THE  FISHES 


THE 


INDO  AUSTRALIAN 
ARCHIPELAGO 


0  •      1913       :         RILL 


LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  O? 
CALIFORNIA 


EARTH 

SCIENCES 
LIBRARY 


WILLIAM   DILLER   MATTHEW 


GIFT   OF 

WILLIAM  DILLER  MATTHEW 


THE  FISHES 


OF   THE 


INDO-AUSTRALIAN  ARCHIPELAGO 


MELCHIOR  TREUB. 
1851  — 1910. 


THE  FISHES 


OF    THE 


INDO-AUSTRALIAN  ARCHIPELAGO 


II 


MALACOPTERYGII,  MYCTOPHOIDEA, 
OSTARIOPHYSI:  I  SILUROIDEA 

with  151  illustrations 


BY 


Dr.  MAX  WEBER 

Professor  at  the  University  of  Amsterdam 


AND 


Dr.  L.  F.  DE  BEAUFORT 


LEIDEN  —  1913. 
E.   J.    BRILL   Ltd. 


QU34- 
/^3V^A 


x/2, 


Printed  by  E.  J.  BRILL,  LEYDEN  (Holland). 


IN  MEMORY 

of 
Prof.  Dr.  MELCHIOR  TREUB, 

late  Director  of  the  Botanical  Gardens  at  Buitenzorg  and  of  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  in  Dutch  East  India. 


The  first  volume  of  this  work  was  by  its  contents  an  "in  memoriam" 
of  P.  BLEEKER,  who  has  done  more  than  any  man  to  promote  our 
knowledge  of  the  ichthyology  of  the  Indo-Australian  Archipelago. 

This  second  volume,  the  first  of  a  series  which  describes  the  fishes 
of  that  Archipelago,  is  dedicated  to  the  late  Prof.  MELCHIOR  TREUB. 
More  than  any  one  else  he  has  promoted  scientific  life  in  Netherlands 
India  and  has  succesfully  taught,  that  science  is  the  base  also  of 
practical  colonial  enterprise.  He  knew  that  scientific  exploration  of  the 
unknown  fields  of  a  colony  is  a  charter  of  their  possession,  and  he 
accordingly  promoted  their  exploration.  His  last  official  act  was  to 
procure  governmental  aid  for  this  present  work;  may  it  be  a  slight 
token  of  our  esteem  for  his  everlasting  labors. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  first  volume  of  this  work  contains  an  Index  of  the 
ichthyological  papers  of  P.  BLEEKER,  as  these  are  indispen- 
sable to  everyone,  who  studies  tropical  Indo-Pacific  fishes. 

In  the  following  volumes  the  authors  will  endeavour  to  give 
a  concise  description  of  all  the  fishes  at  this  moment  known 
to  inhabit  the  Indo-Australian  Archipelago. 

This  work  aims,  in  the  first  place,  to  be  a  faunistical  one. 
Thus  our  first  task  must  be,  to  give  a  definition  of  this  region. 
We  followed  P.  and  F.  SARASIN,  MAX  WEBER,  P.  N.  VAN 
KAMPEN  and  others  in  calling  it  a Indo-Australian  Archipelago", 
as  this  region  includes  the  many  islands  between  Sumatra  and 
New  Guinea  and  thus  connects  the  utterly  different  faunas  of 
India  and  Australia.  The  western  islands  of  the  Archipelago 
derive  part  of  their  fauna  from  India,  the  eastern  islands  from 
Australia.  This  dualism  is  expressed  in  the  name  Indo-Australian 
Archipelago.  But  just  because  of  this  Archipelago  forming  a 
link  between  two  continents  without  strongly  marked  boundaries, 
it  is  necessary  to  call  to  aid  artificial  boundaries.  Political 
boundaries  are  useless  in  this  respect.  For  instance  Borneo, 
Timor,  New  Guinea,  each  of  which  belongs  to  more  than  one 
colonial  power,  certainly  form  part  of  the  Archipelago. 

As  it  reaches  westwards  to  the  Asiatic  Continent,  we  have 
included  for  our  purpose  the  island  Singapore,  all  the  more 
so  as  this  island  forms  a  continuation  of  the  Rio  and  Linga 
Archipelago.  Eastwards  our  region  terminates  with  New  Guinea. 
This  large  island  at  the  same  time  defines  the  southern  boundary 
in  the  east,  Australia  being  therefore  excluded.  This  appears 
to  us  to  be  logical.  For,  although  Australia  has  many  faunis- 
tical points  in  common  with  New  Guinea  and  the  Aru  Islands, 
and  although  the  littoral  fauna  of  its  tropical  part  is  closely 
connected  with  that  of  the  Indo-Australian  Archipelago,  the 
mere  fact  that  Australia  reaches  far  beyond  the  southern  tropic 
into  the  temperate  zone,  gives  to  this  large  part  of  the  world 
its  own  characteristic  fauna. 


VIII 

For  the  rest  the  southern  boundary  of  the  Archipelago  is 
naturally  determined  by  the  chain  of  islands  which  reaches 
from  South  New  Guinea  in  the  east,  to  Pulu  Weh,  west  of 
Sumatra. 

For  practical  reasons  we  were  obliged  to  trace  an  artificial 
northern  boundary  to  our  region,  as  we  excluded  the  Philip- 
pines but  included  the  Sulu  Archipelago,  which  shows  a  great 
affinity  with  Borneo.  Besides  this  small  archipelago,  the  northern 
part  of  our  region  includes  all  the  islands,  which  belong  to 
the  Dutch  East  Indies. 

Zoogeographically  the  part  of  the  world,  now  under  consi- 
deration, forms  therefore  an  Austro-Malay  or  Indo-Australian 
transition  region  between  the  Notogaea  and  the  so-called 
oriental  region  of  the  Arctogaea. 

This  is  one  cause  for  the  wealth  of  the  fishfauna  of  this 
part  of  the  world.  The  great  diversity  in  the  conditions  of 
life  is  another,  even  greater  cause  for  its  being  one  of  the 
richest  tropical  faunas  of  the  world.  Its  area  is  far  above  five 
millions  of  square  kilometers,  exceeding  therefore  the  area  of 
Europe  without  Russia.  It  consists  of  numerous  islands,  some 
of  which  are  amongst  the  largest  of  the  world  and  equal  France 
in  extent.  These  contain  great  rivers  and  swamps,  volcanic 
ranges  with  mountain  lakes,  mountains  which  reach  above  the 
snowline  and  where  alpine  brooks  and  rapid  torrents  are 
abundant.  Often  an  extensive  lowland  lies  between  these 
mountains  and  the  sea,  and  here  the  slowly  flowing  rivers 
form  swamps  and  widely  ramified  estuaries,  which  are  under 
the  influence  of  the  tide  and  contain  brackish  water  of  diverse 
salinity. 

Other  islands  are  mere  low  coral  islands  or  reefs,  which  just 
emerge  above  the  level  of  the  sea  and  scarcely  yield  any 
freshwater  fauna. 

As  great  a  diversity  is  found  in  the  localities,  where  marine 
fishes  can  live.  About  three  millions  and  a  half  of  the  above- 
mentioned  five  millions  of  square  kilometers  are  covered  by 
sea.  Part  of  it  is  shallow,  as  the  Java  Sea,  the  bottom  of  which 
consists  of  terrigenous  mud,  sand  or  detritus  of  coral.  On  the 
other  hand  the  Archipelago  is  characterized  by  deep  basins 
as  the  Celebes-  and  Banda  Sea,  which  have  depths  of  up  to 
6500  M.  and  belong  to  the  deepest  seas  of  the  world. 

Situated  between  the  Indie  and  the  Pacific,  these  differently 


IX 

formed  basins  and  seas  communicate  through  wide  as  well  as 
through  narrow  straits  with  each  other  and  with  the  oceans. 
But  for  the  rest  they  are  more  or  less  enclosed  between  the 
numerous  islands,  which  in  the  west  of  the  Archipelago  are 
generally  bordered  by  a  sandy  beach  or  rocky  coast,  and  in 
the  east  by  coral  reefs  or  often  by  Lithothamnion  banks,  covered 
by  shallow  water  only. 

The  shallow  sea  with  its  diversity  of  bottom-material,  the 
deep  sea,  the  coral  reefs,  the  Lithothamnion  banks,  the  sandy 
and  the  rocky  coasts,  the  Pelagial  near  the  coast  or  far  out 
in  the  sea,  all  represent  as  many  different  areas,  which  yield 
an  equally  great  diversity  of  inhabitants,  a  diversity  corres- 
ponding with  the  qualitative  as  well  as  the  quantative  richness 
of  the  ichthyological  fauna  of  the  Archipelago. 

It  is  no  wonder  that  such  a  wealth  of  fishes,  in  freshwater 
as  well  as  in  the  sea,  is  of  great  importance  to  a  population, 
which  lives  for  a  very  large  part  along  the  coast.  Among  them 
are  tribes  who  practise  fishery  with  vessels,  specially  and  ably 
constructed  by  themselves  for  this  purpose,  using  often  cunningly 
devised  appliances  and  even  apply  fishnursing.  Other  tribes 
confine  themselves  to  fishing  without  leaving  the  shore,  still 
others  are  content  with  a  primitive  mode  of  catching  fish  at 
low  tide  along  the  beach  and  on  the  coral  reefs. 

The  manifold  native  names,  given  to  the  fishes,  are  in  accor- 
dance with  the  multiplicity  of  languages  spoken  in  the  Archi- 
pelago. Even  as  with  us,  the  nomenclature  has  grown  still  richer, 
by  the  many  local  names  which  the  same  fish  bears. 

We  have  recorded  under:  "nomina  indigena"  those  native 
names,  which  seemed  to  us  to  be  trustworthy.  We  are  of 
opinion  that  no  great  value  ought  to  be  attached  to  them,  as 
the  unavoidable  series  of  difficulties  is  still  enlarged  by  the 
fact,  that  the  authorities  for  those  names  have  mostly  been 
European  ichthyologists  and  no  linguists. 

Our  work  is  a  systematical  one.  The  System  of  the  Teleostei 
is  in  a  state  of  development,  which  is  far  from  being  complete. 
This  explains  the  very  different  conceptions  since  GONTHER 
wrote  his  Catalogue  of  Fishes,  a  work  that  will  always  remain 
a  monument  of  knowlegde  and  industry. 

The  systematic  arrangement,  adopted  by  us,  is  in  many 
instances  a  compromise  between  modern  conceptions  and  those 
of  former  authors. 


In  the  case  of  nomenclature  we  have  endeavoured  to  follow 
as  much  as  possible  the  international  rules,  without  falling 
into  excesses,  and  without  demolishing  every  bridge  to  the 
known  past. 

It  may  be  expected  of  a  faunistical  work,  that  it  gives  the 
distribution  of  the  species  as  accurately  and  as  extensively  as 
possible.  Therefore  all  localities  in  the  Archipelago,  where  we 
knew  a  certain  species  to  occur,  were  included.  We  followed 
the  botanists  by  putting  a(!)  after  those  localities,  from  which 
we  have  seen  specimens.  When  the  range  of  a  species  extends 
outside  our  region,  this  wider  distribution  has  also  been  recorded 
under  "Habitat". 

We  are  well  aware  that  the  last  word  in  matters  of  distri- 
bution has  not  yet  been  spoken,  nor  do  we  doubt  that  in 
future  still  many  a  new  species  will  have  to  be  added  to  the 
Indo-Australian  fauna.  This  being  still  possible  in  a  fishfauna 
from  as  small  a  sea  as  the  North  Sea,  which  has  been  studied 
so  much  and  is  situated  within  reach  of  ichthyologists  of 
different  civilised  nations,  how  much  greater  is  the  chance  in 
a  far  off  region  such  as  ours,  which  is  so  much  larger  and  of 
such  a  diversity  of  conditions  of  life.  It  is  clear  that  only  a 
part  of  its  fauna  —  though  it  be  by  far  the  most  important 
one  —  can  be  known. 

Although  this  is  a  weak  point  in  a  faunistical  work  like 
ours,  it  would  be  useless  to  defer  publishing  it  till  the  fauna 
is  better  known.  This  would  be  a  removal  ad  calendas  graecas. 
Besides,  a  work  such  as  this,  can  be  a  help  to  increase  the 
knowledge  of  the  fauna  and  to  stimulate  further  research. 

Even  after  the  extensive  work  of  P.  BLEEKER,  to  which  we 
have  so  to  say  erected  a  monument  in  our  first  volume,  a 
work  on  the  fishes  of  the  Indo-Australian  Archipelago  is  still 
wanted.  BLEEKER'S  Atlas  ichthyologique  remained  incomplete. 
His  other  writings  can  only  partially  supply  the  missing  parts. 

Moreover,  since  BLEEKER'S  death  in  1878  our  knowledge 
has  greatly  increased,  many  new  species  having  been  described. 
The  deep-sea  fauna  was  totally  unknown  to  him,  as  well  as 
the  freshwater  fauna  of  New  Guinea  und  the  neighbouring 
islands  of  Waigeu,  Aru  and  Kei.  Expeditions  to  unknown 
parts  of  Borneo,  Sumatra,  Celebes,  to  the  Lesser  Sunda  Islands, 
Ceram,  etc.  in  the  last  20  years,  have  added  much  to  our 
knowledge  of  the  fishfauna. 


XI 

Personally  we  had  a  large  material  at  our  disposal.  The 
collection  x)f  the  Museum  at  Amsterdam  has  been  greatly 
increased  of  late  years  by  material  from  the  Indo-Australian 
Archipelago,  partly  collected  by  us.  Part  of  it  has  already 
been  described  by  us. 

Among  the  collections,  which  have  not  yet  been  described 
we  mention  the  following: 

From  Nias,  made  by  Dr.  J.  P.  KLEIWEG  DE  ZWAAN; 

from  Borneo,  made  by  Dr.  H.  A.  LORENTZ,  Dr.  L.  RUTTEN 
and  Mr.  W.  J.  TISSOT  VAN  PATOT; 

from  Sumatra,  made  by  Dr.  L.  P.  DE  BUSSY,  F.  K.  Baron 
VAN  DEDEM,  Dr.  A.  J.  SALM,  Mr.  v.  D.  WERFF  and  Mr.  E. 
C.  A.  HERBST,  but  above  all  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  MOOLENBURGH, 
to  whom  we  are  indebted  for  a  very  rich  collection; 

from  Simalur,  made  by  Mr.  E.  JACOBSON,  who  made  exten- 
sive collections  in  this  island,  the  fishfauna  of  which  was  quite 
unknown ; 

from  Central  and  Southeast  Celebes  by  Mr.  E.  C.  ABENDANON  ; 

from  the  Java  Sea  and  the  Lesser  Sunda  Islands  collections 
of  marine  and  freshwater  fishes  made  by  Mr.  P.  BuiTENDljK, 
the  late  Dr.  G.  A.  J.  VAN  DER  SANDE,  by  Dr.  H.  F.  MINKEMA 
and  Colonel  G.  F.  TYDEMAN; 

from  New  Guinea  and  the  Aru  Islands  made  by  Mr.  N.  G. 
B.  HENDRIX; 

from  Buton  Island  made  by  Dr.  P.  TH.  JuSTESEN. 

We  are  glad  of  this  opportunity  to  thank  the  above-named 
collectors,  but  also  Dr.  J.  C.  KONINGSBERGER,  and  Dr.  P.  N. 
VAN  KAMPEN,  who  enabled  us  to  examine  part  of  the  material, 
collected  during  the  cruises  of  the  Research-steamer  "Gier". 

In  other  respects  too  we  had  the  advantage  of  having  the 
collaboration  of  Dr.  J.  C.  KONINGSBERGER,  director  of  "'s  Lands 
Plantentuin"  at  Buitenzorg. 

We  gladly  repeat  our  thanks,  which  we  had  already  the 
pleasure  to  express  in  the  introduction  to  the  first  volume. 

We  are  glad  to  add  our  thanks  to  Major  OUWENS,  keeper 
of  the  Zoological  Museum  at  Buitenzorg. 

Finally  we  must  say  a  few  words  about  the  arrangement 
of  our  descriptions  of  the  species  and  about  the  synonymy. 
With  exception  of  a  few  species,  which  we  had  no  oppor- 
tunity to  study,  our  descriptions  are  based,  if  possible,  on 
more  than  one  specimen  of  a  species.  We  had  the  opportunity 


XII 

to  examine  some  typical  species  in  the  Leyden  Museum  and 
in  the  British  Museum  and  beg  to  express  our  thanks  to  Miss 
C.  POPTA  and  Mr.  C.  TATE^  REGAN.  We  are  also  indebted  to 
Dr.  PELLEGRIN,  who  had  the  kindness  to  inform  us  about  a 
few  types  in  the  Museum  d'histoire  naturelle  at  Paris. 

In  describing  the  fishes  we  understand  by  Length  in  the 
discussions  of  the  proportions,  the  distance  between  the  snout 
and  the  base  of  the  caudal  fin ;  in  giving  the  largest  size 
known  for  a  species,  we  include  the  caudal  fin. 

The  Head  is  measured  from  the  tip  of  the  snout  to  the  end 
of  the  opercle,  its  proportion  to  the  length  is  indicated  e.g. 
as  follows:  head  4 — 4!/2  means,  that  the  length  of  the  head 
is  contained  4  to  4'^  times  in  the  length. 

Height  is  the  maximum  height;  in  special  cases  it  is  indi- 
cated how  it  is  measured;  the  figures  placed  behind  "height" 
indicate  how  many  times  it  is  contained  in  the  length. 

The  size  of  the  Eye,  the  length  of  the  Snout,  of  the  Jaws 
etc.  are  compared  with  the  length  of  the  head;  thus -"eye  4" 
means,  that  its  diameter  is  !/4  °f  the  length  of  the  head. 

In  counting  the  Scales,  under  "£./."  is  given  the  number  of 
scales,  with  or  without  sensory  organs,  between  the  head  and 
the  caudal  fin  or,  in  most  cases,  between  that  fin  and  the 
upper  corner  of  the  opercle. 

v/ 

L.  t.  j^pr  signifies,  that  there  are  3'/2  rows  of  scales  between 

the  dorsal  and  the  lateral  line  and  6  to  7  below  it,  the  lateral 
line  itself  not  counted.  There  are  cases,  in  which  L.  t.  means 
the  transverse  series  of  scales  in  the  maximum  height  of  the 
fish;  when  applying  other  methods,  this  is  indicated  in  the 
description  of  the  species. 

In  the  Fin  formulae  the  spines  and  the  simple,  non-branched 
rays  are  generally  indicated  by  a  figure,  separated  by  a  point 
from  that  of  the  number  of  the  branched  rays. 

The  last  soft  ray  of  the  dorsal,  in  case  it  is  cleft  to  the  base 
and  therefore  counted  as  two  by  some  authors  (BLEEKER  e.g.), 
is  reckoned  as  one,  being  supported  by  a  single  pterygophore. 

The  Gillmembranes  may  be  totally  free  from  each  other  and 
from  the  isthmus;  they  may  be  united,  but  still  remain  free 
from  the  isthmus;  or  they  may  be  connected  with  the  isthmus 
and  with  each  other.  When  in  the  last  case  the  posterior 
border  of  the  united  gillmembranes  is  not  quite  adnate  to 


XIII 

the  isthmus,  there  remains  a  free  posterior  margin,  running 
as  a  fold  over  the  isthmus  from  one  gillopening  to  the  other. 

The  number  of  the  Gillrakers  as  given  by  us,  are  those 
counted  on  the  lower  branch  of  the  first  gillarch;  the  most 
inferior  are  neglected  if  they  are  quite  rudimentary. 

As  already  told,  we  follow  the  law  of  priority  and  use  the 
oldest  name  which  can  with  certainty  be  made  out  by  the 
description  belonging  to  a  certain  species.  Its  author  is  cited 
as  the  author  of  the  species  and  his  paper  is  quoted  in  the 
first  place. 

Mention  is  further  made  of  all  synonyms;  besides,  we  have 
quoted  those  papers,  which  contain  a  description  of  the  species. 
If  it  is  a  widely  spread  one,  only  those  papers  are  quoted, 
which  contain  a  description  of  or  give  some  informations  — 
others  than  those  regarding  locality  only  —  about  Indo- 
Australian  specimens  of  that  species. 

According  to  the  international  rules  of  nomenclature  we 
have  neglected  the  generic  names,  as  e.g.  those  of  SWAINSON, 
which  are  not  accompanied  by  a  description. 

Finally  there  remains  for  us  the  pleasing  duty  of  expressing 
our  sincere  thanks  to  Mrs.  C.  J.  DE  BEAUFORT  for  her  kind 
and  valuable  help  in  reading  the  proofs. 

Our  thanks  are  also  due  to  Prof  A.  E.  H.  SWAEN  of  the 
University  of  Amsterdam  for  his  linguistic  advice  so  cordially 
given. 

Our  recognition  of  indebtness  must  also  include  Mr.  J.  F. 
OBBES,  whose  ability  as  a  zoological  artist  has  enabled  us 
to  give  a  figure  of  at  least  each  genus. 

MAX  WEBER. 

L.  F.  DE  BEAUFORT. 

Eerbeek,  Holland,  November   1913. 


