597.0977366 ^ Tr^
cop. 2 ^K
fo ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY
VO
1^ HUllGttTl ^""'^'^ ^y Authority of
the State of Illinois
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5
The Fishes of I Champaign County, Illinois,
as Affected by 60 Years
S of Stream Changes
b R. WELDON LARIMORE PHILIP W. SMITH
00
5 STATE OF ILLINOIS
DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION
5 NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION
^ Urbana, Illinois
ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY
Bulletin
Volume 28, Article 2 March, 1963
Printed by Authority of the State of Illinois
The Fishes of
Champaign County, Illinois,
as Affected by 60 Years of Stream Changes
R. WELDON LARIMORE PHILIP W. SMITH
STATE OF ILLINOIS
DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION
Urbana, Illinois
C ONT E N T S
Acknowledgments 299
Methods and Equipment 300
Forbes & Richardson Procedure 300
Thompson 5c Hunt Procedure 300
1959 Survey Procedure 301
Selection of Site 302
Sampling Technique 302
Preservation and Sorting of Collections 304
Habitat Data Recorded at Site 304
Tabulations 304
Supplemental Distribution Records 304
Sources of Additional Information 306
Description of County 306
Soils 306
Weather 307
Agricultural Practices 307
Population, Urban, and Industrial Developments 308
Stream Drainages and Courses 308
Water Discharge 308
Draining and Dredging 310
Stream Habitats 311
General Ecological Characteristics 311
Habitat Types 313
Rivulets and Small Creeks ^14
Large Creeks > 1 -">
Small Rivers 315
Other Aquatic Habitats 317
Changes in Stream Habitats 317
Annotated List of Fishes 320
Amiidae 3-1
Lepisosteidae 3-1
Hiodontidae 3-1
Clupeidae 3-1
Esocidae 321
Catostomidae 321
Cyprinidae 322
Ictaluridae 324
Anguillidae 325
Cyprinodontidae 325
Poeciliidae 325
Atherinidae 325
Aphredoderidae 325
Serranidae 325
Centrarchidae 32:)
Percidae 326
Sciaenidae 327
Analysis of Distribution Patterns , 327
Changes in Distribution 328
Forbes & Richardson Records 328
Thompson <Sc Hunt Records 329
Investigations Between 1929 and 1959 330
Recent Survey Records 330
Summary of Changes Over 60- Year Period 331
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597. 09773^^
Ecological Associations 335
Species Associated With Various Stream Habitats 335
Species of Rivulets and Small Creeks 335
Species of Large Creeks 335
Species of Small Rivers 336
Species Associated With Various Ecological Factors 336
Species Associated With Other Species 337
Notropis dorsalis — Ericymba hiiccata 337
Notropis chrysocephalus — Erimyzon oblongus 338
Catostomus commersoni — Phenacobius mirabilis 338
Miscellaneous Associations 338
General Abundance and Occurrence 339
Average Number of Species Per Station 339
Average Number of Fish Per 100 Square Yards 340
Average Weight of Fish Per 100 Square Yards 340
Distribution and Stream Size 340
Relationships With Stream Size 340
Number of Species and Stream Size 341
Number of Fish and Stream Size 342
Fish Weight and Stream Size 342
Frequenc)' Distribution and Stream Size 342
Conclusions on Relationships 346
Distribution and Pollution 346
Areas of Chronic Pollution 348
The Bonevard 348
West Branch 349
East Branch 352
Lower Salt Fork 352
Copper Slough, Phinney Branch 352
Upper Sangamon 352
Upper Kaskaskia 353
Chemistry of Polluted Waters 353
Fish Anomalies Caused by Pollution 353
Fish Kills 353
Ingression Into Polluted Waters 354
Specific Tolerance to Pollution 354
Distribution and Water Enrichment 355
Natural Soil Fertility 355
Fertilizers on the Watershed 355
Domestic Sewage 355
Fisheries 356
Sport Fishing 356
Commercialized Sport Fishing 357
Bait Collecting 357
Summary 357
Literature Cited 360
Species Distribution Maps 361
Index 376
This paper is a joint contribution from two sections of the Illinois Natural History Survey:
the Section of Aquatic Biology, represented by Dr. R. Weldon Larimore, Aquatic Biologist, and the Section of Faunistic Surveys and Insect Identification, represented by Dr. Philip W . Smith, Associate Taxonomist.
Printed by authority of the State of Illinois, IRS Ch. 127, Par. 5SA2. (65400— 7M— 12-62)
J ?
The Fishes of Champaign County, Illinois, as Affected by 60 Years of Stream Changes
R. WELDON LARIMORE PHILIP W. SMITH
The fishes of Champaign County, Illinois, have received probably as inten- sive and prolonged study as those in any area of equal size in the New World. The long period of observation has fur- nished an unusual opportunity to evalu- ate the ecological changes that have oc- curred in a highly developed agricultural and urban region and to relate these changes to the distribution and abundance of stream fishes.
In 1899 and several years before and after, Stephen A. Forbes and Robert E. Richardson made 48 collections of fishes in
in the summer of 1959 and the spring of 1960. Our investigation was similar to that of Thompson & Hunt, except that, in order to obtain more standardized data, we utilized techniques and refinements un- known in 1928 and 1929. The present paper is the result of the third survey.
Throughout this study, emphasis has been placed on changes — changes in the county resulting from agricultural devel- opment and population increase, changes in the streams resulting from natural and human modifications, changes in aquatic habitats resulting from new developments
Champaign County while gathering ma- in land use practices, and changes in the
fishes as these adaptable animals adjusted to new conditions in their naturally un- stable aquatic environment.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We gratefully acknowledge the assist- ance of three former employees of the Illi- nois Natural History Survey, David J. McGinty, Richard E. Bass, and David W. Bridges, and regret that we cannot share authorship with them. All of them were recognized species. Thompson & Hunt's active in the investigation during the en- study was aimed at discerning distribu- tire field program and through much of tional changes in fish. The use of stan- the data analysis. Throughout the sum- dardized sampling methods and a sys- mer of 1959, they returned to the labora- tematic approach to making collections tory each evening and helped sort, count, enabled them to express results quantita- and measure collections, frequently of tively (to include numbers and weights of such size that sorting continued until mid- fish) as well as qualitatively (to include night. With _ equal willingness, they only names of species) and permitted shared, or carried on in our absence, other them to make a number of important gen- phases of the study ranging fromjiard
terial for their study The Fishes of Illi- nois (Forbes & Richardson 1908). Their collections included approximately 65 spe- cies. In 1928 and 1929, David H.' Thomp- son and Francis D. Hunt made 132 Champaign County collections that in- cluded approximately 75 species (Thomp- son & Hunt 1930). The exact number of species in these early studies is uncer- tain because some of the reported species were composites of two or more currently
eralizations regarding the distribution and abundance of fishes in small streams.
A period of about 30 years elapsed be- tween the study by Forbes & Richardson and that by Thompson & Hunt. As a sec- ond 30-year period drew to a close, a unique opportunity to collect data that could be compared with those of Forbes & Richardson and Thompson & Hunt, and to test some of the concepts outlined by Thompson «Sc Hunt, could not be ignored. Accordingly, we undertook a third survey
physical labor to tabulation of data. Their contribution is sincerely appreciated.
For kindly answering our questions concerning the 1928 survey and giving his opinion on some of the recent collections, we particularly thank Dr. David H. Thompson. For graciously transcribing his records and field notes on angling in Champaign County, we are grateful to Dr. Marcus S. Goldman.
Dr. Milton B. Trautman and Dr. Reeve M. Bailey checked the identifica-
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tion of some of tlu- difHcult specimens. Dr. Horace W. Norton and Mr. Bud J. Meatior }2;ave counsel and fiuidance in an- alvzinji our data. Dr. Thurston E. Lar- son, Dr. Russell T. Odell, Dr. Robert A. Evers, and Mr. \\\ J. Roberts offered de- tailed information relating to their par- ticular specialties.
The photographs were taken bv Mr. ^Villiam E. Clark and Mr. Wihiier D. Zehr; fig. 6 was drafted by Mrs. Alice Ann Prickett; much of the drafting of the distribution on maps was done by Mr. Ralph G. Downer.
We owe a special debt to Dr. George W. Bennett for suggestions and encour- agement throughout the investigation and to Dr. Bennett and Dr. H. H. Ross for critical perusal of our early manuscript. We are indebted to Mr. James S. Avars for his editing of the final manuscript.
The Illinois State Department of Con- servation co-operated in this study by sup- porting part of the field work and labora- tory analyses.
METHODS AND EQUIPMENT
Methods and equipment employed in sampling stream fish populations should be selected on the basis of the demands and objectives of the study and the amount of time and effort that can be expended in making the collections. During each of the surveys of the fishes of Champaign County, the procedure was to visit well- distributed sites, selected to yield a com- prehensive picture oi the fishes of the streams. Seines were used as standard equipment in the first two investigations; during the third survey both seines and electrofishing ecpiipment were employed. The total time spent procuring collections may have doubled with each succeeding survey. These changes in procedure and intensity of collecting present difficulties in comparing results of the three sur\eys. In drawing conclusions, we have care- fully weighed the difficulties inherent in a study extending over more than half a century.
Forbes & Richardson Procedure
Forbes c^ Richardson (^K)8) made their collections by seining, presumably with seines of various mesh sizes, at se- lected sites throughout the county. As far
as we know, these early investigators made no attempt to do a uniform amount of seining at each station or to determine the relati\e abundance of the \arious species found. The number of revisits, if any, that they made to their stations cannot be ascertained. According to Thompson & Hunt ( I'^^^O: 16), the collections of Forbes & Richardson spanned a 20-vear period : 1 in 1882. 3 in 1885. 1 in 18Q2, 2 in 1898, 22 in 1899, 3 in 1900. and 8 in 1901, giv- ing a total of 40 collections from 40 sta- tions. Apparently these counts were made from the old accession catalogs and the atlas of maps that accompanied Forbes & Richardson's The Fishes of Illinois. They do not agree with our calculations. Our count of localities plotted by Forbes
(1907) and b}- Forbes iSc Richardson
(1908) and of localities represented by specimens still extant at the Natural His- tory Survey from early collections raises the number of Champaign County locali- ties sampled by Forbes & Richardson to 48, distributed by drainages as follows: Salt Fork 27, Sangamon 10. Kaskaskia 5, Embarrass 3, and Middle Fork 3.
Thompson & Hunt Procedure
Thompson .^ Hunt (1930:1-1—7) em- ployed seines of certain lengths and mesh sizes. They recorded the actual number of fish taken at each collecting station and the calculated number per 100 square yards of area seined. In the words of Thompson & Hunt (1930:5), "the gen- eral methods emploved in the former sur- vey have been applied intensively to a small area. Champaign County, and use has been made of special methods which yield results more strictly quantitative." Records show that 126 stations were sam- pled in 1928 and that a few stations were revisited in the spring of 1929. Of the total number of collections. 132, Thomp- son & Hunt (1930:14-7) made 127 with a seine, 10 feet by 4 feet, having meshes one-sixth inch square and 5 with a seine, 75 feet by 6 feet, having meshes 1 inch square. Their 126 stations were distrib- uted by drainages as follows: Salt Fork 48, Sangamon 31, Embarrass 19, Kaskas- kia 15, Middle Fork 9, and Little Ver- milion 4. Thompson & Hunt emphasized, and demonstrated with amazing success, the importance of skill and efficifncy in
March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
301
sampling with seines. The distribution of the Forbes & Richardson and the Thomp- son & Hunt collecting stations is depicted in fig. 1.
1959 Survey Procedure
The intention, when our survey was be- ing planned, was to duplicate the seining
procedures employed by Thompson Si, Hunt and in addition to extend the sam- pling at each station by using more effi- cient, recently developed methods that would lead to quantitative samples of greater reliability. We soon realized, however, that it would be virtually im- possible to duplicate their seining proce-
Fig. 1. — Distribution of the Forbes & Richardson (inverted solid triangles) and of the Thompson & Hunt (open circles) collecting stations in Champaign County. The hatched area near the center of the map represents Champaign-Urbana.
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Fig. 2. — Seining a shallow, rocky riffle in the Sangamon River near Mahomet. Agitation upstream from the seine dislodges darters, madtoms, and certain minnows from the gravel.
dures, and that even a slij^ht chani^e in technique could stronj^ly influence any quantitative value of the sample. We therefore chose a standard procedure of blockinji; ofi a section of stream and col- lectinjz; the fishes within the section with an electric fish shocker. In efforts to ex- tend our list of species in the area, we then seined various habitats close to the blocked- oft section.
Selection of Site. — Because of the uneven distribution of fishes in a stream, the selection of a sampling station was of considerable importance. Inasmuch as riionipson (^ Hunt had mapped the loca- tion of each of their sites before going into the field, and their maps, on file at the Natural History Survey, were available to us, we chose to revisit their stations. However, we did not necessarily sample at exactly the same places. Their notes indicated that they often seined unusual situations such as deep pools generally found under bridges, whereas we at- tempted to select areas judged representa- tive of particular parts of streams. Al- though our procedure possibly omitted some unusual populations, it produced
samples that we believe were more nearly representative of each drainage system.
Sampling Technique. — At each se- lected site, a stretch of stream approxi- mately 150 feet long was blocked off with one-fourth-inch-mesh minnow seines. A crew of three or four men started at the downstream block with an electric seine and proceeded upstream, collecting all fish that could be seen and captured with dip nets of three-sixteenths-inch mesh. On reaching the upstream block, the crew reversed direction, electrofishing back through the sample area. \V'hen the water was exceptionally turbid, a minnow seine was pulled through the enclosed area to recover stunned fish that had been over- looked by crew members using dip nets. Care was exercised to pick up all of the dead and stunned fish that had drifted into the net at the downstream block.
The electric seine used . in the small streams was 30 feet long; it had 15-inch drop electrodes spaced at 30-inch inter- vals. It was powered by a gasoline-driven electric generator having a maximum ca- pacity of 8.7 amperes of 60-cycle alternat- ing current at 115 \olts. In wider
March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
303
streams, a 50-foot electric seine, powered by an 11-ampere, 230-volt alternating cur- rent generator, was used. The generator was usually left near the equipment truck, and the electric lead wires were run off a reel having a commutator through which power was supplied as the electrodes were moved up and down the stream.
In the blocked-off areas, we took 77 samples, all within a short period of time (July and August, 1959), thus keeping at a minimum the effects that seasonal changes in fish distribution and abundance might have on our samples. Because for each blocked-off area we made and kept a record of the number of individuals of each species in the sample and their total weight, we refer to a sample from such an area as a quantitative sample.
To supplement the sample taken within each blocked-off area, we seined nearby habitats, figs. 2 and 3. An indefinite num- ber of hauls was made with a 20-foot by 4-foot nylon minnow seine of three-six- teenths-inch mesh. These "cruising" sam- ples usually added several species to the list of fishes taken at each locality. Ma- terial obtained outside the blocked-off areas was not included in the quantitative samples. Fish in the "cruising" samples were not measured or weighed.
The reliability of our quantitative sam- ples was not determined. We recognized the selectivity of electrofishing in differ- ent habitats and for different species of fishes. For obvious practical reasons, we could not adapt our equipment and pro- cedure to produce the greatest efficiency
Fig. 3. — Seining a shallow pool in the Sangamon River near Mahomet. Habitats of this type contain suckers and minnows. In 1959, collecting with a minnow seine in such habitats usually yielded species not collected with an electric seine in nearby blocked-off areas.
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Illinois Natural History Sur\ey Hulletin
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at each station, nor could we determine t!ie efficiency of our electrofishinji at each sta- tion and still complete the field work in a 2-month period. To keep the number of variable conditions as small as possible and to obtain as nearly comparable samples as was practical, we followed the same pro- cedure at each station. In another stud\ Larimore (1061), using equipment and procedures similar to those used in the 105*^ survey, determined elcctrofishin^ suc- cess in a stream just outside Cliampai^n County. Since the stream was similar to some of the Champaign County streams and since many of the same species were collected, his rate of success is pertinent to evaluating our (luantitative samples.
The qualitative completeness of our quantitative samples, that is, the number of species per station in the quantita- tive samples compared with the number of species per station in the quantita- tive plus other samples (total collec- tion per station), is shown in tables 13 and 14. Usually about 90 per cent of the species listed at each station were taken in the blocked-off area; the additional 10 per cent were obtained in nearby areas. Our collections averaged 1.4 times as many species per station as did those of Thompson 6c Hunt. The difference is due probably to our use of two collecting methods and our larger samples. It prob- ably does not reflect a change in the num- ber of species present, nor does it imply in- efficiency in the earlier survey, for cer- tainly Thompson <Sc Hunt were remarka- bly thorough with the method that they employed.
Further evaluations of our collecting efficiency are given in the section General Abundance and Occurrence.
Preservation and Sorting of Col- lections.— \'er\' large, easily identified fishes were released at the site of capture after their numbers, lengths, and weights had been recorded. All small specimens were immediately put into cans of 15 per cent formalin and taken to the laboratory. Each evening, individuals in the collection were sorted ; then, for each species, the numbers, total weights of various size groups, and ranges in lengths were re- corded on printed form cards. Only speci- mens of unusual interest were saved for the permanent collection. Specimens ob-
tained from habitats adjacent to the blocked-off areas were not included in (juantitati\e computations.
Habitat Data Recorded at Site. — A series of standard measurements and an evaluation of certain ecological factors were made at each station. Water level was recorded as high, low, or normal. At each station, depth was measured along transects at the middle and lower part of the stud\' area and in the deepest part of the area. Where great variation in depth occurred, additional measurements were taken halfway between the middle and upper limits and the middle and lower limits of the area. Maximum, minimum, and average widths were recorded on a sketch of the stream section. Current was measured by timing a float as it passed through a 50-foot course judged repre- sentative of the water velocity at the sta- tion. Turbidity was measured with a U. S. Geological Survey turbidity needle. Types of bottom materials, such as sand, silt, and gravel, were determined, and an estimate was made of the relative abundance of each type. Notes were made of debris and vegetation in the stream, as well as of vegetation on the bank and overhang- ing the water.
Tabulations. — Quantitative data were recorded on large tabular sheets similar to those used by Thompson ik Hunt. Total number and weight for each species in a collecting area were translated into num- ber and weight per 100 square yards of area. This procedure facilitated compari- son of our results with those of Thompson cSc Hunt. The volume of water at each station was calculated and recorded, so that the relations of fish numbers and weights to volume could be ascertained. Also, the measurements and ecological evaluations discussed above were recorded on each sheet. All of this information was transferred to International Business Ma- chine (IBM) punch cards; the results of the classification and analysis of these data were recorded on IBIVI work slieets, which along with the original tabulations and pertinent notes for both our survey and that of Thompson <Sc Hunt are on file at the Natural History Survey offices.
Supplemental Distribution Rec- ords.— ^In addition to making collections at most of the stations set up by Thompson
March, 1963
Larimore & Smith : Fishes of Champaign County
305
& Hunt, we sampled 28 other localities in the county. In sampling these stations, we used either a 20-foot by 4-foot nylon minnow seine of three -sixteenths -inch mesh or a rowboat shocker (Larimore, Durham, & Bennett 1950). The seine sampling, aimed at filling in distributional gaps where blocked-off sampling stations
were widely separated, was of varying in- tensity and was designed merely to procure a list of species from each locality. Row- boat shocking had the same objective and, with few exceptions, was used only when the stream was too large to permit the ef- fective use of minnow seines. Some sam- pling by both methods was done on re-
Fig. 4. — Distribution of the 1959 collecting stations (solid circles) in Champaign County. Open symbols represent collecting sites, not revisited in 1959, of the two prior surveys: inverted triangles the Forbes & Richardson survey and circles the Thompson & Hunt survey.
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visits to certain stations in an attempt to obtain unusual species that had not been taken on our initial visits, but that hail been recorded at the stations by Thompson 5c Hunt. The streams sampled and the number of collecting! stations on each stream, including: stations for cruisinji and supplemental samplin<:, were as follows: Salt Fork 55, Sani^amon 39, Kaskaskia 22, Embarrass 20, Middle Fork 11, and Lit- tle \'ermilion 5. The distribution of these 152 localities is depicted in i\\i. 4.
Sources of Additional In:orination. — Se\ eral Champaiji;n County anj^lers pro- vided reliable observations. The records they provided were evaluated separately from those of our own collections; their degree of reliability is fulh' indicated in the Annotated List of Fishes. Fwo opera- tors of commercial fee-fishing lakes pro- vided information that was used.
DESCRIPTION OF COUNTY
In about a century, much of Champaign County has been converted from marsh- land infested with deer flies to well- drained, fertile farmland. It has been in- tensively cultivated for several decades, and its streams have been modified by dredging, tiling, silting, and other in- fluences that accompany agricultural prac- tices. The human population has mush- roomed in recent years, and some areas have become industrialized, providing an opportunity to observe the effects of sew- age and industrial wastes on streams and stream life.
Located in east-central Illinois, Cham- paign County, fig. 5, is ib miles from north to south and 27 miles from east to west. It occupies 988 stjuare miles (632,- 415 acres) of flat to slightl\ rolling land; the present relief resulted from relatively recent glaciation and from postglacial stream erosion. The altitude ranges from 630 to 860 feet above sea level and aver- ages about 710 feet. Although essentially a flat plain, it is somewhat higher than surrounding counties, and four major stream systems arise within tlie county. Two other stream systems originate a short distance north of the county limits.
The county has been glaciated twice, but the efiects of the more recent Wis- consin stage (about 18,000 years ago) ob- scure those of the much older Illinoian
stage. The series of end moraines, which rise from 50 to 100 feet above the inter- morainal basins, usually form boundaries between drainage s\ stems. The entire
FifS. 5. — Lf)cation of Champaign County nnd i'.s streams in relation to the state and major drainage systems. The dotted line indicates the boundary of a particularly fertile area, at one time mostly prairie marsh.
county is overlaid with a mantle of Wis- consin glacial till, which is covered with a layer of loess of varying thicknesses up to 8 feet, except where the loess has been eroded away. The county contains no rock outcrops.
Soils
The soils reflect the soil parent material, the drainage, and the vegetational history of the area. Dark upland prairie soils make up about 92 per cent of the area; yellow-gray silt loams, the upland timber soils, make up about 5 per cent; bottom- land or terrace soils constitute the small remainder (Hopkins et dl. 1918:6).
A recent arrangement of the soil types of Champaign County is presented in the
March, 1963
Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
307
following paragraph (Fehrenbacher 1963 and personal communication from Dr. Russell T. Odell, Professor of Soil Pedol- ogy, University of Illinois).
The dark upland prairie soils can be placed in four general groups. A group of silty loess prairie soils (mainly Drummer, Flanagan, and Catlin soil types) covers about 40 per cent of Champaign County. These soils are loam till covered with 3 to 5 feet of loess. Properly managed, they are the most productive in the county, averaging about 95 bushels of corn per acre per year. A second group of prairie soils, mainly Drummer, Brenton, and Proctor soil types, consists of silty outwash soils with greater subsurface flow and higher permeability than the first group men- tioned. They cover about 26 per cent of the county and also are very productive. This group of soils is associated with the former marshes. A third group, made up of medium-textured prairie soils, occurs in rolling areas mostly along the Cham- paign Moraine and covers about 10 per cent of the county. A fourth group, com- posed of fine-textured prairie soils of silty clay loam and silty till, covers a large area in the northeastern part of the county and scattered areas in the northwestern part, a total of 16 per cent of the county. This group is somewhat less productive than the other prairie soils. The small remaining group, consisting of nonprairie soils, is generally associated with the river valleys and constitutes the least productive soils in the county.
Weather
Champaign County has a temperate continental-type climate without the mod- ifying influences of a large body of water. In most years, temperature extremes range from well below 0 degrees to slightly over 100 degrees F. The annual mean temperature is 52 degrees F. (Changnon 1959:46). Comparison of monthly aver- age temperatures over a 57-year period during which weather records have been kept at Urbana reveals great fluctuation but no significant trend. August, the month of our most intensive collecting in 1959, was considerably warmer than the August average.
The county receives an average of about 36 inches of precipitation per year.
Although the annual averages for 1929- 1958 were similar to those for the preceding 1903-1928 period, judged by data graphically presented by Changnon ( 1959 : 1 1 ) , the 5-year period immediately preceding Thompson & Hunt's study was exceptionally wet, and the years 1930, 1953, 1954, and 1956 were exceptionally dry, the annual rainfall being less than 30 inches. The years 1940 and 1959 re- ceived subnormal amounts of precipitation and were marked by unusually dry sum- mers. The summer months of 1959 were extremely dry and resulted in low water levels during the time of our intensive field work.
Agricultural Practices
Champaign County is one of the most productive grain areas in the world. Dur- ing more than a century of farming, this county has undergone great changes in landscape, in farming methods, and in crops. These changes include the draining of the wet prairies and marshes to convert them to productive farmland, the use of large machinery, and the widespread use of commercial fertilizers and new and improved plant varieties.
The farming of the first settlers in this county was largely restricted to raising cattle and small crops on the high areas and along the stream courses where drain- age was naturally good. Lands that were dry enough for cultivation were turned by oxen. During the last quarter of the nineteenth century, ditches were dug and tiles laid to drain the wet prairie fields. By 1900, the farms averaged between 80 and 100 acres in size.
With the development of large farm machinery — heavy tractors, combines, seeders, and corn pickers — many farms were merged to form larger ones. Cur- rently, the average Champaign County farm is about 200 acres. Within the past 30 years a trend toward less diversifica- tion among farm crops has appeared ; corn and soybeans have become the two lead- ing crops.
During the 1940's, the widespread use of commercial fertilizers brought about a general increase in average yield. Hybrid plants and improved varieties added to yields. Recently, liquid nitrogen as a fer- tilizer has further increased production.
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At the time of settlement of Cham- paign County, very little soil eroded from the prairie and timber areas, but intensive farming made erosion a serious, constant threat even in the nearl> flat or gently sloping lands of Champaign County. As the native vegetation was removed and the soil directly exposed to rain and wind, the soil became compact and less absorbent, causing more rapid runofif, accompanied by the loss of rich topsoil. The inadequacy of soil conservation practices had adverse effects upon the streams and contributed to more frequent floods followed by seri- ously low water levels. The eftects of soil erosion and the need for intensive con- servation methods are not fully appreci- ated by many Champaign County farm- ers. Few grainfields are farmed on the contour, strip cropping is rare, and grass waterways are maintained in relatively few of the cultivated fields. Farm animals are permitted to graze the stream banks and thereby contribute to serious erosion and siltation.
Population, Urban, and Industrial Developments
During the first half of the twentieth century, striking changes in land use in Champaign County were brought on by the increasing human population. In 1900, the census reported 47,622 people residing in the county; in 1930, 64,273; in 1960, 132,436. The trend has been toward ur- banization; in 1900, 31.1 per cent of the population lived in urban areas and, in I960, 75.6 per cent. Although there are about 26 cities and villages in the county, only Champaign-Urbana, Rantoul, and a few others have increased in population. Some of the small villages in the count\ have remained static in population or have even declined. The changes in size of urban areas is illustrated by fig. 6, which shows the village limits of the 1870's in red and the recent limits in black.
A considerable acreage of farmland has been usurped by urban and surburban de- velopment. The total number of acres in cultivation was roughly the same between 1900 and 1928 and was considerably greater than it is today. Since 1928. cleared land, particularly that marginal to cities and villages, has been pressed into nonagricultural uses. Alany areas
that were once farmed now are covered by modern schools, grain storage units, and industrial developments; other large land areas now are occupied by Chanute Air Force Base and the campus of the Uni- versity of Illinois. These lands are per- manently out of production of farm crops. The vast network of roads, including sev- eral major highways that transect the county, occupies a large and e\er-increas- ing area.
A highly developed road system has made Champaign County ideally suited for the study reported here because roads are laid out, orderI\' and regularly, paral- lel to each other at mile or half-mile in- tervals throughout the county. All streams could be sampled con\eniently at almost any point, and electrofishing and other heavy collecting gear could be transported by automobile almost to the water's edge.
Stream Drainages and Courses
The stream drainages of Champaign County can be summarized as follows. Six rivers have headwater channels in the county, four of which (Salt Fork, Em- barrass, Kaskaskia, and Little \'ermilion) actually originate within the county. All of the drainages are separated by moraines, except the Sangamon and Salt Fork ; dur- ing times of flood, headwaters of the San- gamon and Salt Fork may connect, al- though connection occurs much less fre- quently now than formerly. The total drainage area (in square miles) of each of these rivers within the county is as fol- lows: Sangamon 277, Salt Fork 346, Mid- dle Fork 69, Embarrass 138, Kaskaskia 168, and Little Vermilion 40. A few smaller streams flow out of the county, but each joins one of the six larger rivers a short distance beyond the county border. The relationships of the streams to the larger rivers are shown in fig. 5.
The total drainage area (in square miles) of the main course of each of these rivers at the point the river leaves Cham- paign Countv is as follows : Sangamon 388, Salt Fork 307, Middle Fork 241, Embarrass 106, Kaskaskia 98, and Little Vermilion 28. These figures include up- per reaches of those rivers that rise out- side the county.
Water Discharge. — Annual average discharge records for two gaging sta-
March, 1963
Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
309
tions near the periphery and for three stations well within the county are avail- able, table 1. The records show the size of the streams at these stations and indi- cate the amount of water drained from the different watersheds. Calculated from fig-
ures in table 1, the annual average dis- charge of water per acre in the period ending in 1957 was 0.7 cubic feet per second (c.f.s.) for the Sangamon, Salt Fork, and West Branch ; 0.6 c.f.s. for the Kaskaskia ; and 1.0 c.f.s. for the Bone-
Fig. 6. — Distribution of towns and water areas in Champaign County in the 1870's (in red) and 1950's (in black). Drawn from map in Atlas of the State of Illinois (Anon. 1876) and U. S. Geological Survey Quadrangles (editions 1950-1957).
310
Illinois Natlrai. History Survky Bui.i.utin
Vol. 28, Art. 2
Table 1. — Water discharge records taken at five gaging stations in Champaign County (U. S. Geological Survey, 1953-1960).
