several spe- cies have been able to tolerate the amount of pollution present during the past 30 years, but in 1959 the weight of fish per 100 square yards of water varied from 0.4 to 1.1 pounds, a capacity considerably be- low that of streams of this class (32-64 square miles of drainage) for the rest of the county, table 14. Section 2, below the disposal plant, was already polluted at the time of the first survey. Pollution apparently had not greatly reduced the number of species present, inasmuch as Forbes & Richardson reported 33 species in the area. Soon after, however, water conditions became intol- erable to most fishes (Baker 1922:117). When Thompson & Hunt collected in this 9-mile stretch, they found seven spe- cies, most of which were tolerant of mod- erate pollution. Only a few individuals of each species were taken, and most of these were found near outlets of drain tiles that supplied clean water. On the initial visit of the 1959 survey, the four stations that had been sampled by Thompson k Hunt produced only three species, table 24, and a total of 10 individuals. However, nu- merous revisits to these stations during the following spring and early summer enabled us to collect a few individuals of 12 other species. The list of species disappearing from Section 2 is much longer than the list of species extirpated from Section 1. Spe- cies appearing for the first time in Section 2 after the advent of pollution include the carp and redfin shiner. The drastic reduction in the number of species, in total fish weight, and in num- ber of individuals for Section 2 in 1959 may be seen if figures in table 26 (pol- luted area) are compared with county- wide averages for streams having similar drainage areas (6-1—128 square miles), table 14. Drastic reduction in the fish pop- ulation was observed in the stream just be- low the disposal plant, tables 25 and 27. Section 3 (actually the Salt Fork), a 4-mile stretch directly below the con- fluence of the East and West branches, receives the benefit of dilution from the cleaner East Branch. Twenty species of fish were collected in this section during the first survey, 19 in the second, and 14 in the third. The average number of fish per 100 square yards taken in the third survey was very low for streams of this size, 128-256 square miles of drainage area, table 26, but the poundage (3 pounds per 100 square yards) was about average for the county. However, the quantitative data were based on a single sample that contained 14 large carp. Spe- cies other than carp were present in very low numbers, only nine fish per 100 square yards. Signs of pollution were apparent in this section, especially at times of low water. 352 Ii.i.iNois Natlrai. History Survey Bulletin Vol. 28, Art. 2 East Branch. — The East Branch of the- Salt Fork is polluted h\- the city of Rantoul and 1\\ Clianiite Air Force Base. At the time of the Thompson .S: Hunt survey, collections made near the outlet of the Rantoul sewer ditch during warm weather contained an abundance of Hsh of 12 species (mostly the creek chub and silverjaw minnow; the stoneroller and Johnny darter also were common). How- ever, no *ish were found at this location durinji the cool periods of the year. The location is presentl> polluted by effluent trom a disposal plant placed in operation in l'^54. In August, 1959, the stream be- low the plant was foul and the bottom was covered with sludj^e. It contained a few fish that were seen but not identified. The stream was revisited the following May, at which time the white sucker, stoneroller, siKerjaw minnow, creek chub, and sand shiner were taken. The Chanute Air Force Base, in the vicinity of Rantoul. operates three treat- ment plants that pollute a small stream flowing eastward from the southern edge of the Base. A station on this small stream contained an abundant population of 14 species at the time of the Thompson & Hunt survey, but yielded only three creek chubs and a carp when we collected there in August of 1959. The following April, when we revisited the site, it was devoid of t^sh. The influence of pollution on the East Branch extends downstream several miles. Fwo and one-half miles below the Ran- toul disposal plant, the stream smelled foul and contained other evidence of sewage in October, 1959, when a collecting station was set up there. A few specimens of the creek chub, stoneroller, silverjaw minnow, bluntnose minnow, sand shiner, and spot- fin shiner were taken at this station. Two miles below, in the mouth of a small creek that flows from the air base into the East Branch, fairly large numbers of Hsh were taken during the same month. At this sec- ond