SYSTEMATIC  INDEX 


TELEOSTEI 


page 
Order  Malacoptorygii  .     .     .     i 

1.  Fam.  ELOPSIDAE     ....     2 

1.  Elops  Linne 2 

i.hawaiensis  T.  Regan     .  3 

2.  machnata  (Forsk.)    .     .  4 

2.  Megalops  Lacepede.     .     .  4 
i.  cyprinoides  (Brouss.)     .  5 

2.  Fam.  ALBULIDAE    ....     6 
i.Albula  Bloch,  Schneider.     7 

i.  vulpes  (L.) 7 

3.  Fam.  NOTOPTERIDAE  ...     8 
i.  Notopterus  Lacepede    .     .     8 

1.  notopterus  (Pall.)      .     .     9 

2.  chitala  (H.  B.)     .     .     .   10 

3.  borneensis  Blkr.  .     .     .n 

4.  Fam.  OSTEOGLOSSIDAE     .     .12 
\.Scleropages  Giinther     .     .12 

1.  formosus  (Mull.  &  Schl.)   13 

2.  leichthardti  Giinther      .  14 


5.  Fam.  CHANIDAE 
i.  Chanos  Lacepede 
i.  chanos  (Forsk.) 


14 


6.  Fam.  CLUPEIDAE     .     .     .     .16 

1 .  Subfam.  Chirocentrinae  17 
i.  Chirocentrus  Cuvier     .     .18 

i.  dorab  (Forsk.).     .     .     .18 

2.  Subfam.  Dussumierinae  19 


page 
\.Spratelloides  Bleeker    .     .19 

1.  delicatulus  (Benn.)   .     .  20 

2.  gracilis  (Schl.)      ...  20 
2.  Dussumieria  Cuvier  &  Va- 
lenciennes   21 

i.acuta  C.V.  .     .     •     •     .21 
2.  hasseltii  Blkr 23 

3.  Subfam.  Dorosomatinae  23 
\.Dorosoma  Rafmesque  .     .  24 

r.  nasus  (Bl.) 24 

2.  chacunda  (H.  B.)     .     .  25 

4.  Subfam.  Engraulinae.     .  26 
i.Setipinna  Swainson .     .     .27 

1 .  melanochir  (Blkr.)    .     .28 

2.  breviceps  (Cantor)    .     .29 

3.  taty  (C.V.) 30 

2.  Lycothrissa  (Giinther)  Blee- 

ker      31 

i.crocodilus  (Blkr.).     .     .31 

3.  Engraulis  Cuvier    .     .     .32 
i.  baelama  (Forsk.) ...  33 
2.scratchleyiRams.£Ogilb.  34 

3.  kammalensis  Blkr.    .     .35 

4.  malabaricus  C.V.      .     .  36 

5.  gray  i  Blkr 37 

6.  mystax  (BL,  Schn.)  .     .  38 
7  purava  (Ham.  Buch.)   .  39 

8.  setirostris  (Brouss.)   .     .  40 

9.  dussumieri  C.V.   .     .     .41 
10.  valenciennesi  (Blkr.)      .  42 

4.  Stolephorus  Lacepede .     .  43 


XVI 


page 
i.heterolobus  Riipp.    .     .  44 

2.  zollingeri  (Blkr.)  ...  44 

3.  commersonii  Lac.     .     .  45 

4.  indicus  (v.  Hass.)     .     .  46 

5.  tri  (Blkr.) 47 

5.  Coilia  Gray 48 

1.  macrognathus  Blkr.  .     .  49 

2.  lindmani  Blkr.      ...  49 

3.  dussumieri  C.V.  ...  50 

4.  quadrifilis  Giinther   .     .51 

5.  rebentischi  Blkr.  .     .     .51 

6.  polyfilis  Volz  ....  52 

7.  borneensis  Blkr.  .     .     .52 
5.Subfam.  Clupeinae      .     .53 

1.  Corica  Hamilton  Buchanan  54 
Subgenus  Corica  Ham.  Buch.  54 

i.pseudopterus  (Blkr.).     .  54 

Subgenus  Clupeichthys  Blkr.  55 

2.  goniognathus  (Blkr.).     .  55 

2.  Clupeoides  Bleeker  .     .     .56 
i.lile  (C.V) 57 

2.  venulosus  M.  Web.  &  de 

Bfrt 58 

3.  hypselosoma  Blkr.     .     .  59 

4.  borneensis  Blkr.  ...  60 

5.  papuensis    (Ramsay    & 

Ogilby) 60 

3.  Clupea  Linne 60 

1.  Subgenus  Amblygaster 

Bleeker 61 

i.leiogaster  (C.V.)  .     .     .  61 

2.  sirm  Riipp 62 

3.  clupeoides  (Blkr.)     .     .  63 

2.  Subgenus  Alosa  Cuvier    .  64 

i.  toli  C.V 64 

2.macrura  (Blkr.)    ...  65 

3.  platygaster  Gthr.  .     .     .66 

4.  brevis  (Blkr.)  ....  67 

5.  kanagurta  (Blkr.).     .     .  67 

3.  Subgenus  Harengula  Val.  68 

1.  dispilonotus  (Blkr.)  .     .  69 

2.  brachysoma  (Blkr.)   .     .70 
3  koningsbergeri  M.  Web. 

&  de  Bfrt 72 


page 

4.  melanura  (C.V.).     .     .  72 

5.  bulan  (Blkr.) ....  73 

6.  perforata  (Cant.)     .     .  74 
7.fimbriata  (C.V.).     .     .  75 

8.  stereolepis  (Ogilby)  76,377 

9.  venenosa  (C.V.).     .     .  77 

10.  thoracata  (C.V.).     .     .  78 

11.  atricauda  Gthr.  ...  80 

12.  moluccensis  (Blkr.)  81,  377 
i3.1ongiceps  (C.V.).     .     .  82 
14.  pinguis  Gthr.      ...  83 
i5.schrammi  (Blkr.)     .     .  83 

4.  Pellona  C.V 84 

i.hoevenii  Blkr.    ...  86 

2.kampeni  n.  sp.    ...  87 

3.  brachysoma  Blkr.    .     .  87 

4.  ditchoa  C.V 88 

5.pristigastroides  Blkr.    .  89 

6.  amblyuropterus  Blkr.  .  90 

7.  elongata  (Benn.)     .     .  90 

8.  novacula  C.V.    ...  92 

9.  dussumieri  C.V. .     .     .  92 
10.  macrogaster  (Blkr.)     .  93 
n.xanthoptera  (Blkr.)      .  94 

5.  Opisthopterus  Gill.     .     .  95 
i.tartoor  (C.V.)     ...  95 
2.  macrognathus  Blkr.     .  96 

6.  Raconda  (Gray)  Cantor  .  97 
i.  russelliana  Gray     .     .  97 

7.  Fam.  ALEPOCEPHALIDAE     .     98 
\.Alepocephalus  Risso   .     .     99 

1.  bicolor  Ale 99 

2.  blanfordi  Ale.     .     .     .100 
2.Bathytroctes  Gthr..     .     .  101 

1.  squamosus  Ale. .     .  .  101 

2.  calcaratus  M.  Web.  .  102 

3.  macrolepis  Gthr.     .  .  103 
3.  Aleposomus  Gill      .     .  .104 

i.lividus  Brauer    .     .     .104 
2.  nudus  Brauer     .     .     .105 

8.  Fam.  STOMIATIDAE    .    .     .105 
i.  Subfam.  Stomiatinae     .106 


XVII 


page 
\.Idiacanthus  Peters     .     .107 

1.  fasciola  Ptrs 108 

2.  ChauliodusRloch, Schnei- 

der   109 

i.sloani  Bl.,  Schn.     .     .no 

2.  pammelas  Ale.   .     .     .no 

3.  Stomias  Cuvier .     .     .     .in 

1.  valdiviae  Br 112 

2.nebulosus  Ale.   .     .     .112 

4.  Melanostomias  Brauer     .   113 
i.melanops  Brauer     .     .114 

2.  valdiviae  Brauer      .     .115 

5.  Astronesthes    Richardson  115 

1.  lucifer  Gilb 116 

2.  chrysophekadion  (Blkr.)  117 

6.  Malacosteus  Ayres.      .     .117 

1.  indicus  Gthr 118 

7.  Vinciguerria    Jordan    & 

Evermann      .     .     .     .119 
i.lucetia  (Garm.)  .     .     .119 

8.  Gonostoma  Rafinesque    .  120 
i.rhodadenia  (Gilb.).     .  121 

2.  elongatum  Giinther     .  122 

9.  Cyclothone  Goode  &  Bean  124 
i.  signata  Gar  man  .     .     .125 
2.microdon  (Gthr.)     .     .  126 

3.  acclinidens  Garm.  .     .127 
2.  Subfam.    Sternoptychi- 

nae 128 

i.  Polyipnus  Gunther  .  .  129 

i.spinosus  Gthr.  .  .  .130 
2.Slernoptyx  Hermann.  .  132 

i.  diaphana  Herm.      .     .132 

3.  Argyropekcus  Cocco  .     .134 
i.olfersi  (Cuv.).     .     .     .  134 

4.  Valenciennellus  Jordan  & 

Evermann      .     .     .     .136 
i.  tripunctulatus  (Esm.)  .  136 

5.  Stylophthalmus  Brauer    .  137 
i.braueri  M.  Web.     .     .  138 

Order  Myctophoidea  .     .     .139 
i.  Saurida  C.V 140 


page 

1.  grandisquamis  Gthr.    .  141 

2.  tumbil  (Bl.)    ....  142 

3.  gracilis  (Q.  G.)  .     .     .143 

2.  Saurus  Cuvier .     .     .     .144 
i.myops  (Bl.,  Schn.).     .  145 

2.  intermedius  Agassiz    .  146 

3.  variegatus  (Lac.)     .     .  147 

4.  kaianus  Gthr.     .     .     .   148 

3.  Harpodon  Lesueur      .     .150 

1.  nehereus  (Ham.  Buch.)  151 

4.  Myctophum  Rafinesque  .  151 
r.  micropterum  Br.     .     .   154 

2.  benoiti  (Cocco)  var.  rein- 

hardti  (Liitken)  .     .155 

3.  laternatum  Garm.  .     .   156 

4.  pterotum  (Alcock.).     .  157 

5.  coccoi  (Cocco)   .     .     .158 

6.  punctatum  Raf. .     .     .  160 
7.affme  (Liitken)  .     .     .161 

8.  evermanni  Gilbert  .     .162 

9.  spinosum  (Steind.) .     .163 
lo.-pristilepis    (Gilbert    & 

Cramer)      .     .     .     .165 
n.dumerili  (Blkr.).     .     .166 

12.  suborbitale   (M.  Web.)  167 

13.  caeruleum  (Klunz.)      .  168 

14.  splendidum  Br.  .     .     .170 

15.  malayanum  (M.  Web.)  171 

16.  luminosum  Garm.  .     .  172 

5.  Neoscopelus  Johnson  .     .173 
i.  macrolepidotus  Johns.  174 

6.  Scopelosaurus  Bleeker      .  175 
i.hoedti  Blkr 176 

7.  Chlorophthalmus  Bonap.  177 
i.productus  Gthr..     .     .177 
2.corniger  Alcock      .     .178 

8.  Ipnops  Gunther      .     .     .179 
i.murrayi  Gthr.     .     .     .  179 

9.  Dissomma  Brauer  .     .     .181 
i.anale  Er 181 

10.  Evermannella  Fowler  .  182 
i.  indica  Br 182 

\\.Promacheon  M.  Weber  .  183 
i.sibogae  M.  Web.  .  .  183 


XVIII 


page 
Order  Ostariophysi  Sagemehl  1 84 

i.  Suborder  SILUROIDE A   .  185 

1.  Fam.  CLARIIDAE  .     .     .     .186 

1.  Clarias  Gronovius.     .     .187 
i .  melanoderma  Blkr  .     .  188 
2.nieuhofi  C.V.      ...  189 

3.  batrachus  (L.)     .     .     .  190 

4.  teysmanni  Blkr..     .     .  191 

5.  leiacanthus  Blkr.     .     f  192 

Doubtful  species: 

1.  Clarias   macrocephalus 

M.  Web 193 

2.  Clarias  fuscus  C.V.      .  194 

3.  Clarias  jagur  H.  B.     .194 

2.  Heterobranchus  Geoffrey 

St.  Hilaire 194 

i.  tapeinopterus  Blkr..     .  194 

2.  Fam.  SILURIDAE    .     ,     .     .195 
\.Apodoglanis  Fowler    .     .196 

1.  furnessi  Fowler  .     .     .196 
2.Silurichthys  Bleeker  .     .197 

i.phaiosoma  (Blkr.)   .  .  197 

Doubtful  species: 

i.hasseltii  Blkr.     .     .  .198 

2.  schneideri  Volz  .     .  .198 

3.  indragiriensis  Volz.  .  199 

3.  Wallago  Bleeker   .     .  .200 
i.attu  (BL,  Schn.).     .  .  201 

2.  leerii  Blkr 202 

3.  miostoma  Vaill..     .     .  202 
.  4.  Belodontichthys  Bleeker  .  203 

i.dinema  (Blkr.)    .     .     .  204 

5.  Silurodes  Bleeker   .     .     .204 

1.  hypophthalmus   (Blkr.)  205 

2.  borneeesis  (Steind.)     .  206 

3.  eugeneiatus  (Vaill.)     .  207 

6.  Callichrous  Hamilton  Bu- 

chanan   207 

1.  leiacanthus  (Blkr.)  .     .  208 

2.  bimaculatus  (BL)     .     .  209 
1 .  Hemisilurus  Bleeker  .     .210 

i.chaperi  (Vaill.)  .     .     .211 


page 

2.  heterorhynchus   (Blkr.)  211 

3.  moolenburghi  n.  sp.    .212 

4.  scleronema  Blkr.     .     .214 
8.  Cryptopterus  Bleeker  .     .215 

1.  schilbeides  (Blkr.)  .     .216 

2.  macrocephalus    ( Blkr.) '217 

3.  bicirrhis  (C.V.)  .     .     .217 
4.1ais  (Blkr.) 218 

5.  cryptopterus  (Blkr.)      .  218 

6.  limpok  (Blkr.)     .     .     .  219 
7.mononema  (Blkr.)  .     .  220 

8.  apogon  (Blkr.)    .     .     .  221 

9.  micronema  (Blkr.).     .  221 
10.  hexapterus  (Blkr.)  .     .222 

3.  Fam.  PLOTOSIDAE      .     .     .223 
i.  Paraplotosus  (Bleeker)  de 

Beaufort 224 

i.albilabris  (C.V.)      .     .  225 

z.Plotosus  Lacepede      .     .226 

i.  canius  Ham.  Buch.     .  227 

2  papuensis  M.  Web.     .  228 

3.  abbreviatus  Blgr.    .     .229 

4.  anguillaris  (BL)  .     .     .229 

Doubtful  species: 
i.  Plotosus  macrocephalus 
(C.V.)    .....  231 

3.  Cnidoglanis  Giinther  .     .231 
i.nudiceps  Gthr.  .     .     .232 

4.  Oloplot&sus  M.  Weber     .  233 
i.mariae  M.  Web.     .     .  233 

5.  Porochilus  M.  Weber     .  234 

1.  obbesi  M.  Web.      .     .  235 

6.  Copidoglanis  Giinther.     .  236 
i.gjellerupi  M.  Web.      .  237 

2.  equinus  M.  Web     .     .  238 

3.  meraukensis  M.  Web.  .239 

4.  ater  (Perugia)     .     .     .  240 

5.  brevidorsalis  Gthr. .     .241 
6. bartoni  (Regan).     .     .  242 
7.perugiae  (Ogilby)    .     .  243 
8.  novae-guineae  M.  Web.  244 


4.  Fam.  CHACIDAE 


245 


XIX 


page 

1.  Chaca  Valenciennes  .     .  245 
i.chaca  (Ham.  Buch.)    .  246 

5.  Fam.  PANGASIDAE     .     .     .246 
\.Pscudeutropius  Bleeker   .  247 

1.  brachypopterus  (Blkr.)  248 

2.  moolenburghae  n,  sp. .  249 

2.  Lais  Bleeker 250 

i.hexanema  (Blkr.)     .     .250 

$.  Helicophagus  Bleeker.     .251 

1.  typus  Blkr 252 

2.  waandersi  Blkr..     .     .253 
4.  Pangasius  Cuvier  et  Va- 
lenciennes     .     .     .     .254 

i.nasutus  (Blkr.)    .     .     .  256 

2.  pangasius  (Ham  Buch.)  256 

3.  polyuranodon  Blkr.     .  257 

4.  nieuwenhuisi  (Popta)  .  258 

5.  macronema  Blkr.     .     .259 

6.  de  Zwaani  M.  Web.  & 

de  Bfrt 260 

7.  micronema  Blkr.     .     .261 

Doubtful  species: 
i.  Pangasius  delicatissimus 
Blkr 262 

6.  Fam.  BAGARIDAE  .     .     .     .262 

1.  Glyptosternum  McClelland 2 63 

1.  platypogon  (C.V.)  .     .  264 

2.  baramense  (Fowler)    .  265 

3.  platypogonoides  (Blkr.)  267 

4.  majus  (Blgr.).     .     .     .   267 

2.  Gagata  Bleeker.     .     .     .268 
i.  schmidti  Volz    .     .     .269 

3.  Bagarius  Bleeker  .     .     .269 
i.bagarius  (Ham.  Buch.)  270 

7.  Fam.  ARIIDAE 271 

i .  Arms   Cuvier   &  Valen- 
ciennes       272 

1.  crossocheilus  Blkr..     .  276 

2.  macrocephalus  Blkr.    .  277 

3.  argyropleuron  C.V.      .  278 

4.  polystaphylodon  Blkr..  280 

5.  leiotetocephalus  Blkr.  .  282 


page 

6.  goniaspis  Blkr.   .     .     .  283 

7.  maculatus  (Thunb.)     .  284 

8.  microcephalus  Blkr.     .  285 

9.  thalassinus  (Riipp.)      .  286 
10.  gagorides  (C.V.)      .     .  288 
u.sagor  (Ham.  Buch.)     .  289 
i2.stormi  (Blkr.)      .     .     .  291 

13.  carinatus  M.  Web..     .  292 

14.  nudidens  M.  Web. .     .  294 

15.  spatula  Rams.  &  Ogilby  296 

1 6.  latirostris  Macleay  .     .  296 
i7.stirlingi  Ogilby  .     .     .  297 
iS.danielsi  Regan    .     .     .  300 

19.  acrocephalus  M.  Web.  302 

20.  leptaspis  (Blkr.).     .     .  303 

21.  melanochir  Blkr.     .     .  305 

22.  leptonotacanthus  Blkr.  306 

23.  froggatti  Rams.  &  Ogilb.  307 

24.  truncatus  C.V.    .     .     .  308 

25.  macronotacanthus  Blkr.  309 

26.  caelatus  C.V.     .     .     .310 

27.  utik  Blkr 312 

28.  doriae  Vine 313 

29.  venosus  C.V 314 

Doubtful  species: 
i.  AriusbrevirostrisSteind.3i6 

2.  Ketengus  Bleeker   .     .     .317 
i.  typus  Blkr 317 

3.  Tetranesodon  M.  Weber  .318 
i.  conorhynchus  M.  Web.  318 

4.  Nedystoma  Ogilby .     .     .320 
i.  dayi  (Ramsay  &  Ogilby)  320 

5  Hemipimelodus  Bleeker   .  322 

1.  crassilabris  Ramsay  & 

Ogilby   .     ...     .     .323 

2.  macrorhynchus  M.Web.  324 

3.  velutinus  M.  Web. .     .325 

4.  borneensis  (Blkr.)   .     .327 

5.  macrocephalus  Blkr.    .  327 

6.  intermedius  Vine.  .     .  328 
6.  Osteogeneiosus  Bleeker     .  329 

i.militaris  (L.) ....  329 

I.Batrachocephalus  Bleeker  331 

i.mino  (Ham.  Buch.)     .  332 


XX 


5    _- 


7-  Tffyckn  (BBtr.)     .     .  .  343      10  F; 

&griio  (Ham.  Both.)  .344 

2.  Jtttffrictitjs  Bfeeker  .  .  345 
i.  hjpsdoptenrs  (Bttr.)  .  346 

3.  ^nPft&r  Bfeeker .     .  .347 
:    -t^-:r:_:    z..: 


-    -  357  3-^« 

if  -  -T.    .     .    :ri  i. insignis  Steind-     .     .374 


TELEOSTEI 

Order  MALACOPTERYGH  Cnvier. 
(Isospondjli  Cope,  Clupeiformts  Goodrich) 

Physostome.  Generally  scaly;  lateral  fine  present  or 
Skull  with  a  su praocciprtal ,  separated  from  the  firontak  by  the 
parietals.  Maxillary  entering  the  gape  to  a  greater  or  less 
extent.  Operde  well  developed,  its  bones  complete.  Anterior 

•  i  r  t  _  i  r  2.  'j  r. "  t  z  ~, — 1 5  ~  i  r.  t;  — .  1 1  r  rr.  .r_i*  ni   **  " 
^-"~         "  —  ~^"— "—     ~  —  ~  •"•"     tftc    S9CHJB* 

without  true  spines;  wnt-rjl^  if 


Artificial  key  to  the   families. 


H. 


i.   Fam.  ELOPSIDAE. 

Oblong   or   elongate,    more   or   less  compressed.    Scales  cy- 
cloid,  silvery.    Head    naked,    with  an  occipital   collar  of  thin, 

large  scales.  Mouth  large,  terminal; 
lower  jaw  prominent.  Intermaxillaries 
short,  not  protractile.  Lateral  border 
of  mouth  formed  by  maxillaries,  which 
have  two  supplemental  bones.  An 
elongate  bony  gular  plate  between 
branches  of  mandibula  (Fig.  i).  Villi- 
form  teeth  on  jaws,  vomer,  palatines, 
pterygoids  and  tongue.  A  straight 
lateral  line  with  simple  or  radiating 
tubes.  An  axillary  scale  above  pectorals 
and  ventrals.  Dorsal  slightly  behind 
origin  of  ventrals.  Pectorals  low  down, 

Underside  of  head  of  Elops     ri°  ...  .        A       lr       .     «.    j 

hawaiensis  Regan.  folding  like  ventrals.  Anal  far  behind 

g  gular  plate.  dorsal.    Gillrakers     13 — 30.    Gillmem- 

branes    separated,    free.    Branchiostegals    numerous.    Pseudo- 
branchiae  present  or  absent. 

Synopsis   of  the    genera. 

a.  Large    pseudobranchiae.  Dorsal  and  anal  depressible  in  a 
scaly    sheet.    Dorsal    fin    without    produced    rays,    longer 

than  anal.  Scales  small Elops  p.  2. 

b.  No    pseudobranchiae.    Dorsal    and    anal  without   a    scaly 
sheet.    Dorsal   fin    with   last    ray    produced,   shorter   than 

anal.  Scales  large Megalops  p.  4. 

i.   Elops  Linne. 