Stream
Sangamon
Salt Fork
Kaskaskia
Boneyard
West Branch
Location
OF
Station
Near Mahomet Near Homer Near Boiid\iIle Near Urbaiia Near Urbana
WATKRSHF.n,
Square Mii.es
356.0 344.0
12.3 4.6
71.4
Annual
Average
Discharge
(C.F.S.)
249.00
243.00
8.05
4.62
50.40
Years
OF
Records
1948-1957 1944-1957 1949-1957 1948-1957 1936-1957
>ard. The lowest discharjie per acre was for the Kaskaskia drainaiic, which is en- tirely farmland, and the hi<:;hest dischar<j;e was for the Boneyard drainaj^e, which is almost entirely urban, lying within Cham- paif2;n-Urbana.
The records on the Sant^amon River taken near Monticello are of special value in that they show chanjjes in stream dis- charge over a long period. Although the gaging station is about 10 miles outside Champaign Count\ , it records the runoff from one-quarter of the county. Records are nearly complete back to 1908. They show that annual average discharge fell below 200 c.f.s. only once during the two decades before the Thompson & Hunt study of 1928, but fell below this level eight times in the three decades since. The low discharges in recent years indicate the reduced water-holding capacity of soils of the watershed. I he river now re- sponds quickly to precipitation or drought, whereas it had a more nearlv constant flow before 1^28.
The minimum discharge of a stream has great significance to fish distribution. Before the Thompson & Hunt study, there was no record of the Sangamon River discharge dropping as low as 1.0 c.f.s. but it reached 1.0 c.f.s. or lower five times in the three following decades. As might be e.xpected, there is a high correla- tion between precipitation and water dis- charge of streams in an area. There is, of course, a variable time lag between pre- cipitation and discharge.
Draining and Dredging. — Because of the original marshy character of Cham- paign County, much draining, dredging, and straightening of waterways has been necessary to prepare the land for agri- culture.
The Illinois Farm Drainage Act of 1879 encouraged the formation of drain- age districts and enabled farmers to par- ticipate in the installation of drainage systems to serve large areas. Drainage proceeded rapidly during the following two decades, and, by the turn of the cen- tury, when Forbes & Richardson made the first extensive fish collections in the area, 36 per cent of the county's 632,415 acres had drainage improveir.ents, table 2.
The number of acres in drainage dis- tricts almost doubled between 1900 and 1910, with 190,205 additional acres (30 per cent of the county) receiving drain- age improvements. In the decades since 1910, the amount of new land drained has declined, table 2. The acreage of land placed in drainage districts in the three decades between 1930 and 1960 amounted
Table 2. — Acres of land in Champaign County placed in drainage districts during each period since about 1880 and the per cent of the county (632,415 total acres) with drainage improvements by the end of each decade. In- formation from the Federal Land Bank of St. Louis and Champaign County records.
|
Per Cent of |
||
|
Acres Placed |
County with |
|
|
Period |
IN Drainage |
Drainage |
|
Districts |
Improvements |
|
|
Pre-1891 |
162,298 |
26 |
|
1891-1900 |
66,951 |
36 |
|
1901-1910 |
190,205 |
66 |
|
1911-1920 |
23,524 |
70 |
|
1921-1930* |
24,174* |
74* |
|
1931-1940 |
22,838 |
77 |
|
1941-1950 |
16,064 |
80 |
|
1951-1960 |
14,046 |
82 |
*In 1921-1930, 3,060 previously unrecorded acres that had received drainage improvements prior to 1927 (dates iinknoH-iO were included in the acreage total for this period, column two, and takeji into account in the per- centage figures for this and later periods, column three.
March, 1963
Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
311
to only 8 per cent of the area of the county.
When Thompson & Hunt made their collections in 1928, 74 per cent of the county was in drainage districts. By 1959, 82 per cent of the county (520,100 acres) had received drainage improvements. Of the 18 per cent of the county remaining, probably a considerable proportion has adequate natural drainage or is in non- agricultural use. Future drainage probably will consist mostlj'^ of maintenance and improvement of existing systems.
Dredging to increase the water-carrying capacity of existing streams, or to create ditches in the undrained marshy areas where none existed, eliminated areas of standing water and created new channels. Recanalization of natural streams re- sulted in much straightening, in the erec- tion of high earthen banks along the sides, in producing greater uniformity of the stream environments, and in drastically altering local habitats, fig. 11.
Subsurface drain tiles reduced areas of standing water and in some places resulted in burying what had been surface drain- age courses. As a result, many small, in- termittent streams have been replaced by field tiles or by wide, carefully graded grass waterway's.
Draining and dredging, which have re- duced the water storage capacity of the watershed, have contributed to higher flood levels and lower drought levels in the streams. These practices have lowered the water table and affected the perma- nency of many small streams. Since the early 1870's, work has been directed to- ward improving the drainage in Cham- paign County; in the future this objective may need considerable modification as de- mands for water supplies increase and ef- forts are made to hold water to meet these demands.
Some stream courses have been altered. Slight changes in drainage boundaries can be seen on the upper reaches of Hayes Creek, Copper Slough, Camp Creek, the Salt Fork above Rantoul, and the head- waters of the Little Vermilion system.
Two stations where Thompson & Hunt seined, one in a small tributary of the East Branch of the Salt Fork about 3 miles southeast of Rantoul, and one in a tributary of Hayes Creek on the Cham-
paign-Douglas county line, were no longer extant in 1959. They had been replaced by grass waterways. Near St. Joseph, the Salt Fork had been straightened, leaving a large oxbow at the west edge of town. Numerous small streams visited in 1928 by Thompson & Hunt were completely drj' in the summer of 1959, due probably to the dry summer rather than to modi- fications by man or to long-term natural changes.
Some stream changes, including new channels and new meanders, were nat- ural. Such changes as occurred in the county between the mid-1870's (shown in red) and the mid-1950's (shown in black) can be detected in fig 6.
STREAM HABITATS
Most Champaign County streams origi- nate at drain tiles, fig. 7, on the slopes of moraines, or in flat, marshy areas. They flow through straight, usually man-made ditches in rich farmland and move on into less disturbed channels as they be- come larger and their valleys widen. Cer- tain general ecological characteristics are common to these streams and can be used to distinguish and describe several stream habitats.
General Ecological Characteristics
In Champaign County, the relatively flat topography, the lack of rock outcrops, the similarity of soil materials, and the intensive land-use practices produce an unusual amount of uniformity in the stream environment.
The stream gradient is generally low, usually between 3 and 4 feet of fall per mile. Only on the slopes of moraines and in a few short stretches does it exceed 6 feet per mile. The flow is generally mod- erate to sluggish during normal water stages. Riffles are gentle and pools are rather shallow. There are long stretches of very uniform depth and flow.
Water levels fluctuate rapidly and dras- tically. Flooding occurs with some reg- ularity, particularly during the spring and early summer. At normal water stages, streams have levels well within their steep-sided banks. During flood stages, the water levels may rise 10 to 15 feet and temporarily become torrents that erode away stream banks. Within the county,
312
lii.iNois Natlrai. History Survey Bulletin
Vol. 28, Art. 2
the Sanjiamon, Salt Fork. Middle Fork, and to a lesser degree the Embarrass rivers ha\e narrow floodplains. which may be completely inundated during floods. Se- vere dry periods occur nearly every year, usually during August and September. The flow may decrease drastically or even cease. The small headwater tributaries suffer most regularly and severely from dry weather conditions.
Water temperatures in small, shallow, stagnant pools may approach 100 degrees F. during the summer and 32 degrees in the winter. There are no large springs to moderate water temperatures. The lack of shading bank vegetation along shallow areas allows extreme daily fluctuations of temperature, which, in summer, may change as much as 20 degrees F. between the cool morning hours and the hot mid- afternoon. In winter, temperatures may drop sufficiently to freeze the water to the stream bottom in shallow areas. Be- cause fish generally concentrate in deep pools, the\' are seldom caught in the ice.
The distribution of bottom materials, formed from the basic glacial till, is di-
rectly related to the velocity of the water. Through selective sorting of the basic ma- terials, rubble and gravel (the heaviest materials) pile up in riffle areas, sand in areas of moderate current, and the finer particles of silt and clay drop out only in the quiet waters of the deep pools.
Turbidity is generally high, becoming low only during the cold months, when the activity of fish is reduced so much that it does not roil silt on the bottom and when streams are said to be "winter clear." During the field work for the present study, turbidity ranged between 15 and 150 parts per million (p. p.m.).
The chemistry of stream water, bas- ically related to the mineral composition of the watershed, may be strongly in- fluenced by domestic and industrial pol- lution, table 3. Water in the lower Em- barrass, Kaskaskia, Spoon, and Sangamon rivers, which are relatively unpolluted, is low in ammonium, phosphate, and nitrate, in comparison with w'ater from the pol- luted areas in the Salt Fork River. Hard- ness (as calcium carbonate content) ranges from 264 to 436 p. p.m. The pH is slightly
Table 3. — Partial chemical analysis of water collected from seven stream locations in Champaign County on December 29. 1960. The streams were mostly ice covered and at normal water level. Temperatures of samples ranged from 32 to 34 degrees F. The water had no measurable color or odor. Turbidity was less than 24 p.p.m. Analysis was made by the Illinois Water Survey. All figures are for p.p.m.
Station
Embarrass
North of Villa
Grove
Sangamon
Northeast of
Mahomet
Kaskaskia
West of
Parkville
Spoon River
North of
St. Joseph - East Branch
North of
St. Joseph West Branch
East of
Frbana Salt Fork
Northwest of
Homer
2 O
<
0.2
0.3
tr.
0.5
7.4
7.5
4.8
a H <
2.8
5.8
6.5
2.4
18.2
14.9
15.9
|
bJ |
|||
|
< X |
a |
||
|
a. |
e^ |
< |
< |
|
CO |
O |
b |
CJ |
|
c |
J |
wj |
|
|
hU |
E |
D |
"-^ |
|
cu |
U |
c« |
c« |
|
0.1 |
13 |
111.7 |
8.7 |
|
0.0 |
32 |
115.0 |
4.5 |
|
0.5 |
7 |
19.1 |
11.4 |
|
0.1 |
13 |
152.6 |
10.4 |
|
13.1 |
255 |
85.6 |
14.0 |
|
47.4 |
100 |
193.2 |
14.4 |
|
22.2 |
116 |
107.2 |
15.0 |
to
304
303
320
292
360
312
03 ^^
284 392
428
264
436
372
376
336
Q CO
> <
-: J «
<■ O t]
2; f z
c f" 2
477
555
370
850
842
705
, ^ z
-J u £
^ z ^
*C 35 <xi
0.0
0.1
0.1
555 0.0
0.7
1.2
0.9
March, 1963
Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
313
above neutral, most of the readings rang- ing from 7.2 to 7.8. The amount of dis- solved oxygen varies from supersaturation in well-aerated riffle areas to less than 1 p.p.m. in highly polluted waters and in stagnant pools when the stream flow is discontinuous.
Much of the natural aquatic vegetation in Champaign County streams may have been eliminated early in this century through dredging, pollution, and other man-induced alterations. The remaining vegetation is limited in distribution by the generally high turbidity of the streams. Baker (1922) illustrated many of the stream habitats along the Salt Fork as they appeared in 1919 and 1920. Except for a large patch (which no longer exists) of yellow water lillies, Nuphar advena, northeast of Sidney, the vegeta- tion seen in his photographs is similar to that found at present. Moreover, his de- scription of the aquatic vegetation in- cludes essentially the same species that now occur in the area.
Thompson & Hunt listed the common coarse aquatic plants that they observed. Their list includes most of the present vegetation. They listed four species of Fotamogeton that we did not find as- sociated with the flowing waters of the county ; however, we observed another spe- cies of Fotamogeton , believed to be F. foliosus Raiinesque, in a number of streams and found it to be quite common in the upper reaches of Lone Tree Creek near Foosland. The field notes of Thomp- son & Hunt and our observations indicate that aquatic vegetation was more exten- sive in 1928 than it is today.
Dr. Robert A. Evers, of the Section of Applied Botany and Plant Pathology of the Natural History Survey, examined plants in several collections we made dur- ing the present study. His identifications add the following species to the list pre- sented by Thompson & Hunt: Equiseturn arvense Linnaeus Spartina pect'inata Link Carex cristatella Britton Salix interior Rowlee Rum ex altissimus Wood Rorippa islandica (Oeder) Borbas Lysimachia nummularia Linnaeus Asclepias incarnata Linnaeus Phyla lanceolata (Michaux) Greene
Lycopus americanus Muhlenberg Eiipatorium perjoliatum Linnaeus Hibiscus militaris Cavanilles These plants are not true aquatics but are characteristically associated with the banks and mud flats along most of the streams. A few true aquatics deserve spe- cial comment. Fotamogeton foliosus has already been mentioned as quite common in part of Lone Tree Creek. Elodea canadensis Michaux occurs in large patches in the polluted West Branch be- tween Urbana and St. Joseph. Dinnthera americana Linnaeus is abundant on the riffles and along the shores of many streams, especially in the Middle Fork. Chara sp. was taken near a seepage spot on a tributary of the Spoon River near Flatville.
The vegetation we observed in our study included grasses, sedges, ragweeds, milkweeds, docks, and several composites along the small streams as they passed through flat and open farmlands. In some of the reaches of these streams, willows and scrubby growths of a few other de- ciduous trees overhung the water. Tall de- ciduous trees lined the banks of most of the large streams. Especially common were silver maple, American elm, cottonwood, sycamore, and willows. In open areas, where the sunshine reached the water, grew buttonbush, rose mallow, water wil- low, and a few other plants.
Habitat Types
Although the general ecological char- acteristics of the streams of Champaign County are rather uniform, each stream contains several distinct habitats. The habitats are determined largely by stream size, stream topography and gradient, soil materials comprising the bottom, and hu- man modification of the stream and its drainage basin.
Thompson & Hunt (1930:34-9) clas- sified stream habitats according to size of area drained, permanency, depth, width, current, type of substrate, amount of veg- etation and debris, turbidity, and faunal composition. They recognized vernal rivu- lets; kettle holes at mouths of tile drains; oxbow ponds along small streams; per- manent headwater streams; stretches of shallow, sluggish water ; gravelly and sandv riffles and stretches ; rocky rapids
314
Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin
Vol. 28, Art. 2
Table 4. — Champai)5n County stream habitats, the extent of their occurrence, and their physical characteristics.
Habitat
Rivulet and small creek
Large creek
Riffle
Sand and fine gravel
Gravel and boulder
Pool
Sh a I low -
Deep
Small river
Riffle
Sand and gravel
Boulder and rubble
Pool
Shallow
Deep .- — -
Miles in
COUNTV
189 176
Drainage
Area (Square
Miles)
10 10-200
200-400
Average
CJradient
(Feet per
Mile)
7 3
Maximum
Depth (Range in Inches)
1-10
1-12 1-12
•V-24
3-18 3-18
18-36 36-96
Current
Variable
Swift Swift
Moderate Sluggish
Swift Swift
Moderate Sluggish
and riffles ; moderately deep, smoothly flowinji stretches ; and long, deep pools. They described each habitat and listed characteristic species of fishes.
We prefer a classification based on the same ecolojjical characteristics but having divisions with more easily definable limits, table 4.
Rivulets and Small Greeks. — Our rivulets and small creeks include the ver- nal rivulets of Thompson & Hunt and also intermittent streams of slightly greater size. They arise as small open
gullies coming ofi the face of moraine slopes, as seeps in grass waterways, or as discharges at field tiles, fig. 7, draining flat marshy areas. The type that originates at a field tile may have an unusual be- ginning because of the large, and some- times surprisingly deep, hole that is scoured out at the base of the tile. In many cases, the pool contains a large con- centration of fish.
Most rivulets and small creeks in Champaign Count\' have been modified by dredging and straightening of the chan-
Fig. 7. — Drain tile mouth and pool on the East Branch of the Salt Fork of the Vermilion River. A tile mouth is Champaign County's analogue of a spring.
March, 1963
Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
315
nel. They consist of a long open ditch, flowing smoothly over a substrate of clay, silt, or loam. They lack aquatic vegeta- tion but are bordered by grasses, herbs, and shrubs. Although they include oc- casional water pockets that could be termed pools, and occasional shallow areas where there is an accumulation of sand and gravel suggesting riffles, their distri- bution of fishes is relatively uniform throughout. These long open ditches may partially dry up if water flow ceases dur- ing the summer months. Their small size, instability of flow, and lack of shade pro- duce a highly unstable aquatic environ- ment.
Large Greeks. — The streams we classify as large creeks are formed by the confluence of the rivulets and small creeks. The water contributed by the network of tributaries is of such volume that flow is continuous throughout most years, al- though the actual volume may fluctuate drastically from wet to dry seasons. Typically, the large creeks consist of al- ternating pools, shallow stretches, and rif- fles (frontispiece). They contain a greater
variety of habitats than do rivulets and small creeks. The frequency of occurrence of riffles depends upon the distribution of glacial drift materials, the extent of dredging, and the stream gradient. Some of the large creeks in Champaign County have been dredged ; they now have straight rather than meandering courses, a mo- notonous sameness of environment, and nearly uniform depth, fig. 8.
In the large creeks, riffles over sand and fine gravel are usually without aquat- ic vegetation ; those over gravel and small boulders have some attached algae. Some pools are shallow and have a moderate flow over clay, sand, and silt ; they have a variety of aquatic vegetation. Other pools are quiet and deep, having been formed by obstructions or unusual erosion of the bottom materials ; they have ac- cumulations of silt and only marginal veg- etation. Long, shallow pools make up large proportions of most of the Cham- paign County streams we have classified as large creeks, fig. 11.
Small Rivers. — The largest streams in the county, hardly larger than creeks
-<',- :'<.■*.*.>«&
Fig. 8. — The Kaskaskia River southwest of Parkville. This stream, dredged from time to time, illustrates one of the large creek habitats found in Champaign County. Modification of this creek resulted in an unusual amount of sand in the stream bed.
M6
Ii.i.iNois Natlrai. History Slrvev Bulletin
Vol. 28. Art. 2
Fig. 9. — I'pper picture: a shallow pool in the Sangamon River near Fisher. Habitats such as this contain several species of suckers, basses, and sunfishes, and nnany species of small fishes. Lower picture: a deep pool in the Salt Fork near Homer. Habitats such as this contain carp, catfish, shad, and relatively few species of small fishes.
March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
317
by some standards, we have classed as small rivers, figs. 2 and 3. They include the lower Sangamon, the lower Salt Fork, and the Middle Fork. They are perma- nent streams that have less extreme and less sudden fluctuations in water level and temperature than creeks. Their flood- plains and banks are generally shaded by large trees, fig. 9. Like large creeks, the small rivers contain both riffle and pool habitats, table 4.
Riffles of small rivers differ from those of creeks in their greater volume of flow and their greater proportion of large- sized bottom materials. Because of the low gradient of the small rivers, the riffles in these streams are relatively fewer in num- ber and occupy a smaller proportion of the total water area than do those in creeks. Sand and fine gravel riffles with little aquatic vegetation occur in small rivers as well as creeks ; because sand and fine gravel occur also in many boulder and rubble riffles that have some aquatic veg- etation, the two types of riffles are less clearly defined in rivers than in creeks.
Pools in small rivers are either shallow and have moderate water flow, or deep and have sluggish current, fig. 9. Their characteristics are similar to those of large creeks, but the pools are deeper and have more overhanging vegetation and greater silt deposits. In certain parts of the lower Salt Fork and lower Sangamon, occasional pools are quite deep and have very slug- gish water movements.
Other Aquatic Habitats. — Other Champaign County aquatic habitats that do not fit into the above classification are nonstream habitats, such as farm ponds, artificial lakes, and oxbows. No natural lakes and no permanent swamps and marshes remain in the county. Ponds and artificial lakes are of little interest in the present study inasmuch as they have been stocked, and they are of concern only if the fishes they contain spill over into the streams. Oxbows have characteristic la- custrine populations. The component spe- cies obviously were derived from the streams with which the oxbows were once associated.
Changes in Stream Habitats
The environment of a stream is sensi- tive to almost any activity within the
watershed. It is influenced by the human population, agriculture, and industry as outlined previously in this paper.
For the 30-year period between the studies of Forbes & Richardson and those of Thompson & Hunt, specific measure- ments or observations of the stream en- vironment were limited to some studies of stream-flow measurements and drain- ing activities. From these studies and the information on the general development of the county, we know that many water habitats were actually eliminated and that draining and dredging resulted in in- creased fluctuation of water levels, in- creased turbidity, and a reduction in aquat- ic vegetation. We know that channel straightening, with the elimination of meanders, actually shortened stream courses in many areas and consequently increased the stream gradient. The re- placement of stagnant-water marshes by underground drains that discharge waters that are relatively cool in summer and warm in winter may have reduced seasonal fluctuations of stream temperatures.
Between the investigations of Thomp- son & Hunt in 1928 and the present time, we have specific information on certain changes that have occurred. Thompson & Hunt's original field notes provide an un- usual opportunity for evaluating various changes in habitats at identical, or nearly identical, collecting sites, figs. 10 and 11. Habitat differences can be seen at specific sites described by Thompson & Hunt and then examined 30 years later during the 1959 investigation. These differences have been evaluated and summarized in table 5.
The principal changes noted have to do with dimensions, particularly in average depth and average width of the pools where collections were made. The field work of the 1928 survey was carried on "from early spring to late autumn" (Thompson & Hunt 1930:14) ; most of our collections were concentrated in the dry months of late summer. The entire summer of 1959 was considerably drier than that of 1928. Despite differences in the time of field work and in the amount of precipitation in 1928 and 1959, the two censuses disclosed that measurable changes had taken place in the Champaign County drainage systems in the years be- tween the censuses, table 5.
.ns
Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin
Vol. 28, Art. 2
Fi^. 10. — The Sangamon River near Mahninet in the autumn of 1928 (above) and the au- tumn of 1962 (below). The habitats at this site have remained relatively unchanged.
March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
319
-MfWrflitM
Fig. 11. — The Kaskaskia River near Bondville in the autiamn of 1928 (above), some years after it had been dredged, and in the autumn of 1962 (below), after another dredging. Here the Kaskaskia is classed as a large creek.
.^20
Ii.i.iNois Natural History Slrvev Bulletin
Vol. 28. Art. 2
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All of the Champaign County drainage systems showed a decided trend toward a decrease in depth and an increase in width, table 5. All of them showed a decrease in gravel and an increase in sand. All but the Kaskaskia River showed an increase in silt, which had covered the gravel or sand present in 1928. In the Kaskaskia, however, sand deposits had covered over both the gravel and silt formerly re- corded, fig. 8. A general decrease was evident in the occurrence of aquatic veg- etation ; an increase had occurred, except along the Sangamon and Kaskaskia rivers, in the amount of overhanging vegetation. Only in the Kaskaskia was there a strik- ing change in water velocity, an increase caused by recent dredging and straighten- ing of the river and perhaps by the in- troduction of large volumes of well water in its upper reaches. Except for the gen- eral increase in width and the unusual conditions cited for the Kaskaskia River, the changes noted were precisely those which could be expected in view of the changes in land use and landscape appear- ance outlined earlier. Study of the values in table 5 for decrease, unchanged status, and increase for each characteristic in each drainage system reveals the degree of these changes.
ANNOTATED LIST OF FISHES
Ninety species are included in our an- notated list of the fishes of Champaign County. One of these, Hybopsis aestivalis, is questionable for reasons given subse- quently. A few other species, not in the annotated list, are known from streams in adjacent counties and may eventually be found in this county. These species of hypothetical occurrence are Carpiodes carpio carpio (Rafinesque), Moxostoma carinatum (Cope). Stizostedion canadense (Smith), all of which have been taken a short distance downstream in the Salt Fork of the Vermilion in adjacent Ver- milion County, and Etheostniua camurum (Cope), taken in the Middle Fork of the Vermilion in \'ermilion County. A few other species, reported by Champaign County fishermen but not examined by us or documented by specimens, have not been included in our list. Of the 90 species in the annotated list, 74 were taken dur- ing 1959 or have been taken since.
March, 1963
Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
321
The fishes have an unusually complex s.vnonymy. Accordingly, in the following list, the name applied to a Champaign County species by earlier authors is given in every case where the current name dif- fers from that in the literature. In several cases, the "species" of earlier investigators were composites of two or more species as now recognized. Because of these com- posite species, most of the existing speci- mens in the Thompson & Hunt collec- tions and a few in the Forbes & Richard- son collections have been re-examined and reidentified.
A summary of collections for all three surveys is given. FR refers to Forbes & Richardson, TH to Thompson & Hunt, and LS to Larimore & Smith. The num- ber following the initials designates the number of localities represented ; the term "all drainages" following a number indi- cates that all drainage systems of Cham- paign County were represented. A " ?" following FR or TH indicates some doubt as to whether the species involved was in- cluded in the nominal species of Forbes & Richardson (1908) or Thompson & Hunt (1930). Names of drainages from which species were collected are given in paren- theses,
Aniiidae
Amia calva Linnaeus. Bowfin. — Several large adults taken by rowboat shocker from Kaufman's Clear Lake, where they had been introduced for sport fishing. LS 1 (Kaskaskia).
Leplsosteidae
Lepisosteus osseus (Linnaeus). Long- nose gar. — A large adult taken by row- boat shocker in the Middle Fork where it leaves the county. The species was prob- ably missed by earlier investigators be- cause of its raritv in the county. LS 1 (Middle Fork). '
Hiodontidae
Hiodoii alosoides (Rafinesque) . Gold- eye. — One specimen known from Cham- paign County. This specimen, taken on the Kaskaskia River at the lowermost station in the county and reported as Hio- don tergisus by Thompson & Hunt, is still extant and is reidentified as H. alosoides. TH 1 (Kaskaskia).
Glupeidae
Dorosoma cepediofiuni (Le Sueur). Gizzard shad. — FR 3 (Kaskaskia), TH 2 (Sangamon), LS 12 (Embarrass, Salt Fork, Sangamon).
Esocidae
Esox americanus vermiculatus Le Sueur. Grass pickerel. — Reported as Esox ver- miculatus by Forbes & Richardson, Thompson & Hunt, and other early au- thors. FR 10 (Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Mid- dle Fork, Sangamon), TH 26 (Kaskaskia, Embarrass, Little Vermilion, Salt Fork, Sangamon), LS 17 (all drainages).
Gatostomidae
Carpiodes cyprinus Jiinei Trautman. Central quillback carpsucker. — Reported as Carpiodes velifer by Forbes & Richard- son, Thompson & Hunt, and other early authors. FR 10 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), TH 9 (Middle Fork, San- gamon), LS 27 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon).
Carpiodes velifer (Rafinesque). High- fin carpsucker. — Reported as Carpiodes diff oralis by Forbes & Richardson, Thompson & Hunt, and other early au- thors. FR 8 (Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Mid- dle Fork, Sangamon), TH 4 (Middle Fork, Sangamon), LS 9 (Salt Fork, Mid- dle Fork, Sangamon).
Catostomus commersoni commersoni (Lacepede). White sucker. — FR 14 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), TH 63 (not 65 as stated: all drainages), LS 76 (all drainages except Little Vermilion).
Erimyzofi oblotigus claviformis (Gi- rard). Western creek chubsucker. — Re- ported as Eriniyzon sucetta ohlongus, a composite of E. sucetta and E. oblongus, by Forbes & Richardson, Thompson & Hunt, and other early authors. There is no evidence that E. sucetta ever occurred within the county, although it is known from deep quarries in adjacent Vermilion County. FR 22 (all drainages except Lit- tle Vermilion), TH 43 (all drainages), LS 79 (all drainages).
Hypentelium nigricans (Le Sueur). Northern hog sucker. — Reported as Ca- tostomus nigricans by Forbes & Richard- son, Thompson & Hunt, and other early authors. FR 7 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), TH 27 (all drainages ex-
322
Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin
Vol. 28, Art. 2
cept Little Vermilion). LS 42 (all drain- ages except Little Wrniilion).
Ictiohiis hubalus ( Ratinesque). Small- mouth buffalo. — A sinjile specimen taken on the lower San^jamon River. FR 1 (Sangamon).
Ictioht/s (\priiitllus ( X'alenciennes) . Bigmouth buffalo. — One specimen re- ported from the lower Sangamon. TH 1 (Sangamon) .
I tt iohus n if/ tr ( Rafinesque) . Black buffalo. — Reported as Ictiohus urns by Thompson ^' Hunt and known in the county by a single specimen taken on the lower Sangamon River. TH 1 (Sanga- mon ) .
Miuytrema mil an ops (Rafinesque). Spotted sucker. — FR 15 (Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), TH 4 (not 5 as stated: Kaskaskia, Salt Fork), LS 1 (Little Vermilion).
Moxostoma aiiisuiurn (Rafinesque). Silver redhorse. — TH 1 ( Sangamon), LS 7 (Salt Fork, Sangamon).
Moxostoma macroUpidotiim mncroh pi- dot ttm (Le Sueur). Northern redhorse. — Reported as Moxostoma breviceps by Forbes ^ Richardson, Thompson & Hunt, and other early authors, but later and until verv recentlv called M. aureolum. FR 1 (Salt Fork), TH 6 (Kaskaskia, Sangamon), LS 8 (Sangamon).
Moxostoma erythnuum (Rafinesque). Golden redhorse. — Reported as Moxos- toma aureolum by Forbes & Richardson, Thompson 5c Hunt, and other early au- thors, who presumably based their identi- fications on specimens of this species. 1 he superficially similar M. duquesnei, which the early authors did not distinguish from crythrurum. was not taken in the county during the 1959 survey and is not repre- sented among the Forbes .S: Richardson and Thompson <Sc Hunt collections still extant. FR 11 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), TH 22 (all drainages ex- cept Little Vermilion), LS 28 (Embar- rass, Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon).
Cyprinidae Campostoma anomalum pullum (Agas- siz). Central stoneroller. — Reported as Campostoma anomalum by Forbes oc Richardson, 'Fhompson & Hunt, and other early authors. This fish is assignable to the subspecies C. a. pullum. FR 17 (Salt
Fork. Middle Fork, Sangamon), TH 64 (all drainages except Little \'ermilion), LS 1U2 (all drainages except Little \'er- milion).