station, all of the species listed above were collected and, in addition, the white sucker, creek chubsucker, quillback, carp, and redfin shiner. The fact that condi- tions looked much better at the second sta- tion than above, in either the main creek or the small branch, suggested that the organic waste, after it had been digested and diluted, enriched the water to produce a large iish population. Lower Salt Fork. — Thompson iSc Hunt considered the lower Salt Fork se- \erely affected by pollution as far down- stream as the Homer Dam near the count)' line; they collected only a small variety of species and found low popula- tions at the stations in this area. In 1959, septic conditions occurred between St. Joseph and Sidnev; however, between Sid- ney and the county line the stream ap- peared clear of pollution, although the water chemistry still reflected the up- stream pollution, table 3. At five stations from which we took quantitative fish samples in this area, the populations were slightly below the average for streams of this size in the rest of the county, table 14. Copper Slough, Phinney Branch. — Both branches of the small stream drain- ing the west edge of Champaign were badly polluted in 1959. Copper Slough received industrial and domestic waste. It apparent!}' was polluted in 1928, for Thompson » » I ^ -T ^ •^^ -^ * * ) «« - 4 •-. r J # ^ r:Ci ■c •« ^ f^' K U :« « » • -r »^^ # » Fl£. 39. — PkemmcmUms mirmkUis. : * # I— _-* . _ ^ • « ' -*^~ « • • -•&— * «— •- Fif. A\.^Pimephal€S pr*wuims. Fig. 42. — Srmmtilms atrmm^tmlatus. by three surveys at approximately 30- year wli mil Open triangle: collecting; station of Forbes k. Richardson ; indicated species not collected. Solid triai^e: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species collected. Small open circle alone: collecting statiiMi of Thompson & Hont and also, if extant in 19S9. col- lectiiie station of Larimore & Smith ; indicated spedcs not collected at this station. Large open circle enclosing small open circle or soEd circle: collecting station at which Thompson fc Hum took indicated species^ Solid circle alone or within large circle: collectii^ station at which Larimore & Smith took indi- cated species. Most of Aese stations had prerioashr been sampled by Thompson k Hunt. March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign Coux-n- 369 Fig. 43. — Ictalurus melas. Fi|. 44. — Fctalurus natalis. _Ki^ '[^^^/^(^'^^ N^/-^ / r ^ r^ ^^ 1^ ,v ^ h; :^ --^ Fig. 45. — Ictalurus pumctatus. ¥ig. 46. — Xttmrmj fl^vms. Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 50- year intervals. Open triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson: indicated species not collected. Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson: indicated sf»ecies collected. Small open circle alone: collecting station of Thompson i Hunt and also, if extant in 1959. col- lecting station of Larimore i Smith: indicated species not collected at this station. Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson i Hunt took indicated species. Solid circle alone or within large circle: colleciiag station at which Larimore i Smith took indi- cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson i Hunt. 370 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 28, Art. 2 Fig. 47. — Noturus gyrinus. Fig. 48. — Noturus miurus. Fig. 49. — Fundulus notatus. Fig. 50. — Labidesthes sicculus. Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 30- year intervals. Open triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species not collected. Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species collected. Small open circle alone: collecting station of Thompson k Hunt and also, if extant in 1959, col- lecting station of Larimore & Smith; indicated species not collected at this station. Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson & Hunt took indicated species. Solid circle alone or within large circle: collecting station at which Larimore & Smith took indi- cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson & Hunt. March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County 371 Fig. 51. — Aphrcdoderus sayanus. Fig. 52. — Ambloplites rupestris. Fig. 53. — Lepomis cyanellus. Fig, 54. — Lepomis humilis. Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 30- year intervals. Open triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species not collected. Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species collected. Small open circle alone: collecting station of Thompson & Hunt and also, if extant in 1959, col- lecting stat'on of Larimore & Smith ; indicated species not collected at this station. Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson & Hunt took indicated species. Solid circle alone or within large circle: collecting station at which Larimore k Smith took indi- cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson & Hunt. 372 Illinois Natural History Survey Buli.htin Vol. 28, Art. 2 Fig. 55. — Lepomis macrochirus. Fig. 56. — Lepomis megalotis. Fig. 57. — Micropterus dolom'teui. Fig. 58. — Micropterus ptinctulatus. Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 30- year intervals. Open triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species not collected. Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species collected. Small open circle alone: collecting station of Thompson & Hunt and also, if extant in 1959, col- lecting station of Larimore iV Smith; indicated species not collected at this station. Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson & Hunt took indicated species. Solid circle alone or within large circle: collecting station at which Larimore & Smith took indi- cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson & Hunt. March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County 373 Fig. 59. — Micropterus salmoides. Fig. 60. — Pomoxis annularis. Fig. 61. — Ammocrypta pellucida. Fig. 62. — Ethcostoma blennioides. Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 30- year intervals. Open triangle: collecting station of Forbes .i- Richardson; indicated species not collected. Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species collected. Small open circle aloneT collecting station of Thompson & Hunt and also, if extant in 1959, col- lecting station of Larimore & Smith; indicated species not collected at this station. Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson & Hunt took indicated species. Solid circle alone or within large circle: collecting station at which Larimore & Smith took indi- cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson & Hunt. 374 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 28, Art. 2 Fig. 63. — Etheostoma flabellare. Fig. 64. — Etheostoma nigrum. Fig. 65. — Etheostoma spectabile. Fig. 66. — Etheostoma zonale. Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 30- year intervals. Open triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species not collected. Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species collected. Small open circle alone: collecting station of Thompson & Hunt and also, if extant in 1959, col- lecting station of Larimore & Smith ; indicated species not collected at this station. Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson & Hunt took indicated species. Solid circle alone or within large circle: collecting station at which Larimore & Smith took indi- cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson & Hunt. March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County 375 Fig. 67. — Percina caprodes. Fig. 68. — Percina maculata. Fig. 69. — Percina phoxocephala. Fig. 70. — Aplodinotus grunniens. Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 30- year intervals. Open triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species not collected. Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes k Richardson; indicated species collected. Small open circle alone: collecting station of Thompson & Hunt and also, if extant in 1959, col- lecting station of Larimore & Smith; indicated species not collected at this station. Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson & Hunt took indicated species. Solid circle alone or within large circle: collecting station at which Larimore & Smith took indi- cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson & Hunt. INDEX The scientiHc names of fishes indexed below include currently \ali(l names, variant spell- ings, and synonymic names and combinations. Generic names, when thej' stand alone in the text, have not been indexed. Thus, Carpindes spp. is not included in the index, but a text refer- ence to any one of the species of C'arpiodes is included. F"or convenience in indexing, specific and subspecitic names are given e(|ual rank. Thus, the subspec.es Notropis spiloplrriis liypsiso- matus is indexed as Notropis hypsisomatus and liypsisomatus, Notropis, and the subspecies A", s. spilopierus as Notropis spilopterus and spilopterns, Notropis. The common names used are those recommended by the Committee on Names of Fishes, American Fisheries Society. Common names used in a generic sense in the text (basses, suiiHshes, catfish) have not been indexed. Common names for species have been indexed ; common names for subspecies ha\'e not been indexed, as subspecies do not have officially recommended common names. Scientific names other than those of fish have not been inverted; for example, Rorippa islandica is listed but not islnndicii, Rorippa. Ahramis crysolrucas, 323 aestivalis, Hybopsis, 320, 322, 328, 329, 330, 332, 333 affinis, Gamhusia, 325, 327, 330 Agricultural practices, 306, 307; src also Draining (drainage). Dredging Algae (algal blooms), 315, 347, 353, 354 alosoides, Hiodon, 321, 329 Amhloplitfs ruprstris, 325, 329, 332, 333, 336, 344, 346, 371 amhlops, Hybopsis, 322, 327, 328, 330, 332. 