(LiNNfe.  Syst.  nat.  ed.  XIIa,  I,  1766,  p.  518). 

Elongate.  Scales  thin,  small,  forming  sheets  for  the  depres- 
sible anal  and  dorsal;  those  along  the  straight  lateral  line  with 
a  simple -tube;  a  scaly  occipital  collar.  Pectorals  and  ventrals 
witlratf  accessory  scale.  Mouth  bordered  above  by  well  developed 
intermaxijlaries  and  very  long  maxillaries,  which  have  two 
supplemental '  bones.  Dorsal  slightly  behind  origin  of  ventrals, 
none  of  its  rays  prolonged,  longer  than  anal.  Pectorals  and 
ventrals  moderate.  Fine  teeth  on  jaws,  vomer,  palatines,  pte- 
rygoids and  tongue.  Pseudobranchiae  large.  Branchiostegals 


numerous.     When    young    ribbon-shaped,    passing    through    a 
series  of  stages  like  those  seen  in  Albnla. 

Synopsis   of  the   species. 

A.    Lower  jaw  included,  the  whole  of  the  intermaxillary 

band   of  teeth  exposed  when  the  mouth  is  closed. 

Head  3% — 4 E.  hawaiensis  p.   3. 

JB.    Lower  jaw  projecting,  covering  the  anterior  part  of 

the   intermaxillary   band  of  teeth  when  the  mouth 

is  closed.  Head  ^k — 42/5  •> &-  machnata  p.  4. 

i.  Elops  hawaiensis  T.  Regan. 

Elops  saurus  Bleeker.  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  1866 — 1872,  p.  84  (not  of  Linne). 
Elops  hawaiensis  Regan.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  ser.  8.  III.  1909,  p.  39. 
Elops  hawaiensis  Giinther.  Fische  der  Siidsee.  Heft  VIII.  1909,  p.  386. 
Elops  hawaiiensis  Jordan  &  Richardson.  Mem.  Carnegie  Mus.  Vol.  IV. 

no.  4,  1909,  p.   165. 
Elops  haivaiensis  Max  Weber.  Siboga-Exp.  Fische.   1913.  p.   I. 


Fig.  2.   Elops  hawaiensis  Reg. 

B.  27—31;  D.  24;  A.  15—16;  P.  17—18;  V.  14—15;  L. 
1.  96—98. 

Height  5]/2,  head  33/5 — 4,  eye  4 — 5.  Snout  nearly  as  long  as 
or  a  little  longer  than  eye.  Maxillary  extending  far  beyond 
eye.  Lower  jaw  included,  the  whole  of  the  intermaxillary  band 
of  teeth  exposed  when  the  mouth  is  closed.  Origin  of 
dorsal  much  nearer  to  caudal  than  to  snout.  Height  of  dorsal 
about  equal  to  its  length  and  equal  to  head  without  snout. 
Anal  far  behind  dorsal.  Ventrals  a  little  nearer  to  base  of 
caudal  than  to  tip  of  snout,  longer  than  half  of  head,  about 
as  long  as  pectorals,  which  are  a  little  less  than  half  their 
distance  from  the  ventrals.  Their  origin  before  origin  of  dorsal. 
Fine  teeth  on  jaws,  vomer,  palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue. 
Thirteen  to  14  strong  flattened  gillrakers,  with  conspicuous 


spines  on  the  innerside,  a  little  longer  than  branchial  fila- 
ments, equalling  about  3/4  of  eye.  Scales  with  the  hindborder 
irregulary  crenulated  and  indentated.  Colour  silvery.  Length 
450  mm. 

Nomen  indig.  Bandang  lalaki  (Mai.). 

Habitat:    Java    (Batavia!,    Surabaya,   Pasuruan) ;  Madura; 
Pinang;  Singapore;  Celebes  (Macassar!,  Badjoa,  Pompanua).  - 
Formosa;  Hawaii. 

In  sea. 

2.   Elops  machnata  (Forsk.). 

Argentina  machnata  Forskal.  Descript.  Animal.   1775,  p.  68. 

Elops    saurus    Bleeker.    Atl.    Ichth.    VI.    1866—1872,    p.    84.     (not    of   Llnne). 

(pro  parte?). 

Elops  machnata  Regan.  Ann.  Mag    Nat.  Hist.  ser.  8.  III.  1909,  p.  39. 
Elops  machnata  Bean  &  Weed.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  XLII.   1912,  p.  589. 

B.  28— 32;  D.  21— 23;  A.  15—16;  P.  and  V.?;  L.I.  94— 98;  L.  tr.? 

Height  5— 52/3,  head  41/3— 42/5>  eye  4V2— 42/3-  Snout  as  long 
as  or  longer  than  the  eye.  Maxillary  extending  beyond  the 
eye.  Lower  jaw  projecting,  covering  the  anterior  part  of  the 
intermaxillary  band  of  teeth  when  the  mouth  is  closed.  Pec- 
torals 3/5  length  of  head,  extending  a  little  less  than  a/2  °f 
the  distance  from  their  base  to  the  ventrals.  Origin  of  ventrals 
a  little  nearer  to  base  of  caudal  than  to  the  end  of  snout.  Four- 
teen gillrakers.  Silvery.  Length  680  mm.  [Not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia). —  Cape  of  Good  Hope;  Red  Sea; 
Madras;  China  and  Japan. 

The  indo-australian  Elops  has  been  considered  by  previous 
authors  to  belong  to  the  circumtropical  Elops  sanrus  L.  This 
species  has  recently  been  split  by  REGAN  in  several  ones. 
The  numerous  specimens  seen  by  us,  amongst  which  several 
of  BLEEKER'S  collection,  all  belong  to  Elops  hawaiensis.  On 
account  of  its  distribution  it  was  to  be  expected  that  Elops 
machnata  also  occurs  in  the  Archipelago,  which  was  recently 
confirmed  by  BEAN  &  WEED. 

In  sea. 

2.   Megalops  Lacepede. 

(LACfepfcDE.  Hist.  Nat.  d.  Poissons,  V.   1803,  p.  289). 

Oblong,  slightly  compressed.  Scales  thin,  large,  those  of  the 
lateral  line  with  radiating  tubes.  An  axillary  scale  above  pec- 
torals and  ventrals.  Mouth  oblique,  bordered  above  by  a  con- 
spicuous praemaxillary  and  a  large  rounded  maxillary  with 


two    supplemental    bones.    Mandibula    prominent.    Eyes    large. 
Dorsal    behind    origin    of    ventrals,    shorter    than    anal.     Last 


Fig.  3.  Larval  stage  of  Megalops  cyprinoides  Brouss.  X45 
VAN  KAMPEN.    a  anus,  s  swimbladder,  v  ventral  fin. 

dorsal  ray  produced  in  a  long  filament.  Villiform  teeth  on 
jaws,  vomer,  palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue.  Branchiostegals 
23 — 27.  No  pseudobranchiae. 

Passing  through  a  ribbon-shaped  larval  stage.  (Fig.  3). 

i.  Megalops  cyprinoides  (Brouss.). 

CItipca  cyprinoides  Broussonet.  Ichthyol.  Dec.  I.   1782. 
Megalops  indicus  Bleeker.  Journ.  Ind.  Arch.  III.   1849,  p.  67. 
Elops  cnndinga  Cantor.  Journ.  Asiat.  Soc.   Bengal.  XVIII.  1850,  p.   1271. 
Megalops  macropthalinus  Bleeker.  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Ind.   I.    1851,  p.  421. 
Megalops  indicus  Kner.  Fische  Novara  Exp.   1865 — 67,  p.  339. 
Megalops  cyprinoides  Giinther.  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VIT."   1868,  p.  471. 
Megalops  macrop  terns  Bleeker.  All.  Ichth.  VI.   1866 — 72,   p.  85. 
Megalops  filamcntosns  Bleeker.  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.   1866 — 72,  p.  86. 
Megalops  kundinga  Bleeker.  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.   1866 — 72,  p.   87. 
Megalops  cyprinoides  Bleeker.  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.   1866 — 72,  p.  87. 
Megalops  cyprinoides  Day.  Fishes  of  India.  4°.    1878—88,  p.  650. 
Megalops  cyprinoides  Sauvage.  Hist.  Madagascar.  Vol.  XVI.  1891,  p.   495. 
Megalops  cyprinoides  Giinther.   Fische  der  Siidsee.  Heft  VIII.   1909,  p.   387. 
Megalops  cyprinoides  Max  Weber.  Siboga-Exp.  Fische.  1913.  p.   I. 


Fig.  4.    Megalops  cyprinoides  Brouss. 

B.  23 — 27;  D.   1 6 — 20;  A.  23 — 28;  P.   14 — 15; 
L.I.  about  40;  L.  tr.   12. 


V.   10— ii 


Oblong,  slightly  compressed,  ventral  profile  more  convex 
than  dorsal,  belly  rounded.  Height  3!/2 — 5,  head  3!/2 — 4,  eye 
23/3 — 3'/2>  longer  than  snout.  Lower  jaw  prominent.  Maxillary 
reaches  to  a  little  before  or  somewhat  behind  hindborder  of 
eye.  Origin  of  dorsal  midway  between  snout  and  base  of 
caudal,  or  a  little  nearer  to  caudal,  nearly  twice  as  high  as 
long;  its  upperborder  concave  and  its  last  ray  produced  into 
a  filament.  Anal  concave,  much  longer  than  dorsal.  Ventrals 
below  dorsal,  their  origin  before  that  of  dorsal  and  midway 
between  anal  and  origin  of  pectorals.  Villiform  teeth  on  jaws, 
vomer,  palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue.  About  30  flattened 
gillrakers  with  the  innerside  spinulous,  a  third  longer  than 
branchial  filaments,  about  3/5  of  eye.  Scales  thin.  Darkish 
blue,  silvery  below.  Dorsal,  caudal  and  upperpart  of  pectorals 
black,  rest  of  fins  hyaline.  Length  555  mm. 

N  o  m.  i  n  d  i  g. :  Bulan-bulan  (Mai.) ;  Bandeng  laut  (Banjer- 
massin);  Bale  hebo  (Macassar).  Juvenes:  Tjupang  (Krawang). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia!,  Perbana,  Tjiringin,  Samarang, 
Surabaya,  Pasuruan,  river  Panimbang  (K.  v.  H.),  Tambak  Su- 
mur!);  Sumatra  (Telokbetong) ;  Singapore;  Pinang;  Bintang 
(Rio);  Borneo  (Balikpapan) ;  Celebes  (Makassar!,  Badjoa,  Pom- 
panua,  Klabat-diatas) ;  Madura;  Bali;  Timor  (Dehli);  Ceram!; 
Ambon;  Aru  Isles;  New  Guinea  (Merauke!,  Goldie  river); 
Schouten  Islands  (Mysore).  —  Eastward  to  the  Society  islands ; 
Australia;  Philippines;  China;  Riu-Kiu-islands ;  westward  to 
east  coast  of  Africa  and  Madagascar. 

In  seas  and  estuaries,  entering  freshwater.  Kept  in  fresh- 
water ponds  in  the  interior  of  Java,  the  fray  being  obtained 
from  the  coast. 


2.  Fam.  ALBULIDAE. 

Elongate,  slightly  compressed;  belly  flattish.  Scales  cycloid, 
silvery,  those  of  the  single  lateral  line  with  a  simple  tube. 
Head  naked,  with  an  occipital  collar  of  a  few  large  scales. 
A  large  axillary  scale  above  and  a  small  one  below  pectorals 
and  ventrals.  Eye  large,  covered  with  an  annular  adipose 
eyelid.  Conical  snout  prominent,  mouth  horizontal,  bordered 
above  for  the  greater  part  by  the  intermaxillary,  only  its  hind- 
part  by  the  edentulous  maxillary,  which  has  only  one  supple- 


mental  bone.  Villiform  teeth  on  intermaxillary,  mandibulary, 
vomer,  and  palatines.  Patches  of  coarse  blunt  teeth  on  pte- 
rygoids  and  tongue.  Dorsal  in  front  of  ventrals.  Anal  very 
small,  near  caudal  and  far  behind  anus.  Caudal  deeply  forked. 
Pectorals  low  down.  Gillrakers  short,  tubercle-like.  Gillmem- 
branes  separate,  free  from  isthmus.  Branchiostegals  14 — 16. 
Pseudobranchiae  present. 

i.    Albula  Bloch,  Schneider. 
(BLOCK,  SCHNEIDER,  Syst.  ichth.  1801,  p.  432). 

For   characters  of  the  single  genus  see  those  of  the  family, 
i.    Albula  vulpes  (L.). 

Esox  vulpes  Linne.  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  Xa.  1758,  p.  313. 
Allmla  conorhynchus  Giinther.  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1 868,  p.  468. 
Conorhynchus  glossodon  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  1866 — 1872,  p.  83. 
Albula  conorhynchus  Day.  Fishes  of  India.  4°.    1878 — 1888,  p.  648. 
Albula  glossodon  Giinther.  Fische  der  Siidsee.  Heft  VIII.   1909,  p.  385. 


Fig.   5.  Albula  vulpes  (L.)  —  Transformation  of  the  translucent  larvae  I  and  II 
into  the  young  fish  III  during  which  the  size  decreases  (after  GILBERT). 


8 

B.  14—16;  D.  18—19;  A.  9;  P.  16— 18;  V.  9— -ii;  L.I.  70— 
80 ;  L.  tr.  15  (between  D.  and  V.). 

Height  4'/4,  head  3V2-  Dorsal  much  nearer  to  caudal  than 
to  end  of  snout.  Origin  of  ventrals  below  last  rays  of  dorsal. 
Silvery,  olivaceous  above,  with  faint  dark  streaks  along  the 
rows  of  scales.  Black  spot  on  tip  of  snout  and  nasal  opening. 
Fins  hyaline.  Upper  border  of  dorsal  and  caudal  dusky.  Young 
ones  passing  through  leptocephaloid  metamorphosis.  Length 
over  900  mm. 

Nom.  in  dig. :  Bandang  tjurorot  (Mai.  Batavia). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia!,  Samarang,  Rembang,  Surabaya); 
Madura;  Bali;  Sumatra  (Trussan);  Pinang;  Banka;  Biliton ; 
Celebes  (Macassar);  Obi-major;  Ambon;  Saparua;  Ceram ; 
New  Guinea.  -  -  Circumtropical. 

In  sea  and  estuaries. 


3.    Fam.  NOTOPTERIDAE. 

Oblong,  dorsal  profile  very  convex.  Very  compressed.  Belly 
with  a  double  serrated  ridge.  Tail  very  elongate.  Scales  mi- 
nute, cycloid ;  a  lateral  line  present.  Head  scaled.  Anterior 
nasal  openings  tubular.  No  suboperculum,  operculum  small,  with 
a  large  posterior  membranaceous  flap;  interoperculum  hidden 
below  praeoperculum,  which  is  more  or  less  serrated.  Gape 
rather  wide,  bordered  mesially  by  the  intermaxillaries,  later- 
ally by  the  maxillaries.  Maxillary  reaching  below  or  behind 
eye.  Teeth  on  jaws,  vomer,  palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue. 
Short  dorsal  opposite  to  about  the  middle  of  the  very  long 
anal,  which  is  confluent  with  the  caudal.  Ventrals  united  at 
their  base,  rudimentary.  Gillmembranes  united  at  their  base, 
free  from  isthmus.  Branchiostegals  7 — 9.  No  pseudobranchiae. 
Gillrakers  few  in  number,  stout;  a  series  of  blunt  protube- 
rances at  the  innerside  of  the  first  branchial  arch. 

i.   Notopterus  Lacepede. 

(LACEPEDE  Hist.  Nat.  d.  Poissons.  II.  1800,  p.  189). 

For  characters  of  the  single  Indo-australian  genus  see  those 
of  the  family. 


Synopsis   of  the    species. 

A.  Scales    on    opercles  much  larger  than  those  of  the 
body,    8 — 10    transversal    rows    of  scales    on  prae- 
operculum.    Twenty    eight    to    33    pairs    of  spines 
along    the    abdomen.    Maxillary    reaching   to  hind- 
border  of  pupil  or  of  eye N.  notopterus   p.  9. 

B.  Scales    on   opercles   not   larger    than    those    of  the 
body.  Twelve  to    22  transversal  rows  of  scales  on 
praeoperculum.  Thirty  seven  to  45  pairs  of  spines 
along  the  abdomen. 

1.  Maxillary  reaching  far  behind  eye,  20 — 22  trans- 
versal rows  of  scales  on  praeoperculum  ....     N.  chitala  p.   10. 

2.  Maxillary    reaching   to  hindborder  of  eye  or  a 
little   beyond.    Twelve    to    16  transversal  rows 

of  scales  on  praeoperculum N.  bortieensis    p.   II. 

i.    Notopterus  notopterus  (Pall.). 

Gymnotus  notopterus  Pallas.  Spicil.  Zool.  VII.  p.  40. 
Notopterus  kapirat  Lacepede.  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons.  II.   1800,  p.   190. 
Notop  tents  kapirat  Giinther.  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1 868,  p.  480. 
Notopterus  kapirat  Bleeker.  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.   1866^72,  p.    146. 
Notopterus  kapirat  Day.  Fishes  of  India.  4°.    1878—1888,  p.   653. 

B.  8;  D.  8—9;  A.  loo— no;  P.  15—17;  V.  5;  L.tr.  65.  (in 
a  vertical  line  through  origin  of  anal). 

Oblong,  compressed.  Dorsal  profile  behind  vertex  convex, 
from  vertex  to  snout  sloping  down  in  a  nearly  straight  line. 
Height  33/4 — 34/5,  head  (without  opercular  flap)  5 — 52/3.  Eye 
41/* — 5,  equal  to  snout  or  slightly  longer.  Maxillary  reaching  to 
hindborder  of  pupil  or  of  eye;  according  to  age,  2T/4 — 2!/2  in 
length  of  head.  The  two  ventral  ridges  of  the  mandible  and 
of  the  praeoperculum  are  serrated,  as  well  as  the  lower  border 
of  the  suborbital  bones.  Origin  of  dorsal  about  midway  be- 
tween snout  and  end  of  caudal.  Dorsal  as  high  as  postorbital 
part  of  head.  Pectorals  as  long  as  head  without  snout.  Scales 
on  opercles  much  larger  than  those  on  body;  8 — 10  trans- 
versal rows  on  praeoperculum.  A  double  series  of  28 — 33 
spines  along  the  abdomen.  Eight  gillrakers,  3/4  °f  eve>  Vs 
shorter  than  branchial  filaments.  A  series  of  8  blunt  protube- 
rances at  the  innerside  of  the  first  branchial  arch.  More  or 
less  grayish  silvery,  back  darker.  Anal  and  caudal  often  mar- 
gined with  blackish.  Length  350  mm. 


10 


Habitat:  Java  (Batavia !,  Samarang);  Sumatra  (Palembang, 
Laut  Tador,  Indragiri,  Upper  Langkat,  river  Selapian).  — 
Siam,  Burmah  and  British  India.  l) 

In  freshwater. 

2.   Notopterus  chitala  (H.  B.). 

Mystus  chitala  Hamilton  Buchanan.  Fishes  Ganges.   1822,  p.  236. 
Notoptertis  lopis  Bleeker.  Nat.  en  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  II.   1845,  P-  510- 
Notopterus   hypselonotus   Bleeker.    Verh.    Bat.    Gen.    XXIV.   1852.    Bijdr.  kennis 

Chirocentr.  etc.  p.  27. 

Notopterus  chitala  Giinther.  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  479. 
Notopterus  chitala  Bleeker.  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  1866—1872,  p.  147. 
Notopterus  chitala  Day.  Fishes  of  India.  4°.   1878—1888,   p.  654. 
Notopterus  chitala  Popta.  Notes  Leyden  Mus.   1906,  p.  209. 


Fig.  6.    Notopterus  chitala  (H.  B.) 

B.  8—9;  D.  9— 10;  A.  110—135;  P.  15—16;  V.  6;  L.I. 
about  200 ;  L,  tr.  about  75  (in  a  vertical  line  through  origin 
of  anal). 

Oblong,  very  compressed.  Tail  elongate  and  tapering.  Dorsal 
profile  before  dorsal  very  convex,  sloping  steeply  to  head, 
the  posterior  profile  of  which  is  concave.  Abdominal  profile 
straight.  Height  33/4 — 4!/2,  head  about  4 — 5  in  total  length;  eye 
4!/2 — 7!/2)  longer  than  snout.  Maxillary  reaching  far  behind 
eye,  about  2!/2  in  length  of  head  without  opercular  flap. 
Origin  of  dorsal  about  equidistant  between  caudal  and  end  of 
snout  or  eye.  Ventrals  immediately  before  anus,  united  at  their 
base,  about  as  long  as  */2  diameter  of  eye.  Pectorals  rounded, 
i'/2 — 2  times  in  length  of  head  (without  opercular  flap).  Scales 


i)  The  occurrence  in  Celebes  of  this  species  as  quoted  by  BLEEKER  after 
S.  MULLER  is  certainly  erroneous  (see  MAX  WEBER  Siboga-Exped.  Fische 
1913,  p.  611). 


II 

on  head  and  body  of  equal  size.  Twenty  to  22  transversal 
rows  on  praeoperculum.  A  double  series  of  37 — 45  spines 
along  the  abdomen.  First  branchial  arch  with  1 1  stout  gill- 
rakers,  spinous  at  the  innerside,  longer  than  branchial  fila- 
ments, about  3/4  of  eye,  and  below  these  a  series  of  ten  blunt 
short  protuberances  at  the  innerside.  More  or  less  silvery, 
back  dark;  when  young  sometimes  with  more  than  20  oblique 
double  silvery  transverse  stripes.  Pectorals  and  ventrals  hya- 
line, dorsal,  anal  and  caudal  dark.  Axil  of  pectorals  black. 
Rarely  dark  spots  or  a  series  of  4  or  5  black  patches  in  the 
caudal  region.  Length  875  mm. 