Carassius auratus (Linnaeus). Gold- fish.— Several large specimens taken by ruwboat shocker from Kaufman's Clear Lake, where they had been introduced. Another adult was found in the Salt Fork near Homer in 1955. LS 2 (Kaskaskia, Salt Fork).
Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus. Carp. — FR 4 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), TH 11 (not 9 as stated: Embarrass, Salt Fork, Sangamon), LS 56 (all drainages).
Ericymba buccata Cope. Silverjaw min- now.— FR 22 (Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Em- barrass, Middle Fork), TH 79 (all drain- ages), LS 78 (all drainages except Little Vermilion).
Hybognathus nuchalis nuchalis Agas- siz. Western silvery minnow. — FR 4 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), TH 9 (Kaskaskia), LS 9 (Kaskaskia).
Hybopsis aestivalis hyostoma (Gilbert). Ohio speckled chub. — Reported from the Middle Fork on the Champaign-Ford county line as Hybopsis hyostomus by Large (1903:19). The locality, which is far removed from other records of the species, was either ignored or overlooked by Forbes .k Richardson and Thompson & Hunt; inasmuch as Large's specimen is not extant for reidentification and addi- tional specimens have never been taken, the record is open to doubt.
Hybopsis amblops amblops (Rafi- nesque). Northern bigeve chub. — FR 6 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork), TH 8 (Em- barrass, Salt Fork, Middle Fork).
Hybopsis biguttata (Kirtland). Horny- head chub. — Reported as Hybopsis ken- tuckiensis by Forbes & Richardson, Thompson <Sc Hunt, and other earlv au- thors. FR 10 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), TH 46 (Kaskaskia, Middle Fork, Sangamon), LS 70 (Kaskaskia, Salt Fork. Middle Fork, Sangamon).
Hybopsis storeriana (Kirtland). Silver chub. — A specimen from the Middle Fork reported by Forbes & Richardson. A sec- ond specimen, an individual 4.5 inches long taken on a hook in the Salt Fork River near Homer in Jul\, 1952, was re- ported to us bv Dr. Marcus S. Goldman. FR 1 (Middle Fork), LS 1 (Salt Fork).
March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
323
Notemiffonus crysoleucas (Mitchill) . Golden shiner. — Reported as Abramis crysoleucas by Forbes & Richardson, Thompson & Hunt, and other earlv au- thors. FR 20 (Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Mid- dle Fork, Sangamon), TH 41 (all drain- ages), LS 46 (all drainages).
Notropis ornnis amnis Hubbs & Greene. Northern pallid shiner. — Specimens of this species referred by Thompson & Hunt (on different pages) to Notropis hetero- lepis, N. cayuga, and A^. c. atrocaudalis. One of their specimens was subsequently designated as a paratype of the new spe- cies amnis. A re-examination of the Thompson & Hunt specimens of "Notro- pis blennius" still extant has revealed specimens of amnis mixed with N . stranii- neus from three stations on the Sangamon near Fisher. TH 3 (Sangamon).
Notropis atherinoides atherinoides Raf- inesque. Common emerald shiner. — FR 2 (Salt Fork, Sangamon), LS 2 (Embar- rass, Salt Fork).
Notropis hoops Gilbert. Bigeye shiner. — Reported as Notropis illecebrosus by Forbes & Richardson, Thompson & Hunt, and other early authors. FR 1 (Salt Fork), TH 2 (Middle Fork).
Notropis chrysocephalus (Rafinesque). Central common shiner. — Reported as Notropis corniitus by Forbes & Richard- son, Thompson Si. Hunt, and other early authors. FR 9 (Salt Fork, Sangamon), TH 54 (Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), LS 64 (all drainages except Little Vermilion).
Notropis dorsalis dorsalis (Agassiz). Central bigmouth shiner. — Reported as Notropis gilberti by Forbes & Richard- son, Thompson & Hunt, and other early authors. FR 1 (Salt Fork), TH 5 (San- gamon), LS 28 (Kaskaskia, Middle Fork, Sangamon).
Notropis heterolepis Eigenmann & Ei- genmann. Blacknose shiner. — Reported as Notropis cayuga and N. c. atrocaudalis by Forbes & Richardson. Their records for the Salt Fork and Sangamon drainages presumably refer only to the blacknose shiner. The species may have disappeared from the county when the prairie sloughs and natural lakes were drained. The speci- men assigned to N . heterolepis by Thomp- son & Hunt is actually N . amnis amnis. FR 2 (Salt Fork, Sangamon).
Notropis lutrensis (Baird & Girard). Red shiner. — A species appearing in the county since 1928. It is now abundant in the Kaskaskia and upper Sangamon drain- ages in a variety of river and creek habi- tats. LS 21 (Kaskaskia, Sangamon).
Notropis rubellus (Agassiz). Rosyface shiner. — Misidentified as "Notropis ath- erinoides, var." by Thompson & Hunt. Our collections from the same stations contain rubellus and not atherinoides. Of the three Thompson & Hunt collections labeled atherinoides, the one extant con- tains rubellus only. TH 3 (Middle Fork), LS 6 (Middle Fork).
Notropis spilopterus spilopterus (Cope) X hypsisomatus Gibbs. Spotfin shiner. — Included in the composite Notropis whip- plii of Forbes & Richardson, Thompson & Hunt, and other early authors. Of the 53 collections of "N . whipplii" reported by Thompson & Hunt, 34 are still extant and have been reidentified. Thirty-two of these contain spotfin shiners. Material from the eastern side of the county (Salt Fork and Middle Fork) is assignable to the nominate subspecies on the basis of both lateral-line scale counts and body shape, specimens from the Kaskaskia (western side) are apparently typical hyp- sisomatus in both characters, and speci- mens from the Sangamon (western side) have nearly typical lateral-line scale counts of hypsisomatus but are intermediate be- tween spilopterus and hypsisomatus in body shape. FR ?, TH 32 (Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), LS 63 (all drainages).
Notropis stramineus (Cope). Sand shiner. — Included in the composite No- tropis blennius of Forbes & Richardson, Thompson & Hunt, and other early au- thors, but until recently called A'^. deli- ciosus. The identity of the Forbes & Rich- ardson specimens is not known, but prob- ably the majority belong to this species. Of the 44 collections of "blennius" re- ported by Thompson & Hunt, 32 are still extant and have been reidentified, reveal- ing stramineus exclusively, or in part, in all of them. FR ?, TH 32 (all drainages except Little Vermilion), LS 93 (all drainages).
Notropis umbratilis cyanocephalus (Copeland). Redfin shiner. — Reported as Notropis umbratilis atripes by Forbes &
324
Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin
Vol. 28. Art. 2
Richard>t)n. Thompson ^' Hunt, and other early authors. Local populations are ex- tremely variable, and subspeciHc identifi- cation is based on ^eojiraphical grounds. FR 8 (Salt Fork. Sangamon). TH bQ (all drainages). LS ^7 (all drainages).
Notropis volucellus volucellus (Cope). Northern mimic shiner. — Probably in- cluded in the composite .N otropis blenniiis of Forbes ^ Richardson and found in 2 collections (representing two localities) in the 32 reidentitied collections still ex- tant of Thompson & Hunt's ".V. blen- niusr FR ?. TH 2 ( Middle Fork). LS 3 (Middle Fork. Sangamon).
Xotropis uhlpplfi (Girard). Steelcolor shiner. — Probably included in the com- posite \otropis u-hipplii of Forbes 5: Rich- ardson and found at 16 localities in the 34 reidentihed collections of Thompson 5c Hunts "li ///>/)///.■■ FR ?. TH lb ( Kas- kaskia. Embarrass, Salt Fork, Middle Fork. Sangamon). LS 27 (Embarrass, Salt Fork. Middle Fork. Sangamon).
Opsopoeodus emiliae Hay. Pugnose minnow. — A specimen from the Salt Fork reported by Large (1Q03:15). TH 2 (Kaskaskia: 1 reported from a tributary and another found among a series of Thompson & Hunt's "Notropis blennius" from the Kaskaskia proper).
Phenacobius mirabilis (Girard). Suck- ermouth minnow. — FR 18 (Kaskaskia. Embarrass. Salt Fork. Sangamon). TH 25 (Kaskaskia. Salt Fork. Middle Fork. Sangamon). LS 34 (all drainages except Little Vermilion).
Pimephales notatus (RaHnesque). Bluntnose minnow. — FR 37 (all drain- ages except Little \ermilion). TH 111 (all drainages). LS 134 (all drainages).
Pimephales promelas prornelas Rah- nesque. Northern fathead minnow. — FR 4 (Sangamon), TH 19 (Sangamon), LS 20 (Sangamon, Kaskaskia).
Pimephales vigilax perspicuus (Girard). Northern bullhead minnow. — Reported as Cliola vigilax by Forbes 5c Richardson. Thompson & Hunt, and other early au- thors. FR b (Sangamon), TH 4 (Salt Fork, Sangamon).
Semotilus atromaculatus atromaculatus ( Mitchill). Northern creek chub. — FR 9 (Salt Fork. Middle Fork. Sangamon), TH 101 (all drainages), LS 12b (all drainages).
Ictaluridae
Ictalurus melas (, Rahnesque). Black bullhead. — Reported as Ameiurus melas by Forbes 5: Richardson. Thompson 5c Hunt, and other early authors. FR 12 (Kaskaskia. Salt Fork, Middle Fork, San- gamon). TH 12 (not 13 as stated: all drainages except Middle Fork), LS 7 (all drainages except Middle Fork).
Ictalurus natalis ( Le Sueur). Yellow bullhead. — Reported as Ameiurus natalis by Forbes 5c Richardson. Thompson ^ Hunt, and other earlv authors. FR b (Kaskaskia. Salt Fork), TH 15 (all drainages except Embarrass), LS 38 (all drainages).
Ictalurus nebulosus (Le Sueur). Brown bullhead. — Taken only from Franzen's Fishing Lake. Many specimens of this species were introduced into this lake for sport fishing during the course of our survey. LS 1 (Salt Fork).
Ictalurus punctatus (Rahnesque). Channel catfish. — FR 4 (Salt Fork, Mid- dle Fork, Sangamon), TH 11 (not 8 as stated: Salt Fork, Sangamon), LS 17 (Salt Fork. Sangamon, Middle Fork).
A oturus exilis Nelson. Slender mad- tom. — Reported as Schilbeodes exilis by Thompson 5c Hunt. TH 2 (Middle Fork, Sangamon).
N oturus ftavus RaHnesque. Stonecat. — FR 1 (Sangamon), TH 5 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), LS 22 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork. Sangamon).
\ oturus gyrinus (Mitchill). Tadpole madtom. — Reported as Schilbeodes gyri- nus by Forbes 5c Richardson, Thompson 5c Hunt, and other early authors. FR 13 (Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Sangamon), TH 8 (not 7 as stated: Salt Fork), LS 18 ( Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Sangamon ) .
N oturus miurus Jordan. Brindled mad- tom.— Reported as Schilbeodes miurus by Forbes 5c Richardson, Thompson 5c Hunt, and other early authors. FR 2 (Salt Fork), TH 2 (not 1 as stated: Salt Fork), LS 8 (Embarrass. Salt Fork. Middle Fork).
-\ oturus nocturnus Jordan 5c Gilbert. Freckled madtom. — A specimen seined from a pool over mixed sand-gravel and another from a fast rifHe in the middle Sangamon River. LS 2 (Sangamon).
Pylodictis oliiaris ( Rafinesque). Flat- head catfish. — Reported as Leptops olivar-
March, 1963
Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
325
is by Thompson & Hunt. TH 1 (Sanga- mon), LS 4 (Middle Fork, Salt Fork, Sangamon). The flathead is probably much more common than the available records indicate.
Anguillidae
xinguilla rostrata ( Le Sueur). Ameri- can eel. — Reported as Anguilla chrysypa by Thompson tSc Hunt on the basis of a specimen caught by a fisherman in the Em- barrass River near Villa Grove just south of the Champaign County line. Dr. Mar- cus S. Goldman informs us that a specimen was taken on baited hook in the lower Sangamon River about 1940. In the spring of 1961, two eels were taken by hook-and-line fishermen from a small land-locked lake near Mahomet. We sub- sequently learned that these fish, origi- nally from the AVabash River, escaped from the creel of a local fisherman. TH 1 (Embarrass), LS 1 (Sangamon).
Gyprinodontidae
Fufidulus notatus (Rafinesque). Black- stripe topminnow. — PR 14 (Kaskaskia, Embarrass. Salt Fork, Sangamon), TH 41 (not 43 as stated: all drainages), LS 54 (all drainages).
Poeciliidae
Gambusia affiiiis affniis ( Baird ic Gi- rard). Western mosquitofish. — A recent arrival in the county. LS 2 (Salt Fork).
Atherinidae Labidesthes sicculus (Cope). Brook silverside. — FR 6 (Salt Fork, Sangamon), TH 5 (not 3 as stated: Salt Fork), LS 3 (Salt Fork).
Aphredoderidae
J phr-edoderus sayauiis (Gilliams). Pi- rateperch. — FR 1 (Sangamon), TH 12 (Kaskaskia, Embarrass, Sangamon), LS 13 (Kaskaskia, Embarrass, Sangamon).
Serranidae Roccus mississippietisis (Jordan 5: Eigenmann). Yellow bass. — Now known in this county only in Kaufman's Clear Lake and Lake-of-the-Woods, where it has been introduced. The evidence indi- cates that the yellow bass held a brief tenure in the Sangamon River of Cham-
paign County from 1955 to 1958. Dr. Marcus S. Goldman has numerous mellow bass records for the Sangamon for 1955, and we took specimens there in November of 1957. The Sangamon River fish pre- sumably came from the Lake Decatur pop- ulation. LS 3 (Kaskaskis, Sangamon).
Centrarchidae
AmblopUtes rupestris rupestris (Rafi- nesque). Northern rock bass. — TH 1 (Salt Fork), LS 16 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon).
Chaenobryttus gulosus (Cuvier). War- mouth. — A specimen taken by us on the Sangamon near Mahomet in November, 1957. Dr. Marcus S. Goldman reports that he has taken the species on hook and line in the same area. FR 3 (Kaskaskia), TH 1 (Salt Fork), LS 1 (Sangamon).
Lepomis cyanellus Rafinesque. Green sunfish. — FR IZ (all drainages except Lit- tle Vermilion), TH 38 (all drainages), LS 75 (all drainages except Little Ver- milion).
Lepomis humilis (Girard). Orange- spotted sunfish. — FR 16 (Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), TH 13 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), LS 9 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork. Sangamon).
Lepomis macrochirus macrochirus Ra- finesque. Northern bluegill. — Reported as Lepomis pallidas by Forbes ^ Richardson, Thompson &: Hunt, and other early au- thors. FR 2 (Salt Fork, Sangamon), TH 1 (Salt Fork), LS 16 (Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Sangamon).
Lepomis megaloiis megalotis (Rafi- nesque). Central longear sunfish. — FR 16 (Kaskaskia. Salt Fork, Middle Fork), TH 37 (not 39 as stated: all drainages), LS 44 (all drainages).
Lepomis rnicrolophiis (Gunther). Red- ear sunfish. — Formerly known as Eupo- motis heros. The widely transplanted red- ear is a recent arrival in Champaign County. Dr. Marcus S. Goldman recalls catching the species in the Sangamon near the Champaign-Piatt county line in the summer of 1958. LS 1 (Kaskaskia).
Lepomis punctatus miniatus Jordan. Spotted sunfish. — A specimen taken from the outlet of Crystal Lake by Thompson .S: Hunt and reported as Lepomis miniatus (Garman's sunfish). Their specimen is no longer extant. TH 1 (Salt Fork).
326
Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin
Vol. 28. Art. 2
Micropterus doloiniiui dolomirui Lacc- pode. Northern smallmouth bass. — FR 1 (Salt Fork), TH U) (Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), LS 37 (Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sanpinion).
Micntpttrits f>tin(tuleitt/s ptiiictulatus ( Ratinesque). Northern spotted bass. — Probably included in the composite Mi- cropttrits Sfilniolilcs of Forbes .Sc Richard- son, Thompson .S: Hunt, and other early authors. 'Fheir specimens of "salmoides" are not available for re-exaniination. FR ?. TH ?, LS 0 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork).
Micropterus sdhiioidrs sdlrnoides ( Lace- pede). Northern larjiemouth bass. — Prob- ably included in the composite Micropter- us salmoides of Forbes (Sc Richardson, Thompson O^c Hunt, and other early au- thors. Their specimens are no longer ex- tant. FR ?, TH ?. LS 14 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon).
Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque. White crappie. — FR 4 (Embarrass, Salt Fork, Sangamon), TH 2 (Sangamon), LS 16 (Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon ) .
Pomoxis ni(jromaculatus (Le Sueur). Black crappie. — Reported as Pomoxis spa- roides b\ Forbes (Sc Richardson, Thomp- son & Hunt, and other early authors. FR 7 (Kaskaskia, Salt Fork, Sangamon), TH 3 (Sangamon), LS 2 (Salt Fork, Sanga- mon).
Percidae
Ammocrypta pellucida (Haird). East- ern sand darter. — TH 2 (Middle Fork), LS 3 (Middle Fork).
Etheostomo asprigene (Forbes). Mud darter. — Reported as Etlieostoma jessiae by Forbes ^ Richardson. FR 2 (not 1 as stated by 'Fhompson & Hunt: Salt Fork and Sangamon), LS 1 (Sangamon).
Etlieostoma hlennioides Rafinesque. Greenside darter. — Reported as Diplesion hlennioides by Forbes 6c Richardson, Thompson iSc Hunt, and other earlv au- thors. FR 7 (Salt Fork), TH 10 "(Em- barrass, Salt Fork, Middle Fork), LS 13 (Embarrass, Little Vermilion, Salt Fork, Middle Fork).
Etlieostoma caeruleum Storer. Rainbow darter. — Probably included in the compos- ite Etlieostoma coeruleum of Forbes & Richardson; seven localities represented among the 11 Thompson (Sc Hunt collec-
tions still extant. FR ?, TH 7 (Embar- rass, Salt Fork, Middle Fork), LS 7 (Kaskaskia, Embarrass, Salt Fork, Mid- dle Fork).
Etlieostoma clilorosomum (Hay). Hluntnose darter. — Reported as Boleoso- ma camurum b\ Forbes & Richardson, Thompson (S: Hunt, and other early au- thors. FR 1 (Sangamon), TH 1 (Kas- kaskia).
Etlieostoma flabellare flabellare ( Rafi- nesque) X lineolatum (Agassiz). Fantail darter. — Champaign County specimens representing an intergrade population. Material from the Sangamon is rather dis- tinctly striped and approaches typical line- olatum, whereas flabellare influence pre- dominates in our series from the Salt Fork drainage. Specimens from the other drain- age svstems are intermediate in pattern. FR 2 (Salt Fork), TH 16 (not 14 as stated : Embarrass, Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), LS 18 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon).
Etlieostoma yracile (Girard). Slough darter. — Reported as Boleiclitliys fusifor- mis by Thompson & Hunt and known in the county from only one specimen, still extant, taken on lower Wildcat Slough. TH 1 (Sangamon).
Etlieostoma nigrum nigrum (Rafi- nesque). Eastern Johnny darter. — Re- ported as Boleosoma nigrum by Forbes & Richardson, Thompson & Hunt, and other early authors. We assign the Champaign County material to the nominate subspe- cies on geographical grounds. Material from the Embarrass, Little Vermilion, and perhaps the Kaskaskia is clearly refer- able to EAlieostoma nigrum nigrum, but large series from the Sangamon, Salt Fork, and Middle Fork exhibit characters of both E.. n. nigrum and E. n. eulepis Hubbs (Sc Greene, and specimens from the Salt Fork and Middle Fork of the Vermilion display predominantly eulepis characters. FR 1^ (Embarrass, Salt Fork, Sanga- mon), TH 82 (all drainages), LS 80 (all drainages).
Etlieostoma spectabile spectabile (Agas- siz). Northern orangethroat darter. — Probably included in the composite Etlieo- stoma coeruleum of Forbes & Richardson and found in 4 of the 1 1 Thompson & Hunt collections still extant. FR ?, TH 4 (Sangamon), LS 60 (all drainages).
March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
327
Etheostoyna zonale zonale (Cope). Eastern banded darter. — TH 8 (Sanga- mon), LS 6 (Sangamon).
Percina caprodes caprodes (Rafinesque) X semifasciata (De Kay). Logperch. — The meager material available regarded as representing an intergrade population. Middle Fork specimens show greater re- semblance to Percina caprodes semifasciata and Kaskaskia specimens to P. c. caprodes ; Sangamon specimens are almost exactly intermediate. FR 2 (Salt Fork, Sanga- mon), TH 2 (Kaskaskia, Middle Fork), LS 10 (all drainages except the Salt Fork).
Percina maculata (Girard). Blackside darter. — Reported as Hadropterus aspro by Forbes & Richardson, Thompson & Hunt, and other earlv authors. FR 15 (Salt Fork, Sangamon), TH 24 (all drainages except Little Vermilion), LS 49 (all drainages except Little Ver- milion).
Percina phoxocephala (Nelson). Slen- derhead darter. — Reported as Hadrop- terus phoxocephalus by Forbes & Rich- ardson, Thompson & Hunt, and other early authors. FR 3 (Salt Fork, Sanga- mon), TH 8 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon), LS 18 (Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Sangamon).
Percina sciera sciera (Swain). North- ern dusky darter. — A specimen recently taken in the minnow seine near Penfield, the first record for the county. LS 1 (Middle Fork).
Sciaenidae
A plodinotiis grunniens Rafinesque. Freshwater drum. — TH 3 (Sangamon), LS 4 (Sangamon) .
ANALYSIS OF DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS
Of the 90 species of fishes in our an- notated list for Champaign County, 7 {Amia calva, Carassius auratus, Ictalurus nebulosus, Gambusia affinis, Roccus mis- sissippiensiSj Lepomis punctatus, and Le- pomis microlophus) are introductions and must be excluded from any distributional analysis of native species.
Of the remaining 83 species, 13 reach the edges of their natural ranges within, or very near. Champaign County. They can be classified as northern, southern,
western, and eastern components on the basis of the direction in which their main ranges are located in relation to the coun- ty. Notropis rubellus and Etheostoma zonale are northern species that, in Illi- nois, reach their southernmost point of distribution within the county. Notropis heterolepis also is a northern species that once extended southward somewhat be- low Champaign County, but whose range has since retreated to the north. Noturus nocturnus, Micropterus punctulatus, and Etheostoma gracile are southern species that, in Illinois, have their northernmost records of occurrence within the county. Notropis dorsalis, Notropis lutrensis, and Noturus exilis are western species that, in Illinois, reach their easternmost limit of distribution in the county. Noturus miu- rus, Etheostoma blennioides, and Hybopsis amblops are eastern species that, at least at this latitude, reach their westernmost limit of distribution in the county. Eri- cymba buccata, another eastern species, occurs throughout Champaign County but does not occur, in central Illinois, much to the west of our area. Peripheral popu- lations are of considerable interest in that they can, when studied over a period of time, provide evidence of range expansion and withdrawal. The 13 species just men- tioned above have been carefully studied for such trends, and the data that they provide are discussed under Changes in Distribution.
The other 70 species of fishes in our Champaign County list have more exten- sive ranges and occur throughout this part of the state. These 70 species, needless to say, do not occur everywhere in the county. In fact, only 19 species are known to occur in all six drainages within the county. These species are as follows:
Esox americanus
Catostomus commersoni
Erimyzon oblongus
Cyprinus carpio
Ericymba buccata
N otemigonus crysoleucas
Notropis spihpterus
Notropis stramineus
Notropis umbratilis
Pimephales notatus
Semotilus atromaculatus
Ictalurus melas
Ictalurus natalis
328
Illinois Natlral History Survey Bulletin
Vol. 28. Art. 2
Fiiiutulus notntiis
Lff>oniis cyauclliis
Leponiis rni't/dlotis
A tlu'O s ton I (I II III r it in
I'/lieostoiim spfcldhilt'
Pt'iciiKi raproJcs Certain additional species, such as Le- pornis macruchirus and Micropterus sal- mo ides, are known to be in man\' ponds in all parts of the counts , havin;^ been intro- duced for sport fishing, but they were not taken in all drainaj^es as rejjular com- ponents of the stream populations.
Some species could be expected to show seasonal dilierences in occurrence, as sev- eral of our drainaj^es are represented by headwaters onl\. For example, some of the catostomids mij^ht have been present in headwaters durinj^ the spring months but might ha\e migrated downstream and out of the counts before our summer field work began. Although our data on sea- sonal distribution are limited, we found no evidence to support the assumption that spring runs of migratory species greatly influence the occurrence of species in Champaign County. We revisited ap- proximately 20 stations in the county one or more times, the revisits representing the months of September, October, Jan- uary, May, June, and July. Subsequent visits to a station usually revealed a few species that we missed on the initial visit, init at every station the greatest number of species was taken on the first visit, probably because the low water levels in July and August of 1959 had concentrated the fishes. Moreover, the species added on subsequent visits were usually fishes of relatively sedentary habits rather than strongly migratory species such as catosto- mids.
CHANGES IN DISTRIBUTION
The earliest published references to Champaign Countv Hshes appear to be those of Large (1903:19, 15). who cited Hyhopsis hyostomus (equals H. ficstii-alis) and Opsopaeodus [sic] megalops (equals Opsopoeodiis ciniliae) from specific locali- ties within the county. No date or other information is given, but the collections are presumed to have been made prior to the extensive work of Forbes & Richard- son. Both records, although published in 1903, were overlooked, or perhaps ig-
nored, by Forbes & Richardson (1908) and all subsequent authors. The speci- mens are no longer extant.
Although fish collections by staf¥ mem- bers of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural Histor\, a parent agency of the Natural History Survey, were made as early as 1882, no references to Champaign County fishes, except those by Large (1903:15, 19), appeared until Forbes (1907) published a paper on the distribu- tion of certain Illinois fishes.
Forbes & Richardson Records The Forbes <S: Richardson distribu- tional records were plotted on the maps in an atlas accompanying The Fishes of Illinois or were cited in the text. Al- though Hsh nomenclature of 1908 differs markedl\- from that of today, we are virtually- certain that the following species as now recognized were included in the 48 collections of Forbes & Richardson :
D oroso iiifi cepediaii um
Esox uiiiericanus
Carpiodes cyprinus
Carpiodes velifer
C(i 1 0 s to in n s c o in ni e rs o n i
Eriinyzoii ohlontjus
Hypentelium nigricans
Ictiobus hiihalus
Aliny treiiia in elan ops
Aloxosioina inacrolepidotuin
Moxostoma erythrurum
Ca in p 0 s 1 0 III a anomalu m
Cyprinus carpio
Ericymha huccata
Hybognathus nuchalis
Hybopsis (iinblops
Hybopsis biguttata
Hybopsis storeriana
Noteinigonus crysoleucas
Notropis atherinoides
Xotropis boops
Notropis chrysocephalus
Xotropis dorsalis
]\ otropis heterolepis
\ot r 0 p is II III brat His
Phenacobius mirabilis
Piniephales notatus
Pitnephales pronielas
Piniephales vigilax
Semotilus atroniaculatus
Ictaluriis inelas
letalurus natalis
Ictalurus punctatus
March, 1963
Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
329
Noturiis flavus
Noturus ffyrinus
Noturus miurus
Fiindulus notatus
Labidesthes siccuhis
Aphredoderus sayanus
Chaenobryttus gulosus
Lepomis cyanellus
Leponiis hum His
Lepomis macrochirus
Lepomis megalotis
Micropterus dolomieui
Pomoxis annularis
Poinoxis nigromaculatus
Etheostoma asprigene
Etheostoma blennioides
Etheostoma chloi-osomum
Etheostoma fiabellare
Etheostoma nigrum
Percina caprodes
Percina maculata
Percina phoxocephala In addition to the species cited above are probably others. Forbes & Richardson's nominal "Notropis blennius" was probably a composite of N . stramineus and N. vo- lucellus, their "Notropis whipplii" a com- posite of N . spilopterus and ISl . whipplei, their "Micropterus sahnoides" a composite of M. punctulatus and M. sahnoides, and their "Etheostoma coeruleum" a composite of E. caeruleum and E. spectabile. Al- though many of the early collections have been lost and cannot be reidentified, vi^e are reasonably certain that 63 species were represented in the collections of Forbes & Richardson and that the 2 other species reported previously by Large (1903:15, 19) bring the total number of species col- lected in the county by 1901 to 65.
Thompson & Hunt Records
Although the material of Forbes & Richardson was cited in various revision- ary studies published between 1901 and 1928, no additional Champaign County records for this period were published in these taxonomic papers.
Thompson & Hunt, in their 1930 pub- lication, chose to use the nomenclature of Forbes & Richardson, and many of their nominal species would have been difficult to assign had we not had much of their material for reidentification. They claimed the addition of 13 species to the known fauna of Champaign County, but restudy
of their specimens indicated that they ac- tually added the following 15:
Hiodon alosoides
Ictiobus cyprinellus
Ictiobus niger
Moxostoma anisurum
Notropis amnis
Notropis rubellus
Noturus exilis
Pylodictis olivaris
Ambloplites rupestris
Lepomis punctatus
(probably introduced)
Anguilla rostrata
(from adjacent Douglas County)
A mmocrypta pellucida
Etheostoma gracile
Etheostoma zonule
Aplodinotus grunniens Their nominal "Notropis blennius" in- cluded both N . stramineus and N . volucel- lus; their "Notropis whipplii/' both N. spilopterus and N. whipplei; and their "Etheostoma coeruleum," both E. caeru- leum and E. spectabile. Whether their "Micropterus sahnoides" also included M. punctulatus is not known, as the speci- mens have been lost.
Thompson & Hunt believed that they missed only three species that had been previously recorded from the county, whereas they actually failed to rediscover the following six :
Ictiobus bubalus
Hybopsis aestivalis
Hybopsis storeriana
Notropis atherinoides
Notropis heterolepis
Etheostoma asprigene The discrepancy is due to their ap- parent misidentification of Notropis athe- rinoides and their failure to include the two species recorded by Large (1903:15, 19). In all, Thompson & Hunt obtained 74 species, 59 of which had been recorded previously from the county.