333 Amciurus me I as, 324 nalalis. 324 American eel, 325 American elm, 313 americanus, Esox, 321, 327, 328, 332, 333, 336, 337, 345, 362 Amia lal-va, 321, 327, 330 Ammocrypta prlliuida, 326, 329, 336, 337, 373 amnis, Notropis, 323, 329, 330, 333, 354 Anguilla chrysypa, 325 rostrata, 325, 329 anisiirum, Moxostoma, 322. 329, 332, 336, 343 Annotated list of fishes, 320-7 annularis, Pomoxis, 326, 329, 336, 344, 373 anomalinn, Campostoma, 322, 328, 332, 333, 335, 343, 345, 346, 364 Aphredoderus sayaniis, 325, 329, 336, 337, 345, 371 Aplodinotus grunniens, 327, 329, 330, 336, 375 Asclepias incamata, 313 asprigene, Ethcostoma, 326, 329, 331 as pro, Hadropterus, 327 atherinoidrs, Notropis, 323, 328, 329, 331, 332 atriprs, Notropis, 'ill atrocaudalis, Notropis, 323 airomarulatus, Srmotiliis, 324, 327, 328, 330, 331, 332, 335, 344, 345, 368 auratiis, Carassius, 322, 327, 330 aurrolum, Moxostoma, 322 B Banded darter, 327 Bass largemouth, 326 rock, 325 smallmouth, 326 spotted, 326 yellow, 325, 357 Bigeye chub, j22 Bigeye shiner, 323 Bigmouth buffalo, 322 Bigmouth shiner, 323 biduttata, Hybopsis, 322, 328, 332, 333, 335, 338. 339, 344, 345, 365 Black buffalo, 322 Black bullhead, 324, 343, 350, 357 Black crappie. 326, 347, 350, 357 Blacknose shiner, 323 Blackside darter, 327 Blackstripe topminnow, 325, 352, 354 blennioides, Diplesion, 326 blcnnioidfs, Etiirostoma, 326, 327, 329, 335, 336, 345, 373 blenniiis, Notropis, 323, 324, 329 Bluegill, 325, 347, 350, 357 Bluntnose darter, 326 Bluntnose minnow, 324, 347, 352, 353, 354, 357 Boleichtliys fiisiformis, 326 Bolcosoma camunim, 326 nigrum, 326 Bonevard (creek), 309-10, 347, 348, 349, 351, 359 boops, Notropis, 323, 328, 330, 332, 333 Bowfin, 321, 357 brri'iceps, Moxostoma, 322 Brindled madtom, 324 Brook silverside, 325, 350 Brown bullhead, 324, 357 bubalus, Ictiohus, 322, 328, 329, 330, 332, 333 buccata, Ericvmba, 322, 327, 328, 330, 335, 337, 338, 344, '345, 358, 365 Buffalo bigmouth. 322 black, 322 smallmouth, 322 Bullhead black, 324, 348, 350, 357 brown, 324, 3 57 yellow, 324, 347, 357 Bullhead minnow, 324 Buttonbush, 313 caeruleum, Etheostoma, 326, 329, 33 5, 345 calva, Amia, 321, 327, 330 [376] March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County 377 Campostoma anomalum, 322, 328, 332, 333, 335, 343, 345, 346, 364 piillum, 322 camuntm, Bolcosoma, 326 camurum, Etiicostoma, 320 canadense, St'tzostedion, 320 caprodes, Pcrcina, 327, 328, 329, 336, 345, 375 caprodes X semifasciata, Pcrcina, 327 Carassius auratus, 322, 327, 330 Car ex cristatclla, 313 carinatum, Moxostoma, 320 Carp, 316, 322, 344, 347, 350, 351, 352, 354, 357 carp'io, Carpiodes, 320 carpio, Cypriniis, 322, 327, 328, 331, 332, 336, 344, 345, 346, 364 Carpiodes carpio, 320 cypriniis, 321, 328, 330, 336, 343, 362 difformis, 321 hinci, 321 velifcr, 321, 328, 330, 336, 343, 362 Carpsucker highfin, 321 quillback, 321 Catfish channel, 324, 357 flathead, 324 Catostomus commcrsoni, 321, 327, 328, 335, 338, 343, 345, 358, 363 nigricans, 321 cayuga, Notropis, 323 ccpedianum, Dorosoma, 321, 328, 330, 336, 345, 362 Chaenohryttiis gulosus, 325, 329, 332 Channel catfish, 324, 357 Char a sp., 313 Chemistry of polluted waters, 353; see also Water chemistry and Pollution (pollu- tants) chlorosomum, Etiicostoma, 326, 329, 330, 332, 333 chrysocephalus, Notropis, 323, 328, 332, 333, 335, 338, 339, 343, 345, 358, 366 chrysypa, Anguilla, 325 Chub bigeye, 322 creek, 324, 336, 337, 347, 351, 352, 353, 354, 357 hornyhead, 322, 347, 351, 354, 357 silver, 322 speckled, 322 Chubsucker, creek, 321, 347, 352, 354 claviformis, Erimyzon, 321 Cliola I'igilax, 324 cocruleum, Etiicostoma, 326, 329 commersoni, Catostomus, 321, 327, 328, 335, 338, 343, 345, 358. 363 Common shiner, 323, 347, 350, 353, 354 Copper Slough, 349, 352, 356, 359 cornutus, Notropis, 323 Cottonwood, 313 Crappie black, 326, 347, 350, 357 white, 326, 357 Creek chub, 324, 336, 337, 347, 351, 352, 353, 354, 357 Creek chubsucker, 321, 347, 352, 354 crysolcucas, Abramis, 323 crysoleiicas, Notcmigonus, 323, 327, 328, 336, 338, 344, 365 cyanellus, Lepomis, 325, 328, 329, 335, 336, 344, 345, 371 cyanoceplialus, Notropis, 323 cyprincllus, Ictiohus, 322, 329, 330, 333 Cypriniis carpio. 