Nom.  indig. :  Lopis,  Kapirat  (Mai.). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia,  Samarang);  Sumatra  (Palembang, 
Gunung  Sahilan  !,  Djambi !,  Deli);  Nias!;  Borneo  (Banjer- 
massin,  Pengaron  Sintang,  Djonkong !,  rivers  Mahakam  and 
Kapuas).  --  Siam;  Burmah;  Lower  Bengal  to  Sind. 

In  freshwater. 

3.    Notopterus  borneensis  Blkr. 

Notoptcrus  borneensis  Bleeker.  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned;  Indie.  II.   1851,  p.  437. 
Notopterus  maculosus  Bleeker.  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie.  II.  1851,  p.  438. 
Notoptcrus  borneensis  Bleeker.  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.   1866 — 1872,  p.   147. 
Notopterus  borneensis  Giinther.  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  479. 
Notopterus  borneensis  Volz.  Zool.  Jahrb.  Abt.  Syst.  XIX.   1903,  p.  410. 
Notopterus  borneensis  Fowler.    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.   Sc.    Philad.    (2).    LVIII.    1905, 
p.  489- 

B.  8;  D.  9—10;  A.  112—124;  P.  16—17;  V.  4—5;  L.  tr. 
about  75  (in  a  vertical  line  through  origin  of  anal). 

Oblong,  compressed.  Dorsal  profile  convex  between  vertex 
and  dorsal.  Upper  profile  of  head  concave.  Height  32/3 — 4, 
head  43/4 — 5,  eye  43/4 — 5,  longer  than  snout.  Maxillary  rea- 
ching to  hindborder  of  eye  or  a  little  farther,  2!/4 — 2!/2  in 
length  of  head.  Lower  border  of  suborbital  bone,  lower  border 
and  ridge  on  praeoperculum  slightly  serrated.  Origin  of  dorsal 
about  midway  between  snout  and  base  of  caudal  in  young 
specimens,  in  adults  midway  between  eye  and  base  of  caudal. 
Pectorals  as  long  as  or  shorter  than  postorbital  part  of  head. 
Scales  on  opercles  not  larger  than  those  on  body,  12 — 16 
transversal  rows  on  praeoperculum.  A  double  series  of  37 — 41 
spines  along  the  abdomen.  Gillrakers  unknown.  Grayish  silvery, 


12 

back  darker.  Anal  and  caudal  margined  with  brown.  Axil  of 
pectorals  sometimes  brown.  Sides  of  body,  anal  and  caudal 
sometimes  with  smaller  or  larger  brownish  spots.  Length  430  mm. 
[Not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Palembang,  Benakat) ;  Borneo  (Sambas, 
Pontianak,  Kahayan,  Baram). 

In  freshwater. 


4.    Fam.   OSTEOGLOSSIDAE. 

Elongate,  ventrally  compressed.  Scales  large  or  very  large, 
cycloid,  composed  of  pieces  as  mosaic,  those  of  the  lateral 
line  with  a  single  tube.  Head  scaleless.  Mouth  bordered  by 
the  intermaxillaries  and  the  longer  maxillaries.  Suboperculum 
much  reduced,  more  or  less  concealed  under  praeoperculum. 
Teeth  differing  in  genera.  Dorsal  opposite  to  anal,  both  ap- 
proximated to  the  rounded  caudal.  Pectorals  low  down,  folding 
against  the  belly.  Ventrals  with  5  or  6  rays.  Gillopenings 
wide,  gillmembranes  united  at  their  base,  free  from  isthmus. 
Branchiostegals  7 — 16.  Gillrakers  differing  in  genera.  Pseudo- 
branchiae  none. 

Fresh  water  of  South  America,  Africa,  Indo-Australian  Ar- 
chipelago and  Australia. 

i.  Scleropages  Giinther. 

(GiJNTHER.  Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  XIV.   1864,  p.  196). 

Elongate,  ventrally  compressed  in  a  trenchant  edge.  Scales 
very  large.  Cleft  of  mouth  very  wide,  oblique.  Lower  jaw 
prominent  with  a  pair  of  barbels.  Maxillary  veryjong,  narrow. 
Jaws  with  a  series  of  small  teeth.  Villiform  teeth  on  vomer, 
palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue.  Dorsal  much  shorter  than 
anal.  A  distinct  space  between  caudal  and  anal.  Pectorals 
elongate.  Branchiostegals  numerous.  Gillrakers  stout,  few  in 
number,  with  a  series  of  protuberances  on  the  innerside  of 
first  branchial  arch. 

Synopsis   of  the   species. 

A.  L.I.  21 — 24;  L.tr.  2'/2 — 2.  Pectorals  about  3  times 

in  length  of  body S.  formosits  p.    13. 

B.  L.I.  35;   L.tr.  3 — 4.  Pectorals  more  than  4  times 

in  length  of  body S.  leichhardti  p.   14. 


13 
i.  Scleropages  formosus  (Mull.  &  Schl.). 

Osieoglossum  formosum    Miiller   &  Schlegel.  Verh.  Nat.  Gesch.  Ned.  overz.   Bez. 

Zool.  Visschen.   1844,  p.   I. 

Osteoglossum  formosum  Gunther.  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.  1868,  p.  378. 
Osteoglossum  formosum  Bleeker.  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  1866 — 1872,  p.  145. 
Osteoglossum  formosum  von  Martens.  Exp.  nach  Ost-Asien,  Zoolog.  Teil  I  1876, 

p.  304,  312. 


Fig.   7.    Scleropages  formosus  (Miill.  &  Schl.). 

B.I5— l6;  D.  20;  A.  26— 27;  P.  7;  V.  5  ;  L.I.  21—  24;  L.tr.  2'/2-2. 

Elongate,  ventrally  compressed.  Height  31/2-nearly  5.  Head 
3^/2 — 4,  eye  4 — 4'/2>  interorbital  space  i'/2  diameter  of  eye.  Post- 
orbital  part  of  head  2 — 2'/2  diameter  of  eye.  The  pointed 
snout  shorter  than  the  eye.  Gape  of  mouth  oblique.  Chin 
prominent,  with  two  stout  fleshy  barbels,  a  little  shorter  or 
longer  than  the  eye.  Maxillary  reaching  far  behind  eye.  Dor- 
sal shorter  than  half  length  of  anal,  as  high  as  postocular 
part  of  head,  a  little  higher  than  anal.  Anal  about  as  long 
as  head.  First  produced  ray  of  ventrals  longer  than  postor- 
bital  part  of  head.  Pectorals  reaching  base  of  ventrals,  about 
3  times  in  length.  Scales  large,  with  prominent  reticulated 
lines.  Eight  stout  gillrakers,  */4  shorter  than  branchial  fila- 
ments, 2/3  of  eye;  10  protuberances  on  the  innerside  of  the 
first  branchial  arch.  Dorsally  dark  olivaceous  green,  the  sides 
and  ventral  surface  silvery  or  golden  green,  sometimes  with 
longitudinal  rows  of  oblique  dark  patches,  shining  through  the 
lateral  scales.  Fin  membranes  bluish,  the  rays  reddish  brown. 
Length  430  mm. 

N  o  m.  i  n  d  i  g. :  Tangalasa  (Kuwala  Pattai),  Talisso  (Lampong), 
Mamang  djawan  (Laut  Tador),  Tangkuso  (Palembang), 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Lampong,  Palembang!,  Laut  Tador); 
Banka;  Borneo!  (Kuwala  Pattai,  Sambas,  Banjermassin,  Danau 
Sriang,  Mahakan  river). 

Freshwater. 


14 

Buccal  incubation  has  been  recorded  in  this  fish  by  FUHR- 
MANN  (Ann.  Sc.  Nat.  Paris  XX.  1905). 

2.  Scleropages  leichhardti  Giinther. 

Scleropages  leichhardti  Giinther.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  XIV.  1864,  p.  196. 
Osteoglossum  leichhardti  Gunther.  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.  1868,  p.  378. 
Osteoglossum  jardinii  S.  Kent.  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  Queensland.  VIII.  1892,  p.  105. 
Scleropages  leichhardti  Max  Weber.  Notes  Leyden  Mus.  XXXII.  1910,  p.  226. 

B.  ?;   D.   20;   A.   31 ;  P.  ?;   V.   5;   L.I.   35;   L.  tr.   3—4. 

Elongate.  Height  33/4 — 4,  equal  to  head,  eye  about  7,  about 
as  long  as  snout.  Gape  of  mouth  very  oblique.  Maxillary 
reaching  far  behind  eye.  Barbels  very  small.  Pectorals  more 
than  4  times  in  length.  Darker  above,  light  below,  with  light 
stripes  and  spots  on  the  head  and  on  the  scales  of  the 
dorsal  surface.  Length  700  mm. 

Habitat:  New  Guinea  (Digul  river).  —  Queensland. 

The  occurrence  of  this  species  in  New  Guinea  is  based  on 
a  photo. 


5.  Fam.  CHANIDAE. 

Oblong,  moderately  compressed,  head  depressed.  Scales 
cycloid,  small,  adherent,  silvery,  longitudinally  striped.  Head 
naked.  Scales  forming  a  sheet  along  the  base  of  dorsal  and 
anal.  Axillary  scales  above  and  below  pectorals  and  ventrals ; 
a  lateral  line  consisting  of  scales  with  a  single  tube.  Mouth 
terminal,  small,  transverse,  bordered  above  by  intermaxillaries, 
which  exclude  from  the  gape  the  short  and  broad  maxillaries, 
which  have  no  supplemental  bone.  The  mandibles  are  overlapped 
by  the  upper  jaw.  They  have  a  symphysial  tubercle,  fitting 
into  a  notch  between  the  intermaxillaries.  No  teeth.  Dorsal 
fin  opposite  to  ventrals,  longer  than  short  anal.  Ventrals  well 
developed,  with  n — 12  rays.  Caudal  very  long,  forked  to  the 
base,  its  upper  lobe  the  longest.  Gillmembranes  totally  united, 
free  from  isthmus,  4  branchiostegals.  Pseudobranchiae  well 
developed.  Gillrakers  in  two  diverging  rows,  exceedingly  fine 
and  numerous. 

i.  Chanos  Lacepede. 

(LACfepfcDE  Hist.  Nat.  d.  Poissons.  V,  1803,  p.  395). 
For  characters  of  the  single  genus  see  those  of  the  family. 


15 
i.  Chanos  chanos  (Forsk.). 

Mugil  chanos  Forskal.  Descript.   Anim.   1775,  P-  74- 

Lutodeira  indica  van  Hasselt.  Algem.  Konst-  en  Letterbode.  .1823,  p.  333. 

Chanos  lubina  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes.  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons.  XIX.   1846,  p.  199. 

Chanos  salmoneus  Giinther.  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  473. 

Chanos  lubina  Giinther.  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  474. 

Chanos  salmoneus  Bleeker.  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.   1866—1872,  p.  81. 

Chanos  lubina  Bleeker.  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.   1866—1872,   p.  82. 

Chanos  salmoneus  Day.  Fishes,  of  India.  4°.   1878 — 1888,  p.  651. 

Chanos  chanos  Jordan  &  Herre.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  XXXI.   1906,  p.  622. 

Chanos  salmoneus  Boulenger.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  London  (2).  XII.  1909,  p.  291. 

Chanos  chanos  Giinther.  Fische  der  Siidsee.  Heft  VIII.   1909,  p.  387. 


Fig.  8.    Chanos  chanos  (Forsk.). 

B.  4;  D.  14—16;  A.  10—  II;  P.  16—17;  V.  II  — 12;  L.I.  75—  So. 

Height  about  4,  head  32/3 — 4V3,  eye  3 — 32/3.  Silvery  greenish 
above.  Dorsal,  caudal  and  tip  of  anal  as  well  as. inside  of 
pectorals  and  ventrals  dark.  Length  over  1500  mm. 

Nomen  indig. :  Bandang  (Mai.). 

Habitat:  Java  (Bantam,  Tanara,  Krawang !,  Batavia!,  Che- 
ribon,  Gresik,  Surabaya);  Madura;  Pinang;  Borneo;  Celebes 
(Macassar);  Buru;  New  Guinea.  —  Eastward  to  the  Paumotu 
islands,  north  to  southern  Japan,  southward  to  New  South 
Wales,  westward  to  the  Red  Sea  and  the  East  coast  of  Africa 
and  Madagascar. 

In  sea  and  estuaries. 

Much  esteemed  as  food  and  grown  in  tanks  and  ponds, 
the  fray  being  procured  along  the  coast. 


i6 


6.   Fam.  CLUPEIDAE. 

Oblong   or   elongate,    more   or  less  compressed.    Belly  often 
with  a  serrature.  Scales  cycloid,  sometimes  with  a  pectinated 


Fig.  9.  Skull  of  Dussumieria  acuta  (after  Ridewood)  an  angular,  ar  articular, 
d  dentary.  e  entopterygoid,  ec  ectopterygoid,  ft  temporal  foramen,  //  hyo- 
mandibular,  i  interopecular,  im  intermaxilla,  m  maxilla,  n  nasal,  o  opercular, 
or  circumorbital  bones,  p  preopercular,  s  supplemental  bones  of  maxilla, 
so  subopercular,  st  supratemporal. 


Fig.  10.  Skull  of  Coilia  nasus  (after  Ridewood).  pt  posttemporal  ;    for  other 
explanation  of  lettering  see  Fig.  9. 

border.    Head    naked.    Cleft    of  mouth    small    or    very   wide. 
Teeth  mostly  small,  often  feeble  or  wanting,  very  rarely  cani- 


17 

niform,  if  ^present  variously  arranged  on  jaws,  vomer,  pala- 
tines, pterygoids  and  tongue.  Upper  jaw  formed  mesially  by 
intermaxillaries  and  laterally  by  the  maxillaries,  the  former 
generally  small,  the  latter  sometimes  produced  beyond  the 
mandibulary  joint.  Dorsal  rarely  wanting,  median  or  somewhat 
posterior.  Ventrals  abdominal,  with  6 — 11  rays;  they  are  small 
or  may  be  wanting.  No  gular  plate.  Gillopening  wide,  gillmem- 
branes  not  connected  or  only  at  their  base,  free  from  isthmus. 
Branchiostegals  6.  Pseudobranchiae  generally  present,  4  gillslits. 
Airbladder  contiguous  with  auditory  organ. 

Artificial    key    to    the    subfamilies. 

A.  No  abdominal  scutes. 

/.  Belly  sharp.  Canine  teeth.  Scales  very  small    .  .  .   Chirocentrmae.  p.  17. 
2.  Belly  rounded.  No  canine  teeth.  Scales  moderate.  Dussumierinae  p.   19. 

B.  Keeled  abdominal  scutes. 

/.  Mouth  small,  inferior,  transverse.  Maxillary  with 
one  supplemental  bone.  No  teeth.  Gillmembranes 
separate Dorosomatinae  p.  23. 

2.  Mouth    large,    lateral,    snout   prominent.  Maxillary 
with    two    supplemental    bones.    Always   teeth    in 

jaws.  Gillmembranes  more  or  less  united Engraulinae  p.  26. 

3.  Mouth    lateral,    jaws    equal.    Maxillary    with    two 
supplemental  bones.  Gillmembranes  separate    .  .  .  Clupeinae  p.  53. 

I.    Subfam.    Chirocentrinae. 

Very  elongate  and  compressed.  Scales  thin,  small,  very 
deciduous.  Large  axillary  scales  above  and  below  pectorals 
and  ventrals.  Two  elongate  scales  on  base  of  caudal.  No 
abdominal  scutes,  but  abdomen  with  a  sharp  margin.  Mouth 
large,  very  oblique,  bordered  by  large  intermaxillaries  and 
long  narrow  maxillaries  with  two  supplemental  bones.  Man- 
dibulary very  prominent.  Canine  teeth  in  mandibulary  and  in 
front  of  intermaxillary,  the  other  ones  and  those  in  maxillary 
long  and  pointed.  Few  teeth  on  palatines  and  tongue.  Eyes 
subcutaneous,  small.  Dorsal  above  anterior  part  of  long  anal, 
ventrals  very  small,  about  midway  between  caudal  and  end  of 
snout.  Pectorals  low  down,  folding  like  ventrals.  Caudal  deeply 
incised.  Gillmembranes  separate,  free.  Branchiostegals  8.  Thirteen 
very  short,  strong,  flattened  gillrakers.  No  pseudobranchiae. 
INUO-AUSTRALIAN  FISHES  II.  2 


i8 


i.    Chirocentrus  Cuvier. 

(CuviER.  Regne  animal.  1817.  p.   178). 

For  characters  of  single  genus  see  those  of  the  family. 
i.  Chirocentrus  dorab  (Forsk.). 

Clupea  dorab  Forskal.  Descript.   Animal.   1775.  p.  72. 

Clupea  dentex  Bloch,  Schneider.  Systema  Ichth.   1801,  p.  428. 

Esox  Chirocentrus  Lacepede.  Hist.  Nat.   Poiss.  V.  1803,  p.  296. 

Chirocentrus  dorab  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes.  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  XIX.   1846,  p.  150. 

Chirocentrus  hypselosoma  Bleeker.  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie.  III.   1852,  p.  71. 

Chirocentrus  dorab  Gunther.  Cat.  Brit.   Mus.  VII.    1868,  p.  475. 

Chirocentrus  dorab  Bieeker.  Atl.  Ichth.   VI.    1866—1872,  p.  92. 

Chirocentrus  hypselosoma  Bleeker.  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.   1866—1872,  p.  93. 

Chirocentrus  dorab  Day.  Fishes  of  India.  4°.   1878—1888,  p.  652. 

Chirocentrus  dorab  Jordan  &  Herre.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  XXXI.  1906,  p.  641. 

Chirocentrus  dorab  Gunther.  Fische  der  Siidsee.  Heft  Vill.   1909,  p.  388. 


Fig.   ii.    Chirocentrtis  dorab  (Forsk.). 

B.  8;  D.   16—17;  A-   26— 36;  P-   12— 14;  V.  6—7. 

Height  6'/2 — 9»  head  5 — 6,  eye  4 — 5.  Bluish  black  above, 
gradually  silvery  to  sides  and  abdomen.  Fins  hyaline,  dorsal 
and  pectorals  dusky,  caudal  brownish.  Length  1000  mm. 
and  more. 

Nom.  indig. :  Parang  (Mai.),  Terak  (Jav.),  Dentobu  (Buru). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia ! ,  Cheribon!,  Semarang,  Tegal, 
Surabaya);  Madura!;  Sumatra  (Benkulen,  Padang,  Under  Lang- 
kat);  Singapore;  Bintang  (Rio);  Banka ;  Borneo  (Singkawang, 
Sampit);  Celebes  (Macassar,  Bonthain,  Sindjai);  Buru  (Kajeli); 
Batjan ;  Obi  major;  Ambon;  New  Guinea.  —  New  Brittain; 
Queensland;  Philippines;  Formosa;  China;  Japan;  Siam;  British 
India;  Red  Sea;  along  the  coast  of  Africa  to  Natal. 

In  sea. 


19 

2.   Subfam.  Dussumierinae. 

Elongate,  belly  rounded.  Scales  moderate,  or  large,  thin, 
deciduous.  No  abdominal  scutes.  Jaws  equal  or  nearly  so.  Mouth 
rather  small,  terminal,  bordered  by  the  small  intermaxillary 
and  the  long  maxillary  which  has  two  supplemental  bones, 
and  is  broad  and  rounded  behind.  Small  teeth  on  jaws,  vomer, 
palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue  which  are  deciduous  and  may 
be  wanting.  Dorsal  longer  than  anal,  inserted  opposite  ven- 
trals.  Gillmembranes  separate,  free  from  isthmus;  6 — 15  bran- 
chiostegals.  Gillrakers  very  fine  and  slender,  not  numerous. 
Pseudobranchiae  present. 

Synopsis    of  the   genera. 

A.  Origin  of  dorsal  nearer  to  end  of  snout  than  to  caudal. 

Anal  9 — 13  rays,  6  branchiostegals Spratelloides  p.   19. 

B.  Origin  of  dorsal  nearer  to  caudal  than  to  end  of  snout. 

Anal   15 — 17  rays,   15 — 20  branchiostegals Dussumieria  p.   21. 

I.  Spratelloides  Bleeker. 

(Verh.  Batav.  Gen.  XXIV,   1852,  Haringachtigen  p.   29). 

(Stolephorus  Jordan  &  Herre,  nee  Lac.). 


Fig.   12.  Spratelloides  gracilis  Schleg. 

Small,  elongate,  nearly  subcylindrical.  Tail  very  short.  Scales 
large,  thin,  deciduous.  Snout  conical.  Jaws  equal  or  nearly  so. 
Cleft  of  mouth  small,  bordered  by  the  elongate  intermaxillary 
and  the  broad  maxillary  which  is  rounded  behind  and  which 
has  two  supplemental  bones.  Teeth  none  or  very  minute  and 
deciduous  on  jaws,  vomer,  pterygoids  and  tongue.  Dorsal  short, 
inserted  opposite  ventrals,  its  origin  nearer  to  end  of  snout 
than  to  caudal.  Anal  very  short.  Gillmembranes  separate,  free 
from  isthmus.  About  6  flat  branchiostegals.  Pseudobranchiae 
well  developed.  Gillrakers  rather  long. 

In  the  indo-australian  archipelago  and  especially  at  Macas- 
sar these  fishes  are  preserved  for  consumption,  together  with 
species  of  the  genus  Stolephorus,  and  form  a  delicious  con- 


2O 


diment   known   as    "ikan    merah"    (red    fish),    highly  esteemed 
by  natives  as  well  as  by  Europeans  in  the  colony. 

Synopsis  of  the  species. 

I.  Linea  lat.  35 — 36.  A.  9 S.  delicatulus    p.  20. 

II.  Linea  lat.  45.  A.    13 S.  gracilis  p.  20. 

i.  Spratelloides  delicatulus  (Benn.). 

Clupea  delicatula  Bennett,  Proc.  Comm.  Zool.  Soc.  I.   1831,  p.   168. 

Chipea  macassariensis  Bleeker,  Journ.  Ind.  Arch.  III.   1849,  p.   72. 