Almost half of the species recorded by both Forbes & Richardson and Thompson & Hunt showed an increase in number of stations and in number of drainages oc- cupied in the approximately 30-year pe- riod between the surveys. Many of the ap- parent increases in abundance are of doubtful significance because of the more intensive collecting program of Thompson & Hunt ; however, some of the apparent
330
Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin
Vol. 28. Art. 2
Increases in abundance appear to be sig- nificant, as will be shown later. Thomp- son & Hunt believed that their data in- dicated a pronounced increase in the abundance and distribution of Semotilus atroniaculatus, Ericyniba bitccata, and Micropterus dolomieui and suggested the recent arrival in the county of Aplodi- not us t/riinniens.
A number of species showed apparent decreases in abundance and distribution. Some of the apparent decreases were probably the result of cyclic changes in populations; others probably represent gradual disappearance of species. Thomp- son & Hunt cited Hyhrxjtiathtis nuchalis and Minytrema nielanups specifically and noted that several other species seemed to have declined in abundance. Comparison of the distribution maps of Forbes 3: Richardson and those of Thompson «S: Hunt suggests that a reduction in numbers of stations represented, in numbers of drainages occupied, or in numbers of both, also occurred in the following species: Dorosoma cepedianum, Carpiodes cy- prinus, C. velifer, and Moxostoma macro- lepidotnm. However, in these species the apparent decrease in abundance and dis- tribution was probably not real, as there was no evidence of their decrease from
1928 to 1959. Moreover, all are large fishes characteristic of deep pools and can be easily missed when collecting is done principally with a 10-foot minnow seine. Another group of fishes, all of which are creek species of small size, also showed some reduction in numbers of stations or drainages occupied, or both; but their ap- parent reduction is assumed to have been due to only a temporary decline in their populations about 1928, as in 1959 none showed evidence of reduced occurrence. A third group of species, to be cited later, showed striking decrease in abundance and distribution between 1901 and 1928. Their continued decline is documented by more recent data.
Tn\esti^ations Between 1929 and 1959
Although some observations on fishes of Champaign County were made between
1929 and 1959 by various fishermen and by personnel of the Illinois Natural His- tory Survey and the University of Illinois, no records of unusual interest were pub-
lished. Several of Thompson &: Hunt's records were cited by Luce (1933), who utilized their collections from the head- waters of the Kaskaskia in his study of that river, and by O'Donnell (1935) in his list of Illinois fishes. During the next several years, material from Champaign County was cited in several revisionary studies, but none of these contributed new distributional information. Although no concerted efiFort was made to obtain col- lections from the county, occasional field work by two University of Illinois bi- ologists, the late H. J. \'an Cleave and H. H. Shoemaker, and by ecology classes at the University contributed to the knowledge of local fishes. Personnel of the Natural History Survey, with head- quarters in the center of the county, have been alert to major changes in field popu- lations and to alterations of habitats in the area ; they have supplemented their own observations through contacts with fishermen and other local observers.
Recent Survey Records
Collections in 1959, and subsequently, added 10 species to the known fauna of Champaign County. Six of these [Amia calva, Carassius auratus, Ictalurus nehu- losus, Gambusia affinis, Roccus rnisslssip- piensis, and Lepomis microlophus) are known to be introduced species; three {Lepisosteus osseuSj Noturus nocturnus, and Percina sclera) are native and pre- sumably were always present but were overlooked by previous investigators ; one {Notropis lutrensis) recently extended its range eastward into Champaign County. Our collections failed to reveal the pres- ence of 1 1 species that were taken 30 years before by Thompson <Sc Hunt:
Ictiobiis cyprinellus
Ictiobus niger
Hybopsis amblops
Notropis amtiis
\otropis boops
Opsopoeodus emiliae
Pimephales vigilax
y oturus exilis
Lepomis punctatus
Rtheostoma chlorosomum
Etheostoma gracile Our collections also failed to include three species {Ictiobus bubalus, Hybopsis aestivalis, and }\ otropis heterolepis) taken
March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
331
Table 6. — Summary of collections and the number of species taken and recorded in Cham- paign County by various collectors. Figures in parentheses indicate the numbers of collecting stations.
Occurrence Category
Number of
species taken
Number of previously
unrecorded species taken .- Number of previously
recorded species retaken . Number of previously
recorded species not taken
Total number of species recorded (cumulative)
Pre-Forbes &
RiCHARDSOK
(?)
2 2 0 0
Forbes &
Richardson
(48)
63
63
0
2
65
Thompson
& Hunt
(126)
74
15
59
6
80
Larimore
& Smith
(152)
74 10 64 16
90
in the county 60 or more years ago by Forbes <S: Richardson or by Large. Two species (X. atherinoides and Etheostoma asprigene) taken by Forbes iSc Richardson, but not by Thompson S: Hunt, were re- discovered in the county in 1959. In all. our collections represented 74 species, 64 of which had been previously reported from Champaign County. The number of collecting stations, number of species rep- resented, and other data for each survey are summarized in table 6.
Summary of Changes Over 60- Year Period
With full realization that fish popula- tions may vary from one year to the next and that comparison of results of three widely spaced surveys could thus lead to erroneous inferences, we believe that cer- tain changes are demonstrable in the Champaign County fish fauna over the period of study reported here. (In this paper, occurre?tce of a species is mea- sured in relation to both the number of localities or stations represented and the number of drainages in which it was found.)
Evidence provided by the three surveys reveals numerous changes in occurrence of the fish fauna of the county. Of the 9 species added in 1959, at least 1 (Xotropis li/trensis) appeared to have dispersed nat- urally from the west, and 15 species, which presumably had always been present in the county, showed increases in abun- dance and in number of drainages occu- pied. These 16 species, the percentage of
stations in Avhich they occurred, and the number of drainage systems in which they were found in each survey are listed in table 7. Increased occurrence of these 16 species is suggested by scrutiny of the dis- tribution maps, figs. 15—70, pages 362-75.
On the basis of table 7, we could as- sume that the large fishes (Pylodictis olivaris, both species of Aioxostoma, Ali- cropterus dolomieui, and Cxprinus carpio) appeared to be more common in 1959 than formerly because the modern collecting apparatus used was more efficient than seines in sampling deep pools. Improved sampling methods could conceivably ex- plain the slight increases in occurrence shown for P. olivaris, the two species of Moxostoma, and part of the increase in occurrence shown for C. carpio, which is easily shocked.
It has been suggested that the mush- rooming of Cyprinus carpio populations within the past 30 years could be as- sociated with the increased water pollution in the same period. Perusal of the list of species in table 7 reveals that the two other pollution-tolerant fishes, Xotropis umbratilis and Semotilus atromaculatus, showed only modest increases in abun- dance in this period but that their great increase in abundance occurred much earlier, some time between 1899 and 1928. Moreover, gains of equal magnitude can be observed in such pollution-intolerant species as A\ riibellus and Hypentelitim nigricans.
Xotropis ruheUus, X . dorsalis, and X . lutrensis are of particular interest because
J32
Illinois N.aturai. History Survey Bulletin
\'.)1. 28, Art. 2
Table 7. — Species showing increases in frequency of occurrence (per cent of stations in which each species was taken) in Champaign (bounty in three surveys; for each species is given the number of drainajjes in whicli it was taken in each surve\.
|
Forbes & Richardson |
Thompson & Hunt |
Larimore & Smith |
||||
|
Species |
Per Cent of |
Number of |
Per Cent of |
Number of |
Per Cent of |
Number of |
|
Stations |
Drainages |
Stations |
Drainages |
Stations |
Drainages |
|
|
Notropis liilnnsis |
0 |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
13.8 |
2 |
|
.■hnhlnplitfs lufostris |
0 |
0 |
0.8 |
1 |
10.5 |
3 |
|
Moxostuma anisurum |
0 |
0 |
0.8 |
1 |
4.6 |
2 |
|
PvloJictis olivaris |
0 |
0 |
0.8 |
1 |
2.6 |
3 |
|
Notropis ruhellus |
0 |
0 |
2.4 |
1 |
3.9 |
1 |
|
Soturns flarus |
2.1 |
4.0 |
3 |
14.5 |
3 |
|
|
Xolmpis dorsalls |
2.1 |
4.0 |
1 |
18.4 |
3 |
|
|
M oxostoma |
||||||
|
macrolepidotitm |
2.1 |
4.8 |
2 |
5.3 |
1 |
|
|
Microptrnis dulomirui |
2.1 |
12.7 |
3 |
24.3 |
4 |
|
|
(.yprinus carpin |
8.3 |
8.6 |
3 |
36.8 |
6 |
|
|
Hyprntctium nit/ricans |
14.6 |
21.4 |
5 |
27.6 |
5 |
|
|
Notropis umhratilis |
16.7 |
54.8 |
6 |
63.8 |
6 |
|
|
Srmotiliis atromacnlatus |
18.7 |
80.1 |
6 |
83.0 |
6 |
|
|
Notropis clirysoifplialns |
18.7 |
42.9 |
4 |
52.0 |
5 |
|
|
llyhopsis hi(iuttata |
20.8 |
36.5 |
3 |
46.0 |
4 |
|
|
(Jampostoma anomalitm |
35.4 |
50.8 |
5 |
67.1 |
5 |
they are peripheral populations, N. ruhel- lus reaching its southernmost point of dis- tribution, at least in eastern Illinois, within Chainpai<^n County, and the other two reachini: their easternmost limits of distribution in the county. A', ruhellus ap- pears to have extended its ran^e south- ward into the county between 1899 and
1928 and to have replaced the allied N . otheritioides in both drainages where ru- hellus was found in 1959. A', dorsalis has been known in the county for at least 60 \'ears; there is evidence from another source, in addition to the Champaign County data, that its range is gradually shifting eastward. A similar trend is
Table 8.— Species showing decreases in frequency of occurrence (per cent of stations in which each species was taken) in (Champaign County in three surveys; for each species is given the number of drainages in which it was taken in each survey.
|
Fo.-BES & Richardson* ^ Thomfson & Hunt |
Larimore & Smith |
|||||
|
Species |
Per Cent of Stations |
Number of Drainages |
Per Cent of Stations |
Number of Drainages |
Per Cent of Stations |
Number of Drainages |
|
Lepomis humilis Minytrrma melanops Ictdlurtis meltis |
33.3 31.2 25.0 12.5 14.6 20.8 6.2 12.5 12.5 2.1 2.1 2.1 4.2 2.1 2.1 |
4 4 4 2 3 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 |
10.3 3.2 9.5 4.0 2.4 20.6 0.8 6.4 3.2 0.8 1.6 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 |
3 2 5 1 1 5 1 3 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 |
5.9 0.6 4.6 2.0 1.3 11.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 |
|
|
Lahiiirsthes sicnilus Pomoxis nigromaculatus Esox amcricaniis |
6 |
|||||
|
Chaenohryttus (/tilostis llyhopsis amhidps Pimcpliales •vit/ilax . . Ethfosloma clilorosomum Notropis boops -.— Opsopoeodiis rmiliae Notropis lieterolfpis It'tinhui hiih/il It i |
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 |
|||||
|
llybopsis aestivalis |
0 |
♦Includes Opsopoeodiis emiliae and Hybopsis aestivalis recorded by Large (1903:15. 19)
March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
333
shown by A^. lutrensis, which entered the county between 1928 and 1959. A mhlo- plites rupestris and Micropterus dolornieui show an irrefutable increase in abundance and occurrence within Champaign Coun- ty, but there is no evidence that their ranges within the state have changed. These species would have been benefited by the increased stream gradient and lower maximum water temperatures that may have resulted, as suggested in the sec- tion on Changes in Stream Habitats, from drainage and dredging operations. Similarly, Hypenteliiun nigricans, N. chrysocephalus, Hybopsis biguttata, No- turits flavuSj and Campostoma anomalum show decided, if inexplicable, increases in occurrence within the county, but their over-all ranges within the state appeared to be the same in 1959 as 60 years before.
On the basis of evidence from the three surveys, 15 species exhibited an equally striking decrease in abundance and in shrinkage of distributional pattern within the county over the 60-year period of study. These species, the percentage of stations in which they were found, and the number of drainages in which they were taken at each survev are listed in table 8.
Data for the entire period covered by the three surveys indicate that Ictiobus bubalus. Hybopsis aestivalis, and Notropis heterolepis disappeared from Champaign County before 1928. A'', heterolepis, if Forbes & Richardson correctly identified the specimens to which they assigned this name, is of particular interest because it occurred in two different drainage systems prior to 1899 and probably disappeared with the draining of the once extensive prairie marshes. /. bubalus may be ex- pected to be taken again in Champaign County, for it occurs in large streams only a few miles outside the county.
Hybopsis amblops, Piniephales vigilax, Etheostoma chlorosomum, Notropis boops, and Opsopoeodus emiliae may have de- clined in numbers by 1928; they disap- peared between 1929 and 1959. The re- maining seven species listed in table 8 are still present, but they are much less com- mon than formerly. All of them except Esox americanus suggest that their marked decline in the county occurred between 1899 and 1928. One, Minytrema mela-
nops, was described by Large (1903:12) as "abundant in the Wabash basin and in the headwaters of the Kaskaskia" and "ap- parently prefers the weedy prairie creeks in situations where it is abundant." £. americanus \vas e\idently about equally common in 1899 and 1928 but had de- creased sharply by 1959, presumably be- cause of the destruction by dredging of its preferred habitat (pools with luxuriant aquatic vegetation ) .
The extirpation of six other species {Ictiobus cyprinellus, I. niger, Notropis amnis, Noturus exilis, Lepomis punctatus, and Etheostoma gracile) from Champaign County is almost certain ; they have not been included in table 8 because informa- tion regarding their abundance, or even their presence, was unavailable prior to the 1928 investigation. Of the extirpated species, E. gracile, N. exilis, and Hybopsis amblops are noteworthy because they were, until 1928, peripheral populations in the county. The northernmost record in the range of E. gracile, the eastern- most record in the range of A^ exilis, and the westernmost record of H. amblops, at least in this region, were in Champaign County. Within the past 30 years, shrink- age in the ranges of these three species, re- spectively to the south, west, and east, has occurred. This shrinkage is evident over the state as a whole as well as within Champaign County.
Despite the impressive changes in abundance and distribution of the species discussed in the paragraphs above, it is dif- ficult to describe the changes in the Champaign County fish fauna as radical, for roughly half of the species showed no decided trends. Examination of distribu- tion maps, figs. 15-70, that accompany this report will reveal that the occurrence of several species was remarkably similar throughout the 60-year period of observa- tion. Several species exhibited consider- able changes in distribution but these spe- cies cannot be regarded as being any more or less common, or more or less widely distributed, in the county in 1959 than they were in 1928 or 1899. In view of the great changes in land use, in the stream courses, and in the stream habitats that occurred in the county over a 60- year period, and the catastrophic effects of the several drought years since 1930,
334
li.i.iNOis Natural History Survey Bulletin
Vol. 28, Art. 2
Table 9. — The number of species of fish taken and recorded in each of the six Champaign County drainages and the number of species restricted to each of these drainages.
|
Sangamon |
Salt |
Fork |
Middle Fork |
Kaskaskia |
Little Vermilion |
Embarrass |
||||||
|
■o |
T3 |
-a |
-o |
t3 |
-a |
T3 |
T3 |
•T3 |
4J |
-a |
||
|
-a i) |
'■> u |
"O u |
^ i) |
"O 1) |
.y (U |
"C lU |
.y <u |
"O u |
.y oj |
-C U |
.ii lu |
|
|
Survey |
11 ^ |
s « IP ^ |
I' .5 |
I. bt |
8 « I' .E |
4* .5 |
I- b£ 1> c |
t tiC S " aj .5 |
u bC 4> C |
|||
|
Oi'a |
DC "5 |
«'n |
«•« |
« « |
«•« |
pt: « |
»5"w |
« n |
05 "S |
« « |
^•j; |
|
|
Urn |
U |
u |
kri |
U |
,« I- |
«i ^ |
||||||
|
£Q |
T,a |
£Q |
?;q |
?;q |
Sq |
£q |
£Q |
£q |
S£Q |
So |
||
|
S = |
Si * |
S = |
^ R |
ii = |
i!R |
U .5 |
i!2 |
i.S |
S2 |
Si.S |
^2 |
|
|
a. |
D. |
Cl. |
c |
c |
Q. |
n. |
a. |
c. |
a. |
Q. |
a. |
|
|
c« |
CA |
Vi |
CO |
C/5 |
'J^ |
'Ti |
<yj |
c/i |
^ |
^J |
c/; |
|
|
Forbes & |
||||||||||||
|
Richard- |
||||||||||||
|
son . |
40 |
5 |
M |
9 |
24 |
3 |
18 |
2 |
8 |
0 |
||
|
Thompson & |
||||||||||||
|
Hunt |
50 |
13 |
41 |
7 |
36 |
4 |
14 |
4 |
14 |
0 |
25 |
0 |
|
Larimore & |
||||||||||||
|
Smith |
54 |
6 |
51 |
3 |
47 |
4 |
39 |
5 |
18 |
1 |
32 |
0 |
|
Total |
67 |
7 |
61 |
3 |
55 |
3 |
51 |
4 |
20 |
1 |
36 |
0 |
it is indeed astounding that many of our species were still present in the same streams in 1959 and probably in approxi- mately the same numbers then as 30 and 60 years previously.
Results of an analysis of distribution of species by drainage systems are sum- marized in table 9. It will be seen that Forbes 5c Richardson found the Salt Fork drainage both the richest in number of species, with 47, and the most distinctive, with 9 species occurrinji: there exclusi\ely. On the basis of these same criteria, they found the Sangamon to be second, the Middle Fork third, the Kaskaskia fourth, and the Embarrass fifth. They made no collections in the Little V^ermilion drain- age. About 30 years later, Thompson & Hunt found the Sangamon richest in spe- cies and most distinctive, with a total of 50 species, 13 of which they diil not find elsewhere. Other drainages ranked as fol- lows: Salt Fork, Middle Fork, Kaskaskia, Embarrass, and Little Vermilion. Our findings were similar to those of Thomp- son & Hunt, except that we found fewer species restricted to a single drainage, and no species restricted to the Embarrass drainage.
The most significant results of this analysis, aside from the richness of the fauna in each drainage, are the number of species restricted to a drainage system. More than 10 per cent of the 67 species
in the Sangamon, almost 9 per cent of the 51 species in the Kaskaskia, almost 6 per cent of the 55 species in the iVIiddle Fork, roughly 5 per cent of the 20 species in the Little Vermilion and of the 64 species in the Salt Fork occurred only in their respective drainages. None of the 36 species in the Embarrass occurred exclu- sively in that drainage. This lack of spe- cies distinctiveness for the Embarrass is clearly evident on the distribution maps. We can express distributional changes by examining the drainage systems and talhing the number of changes observable when the Thompson & Hunt list of spe- cies is compared with that compiled by Forbes & Richardson and the Larimore & Smith list of species is compared with that compiled by Thompson & Hunt. A sum- marv of these changes in presented in table
10. ■
Table 10 indicates that the greatest number of changes between the Forbes ^' Richardson and the Thompson & Hunt surveys occurred in the Middle Fork drainage; 30 species were taken in one of these surveys but not the other. The least number of changes occurred in the Embar- rass; 21 species were taken in one of these surveys but not the other. No collections were made in the Little Vermilion by Forbes & Richardson. Within the approxi- mately 30 years between the survey of Forbes & Richardson and the survey of
March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
335
Table 10. — Changes (increases or decreases) between surveys (FR=: Forbes & Richardson; TH = Thompson & Hunt; LS = Larimore & Smith) in the number of species of fish in Champaign County drainages. Changes include both the taking of species not previously taken and the failure to retake species previously taken in a drainage. Forbes & Richardson made no collections in the Little Vermilion.
Drainage
Kaskaskia
Middle Fork ..._
Sangamon
Salt Fork
Embarrass
Little Vermilion
Total changes
|
FR-TH |
TH-LS |
|
27 |
20 |
|
30 |
15 |
|
29 |
IS |
|
22 |
17 |
|
21 |
11 |
|
8 |
|
|
129 |
86 |
Total Changes
47 45 44 39 32
215
Thompson & Hunt, a total of 129 changes in distribution occurred in the five drain- age systems considered here. Between 1928 and 1959, the greatest number of changes occurred in the Kaskaskia ; the least num- ber of changes occurred in the Little Ver- milion drainage. Within the period be- tween 1928 and 1959, a total of 86 changes occurred in the six drainages of the county. For the over-all period of study, approximately 60 years, the greatest number of changes occurred in the Kas- kaskia drainage.
If changes in the occurrence of fish reflect the amount of modification of a stream and its habitats, it should follow that much greater modification occurred during the first 30 years of this century than during the second 30 years. This assumption is substantiated by the histori- cal record of land use and can be observed by noting, in table 10, the interval when the greatest changes in species composition occurred. It should also follow that the most extensive changes in land use early in this century were in the Middle Fork and Sangamon basins and, after 1928, in the Kaskaskia and Salt Fork basins. The small amount of change in the Little Ver- milion is probably due to its small size and comparatively small number of habitats; only the extreme headwaters of this drain- age are in Champaign County.
ECOLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS
Ecological associations can be drawn between a species of fish and various en-
vironmental factors comprising its habitat, or between a species of fish and other species of fishes with which it is found. However, a clear separation of the influ- ences of the physical environment from those exerted by fishes is often difl^cult or impossible.
Species Associated With Various Stream Habitats
The stream habitats defined in table 4 on the basis of water velocity, depth, and area of drainage basin contained fish popu- lations characteristic of each. As shown in the tabulations below, some species taken in the Champaign County surveys were limited in their occurrence to a specific habitat, whereas others were more gen- erally distributed. Our assignment of a particular species to a particular habitat was complicated by seasonal changes in fish distribution, differences in distribution of young and adult fish, and lack of uni- formity throughout each habitat.
Species of Rivulets and Small Creeks
Etheostoma spectabile Cornpostoma anomalum Se mo til us atroniaculatus Fundiilus notatus Pimephales notatus Erimyzon oblongus, young Catostomus commersoni, young Lepomis cyanellus, young Ictalurus uatalis, young Ictalurus rnelaSj young
Species of Large Creeks
Riflles: sand and fine gravel
Ericymba buccata
Etheostoma spectabile
Notropis dorsalis
Campostoma anomalum
Phenacobius mirabilis Riffles: gravel and rubble
Etheostoma caeruleum
Etheostoma blennioides
Etheostoma fiabellare Pools: shallow, moderate current
Notropis chrysocephalus
Hybopsis biguttata
Semotilus atromaculatus
Catostomus commersoni
Notropis stramineus
Notropis spilopterus
336
Illinois Natlral Hlstorv Survey Bulletin
Vol. 28, Art. 2
Firneplidles iiotatus . Noturus niiiinis Ethc 0 s 1 0 III (I II if) r u in Cyprintis caipio, young JMoxostonui spp., young (jfirpiotlcs spp., young Ilypiiitiliuni iiif/ritaits, \oung Percina maculata Carpiodes cyprintis Hyhoi/iinthns nnrluilis Xotropis littrensis Pools: deep, sluggish Lepfjinis rnef/alotis Alinoptcrns tloloniieui . I iiihl'iplitis nipistris Esox niiwricnnus Eriniyzon ohlonyus Kotcniif/onns crysolciicas Lcpoinis hum ill Pimephahs pro nichis .1 pli red 0(1 cms say a n us Lf porn is nun roi liirus htalurus natalis Ictaluriis III el as Noturus f/yrinus Notropis unihratilis Lepomis cyanellus lundulus notatus
Species of Small Rivers Riffles: sand and gravel
Xotropis whipplei
.} niniocrypta pellucida
P h e nac o h i u s in ini h His
Notropis dorsalis Riffles: boulders and rubble
Hypentcliuni nif/ricans
Etheostoina hlennioides
Noturus ftavus
Notropis ruhellus
Etluostorna zonule Pools: shallow, moderate velocity
Aioxostoma erythrurum
P( rcinu phoxo< epliuln
Aloxostonia macrolepidotuin
Carpiodes velifer
Percina caprodes
Hyhof/nattius nuchal is
Lepomis meijalotis
Lepomis cyanellus Pools: deep, sluggish
Micropterus punctulatus
Aloxostoma anisurum
Cyprinus car pi o
Dorosoma cepedianum
Micropterus salmoides
Pom ox is annularis P y Iodic t is olivaris Lepomis macrochirus J plodinotus grunniens htalurus natalis htalurus melas
Species Associated With Various Ecological Factors
From each of our cjuantitative samples, the number and weight of each species per 100 square yards were recorded on IH.M sorting cards along with measure- ments or appraisals of the following 13 ecological factors of the habitats: (1) average depth, (2) average wndth, and
(3) average water velocity; composition of the bottom materials as percentage of
(4) clay, (5) silt, (6) sand, (7) silt ami sand, (8) gravel, and (9) rubble; occurrence of (10) aquatic vegetation, (11) debris, and (12) bank vegetation; degree of (13) water turbidity. Each of these ecological factors was assigned numerical values to express the total actual range of field measurements (examples: depth in feet, per cent sand).
For each value of an ecological factor (for example, over bottom materials that ivere 30 per cent sand), we determined:
( 1 ) the total number of individuals of each species associated with tl'.e value.
Example: 100 creek chubs taken over 30 per cent sand.
(2) the number of collections in w^hich this species occurred.
Example: Creek chubs occurred in 10 collections.
(3) the total number of collections associ- ated with the ecological value.
Example : Bottom materials com- posed of 30 per cent sand were found in 20 collections.
(4) the average number of fish of each species found with the \alue, figured by dividing (1 ) by (3).
Example :
100 creek chubs over 30% sand _ 20 collections over 30/o sand
5 chubs per collection over 30% sand
(5) the per cent of collections associated with the ecological value that con- tained the species, figured bv dividing (2) by (3).
March, 1963
Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
337
Example :
10 collections of chubs _
20 collections over 30% sand
50 per cent of collections over this bottom contained chubs
Thus, in the examples above, five creek chubs vv^ere taken per collection over 30 per cent sand bottom material, and creek chubs were present in 50 per cent of such collections.
Ecological associations were determined for collections from each drainage system and then for the entire county.
The association figures revealed ( 1 ) ecological factors that comprised the gen- eral habitat of each species (used in assign- ing species to stream habitats in the pre- ceding section) ; (2) inconsistencies that appeared when a species was related to a specific ecological factor in one stream system and not in another; and (3) the absence of any single factor that deter- mined the distribution or abundance of most species.
Such ecological associations may be of definite value in defining the general habi- tat of a species but are quite misleading in determining its environmental require- ments, for the influences of each environ- mental factor in a natural habitat cannot be separately evaluated. We cannot be sure just which factor or factors in a habitat have a controlling influence on a species. For example, gizzard shad showed a high degree of association with deep, quiet pools. However, they may have been responding not to depth or to low water velocity but to the soft sands and silts usually found in such pools. Too, a species might have been closely associated with a specific factor that did not comprise a noticeable part of the habi- tat.
A few species were closely restricted to rather specialized habitats. The restric- tions, while quite obvious during field collecting, were not always shown by our calculations. Some of the most notable examples were Amrnocrypta pellucida, which occurred only in clear water flow- ing over clean sand ; Esox americanus, which reached its greatest abundance in quiet, silt-bottomed pools choked with vegetation; Noturus flavus, which seemed
to prefer deep riffles or shallow pools with moderate current and scattered rub- ble and flat rocks; and Aphredoderus say- anus, which was invariably in mud-bot- tomed pools of streams with little current. However, in general, most fishes showed a remarkable plasticity in their environ- mental tolerance.
Species Associated With Other Species
Associations between species can be determined ( 1 ) through examining which species are mutually associated with a set of ecological factors and (2) through ex- amining the mutual occurrence and abun- dance of two or more species. The degree of association between pairs of several kinds of common Champaign County fishes was determined by calculating the coef- ficient of correlation (r) between their numbers in 100 square yards of stream. Coefficients were determined for the col- lections from each drainage system, as well as for the entire county. Several definite and sometimes surprising associa- tions were evident.
Notropis dorsalis — Ericymba buc- cota. — Champaign County is on the edge of the range of each of these species, No- tropis dorsalis becoming more abundant westward and Ericymba buccata becoming more abundant eastward. Because of the east-west separation in distribution, these tw^o species usually do not occur abun- dantly in the same drainage system. They have been considered ecological equiva- lents, and competition between the two has been implied. Trautman (1957:376) noted the shrinking in size of the Ohio range of A^ dorsalis and the invasion and great increase in numbers of E. buccata in a territory formerly occupied by dorsalis. However, in our Sangamon River collec- tions, where both species were abundant, they occurred together in a highly signifi- cant degree (P less than 0.01) of associ- ation, table 11. This situation indicates their preference for similar habitats and disputes the idea that there is strong competition between the two. A^. dorsalis, although occurring in two other Cham- paign County drainages (Kaskaskia and Middle Fork), was abundant only in the Sangamon, so that further comparisons could not be made.
338
Illinois N.atur.al History Survey Bulletin
Vol. 28, Art. 2
Table 11. — Dejiree of association between four species of fish in the Sangamon drainage. Correlation coefficient (r) of 0.438 is significant at the 0.02 level.
|
Species |
Nolropis chrysocephalus |
Notropis dorsalis |
Ericymba huccata |
|
Frtmvxofi nbloftotis |
0.668 |
0.587 0.874 |
0.187 |
|
S'otrnpls chrysoccphalns Notropis dorsalis |
0.464 0.771 |
Table 12.— Degree of association between four species of fish in the Middle Fork drainage. Correlation coefficient (r) of 0.934 is significant at the 0.02 level.
|
Species |
Erimyzon oblongus |
Notropis chrysocephalus |
Phenacobius mirabilis |
|
Catostomus commersoni .._ l.rimyzon oblongus^ Notropis chrysocephalus |
0.977 |
0.965 0.958 |
0.978 0 935 0.973 |
Notropis chrysocephalus — Erimy- zon ohlou^iis. — These species formed one of the least expected associations ob- served among Champaign County fishes, occurring in a significant (P 0.02 or less) association in three of five drainage systems, fig. 12. In the Sangamon drain- age they were closely associated with the two species previously discussed, table 11. In the Middle Fork drainage, however, they formed a strong association with Phenacohius niirahilis and Catostomus cornniersoiii, talile 12.