322, 327, 328, 331, 332, 336, 344, 345, 346, 364 cypriniis, Carpiodes, 321, 328, 330, 336, 343, 362 D Darter banded, 327 blackside, 327 bluntnose, 326 dusky, 327 eastern sand, 326 fantail, 326 greenside, 326 Johnny, 326, 347, 348, 352, 354 mud, 326 orangethroat, 326 rainbow, 326 slenderhead, 327 slough, 326 Deciduous trees, 313 deliciosus, Notropis, 323 Detergents, household, 353 Diantliera amcricana, 313 Diatom, 354 difformis, Carpiodes, 321 Diplesion blennioides, 326 Docks, 313 dolomieui. Micropteriis, 326, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 336, 344, 346, 372 Dorosoma ccpedianum, 321, 328, 330, 336, 345, 362 dorsalis, Notropis, 323, 327, 328, 331, 332, 335, 336, 337, 338, 343, 358, 366 Drainage districts, 310, 311 Drainage systems (drainages), 300, 308, 317, 320, 321, 331, 334, 337, 338, 339, 342; sec also names of streams Draining (drainage), 306, 307, 308, 310, 311, 317, 333, 358; see also Dredging, Drainage districts Dredging, 306, 310, 311, 313, 314, 315, 317, 320, 333, 358; see also Draining (drainage) Drum, freshwater, 327 duquesnei, Moxostoma, 322 Dusky darter, 327 E East Branch (of the Salt Fork of the Vermilion River), 311, 312, 314, 347, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 359 Eastern sand darter, 326 Ecological associations, 335-9; see also Fish as- sociations Ecological characteristics (conditions, factors), 304, 311-3, 314, 336, 358 eel, American, 325 Electrofishing (electric seine, electric fish shock- er, rowboat shocker), 300, 302, 303, 304, 305, 308, 321, 322, 340; see also Methods, fish collecting (sampling) Elodea canadensis, 313 Embarrass River, 300, 301, 305, 306, 308, 312, 320, 321-6, 334-5, 338, 339-40. 342, 343, 378 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 28, Art. 2 Embarrass River — (ontmucci 34+, 345, 349, 356, 358, 362-75 Emerald shiner, 323 rmiliar, () psnpncndus, 324, 328, 330, 332, 333 Equisetum arvrnsr, 313 Ericymba hiucata, 322, 327, 328, 330, 335. 337, 338, 344, 345, 358, 365 Er'imyzon claviformis, 321 ohlonqns. 321, 327, 328, 335, 336, 338, 343, 345, 358, 363 sucetta, 321 erythrurum, Moxostoma, 322, 328, 336, 343, 345, 364 Esox americanus, 321, 327, 328, 332, 333, 336, 337, 345, 362 vcrm'iculatus, 321 Etheostoma aspriqene, 326, 329, 331 blrnnwides, 326, 327, 329, 335, 336, 345, 373 cacrulcum, 326, 329, 335, 345 camiirum, 320 c/ilorosomum, 326, 329, 330, 332, 333 corrulrum, 326, 329 eulepis, lid fiahcllare, 326, 329, 335, 345, 374 flabellare X Hneolatum, 326 gracile, 326, 327, 329. 330, 333 jessiae, 326 linrolatum, 326 nigrum, 326, 328, 329, 336, 345, 374 spcctabile, 326, 328, 329, 335, 345, 374 zonalc, 111, 329, 336, 345, 374 Euglena sanguinea, 354 sp., 354 fulepls, Etheostoma, 326 Eupator'uim perfoliatum, 313 Eupomoiis heros, 325 exUis, Noturus, 324, 327, 329, 330, 333 exilis, Schilbeodes, 324 Fantail darter, 326 Fathead minnow, 324 Fertilizers, 307, 355; see also Water (stream) enrichment, Water (stream) fertility. Soil (soil types, soil materials) Fish abundance (weights, numbers) affected by pollution, 331 changes in, 299, 303, 339-41 number per 100 square yards, 339-42, 350, 351, 356, 358 in relation to stream size, 341-6, 353-9 species decreasing in, 330, 333, 349 species increasing in, 329, 330, 331, 333 species per station, 339-41, 350, 351, 358 weight per 100 square vards, 339-41, 350, 351, 355, 356, 358 Fish adaptations (changes), 331-5, 345 Fish, annotated list of, 320-7 Fish associations during low water, 339 with habitats, 335-7, 358 with other fishes, 335, 337-9, 358 Fish collecting methods; see Methods, fish col- lecting (sampling) Fish distribution (occurrence) changes in, 299, 303, 328-35, 358 decreases in, 330, 332, 333, 335, 358 definition of, 331 distribution patterns, 327—8 increases in, 329-33, 335, 358 natural ranges of species, 327 in relation to discharge of stream, 310 in relation to pollution, 331, 346-55 in relation to restricted habitats, 335-7, 346 in relation to stream size, 340-6, 358-9 in relation to stream succession, 346 in relation to water enrichment, 352, 355-6 in relation to young, 346 species restricted to a single drainage, 334, 358 Fish kills (mortality), 352, 353-4, 355 Fish occurrence; see Fish distribution (occur- rence ) Fish species annotated list of, 320-7 composite, 299, 321, 329 extirpated, 333, 351 of hypothetical occurrence, 320 introduced. 324, 325, 327, 328, 329, 330, 357, 358 Fisheries (fishing, angling) commercialized sport, 321, 324, 357 fee-fishing, 357, 359 sport, 328, 356-7, 359 flabellare, Etheostoma, 326, 329, 335, 345, 374 flabellare X Hneolatum, Etheostoma, 326 Flathead catfish, 324 flavus, Noturus, 324, 329, 332, 333, 336, 337, 344, 369 Freckled madtom, 324 Freshwater drum, 327 Fundulus notatus. 