Clupeoidcs  macassariensis  Bleeker,  Verb.  Bat.  Gen.  XXIV.   1852,    Haring.  p.   17. 

Spratelloides  delicatulus  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  464. 

Spratelloides  delicatulus  Bleeker,  All.  Ichth.  VI.    1866—1872,  p.  96. 

Stolephorus  delicatulus  Jordan  &  Scale,  Bull.   Bur.   Fish.  XXV.   1906,  p.   186. 

Spratelloides  delicatulus  Gunther,  Fische  der  Siidsee,  Heft  VIII.   1909,  p.  383. 

B.   6;    D.    II;    A.  9;  P.    12;    V.  8;  L.  1.  35— 36;    L.  tr.  7—8. 

Elongate,  nearly  subcylindrical.  Height  41/2 — 6,  head  4 — 4*/4, 
eve  3°/4 — 4>  as  l°ng  as  snout.  Maxillary  reaching  to  front- 
margin  of  eye  or  a  little  farther.  Origin  of  dorsal  nearer  to 
snout  than  to  base  of  caudal.  Anal  a  little  longer  than  eye, 
considerably  shorter  than  ventrals,  the  origin  of  which  lies 
nearer  to  the  anal  than  to  the  root  of  the  pectorals  and  is  in- 
serted below  the  middle  of  the  dorsal.  Pectorals  about  as  long 
as  eye  and  snout.  Caudal  deeply  emarginated,  5 — 6  in  length. 
Covered  part  of  scales  with  3  to  5  longitudinal  lines.  26  gill- 
rakers,  about  twice  as  long  as  branchial  filaments,  shorter  than 
eye.  The  dark  bluish  back  well  defined  from  the  silvery  sides 
and  underside.  Length  80  mm. 

Nom.  indig. :  Kasau  (Ternate),  Gusan  (Saparua). 

Habitat:  Singapore;  Banka;  Celebes  (Macassar,  Menado) ; 
Saleyer!;  Kangeang!;  Siau ;  Karkaralong  islands!;  Salibabu 
(Lirung!);  Obi  major!;  Ambon;  Saparua;  between  Gisser  and 
Ceram  laut ! ;  Tiur;  Banda;  Ternate;  Halmahera  (Sindangoli); 
between  Fau  and  Gebe !.  Philippines;  Samoa;  Bonham 

islands;  Australia;  Mauritius. 

2.  Spratelloides  gracilis  (Schl.)  [Fig.   12], 

Clupea  gracilis  Schlegel,  Fauna  Japontca  Poiss.   1847,  p.   238. 

Clupea  argyrotaeniata  Bleeker,  Journ.  Ind.  Arch.  III.   1849,  p.   72. 

Spratelloides  argyrotaenia  Bleeker,  Verb.  Bat.  Gen.  XXIV.  1852,  Haring.  p.  29. 

Spratelloides  gracilis  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VI.   1868,  p.  465. 

Spratelloides  gracilis  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI,   1866 — 1872,  p.  96. 

Stolephorus  japonicus  Jordan  &  Scale,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  XXVIII,  1905,  p.  770. 

Stolephorus  gracilis  Evermann  &  Scale,  Bull.  Bur.   Fish.  XXVI.   1906,  p.   53. 


21 

Stolephorus  jqfionicus  Jordan  &  Herre,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  XXXI.  1907,  p.  629. 

(nee  Houttuyn). 
Spratelloides  gracilis  Giinther,  Fische  der  Siidsee,  Heft  VIII.   1909,  p.   384. 

B.  6;  D.  12— 13;   A.  13;  P.  II  — 12;  V.  8;   L.  1.  45  ;  L.  tr.  8— 9. 

Height  6 — 7,  head  more  than  4 — 4!/2,  eye  3*/2 — 4.  Snout 
pointed  longer  than  eye.  Maxillary  reaching  to  frontmargin 
of  eye  or  a  little  farther.  Origin  of  dorsal  nearer  to  snout 
than  to  base  of  caudal.  Anal  equal  to  i!/2  times  the  diameter 
of  eye,  shorter  than  ventrals,  which  equal  postocular  part  of 
head.  Origin  of  ventrals  nearer  to  anal  than  to  root  of  pecto- 
rals, and  below  the  hinderpart  of  the  dorsal.  Pectorals  about 
as  long  as  eye  and  snout.  Caudal  deeply  emarginated  5 — 6 
in  length.  Four  to  6  longitudinal  lines  on  the  covered  part 
of  the  scales.  Twenty  six  gillrakers,  twice  as  long  as  the  bran- 
chial filaments,  a  little  shorter  than  eye.  Dark  bluish  above, 
silvery  below.  A  silvery  lateral  band  may  be  present.  Length 
more  than  80  mm. 

Habitat:  Celebes  (Macassar);  Kangeang  islands!;  Obi- 
major!;  Nusa-laut!;  Banda!;  Batjan;  Ternate.  —  Lord  Howe 
Island;  Fidji  islands;  Philippines;  Japan;  Red  Sea  (Eritrea). 

2.  Dussumieria  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes. 

(Hist.  Nat.  des  Poissons  XX,   1847,  p.  467). 

Elongate,  more  or  less  compressed.  Scales  moderate,  thin, 
very  deciduous.  Snout  pointed,  jaws  equal.  Eyes  with  broad 
very  thin  adipose  eyelids.  Mouth  bordered  by  the  very  small 
intermaxillaries  and  the  maxillaries,  with  have  two  supple- 
mental bones.  Dorsal  opposite  to  ventrals,  its  origin  nearer  to 
caudal  than  to  end  of  snout.  Anal  small,  far  behind  dorsal. 
Small  teeth  in  jaws,  and  in  villiform  patches  on  palatines, 
pterygoids  and  tongue,  none  on  vomer.  Gillmembranes  separate, 
free  from  isthmus,  with  15 — 20  very  fine  branchiostegals.  Pseudo- 
branchiae  large.  Gillrakers  rather  long. 

Synopsis   of  the    species. 

A.  Linea  lat.  40 — 42 D.  acuta   p.  21. 

B.  Linea  lat.  52 — 56 D.  hasseltii  p.  23. 

i.    Dussumieria  acuta  C.  V. 

Dussumieria  acuta  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons  XX.  1848^.467. 
Dussumieria  elopsoides  Bleeker,  Verh.  Bat.  Gen.  XXII.  1849,  Ichth.  Madura,  p.  12. 
Dnssuinieria  acuta  Cantor,  Journ.  Asiat.  Soc.  Bengal  XVIII.  1850,  p.  1268. 


22 


Dussumieria  acuta  Kner,  Fische  der  Novara  Exp.   1865 — 1867,  P-  33°- 
Dusstimieria  acuta  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.  1868,  p.  466. 
Dussttmieria  acuta  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.   1866 — 1872,  p.  94. 
Dussumieria  acuta  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1871  — 1888,  p.  647. 


Fig.   13.    Dussumieria  actita  C.  V. 

B.  14—15;  D.  19—20;  A.  15—17;  P.  14—15;  V.  8.;  L.I. 
40 — 42;  L.  tr.  ii — 12. 

Elongate,  dorsal  and  ventral  profile  evenly  convex.  Height 
4 — 4^2,  head  about  4,  eye  3—  nearly  4,  i'/3  times  in  post- 
orbital  part  of  head.  Snout  acute,  about  !/4  longer  than  eye. 
Fronto-rostral  line  straight.  Maxillary  not  reaching  below 
frontmargin  of  eye.  Jaws  equal.  Origin  of  dorsal  more  than 
diameter  of  eye  nearer  to  caudal  than  to  snout.  Origin  of 
anal  far  behind  dorsal,  about  as  long  as  postorbital  part  of 
head,  shorter  than  ventrals,  the  origin  of  which  is  below  the 
middle  of  the  dorsal.  Pectorals  pointed,  as  long  head  without 
snout.  Caudal  deeply  incised,  about  4  times  in  length.  Dis- 
tinct teeth  on  jaws,  palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue.  Gill- 
rakers  about  20,  with  very  fine  spines  along  the  innerside,  as 
long  as  pupil,  slightly  longer  than  branchial  filaments.  Scales 
thin,  very  deciduous,  longitudinally  striated,  their  hindmargin 
rough  or  indistinctly  crenulated.  Elongated  scales  in  the  axil 
of  pectorals  and  ventrals.  Upper  half  dark  greenish,  lower  half 
silvery.  A  golden  lateral  band  from  opercle  to  caudal.  Fins 
hyaline,  caudal  with  a  dark  margin.  First  ray  of  dorsal  and 
pectorals  with  a  dark  spot.  Length  165  mm. 

Nomen  indig. :   Ajapu  (Batavia). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia!,  Samarang,  Surabaya,  Palabuan 
Batu);  Madura;  Sumatra  (Benkulen,  Trussan,  Padang,  Tiku, 
Priaman);  Pinang;  Singapore;  Bintang  (Rio);  Banka;  Borneo 
(Serawak);  Celebes  (Macassar);  Batjan;  Ambon;  Obi;  Waigeu; 
New  Guinea.  —  Philippines;  China;  British  India  to  South 
Arabia. 

In  sea. 


23 
2.  Dussumieria  hasseltii  Blkr. 

Dussumieria  Hasseltii  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie  I.  1851,  p.  422  (pro  parte). 
Dussumieria  Hasseltii  Bleeker,  Verh.  Bat.  Gen.  XXIV.   1852.  Chiroc.  etc.,  p.  13. 
Dussumieria  elopsoides  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  466  (nee  Bleeker). 
Dussumieria  Hasseltii  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.   1866 — 1872,  p.  95. 
Dussumieria  Hasseltii  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.    1878 — 1888,  p.   647. 
Dussumieria  elopsoides  Jordan  &  Richardson,  Bull.  Bur.  Fish.  XXVII.  1908,  p.  236. 
Dussumieria  hasseltii  Jordan  &  Richardson,  Bull.  Bur.  Fish.  XXVII.  1908^.236. 

B.  15;  D.  18  —  19;  A.  16;  P.  14—15;  V.  8;  L.I.  52—56; 
L.  tr.  12 — 13. 

Elongate,  dorsal  and  ventral  profile  evenly  convex.  Height 
4 —  about  5,  head  32/3,  eye  about  4,  i'2/5  times  in  postorbital 
part  of  head.  Snout  acute,  about  V3  longer  than  eye.  Maxil- 
lary nearly  reaching  below  frontmargin  of  eye.  Jaws  equal. 
Origin  of  dorsal  more  than  diameter  of  eye  nearer  to  caudal 
than  to  snout.  Origin  of  anal  far  behind  dorsal,  about  as  long 
as  postorbital  part  of  head.  Origin  of  ventrals  below  the 
middle  of  dorsal.  Pectorals  pointed,  about  as  long  as  posto- 
cular  part  of  head.  Caudal  deeply  incised.  Distinct  teeth  on 
jaws,  palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue.  Gillrakers  about  22 — 24, 
slightly  longer  than  branchial  filaments,  about  3/4  of  eye,  spi- 
nous  at  the  innerside.  Scales  very  deciduous.  Elongated  scales 
in  the  axil  of  pectorals  and  ventrals.  Upper  half  dark  greenish, 
silvery  below.  A  golden  lateral  band  from  opercle  to  caudal. 
Fins  hyaline,  distal  part  of  caudal  black.  First  ray  of  dorsal 
and  pectorals  with  a  dark  spot.  Length  170  mm. 

Nomen  in  dig. :  Tamban  bines  (Banjuwangi). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia!,  Cheribon,  Samarang,  Surabaya, 
Banjuwangi!);  Madura;  West  and  East  coast  of  Sumatra; 
Singapore;  Borneo  (Balikpapan!);  Celebes  (Macassar);  Lombok!; 
Batjan;  Halmahera;  Obi-major;  Ambon.  —  Philippines;  For- 
mosa; China;  India  westward  to  Canara. 

In  sea. 

3.   Subfam.   Dorosornatinae. 

Body  short  and  deep,  strongly  compressed.  Scales  thin, 
moderate,  more  or  less  adherent.  Keeled  and  spiny  abdominal 
scutes.  Conical  snout  not  very  prominent.  Mouth  small,  inferior 
(Fig.  14,  m),  transverse,  bordered  by  the  praemaxillaries  only; 
above  and  behind  them  lie  the  narrow  maxillaries  which  have 
a  single  supplemental  bone.  No  teeth.  Eyes  with  an  adipose 
eyelid.  Dorsal  opposite  to  ventrals.  Anal  rather  long.  Pecto- 


24 

rals  and  ventrals  moderate,  each  with  an  axillary  scale.  Caudal 
forked.  Gillmembranes  separate,  free  from  isthmus.  Branchi- 
ostegals  5 — 6.  Gillrakers  very  numerous  slender,  short.  Pseudo- 
branchiae  large. 

Mud-eating  fishes  of  the  coasts  and  estuaries. 

I.  Dorosoma  Rafinesque. 

(Ichthyol.   Oh.   1820,  p.   34). 

(Chatoessus  C.  V.). 
For  characters  of  the  single  genus  see  those  of  the  family. 

Synopsis  of  the  species. 

A,  Linea  lat.  46 — 50;    Linea  tr.   18 — 19.    Last  dorsal   ray 

produced,  filiform,  about   140  gillrakers D.  nasus  p.  24. 

B.  Linea  lat.  40;  Linea  tr.  13 — 14.  No  dorsal  ray  pi'oduced, 

about  80  gillrakers D.  chacunda  p.  25. 

Remark.  J.  Karoli  (Termes.  fiizetek  V,  1882,  p.  37)  records 
D.  chanpole  (H.  B.)  from  Singapore  and  Java  (Palabuan),  but 
this  species  is  only  known  from  Bengal. 

Jordan  and  Scale  (Bull.  Bur.  Fish.  XXV.  1906,  p.  187)  cite 
as  a  locality  for  Dorosoma  breviceps  (Peters),  from  New-Hanover, 
also  Ambon,  but  we  cannot  find  any  authority  for  this  statement. 

i.  Dorosoma  nasus  (BL). 

Clupea  nasus  Bloch,  Ausl.  Fische  IX.   1795,  p.   116. 

Chatoessus  nasus  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons  XXI.  1848,  p.  104. 

Chatoessus  nasus  Bleeker,  Verb.  Bat.  Gen.  XXIV.   1852,  Haring.  p.   50. 

Chatoessus  selangkat  Kner,  Novara  Exp.  Fiscbe,   1865 — 1867,  p.  337.  (nee  Blkr). 

Chatoessus  nasus  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  407. 

Dorosoma  nasus  Bleeker,  All.  Ichth.  VI.   1866 — 1872,  p.   142. 

Chatoessus  nasus  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.  1878 — 1888,  p.  634. 

Konosirus   thrissa   Jordan    &  Scale,  Proc.  Davenp.  Ac.  Sci.  X.   1905,  p.  2.  (not 

Clupea  thrissa  L.) 
Konosirus  nasus  Jordan  &  Herre,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  XXXI.  1906,  p.  625. 

B.  5—6;  D.  15  —  17;  A.  20—22;  P.  15;  V.  8;  L.I.  46— 50; 
L.  tr.  18—19. 

Oblong,  compressed.  Height  2— 2'/2>  head  31/3 — 4,  eye  3 — 3V2, 
anterior  and  posterior  border  of  pupil  covered  by  the  palpe- 
bral  membrane.  Snout  prominent,  very  obtuse,  much  shorter 
than  eye.  Maxillary  reaching  below  the  anterior  part  of  the 
eye.  Dorsal  nearer  to  base  of  caudal  than  to  snout,  its  origin 


25 

nearer  to  v  end  of  snout,  half  as  high  as  body,  acute,  emar- 
ginate,  its  last  ray  thickened  and  setiform  in  adults,  reaching 
caudal.  Anal  4 — 4!/2  m  length.  Ventrals  opposite  to  middle 
of  dorsal,  their  origin  nearer  to  anal  than  to  suboperculum. 
Pectorals  about  as  long  as  head,  nearly  reaching  to  ventrals. 
Caudal  scaly,  deeply  incised,  4 — 42/5  in  length.  Scales  with  or 
without  transverse  lines,  their  hindmargin  serrated.  About  30 
keeled  spiniferous  abdominal  scutes,  9 — 10  of  which  are  post- 
ventral.  About  140  short  gillrakers.  Silvery,  above  greenish, 
with  indistinct  brown  longitudinal  lines  running  along  the 
rows  of  scales.  A  black  spot  on  the  shoulder.  Length  over 
220  mm.  (A  specimen  of  Bleeker's  collection  seen  by  us). 

Habitat:  Java;  Singapore;  Banka ;  Celebes  (Bulucomba); 
Batjan;  Obi-major;  Ambon;  Ceram  (Wahai);  New-Guinea.  — 
Australia,  Philippines,  Formosa,  China,  British  India,  west- 
ward to  South  Arabia  and  Sokotra. 

In  sea. 

2.  Dorosoma  chacunda  (H.  B.). 


Fig.  14.  Dorosoma  chacunda  H.  B.,  upper  figure  underside  of  head, 
m  mouth. 

Clupanodon  chacunda  Hamilton  Buchanan,  Fishes  Ganges   1822,  p.  246. 
Gonostomajavanicum  Kuhl,  van  Hasselt,  Algemeene  Konst  en  Letterbode  18231 

p.  329. 

Chatoessus  chacunda  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons  XXL  1848,  p.  ill. 
Anodontostoma    Hasseltii   Bleeker,    Verh.    Bat.    Gen.    XXII.    1849.    Bijdr.    ichth 

Madura,  p.    15. 

Chatoessus  chacunda  Cantor,  Journ.  Asiat.  Soc.  Bengal  XVIII.   1850,  p.   1293. 
Chatoessus  chacunda  Bleeker,  Verh'  Bat.  Gen.  XXIV.   1852.  Haring.  p.  46. 
Chatoessus  selangkat  Bleeker,  Verh.   Bat.  Gen.  XXIV.    1852.  Haring.  p.  47. 


26 

Chatoessus  chacimda  Kner,  Fische  Novara  Exp.   1865 — 1867,  p.  337. 
Chatoessus  chacunda  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  411. 
Dorosoma  chacunda  Bleeker,  All.  Ichth.  VI.   1866 — 1872,  p.   143. 
Chatoessus  chacunda  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1878 — 1888,  p.  632. 

B.  6;  D.  17—18;  A.  19—20;  P.  14—16;  V.  8;  L.I.  40; 
L.  tr.  13 — 14. 

Oblong  slightly  compressed.  Ventral  profile  regularly  rounded. 
Profile  between  dorsal  and  snout  convex,  specially  above  oper- 
culum.  Height  2 — 2!/2,  head  3!/3 — 4,  eye  3 — 3'/2>  anterior  and 
posterior  palpebral  membrane  reaching  pupil.  Snout  promi- 
nent, about  3/4  of  eye.  Maxilla  reaches  a  little  farther  than 
anterior  border  of  pupil.  Dorsal  nearer  caudal  than  snout,  its 
origin  much  nearer  to  snout.  Anal  about  as  long  as  head 
without  snout.  Ventrals  about  as  long  as  postorbital  part  of 
head,  their  origin  below  the  middle  of  the  dorsal,  midway 
between  anal  and  origin  of  pectorals,  which  are  a  little  shorter 
than  head,  not  reaching  ventrals.  Caudal  scaly,  3!/4 — 4!/4  in 
length.  Scales  firm,  their  hindborder  irregular  or  with  distinct 
teeth.  14 — 16  praeventral,  n — 12  postventral  abdominal  keeled 
scutes,  lastnamed  with  a  prominent  spine.  About  80  short 
compressed  gillrakers.  Silvery,  upper  half  darker  with  indi- 
stinct brown  longitudinal  lines,  running  along  the  rows  of 
scales.  A  black  spot  on  the  shoulder.  Fins  hyaline.  Length 
about  165  mm. 

No  men  in  dig.:  Selangkat,  Trubala  (Mai.);  Penden,  Slamat, 
Lakar  (Javan.);  Bandring,  Djangan  (Madura);  Belo  (Sunda) ; 
Pias  (Bagan  Api  Api). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia!,  Bantam,  Tegal,  Surabaya,  Pasu- 
ruan,  Tjilatjap!);  Madura;  Bali;  Sumatra  (Telokbetong,  Palem- 
bang,  Bagan  Api  Api!);  Nias!;  Pinang;  Singapore;  Bintang 
(Rio);  Banka;  Borneo  (Sambas,  Pamangkat,  Sinkawang,  Balik- 
papan !,  Kota  baru !) ;  Celebes  (Macassar) ;  Halmahera  (Sin- 
dangola) ;  Ambon,  New  Guinea.  —  Philippines,  Siam,  Burma 
to  British  India. 

In  sea. 

4.  Subfam.   Engraulinae. 

Oblong  or  elongate,  more  or  less  compressed.  Scales  mode- 
rate or  large,  thin,  deciduous.  Belly  sharp  or  rounded,  with 
more  or  less  numerous  keeled  abdominal  scutes.  Snout  pro- 
minent, mouth  very  large,  bordered  by  the  very  small  inter- 


maxillaries  "which  do  not  meet  in  a  symphysis,  and  by  the 
long  narrow  maxillary  which  may  be  produced  and  which 
has  two  supplemental  bones.  Teeth  in  a  single  row  in  the 
jaws,  usually  small,  rarely  caninoid.  Small  teeth  on  vomer, 
palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue.  Dorsal  rather  short,  above 
or  before  anal,  which  is  usually  long.  Gillmembranes  more 
or  less  united,  free  from  isthmus.  Seven  to  19  branchiostegals. 
Gillrakers  long  and  slender.  Pseudobranchiae  present. 

Synopsis   of  the  Genera. 

I.   Caudal  forked,  not  united  with  the  anal. 

A.  Scutes  at  least  between  pectorals  and  anal.  Silvery  hue 
is  missing  only  on  back. 

a.  Upper  pectoral  ray  produced.  A.  50 — 75  and  2 — 2^.2 

in  length Setipinna  p.  27. 

b.  No  pectoral  ray  produced.  A.  30 — 50,  3 — 5  in  length. 