Catostomus commersoni — Phena- cobius mirabilis. — These two species occurred in significant associations (P 0.02 or less) in three of the five Cham- paign County drainages considered, as well as in the county-wide analysis. They
were significantly associated with Erimy- zon obloncjus and Notropis chrysocephalus in the Middle Fork drainage, table 12. Both species were closely associated with Hybopsis hicjuttata in the Salt Fork drain- age, fig. 12.
Miscellaneous Associations. — Several species showed different associ- ations in different stream systems; for example, Notropis umbratilis was signifi- cantly (P 0.02 or less) associated with such species as Hypentelium nigri- cans, Notemigonus crysoleucas, Notropis chrysocephalus, Phenacobius mirabilis, and Erimyzon oblongus, each association in a different stream. This lack of similarity or consistency in associations seems to suggest little Interdependence between species but rather dependence of certain
SPECIES
N crysoleucos
H. biguttata
C commersoni
P. mirabilis
E oblongus
N chrysocephalus
N. dorsolis
E. buccota
N. umbratilis
H. nigricans
SANGAMON SALT FORK KASKASKIA MIDDLE FORK EMBARRASS ALL STREAMS
I
4-
_i_
I
-I-
I
I
.i_j
I — I-
Fig. 12. — Significant associations of several fishes in five drainages of Champaign County. The coefficient of correlation (r) was better than the 0.02 level of significance except in the column "All Streams," where the associations between Notropis dorsalis and Ericymba buccata and between A', dorsalis and Ilybopsis biguttata were significant only to the 0.03 level.
March, 1963
Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
339
species on certain ecological factors. These factors ma}' occur together in one stream system, thus bringing two species together, or they may be separated in another stream system, thus separating species. Two species might occur together tempo- rarily or abnormally, as during periods of low water when many species may be forced into constricted water areas.
Thompson & Hunt (1930:66) stated, "Most instances of the association of dif- ferent species of fishes are explained satis- factorily by similar environmental prefer- ences." However, they pointed out a very significant exception to this statement in their discovery of a close association be- tween Hybopsis biguttata and Notropis chrysocephalus. For these two species, they suggested a direct dependence, at least at some stage in the life cycle. Our 1959
surveys with respect to the general abun- dance and occurrence of fishes as recorded. Some of the variables in such compari- sons were eliminated by consistently fol- lowing throughout each survey a proce- dure adapted to it and by excluding from consideration any stations that in either survey were influenced strongly by pollu- tion or that were not visited by both sur- vey parties. Seventy-one collections were then available for comparison.
Average Number of Species Per Station
A consistently larger number of species per station was found in collections taken in the 1959 than in the 1928 survey. The average was 13.2 species per station in 1928 and 19.0 in 1959; the ratio was 1 :1.4, table 13. The samples taken in the
collections revealed a significant (P less later survey were considerably larger nu- than 0.01) association between these two merically and thus might be expected to
minnows when all the collections for the county were considered together, but no consistency of association in any of the separate drainage systems, even though both species were taken in rather great numbers in four of the systems.
GENERAL ABUNDANCE AND OCCURRENCE
The use of collecting methods in 1959 that differed from those of 1928 contribu- ted to the difficulty of comparing the two
contain a higher percentage of those species present at the collecting stations. In the two surveys, the drainages were in the same order with respect to average number of species per station ; for example, in each survey, the Middle Fork had the largest number of species per station and the Embarrass the smallest number.
In the 1959 survey, quantitative col- lections from the blocked-off stations produced between 88 and 97 per cent of the total number of species collected at
Table 13. — Average number of species per station and average number of fish per 100 square yards taken in 1928 and 1959 at 71 stations (not noticeably affected by pollution) in five major drainages of Champaign County (no quantitative samples were taken from the Little Vermilion) ; also, average number of pounds of fish per 100 square yards in 1959.
|
Average Number of |
||||||||||
|
Average Number of PER Station |
Species |
Fish per 100 Square Yards |
Average |
|||||||
|
Number OF |
Number of |
|||||||||
|
Drainage |
1928 |
1959 |
Pounds of Fish per |
|||||||
|
System |
Stations |
100 Square |
||||||||
|
Total |
Quanti- |
Total |
Ratio 1928:1959 |
1928 |
1959 |
Ratio 1928:1959 |
Yards IN 1959 |
|||
|
Collec- |
tative |
Collec- |
||||||||
|
tion |
Sample |
tion |
||||||||
|
Middle |
||||||||||
|
Fork.-„ |
5 |
20.6 |
30.4 |
31.4 |
1.5 |
553 |
286 |
1:0.5 |
5.10 |
|
|
Sangamon |
28 |
17.3 |
20.1 |
21.9 |
1.3 |
468 |
562 |
1:1.2 |
2.89 |
|
|
Salt Fork |
18 |
9.1 |
14.4 |
15.3 |
1.7 |
429 |
470 |
1: 1.1 |
2.80 |
|
|
Embarrass |
9 |
6.8 |
12.6 |
14.3 |
2.1 |
185 |
571 |
1:3.1 |
1.74 |
|
|
Kaskaskia |
11 |
11.2 |
13.7 |
15.5 |
1.4 |
202 |
150 |
1:0.7 |
0.90 |
|
|
All |
||||||||||
|
systems |
71 |
13.2 |
17.4 |
19.0 |
1:1.4 |
387 |
457 |
1:1.2 |
2.57 |
340
Illinois Natural History Survey Hlli.i-tin
V^ol. 28, Art. 2
any site ; in other words, we added approximately 10 per cent more species by "cruising" with a seine in adjacent habitats. With the small amount of effort expended, "cruisini:" furnished desirable additions to the collections.
An crage Number of Fish Per 100 Square ^ ards
Althouj^h the a\erajie numbers of Hsh per 100 square yards collected in both surveys varied greatly from stream to stream, table 13, the county a\era^es for the two surveys did not differ y;reatly ; the ratio of the 1928 to the 1959 average was 1 :1.2. The most striking difference between the two surveys was that the Middle Fork produced the greatest num- ber of fish per 100 square yards in 1928 and next to the lowest number in 1959, whereas the Embarrass \ iclded the lowest number in 1928 and the highest number in 1959. There was no apparent habitat change that might account for this dif- ference. A difference of the same kind was not evident in the number of species taken or in the weight of tish collected in the two surveys of these streams. The highest ratio of increase from 1928 to 1959 in the number of species as well as in the number of fish collected per 100 square yards occurred in the Embarrass, although in the 1959 surve\' the number of species and the pounds collected in the stream were low, table 13.
Average Weight of Fish Per 100 Square Yards
The weights of Champaign County fish taken in 1959 could not be compared with those taken in 1928 because there were no exact weight data from the Thompson & Hunt survey. Thompson & Hunt ( 1930:39) estimated that they took 150 pounds of fish per acre in the 1928 collections. In the 1959 survey, the num- ber of pounds per 100 square yards varied from 0.9 in the Kaskaskia to 5.1 in the Middle Fork and averaged 2.6 for the entire county. This county average is equivalent to 124.4 pounds per acre.
The poundage figures from the 1959 survey should not be regarded as repre- senting the total population present in any of the areas fished. Using the electro- fishing equipment employed in the 1959
survey of Champaign County to fish Jor- dan Creek, a small stream in adjoining \'ermilion County. Larimore (1961:3-5) took an a\erage of 54 per cent of the weight and 51 per cent of the number of the fish population present in the areas fished. The Jordan Creek population taken by electrofishing and other means amounted to nearly 25,000 fish weighing 163.9 pounds per acre. If the same rate of electrofishing success applied to our Champaign County collections, the total populations would have been close to an average of 250 pounds per acre for the stations worked in 1959.
DISTRIBUTION AND STREAM SIZE
Thompson & Hunt, using their 1928 Champaign County collections, explored both the composition and the size of fish populations in relation to stream size, ex- pressed as square miles of drainage basin at point of collection. The\ related stream sizes to the numbers and weights of fish, to the average sizes of fish taken, to the number of species, and to the distribution of various species. They grouped their collections into 10 classes according to stream size at the collecting stations, be- ginning with stations having 0.5-1.0 square mile of drainage and doubling the stream sizes up to the class of 256.0- 512.0 square miles.
Relationships With Stream Size
We have analyzed quantitati\e data from the 1959 survey in a manner similar to that used by Thompson tSc Hunt in or- der to determine whether the 1959 collec- tions support the conclusions of Thompson ^ Hunt (1930:41-6), given in italics following paragraph headings below. In- cluding only those stations receiving no noticeable pollution and those visited in both 1928 and 1959, table 14, we plotted our data for 1959 in fig. 13 to corre- spond roughl\- to the treatment shown by Thompson <Sc Hunt in their fig. 6; that is, we combined the data for our two smallest classes of stream size and for our three largest classes of stream size. Thompson & Hunt combined the data for their three smallest and their three largest classes of stream sizes. We made no quan- titative collections from the two smallest
March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
341
Table 14. — Average number of species per station and average number and weight of fish taken per 100 square yards in 1928 and 1959 at 71 stations (not noticeably affected by pollution) classified bv size of drainage basin; also, average number of pounds of fish per 100 square vards in 1959.
|
AVEF |
.age Number of |
Species |
Average Nuv |
ber of Fish |
||||||
|
PER Station |
per 100 Square Yards |
Average |
||||||||
|
Stream |
Number OF Stations |
Number of |
||||||||
|
Size (Square Miles of Drain- age)* |
1928 Total Collec- tion |
1959 |
Ratio 1928:1959 |
1928 |
1959 |
Ratio 1928:1959 |
Pounds of Fish per 100 Square Yards IN 1959 |
|||
|
Quanti- tative |
Total Collec- |
|||||||||
|
Sample |
tion |
1700 |
||||||||
|
2-4 . _.. |
2 |
3.0 |
7.5 |
8.5 |
1:2.8 |
126 |
13.4 |
2.9 |
||
|
4-8 _ _ |
4 |
10.2 |
10.5 |
11.5 |
1:1.1 |
676 |
617 |
0.9 |
2.8 |
|
|
8-16 . |
13 |
9.5 |
12.2 |
13.5 |
1:1.4 |
462 |
718 |
1.6 |
2.2 |
|
|
16-32 - |
10 |
13.3 |
15.6 |
16.2 |
1:1.2 |
539 |
704 |
:1.3 |
2.1 |
|
|
32-64 .. |
17 |
14.2 |
15.9 |
17.9 |
1: 1.3 |
397 |
367 |
0.9 |
2.7 |
|
|
64-128 |
5 |
14.0 |
21.0 |
21.8 |
1:1 6 |
345 |
440 |
1.3 |
3.7 |
|
|
128-256 |
10 |
20.0 |
26.1 |
28.3 |
1: 1.4 |
309 |
97 |
0.3 |
3.7 |
|
|
256-512 -. |
10 |
11.9 |
22.8 |
24.9 |
1:2.1 |
157 |
80 |
0.5 |
1.5 |
♦Classification used by Thompson & Hunt (1930). In our work, we considered the numerals as designating size limits, so that a stream classified as size 4-8 had a drainage area of more than 4 and not more than 8 square miles.
units of stream size treated by Thompson Number of Species and Stream
& Hunt; hence, our first point represents Size. — The number of species of fishes
stations having 2—8 square miles of drain- per collection increases downstream. This
age, not 0.5 — 1- miles as in the treatment hypothesis of Thompson & Hunt was sup-
by Thompson & Hunt.
ported by our collections in 1959. Our
22 _
I8_
c o
o
0)
Q.
(/> a>
o 14
0) Q.
35 10
E
■3
Number of Stations Represented -»>l-«— 13— ►!••— 10— ►!••— 17 — ►!-< 25-
8 16 32 64 128 256
Drainage Area in Squore Miles
-►I
|
• |
— |
1000 |
||
|
\ |
y* |
- |
900 ^ •o |
|
|
\ |
y/ |
1- o |
||
|
— |
\ |
y/^ |
— |
800 >- |
|
— |
%;\/ — |
— /" X |
— |
700 g CO 600 Q . o |
|
.,«^ |
^ \ |
- |
500^ a. |
|
|
— |
0^ /^ |
\ |
— |
400-^ - |
|
^^ |
^ % |
u. |
||
|
\%^ |
— |
300.^ |
||
|
- |
^ |
- |
200^ E 3 |
|
|
1 I 1 |
1 1 1 1 |
100 -z. |
512
(/> XJ
k-
CT CO
O
o
_2
Q.
w ■o
c
3
g>
Fig. 13. — Relationships of weight, number of individuals, and number of species to size of the drainage area. Data for collections from the two smallest and the three largest areas of stream size, table 14, were combined, as explained in the text under Relationships With Stream Size on page 340.
342
Illinois N.atur.al History Survey Bulletin
Vol. 28, Art. 2
Table 15. — Correlation between size of drainage area (square miles) and the number of species per collection and the number and wei^iht of fish taken per 100 square yards at 70* stations in 1959.
|
Number OF Collections |
Coefficient of Correlation (r) with Square Miles of Drain.age |
|||
|
Dr.\inace System |
Number of Species per Collection |
Number of Fish per 100 Square Yards |
Pounds of Fish per 100 Square Vards |
|
|
Middle Fork _ Sang-TTi<in |
5 28 17 9 11 70 |
0.76 0.66 0.73 0.64 0.58 0.64 |
-0.94 -0.34 -0.62 -0.46 0.18 -0.30 |
0.19 -0.18 |
|
Salt Fork. Kmb^rr-Tss . . |
-0.16 -0.36 |
|||
|
Kaskaskia All systems |
0.11 0.00 |
■One station, of the 71 used In related analyses, was omitted from the calculations in this table.
collections from all of the drainage sys- tems in the county showed an increase in the number of species in a downstream direction. When all of our collections for the county were combined, table 14 and fig. 13, we found a significant positive re- lationship (r = 0.64. table 15) between number of species and downstream direc- tion. The average numbers uf species taken in the areas farthest downstream in both 1928 and 1959 were slightly below the projected average numbers, possibly because the sampling methods were not so well adapted to the largest water areas as to the smaller areas upstream.
An increase in the number of species in a downstream direction probably re- sulted from the greater variety of habitats associated with increasing stream size: many stations in large streams included units of small stream habitats. Thompson & Hunt pointed out that only unspe- cialized species can live under the widely varying conditions of the small streams.
Number of Fish and Stream Size. — The nctiuil number of fishes per unit area decreases downstream. Most of our collections supported this hypothesis of Thompson 5: Hunt. Among our collec- tions, only those from the Kaskaskia showed no definite inverse relationship be- tween numbers of fish and stream size, table 15. Our collections from all of the streams in the county averaged together revealed a definite decrease in the number of individuals per unit area downstream, fig. 13 and table 15.
Fish Weight and Stream Size. —
U ith this decrease of number of fishes downstream there is a corresponding in- crease in the average size of the individ- uals, so that, other factors being equal, the total amount of fish flesh per unit area is probably almost constant. The average size of the fish we collected fluctuated greatly from station to station, even in streams of similar size; however, the average size of individual fish increased generally in the downstream direction. The downstream increase in average size of individuals was influenced by the oc- currence of a greater number of large adults of large species (the suckers, cat- fishes, basses) than was found upstream.
In our collections, the weight of fish flesh per unit area, as well as the average size of fish, fluctuated greatly from sta- tion to station, even in streams of similar size. The correlation between fish weight and stream size was low in each stream and for the county as a whole, table 15. However, the average numbers of pounds of fish per 100 square yards were similar enouiih in streams of different sizes, table 14, that when plotted, fig. 13, they lend some support to the idea that total weight of fish flesh per unit area is similar in streams of different sizes.
Frequenc>' Distribution and Stream Size. — Fishes . . . exhibit fre- quencies which vary u'ith stream size in a very consistent and definite manner for each species. The frequency distribution of our fishes in relation to stream size is
March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
343
shown in tables 16-23. Distribution pat- terns were different for each species; some species showed definite patterns of distri- bution based on stream sizes, whereas
others occurred seemingly with no rela- tion to stream sizes.
As might be expected in a group of streams that differed from each other in
Table 16. — Suckers. Average numbers of each of several species taken in the 1959 survey (quantitative samples only) in streams of various size ranges. Each species average is for only those stream systems in which the species occurred in the quantitative collections.
Species
Drainage Area of Stream in Square Miles at Point of Collection
-16-
-32 64 —
-128-
-256 512
Erimyzon oblongus
Catostomtis commersoni .. Hypenicliiim nigricans -^ Moxostoma macrolepi-
dotiim*
Moxostoma anisurumf^. . Moxostoma erythrurumX
Carpiodes cyprinusX
Carpiodes 'velifer%
105.6 6.2
4.6 8.0 0.2
|
12.6 |
2.9 |
5.2 |
5.3 |
0.3 |
|
2.9 |
1.7 |
2.9 |
3.4 |
1.7 |
|
0.1 |
1.2 |
1.0 |
1.9 |
1.5 |
|
0.2 |
||||
|
tr. |
.— |
.... |
||
|
0.2 |
tr. |
2.4 |
||
|
0.1 |
1.4 |
11.2 |
0.4 |
|
|
— - |
— - |
1.0 |
0.3 0.8 0.6
0.2 tr. 1.6 0.1 tr.
*Sangamon only.
tSangamon and Salt Fork only.
tSangamon, Salt Fork, and Middle Fork only. §Middle Fork only.
Table 17. — Mud-eating minnows. Average numbers of each of several species taken in the 1959 survey (quantitative samples only) in streams of various size ranges. Each species average is for only those stream systems in which the species occurred in the quantitative collections.
Species
Drainage Area of Stream in Square Miles at Point of Collection
■4-
-16-
-32 64-
-128-
-256 512
Pimcphalcs notatus
Campostoma anomalum Pimephales promclas*-.. Hybognatlius nuc/ialisf-
|
445.9 |
126.6 |
91.6 |
168.4 |
|
566.7 |
109.6 |
99.2 |
66.0 |
|
11.3 |
2.0 |
||
|
— - |
.... |
0.2 |
68.7
25.5
0.6
0.1
55.1
38.7
0.2
33.6
15.2 7.9 tr.
10.1 5.2 0.1
•Kaskaskia and Sangamon only.
fKaskaskia only.
Table 18. — Minnows of the genus Notropis. Average numbers of each of several species taken in the 1959 survey (quantitative samples only) in streams of various size ranges. Each species average is for only those stream systems in which the species occurred in the quanti- tative collections.
Species
Drainage Area of Stream in Square Miles at Point of Collection
■4-
-16-
-32-
-64-
-128-
-256 512
Notropis Notropis Notropis Notropis Notropis Notropis Notropis Notropis
spilopterus
stramineiis
umbratdis
chrysocephalus
dorsalis*
lutrensisf
villi p pi cit
rubellus^
57.8
0.2
0.2
0.2
15.2
|
0.2 |
0.6 |
0.5 |
4.1 |
5.0 |
|
32.3 |
12.5 |
16.9 |
33.2 |
5.1 |
|
1.6 |
2.2 |
4.7 |
1.5 |
1.8 |
|
78.0 |
158.7 |
53.2 |
18.1 |
6.1 |
|
109 0 |
112.1 |
36.2 |
7.1 |
0.6 |
|
14.9 |
0.4 |
1.0 |
4.6 |
|
|
0.1 |
0.4 |
0.5 |
0.6 1.4 |
13.4 9.5 2.4
12.1 1.5
1.6
*Sangamon, Middle Fork, and Kaskaskia only. fKaskaskia and Sangamon only.
JSangamon, Embarrass, and Middle Fork only. §Middle Fork only.
344
Illinois N.atlr-al History Survey Bulletin
Vol. 28. An. 2
habitat succession and in degree of hu- ty streams in which they were present.
man-induced modification, most fish spe- However, some support for the Thomp-
cies showing definite patterns of distribu- son \ Hunt concept e.xpressed above was
tion based on stream size did not e.xhibit found. The following species showed
these patterns in all the Champaign Coun- somewhat consistent distribution patterns
Table 19.— Other minnows and the carp. Average numbers of each of several species taken in the 1959 sur\ev quantitative samples only in streams of various size ranges. Each species average is for only tho-e stream s\ stems in which the <;pecie^ occurred in the quantitative col- lections.
Species
Draixace .\rea of Stream ix Square Miles at Point of CoLLEcnox
-8-
-16-
-64-
-128-
-25<
-512
Sem»tUus atromaculatus
Phrmacoblus mirabilis
Ericymba bmccata -
Hjbopsis biguttala* .. K»temiponus crjsolrucas Cjprimus carpio — __
|
250.0 |
263.8 |
130 9 |
55.2 |
56.1 |
31.3 |
|
0.6 |
1.1 |
5.2 |
1.3 |
1.0 |
1.5 |
|
11.1 |
67.2 |
8.9 |
38.0 |
29.3 |
|
|
2"? |
0.5 |
52.0 |
23.3 |
6.5 |
9.0 |
|
0.2 |
tr. |
0.3 |
0.8 |
||
|
1 ~ |
3.5 |
0.2 |
4.3 |
3.8 |
4.3 0.4 1.5 0.7 1.3 1.0
8.1 0.1 0.4 1.4
0.5 0.3
•AU
except Embjnas*.
Table 20. — Catfishes. .Average numbers of each of several species taken in the 1959 survey 'quantitative samples only in streams of various size ranges. Each species average is for only those stream systems in which the species occurred in the quantitative collections.
Species
Drainage .Area of Stream iv Square Miles .at Point of Collection
-16-
-64-
-128-
-256 512
Ictalurus natalis
Soturus gjrinus* Koturus fia^usf Soturus miuruft Ictalurus punctatus^ FyloJictus olivaris%
4.3
0.4 0.1
0.9 0.3 0.1
0.5 tr. 0.1
0.1
0.2 02 0.1
0.1 tr. 0.6 1.2 0.3 0.1
0.1 0.1 0.2
0.3
*Salt Fork. SangamoD. 3Dd Kaskaskia onlj. tSalt Fork, Middle Fork, and Sangamoo oolv.
IMiddle Fo:k and Elmbarra^ only. §Middle Fork 011I7.
Table 21. — Sunfish and bass. .Average numbers of each of several species taken in the 1959 survey quantitative samples only in streams of various <iize ranges. Each species average is for only those stream systems in which the species occurred in the quantitative collections.
Species
Drainage .\rea of Stream in Square Miles at Point of Collection
4-
16-
-32-
-64-
-12^-
-Jit
-512
Lfpomis megalotis
Microptfrus Jolomieui* Microptrrus punctulatus^
Lepomis macrochirus%.
Lepomis cjanellus ^
Ambloplites rupestris* Micropterus salmoides^ Pomoxis annularis* Lepomis humilis^
|
1.5 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
0.7 |
0.6 |
0.8 |
|
|
3.2 |
0.8 |
1.2 |
1.3 |
0.3 |
1.3 , |
|
|
8.2 |
._, |
|
7.0 |
|||
|
1 |
tr. |
0.1 |
|
0.2 |
0.1 |
|
|
' 5.M |
— |
0.2 |
0.6 0.4 |
1.2 |
2.8 |
2.0 06 0.1 0.1 |
|
1 - |
^ |
_ |
0.9 |
0.2 0.2
tr. 1.3 0.3 0.2 tr.
*Sali Fork, Middle Fork, and Sangamon duy. tMidtOe Fork only.
tSalt Fork. Kaskaskia. and Sangamon only. §Salt Fork and Sangamon only.
March, 1963
Larimore & S.mith: Fishes of Champaign* County
345
in relation to stream size in at least three of five drainage systems in the county :
Caiostomus commersoni
Erirnyzon oblongus
Hypentelium nigricans
Cyprinus carpio
Ericymba buccata
Ictalurus natalis
Lepomis cyanellus
Eiheostoma spectabile Because of great variation in habitat succession among Champaign Count)" streams, we might suppose that the species showing some consistency in distribution pattern in relation to stream size were those adapted to a wide variety of habitat conditions or to a set of conditions closely related to stream size. The following spe- cies apparently were not adapted to these conditions, for their distribution patterns showed no consistencv from stream to
stream and little correlation with stream or drainage size :
\otropis chrysocephalus
\otropis stramineus
Notropis umbratilis
\oturus gyrinus
Lepomis megalotis
Etheostoma blennioides
Etheostoma nigrum
Percina mac ul at a Thompson 5: Hunt suggested that the place of greatest abundance- of a species might be related to a specific stream size. In 1959, each species listed below was taken in greatest abundance in a spe- cific stream size in each drainage:
Aloxostoma erythrurum
Campostoma anomalum
Hybopsis biguttata
A otropis spilopterus
Semotilus atromaculatus
Table 22. — Darters. Average numbers of each of several species taken in the 1959 sur\ey (quantitative samples only) in streams of various size ranges. Each species average is for only those stream systems in which the species occurred in the quantitative collections.
Species
Dr.mnage Area of Stream ik Square Miles at Point of Collection"
4-
-8-
-16-
-64-
-128-
!56 512
Etiieosto
Etheosto
Percina
Etheosto
Etheosto
Etheosto
Percina
Percina
Etheosto
ma nigrum ma spectabile
maculata
ma flabellare* ma caeruleumf^. ma blennioides^ .
caprodes%
phoxocephalc^ _ ma zonale
|
1.2 |
23.7 |
3.9 |
26.9 |
6.5 |
10.4 |
3.9 |
|
38.0 |
6.3 |
9.3 |
44.9 |
8.9 |
0.2 |
0.4 |
|
4.1 |
0.1 |
0.5 |
0.7 |
0.4 |
0.8 |
|
|
3 6 |
0.5 |
3.6 |
0.5 |
tr. |
||
|
0.4 |
0.4 |
|
0.2 |
|
0.1 |
|
|
|
0.8 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
0.9 |
||
|
0.1 |
0.1 |
|||||
|
— |
— |
— |
— |
tr. |
— |
0.7 |
|
— |
— |
— - |
— |
— |
tr. |
*Salt Fork. Middle Fork, and Sangamon only.
fAll stream? except Sangamon.
iSalt Fork, Middle Fork, and Embarrass only.
.SKaskaskia, Sangamon, and Embarrass only. ""Sangamon and Middle Fork only.
I Sangamon only.
J. 5 0.2 0.4 0.1
0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2
Table 23. — Miscellaneous fishes. .Xverage numbers of each of several species taken in the 1959 survey quantitative samples onhM in streams of various size ranges. Each species average is for only those stream systems in which the species occurred in the quantitative collections.
Species
Draik.age Area of Stream iv Square Miles at Point of Collection
4-
-16-
156 512
|
Fundulus notatus* — Aphredoderus sayanus'\ |
— |
— - |
21.4 0.5 0.2 |
4.9 tr. |
0.9 tr. 0.2 0.3 |
0.8 0.2 0.5 |
0.1 0.2 0.3 |
0.1 tr. |
|
Dorosoma cepedianum% Labidrsthes sicculus*^ - - |
2.0 tr. |
*A11 streams except Middle Fork. tSangamon, Embarrass, and Kaskaskia only. :|Embarrass, Kaskaskia, and Middle Fork only.
§Sangamon only, tSalt Fork only.
346
Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin
Vol. 28, Art. 2
Other hypotheses by Thompson & Hunt sutiijest that in certain species the entire population is confined to a certain stream size of very narrow limits. In the 1959 collections, none of the species (among those taken in sufficient numbers to sup- port such a conclusion) was confined to a certain stream size in more than two or three of the five county drainages con- sidered here. This lack of restricted dis- tribution was due probably to the lack of restricted habitats ; in streams of the sizes found in Champaign County, some habi- tats that are characteristic of large streams were found upstream and many habitats that are characteristic of small streams were found downstream. Even ecological factors most closely related to stream size, such as bottom materials and vegetation, were not restricted to a degree that was known to limit the distribution of any species.
In both 1928 and 1959, young and adults of most species occurred abundantly in the same areas. However, the young of some of the suckers had their greatest fre- quency of occurrence upstream. The fol- lowing species (in addition to most of the suckers, with their well-known upstream movements to spawn in spring) showed proportionately greater numbers of small fish than large in the upstream areas:
Canipostonut (inor/iali/rn
Cy prill us carpio
Hybognathus nitchalis
Ictahtrits tuitfdis
A nihlopliti's rupestris
Le porn is macrochirus
Micropterus dolomieui
Microptents puncttdatus
Conclusions on Relationships
Information from the 1959 collections reinforced the hypotheses of Thompson i5: Hunt regarding the distribution of num- ber of species and number of individuals per unit area in relation to stream size, and it agreed moderately well with their theories regarding average size of fish and distribution of weight per unit area. Some of the other suggested relationships between the fishes and stream size appear less tenable, probably because of the great variation in habitat currently found in Champaign County streams. These re- lationships generally follow the ecological
succession of streams as illustrated by Shelford ( 191 1 ) in his collections of fishes from creeks in the Chicago region. Shel- ford's work and the studies of Champaign County fishes are based on the assumption that similar fish communities occupy sim- ilar ph\siographic stages in aging (base leveling) of a stream. Thompson & Hunt contributed several clear, practical expres- sions and interpretations of stream suc- cession, and their use of drainage area as an expression of stream size can be con- sidered a substantial contribution. The 1959 survey adds further to the knowledge of succession in warm-water streams. It provides data to substantiate many parts of the concept of succession, but at the same time offers an explanation for the many examples of failure of fish distribu- tion to fit the theoretical sequence of stream succession. The major reason for this failure is that base leveling does not often produce a perfect geologic succes- sion and a uniform progression of eco- logical factors.