325, 328, 329, 335, 336, 345, 370 _ fusiformis, Boleichthys, 326 Gambusta affinis, 325, 327, 330 Gar, longnose, 321 Carman's sunfish, 325 gilberti, Notropis, 323 Gizzard shad, 321. 337, 357 Glaciation, 306 Golden redhorse, 322, 347, 350 Golden shiner, 323, 347, 354, 357 Gold eye, 321 Goldfish, 322, 357 gracile, Etheostoma, 326, 327, 329, 330, 333 Grass pickerel, 321, 347, 350 Grasses, 313, 315 Green sunfish, 325, 347, 354, 357 Greenside darter, 326 grunniens, Aplodinotus, 327, 329, 330, 336, 375 gulosus, Chaenobryttus, 325, 329, 332 gyrinus, Noturus, 32-^, 329, 336, 344, 345, 370 gyrinus, Schilbeodes, 324 H Hadroptcrus aspro, 327 phoxocephalus, 327 Hantzschia amphioxus, 3 54 Herbs, 315 heros, Eupomotis, 325 heterolepis, Notropis, 323, 327, 328, 329, 330, 332, 333 March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County 379 Hibiscus militaris, 313 Highfin carpsucker, 321 hinei, Carpiodes, 321 Hiodon alosoides, 321, 329 tergisiis, 321 Hog sucker, northern, 321 Hornyhead chub, 322, 347, 351, 354, 357 Human population, 306, 308, 317, 346, 357 hitmilis, Lcpomis, 325, 329, 332, 336, 344, 371 Hybognatlius nuchalis, 322, 328, 330, 336, 343, 346, 365 Hybopsis acstii-alis, 320, 322, 328, 329, 330, 332, 333 amblops, 322, 327, 328, 330, 332, 333 biguttata, 322, 328, 332, 333, 335, 338, 339, 344, 345, 365 hyostoma, 322 hyostomus, 322, 328 kejituckiensis, 322 storcriana, 322, 328, 329 hyostoma, Hybopsis, 322 hyostomus, Hybopsis, 322, 328 Hypentelium nigricans, 321, 328, 331, 332, 333, 336, 338, 343, 345, 363 hypsisomatus, Notropis, 323 I Ictalurus mclas, 324, 327, 328, 332, 335, 336, 369 natalis, 324, 327, 328, 33 5, 336, 344, 345, 346, 369 nebulosus, 324, 327, 330 punctatus, 324, 328, 344, 369 Ictiobus bubalus, 322, 328, 329, 330, 332, 333 cyprinellus, 111, 329, 330, 333 niger, 111, 329, 330, 333 urus, 311 illeccbrosus, Notropis, 323 Industrial development, 346, 358 Industrial wastes, 306 jessiae, Etheostoma, 326 Johnny darter, 326, 347, 348, 352, 354 K Kaskaskia River, 300, 301, 305, 306, 308-10, 312, 315, 319, 320, 321-7, 330, 333, 334-5, 337, 338, 339, 340, 342, 343, 344, 349, 353, 354, 358, 359, 362-75 keniuckiensis, Hybopsis, 322 Labidesthcs sicculus, 325, 329, 332, 345, 370 Largemouth bass, 326 Lepisosteus osseiis, 321, 330 Lepomis cyanellus, 325, 328, 329, 335, 336, 344, 345, 371 humilis, 325, 329, 332, 336, 344, 371 macrochirus, 325, 328, 329, 336, 344, 346, 372 megalotis, 325, 328, 329, 336, 344, 345, 372 microlophus, 325, 327, 330 miniatus, 325 pallidus, 325 punctatus, 325, 327, 329, 330, 333 Leptops olivaris, 324 lineolatum, Etheostoma, 326 Little Vermilion River, 300, 301, 305, 306, 308, 311, 321-7, 334-5, 339, 356, 362-75 Logperch, 327 Longear sunfish, 325, 347 Longnose gar, 321 lutrensis, Notropis, 323, 327, 330, 331, 332, 333, 336, 343, 366 Lycopus americanus, 313 Lysimachia nummularia, 313 M macrochirus, Lepomis, 325, 328, 329, 336, 344, 346, 372 macrolepidotum, Moxostoma, 111, 328, 330, 332, 336, 343, 364 maculata, Pcrcina, 327, 329, 336, 345, 375 Madtom brindled, 324 freckled, 324 slender, 324 tadpole, 324, 350 megalops, Opsopacodus, 328 megalotis, Lepomis, 325, 328, 329, 336, 344, 345, 372 melanops, Minytrema, 1,11, 328, 330, 332, 333, 363 melas, Ameiurus, 314^ melas, Ictalurus, 324, 327, 328, 332, 335, 336, 369 Methods, fish collecting (sampling), 299, 300-6 ; see also Electrofishing microlophus, Lepomis, 325, 327, 330 Micropterus dolomicui, 326, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 336, 344, 346, 372 punctulatus, 326, 327, 329, 336, 344, 346, 372 salmoides, 326, 328, 329, 336, 344, 373 Middle Fork (of the Vermilion River), 300, 301, 305, 306, 308, 312, 313, 317, 320, 321-7, 334-5, 337, 338, 339-40, 342, 343, 349, 357, 358, 362-75 Milkweeds, 313 Mimic shiner, 324 miniatus, Lepomis, 325 Minnow bluntnose, 324, 347, 352, 353, 354, 357 bullhead, 324 fathead, 324 pugnose, 324 silverjaw, 322, 347, 352, 354 silvery, 322 suckermouth, 324, 350 Minytrema melanops, 322, 328, 330, 332, 333, 363 mirabilis, Phenacobius, 324, 328, 335. 336, 338, 344, 353, 368 mississippiensis, Roccus, 325, 327, 330 miurus, Noturus, 324, 327, 329, 336, 344, 370 miurus, Schilbeodes, 324 Mosquitofish, western, 325 Moxostoma anisurum, 322, 329, 332, 336, 343 aureolum, 322 breviceps, 311 carinatum, 320 duquesnei, 311 erythrurum, 322, 328, 336, 343, 345, 364 macrolepidotum, 322, 328, 330, 332, 336, 343, 364 Mud darter, 326 380 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 28, Art. 2 N natalis, Ameiunis, 324 Tidtalis. litalunis. 