1.  teeth    in   jaws   partly    caninoid.    L.  1.   50.    Origin 

of  D.  behind  origin  of  A Lycothrissa  p.   31. 

2.  teeth  in  jaws  not  caninoid.  L.  1.  35 — 45.    Origin 

of  D.  before  origin  of  A Engraulis   p.  32. 

B.  Scutes    only    between    pectorals    and    ventrals.    Silvery 

hue  limited  to  a  lateral  band Stolephorus  p.  43. 

II.  Caudal  pointed,  united  with  the  very  long  anal.  Tail  long 
and  tapering.  A.  62—116,  i'/2 — 2Y4  in  length.  Upper 
pectoral  rays  produced Coilia  p.  43. 

i.  Setipinna  Swainson. 

(Nat.  Hist.  II.   1839,  p.  1 86). 

Oblong  to  elongate,  very  compressed.  Head  small,  scales 
moderate,  thin  more  or  less  deciduous  with  fine  undulating 
lines  which  may  form  a  network.  Abdominal  scutes  from  the 
throat  to  the  anus.  Dorsal  with  a  short  pungent  spine,  its 
origin  before  or  behind  origin  of  anal.  Anal  very  long,  with 
50 — 66  rays.  Upper  pectoral  ray  more  or  less  produced. 
Cleft  of  mouth  very  oblique,  maxillary  not  reaching  much 
farther  than  mandibular  joint.  Teeth  on  jaws,  vomer,  palatines, 
pterygoids  and  tongue.  Gillrakers  widely  set,  not  more  than 
1 8,  with  spines  on  the  innerside.  Radii  branchiostegi  numerous. 


28 


Synopsis   of  the    species. 

I.  Origin  of  anal  before  origin  of  dorsal,  9 — 12  gillrakers, 
more  than  50  scales  in  L.  1. 

a.  Upper   pectoral   ray  not  reaching  anal,  snout  promi- 
nent. D.  I.   12 — 145  A.  50 — 53 S.  melanochir  p.  28. 

b.  Upper  pectoral  ray    reaching    to    middle   of  anal  or 

even  farther.  Chin  prominent.  D.  I.   17;  A.  60 — 66.  5.  brevieeps  p.   29. 
II.   Origin    of  anal    below   dorsal.    18  gillrakers.  Less  than 
50  scales  in  L.  1.  Snout  prominent.  Upper  pectoral  ray 
produced  beyond  origin  of  anal,  mostly  to  its  posterior 
half.  D.  I.   13 — 15;  A.  51 — 56 S.  taty  p.  30. 

i.  Setipinna  melanochir  (Blkr.), 

Engraulis  w^/«^<7<:/«>Bleeker,Verh.  Bat.  Gen.  XXII.  1849.  Bijdr.  Ichth.Madura,  p.  13. 
Engraulis  melanochir  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  400. 
Setipinna  melanochir  Bleeker,  All.  Ichth.  VI.   1866 — 72,  p.  136. 


Fig.  15.  Setipinna  melanochir  Blkr. 

B.  12—13;  D.  i,  12—14;  A.  50—53;  P.  i.  13;  V.  7;  L.I. 
50—53;  L.  tr.  14—15. 

Oblong,  strongly  compressed,  abdominal  profile  slightly  more 
convex  than  dorsal,  slightly  concave  along  upper  profile  of 
head.  Height  3—3^,  head  4'/2— 52/5>  eye  31/.— 5,  ]/4  longer 
than  snout,  which  projects  before  mandible.  Maxillary  dilated, 
concavely  truncated  behind,  extending  to  the  mandibulary 
joint.  Origin  of  dorsal  behind  origin  of  anal,  nearer  to  caudal 
than  to  snout.  Anal  about  as  long  as  its  distance  from  the 
eye.  Origin  of  ventrals  about  midway  between  anal  and  base 
of  pectorals.  Ventrals  about  as  long  as  postorbital  part  of 


29 

head.  Pectorals  without  their  produced  ray  a  little  longer  than 
head ;  the  produced  ray  not  surpassing  ventrals.  Caudal  deeply 
forked,  4^2 — 5  in  length.  Small  teeth  on  vomer,  palatines, 
pterygoids,  tongue  and  lower  jaw,  those  in  the  maxillary 
stronger  and  distant.  Nine  to  ten  flattened,  blunt  very  distant 
gillrakers,  hindermost  the  thinnest,  double  as  long  as  branchial 
filaments,  nearly  equalling  eye,  with  unequal  spines  at  the 
inner  side.  Scales  thin,  rather  deciduous,  with  fine  undulated 
transverse  lines.  A  long  axillary  scale  above  pectorals  and 
ventrals.  Base  of  fins  scaly,29 — 30  abdominal  scutes,  the  14 
praepectoral  and  the  7  postventral  ones  are  more  prominent. 
Yellowish  with  a  silvery  hue,  back  darker.  Fins  hyaline. 
Margin  of  dorsal,  anal  and  caudal  frequently  dark  powdered. 
Pectorals  and  often  ventrals  more  or  less  black,  especially  in 
adults.  Length  to  about  230  mm. 

Nomen  in  dig.  :  Siamis  (Palembang). 

Habitat:  Java  (Surabaya);  Madura;  Sumatra  (Palembang! 
Djambi !  Bagan  api  api !,  Lematan-Enim) ;  Borneo  (Banjermassin, 
Pamangkat,  Sambas,  Bunut!  Sarawak  (Karoli)).  —  Siam  (Sau- 
vage);  China  (Sauvage). 

Fresh  and  brackish  water. 

2.  Setipinna  breviceps  (Cantor). 

Engraulis  breviceps  Cantor,  Journ.  Asiatic  Soc.  of  Bengal  vol.  XVIII.  1850,  p.  1288. 
Engraulis  Pfeifferi  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschv.  Ned.  Indie.  III.   1852,  p.  433. 
Engraulis  breviceps  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.  1868,  p.  401. 
Setipinna  breviceps  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.   1866 — 72,  p.    137. 
Coilia  Pfeifferi  Sauvage,  Bull.  Soc.  Philom.  (7),  VI.   1882,  p.   175. 
Engraulis  breviceps  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1878 — 88,  p.  628. 

B.  17 — 19;  D.  i.  17;  A.  60 — 66;  P.  i.  12 — 13;  V.  7;  L.I. 
54—56;  L.  tr.  14. 

Elongate,  dorsal  profile  much  more  convex  between  head 
and  dorsal  than  ventral  which  is  nearly  straight.  Height 
3*/2 — 34/5>  nead  53/4 — 6V4,  eye  subcutaneous,  5 — 6,  little  longer 
than  snout.  Cleft  of  the  mouth  very  oblique,  chin  forming 
the  most  prominent  part  of  head.  Maxillary  rounded  behind, 
reaching  to  mandibular  joint.  Origin  of  dorsal  a  little  nearer 
to  snout  than  to  caudal,  far  behind  origin  of  anal,  the  length 
of  which  is  more  than  twice  its  distance  from  the  head.  Ven- 
trals nearer  to  head  than  to  origin  of  anal.  Pectorals  with  the 
upper  ray  produced,  and  reaching  to  the  middle  or  the  hind- 


30 

part  of  the  anal.  Caudal  deeply  incised,  4 — 5  in  length.  Very 
small  teeth  on  vomer,  palatines,  pterygoids  and  larger  ones 
in  the  jaws.  Gillrakers  about  12,  as  long  as  the  eye,  with  a 
row  of  unequal  curved  spines  on  the  innerside.  Scales  thin 
not  very  deciduous,  with  a  very  fine  network  and  irregular 
rough  hindborder.  27 — 28  abdominal  sharp  pointed  prominent 
scutes,  1 1  of  which  are  postventral.  Silvery,  back  darker. 
Vertical  fins  with  a  black  margin,  which  may  be  broad  on 
dorsal  and  caudal,  even  the  pectoral  sometimes  black.  Length 
over  300  mm. 

N  o  m  e  n  i  n  d  i  g. :  Biang-Biang  (Bagan  api  api). 

Habitat:  Pinang;  Sumatra  (Banjuasin,  Bagan  api  api!); 
Borneo  (Pontianak,  Sungiduri,  Sinkawang,  Pamangkat,  Matang, 
Sarawak).  —  Pulu  Condor;  Bay  of  Bengal. 

In  sea  and  rivers. 

3.  Setipinna  taty  (C.  V.). 

Engraulis  taty  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons.  XXI.   1848,  p.  60. 
Engraulis  telaroides  Bleeker,  Verb.  Bat.  Gen.  XXII.  1 849.  Bijdr.  Ichth.  Madura,  p.  1 3. 
Engrattlis  taty  Cantor,  Journ.  Asiat.  Soc.  of  Bengal,  vol.  XVIII,  1850,  p.  1288. 
Engratilis  taty  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  400. 
Setipinna  taty  Bleeker,  All.  Ichth.  VI,  1866 — 72,  p.   136. 
Engraulis  taty  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.  1878 — 88,  p.  628. 

B.  12;  D.  i.  13-^15;  A.  51—56;  P.  i.  12-13;  V.  7;  L.I. 
40 — 46;  L.  tr.  12. 

Oblong,  strongly  compressed,  dorsal  and  ventral  profile 
evenly  convex.  Height  about  3,  head  43/4 — 53/4,  eye  subcuta- 
neous, 3!/2 — 4,  i  !/2  to  nearty  twice  as  long  as  snout,  which  slightly 
projects.  Maxillary  broad  and  obliquely  truncated  behind, 
extending  a  little  beyond  mandibulary  joint.  Origin  of  dorsal 
about  the  length  of  the  head,  nearer  to  snout  than  to  caudal, 
far  in  front  of  origin  of  anal,  which  is  about  as  long  as  its 
distance  from  the  snout.  Ventrals  about  midway  between 
suboperculum  and  anal.  Their  origin  about  their  length  before 
origin  of  dorsal.  Upper  pectoral  ray  produced  beyond  origin 
of  anal,  mostly  to  its  posterior  half.  Caudal  deeply  incised, 
4  in  length.  Fine  teeth  on  vomer,  palatines,  pterygoids,  tongue 
and  jaws.  Eightteen  distant  gillrakers,  which  are  irregularly 
spinulated  along  their  innerside,  thrice  as  long  as  branchial 
filaments.  Scales  thin,  more  or  less  deciduous,  with  a  network 
narrowing  near  the  hindborder  and  ending  there  in  parallel 


31 

lines.  They  cover  dorsal,  anal  and  caudal.  Large  axillary 
scales  at  pectorals  and  ventrals.  Abdominal  scutes  30 — 32, 
the  10  postventral  and  the  praepectoral  ones  being  the  most 
prominent.  Yellowish  with  silvery  hue.  Fins  hyaline.  Length 
to  170  mm. 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia!,  Surabaya,  Pasuruan);  Madura; 
Sumatra  (Benkulen);  Pinang;  Singapore;  Banka;  Borneo 
(Pamangkat,  Sinkawang,  Sungiduri,  Pontianak,  Sarawak,  Balik 
papan !).  —  Westward  to  British  India. 

In  sea  and  estuaries. 

2.  Lycothrissa  (Giinther)  Bleeker. 

(Giinther.  Cat.  Brit.   Mus.   VII,   1868,  p.   399  as  subgenus.  Bleeker, 
All.  ichth.   VI.   1866—1872,  p.   125). 

Elongate,  compressed.  Scales  moderate,  thin,  deciduous,  with 
irregular  curved  transverse  lines.  Not  very  prominent  abdo- 
minal scutes  only  between  pectoral  and  anus.  Snout  promi- 
nent. Mouth  oblique.  Head  small.  Maxillary  narrow,  exten- 
ding to  the  mandibular  joint,  its  supplementary  bone  only 
partially  ossified.  Origin  of  dorsal  behind  origin  of  anal,  which 
is  very  long.  Upper  pectoral  ray  not  produced.  Small  teeth 
on  vomer,  palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue,  those  in  the  jaws 
caninoid,  especially  the  few  of  the  lower  jaw. 

Lycothrissa    crocodilus    (Blkr.). 

Engraulis  crocodilus  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie,  I.   1851,  p.   15. 
Engrarilis  crocodilus  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII,   1868,  p.  400. 
Lycothrissa  crocodilus  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.   1 866 — 1872,  p.   125. 


Fig.    1 6.    Lycothrissa  crocodilus  Blkr.   y2  n.  s. 

B.   12;  D.  I.   12—13;  A.  46—48;  P.   I-  13— 14;  v-  7;    L-l- 
46 — 50;  L.  tr.   10 — ii. 

Elongate,     compressed,     abdominal    profile    convex,    dorsal 


32 

nearly  straight,  specially  on  the  head  which  has  a  longitu- 
dinal keel.  Height  4— 4!/s,  head  42/3~ 5>  eye  4— 44/5,  !/4— Vs 
longer  than  snout,  which  only  slightly  projects  beyond  the 
under  jaw,  situated  in  the  anterior  half  of  the  head.  Maxil- 
lary narrow,  obtusely  pointed  behind,  extending  to  the  man- 
dibular  joint.  Origin  of  dorsal  midway  between  head  and  root 
of  caudal,  or  a  little  nearer  to  lastnamed,  behind  origin  of 
anal,  which  is  as  long  as  its  distance  from  the  head.  Ventrals 
midway  between  anal  and  suboperculum,  or  nearer  to  the 
head.  Pectorals  about  as  long  as  head  without  snout,  reaching 
beyond  the  root  of  the  ventrals.  Caudal  deeply  forked.  Teeth 
on  vomer,  palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue.  In  the  maxillary 
are  series  of  distant  caninoid  teeth,  curved  inwards,  irregularly 
alternating  with  similar  but  flexible  teeth.  In  the  lower  jaw 
6 — 14  still  larger  caninoid  teeth,  between  which  a  series  of 
small  nearly  invisible  teeth  in  the  gum.  About  10  stout 
curved  flattened  spinous  gillrakers,  a  little  longer  than  the 
branchial  filaments,  about  as  long  as  the  pupil.  Scales  thin, 
deciduous,  with  irregular  and  irregularly  curved  transversal 
lines.  Long  axillary  scales  at  pectorals  and  ventrals.  About 
17 — 1 8  abdominal  scutes  behind  pectorals,  10  of  which  post- 
ventral.  Silvery.  Length  more  than  280  mm. 

Habitat:  Borneo  (Banjermassin,  Pontianak,  Sinkawang, 
middle-course  of  Kapuasriver) ;  Sumatra  (Banjuasin,  Palembang, 
Djambi !).  —  Siam. 

Brackish  and  freshwater. 

4.  Engraulis  Cuvier. 

(Cuvier,  Regne  animal.  Ed.  I,   1817,  p.   174). 

Oblong  or  elongate,  compressed.  Scales  moderate,  more  or 
less  deciduous.  Abdominal  scutes  always  between  pectorals 
and  anus,  mostly  also  before  pectorals.  Maxillary  more  or  less 
produced,  sometimes  even  surpassing  ventrals  [Fig.  18].  Mouth 
oblique.  Origin  of  dorsal  before  origin  of  anal,  which  is  rather 
long  (27 — 50  rays),  and  goes  22/3 — 4  times  in  length.  Upper 
pectoral  ray  not  produced.  Teeth  on  jaws,  vomer,  palatines, 
pterygoids  and  tongue.  No  caninoid  teeth. 

Synopsis   of  the   species. 

I.  Ventral   keel    before    pectorals    without   scutes.    Anal 

behind  dorsal.  Gillrakers  20 — 22 E.  baelama  p.   33. 


33 

II.  Keeled  scutes  from  mouth  to  anus. 

A.  Maxillary  not   extended  beyond  gillopening. 

a.  Origin  of  anal  distinctly  behind  end  of  dorsal, 
gillrakers   20  or  more. 

1.  20    gillrakers,    maxillary    not    reaching    gill- 
opening  E.  scratchley  p.  34. 

2.  21 — 27    gillrakers,    maxillary    reaching    gill- 
opening. 

ot.   27    gillrakers,    23    ventral    scutes,    snout 

equal  to  eye,  very  prominent E.  kammalensis    p.  35. 

/3.   21 — 25  gillrakers,  27  ventral  scutes,  snout 

3/4  of  eye,  slightly  produced E.    malabaricus    p.   36. 

b.  Origin    of   anal    below    or    slightly  behind  end 
of  dorsal,  gillrakers  13,  maxillary  reaching  gill- 
opening    E.  grayi  p.  37. 

B.  Maxillary  reaching  at  least  to  pectorals. 

a.  Anal  below  or  a  little  behind  end  of  dorsal. 

1.  Maxillary  reaching  root   of  pectorals. 

a..   Anal    more  than   3   times  in  length,  gill- 
rakers  13 E.  mystax  p.  38. 

|3.  Anal   22/3  times  in  length,  gill  rakers   17  .  E.  purava  p.   39. 

2.  Maxillary  reaching  farther  than  pectorals. 
a.   Maxillary  surpassing  ventrals,  28  ventral 

scutes,  gillrakers   12 E.  setirostris  p.  40. 

/3.  Maxillary  reaching  ventrals  or  nearly  so, 

25   ventral  scutes,  gillrakers   18 E.  dussumieri  p.  41. 

b.  Anal  before  end  of  dorsal E.  valendennesi  p.  42 

i.  Engraulis  baelama  (Forsk.). 

Clupea  baelama  Forskal,  Descript.   Animal.   1775,  p.   72. 
Clupea  baelama  Bloch,  Schneider,  Syst.  Ichthyol.   1801,  p.  429. 
Engraulis  baelama  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  XXI.  1848,  p.  35. 
Stolephorus  encrasicholoides  Bleeker,  Ned.  Tijdschr.  Dierk.  I.    1863,  p.   236. 
Engraulis  encrasicholoides  Kner,  Novara  Exp.  Fische    1865 — 1867.  p.   333. 
Engraulis  encrasicholoides  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.   VII.   1868,  p.  387. 
Engraulis  boelama  Gunther,   Cat.  Brit.  Mus.   VII.    1868,  p.  393. 
Engrattlis  boelama  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.   1866 — 1872,  p.   130. 
Engraulis  encrasicholoides  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.   VI.   1866 — 1872,  p.    130. 
Engratilis  boelama  Klunzinger,  Verh.  d.  zool.  bot.  Ges.  Wien.  XXI.  1871,  p.  597. 
Engraulis  boelama  Giinther,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London.    1871,  p.  671. 
Engraulis  boelama  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1878 — 1888,  p.  626. 
Engraulis  boelama  Gunther,  Fische  d.  Siidsee,  Heft  VIII.   1909,  p.   379. 

B.    11  —  13;    D.    I.    15;    A.  27—30;   V.  7;  P.   12—14;   L.  1. 
36—38;  L.  tr.  9. 

INDO-AUSTRALIAN    FISHES    II.  3 


34 

Oblong,  compressed,  dorsal  and  ventral  profile  nearly  evenly 
convex.    Height    32/3 — 4,    head    33/5 — 4.    Rostro-frontal    profile 
convex.    Eye   4 — 43/3,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  snout,  which 
is    very    prominent,    about    2l/2    times    in    postorbital    part    of 
head.    Maxillary    obliquely    roundeol    behind,    reaching   a  little 
farther    than    the    mandibulary   joint.    Upper   surface    of    head 
with    a    median    keel    and    with    striae    and    rows  of  tubercles. 
Origin  of  dorsal,  which  is  behind  the  origin  of  ventrals,  nearer 
to    snout    than    to    caudal.    Height    of  acute    dorsal    equalling 
twice    its    length,    much    longer    than    postorbital    part    of  the 
head.    Upper  border  of  dorsal  not  emarginate.   Origin  of  anal 
behind  dorsal,  its  length  3Y2  to  about  4  in  length  of  body.  Ven- 
trals   about    midway    between    anal  and  praeoperculum,  about 
half  the    length    of  the    head.    Pectorals  about  as  long  as  the 
postorbital  part  of  the  head,  reaching  to  the  ventrals  or  nearly 
so  far.  Jaws  with  a  row  of  crowded  conspicuous  teeth.   Small 
teeth    on  palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue,  a  few  stronger  on 
the    vomer.    20 — 22   gillrakers,   a    little   flattened,  finely  spinu- 
lated,    double    as    long    as    branchial    filaments,  a  little  shorter 
than  eye.  Scales  thin,  not  readily  deciduous,  with  vertical  lines, 
and    a    narrow    network    of  lines   in   the  posterior  half.  Hind- 
border    irregularly  indentated.  About   15  abdominal  scutes  be- 
tween   pectorals  and  anus,  feebly  keeled  and  pointed  behind, 
generally  also  a  single  keeled  scute  just  behind  isthmus.  Silvery, 
back  dark,  generally  with  a  dark  patch  on  the  shoulder.  Fins 
hyaline,  caudal  margined  with  darker.  Length  nearly  140  mm. 

No  men  in  dig.:  Teri  (Mai.  Batavia) ;  Tjangkok  (Sundan.)j 
Kendui  (Madura);  Lungrah  (Saparua)1;  Puri  merah  (Ambon); 
Merah,  Ligoh  (Batjan);  Lompeh  (Menado). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia,  Bantam,  Tjiringin,  Djongkulon, 
Surabaya,  Prigi);  Sumatra  (Benkulen,  Trussan,  Priaman,  Padang); 
Nias!;  Madura;  Bali;  Lombok ! ;  Celebes  (Bonthain,  Bulucomba, 
Menado,  Tanawanko);  Timor;  Ternate;  Batjan;  Ambon;  Sapa- 
rua; Ceram;  Banda;  Aru-islands !;  Misol;  New  Guinea.  — 
Philippines,  Guam,  Andamans,  British  India,  Red  Sea,  coast 
of  Zanzibar,  Seychelles,  Mauritius  and  Madagascar. 

In  sea. 

2.   Engraulis  scratchleyi  Ramsay  &  Ogilby. 

Engraulis  scratchleyi^  Ramsay  &  Douglas  Ogilby,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.  S.  Wales 

ser.  2.  I.   1886,  p.   18. 

Anchovia  scratchleyi  Jordan  &  Scale,  Bull.  Bur.   Fish.   XXV.    1906,  p.   188. 
Engraulis  scratchleyi  M.   Weber,  Nova  Guinea  IX.   1913. 