DISTRIBUTION AND POLLUTION
Types of pollution have changed con- siderably during the years spanned by the three surveys of Champaign County fishes. Organic pollution, which began even be- fore the period of the backyard privy, has existed to the present time with its mod- ern scientific treatment of domestic wastes. Sources of chemical pollution have appeared ; some of these have disappeared while others continue to threaten aquatic life. Pollution becomes most severe in areas of dense population and industrial development ; thus, in Champaign Coun- ty, it is most severe in the region of Champaign-Urbana, which serves as the focus of the present study. (The State of Illinois Sanitary Water Board in 1951 defined pollution to include alteration of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of any waters to render them harmful to fish or other aquatic organisms. This definition, which would include the effects of temperature change, sediments, and abnormal chemical levels in effluents, will be followed here.)
At the time Forbes & Richardson made their collections in the West Branch, around 1899, untreated organic wastes
March, 1963
Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
347
from Champaign and Urbana were car- ried by two gravity-flow sewers that dis- charged directly into the lower Boneyard creek and into the nearby West Branch proper. There was some additional pol- lution from stables, the power plant, and a few small industries, but the collections of Forbes & Richardson indicate that the fish population in the West Branch had not been seriously affected, as a variety of species, similar to that which might be found in nearby streams unaffected by pollution, was present, table 24.
A vivid description of conditions in the Boneyard and the West Branch of the Salt Fork for about two decades fol- lowing the work of Forbes & Richardson was given by Baker (1922:170-85). By
1918, the Bone\'ard was apparently barren of clean-water organisms. The West Branch from Urbana to St. Joseph was laden with masses of decomposing matter made up of foul-water algae and protozoa, and its bottom was inhabited by slime worms. Even below the junction of the West Branch and the East Branch, con- ditions were septic, and clean-water life did not appear for a distance of several miles downstream.
In 1917, legislation permitted the or- ganization of the Urbana-Champaign San- itary District with the result that, by 1924, the sewage from both cities passed through a disposal plant. Although the disposal plant served to improve conditions in the West Branch, a high level of pol-
Table 24. — Numbers of collections in which each of 22 species was taken in three sections of the West Branch and below by Forbes & Richardson (FR), Thompson & Hunt (TH), and Larimore & Smith (LS). No species not taken by Larimore & Smith is included. Figures in parentheses below FR, TH, and LS indicate numbers of collections made, except that they do not include collections made by Thompson & Hunt or Larimore & Smith subsequent to their initial visits. Species taken in the subsequent visits and at no other time are indicated by +.
|
In the 4 Miles |
In the 9 Miles |
In the 4 Miles |
|||||||
|
Above Sewage Disposal Plant |
Bexow Sewage Disposal Plant |
Below Junction of West and East Branches |
|||||||
|
Species |
|||||||||
|
FR |
TH |
LS |
FR |
TH |
LS |
FR |
TH |
LS |
|
|
(3) |
(4) |
(4) |
(4) |
(4) |
(4) |
(3) |
(2) |
(2) |
|
|
Creek chub |
0 |
4 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
|
Green sunfish |
2 0 |
4 0 |
3 3 |
4 0 |
+ 0 |
1 1 |
0 0 |
0 0 |
2 |
|
Carp |
2 |
||||||||
|
Golden shiner |
2 |
4 |
2 |
3 |
2 |
+ |
1 |
2 |
2 |
|
Biuntnose minnow |
3 0 0 0 |
3 3 0 0 |
3 3 3 2 |
3 0 2 4 |
2 3 0 0 |
+ + + + |
2 0 0 0 |
2 1 0 |
2 |
|
Kedfin shiner . |
1 |
||||||||
|
Common shiner |
2 |
||||||||
|
Sand shiner* |
0 |
||||||||
|
White sucker._ |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
+ |
1 |
1 |
||
|
Stoneroller |
3 |
3 |
2 |
0 |
+ |
0 |
0 |
||
|
Silver jaw minnow |
3 |
2 |
I |
1 |
+ |
0 |
2 |
0 |
|
|
Creek chubsucker |
2 |
3 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
||
|
Spotfin shiner* |
0 |
+ |
3 |
1 |
+ |
0 |
2 |
||
|
Yellow bullhead |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
||
|
Johnny darter |
3 |
9 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
||
|
Longear sunfish |
2 |
1 |
4 |
0 |
+ |
1 |
0 |
||
|
Grass pickerel |
2 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
|
|
Golden redhorse . .... |
0 0 |
0 0 |
2 1 |
0 0 |
0 0 |
0 0 |
0 0 |
1 |
|
|
Quillback |
1 |
||||||||
|
Bhiegill |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4- |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Black crappie |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
+ |
1 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Hornyhead chub |
0 |
0 |
+ |
I |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Number of species taken in |
|||||||||
|
first collections |
23 |
20 |
15 |
33 |
6 |
3 |
20 |
19 |
14 |
|
Number of species taken in |
|||||||||
|
subsequent collections . . |
.... |
2 |
-— |
1 |
12 |
.... |
.... |
— |
•Presumed to represent only this species at these stations, although name used in early surveys was known to be a composite of two or more species.
.U8
Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin
Vol. 28. Art. 2
lution still existed, and very few fishes were found there b\- Thoinpson 5c Hunt when the\ made their collections in U^28. iniprovenients in the efficiency of the san- itary system were made at freijuent inter- vals between 102S and l')5^), and at pres- ent most of the L hampaiijn and Urhana wastes are j^iven complete treatment. In recent years, Rantoiil, Gibson Cit>', and the Chanute .Air Force Hase have in- stalled sewaLie treatment plants.
Althou)j;h. in the past 60 years, Cham- paijj;n Countx' has lost such sources of pollutants as the earl\ ^as plants and stables, and has improved the sewer sys- tems and the treatment of human waste, it still has to contend with domestic sew- ajje from outlets illej^ally connected to storm sewers; chemicals that pass un- chanjied throuj^h the treatment plant; oils that wash from roads and machinery ; wastes from canninji plants, milk plants, and soybean mills; modified water tem- peratures; and aij;ricultural chemicals, such as modern herbicides and insecti- cides. It has the University of Illinois chemical laboratories, the Chanute Air Force Base machinery, and an ever-in- creasing number of industries.
Alonji with these pollutants, there is the growinji problem of an increasing vol- ume of efHuents, which may be detri- mental to aquatic life, no matter how well they have been treated. The Champaign- Urbana community and the West Branch provide a good example. In October, 1917, a total How of 3,U0U,000 gallons per day was reported for the Salt Fork below the disposal plant (Baker 1922:171). About half of this volume (1,500,000 gallons per day) was from the sanitary treatment plant. The natural stream flow was low when the measurement was made and is comparable to that during the low water period of September, 1959, when we studied the West Branch.
In September, 1959, the total volume of sewage going through the plant was 7,276,000 gallons per day, nearly five times the volume cited by Baker for 1917. (This and similar 1959 figures are from a monthly report of the Urbana-Champaign Sanitar_\' District.) If the natural volume of the flow in the West Branch has not changed over these years, and the sewage effluent has increased nearly five-fold, the
West Branch below the disposal plant must be nearl\' three times as large as it was in 1917. 'Fhe total flow has changed from one-half effluent in 1917 to four- fifths effluent in 1959. In September, 1959, this eftluent had a biochemical ox\gen de- mand of 9 p. p.m., which would quickly reduce the oxygen in the natural stream water with which it was mixed ; natural agitation of the flowing waters would, of course, partially replace the dissolved ox- ygen used up by the effluent material. In spite of the present high level of efficiency for the treatment plant, which produces an effluent that is as nearly perfect as sanitary engineers consider practical, the stream remains unfit for most aquatic life. The problem centers on the great volume of effluent that is produced and on the accumulation of chemical agents that pre- clude existence of clean-water organisms.
Areas of Chronic Pollution
Seven principal areas of chronic pollu- tion, fig. 14, affect the distribution of Champaign County fishes, figs. 15-70.
The Boneyard. — Because of its loca- tion in the center of Champaign-Urbana, fig. 14, the Boneyard receives quantities of varied pollutants. Although Forbes & Richardson collected Johnny darters from the stream, some pollution probably existed then. According to Baker ( 1922 : 1 72) , at the time of his study the Bone>ard was receiving domestic pollutants as well as oil and tar from the gas works; pollution was extremely severe in 1915. Thompson (Sc Hunt stated that the Boneyard con- tained no permanent fish population in 1928, although at that time, as well as in 1959, some fishes occasionally moved into polluted areas during high water and re- mained for short periods.
In 1958, black bullheads taken from the Market Street gutters during a period of high water were collected by several peo- ple and identified by Dr. Marcus S. Gold- man. Apparently the fish had moved up the Boneyard, through the storm sewers, and out through the street drains. Except for similar brief ingressions, no fish occur at the present time in the Boneyard. It remains badly polluted by waste from im- properly connected household drains and from businesses discharging directly into the ditch or into storm drains.
March, 1963
Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
349
West Branch. — Although Forbes & Richardson found a variety of fishes in the West Branch of the Salt Fork during their survey, this creek has subsequently undergone drastic reduction in both va-
riety of species and abundance of indi- viduals. The West Branch is divisible into three sections: Section 1, the 4 miles of creek above the Urbana-Champaign disposal plant; Section 2, the creek from
;^=D
K^ Modified water temperature Excessive siltotion Chemical sampling station
Fig. 14. — Distribution of pollution in Champaign County and location of seven stations at which chemical analyses were made in 1960. Severe pollution was found in Copper Slough and Phinney Branch west of Champaign-Urbana (city near center of map), the Boneyard in Champaign-Urbana; the West Branch of the Salt Fork east of Champaign-Urbana, the East Branch of the Salt Fork east of Rantoul (upper center of map), and the small stream from Chanute Field south of Rantoul.
350
Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin
Vol. 28, Art. 2
the disposal plant to its junction with the East jiranch; and Section 3, the stream (actually the Salt Fork) from the junc- tion of the Kast and West branches down- stream for a distance of 4 miles.
Section 1 presumably was relatively free of pollution when Forbes ^' Richard- son collected at least 23 species there. In 1928. Thompson ^' Hunt described this section as clean and relatively free of pol- lution ; they reported 20 species in the area. Since 1928, however, waste water from the northward expansion of Urbana and from several industrial plants has
polluted this portion of the stream. In 1959, only 15 species of fish were found there, table 24.
Examples of species that disappeared early from this section were the spotted sucker, golden redhorse, suckermouth min- now, black bullhead, black crappie, and two species of darters. Species that disap- peared in recent years (as pollution in- creased) were the grass pickerel, tadpole madtom, brook silverside, and bluegill. The most notable examples of species ap- pearing in the section for the first time after 1900 were the carp, common shiner,
Table 25. — Number of fish per 100 square yards and number of species taken at sampling stations above and below sewage disposal plant on the West Branch of the Salt Fork by Thomp- son & Hunt and by Larimore & Smith. Presence of a species in very small numbers is indi- cated by +.
|
Thompson & Hunt |
Larimore & Smith |
|||
|
Station in Relation to Disposal Plant |
Number of Fish per 100 Square Yards |
Number of Species |
Number of Fish per 100 Square Yards |
Number of Species |
|
7 miles above. 4 miles above 1 mile above i/o mile above 1|4 miles below - 214 miles below 4 miles below .— . 614 miles below 12 miles below |
150 167 67 332 2 14 7 30 397 |
10 10 11 11 2 3 2 4 15 |
510 230 675 37 0 + 1 + 9 |
6 13 10 9 0 1 2 1 12 |
Table 26. — Number and weight (pounds) of fish per 100 square yards, and average number of species per station, collected in 1959 at various stations in two streams, one polluted (part of West Branch and Salt Fork) and one unpolluted (part of East Branch and Salt Fork). Each station is located with reference to stream size.
|
Polluted Area |
Unpolluted Area |
|||||||
|
Stream Size (Square Miles OF Drain- age)* |
Number of Stations |
Number of Species per Station |
Collection per 100 Square Yards |
Number of Stations |
Number of Species per Station |
Collection per 100 Square Yards |
||
|
Number of Fish |
Weight of Fish |
Number of Fish |
Weight of Fish |
|||||
|
4-8 8-16 16-32 32-64 64-128 128-256 |
2 4 1 |
10 1 12 |
356 tr. 9 |
0.7 tr. 3.0 |
1 3 1 1 2 1 |
7 13 15 14 20 15 |
954 809 308 1,338 721 33 |
1.3 2.8 1.6 9.1 7.7 3.9 |
•Classification used by Thompson & Hunt (1930). In our work, we considered the numerals as designating size limits, so that a stream classified as size 4-8 had a drainage area of more than 4 and not more than 8 square miles.
March, 1963
Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
351
Table 27. — Number of species of fish collected at several stations above and below the sewage disposal plant on the West Branch of the Salt Fork. The two pools immediately above and below the mouth of the Boneyard were one-half mile above the disposal plant.
|
Date |
Pool Above Mouth of Boneyard |
Pool Below Mouth of Boneyard |
114 Miles Below Sewage Disposal Plant |
214 Miles Below Sewage Disposal Plant |
4 Miles Below Sewage Disposal Plant |
6 14 Miles Below Sewage Disposal Plant |
|
1959 September 1960 March April May June July |
9 0 1 6* 1* 5 |
4 1 1 6* 6* 7 |
0 0 0 0 0 2 |
1 0 4 1 0 0 |
2 0 1 8 7 6 |
1 0 1 -t 6 9 |
*Heavy oil film on banks and part of water surface. tWater level too high to permit collecting.
hornyhead chub, creek chub, and redfin shiner.
Three quantitative samples from Sec- tion 1, taken at points 4 miles, 1 mile, and one-half mile above the sewage treatment plant, table 25, indicate that several spe- cies have been able to tolerate the amount of pollution present during the past 30 years, but in 1959 the weight of fish per 100 square yards of water varied from 0.4 to 1.1 pounds, a capacity considerably be- low that of streams of this class (32-64 square miles of drainage) for the rest of the county, table 14.
Section 2, below the disposal plant, was already polluted at the time of the first survey. Pollution apparently had not greatly reduced the number of species present, inasmuch as Forbes & Richardson reported 33 species in the area. Soon after, however, water conditions became intol- erable to most fishes (Baker 1922:117). When Thompson & Hunt collected in this 9-mile stretch, they found seven spe- cies, most of which were tolerant of mod- erate pollution. Only a few individuals of each species were taken, and most of these were found near outlets of drain tiles that supplied clean water. On the initial visit of the 1959 survey, the four stations that had been sampled by Thompson k Hunt produced only three species, table 24, and a total of 10 individuals. However, nu- merous revisits to these stations during the following spring and early summer enabled us to collect a few individuals of 12 other species.
The list of species disappearing from Section 2 is much longer than the list of species extirpated from Section 1. Spe- cies appearing for the first time in Section 2 after the advent of pollution include the carp and redfin shiner.
The drastic reduction in the number of species, in total fish weight, and in num- ber of individuals for Section 2 in 1959 may be seen if figures in table 26 (pol- luted area) are compared with county- wide averages for streams having similar drainage areas (6-1—128 square miles), table 14. Drastic reduction in the fish pop- ulation was observed in the stream just be- low the disposal plant, tables 25 and 27.
Section 3 (actually the Salt Fork), a 4-mile stretch directly below the con- fluence of the East and West branches, receives the benefit of dilution from the cleaner East Branch. Twenty species of fish were collected in this section during the first survey, 19 in the second, and 14 in the third. The average number of fish per 100 square yards taken in the third survey was very low for streams of this size, 128-256 square miles of drainage area, table 26, but the poundage (3 pounds per 100 square yards) was about average for the county. However, the quantitative data were based on a single sample that contained 14 large carp. Spe- cies other than carp were present in very low numbers, only nine fish per 100 square yards. Signs of pollution were apparent in this section, especially at times of low water.
352
Ii.i.iNois Natlrai. History Survey Bulletin
Vol. 28, Art. 2
East Branch. — The East Branch of the- Salt Fork is polluted h\- the city of Rantoul and 1\\ Clianiite Air Force Base. At the time of the Thompson .S: Hunt survey, collections made near the outlet of the Rantoul sewer ditch during warm weather contained an abundance of Hsh of 12 species (mostly the creek chub and silverjaw minnow; the stoneroller and Johnny darter also were common). How- ever, no *ish were found at this location durinji the cool periods of the year. The location is presentl> polluted by effluent trom a disposal plant placed in operation in l'^54. In August, 1959, the stream be- low the plant was foul and the bottom was covered with sludj^e. It contained a few fish that were seen but not identified. The stream was revisited the following May, at which time the white sucker, stoneroller, siKerjaw minnow, creek chub, and sand shiner were taken.
The Chanute Air Force Base, in the vicinity of Rantoul. operates three treat- ment plants that pollute a small stream flowing eastward from the southern edge of the Base. A station on this small stream contained an abundant population of 14 species at the time of the Thompson & Hunt survey, but yielded only three creek chubs and a carp when we collected there in August of 1959. The following April, when we revisited the site, it was devoid of t^sh.
The influence of pollution on the East Branch extends downstream several miles. Fwo and one-half miles below the Ran- toul disposal plant, the stream smelled foul and contained other evidence of sewage in October, 1959, when a collecting station was set up there. A few specimens of the creek chub, stoneroller, silverjaw minnow, bluntnose minnow, sand shiner, and spot- fin shiner were taken at this station. Two miles below, in the mouth of a small creek that flows from the air base into the East Branch, fairly large numbers of Hsh were taken during the same month. At this sec- ond station, all of the species listed above were collected and, in addition, the white sucker, creek chubsucker, quillback, carp, and redfin shiner. The fact that condi- tions looked much better at the second sta- tion than above, in either the main creek or the small branch, suggested that the organic waste, after it had been digested
and diluted, enriched the water to produce a large iish population.
Lower Salt Fork. — Thompson iSc Hunt considered the lower Salt Fork se- \erely affected by pollution as far down- stream as the Homer Dam near the count)' line; they collected only a small variety of species and found low popula- tions at the stations in this area. In 1959, septic conditions occurred between St. Joseph and Sidnev; however, between Sid- ney and the county line the stream ap- peared clear of pollution, although the water chemistry still reflected the up- stream pollution, table 3. At five stations from which we took quantitative fish samples in this area, the populations were slightly below the average for streams of this size in the rest of the county, table 14.
Copper Slough, Phinney Branch. — Both branches of the small stream drain- ing the west edge of Champaign were badly polluted in 1959. Copper Slough received industrial and domestic waste. It apparent!}' was polluted in 1928, for Thompson <S: Hunt found no fish at their one station near Illinois State Route 10. Only the blackstripe topminnow was taken in Copper Slough in 1959.
In 1959, Phinney Branch received ef- fluent from a small treatment plant lo- cated on its bank immediately above its confluence with Copper Slough. The ef- fluent from this plant apparently pro- hibited existence of fish in this stream, although the pollution was probably less severe in 1959 than it was prior to the installation of the plant in 1956. At the junction of Phinney Branch and Copper Slough, a large variety of fishes was col- lected during the course of the 1959 sur- vey. On February 27, 1960, no fish were seen at the junction of these two streams; perhaps the level of pollution from Cop- per Slough and Phinney Branch was such that it permitted the existence of fish in the lower reaches only during certain times of the year.
Upper Sangamon. — In 1959, pollu- tion effluent from Gibson City flowed 6 miles south through Drummer Creek and entered the upper Sangamon. Domestic wastes from Gibson City and wastes from a packing plant and from a soybean mill caused fish kills in Drummer Creek and the upper Sangamon almost annually dur-
March. 1963
Larimore & Smith : Fishes of Champaign County
353
ing recent decades. According to Thomp- son & Hunt, wastes from a canning fac- tory at Gibson City caused the fish kill that they described. Such kills have ex- tended downstream as far as Mahomet. The threat of severe pollution was re- duced, but not eliminated, by the recent installation of a disposal plant at Gibson City for the treatment of domestic wastes. Upper Kaskaskia. — Alteration of the natural water temperatures of a stream may be considered a type of pollution. West of Champaign, one-half mile south of Illinois State Route 10, the U. S. In- dustrial Chemical Company from time to time pumps large volumes of water from three wells into the Kaskaskia for use at plants near Ficklin, 20 miles downstream. The temperature of the well water is near 55 degrees F. On July 14, 1959, at 3:00 P.M., the stream temperature above these wells was 91 degrees, at the wells 60 de- grees, and the water temperature re- mained subnormal for 5 miles below the wells. On February 2, 1961, at 10:00 A.M., when all other streams in the county were covered by heavy ice, the Kaskaskia was open for 6 miles below the wells. The water temperature was 51 de- grees at the wells, 36.5 degrees 3.5 miles downstream, and 32.5 degrees 6 miles be- low the wells. Large aggregations of fish and heavy algal blooms occurred in the 2 miles of stream below the wells. Be- sides altering temperature and producing a more constant flow seasonally, the wells also reduced the sulfate, chloride, and hardness (as CaCOs) of the water below that of any other natural waters exam- ined in the county, table 3. Although spe- cies composition and the distribution of fish aggregations could conceivably be al- tered by the well water, no such evidence was available from our collections.
Chemistry of Polluted Waters
Pollution may drastically change the amount of dissolved chemicals in w^ater. Samples taken on the East Branch of the Salt Fork north of St. Joseph, on the West Branch east of Urbana, and on the Salt Fork northwest of Homer, fig. 14, all show the influence of domestic and com- mercial wastes, table 3, and are character- ized by high concentrations of ammonium, nitrate, phosphate, chloride, total dis-
solved minerals, and alkyl benzene sul- fonate. No consistent relationship seems to exist between alkalinity or hardness and the degree of pollution. The most strik- ing difference between the chemistry of the water in the East Branch, where a greater than average fish population was taken, and the chemistry of the water in the West Branch, where very few fish were taken, was in the level of phosphates and sulfates present. The West Branch contained nearly four times the concen- tration of phosphates and twice the con- centration of sulfates found in the East Branch. Concentrations of phosphates in the West Branch were presumably due to the great amount of detergents that pass through the treatment plant of the Ur- bana-Champaign Sanitary District. Alkyl benzene sulfonate, one of the basic in- gredients in most household detergents, was nearly twice as concentrated in the West Branch as in the East Branch.
Fish Anomalies Caused by Pollution
Many malformed fishes were taken from the West Branch of the Salt Fork above the sanitary disposal plant. Al- though fair numbers of individuals were taken in these collections, table 25, the fish were small in size and many of them had abnormally small, upturned mouths; certain fins were partially or entirely miss- ing. The creek chub, bluntnose, and com- mon shiner seemed to be especially af- fected. They may be the only species that can reproduce in the polluted water, and hence, in their embryonic development, they may have been influenced by toxic substances.
Fish Kills
Mention has been made of fish kills in Champaign County. A kill of fish has been observed annually for many years on the upper Sangamon River. Dead fish have been reported as far downstream as Ma- homet. A severe kill occurred during the middle of August in 1959 while we were engaged in the third survey. Dead fish were found in the upper Sangamon from the mouth of Drummer Creek down- stream as far as the town of Fisher. Along the banks 3 miles north of Fisher, 21 spe- cies were identified. Dead mussels, cray- fish, tadpoles, and salamanders (Necturus)
354
Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin
Vol. 28, Art. 2
also were found. The proportion of the fish population killed b\ this pollutant was not known. The dead fish picked up and examined represented most of the species previousl\' taken in our collections. In spite of the recurrinj^ kills, the disappear- ance of only one species is attributed to this pollution. A minnow {Notropis amnis), taken at three stations in the Sangamon near Fisher by Thompson & Hunt, seemingly no longer occurs in the county.
On the upper Kaskaskia, severe pollu- tion introduced at a point just south of Champaign County near Ficklin has pro- duced chronic to.xic conditions and fre- quent fish kills. The Ficklin pollution probably blocks the upstream movements of certain species and thus influences the composition of the populations within Champaign County.
The East Branch has had several fish kills in recent years other than those caused by domestic pollution from Ran- toul and Chanute Air Force Base. One such kill was said to have been caused by the accidental release of a large vol- ume of gasoline into the stream. Another kill resulted from discharge into the stream of solutions used for cleaning air- craft.
On the West Branch, an occasional dead fish can be found, although so few fish occur in the area below the disposal plant that even if all were killed there would not be a noticeable number of dead individuals along the banks. Probably the fish found dead were individuals that moved into this area when water condi- tions were temporarily tolerable and were killed as conditions again became lethal.
In the lower Salt Fork, fish kills fre- quently have occurred below St. Joseph. These probably have been the result of overenrichment of the waters, where near- pollution conditions are usually present. Summer fish kills seem to be associated with periods of very low water levels and high temperatures; during such periods septic conditions develop. Often in the wintertime, blooms of green plants and animals develop that cause the death of fish over a long stretch of the river. Very heavy algal blooms developed during Feb- ruary and March of 1954. An abnormally low amount of suspended silt was in the
water when there developed a tremendous green bloom composed mainly of Euglena sp. (similar to E. sangiiinea) and a dia- tom, Hantzschia mtiphioxus (identification by Dr. P. C. Silva, then Associate Pro- fessor of Botany, University of Illinois). The organisms settled to the bottom of the stream each day after dark and blanketed the bottom materials. Many fish were seen gasping along the shoreline of the river and in small tributary water sources. Dead fish could be seen all along the river from St. Joseph as far down- stream as Fairmount in Vermilion Coun- ts These water conditions not only killed many fish but caused the flesh of surviving fish to be unpalatable.
Ingression Into Polluted Waters
During the spring and early summer of 1960, we made a series of seine hauls at the West Branch stations sampled the previous September. These seine hauls in- dicated a certain amount of ingression of fishes into polluted water, table 27. The several species taken below the disposal plant were represented by very few indi- viduals. The creek chub, bluntnose min- now, redfin shiner, and golden shiner were the species most frequently taken in these collections.
Reinvasion of a stream area by species once present is usually very rapid (Lari- more, Childers, & Heckrotte 1960:269) ; if chemical conditions below the disposal plant were made suitable for the existence of fish, the population would quickly build up to what might be expected in streams of similar size.
Specific Tolerance to Pollution
The following species were most fre- quently found in the polluted water areas sampled in 1959: creek chub, carp, silver- jaw minnow, bluntnose minnow, redfin shiner, golden shiner, stoneroller, green sunfish, sand shiner, common shiner, spot- fin shiner, white sucker, creek chubsucker, topminnow, Johnny darter, and hornyhead chub. The finding of a particular species in a polluted area did not necessarily' mean that this species was more pollution-tol- erant than other species. Species found in a polluted area may have been unusually vagile, moving into the area during pe- riods of improved water conditions; equal-
March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
355
ly pollution-tolerant species might have been absent because they did not occur in the drainage system, because suitable habi- tat was not available, or because they were more sedentary in habits. The above list of pollution-tolerant species contains most of the species listed as tolerant by Thomp- son & Hunt.
DISTRIBUTION AND WATER ENRICHMENT
Stream enrichment is a vaguely defined condition in which some of the dissolved chemical constituents of the water are greater in amount than would normally occur from contact with the soil in a par- ticular drainage system or region. Enrich- ment of a body of water should result in greater productivity of aquatic organ- isms. However, because aquatic organ- isms have rather specific requirements, en- richment may produce conditions inimical to their very existence. Enrichment to some organisms is pollution to others.
Champaign County streams are en- riched by minerals leached from the soils of the drainage area, by fertilizers added to soils for increased crop production, by wastes from livestock, and by domestic sewage. Wastes from commercial opera- tions could also contribute enriching ma- trials, although no instance of such en- richment is known to occur in this county.
Natural Soil Fertility
The soils of Champaign County are unusually fertile and contribute dissolved nutrients to the streams draining them. The chemical composition of the waters, table 3, has been discussed previously.
Thompson & Hunt assumed that the size of a fish population was related to soil fertility because they found the larg- est concentration of fishes in the East Branch of the Salt Fork River, which flows through an area that they regarded as more fertile than any other in the county. Presently available information on the soils of Champaign County does not indicate that the streams in this drainage flow through an area more fertile than other drainage areas of the county. At only three of our collecting stations on the East Branch was the weight of fish per 100 square yards much greater than the average for the county, tables 14 and 26.
Alkalinity and total hardness have often been related to high productivity in nat- ural waters. All of the streams in the county are slightly alkaline and rather hard. The water in one of the two main streams in the East Branch drainage, the Spoon River, is the hardest in the county and one of the most alkaline, whereas water in the other stream is the least alkaline and near average in hardness, table 3. Because of dififerences in chemical composition of these streams, which pro- duced several large fish collections and were regarded by Thompson & Hunt as especially fertile, it is difficult to relate fish productivity to soil or water fertility. The differences between these streams ap- pear to be more the result of domestic pollution than of soil characteristics in the drainage area.
Fertilizers on the Watershed
Commercial fertilizers are used by farmers on virtually all of the croplands of Champaign County. The amount of fertilizer that enters the streams is in- fluenced by the natural soil chemistry, the soil permeability, the land use, the kind and amount of fertilizer applied, and other factors that make an exact determi- nation difficult.
Large amounts of organic fertilizer in the form of livestock manure are applied by farmers to most of the watersheds. The droppings of grazing cattle and hogs are deposited in pastures, often along stream banks, and sometimes actually in the streams. In some areas, manure contributes substantially to the fertility of the streams. An excess of fertilizer can cause fish mor- tality during the hot summer months when the water levels are unusually low, but, in Champaign County, instances of damage caused by excess amounts of live- stock manure are probably rare. Damage is done by livestock when the animals break down stream banks, permitting ex- cessive amounts of silt to enter water courses.
Domestic Sewage
Domestic sewage can be related to stream productivity in several places in Champaign County. Thompson & Hunt in 1928 found a fish population in the East Branch apparently benefiting from
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enrichment of stream water by the do- mestic sewage of Raiitoul. At that time, Rantoul did not treat sewage hut allowed it to run throuj^h an open ditch where, durinji warm weather, it was well di- gested before entering the East Branch. On revisiting the station iluring a cooler part of the year, Thompson ^ Hunt found that the raw sewage was not di- gested in the open ditch but that it en- tered the Kast Branch as to.xic material that eliminated fish for se\eral miles downstream.