324, 327, 328, 335, 336, 344, 345, 346, 369 nebulosus, Icialurus, 324, 327, 330 n'ujrr, Ictiohiis. 322, 329, 330, 333 ni(/ri( cms, Catnstomus, 321 mgrhans. Hypnitrliiiin. 321, 328, 331, 332, 333, 336, 338, 343, 345, 363 nigromaculatus, Pomoxis, 326, 329, 332 tiKirum, Bolrosoma, 326 n'u/nim, Etiieostoma, 326, 328. 329, 336, 345, 374 noctiintus. A'otunis, 324, 327, 330 Northern hog sucker, 321 Northern redhorse, 322 notatus. Fundulns. 325, 328, 329, 335, 336, 345, 370 notatus, Pimiphtih's, 324, 327, 328, 335, 336, 343, 368 Notemit/nnus crysoleitcas, 323, 327, 328, 336, 338, 344, 365 Nntrn[>is amnis. 323, 329, 330, 333, 354 /ithcrinoidcs, 323, 328, 329, 331, 332 atripes. 323 atrocaiidalis, 323 blcnnius, 323, 324, 329 hoops, 323, 328, 330, 332, 333 cayuga, 323 chrysoccphalus, 323, 328, 332, 333, 33 5, 338, 339, 343, 345, 358, 366 cornutus, 323 cyanoceplialtts, 323 deliciosus, 323 dors/ills, 323, 327, 328, 331, 332, 335, 336, 337, 338, 343, 358, 366 gilherti, 323 '//etrrolrpis, 323, 327, 328, 329, 330, 332, 333 liypsisomatus, 323 Ulcichrosns, 323 lutrensis, 323, 327, 330, 331, 332, 333, 336, 343, 366 nihellus, 323, 327, 329, 331, 332, 336, 343, 366 spiloptcrus. 323, 327, 329, 335, 343, 345, 367 spUoptnus X liypsisomatus, 323 stramineus, 323, 327, 329, 335, 343, 345, 367 umhralUis, 323, 327, 328, 331, 332, 336, 338, 343, 345, 367 voluccllus, 324, 329 luhipplei, 324, 329, 336, 343, 367 nv/iipplii, 323, 324, 329 Noturus exilis, 324, 327, 329, 330, 333 fla-vus. 324, 329, 332, 333, 336, 337, 344, 369 gyrinus, 324, 329, 336, 344, 345, 370 m'turus, 324, 327, 329, 336, 344, 370 nocturnus, 324, 327, 330 nuchalis, Uybognatlius, 322, 328, 330, 336, 343, 346, 365 Nuphar ad-vejia, 313 O oblongus, Erimyzon, 321, 327, 328, 335, 336, 338, 343, 345, 358, 363 olivaris, Leptops, 324 olivaris, Pylodictis. 324, 329, 331, 332, 336, 344 Opsoparodus mrgalops, 328 Opsopoeodus emiliae, 324, 328, 330, 332, 333 Orangespotted siinfish, 325, 357 Orangethroat darter, 326 ossrus, Lcpisostrus, 321, 330 Oxbow(s), 311, 317 Pallid shiner, 323 pallidas, Lepomis, 325 pcllucida, Ammoaypta, 326, 329, 336, 337, 373 Percina caprodrs, 327, 328, 329, 336, 345, 375 laprodrs X scmifasciata, 327 maculata, 327, 329, 336, 345, 375 phoxoccphala, 127, 329, 336, 345, 375 sciera, 111, 330 semijasciata. 111 prrspicuus, Pimcplialrs, 324 Phcnacohius mirabilis, 324, 328, 335, 336, 338, 344, 358, 368 Phinney Branch, 349, 352, 356, 359 phoxocephala, Percina, 111, 329, 336, 345, 375 phoxoceplialus, Uadropterus, 'ill Phyla lauK'olata, 313 Pickerel, grass, 321, 347, 350 Pimepliales notatus, 324, 327, 328, 335, 336, 343, 368 perspicuus, llA- promclas, 324, 328, 336, 343, 363 figilax, 324, 328, 330, 332, 333 Pirateperch, 325 Plankton (blooms), 354 Polluted waters, chemistry of, 353 ; see also Water chemistry, Pollution (pollutants) Pollution (pollutants) ; see also \^'ater chem- istry', Water (stream) enrichment, Sewage, Fish distribution (occurrence), Fish abun- dance (weights, numbers) areas of chronic, 348, 353, 359 chemical, 346, 348 definition of, 346 domestic, 312, 346, 348, 352 fish tolerant of, 331, 351, 354-5 industrial, 312, 347, 348, 350, 352 organic, 346 types of, 346-8, 359 Pomoxis annularis, 326, 329, 336, 344, 373 nigromaculatus, 326, 329, 332 sparoides, 326 Pond(s), 317, 328, 356, 357, 359 Potamogeton foliosus, 313 spp., 313 Precipitation, 307, 310, 317 promelas, Pimepliales, 324, 328, 336, 343, 368 Pugnose minnow, 324 pullum, Campostoma, 322 punctatus, Ictalurus, 324, 328, 344, 369 punctatus, Lepomis, 325, 327, 329, 330, 333 punctulatus, Micropterus, 326, 327, 329, 336, 344, 346, 372 Pylodictis olivaris, 324, 329, 331, 332, 336, 344 Quillback, 347, 352, 357 Quillback carpsucker, 321 R Ragweeds, 313 Rainbow darter, 326 March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County 381 Red shiner, 323 Redear sunfish, 325, 357 Redfin shiner, 323, 347, 351, 352, 354 Redhorse, golden, 322, 347, 350 Redhorse, northern, 322 Redhorse, silver, 322 Roccus mississippiensis, 325, 327, 330 Rock bass, 325 Rorippa islandica, 313 Rose mallow, 313 rostrata, Angttilla, 325, 329 Rosyface shiner, 323 ruhellus, Notropis, 323, 327, 329, 331, 332, 336, 343. 366 Rumex altissimus, 313 rupcstris, Ambloplites, 325, 329, 332, 333, 336, 344, 346, 371 Salix interior, 313 salmoidcs, Microptcnts, 326, 328, 329, 336, 344, 373 Salt Fork (of the Vermilion River), 300, 301, 305, 306, 308-10, 311, 312, 313, 317, 320, 321-7, 334-5, 338, 339, 342, 343, 344, 345, 348, 349, 350, 351-2, 353, 354. 356, 357, 358. 359, 362-75 Sand darter, eastern, 326 Sand shiner, 323, 347, 352, 354 Sangamon River, frontis., 300, 301, 302, 303, 305, 306, 308-10, 312, 316, 317, 318, 320, 321-7, 334, 335, 337, 338, 339, 342, 343, 344, 345, 349, 352, 353. 