35 

D.   I.    12;    A.   34—41;   P.    13;    V.  7;    L.  1.  38^43;    L-   tr.    lo. 

Elongate,  compressed,  dorsal  and  ventral  profile  nearly  equal. 
Height  33/4 — 4,  head  about  43/5,  eye  3!/3  to  more  than  4.  Snout 
bluntly  rounded,  prominent,  about  3/4  of  eye.  Maxillary  obli- 
quely truncated  behind,  its  end  reaching  farther  than  mandi- 
bulary  joint.  Dorsal  a  little  nearer  to  snout  than  to  caudal. 
Its  origin  far  behind  origin  of  ventrals.  Its  height  about  twice 
its  length,  which  is  nearly  equal  to  length  of  head.  Anal 
24/5 — 3  in  length,  its  origin  behind  dorsal.  Ventrals  i!/4  to  more 
than  i'/2  diameter  of  eye.  Their  origin  about  midway  between 
anal  and  mandibulary  joint.  Pectorals  as  long  as  head  without 
snout,  reaching  to  ventrals.  Fine  teeth  on  jaws,  vomer,  pala- 
tines, pterygoids  and  tongue.  Twenty  gillrakers,  rather  stout, 
flattened,  with  strong  spines  at  the  innerside,  double  as  long 
as  branchial  filaments,  more  than  3/4  of  eye.  Scales  rather 
adherent,  with  some  fine  vertical  lines,  some  of  which  are 
anastomosing  at  the  hindborder.  About  25 — 26  abdominal 
scutes,  beginning  at  the  throat,  the  10 — 11  postventral  ones 
the  most  prominent.  Silvery,  back  darker,  separated  by  a 
more  or  less  faint  steel  blue  band.  Length  to  350  mm. 

Habitat:  South-New  Guinea  (Lorentz  river,  Strickland 
river).  —  In  freshwater. 

3.  Engraulis  kammalensis  Blkr. 

Engraulis  kammalensis    Bleeker,  Verb.    Bat.    Gen.  XXII.  1849.  Bijdr.  Ichth.  Ma- 
dura, p.   13. 

Engraulis  rhinorhynchos  Bleeker,  Verb.  Bat.  Gen.  XXIV.  1852.  Haringacht.  p.  40. 
Engraulis  rhinorhynchtis  Kner,  Fische  Novara  Exped.   1865 — 67,  p.  334. 
Engraulis  rhinorhynchus  Gitnther,  Cat.  Brit    Mus.   VII.   1868,  p.   394. 
Engraulis  kammalensis  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1878 — 88,  p.  626. 

B.    10 — II;     D.    I.     13 — 14;     A.    32 — 35;     P.    II  — 12;     V.    /; 

L.  1.   35 — 38;  L.  tr.  9 — 10. 

Oblong,  compressed,  ventral  profile  more  convex  than  dor- 
sal. Height  3!/4— 32/5»  head  33/4—  4,  eye  3— 3%  about  as  long 
as  snout,  which  is  very  prominent.  Maxillary  delated  above 
the  mandibular  joint,  tapering  behind,  extending  to  the  gill- 
opening.  Upper  surface  of  head  with  a  median  keel.  Origin 
of  dorsal,  which  is  behind  origin  of  ventrals,  about  midway 
between  snout  and  base  of  caudal.  Height  of  dorsal  twice  its 
length,  about  equal  to  head  without  snout.  Origin  of  anal 
behind  origin  of  dorsal,  its  length  about  3  times  in  length 
of  body.  Ventrals  about  midway  between  anal  and  suboper- 


36 

culum,  less  than  half  length  of  head.  Pectorals  as  long  as  or 
a  little  longer  than  postorbital  part  of  head,  reaching  to  base 
of  ventrals.  Teeth  on  jaws,  vomer,  palatines,  pterygoids  and 
tongue.  Twenty  seven  spinulous  gillrakers,  as  long  as  the 
eye.  Scales  thin,  not  readily  deciduous,  with  anastomosing  lines 
forming  a  fine  network  on  the  hinder  part  of  the  scales. 
Twenty  three  abdominal  scutes,  which  extend  to  before  pec- 
torals, 8  of  which  are  postyentral.  Silvery,  darker  above. 
Generally  a  blackish  spot  across  the  nape,  reaching  downwards 
to  the  scapula.  Fins  hyaline,  dorsal  and  caudal  generally  blackish 
along  their  margin.  Length  to  112  mm.  (A  specimen  of  Blee- 
ker's  collection  seen  by  us). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia,  Surabaya);  Madura;  Bali;Banka; 
Sumatra  (Benkulen) ;  Singapore;  Borneo  (Sampit,  Sinkawang, 
Sarawak);  Celebes  (Menado,  Badjoa).  —  Philippines,  Cebu 
(A.  B.  Meyer);  Pongoor,  Malacca  (Peters);"  China  (Sauvage) ; 
Bay  of  Bengal  and  Ceylon. 

In  sea  and  estuaries. 

4.  Engraulis  malabaricus  C.  V. 

Engraulis  malabaricus  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons,  XXI,  1848,  p.  63. 
Engraulis  malabaricus  Giinther,  Cat.   Brit.  Mus.  VII,   1868,  p.   395. 
Engraulis  malabaricus  A.  B.  Meyer,  Ann.Soc.Esp.  de  Hist.  Nat.  t.  XIV,  1885,  p.  42. 
Engraulis  malabaricus  Day,  Fishes  of  India.  4°.   1878 — 1888,  p.  625. 

B.  XII;  D.  i  4  14-15  p=~3);    P.    14;    V.  7;    A.  40-43 

8=^)'  C  20;  L"  h  39-4°;  L"  tr'  "-12' 
"Length  of  head  5,  of  caudal  S1/^  height  of  body  33|4  in  the 
total  length.  Eyes  —  subcutaneous,  diameter  43/2  in  the  length 
of  head,  3/4  of  a  diameter  from  end  of  snout,  and  i!/8  apart. 
Snout  slightly  in  advance  of  the  lower  jaw.  Maxilla  dilated 
above  the  mandibular  joint,  it  extends  posteriorly  to  the  gill- 
opening.  Teeth  --  fine  ones  in  the  jaws  and  on  the  palate.  Fins 
-  dorsal  commences  rather  nearer  to  the  snout  than  to  the 
base  of  the  caudal  fin.  Anal  commences  behind  the  vertical 
from  the  last  dorsal  ray.  Pectoral  reaches  the  base  of  the 
ventral.  Scales  —  regularly  arranged:  17  scutes  before  and  9  or 
10  behind  the  base  of  the  ventral  fin.  Gillrakers  about  V2  tne 
length  of  the  eye,  from  21  to  25  on  the  horizontal  branch 
of  the  outer  branchial  arch.  Pseudobranchiae  rudimentary. 


37 

Colours  —  silvery  shot  with  gold  and  purple :  black  venules  on 
the  shoulder,  fins  yellow:  dorsal  and  end  of  caudal  edged 
with  dark.  Pectoral  sometimes,  but  not  usually,  black." 
(After  Day). 

Habitat:  North  Celebes  (A.  B.  Meyer).  --  Coast  of  Sind 
and  through  the  seas  of  India. 

In  sea. 

5.  Engraulis  grayi  Blkr. 

Thryssa  poorawah  Cuvier,  Regne  animal.  Ed.  de  luxe,  p.  280  (no  description). 

Thrissa    Hamiltonii    Gray,    Illustr.    Indian    Zool.    II.    1830 — 1835.    Pise.   tab.   5, 

fig.  3  (figure  only). 

Engraulis  Grayi  Bleeker,  Verb.  Bat.  Gen.  XXIV.    1852.  Haringacht.  p.  41. 
Engraulis  Grayi  Kner,  Fische  Novara  Exp.    1865 — 1867,  p.  333. 
Engraulis  Hamiltonii  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.    1868,  p.   395.  (S.  Syn.). 
Stolephorus  Hamiltoni  Bleeker,  Ned.  Tijdschr.  Dierk.  I.   1863,  p.   261. 
Engraulis  poorawah  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.   VI.   1866 — 1872,  p.   132. 
Engraulis  Hamiltonii  Day,  Fishes  of  India,  4°.   1878 — 1888,  p.  625. 
Engraulis    Hamiltoni    Vinciguerra,    Ann.    Mus.  Civ.  Geneva  (2)  II.    1885,  p.  94 
and  (2)  IX.    1890,  p.   350. 

Trichosoma  Hamiltoni  Rutter,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Science  Philadelphia  1897,  p.  66. 
Anchovia  Hamiltoni  Jordan  and  Richardson,  Bull.  Bur.  Fish.  XXVII.  1908,  p.  236. 


Fig.    17.  Engraulis  Grayi  Blkr. 


B.  12—13;  D.  i.  14—15;  A.  36—40;  P.  12—13;  V.,  7; 
L.  1.  45—47;  L-  tr-  12—13. 

Oblong,  compressed,  dorsal  and  ventral  profile  about  equally 
convex.  Fronto-rostral  profile  slightly  convex.  Height  about 
3 — 33/4>  head  4 — 44/3,  eye  3% — 4.  Snout  rounded,  scarcely 
prominent,  about  3/4  of  eye.  The  maxillary  is  delated  above 
the  mandibular  joint  and  its  posterior  tapering  portion  extends 
as  far  as  the  branchial  opening.  Dorsal  very  much  nearer  to 


38 

caudal  than  to  snout.  Its  origin  about  midway  between  snout 
and  caudal,  situated  far  behind  base  of  ventrals.  Its  height 
nearly  double  as  long  as  its  length,  equalling  head  without 
snout.  Anal  about  3  times  in  length.  -Its  origin  below  or  a 
little  behind  end  of  dorsal.  Ventrals  equalling  i1^  diameter 
of  eye,  their  origin  about  midway  between  anal  and  prae- 
operculum.  Pectorals  about  as  long  as  head  without  snout, 
reaching  ventrals.  Caudal  deeply  incised,  its  acute  lobes 
3*/2 — 4  in  length.  Small  teeth  on  jaws,  vomer,  palatines,  pte- 
rygoids  and  tongue.  Gillrakers  13,  stout,  flattened,  distinctly 
spinulated  at  the  innerside,  !/3  longer  than  branchial  filaments, 
3/4  of  eye.  Scales  with  vertical  lines,  which  anastomose  on 
the  hindpart,  where  they  run  parallel  in  a  longitudinal  direc- 
tion to  the  hindborder.  26  abdominal  scutes  beginning  at 
throat,  with  a  not  very  prominent  keel  ending  in  a  spine, 
10 — ii  of  which  behind  ventrals.  Silvery,  back  dark.  Scapu- 
lary  region  with  black  venules.  Lower  part  of  head  powdered 
with  black.  Fins  hyaline,  caudal  with  a  darker  margin.  Length : 
over  200  mm. 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia,  Bantam);  Sumatra  (Priaman,  Pa- 
lembang,  Bagan  api  api!);  Singapore;  Bintang  (Riouw);  Banka; 
Borneo  (Sinkawang,  Sungiduri,  Sarawak);  Celebes  (Macassar, 
Badjoa);  Batjan;  Ceram  (Wahai).  —  Australia;  Philippines; 
Formosa;  China;  Siam ;  Burma  to  Sind. 

In  sea  and  estuaries. 

6.  Engraulis  mystax  (Bl.  Schn.). 

Clupea  mystax  Bloch,  Schneider,  Systema  Ichthyol.    1801,  p.  426. 
Thryssa  porava  Bleeker,  Verb.  Bat.  Gen.  XXII.  1849.  Bij dr.  Ichth.  Madura,  p.  14. 
Engraulis  mystacoides  Bleeker,  Verb.   Bat.  Gen.  XXIV.   1852.  Haringacht.  p.  42. 
Engraulis  hamiltoni  Kner,   Fische  Novara  Exp.   1865 — 1867,  p.   334. 
Engraulis  mystacoides  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.    VII.   1868,  p.   396. 
Engraulis  mystax  Bleeker,  All.  Ichth.  VI.    1866 — 1872,  p.   132. 
Engraulis  mystax  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1878 — 1888,  p.  625. 
Trichosoma  porava  Rutter,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philadelphia  1897,  p.  65. 

B.  12—14;  D-  I.  14—15;  A.  36—38;  P.  12—13;  V.  7; 
L.  1.  about  45;  L.  tr.  12. 

Oblong,  compressed,  ventral  profile  more  convex  than  dor- 
sal, which  is  nearly  straight.  Height  32/3 — 4,  head  about  4, 
eye  33/4 — 4.  Snout  rounded,  very  little  prominent,  about  3/4 
of  eye.  Maxillary  dilated  above  the  mandibulary  joint,  tape- 


39 

ring  behind  and  reaching  pectorals.  Dorsal  very  much  nearer 
to  caudal  than  to  snout.  Origin  of  dorsal  a  little  nearer  to 
caudal  than  to  end  of  snout,  situated  far  behind  base  of  ven- 
trals.  Its  height  I '/2  times  its  length,  about  as  long  as  snout 
and  eye.  Anal  more  than  3  times  in  length,  its  origin  below 
or  a  little  behind  end  of  dorsal.  Ventrals  i'/2  times  the  dia- 
meter of  eye,  their  origin  midway  between  anal  and  mandi- 
bulary  joint.  Pectorals  equalling  head  without  snout,  reaching 
ventrals.  Caudal  deeply  incised,  its  lobes  4  times  in  length. 
Small  teeth  on  jaws,  vomer,  palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue. 
About  13  strong  flattened  gillrakers,  conspicuously  spinulated 
along  the  innerside.  Scales  thin,  not  readily  deciduous,  with 
vertical  lines  forming  a  network  on  the  hindpart  of  the  scales, 
which  have  a  rough  irregular  hindborder.  About  28  abdominal 
scutes,  beginning  at  the  throat,  keeled  and  pointed  behind> 
especially  the  12  postventral  ones.  Silvery,  back  dark,  Sca- 
pulary  region  with  black  venules.  Lower  part  of  head  pow- 
dered with  black.  Fins  hyaline,  caudal  with  a  darkish  margin. 
Length  190  mm. 

Nomen  indig. :  Bulu  ajam  (Batavia). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia!,  Bantam,  Tjilatjap,  Semarang, 
Surabaya,  Pasaruan) ;  Madura;  Sumatra  (Benkulen,  Priaman, 
Tiku);  Singapore;  Banka,  Borneo  (Sinkawang) ;  North  Celebes. 
—  China;  British  India. 

In  sea  and  estuaries. 

7.  Engraulis  purava  (Ham.  Buch). 

Clupea  purava  Hamilton,  Buchanan,  Fishes  Ganges   1822,  p.  238,  382. 
Engraulis  piirava  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons  XXI.  1848,  p.  65. 
Engraulis  purava  Cantor,  Journ.  Asiat.  Soc.  Bengal  XVIII.    1850,  p.    1290. 
Engraulis  purava  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  397. 
Engraulis  purava  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.   1866 — 1872,  p.   135. 
Engraulis  purava  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1878 — 1888,  p.  628. 

B.  12;  D.  i.  13;  A.  45—50;  P.  14—15;  v-  6—7;  L.  1.  46; 
L.  tr.  12. 

Oblong,  compressed.  Height  about  4,  head  about  5,  eye 
4!/2 — 5-  Snout  prominent,  3/4  of  eye.  The  maxillary  is  dilated 
above  the  mandibulary  joint  and  its  posterior  tapering  por- 
tion extends  to  the  root  of  the  pectoral.  Origin  of  dorsal 
midway  between  snout  and  caudal  or  a  little  nearer  to  the 
latter,  far  behind  base  of  ventrals.  Anal  22/3  in  length  of  body. 


40 

Its  -  origin  below  last  rays  of  dorsal.  The  pectorals  reach  the 
ventrals.  Caudal  deeply  incised.  Seventeen  gillrakers,  shorter 
than  the  eye.  About  27  abdominal  scutes,  beginning  at  the 
throat,  10 — ii  of  which  are  postventral.  Silvery,  back  dark, 
fins  hyaline.  Length  200  mm.  [Not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:   Pinang.  —  Rangoon;  both  sides  of  India;  Sind. 

In  sea  and  estuaries. 

8.  Engraulis  setirostris  (Brouss.). 

Clupea  setirostris  Broussonet,  Ichthyol.   Dec.  I,   1782. 

Engraulis  setirostris  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons  XXI.  1848,  p.  69. 
Thryssa  macrognathus  Bleeker,    Verb.   Bat.   Gen.  XXII.    1849.    Bijdr.  Ichth.  Ma- 
dura, p.   14. 

Stolephorus  setirostris  Bleeker,  Ned.  Tijdschr.  Dierk.   II.    1865,  p.   291. 
Engraulis  setirostris  Glinther,  Cat.  Brit.   Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  397. 
Engraulis  setirostris  Bleeker,  All.  Ichth.   VI.   1866 — 1872,  p.   134. 
Engraulis  setirostris  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1878 — 1888,  p.  626. 
Anchovia  setirostris  Jordan  &  Richardson,  Bull.  Bur.  Fish.  XXVI.  1908,  p.  237. 
Engraulis  setirostris  Giinther,   Fische  der  Stidsee,  Heft  VIII.   1909,  p.  379. 


Fig.   1 8.  Engraulis  setirostris  (Brouss.). 

B.  10 — II;  D.  I.  14 — 16;  A.  34 — 38;  P.  12 — 14;  V.  6; 
L.  1.  40 — 44;  L.  tr.  10 — ir. 

Elongate,  compressed,  dorsal  and  ventral  profile  about  equal. 
Fronto-rostral  profile  convex.  Height  34/5  to  more  than  4,  head 
43/5 — 5'/5>  eye  3!/2 — 4-  Snout  bluntly  rounded,  hardly  projec- 
ting, 3/4  of  eye.  Maxillary  strongly  dilated  at  the  mandibu- 
lary  joint,  produced  in  a  long  filament,  surpassing  ventrals 
and  often  reaching  anal.  Dorsal  much  nearer  to  caudal  than 
to  snout.  Its  origin  far  behind  origin  of  ventrals,  about  in  the 
middle  between  both.  Its  height  about  twice  its  length,  as 
long  as  head  without  snout.  Anal  about  3  in  length.  Its 
origin  below  last  dorsal  ray.  Ventrals  more  than  twice  the 


length  of  eye;  nearer  to  anal  than  to  suboperculum.  Pectorals 
as  long  as  head  without  snout,  reaching  to  ventrals  or  not 
so  far.  Caudal  deeply  incised,  about  4  times  in  length.  Fine 
teeth  on  jaws,  vomer,  palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue.  Twelve 
slender  gillrakers,  a  little  flattened,  with  fine  spinules  at  the 
innerside,  */4  longer  than  branchial  filaments,  more  than  3/4  of 
eye.  Scales  thin,  deciduous,  with  10 — 12  vertical  lines.  About 
28  abdominal  scutes,  strongly  keeled  and  with  a  very  pro- 
minent spine,  10  of  which  are  postventral.  Silvery,  dark 
above.  Scapular  region  with  dark  venules.  Fins  hyaline. 
Length  170  mm. 

No  men  indig. :   Bangkok  (Puger). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia!,  Surabaya,  Puger!);  Madura;  Bali; 
Sumatra  (Telok  betong,  Padang,  Priaman,  Siboga) ;  Nias; 
Banka;  Celebes  (Makassar!,  Badjoa);  Ambon.  Tanna ; 

Philippines;  China;  Siam  and  westward  to  the  Red  Sea  and 
East  Coast  of  Africa  (Beiral). 

In  sea  and   brackish  water. 

9.  Engraulis  dussumieri  C.  V. 

Engraulis  Dussumieri  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist."  Nat.  Poiss.  XXI.  1848,  p.  69. 
Engra^llis  Dussumieri  Bleeker,  Verb.   Bat.  Gen.  XXIV.    1852.  Haringacht.  p.  43. 
Engraulis  dussumieri  Kner,  Fische  Novara  Exp.   1865 — 1867,  p.  333. 
Engraulis  my s tax  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.    1868,  p.  397  (nee  Bl.  Schn.). 
P  Engraulis  mystax  Klunzinger,  Sitzungsber.   Akad.   VVien,  LXXX.   1879,  p.  416. 
Engraulis  Dussumieri  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.    1878  — 1888,  p.  627. 

B.  12—13;  D.  r.  14—15;  A.  34—38;  P-  ii— 12;  V.  7; 
L.  1.  40 — 42;  L.  tr.  10 — ii. 

Oblong,  compressed,  dorsal  profile  about  as  convex  as  the 
ventral.  Fronto-rostral  profile  very  convex.  Pleight  3!/4 — 3!/2, 
head  32/3 — 4!/5,  eye  3'/2 — 4,  snout  conspicuously  rounded,  pro- 
minent, nearly  3/4  of  eye.  Maxillary  dilated  at  mandibulary 
joint,  tapering  behind  and  reaching  nearly  to  the  ventrals. 
Dorsal  much  nearer  to  caudal  than  to  snout,  its  origin  nearer 
to  snout,  situated  far  behind  origin  of  ventrals.  Anal  3 — 3!/3 
in  length.  Its  origin  behind  end  of  dorsal.  Ventrals  about 
i  '/2  of  eye  ;  their  origin  midway  between  anal  and  suboperculum. 
Pectorals  as  long  as  head  without  snout,  reaching  ventrals. 
Caudal  deeply  incised,  about  4  times  in  length.  Small  teeth 
on  jaws,  vomer,  palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue.  Eighteen 
flattened  gillrakers,  conspicuously  spined  at  the  innerside,  more 


42 

than  twice  as  long  as  branchial  filaments,  a  little  shorter  than 
eye.  Scales  thin,  rather  deciduous,  with  conspicuous  vertical 
lines  partly  forming  a  network  on  the  hinder  part  of  the  scale, 
the  border  of  which  is  roughened.  Abdominal  scutes  about 
25,  beginning  at  the  throat,  10  being  postventral.  Yellowish 
silvery,  back  dark.  Sometimes  a  blackish  spot  across  the  nape 
down  to  the  scapula.  Fins  hyaline,  caudal  margined  with 
blackish.  Length  to  140  mm.  (A  specimen  of  Bleeker's  collec- 
tion seen  by.  us). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia,  Bantam) ;  Borneo  (Sarawak  [British 
Mus.]);  Singapore.  —  China;  British  India;  Queensland? 