At present, there is evidence of enrich- ment of the East Branch by domestic sewage from Rantoul ami Chanute Air Force Base. For several miles below the outlets, this sewage is toxic to fish most of the time. Farther downstream, large populations of a wide variety of fishes benefit from the end-products of the sewage that has been digested upstream. At one station with 41 square miles of drainage, 7.2 miles below the Rantoul dis- posal plant and approximately 2 miles be- low the entrance of the badly polluted stream from Chanute, the collection per 100 square yards amounted to 1,337 fish weighing more than 9 pounds. At an- other station with 73 square miles of drainage, 4.5 miles farther downstream, the collection per 100 square yards amounted to 1,331 fish weighing more than 10.5 pounds. These figures, three to four times the county averages, table 14, represented an area a few miles below the badly polluted area in which very few fish Avere found.
A fish population possibly benefiting from stream enrichment was taken in the upper Sangamon River about a mile be- low the mouth of Drummer Creek, which receives pollution from several sources in Gibson City. In this popula- tion, the numbers of individuals of the 22 species represented were low, but their sizes were sufficiently large to make the collection average 5.6 pounds per 100 square yards, a weight nearly twice that for most other streams of this size (193 square miles of drainage) in the countv, table 14.
An instance that ma\' be considered partial enrichment was found west of Champaign on Phinney Branch at the junction of Copper Slough. The upper
regions of both Phinney Branch and Cop- per Slough were polluted, but where they converge 20 species were taken ; the col- lection averaged 2.6 pounds per 100 square yards of drainage. Although 20 is an unusually high number of species for streams of this class (16 square miles of drainage) in the county, the weight was not much ahoxe average, table 14.
The Salt Fork from St. Joseph to the county line was the longest stretch of stream in the county enriched by up- stream sewage. However, our collections failed to indicate any desirable efiects of the enrichment.
Where fishes are benefiting from enrich- ment of the water, they may be existing under conditions that with very slight changes in chemical balance and concen- tration can quickly become toxic to them. Our data show that when desirable en- richment changes to undesirable pollution the effects on a fish population are hrst a reduction in the number of species, then a reduction in the total weight, and finally a reduction in the number of individ- uals.
FISHERIES
The network of streams and a scatter- ing of artificial ponds and lakes provide a considerable amount of fishing water in Champaign County. All of the streams, except the Little Vermilion and Embar- rass, are listed in the Game and Fish Codes as fish preserves; that is, fishing is lestricted to hook-and-line methods, or to minnow seining and spearing as provided by the Game and Fish Codes. Public ac- cess to most of the streams is provided by the system of section-line roads, and fish- ing is generally heaviest near bridges. All the waters as well as the stream banks are privately owned; fishermen must ob- tain landowners' consent to enter the property.
Sport Fishing
Approximately 20 of the 90 species in the annotated list of the fishes of Cham- paign County are commonly taken by hook-and-line fishing. However, Dr. Mar- cus S. Goldman has caught 38 species. The 189 miles we have classed as Rivulets and Small Creeks provide satisfactory angling only for small boys in quest of
March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
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chubs, sunfishes, or bullheads. The 176 miles of Large Creeks provide good fishing for anglers interested in catching chubs, sunfishes, bullheads, and, in the spring, a variety of suckers. The 58 miles of Small Rivers produce large numbers of suckers, sunfishes, bass, carp, and catfishes. The lower Sangamon River is an especially good fishing area for channel catfish, suck- ers, and carp, and, according to Dr. Gold- man, offers a better opportunity for an- gling than any other stream in the county. The lower Salt Fork is good for suckers and carp ; channel catfish become impor- tant a few miles before the stream leaves the county. The Middle Fork in Cham- paign County produces three species of bass and the channel catfish.
Creek chubs, hornyhead chubs, black bullheads, yellow bullheads, several sun- fishes, and many species of suckers can be taken in most streams of the county. The most commonly used baits are worms, minnows, crayfish, and especially prepared cheese baits, blood baits, and doughballs ; relatively little casting is done with arti- ficial lures.
Approximately 125 ponds and small lakes provide angling. These waters are formed by artificial dams and by flooded gravel and borrow pits. Most of the ponds are privately owned.
The fishes commonly found in these ponds are the bluegill, green sunfish, red- ear sunfish, orangespotted sunfish, war- mouth, black crappie, white crappie, large- mouth bass, black bullhead, yellow bull- head, channel catfish, golden shiner, and bluntnose minnow.
Commercialized Sport Fishing
Three privately owned lakes in Cham- paign County have been licensed to oper- ate as daily fee-fishing ponds. Great numbers of fish are purchased from com- mercial fishermen and fish dealers along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers, on some northern lakes, and even on Lake Erie as far east as Ohio. These fish are hauled alive by truck and released in the fishing ponds at intervals during the fish- ing season. Anglers pay a daily fee to fish. Because the fish are of many spe- cies and because some are brought from distant waters, the ponds are potential sources of species new to the streams of
the county. The following species have been taken from Champaign County fee- fishing ponds: bowfin, bluegill, green sun- fish, white crappie, yellow bass, carp, channel catfish, brown bullhead, yellow bullhead, black bullhead, largemouth bass, quillback, gizzard shad, goldfish, and a few minnows that probably were not de- liberately introduced by the pond owners.
Bait Collecting
Large numbers of minnows suitable for fish bait may be taken from many reaches of Champaign County streams. Crayfish also are taken from the streams.
Although in 1959 there were no li- censed wholesale minnow dealers in Cham- paign County, there were eight retail minnow dealers who sold minnows to sport fishermen. Their minnow supplies were either purchased from sources out- side the county or were seined by the deal- ers themselves from local streams. Because of the great labor and cost involved in pro- curing a sufficient number of minnows from local streams, most dealers found it more economical to purchase stocks from wholesale dealers.
Many fishermen take relatively small numbers of minnows for their own use. They may take bait from the streams with- out a commercial fishing license in seines not larger than 6 feet deep and 20 feet long and having a mesh of one-half inch or less. Many fishermen have favorite minnow "holes" where they can seine enough minnows for a 1-day fishing trip. Such small-scale bait collecting is a jus- tifiable use of minnows and does not en- danger the natural populations.
SUMMARY
1. Two investigations of fishes in the streams of Champaign County, Illinois, in- vestigations approximately 30 years apart (modal years 1899 and 1928), provided an incentive for a third investigation, in 1959, aimed at evaluating the effects of ecological changes that occurred over a period of approximately 60 years in an area that included both intensive farming and urbanization.
2. In less than a century, most of Champaign County was converted from marshy prairie to well-drained farmland. In recent years, population growth and
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industrial development have usurped a considerable acreajze of the farmland.
3. Draining and dredjiin^ reduced the water-holding capacity of the watersheds, resulting in a lower water table and in extreme fluctuations in stream flow. Can- alization altered stream courses and habi- tats and produced more uniformity in stream environments.
4. Late in the nineteenth century, most of the marshes and natural ponds were eliminated ; many drainage ditches were created. During the 30 \ears ending in 1959, the environmental trends in the streams were toward a decrease in depth and an increase in width ; a decrease in gravel substrate, an increase in silt, and an increase in sand ; a decrease in aquatic vegetation and an increase in overhanging vegetation.
5. Ninety species of fishes were in- cluded in the annotated list for Cham- paign County ; 74 of these were taken in 1959 or subsequently. Seven of the 90 were introduced species; the remaining 83, some of them no longer in the county, were native.
6. Sixteen species, the introductions ex- cluded, showed a decided increase in occur- rence (number of collecting stations and number of stream systems in which they were found) within the county during the 60-year period of study; 15 other species showed a decided decrease in occur- rence. Many species showed little change in occurrence, despite the great changes that took place in the stream habitats.
7. During the early part of the present century, the Salt Fork drainage contained a greater number of species than any other drainage in Champaign County; it was followed by the Sangamon, Middle Fork, Kaskaskia, and Embarrass. Subsequently, the Salt Fork and Sangamon exchanged rank. In 1959, the Sangamon contained the greatest number of species restricted to one drainage; the Embarrass had no species that occurred in that stream ex- clusively.
8. Much greater changes in species composition occurred in Champaign County streams during the first 30 years of the twentieth century than during the second 30 years. During the first 30- year period, the greatest changes occur- red in the Middle Fork and Sangamon
drainages; during the second 30-year period, the greatest changes occurred in the Kaskaskia and Salt Fork drainages.
9. Champaign County streams were classified as rivulets and small creeks, large creeks, and small rivers. Both large creeks and small rivers contained the fol- lowing habitats: sand and fine gravel rif- fles; gravel and boulder or rubble riffles; shallow, firm-bottomed pools; and deep, mud-bottomed pools. Each habitat was found to have characteristic species of fishes.
10. Each factor in the habitat of a species was expressed mathematically by correlating the numbers and weights of each species taken in quantitative samples with the numerical value for each of 13 different ecological factors.
11. Significant degrees of association, some of which were unexpected, were found between the numerical abundance of Notropis dorsalis and Ericymba buc- cata, Notropis chrysocephalus and Erimy- zon oblongus, and Catostomus commer- soni and Phenacobius mirabilis. Less signi- ficant associations were found between each of these species and several other species and between a few other pairs of species. A mutual dependence upon certain ecological conditions, rather than a direct interdependence between species, appeared to account for the associations found in Champaign County.
12. The average number of species per collecting station and the average number of fish per 100 square yards of water were somewhat greater in 1959 than in 1928. The most pronounced differences in the number of fish per unit area occurred in the Middle Fork drainage (high in 1928, low in 1959) and the Embarrass (low in 1928, high in 1959). The number of pounds of fish per acre of water was found to be 124.4 in 1959; it had been estimated by Thompson & Hunt to be 150 in 1928. The number of pounds of fish per 100 square yards of water in 1959 averaged 2.6, ranging from 0.9 in the Kaskaskia to 5.1 in the Middle Fork drainage.
13. The following generalizations be- tween fish distribution and stream size, as postulated by Thompson & Hunt (1930) following the 1928 investigation, were in general borne out in the 1959 study: the
March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
359
number of species per station increased downstream ; the actual number of fish per unit area decreased downstream ; and, with a decrease in the number of individ- uals downstream, there was a correspond- ing increase in their average size, so that the total amount of fish flesh per unit area was nearly constant. Thompson & Hunt's statement that fishes exhibit fre- quencies of occurrence that vary with stream size in a consistent and definite manner for each species was not substanti- ated with the 1959 data. Their hypothesis that the amount of fish flesh per unit of water was directly related to fertility of the water was neither confirmed nor dis- proved by the 1959 data, probably because all streams of the county were of nearly equal fertility.
14. The degree of stream pollution in Champaign County was greater in 1928 than in 1899, and greater in 1959 than in 1928. Although certain types of pollutants common in 1899 and 1928 no longer ex- isted in 1959, other types had replaced them. The large and increasing volume of treated effluents limited aquatic life in many areas of Champaign County streams at the time of the third survey. Pollution had caused a decline, even elimination, of fish in some reaches.
15. In 1959, chronic pollution in Champaign County was found to occur in the Boneyard, parts of the East Branch and West Branch of the Salt Fork, the lower Salt Fork, Copper Slough and Phinney Branch, the upper Sangamon, and the upper Kaskaskia. Some of these areas had been polluted for many years; others had recently become polluted.
16. Champaign County streams are en- riched by natural soil fertility and a vari- ety of introduced substances. Evidence was found in 1959 that certain fish popu- lations were benefiting from enrichment. Slight changes in chemical balance and concentration may quickly convert en- riched areas to polluted ones.
17. Champaign County contains a con- siderable amount of water useful for fish- ing. In addition to the streams, there are farm ponds, artificial lakes, and fee-fish- ing ponds available. Public access to the fishing sites is generally adequate, al- though streams are privately owned and landowners' permission must be obtained. Approximately 20 of the 90 species of fish known in the county are commonly taken by angling. Noncommercial minnow sein- ing for bait is a justifiable use of the local fauna and does not jeopardize local min- now populations.
/. I r E R AT U R E C IT ED
Anonymous
1876. Atlas of the State of Illinois, to which are added various general maps, history, sta- tistics and illustrations. Union Atlas Co., Chicago. 293 pp. Baker, Frank Collins
1922. The niolluscan fauna of the Big X'ermilion River, Illinois, with special reference to its modification as a result of pollution bv sewage and manufacturing wastes. 111. Biol. Monog. 7(2) :105-224+ 15 pis. Chan^non, S. A.. Jr.
1959. Summarv of weather conditions at Champaign-Urbana, Illinois. 111. State Water Surv. Bui. 47: 1-95. Fehrenbacher, J. B.
1963. The soil. Pp. 36-43 /// The natural resources of Champaign County. 2nd ed., re- vised. Champaign County Conservation Education Council, Urbana, Illinois. 59 pp. Forbes, S. A.
1907. On the local distribution of certain Illinois fishes: an essay in statistical ecology. 111. Lab. \at. Hist. Bui. 7{ 8 ) :273-303 -^ 15 maps + pis. xxix-xxxii. Forbes, Stephen .Alfred, and Robert Earl Richardson
[1908.] The fishes of Illinois. Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, [Urbana]. cxxxi 4- 357 pp. + separate atlas containing 102 maps.
Hopkins, Cyril C. J. G. Mosier, E. \'an Alstine, and F. W. Garrett
1918. Champaign County Soils. 111. Ag. Exp. Sta. Soil Rep. 18. 61 pp. Large. Thomas
[1903.] A list of the native fishes of Illinois, with keys. Append, to III. Fish Commrs. Rep. 1900-1902. 30 pp. Larimore, R, Weldon
1961. Fish population and eiectrofishing success in a warm-water stream. Jour. \\'ildlife Mgt. 25(1 ) :1-12. Larimore, R. Weldon, William F. Childers, and Carlton Heckrotte
1959. Destruction and re-establishment of stream fish and invertebrates affected by drought. Am. Fish Soc. Trans. 88(4) :261-85. Larimore, R. Weldon, Leonard Durham, and George W. Bennett
1950. A modification of the electric fish shocker for lake work. Jour. \N'ildlife Mgt. 14(3): 320-3. Luce. Wilbur M.
1933. A survey of the fishery of the Kaskaskia River. III. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bui. 20(2) :71-123. ODonnell. D. John
1935. Annotated list of the fishes of Illinois. 111. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bui. 20(5) : 473-500. Shelford, \'ictor E.
1911. Ecological succession. I. Stream fishes and the method of physiographic analysis. Biol. Bui. 21(1) :9-35.
Thompson, David H., and Francis D. Hunt
1930. The fishes of Champaign Countv: a studv of the distribution and abundance of fishes in small streains. 111. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bui. 19(1):1-101. Trautman, Milton B.
1957. The fishes of Ohio. Ohio State University Press, Columbus, xvii -f 683 pp. United States Geological Survey
1953- Surface water supply of the United States [each title includes the date for which data 1960. are given]. Part 5. Hudson Bav and upper Mississippi River basins. Geol. Surv.
Water-Supply Paper 1208, 1238, 1278, 1338, 1388, 1438. 1508. 1558.
1954— Surface water supply of the United States [each title includes the date for which data 1959. are given]. Part 3-A. Ohio River bas'n except Cumberland and Tennessee River
basins. Geol. Surv. Water-Supply Paper 1205. 1235. 1275. 1335, 1385, 1435, and 1505.
1957. Compilation of records of surface waters of the I'nited States through September 1950. Part 3-A. Ohio River basin except Cumb?r]and and Tennessee River basins. Geol. Surv. Water-Supply Paper 1350.
1959. Compilation of records of surface waters of the United States through September 1950. Part 5. Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basins. Geol. Surv. Water- Supply Paper 1308.
[360]
SPECIES DISTRIBUTION MAPS
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Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin
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Fig. 15. — Dorosoma cepedianum.
Fi^. 16. — Esox amcrlcanus.
Fig. 17. — Carpiodes cyprinus.
Fig. 18. — Carpiodes velifer.
Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 30- year intervals.
Open triangle; collecting station of Forbes &• Richardson; indicated species not collected.
Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species collected.
Small open circle alone: collecting station of Thompson & Hunt and also, if extant in 1959, col- lecting station of L.arimore & Smith; indicated species not collected at this station.
Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson & Hunt took indicated species.
Solid circle alone or within large circle: collecting station at which Larimore & Smith took indi- cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson & Hunt.
March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
363
/7 =^
Fig. 19. — Catostomus commersoni.
Fig. 20. — Erimyzon oblongus.
Fig. 21. — Hypentelium nigricans.
Fig. 22. — Minytrema melanops.
Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 30- year intervals.
Open triangle; collecting station of Forbes k Richardson; indicated species not collected.
Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species collected.
Small open circle alone: collecting station of Thompson & Hunt and also, if extant in 1959, col- lecting station of Larimore & Smith ; indicated species not collected at this station.
Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson & Hunt took indicated species.
Solid circle alone or within large circle: collecting station at which Larimore & Smith took indi- cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson & Hunt.
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Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin
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Fig. 23. — Moxostomu crytlintrutn.
Fig. 24. — Aloxostoma macrolepidotui
Fig. 25. — Campostoma anorridlum.
Fig. 26. — Cyprinus carpio.
Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 30- year intervals.
Open triangle: collecting station nf Forbes k Richardson; indicated species not collected.
Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicaled species collected.
Small open circle alone: collecting station of Thompson & Hunt and also, if extant in 1959, col- lecting station of Larimore & Smith; indicated species not collected at this station.
Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson & Hunt took indicated species.
Solid circle alone or within large circle: collecting station at which Larimore & Smith took indi- cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson & Hunt.
March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
365
Fig. 27. — Ericymba hue cat a.
Fig. 28. — Hybognathiis nuchalis.
Fig. 29. — Hybopsis biguttata.
Fig. 30. — Notemigonus crysolcucas.
Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 30- year intervals.
Open triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species not collected.
Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species collected.
Small open circle alone: collecting station of Thompson & Hunt and also, if extant in 1959, col- lecting station of Larimore & Smith; indicated species not collected at this station.
Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson & Hunt took indicated species. _ . .
Solid circle alone or within large circle: collecting station at which Larimore & Smith took indi- cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson & Hunt.
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Illinois Natural Historv Survey Bulletin
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Fig. 31. — Notropis chrysocephalus.
Fig. 32. — Notropis dorsalis.
Fig. 33. — Notropis lutrensis.
Fig. 34. — Notropis rubellus.
Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 30- year intervals.
Open triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species not collected.
Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes i Richardson; indicated species collected.
Small open circle alone: collecting station of Thompson & Hunt and also, if extant in 1959, col- lecting station of Larimore & Smith; indicated species not collected at this station.
Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson & Hunt took indicated species.
Solid circle alone or within large circle: collecting station at which Larimore & Smith took indi- cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson & Hunt.
March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
367
Fig. 35. — Notropis spilopterus.
Fig. 36. — Notropis stramineus.
Fig. 37. — Notropis umbratilis.
Fig. 38. — Notropis whipplei.
Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 30- year intervals.
Open triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species not collected.
Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species collected.
Small open circle alone: collecting station of Thompson & Hunt and also, if extant in 1959, col- lecting station of Larimore & Smith; indicated species not collected at this station.
Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson & Hunt took indicated species.
Solid circle alone or within large circle: collecting station at which Larimore & Smith took indi- cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson & Hunt.
368
Iixixois Natcilju. History Suii%e\" Bulletin
VoL 28, Art- 2
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Fig. 42. — Srmmtilms atrmm^tmlatus. by three surveys at approximately 30-
year wli mil
Open triangle: collecting; station of Forbes k. Richardson ; indicated species not collected.
Solid triai^e: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species collected.
Small open circle alone: collecting statiiMi of Thompson & Hont and also, if extant in 19S9. col- lectiiie station of Larimore & Smith ; indicated spedcs not collected at this station.
Large open circle enclosing small open circle or soEd circle: collecting station at which Thompson fc Hum took indicated species^
Solid circle alone or within large circle: collectii^ station at which Larimore & Smith took indi- cated species. Most of Aese stations had prerioashr been sampled by Thompson k Hunt.
March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign Coux-n-
369
Fig. 43. — Ictalurus melas.
Fi|. 44. — Fctalurus natalis.
_Ki^ '[^^^/^(^'^^
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/ r ^ r^ ^^
1^ ,v ^ h; :^
--^
Fig. 45. — Ictalurus pumctatus.
¥ig. 46. — Xttmrmj fl^vms.
Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 50- year intervals.
Open triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson: indicated species not collected.
Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson: indicated sf»ecies collected.
Small open circle alone: collecting station of Thompson i Hunt and also, if extant in 1959. col- lecting station of Larimore i Smith: indicated species not collected at this station.
Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson i Hunt took indicated species.
Solid circle alone or within large circle: colleciiag station at which Larimore i Smith took indi- cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson i Hunt.
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Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin
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Fig. 47. — Noturus gyrinus.
Fig. 48. — Noturus miurus.
Fig. 49. — Fundulus notatus.
Fig. 50. — Labidesthes sicculus.
Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 30- year intervals.
Open triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species not collected.
Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species collected.
Small open circle alone: collecting station of Thompson k Hunt and also, if extant in 1959, col- lecting station of Larimore & Smith; indicated species not collected at this station.
Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson & Hunt took indicated species.
Solid circle alone or within large circle: collecting station at which Larimore & Smith took indi- cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson & Hunt.
March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
371
Fig. 51. — Aphrcdoderus sayanus.
Fig. 52. — Ambloplites rupestris.
Fig. 53. — Lepomis cyanellus.
Fig, 54. — Lepomis humilis.
Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 30- year intervals.
Open triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species not collected.
Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species collected.
Small open circle alone: collecting station of Thompson & Hunt and also, if extant in 1959, col- lecting stat'on of Larimore & Smith ; indicated species not collected at this station.
Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson & Hunt took indicated species.
Solid circle alone or within large circle: collecting station at which Larimore k Smith took indi- cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson & Hunt.
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Illinois Natural History Survey Buli.htin
Vol. 28, Art. 2
Fig. 55. — Lepomis macrochirus.
Fig. 56. — Lepomis megalotis.
Fig. 57. — Micropterus dolom'teui.
Fig. 58. — Micropterus ptinctulatus.
Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 30- year intervals.
Open triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species not collected.
Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species collected.
Small open circle alone: collecting station of Thompson & Hunt and also, if extant in 1959, col- lecting station of Larimore iV Smith; indicated species not collected at this station.
Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson & Hunt took indicated species.
Solid circle alone or within large circle: collecting station at which Larimore & Smith took indi- cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson & Hunt.
March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
373
Fig. 59. — Micropterus salmoides.
Fig. 60. — Pomoxis annularis.
Fig. 61. — Ammocrypta pellucida.
Fig. 62. — Ethcostoma blennioides.
Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 30- year intervals.
Open triangle: collecting station of Forbes .i- Richardson; indicated species not collected.
Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species collected.
Small open circle aloneT collecting station of Thompson & Hunt and also, if extant in 1959, col- lecting station of Larimore & Smith; indicated species not collected at this station.
Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson & Hunt took indicated species.
Solid circle alone or within large circle: collecting station at which Larimore & Smith took indi- cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson & Hunt.
374
Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin
Vol. 28, Art. 2
Fig. 63. — Etheostoma flabellare.
Fig. 64. — Etheostoma nigrum.
Fig. 65. — Etheostoma spectabile.
Fig. 66. — Etheostoma zonale.
Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 30- year intervals.
Open triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species not collected.
Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species collected.
Small open circle alone: collecting station of Thompson & Hunt and also, if extant in 1959, col- lecting station of Larimore & Smith ; indicated species not collected at this station.
Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson & Hunt took indicated species.
Solid circle alone or within large circle: collecting station at which Larimore & Smith took indi- cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson & Hunt.
March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
375
Fig. 67. — Percina caprodes.
Fig. 68. — Percina maculata.
Fig. 69. — Percina phoxocephala.
Fig. 70. — Aplodinotus grunniens.
Distribution of Champaign County fishes as determined by three surveys at approximately 30- year intervals.
Open triangle: collecting station of Forbes & Richardson; indicated species not collected.
Solid triangle: collecting station of Forbes k Richardson; indicated species collected.
Small open circle alone: collecting station of Thompson & Hunt and also, if extant in 1959, col- lecting station of Larimore & Smith; indicated species not collected at this station.
Large open circle enclosing small open circle or solid circle: collecting station at which Thompson & Hunt took indicated species.
Solid circle alone or within large circle: collecting station at which Larimore & Smith took indi- cated species. Most of these stations had previously been sampled by Thompson & Hunt.
INDEX
The scientiHc names of fishes indexed below include currently \ali(l names, variant spell- ings, and synonymic names and combinations. Generic names, when thej' stand alone in the text, have not been indexed. Thus, Carpindes spp. is not included in the index, but a text refer- ence to any one of the species of C'arpiodes is included. F"or convenience in indexing, specific and subspecitic names are given e(|ual rank. Thus, the subspec.es Notropis spiloplrriis liypsiso- matus is indexed as Notropis hypsisomatus and liypsisomatus, Notropis, and the subspecies A", s. spilopierus as Notropis spilopterus and spilopterns, Notropis. The common names used are those recommended by the Committee on Names of Fishes, American Fisheries Society. Common names used in a generic sense in the text (basses, suiiHshes, catfish) have not been indexed. Common names for species have been indexed ; common names for subspecies ha\'e not been indexed, as subspecies do not have officially recommended common names. Scientific names other than those of fish have not been inverted; for example, Rorippa islandica is listed but not islnndicii, Rorippa.
Ahramis crysolrucas, 323
aestivalis, Hybopsis, 320, 322, 328, 329, 330,
332, 333 affinis, Gamhusia, 325, 327, 330 Agricultural practices, 306, 307; src also
Draining (drainage). Dredging Algae (algal blooms), 315, 347, 353, 354 alosoides, Hiodon, 321, 329 Amhloplitfs ruprstris, 325, 329, 332, 333, 336,
344, 346, 371 amhlops, Hybopsis, 322, 327, 328, 330, 332. 333 Amciurus
me I as, 324
nalalis. 324 American eel, 325 American elm, 313 americanus, Esox, 321, 327, 328, 332, 333, 336,
337, 345, 362 Amia lal-va, 321, 327, 330
Ammocrypta prlliuida, 326, 329, 336, 337, 373 amnis, Notropis, 323, 329, 330, 333, 354 Anguilla
chrysypa, 325
rostrata, 325, 329 anisiirum, Moxostoma, 322. 329, 332, 336, 343 Annotated list of fishes, 320-7 annularis, Pomoxis, 326, 329, 336, 344, 373 anomalinn, Campostoma, 322, 328, 332, 333, 335,
343, 345, 346, 364 Aphredoderus sayaniis, 325, 329, 336, 337, 345,
371 Aplodinotus grunniens, 327, 329, 330, 336, 375 Asclepias incamata, 313 asprigene, Ethcostoma, 326, 329, 331 as pro, Hadropterus, 327
atherinoidrs, Notropis, 323, 328, 329, 331, 332 atriprs, Notropis, 'ill atrocaudalis, Notropis, 323 airomarulatus, Srmotiliis, 324, 327, 328, 330, 331,
332, 335, 344, 345, 368 auratiis, Carassius, 322, 327, 330 aurrolum, Moxostoma, 322
B
Banded darter, 327 Bass
largemouth, 326
rock, 325
smallmouth, 326
spotted, 326
yellow, 325, 357 Bigeye chub, j22 Bigeye shiner, 323 Bigmouth buffalo, 322 Bigmouth shiner, 323 biduttata, Hybopsis, 322, 328, 332, 333, 335, 338.