356. 357, 358, 359, 362-75 sayanus, Aphredoderus, 325, 329, 336, 337, 345, 371 Scliilbcodes exilis, 324 gyrinus, 324 miiiriis, 324 sciera, Percina, 121 , 330 Sedges, 313 srmifasdata, Percina, 327 Semotilus atromaculatus, 324, 327, 328, 330, 331, 332, 335, 344, 345, 368 Sewage, 306, 348, 352-3, 355-6; see also Pollu- tion (pollutants) Shad, gizzard, 321, 337, 357 Shiner bigeye, 323 bigmouth, 323 blacknose, 323 common, 323, 347, 350, 353, 354 emerald. 323 golden, 323, 347, 354. 357 mimic, 324 pallid, 323 red, 323 redfin, 323, 347, 351, 352, 354 rosyface, 323 sand, 323, 347, 352, 354 spotfin, 323, 347, 352, 354 steelcolor, 324 Shrubs, 315 sicculus, Labidesthes, 325, 329, 332, 345, 370 Silver chub, 322 Silver maple, 313 Silver redhorse, 322 Silverjaw minnow. 322, 347, 352, 354 Silverside, brook, 325, 350 Silvery minnow, 322 Slender madtom, 324 Slenderhead darter, 327 Slough darter. 326 Smallmouth bass. 326 Smallmouth buffalo, 322 Soil erosion, 308 Soil (soil types, soil materials), 306, 313, 355. 359 sparoides, Pomoxis, 326 Spartina pectin ata, 313 Speckled chub, 322 spectabile, Etheostoma, 326. 328, 329, 335, 345, 374 spilopterus, Notropis, 323, 327, 329, 33 5, 343, 345, 367 spilopterus X hypsisomatus, Notropis, 323 Spoon River, 312, 313, 355 Spotfin shiner, 323, 347, 352, 354 Spotted bass, 326 Spotted sucker, 322. 350 Spotted sunfish. 325 Steelcolor shiner, 324 Stizostedion canadense, 320 Stonecat, 324 StoneroUer, 322. 347. 352, 354 storeriana, Hybopsis, 322. 328, 329 stramineiis, Notropis, 323, 327, 329, 335, 343, 345, 367 Stream discharge; see Water (stream) dis- charge Stream drainages; see names of streams. Drainage systems Stream gradient, 311, 313, 314, 315, 317 Stream (habitat) succession, 344—6 Stream habitats changes in, 317, 320, 333, 335, 358 classification and types of, 313-7, 358 ecological characteristics, 311-20 fish characteristic of various, 314, 335-7, 358 measurements of, 304, 336 Stream size expressed by size of drainage area, 345, 346 in relation to fish distribution, 340-6 in relation to fish size, 342, 3 58-9 in relation to fish weight (fish flesh), 342, 358-9 in relation to number of fish, 342. 358-9 in relation to number of fish species, 341-2, 35S-9 Stream water, chemistry of; see Water chem- istry sucetta, Erimyzon, 321 Sucker northern hog, 321 spotted, 322, 350 white, 321, 347, 352, 354 Suckermouth minnow, 324, 350 Sunfish Carman's, 325 green, 325. 347. 354. 357 longear. 325. 347 orangespotted, 325, 357 redear, 325, 357 spotted, 325 Svcamore, 313 Tadpole madtom, 324, 350 tergisus, Hiodon, 321 382 Illinois Natural History Survev Bulletin Vol. 28, Art. 2 Topminnow, blackstripe, 325, 352, 354 Turbidity, 304, 312. 313, 317, 336 U umbratilis, Notropis, 323, 327, 328, 331, 332, 336, 338. 343, 345, 367 Urbanization. 308, 357; see also Human popu- lation tints, htiohns, 322 Vegetation ; see also specific names aquatic (stream). 304, 313. 315. 317, 320, 336, 358 bank, 304, 312, 313, 336 overhanging, 304, 313, 317, 320, 358 ^'clifer. Carplodes, 321, 328, 330, 336, 343, 362 vcrmkulatus, Esox, 321 vigtlax, Cliola, 324 vigilax, Pimephales, 324, 328, 330, 332, 333 ^'olucellus, Notropis, 324, 329 W VVarmouth, 325, 3 57 Water chemistry, 312, 353, 355; see also Pollu- tion (pollutants) and Polluted waters, chemistry of Water levels. 304, 307, 308, 311, 317, 328, 354 Water (stream) discharge, 308-10; see also Water (stream) flow (volume) Water (stream) enrichment, 355-6, 359; see also Pollution (pollutants), Water chem- istry. Sewage Water (stream) fertility, 355, 359; see also Water (stream) enrichment. Soil (soil types, soil materials) Water (stream) How (volume), 315, 317, 348, 3 58; see also Water (stream) discharge Water temperature, 312, 317, 346, 353, 354 Water turbidity; see Turbidity Water velocity (current), 304, 312, 314, 317, 320, 336, 337 Water willow, 313 Weather, 307 West Branch (of the Salt Fork of the Ver- milion River), 309, 310, 312-3, 345-51, 353, 354, 359 Western mosquitofish, 325 ivhipplei, Notropis, 324, 329, 336, 343, 367 ic/iipplii, Notropis, 323. 324, 329 White crappie, 326, 357 White sucker, 321, 347, 352, 354 Willows, 313 Yellow bass. 325, 3 57 Yellow bullhead, 324, 347, 357 zonale, Etheostoma, 327, 329, 336, 345, 374 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA Some Publications of the Illinois Natural H 3 0112 050756144 BULLETIN Volume 27, Article 2. — A Century of Biological Research. By Harlow B. Mills, George C. Decker, Herbert H. Ross, J. Cedric Carter, George W. Bennett, Thomas G. Scott, James S. Ayars, Ruth R. Warrick, and Bessie B. East. December, 1958. 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