339, 344, 345, 365 Black buffalo, 322 Black bullhead, 324, 343, 350, 357 Black crappie. 326, 347, 350, 357 Blacknose shiner, 323 Blackside darter, 327 Blackstripe topminnow, 325, 352, 354 blennioides, Diplesion, 326 blcnnioidfs, Etiirostoma, 326, 327, 329, 335, 336,
345, 373 blenniiis, Notropis, 323, 324, 329 Bluegill, 325, 347, 350, 357 Bluntnose darter, 326
Bluntnose minnow, 324, 347, 352, 353, 354, 357 Boleichtliys fiisiformis, 326 Bolcosoma
camunim, 326
nigrum, 326 Bonevard (creek), 309-10, 347, 348, 349, 351,
359 boops, Notropis, 323, 328, 330, 332, 333 Bowfin, 321, 357 brri'iceps, Moxostoma, 322 Brindled madtom, 324 Brook silverside, 325, 350 Brown bullhead, 324, 357 bubalus, Ictiohus, 322, 328, 329, 330, 332, 333 buccata, Ericvmba, 322, 327, 328, 330, 335, 337,
338, 344, '345, 358, 365 Buffalo
bigmouth. 322
black, 322
smallmouth, 322 Bullhead
black, 324, 348, 350, 357
brown, 324, 3 57
yellow, 324, 347, 357 Bullhead minnow, 324 Buttonbush, 313
caeruleum, Etheostoma, 326, 329, 33 5, 345 calva, Amia, 321, 327, 330
[376]
March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
377
Campostoma
anomalum, 322, 328, 332, 333, 335, 343, 345,
346, 364 piillum, 322 camuntm, Bolcosoma, 326 camurum, Etiicostoma, 320 canadense, St'tzostedion, 320 caprodes, Pcrcina, 327, 328, 329, 336, 345, 375 caprodes X semifasciata, Pcrcina, 327 Carassius auratus, 322, 327, 330 Car ex cristatclla, 313 carinatum, Moxostoma, 320
Carp, 316, 322, 344, 347, 350, 351, 352, 354, 357 carp'io, Carpiodes, 320 carpio, Cypriniis, 322, 327, 328, 331, 332, 336,
344, 345, 346, 364 Carpiodes carpio, 320
cypriniis, 321, 328, 330, 336, 343, 362 difformis, 321 hinci, 321
velifcr, 321, 328, 330, 336, 343, 362 Carpsucker highfin, 321 quillback, 321 Catfish
channel, 324, 357 flathead, 324 Catostomus
commcrsoni, 321, 327, 328, 335, 338, 343, 345,
358, 363 nigricans, 321 cayuga, Notropis, 323 ccpedianum, Dorosoma, 321, 328, 330, 336, 345,
362 Chaenohryttiis gulosus, 325, 329, 332 Channel catfish, 324, 357 Char a sp., 313
Chemistry of polluted waters, 353; see also Water chemistry and Pollution (pollu- tants) chlorosomum, Etiicostoma, 326, 329, 330, 332,
333 chrysocephalus, Notropis, 323, 328, 332, 333,
335, 338, 339, 343, 345, 358, 366 chrysypa, Anguilla, 325 Chub
bigeye, 322
creek, 324, 336, 337, 347, 351, 352, 353, 354,
357 hornyhead, 322, 347, 351, 354, 357 silver, 322 speckled, 322 Chubsucker, creek, 321, 347, 352, 354 claviformis, Erimyzon, 321 Cliola I'igilax, 324 cocruleum, Etiicostoma, 326, 329 commersoni, Catostomus, 321, 327, 328, 335, 338,
343, 345, 358. 363 Common shiner, 323, 347, 350, 353, 354 Copper Slough, 349, 352, 356, 359 cornutus, Notropis, 323 Cottonwood, 313 Crappie
black, 326, 347, 350, 357 white, 326, 357 Creek chub, 324, 336, 337, 347, 351, 352, 353,
354, 357 Creek chubsucker, 321, 347, 352, 354 crysolcucas, Abramis, 323
crysoleiicas, Notcmigonus, 323, 327, 328, 336,
338, 344, 365 cyanellus, Lepomis, 325, 328, 329, 335, 336, 344,
345, 371 cyanoceplialus, Notropis, 323 cyprincllus, Ictiohus, 322, 329, 330, 333 Cypriniis carpio. 322, 327, 328, 331, 332, 336,
344, 345, 346, 364 cypriniis, Carpiodes, 321, 328, 330, 336, 343,
362
D
Darter
banded, 327
blackside, 327
bluntnose, 326
dusky, 327
eastern sand, 326
fantail, 326
greenside, 326
Johnny, 326, 347, 348, 352, 354
mud, 326
orangethroat, 326
rainbow, 326
slenderhead, 327
slough, 326 Deciduous trees, 313 deliciosus, Notropis, 323 Detergents, household, 353 Diantliera amcricana, 313 Diatom, 354
difformis, Carpiodes, 321 Diplesion blennioides, 326 Docks, 313 dolomieui. Micropteriis, 326, 329, 330, 331, 332,
333, 336, 344, 346, 372 Dorosoma ccpedianum, 321, 328, 330, 336, 345,
362 dorsalis, Notropis, 323, 327, 328, 331, 332, 335,
336, 337, 338, 343, 358, 366 Drainage districts, 310, 311 Drainage systems (drainages), 300, 308, 317, 320, 321, 331, 334, 337, 338, 339, 342; sec also names of streams Draining (drainage), 306, 307, 308, 310, 311, 317, 333, 358; see also Dredging, Drainage districts Dredging, 306, 310, 311, 313, 314, 315, 317, 320,
333, 358; see also Draining (drainage) Drum, freshwater, 327 duquesnei, Moxostoma, 322 Dusky darter, 327
E
East Branch (of the Salt Fork of the Vermilion River), 311, 312, 314, 347, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 359
Eastern sand darter, 326
Ecological associations, 335-9; see also Fish as- sociations
Ecological characteristics (conditions, factors),
304, 311-3, 314, 336, 358 eel, American, 325
Electrofishing (electric seine, electric fish shock- er, rowboat shocker), 300, 302, 303, 304,
305, 308, 321, 322, 340; see also Methods, fish collecting (sampling)
Elodea canadensis, 313
Embarrass River, 300, 301, 305, 306, 308, 312, 320, 321-6, 334-5, 338, 339-40. 342, 343,
378
Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin
Vol. 28, Art. 2
Embarrass River — (ontmucci
34+, 345, 349, 356, 358, 362-75 Emerald shiner, 323
rmiliar, () psnpncndus, 324, 328, 330, 332, 333 Equisetum arvrnsr, 313 Ericymba hiucata, 322, 327, 328, 330, 335. 337,
338, 344, 345, 358, 365 Er'imyzon
claviformis, 321
ohlonqns. 321, 327, 328, 335, 336, 338, 343, 345, 358, 363
sucetta, 321 erythrurum, Moxostoma, 322, 328, 336, 343, 345,
364 Esox
americanus, 321, 327, 328, 332, 333, 336, 337, 345, 362
vcrm'iculatus, 321 Etheostoma
aspriqene, 326, 329, 331
blrnnwides, 326, 327, 329, 335, 336, 345, 373
cacrulcum, 326, 329, 335, 345
camiirum, 320
c/ilorosomum, 326, 329, 330, 332, 333
corrulrum, 326, 329
eulepis, lid
fiahcllare, 326, 329, 335, 345, 374
flabellare X Hneolatum, 326
gracile, 326, 327, 329. 330, 333
jessiae, 326
linrolatum, 326
nigrum, 326, 328, 329, 336, 345, 374
spcctabile, 326, 328, 329, 335, 345, 374
zonalc, 111, 329, 336, 345, 374 Euglena
sanguinea, 354
sp., 354 fulepls, Etheostoma, 326 Eupator'uim perfoliatum, 313 Eupomoiis heros, 325 exUis, Noturus, 324, 327, 329, 330, 333 exilis, Schilbeodes, 324
Fantail darter, 326
Fathead minnow, 324
Fertilizers, 307, 355; see also Water (stream) enrichment, Water (stream) fertility. Soil (soil types, soil materials)
Fish abundance (weights, numbers) affected by pollution, 331 changes in, 299, 303, 339-41 number per 100 square yards, 339-42, 350,
351, 356, 358 in relation to stream size, 341-6, 353-9 species decreasing in, 330, 333, 349 species increasing in, 329, 330, 331, 333 species per station, 339-41, 350, 351, 358 weight per 100 square vards, 339-41, 350, 351, 355, 356, 358
Fish adaptations (changes), 331-5, 345
Fish, annotated list of, 320-7
Fish associations
during low water, 339
with habitats, 335-7, 358
with other fishes, 335, 337-9, 358
Fish collecting methods; see Methods, fish col- lecting (sampling)
Fish distribution (occurrence) changes in, 299, 303, 328-35, 358
decreases in, 330, 332, 333, 335, 358
definition of, 331
distribution patterns, 327—8
increases in, 329-33, 335, 358
natural ranges of species, 327
in relation to discharge of stream, 310
in relation to pollution, 331, 346-55
in relation to restricted habitats, 335-7, 346
in relation to stream size, 340-6, 358-9
in relation to stream succession, 346
in relation to water enrichment, 352, 355-6
in relation to young, 346
species restricted to a single drainage, 334, 358 Fish kills (mortality), 352, 353-4, 355 Fish occurrence; see Fish distribution (occur- rence ) Fish species
annotated list of, 320-7
composite, 299, 321, 329
extirpated, 333, 351
of hypothetical occurrence, 320
introduced. 324, 325, 327, 328, 329, 330, 357, 358 Fisheries (fishing, angling)
commercialized sport, 321, 324, 357
fee-fishing, 357, 359
sport, 328, 356-7, 359 flabellare, Etheostoma, 326, 329, 335, 345,
374 flabellare X Hneolatum, Etheostoma, 326 Flathead catfish, 324 flavus, Noturus, 324, 329, 332, 333, 336, 337,
344, 369 Freckled madtom, 324 Freshwater drum, 327 Fundulus notatus. 325, 328, 329, 335, 336, 345,
370 _ fusiformis, Boleichthys, 326
Gambusta affinis, 325, 327, 330
Gar, longnose, 321
Carman's sunfish, 325
gilberti, Notropis, 323
Gizzard shad, 321. 337, 357
Glaciation, 306
Golden redhorse, 322, 347, 350
Golden shiner, 323, 347, 354, 357
Gold eye, 321
Goldfish, 322, 357
gracile, Etheostoma, 326, 327, 329, 330, 333
Grass pickerel, 321, 347, 350
Grasses, 313, 315
Green sunfish, 325, 347, 354, 357
Greenside darter, 326
grunniens, Aplodinotus, 327, 329, 330, 336, 375
gulosus, Chaenobryttus, 325, 329, 332
gyrinus, Noturus, 32-^, 329, 336, 344, 345, 370
gyrinus, Schilbeodes, 324
H
Hadroptcrus
aspro, 327
phoxocephalus, 327 Hantzschia amphioxus, 3 54 Herbs, 315
heros, Eupomotis, 325
heterolepis, Notropis, 323, 327, 328, 329, 330, 332, 333
March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
379
Hibiscus militaris, 313 Highfin carpsucker, 321 hinei, Carpiodes, 321 Hiodon
alosoides, 321, 329
tergisiis, 321 Hog sucker, northern, 321 Hornyhead chub, 322, 347, 351, 354, 357 Human population, 306, 308, 317, 346, 357 hitmilis, Lcpomis, 325, 329, 332, 336, 344, 371 Hybognatlius nuchalis, 322, 328, 330, 336, 343,
346, 365 Hybopsis
acstii-alis, 320, 322, 328, 329, 330, 332, 333
amblops, 322, 327, 328, 330, 332, 333
biguttata, 322, 328, 332, 333, 335, 338, 339, 344, 345, 365
hyostoma, 322
hyostomus, 322, 328
kejituckiensis, 322
storcriana, 322, 328, 329 hyostoma, Hybopsis, 322 hyostomus, Hybopsis, 322, 328 Hypentelium nigricans, 321, 328, 331, 332, 333,
336, 338, 343, 345, 363 hypsisomatus, Notropis, 323
I
Ictalurus
mclas, 324, 327, 328, 332, 335, 336, 369
natalis, 324, 327, 328, 33 5, 336, 344, 345, 346, 369
nebulosus, 324, 327, 330
punctatus, 324, 328, 344, 369 Ictiobus
bubalus, 322, 328, 329, 330, 332, 333
cyprinellus, 111, 329, 330, 333
niger, 111, 329, 330, 333
urus, 311 illeccbrosus, Notropis, 323 Industrial development, 346, 358 Industrial wastes, 306
jessiae, Etheostoma, 326
Johnny darter, 326, 347, 348, 352, 354
K
Kaskaskia River, 300, 301, 305, 306, 308-10, 312, 315, 319, 320, 321-7, 330, 333, 334-5, 337, 338, 339, 340, 342, 343, 344, 349, 353, 354, 358, 359, 362-75
keniuckiensis, Hybopsis, 322
Labidesthcs sicculus, 325, 329, 332, 345, 370 Largemouth bass, 326 Lepisosteus osseiis, 321, 330 Lepomis
cyanellus, 325, 328, 329, 335, 336, 344, 345, 371
humilis, 325, 329, 332, 336, 344, 371
macrochirus, 325, 328, 329, 336, 344, 346, 372
megalotis, 325, 328, 329, 336, 344, 345, 372
microlophus, 325, 327, 330
miniatus, 325
pallidus, 325
punctatus, 325, 327, 329, 330, 333 Leptops olivaris, 324 lineolatum, Etheostoma, 326
Little Vermilion River, 300, 301, 305, 306, 308, 311, 321-7, 334-5, 339, 356, 362-75
Logperch, 327
Longear sunfish, 325, 347
Longnose gar, 321
lutrensis, Notropis, 323, 327, 330, 331, 332, 333, 336, 343, 366
Lycopus americanus, 313
Lysimachia nummularia, 313
M
macrochirus, Lepomis, 325, 328, 329, 336, 344,
346, 372 macrolepidotum, Moxostoma, 111, 328, 330, 332,
336, 343, 364 maculata, Pcrcina, 327, 329, 336, 345, 375 Madtom
brindled, 324 freckled, 324 slender, 324 tadpole, 324, 350 megalops, Opsopacodus, 328 megalotis, Lepomis, 325, 328, 329, 336, 344, 345,
372 melanops, Minytrema, 1,11, 328, 330, 332, 333,
363 melas, Ameiurus, 314^ melas, Ictalurus, 324, 327, 328, 332, 335, 336,
369 Methods, fish collecting (sampling), 299, 300-6 ;
see also Electrofishing microlophus, Lepomis, 325, 327, 330 Micropterus
dolomicui, 326, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 336,
344, 346, 372 punctulatus, 326, 327, 329, 336, 344, 346, 372 salmoides, 326, 328, 329, 336, 344, 373 Middle Fork (of the Vermilion River), 300, 301, 305, 306, 308, 312, 313, 317, 320, 321-7, 334-5, 337, 338, 339-40, 342, 343, 349, 357, 358, 362-75 Milkweeds, 313 Mimic shiner, 324 miniatus, Lepomis, 325 Minnow
bluntnose, 324, 347, 352, 353, 354, 357 bullhead, 324 fathead, 324 pugnose, 324
silverjaw, 322, 347, 352, 354 silvery, 322 suckermouth, 324, 350 Minytrema melanops, 322, 328, 330, 332, 333,
363 mirabilis, Phenacobius, 324, 328, 335. 336, 338,
344, 353, 368 mississippiensis, Roccus, 325, 327, 330 miurus, Noturus, 324, 327, 329, 336, 344, 370 miurus, Schilbeodes, 324 Mosquitofish, western, 325 Moxostoma
anisurum, 322, 329, 332, 336, 343 aureolum, 322 breviceps, 311 carinatum, 320 duquesnei, 311
erythrurum, 322, 328, 336, 343, 345, 364 macrolepidotum, 322, 328, 330, 332, 336, 343, 364 Mud darter, 326
380
Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin
Vol. 28, Art. 2
N natalis, Ameiunis, 324 Tidtalis. litalunis. 324, 327, 328, 335, 336, 344,
345, 346, 369 nebulosus, Icialurus, 324, 327, 330 n'ujrr, Ictiohiis. 322, 329, 330, 333 ni(/ri( cms, Catnstomus, 321 mgrhans. Hypnitrliiiin. 321, 328, 331, 332, 333,
336, 338, 343, 345, 363 nigromaculatus, Pomoxis, 326, 329, 332 tiKirum, Bolrosoma, 326 n'u/nim, Etiieostoma, 326, 328. 329, 336, 345,
374 noctiintus. A'otunis, 324, 327, 330 Northern hog sucker, 321 Northern redhorse, 322 notatus. Fundulns. 325, 328, 329, 335, 336, 345,
370 notatus, Pimiphtih's, 324, 327, 328, 335, 336,
343, 368 Notemit/nnus crysoleitcas, 323, 327, 328, 336,
338, 344, 365 Nntrn[>is
amnis. 323, 329, 330, 333, 354
/ithcrinoidcs, 323, 328, 329, 331, 332
atripes. 323
atrocaiidalis, 323
blcnnius, 323, 324, 329
hoops, 323, 328, 330, 332, 333
cayuga, 323
chrysoccphalus, 323, 328, 332, 333, 33 5, 338,
339, 343, 345, 358, 366 cornutus, 323 cyanoceplialtts, 323 deliciosus, 323
dors/ills, 323, 327, 328, 331, 332, 335, 336, 337,
338, 343, 358, 366 gilherti, 323
'//etrrolrpis, 323, 327, 328, 329, 330, 332, 333 liypsisomatus, 323 Ulcichrosns, 323 lutrensis, 323, 327, 330, 331, 332, 333, 336,
343, 366 nihellus, 323, 327, 329, 331, 332, 336, 343, 366 spiloptcrus. 323, 327, 329, 335, 343, 345, 367 spUoptnus X liypsisomatus, 323 stramineus, 323, 327, 329, 335, 343, 345, 367 umhralUis, 323, 327, 328, 331, 332, 336, 338,
343, 345, 367 voluccllus, 324, 329 luhipplei, 324, 329, 336, 343, 367 nv/iipplii, 323, 324, 329 Noturus
exilis, 324, 327, 329, 330, 333
fla-vus. 324, 329, 332, 333, 336, 337, 344,
369 gyrinus, 324, 329, 336, 344, 345, 370 m'turus, 324, 327, 329, 336, 344, 370 nocturnus, 324, 327, 330 nuchalis, Uybognatlius, 322, 328, 330, 336, 343,
346, 365 Nuphar ad-vejia, 313
O
oblongus, Erimyzon, 321, 327, 328, 335, 336,
338, 343, 345, 358, 363 olivaris, Leptops, 324
olivaris, Pylodictis. 324, 329, 331, 332, 336, 344 Opsoparodus mrgalops, 328 Opsopoeodus emiliae, 324, 328, 330, 332, 333
Orangespotted siinfish, 325, 357 Orangethroat darter, 326 ossrus, Lcpisostrus, 321, 330 Oxbow(s), 311, 317
Pallid shiner, 323
pallidas, Lepomis, 325
pcllucida, Ammoaypta, 326, 329, 336, 337, 373
Percina
caprodrs, 327, 328, 329, 336, 345, 375
laprodrs X scmifasciata, 327
maculata, 327, 329, 336, 345, 375
phoxoccphala, 127, 329, 336, 345, 375
sciera, 111, 330
semijasciata. 111 prrspicuus, Pimcplialrs, 324 Phcnacohius mirabilis, 324, 328, 335, 336, 338,
344, 358, 368 Phinney Branch, 349, 352, 356, 359 phoxocephala, Percina, 111, 329, 336, 345, 375 phoxoceplialus, Uadropterus, 'ill Phyla lauK'olata, 313 Pickerel, grass, 321, 347, 350 Pimepliales
notatus, 324, 327, 328, 335, 336, 343, 368
perspicuus, llA-
promclas, 324, 328, 336, 343, 363
figilax, 324, 328, 330, 332, 333 Pirateperch, 325 Plankton (blooms), 354 Polluted waters, chemistry of, 353 ; see also
Water chemistry, Pollution (pollutants) Pollution (pollutants) ; see also \^'ater chem- istry', Water (stream) enrichment, Sewage, Fish distribution (occurrence), Fish abun- dance (weights, numbers)
areas of chronic, 348, 353, 359
chemical, 346, 348
definition of, 346
domestic, 312, 346, 348, 352
fish tolerant of, 331, 351, 354-5
industrial, 312, 347, 348, 350, 352
organic, 346
types of, 346-8, 359 Pomoxis
annularis, 326, 329, 336, 344, 373
nigromaculatus, 326, 329, 332
sparoides, 326 Pond(s), 317, 328, 356, 357, 359 Potamogeton
foliosus, 313
spp., 313 Precipitation, 307, 310, 317 promelas, Pimepliales, 324, 328, 336, 343, 368 Pugnose minnow, 324 pullum, Campostoma, 322 punctatus, Ictalurus, 324, 328, 344, 369 punctatus, Lepomis, 325, 327, 329, 330, 333 punctulatus, Micropterus, 326, 327, 329, 336,
344, 346, 372 Pylodictis olivaris, 324, 329, 331, 332, 336, 344
Quillback, 347, 352, 357 Quillback carpsucker, 321
R
Ragweeds, 313 Rainbow darter, 326
March, 1963 Larimore & Smith: Fishes of Champaign County
381
Red shiner, 323
Redear sunfish, 325, 357
Redfin shiner, 323, 347, 351, 352, 354
Redhorse, golden, 322, 347, 350
Redhorse, northern, 322
Redhorse, silver, 322
Roccus mississippiensis, 325, 327, 330
Rock bass, 325
Rorippa islandica, 313
Rose mallow, 313
rostrata, Angttilla, 325, 329
Rosyface shiner, 323
ruhellus, Notropis, 323, 327, 329, 331, 332, 336,
343. 366 Rumex altissimus, 313
rupcstris, Ambloplites, 325, 329, 332, 333, 336,
344, 346, 371
Salix interior, 313
salmoidcs, Microptcnts, 326, 328, 329, 336, 344,
373 Salt Fork (of the Vermilion River), 300, 301, 305, 306, 308-10, 311, 312, 313, 317, 320, 321-7, 334-5, 338, 339, 342, 343, 344, 345, 348, 349, 350, 351-2, 353, 354. 356, 357, 358. 359, 362-75 Sand darter, eastern, 326 Sand shiner, 323, 347, 352, 354 Sangamon River, frontis., 300, 301, 302, 303, 305, 306, 308-10, 312, 316, 317, 318, 320, 321-7, 334, 335, 337, 338, 339, 342, 343, 344, 345, 349, 352, 353. 356. 357, 358, 359, 362-75 sayanus, Aphredoderus, 325, 329, 336, 337, 345,
371 Scliilbcodes exilis, 324 gyrinus, 324 miiiriis, 324 sciera, Percina, 121 , 330 Sedges, 313
srmifasdata, Percina, 327 Semotilus atromaculatus, 324, 327, 328, 330, 331,
332, 335, 344, 345, 368 Sewage, 306, 348, 352-3, 355-6; see also Pollu- tion (pollutants) Shad, gizzard, 321, 337, 357 Shiner
bigeye, 323 bigmouth, 323 blacknose, 323
common, 323, 347, 350, 353, 354 emerald. 323 golden, 323, 347, 354. 357 mimic, 324 pallid, 323 red, 323
redfin, 323, 347, 351, 352, 354 rosyface, 323 sand, 323, 347, 352, 354 spotfin, 323, 347, 352, 354 steelcolor, 324 Shrubs, 315
sicculus, Labidesthes, 325, 329, 332, 345, 370 Silver chub, 322 Silver maple, 313 Silver redhorse, 322 Silverjaw minnow. 322, 347, 352, 354 Silverside, brook, 325, 350
Silvery minnow, 322
Slender madtom, 324
Slenderhead darter, 327
Slough darter. 326
Smallmouth bass. 326
Smallmouth buffalo, 322
Soil erosion, 308
Soil (soil types, soil materials), 306, 313, 355.
359 sparoides, Pomoxis, 326 Spartina pectin ata, 313 Speckled chub, 322 spectabile, Etheostoma, 326. 328, 329, 335, 345,
374 spilopterus, Notropis, 323, 327, 329, 33 5, 343,
345, 367 spilopterus X hypsisomatus, Notropis, 323 Spoon River, 312, 313, 355 Spotfin shiner, 323, 347, 352, 354 Spotted bass, 326 Spotted sucker, 322. 350 Spotted sunfish. 325 Steelcolor shiner, 324 Stizostedion canadense, 320 Stonecat, 324
StoneroUer, 322. 347. 352, 354 storeriana, Hybopsis, 322. 328, 329 stramineiis, Notropis, 323, 327, 329, 335, 343,
345, 367 Stream discharge; see Water (stream) dis- charge Stream drainages; see names of streams.
Drainage systems Stream gradient, 311, 313, 314, 315, 317 Stream (habitat) succession, 344—6 Stream habitats
changes in, 317, 320, 333, 335, 358
classification and types of, 313-7, 358
ecological characteristics, 311-20
fish characteristic of various, 314, 335-7, 358
measurements of, 304, 336 Stream size
expressed by size of drainage area, 345, 346
in relation to fish distribution, 340-6
in relation to fish size, 342, 3 58-9
in relation to fish weight (fish flesh), 342, 358-9
in relation to number of fish, 342. 358-9
in relation to number of fish species, 341-2, 35S-9 Stream water, chemistry of; see Water chem- istry sucetta, Erimyzon, 321 Sucker
northern hog, 321
spotted, 322, 350
white, 321, 347, 352, 354 Suckermouth minnow, 324, 350 Sunfish
Carman's, 325
green, 325. 347. 354. 357
longear. 325. 347
orangespotted, 325, 357
redear, 325, 357
spotted, 325 Svcamore, 313
Tadpole madtom, 324, 350 tergisus, Hiodon, 321
382
Illinois Natural History Survev Bulletin
Vol. 28, Art. 2
Topminnow, blackstripe, 325, 352, 354 Turbidity, 304, 312. 313, 317, 336
U
umbratilis, Notropis, 323, 327, 328, 331, 332,
336, 338. 343, 345, 367 Urbanization. 308, 357; see also Human popu- lation tints, htiohns, 322
Vegetation ; see also specific names
aquatic (stream). 304, 313. 315. 317, 320, 336,
358 bank, 304, 312, 313, 336 overhanging, 304, 313, 317, 320, 358
^'clifer. Carplodes, 321, 328, 330, 336, 343, 362
vcrmkulatus, Esox, 321
vigtlax, Cliola, 324
vigilax, Pimephales, 324, 328, 330, 332, 333
^'olucellus, Notropis, 324, 329
W
VVarmouth, 325, 3 57
Water chemistry, 312, 353, 355; see also Pollu- tion (pollutants) and Polluted waters, chemistry of
Water levels. 304, 307, 308, 311, 317, 328, 354
Water (stream) discharge, 308-10; see also Water (stream) flow (volume)
Water (stream) enrichment, 355-6, 359; see also Pollution (pollutants), Water chem- istry. Sewage
Water (stream) fertility, 355, 359; see also Water (stream) enrichment. Soil (soil types, soil materials)
Water (stream) How (volume), 315, 317, 348, 3 58; see also Water (stream) discharge
Water temperature, 312, 317, 346, 353, 354
Water turbidity; see Turbidity
Water velocity (current), 304, 312, 314, 317, 320, 336, 337
Water willow, 313
Weather, 307
West Branch (of the Salt Fork of the Ver- milion River), 309, 310, 312-3, 345-51, 353, 354, 359
Western mosquitofish, 325
ivhipplei, Notropis, 324, 329, 336, 343, 367
ic/iipplii, Notropis, 323. 324, 329
White crappie, 326, 357
White sucker, 321, 347, 352, 354
Willows, 313
Yellow bass. 325, 3 57
Yellow bullhead, 324, 347, 357
zonale, Etheostoma, 327, 329, 336, 345, 374
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA
Some Publications of the Illinois Natural H
3 0112 050756144
BULLETIN
Volume 27, Article 2. — A Century of Biological Research. By Harlow B. Mills, George C. Decker, Herbert H. Ross, J. Cedric Carter, George W. Bennett, Thomas G. Scott, James S. Ayars, Ruth R. Warrick, and Bessie B. East. December, 1958. ISO pp., 2 frontis., illus., bibliog. $1.00.
Volume 27, Article 3. — Lead Poisoning as a Mortality Factor in Waterfowl Populations. By Frank C. Bellrose. May, 19 59. 54 pp., frontis., 9 figs., bibliog. 50 cents.
Volume 27, Article 4.— Food Habits of Migra- tory Ducks in Illinois. By Harry G. Ander- son. August, 1959. 56 pp., frontis., 18 figs., bibliog. 50 cents.
Volume 27, Article 5.— Hook-and-Line Catch in Fertilized and Unfertilized Ponds. By Donald F. Hansen, George W. Bennett, Robert J. Webb, and John M. Lewis. August, 1960. 46 pp., frontis., 11 figs., bibliog. Single copies free to Illinois residents; 25 cents to others.
Volume 27, Article 6.— Sex Ratios and Age Ratios in North American Ducks. By Frank C. Bellrose, Thomas G. Scott, Arthur S. Hawkins, and Jessop B. Low. August, 1961. 84 pp., 2 frontis., 23 figs., bibliog. $1.00. (Make check payable to University of Illi- nois; mail check and order to Room 279, Nat- ural Resources Building, Urbana, Illinois.)
Volume 28, Article 1.— The Amphibians and Reptiles of Illinois. By Philip W. Smith. November, 1961. 298 pp., frontis., 252 figs., bibliog., index. $3.00.
CIRCULAR
39. — How to Collect and Preserve Insects. By H. H. Ross. July, 1962. (Sixth printing, with alterations.) 71 pp., frontis., 79 figs. Single copies free to Illinois residents; 25 cents to others.
47. — Illinois Trees and Shrubs: Their Insect Enemies. By L. L. English. March, 1962. (Second printing, with revisions.) 92 pp., frontis., 59 figs., index. Single copies free to Illinois residents; 25 cents to others.
48. — Diseases of Wheat, Oats, Barley, and Rye. By G. H. Boewe. June, 1960. 159 pp., frontis., 56 figs. Single copies free to Illinois resi- dents; 25 cents to others.
BIOLOGICAL iNuiiiS
37. — Continuous Mass Rearing of the Euro- pean Corn Borer in the Laboratory. By Paul Surany. May, 1957. 12 pp., 7 figs.
38. — Ectoparasites of the Cottontail Rabbit in Lee County, Northern Illinois. By Lewis J. Stannard, Jr., and Lysle R. Pietsch. June, 1958. 20 pp., 14 figs., bibliog.
39. — A Guide to Aging of Pheasant Embryos. By Ronald F. Labisky and James F. Opsahl. September, 1958. 4 pp., illus., bibliog.
40. — Night-Lighting: A Technique for Cap- turing Birds and Mammals. By Ronald F. Labisky. July, 1959. 12 pp., 8 figs., bibliog.
41. — Hawks and Owls: Population Trends From Illinois Christmas Counts. By Richard R. Graber and Jack S. Golden. March, 1960. 24 pp., 24 figs., bibliog.
42. — Winter Foods of the Bobwhite in Southern Illinois. By Edward J. Larimer. May, 1960. 36 pp., 11 figs., bibliog.
43. — Hot-Water and Chemical Treatment of Illinois-Grown Gladiolus Cormels. By J. L. Forsberg. March, 1961. 12 pp., 8 figs., bib- liog.
44.— The Filmy Fern in Illinois. By Robert A. Evers. April, 1961. 15 pp., 13 figs., bibliog.
45. — Techniques for Determining Age of Rac- coons. By Glen C. Sanderson. August, 1961. 16 pp., 8 figs., bibliog.
46. — Hybridization Between Three Species of Sunfish [Lepomis). By William F. Childers and George W. Bennett. November, 1961.
15 pp., 6 figs., bibliog.
47. — Distribution and Abundance of Pheasants in Illinois. By Frederick Greeley, Ronald F. Labisky, and Stuart H. Mann. March, 1962.
16 pp., 16 figs., bibliog.
48. — Systematic Insecticide Control of Some Pests of Trees and Shrubs — A Preliminary Report. By L. L. English and Walter Hart- stirn. August, 1962. 12 pp., 9 figs., bibliog.
49. — Characters of Age, Sex, and Sexual Ma- turity in Canada Geese. By Harold C. Han- son. November, 1962. 15 pp., 13 figs., bibliog.
MANUAL
4. — Fieldbook of Illinois Mammals. By Donald F. Hoffmeister and Carl O. Mohr. June, 1957. 233 pp., color frontis., 119 figs., glos- sary, bibliog., index. $1.75.
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