In  sea. 

10.  Engraulis  valenciennesi  (Blkr.). 

Engraiilis  mystax  Cantor,  Journ.  Asiat.  Soc.  Bengal  XVIII.   1850,  p.   1289.  (nee 

Bl.  Schn.). 
Engraulis   mystax   Bleeker,    Verb.    Bat.    Gen.    XXIV.    1852.    Haringacht.  p.  43. 

(nee  Bl.  Schn.). 

Stolephorus  (Thrissa)  Valenciennesi  Bleeker,  Ned.  Tijdschr.  Dierk.  III.  1 866,  p.  306. 
Engraulis    Valenciennesi  Bleeker,  All.  Ichth.  VI.   1866 — 1872,  p.   133. 
Engraulis  Hamiltoni  Duncker,  Milth.  Naturh.  Mus.  Hamburg  XXI.  1904,  p.  185. 

(nee  Gray). 
Thryssa  valenciennesi  Fowler,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.   1911,  p.  220. 

B.  12—13;  D-  i-  13— H;  A-  38—42;  P.  12—13;  V.  7; 
L.  1.  about  40;  L.  tr.  12. 

Oblong,  compressed,  dorsal  profile  much  more  convex  than 
abdominal  profile,  which  is  nearly  straight.  Rostro-frontal  profile 
convex.  Height  3l/3— 32/3>  head  4— 4!/3,  eye  31/8— 32/3-  Snout 
rounded,  prominent,  3/4  of  eye.  Maxillary  dilated  above  the 
mandibulary  joint,  tapering  behind,  surpassing  base  of  pec- 
torals. Dorsal  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  head,  nearer 
to  caudal  than  to  snout,  much  higher  than  long.  Origin  of  dorsal 
nearer  to  caudal  than  to  snout.  Anal  24|5 — 3  in  length,  its  origin 
a  little  before  end  of  dorsal.  ])  Ventrals  not  much  longer  than 
eye,  in  the  middle  between  anal  and  suboperculum.  Pectorals 
about  as  long  as  head  without  snout,  reaching  ventrals.  Teeth 
on  jaws,  vomer,  palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue,  those  on 
jaws  directed  forward;  16 — 17  spinulated  gillrakers,  3|4  of 
eye.  Scales  thin,  deciduous,  with  fine  vertical  lines,  23  abdo- 
minal scutes,  beginning  at  the  throat,  8  being  ventral.  Silvery, 


i)  As  also  in  Bleeker's  figure. 


43 

back  darker.    Scapulary  region  with  black  venules.    Fins  hya- 
line, caudal  with  a  darker  margin.  Length  to   130  mm. 

(A  specimen  of  Bleeker's  collection  seen  by  us). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia,  Palabuan  Batu  !) ;  Sumatra  (Telok 
betong,  Benkulen,  Padang);  Pinang;  Singapore;  Borneo 
(Sinkawang). 

In  sea. 

5.  Stolephorus  Lacepede. 

(Lacepede.  Hist.  nat.  des  Poissons  V,   1803,  p.   381.  —  Max  Weber  &  L.   F. 
de  Beaufort,  Verb.  Akademie  Amsterdam  XVII,   1912,  p.  21). 

Elongate ;  scales  thin,  very  deciduous,  not  more  than  7  pro- 
minent spined  scutes  between  pectorals  and  ventrals.  Snout 
prominent.  Maxillary  may  be  produced  as  far  as  gillopening. 
Dorsal,  generally  without  small  praedorsal  spine,  situated  to- 
tally or  partly  before  anal,  which  is  short  (16 — 23  rays)  and 
goes  4'/2 — 7!/2  times  in  length.  Upper  pectoral  ray  not  pro- 
duced. Teeth  on  jaws,  vomer,  palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue. 
Eleven  to  13  branchiostegal  rays.  Caudal  peduncle  at  least 
twice  as  long  as  high  at  its  end.  A  silvery  band  along 
the  sides. 

Gregarious,  planctonic  marine  fishes  of  small  size,  trans- 
lucent when  alive. 

Synopsis  of  the  species. 

I.  Origin  of  anal  behind  dorsal. 

a.  Anal  about  6  times  in  length.  Maxillary  tapering 
posteriorly,    its    end    rounded,  reaching  hindborder 

of  praeoperculum S.  heteroloims  p.  44. 

b.  Anal  7 — 7*/2  times  in  length.    Maxillary  truncated 

behind,  reaching  to  mandibulary  joint S.  zollingeri  p.  44. 

II.  Origin  of  anal  below  dorsal. 

a.  Seven    spiny    abdominal   scutes   between   pectorals 
and    ventrals.    Maxillary    produced    to    gillopening. 

Anal  5—51/3  in  length S.   commersonii   p.  45 

b.  4 — 5    spiny    abdominal    scutes    between    pectorals 
and  ventrals. 

1.  Maxillary    reaching    to  frontborder  of  praeoper- 
culum. Anal  5% — 6  in  length S.  indicus  p.  46 

2.  Maxillary  reaching  gillopening,  anal  4^2 — 5  in 

length S.  tri  p.  47. 


44 


1.  Stolephorus  heterolobus  Riipp. 

Stolephorus  heterolobus  Riippell,  Neue  Wirbelth.,  Fische   1835,  p.   79. 
Engraulis  heterolobus  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868.  p.  392. 
Stolephorus  heterolobus  Bleeker,  All.  Ichth.  VI.   1866  — 1872,  p.    126. 
Engraulis  heterolobus  Klunzinger,  Abh.  Zool.  Bot.  Gesellsch.WienXXI.  1871,  p.  596. 
Engraulis  heterolobus    Klunzinger,    Sitzber.   Akad.   Wien  LXXX.   1880,  p.  415. 
Stolephorus  heterolobus  Max  Weber,  Siboga  Exp.  Fische  1913,  p.  6. 

B.  12—13;  D-  13—14;  A.  16— 18;  P.  13;  V.7;  L.I.  35-36; 
L.  tr.  8—9. 

Elongate,  height  5 — 5'/2,  head  about  4,  eye  3!/2 — 4-  Snout 
very  prominent,  shorter  than  eye.  Maxillary  dilated  at  man- 
dibulary  joint,  tapering  posteriorly;  the  rounded  extremity 
reaches  to  the  hindborder  of  the  praeoperculum.  Origin  of 
dorsal  nearer  to  caudal  than  [to  end  of  snout,  far  behind 
origin  of  ventrals.  Anal  about  6  in  length,  its  origin  just 
behind  last  dorsal  rays.  Ventrals  much  longer  than  eye,  their 
origin  midway  between  anal  and  base  of  pectorals.  Pectorals 
about  as  long  as  postocular  part  of  head,  far  distant  from 
ventrals.  Caudal  deeply  incised,  about  5  times  in  length. 
Twenty  two  slender  flattened  gillrakers  with  a  double  series 
of  spines  along  the  innerside,  about  3  times  longer  than  the  bran- 
chial filaments,  not  much  shorter  than  eye.  Scales  very  deci-. 
duous.  Five  abdominal  spiny  scutes  between  pectorals  and 
ventrals.  Yellowish  with  a  silvery  lateral"  band.  Length 
about  90  mm. 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Telokbetong) ;  Java  Sea!;  Lombok!; 
Ternate;  Ambon.  —  Red  Sea;  Australia. 

In  sea. 

2.  Stolephorus  zollingeri  (Blkr.). 

Engraulis  Zollingeri  Bleeker,  Journ.  Ind.  Arch.  II.   1849,  p.   73. 
Engraulis  zollingeri  Giinther,  Cat.   Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  387. 
Stolephorus  Zollingeri  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.   VI.   1866 — 1872,  p.   127. 
Stolephorus  Zollingeri  Max  Weber,  Siboga  Exp.  Fische  1913,  p.  6. 

B.  12—13;  D-  15;  A.  16—17;  P.  14;  V.  7;  L.I.  38; 
L.  tr.  8—9? 

Elongate.  Height  5'/3 — 6,  head  3!/3  to  more  than  4,  eye 
about  3V2.  Snout  prominent,  shorter  than  eye.  Maxillary 
truncated  behind,  reaching  to  the  mandibulary  joint.  Origin 
of  dorsal  midway  between  snout  and  base  of  caudal.  Anal 


45 

7 — 7!/2  m  length,  its  origin  at  some  distance  behind  end  of 
dorsal.  Ventrals  a  little  longer  than  eye;  their  origin  midway 
between  anal  and  'the  root  of  the  pectorals.  Pectorals  about 
as  long  as  postocular  part  of  head,  very  far  from  ventrals. 
Caudal  deeply  incised,  about  5  in  length.  Twenty  five  slender 
flattened  gillrakers  with  a  double  series  of  spines  along  the 
innerside,  about  twice  as  long  as  branchial  filaments,  a  little 
shorter  than  eye.  Scales  very  deciduous,  5  abdominal  spiny 
scutes  between  pectorals  and  ventrals.  Yellowish  with  a  sil- 
very lateral  band.  Length  over  100  mm. 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia);  Sumatra  (Padang);  Bali;  Celebes 
(Macassar);  Lombok ! ;  Sumbawa;  Ambon;  Nusa  laut ! 

In  sea. 

3.  Stolephorus  commersonii  Lac. 

Stolephorus  commersonnii  Lacepede,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  V.   1803,  p.  382. 
Engraulis    Brownii    Cuvier    &    Valenciennes,    Hist.    Nat.    Poissons    XXI.    1848, 

p.  41   (ex  parte). 

Engraulis  Brownii  Kner,  Novara  Exp.   Fische,   1865  — 1867,  p.  332. 
Engraulis  commersonianus  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.   Mus.  VII.   1 868,  p,  388. 
Stolephorus  commersoniamis  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.   VI.   1 866 — 1872,  p.   128. 
Engraulis  Commersonianus  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1878 — 1888,  p.  629. 


Fig.   19.  Stolephorus  commersonii  Lac. 

B.  II  — 13;  D.  15  — 16;  A.  20 — 21;  P.  14 — 15;  V.  7;  L.  1. 
38—40;  L,  tr.  8—9. 

Elongate.  Height  4!/4 — 44/5,  head  about  4,  eye  3 — 32/3. 
Snout  bluntly  rounded,  very  prominent,  3/4  of  eye.  Maxillary 
moderately  broadened  at  the  mandibular  joint  and  continued 
to  the  gillopening,  where  its  extremity  is  pointed.  Dorsal 
midway  between  point  of  snout  and  end  of  caudal,  its  origin 
nearer  to  base  of  caudal  than  to  snout,  far  behind  origin  of 
ventrals.  Anal  5 — 5!/3  in  length,  nearly  as  long  as  head 
without  snout,  its  origin  below  the  beginning  of  posterior 
third  of  dorsal.  Ventrals  longer  than  eye,  their  origin  about 


46 

midway  between  anal  and  base  of  pectorals.  Pectorals  a  little 
longer  than  postocular  part  of  head,  not  reaching  ventrals.  Caudal 
deeply  incised,  4 — 4J/3  in  length.  Nineteen  to  20  flattened 
gillrakers,  spinulous  along  the  innerside,  more  than  twice  as 
long  as  branchial  filaments,  about  3/4  of  eye.  Scales  very  de- 
ciduous, thin,  with  faint  vertical  lines,  rounded  behind.  Seven 
abdominal  scutes  with  prominent  spines  between  pectorals 
and  ventrals.  Brownish  with  a  silvery  lateral  band,  becoming 
widest  posteriorly.  Fins  hyaline,  caudal  powdered  with  dark. 
Length  125  mm. 

Norn,  in  dig.:  Teri,  Teri  nasi,  Teri  glaga  (Mai.  Batavia); 
Bilis  (Bintang);  Gnafti  (Batjan) ;  Puti  (Menado). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia!,  Semarang!,  Bantam,  Anjer,  Djun- 
kulon,  Cheribon,  Tegal,  Surabaya,  Pasuruan,  Besuki,  Banju- 
wangi);  Madura;  Bali;  Sumatra  (Benkulen,  Padang,  Tiku, 
Priaman);  Nias ! ;  Singapore;  Bintang  (Rio);  Banka;  Borneo 
(Pamangkat,  Balikpapan !);  Celebes  (Macassar,  Bonthain,  Bad- 
joa,  Manado);  Kangeang ! ;  Sangir;  Salibabu  island  (Lirung) ! ; 
Ternate;  Batjan;  Ambon;  Schouten  Islands  (Mysore).  —  Phi- 
lippines; westward  to  British  India  and  seas  of  Madagascar. 

In  sea. 

4.  Stolephorus  indicus  (v.  Hass.). 

Engratdis  indicus  van  Hasselt,  Algem.   Konst-  en  Letterbode   1823,  p.   329. 
Engraulis  balinensis  Bleeker,  Verh.  Bat.  Gen.  XXII.  1849.  Bijdr.  Ichth.  Bali,  p.  n. 
Engraulis  Broivnii  Cantor,  Journ.  Asiat.  Soc.  Bengal  XVIII.  1850,  p.  1285  (nee  Gm.) 
Engraulis  Russelli  Bleeker,  Verh.  Bat.   Gen.  XXIV.   1852.  Haringacht.  p.   '$8. 
Engraulis  Russelli  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.   VII.    1868,  p.   390. 
Stolephows  indicus  Bleeker,   All.  Ichth.   VI.   1866 — 1872,  p.   127. 
Engraulis  indicus  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1878 — 1888,  p.  629. 
Anchovia  indica  Jordan  &  Herre,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.   Mus.  XXXI.    1906,  p.   638. 
Engraulis  indicus  Giinther,  Fische  der  Siidsee,  Heft  VIII.   1909,  p.  377. 

B.  11  —  13;  D-  l6;  A.  19— 21;  P.  14— 16;  V.  / ;  L.I.  40; 
L.  tr.  8—9. 

^  Elongate.  Height  5-5'/a,  head  33/4-4'/5>  eye  32/5~33/4- 
Snout  bluntly  rounded,  very  prominent,  more  than  3/4  of  eye. 
Maxillary  broadened  above  mandibular  joint,  reaching  to 
frontborder  of  praeoperculum.  Dorsal  about  midway  between 
end  of  snout  and  end  of  caudal,  its  origin  much  nearer  to 
base  of  caudal  than  to  point  of  snout,  far  behind  origin  of 
ventrals.  Anal  52/3— 6  in  length,  about  as  long  as  head  without 
snout,  its  origin  below  the  middle  of  dorsal.  Ventrals  a  little 


47 

longer  than  eye,  their  origin  midway  between  anal  and  base 
of  pectorals.  Pectorals  about  as  long  as  postocular  part  of 
head,  not  reaching  ventrals.  Caudal  deeply  incised,  4*/5 — 42/5 
in  length.  About  20  slightly  flattened  gillrakers  with  a  series 
of  fine  spinules  at  the  innerside,  '/4  shorter  than  branchial 
filaments,  a  little  longer  than  half  eye.  Scales  thin,  very  de- 
ciduous, smooth,  rounded  behind.  Four  to  5  abdominal  scutes 
between  pectorals  and  ventrals.  Brownish,  with  a  silvery  late- 
ral band,  broadest  in  the  middle.  A  broad  dark  spot  behind  occi- 
put. Fins  hyaline,  caudal  powdered  with  black.  Length  145  mm. 

No  men  indig. :  Teri  (Mai.  Batavia);  Tengadak  (Sundan.); 
Ubeh  (Ternate);  Puti,  Kuruba  (Batjan);  Puri-puti  (Ambon). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia,  Bantam,  Semarang);  Madura!; 
Bali ;  Lombok ! ;  Bawean ;  Sumatra  (Telokbetong,  Padang,  Pri- 
aman);  Nias ! ;  Pinang;  Singapore;  Bintang  (Rio);  Banka ; 
Celebes  (Macassar!,  Tanette '  Bonthain,  Badjoa,  Sindjai,  Me- 
nado,  Tombariri);  Batjan;  Ternate;  Ambon.  —  Philippines; 
Formosa;  Japan;  Samoa;  Tahiti;  British  India. 

In  sea,  ascending  tidal  rivers. 

5.  Stolephorus  tri  (Blkr.). 

Engraulis  tri  Bleeker,  Verb.  Bat.  Gen.   XXIV.   1852.  Haringacht.  p.  40. 
Engraulis  tri  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  389. 
Stolephorus  tri  Bleeker,  All.   Ichth.  VI.   1866—72,  p.    128. 
Engraulis  tri  von  Martens,  Exp.  Ost-Asien,  Zoologie  I.   1876,  p.  404. 
Engraulis  tri  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1878 — 1888,  p.   630. 

B.  ii;  D.  1.14—15;  A.  20—23;  P.  12—13;  v-  7;  L.I. 
32—35;  L.  tr.  8—9. 

Oblong.  Height  3'2/3 — 4,  head  about  4,  eye  3 — 3Vs-  Snout 
pointed,  much  projecting,  shorter  than  eye.  Maxillary  pro- 
duced to  gillopening.  Dorsal  much  nearer  to  base  of  caudal 
than  to  snout.  Its  origin  far  behind  origin-  of  ventrals,  about 
midway  between  snout  and  caudal.  Anal  4!/2 — 5  in  length, 
as  long  as  head  or  a  little  shorter,  its  origin  below  last 
!/4  of  dorsal.  Ventrals  about  midway  between  suboperculum 
and  anal.  Pectorals  pointed,  scarcely  longer  than  postorbital 
part  of  head.  Caudal  deeply  incised,  about  4  in  length. 
Scales  thin,  generally  reticulated,  very  deciduous;  4 — 5 
abdominal  spiny  scutes  between  pectorals  and  ventrals.  21 
stout,  serrulated  gillrakers,  somewhat  longer  than  half  of  eye, 


48 

longer  than  branchial  filaments.  A  silvery  lateral  band  disap- 
pearing in  formaline.  Caudal  yellowish  with  a  black  margin. 

Length  120  mm.  (Compared  with  specimens  of  Bleeker's 
collection  in  the  Leyden  Museum). 

Nom.  indig. :  Teri  (Malay.). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia) ;  Sumatra  (Bagan  Api  Api !) ;  Banka ; 
Borneo  (Sampit,  Sarawak);  Batjan.  —  Philippines,  Malay  Pen- 
insula, westward  to  Bombay. 

In  sea  and  ascending  rivers. 

6.  Coilia  Gray. 

(Gray,  Zoolog.  Miscell.    1831,  p.  9), 

Compressed,  very  elongate,  terminating  in  a  long  tapering 
tail.  Scales  rather  small,  deciduous.  Mouth  oblique.  Maxillary 
more  or  less  produced  [Fig.  10  on  p.  16].  Origin  of  dorsal 
before  origin  of  anal,  which  is  very  long  (62 — 116  rays) 
and  goes  il/2 — 2]/4  times  in  length.  Caudal  pointed,  united 
with  the  anal.  Four  to  19  upper  pectoral  rays  are  free  and 
filamentous  and  much  prolonged.  Teeth  on  jaws,  vomer,  pala- 
tines, pterygoids  and  tongue.  No  caninoid  teeth. 

Synopsis  of  the  species. 

I.  4 — 6  free  pectoral  rays. 

A.  Origin  of  dorsal  in  front  of  ventrals. 

a.  Maxillary  with  unequal  alternate  teeth,  reach- 
ing far  beyond  root  of  pectorals.  39 — 43~abdomi- 
nal  scutes C.  macrognathus  p.  49. 

b.  Maxillary  with  almost  equal  teeth,  reaching  to 

root  of  pectorals.  31  abdominal  scutes C.  lindmani  p.  49. 

B.  Origin  of  dorsal  opposite  to  ventrals. 

a.  6  free  pectoral  rays C.  dussumieri  p.   50. 

b.  4  free  pectoral  rays C.  quadrifilis  p.  51. 

II.  ii — 19  free  pectoral  rays. 

A.  Maxillary    not  reaching  the  hindborder  of  prae- 

operculum,  19  free  pectoral  rays C.  rebentlschi  p.   51. 

B.  Maxillary  reaching  quite  or  almost  to  gillopening, 
ii — 14  free  pectoral  rays. 

a.  Belly  rounded  before  ventrals.   Eye  sVai   n 

free  pectoral  rays C.  polyfilis  p.  52. 

b.  Belly  with  4  scutes  before  ventrals.  Eye  3'/2 

to  more  than  4;   12-14  free  pectoral  rays.       C.  borneensis  p.  52. 


49 
i.  Coilia  macrognathus  Blkr. 

Coilia  macrognathos  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie  III.  1852,  p.  436. 
Coilia  macrognathiis  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  406. 
Coilia  (Chaetomus)  macrognathus  Bleeker,  All.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  25,  26.  1872,  p.  138. 
Coilia  macrognathos    von   Martens,    Exped.    nach    Ost-Asien,   Zool.    Teil    Bd.  I. 
1876,  p.  201,  404. 

B.  10;  D.  i  +  14—15;  A.  62 — 73;  P.  16—17;  v-  7;  L- !• 
58 — 62;  L.  tr.  10— n. 

Elongate,  compressed.  Height  about  4,  head  42/3 — 5,  eye 
5 — 5!/2.  Snout  prominent,  as  long  as  eye.  Maxillary  produced 
into  a  long  sword  shaped  process,  extending  far  beyond  the 
root  of  the  pectorals,  with  a  row  of  alternant  smaller  and 
stronger  teeth  along  the  whole  of  its  border.  Dorsal  more  than 
twice  as  near  to  snout  as  to  caudal.  Ventrals  inserted  just 
behind  origin  of  dorsal,  almost  twice  as  near  to  suboper- 
culum  as  to  anal.  Anal  2 — 2!/4  in  length  of  body.  Pectorals 
with  the  5  of  6  upper  rays  produced  and  reaching  or  sur- 
passing first  anal  rays.  39 — 43  keeled  and  strongly  spiniferous 
abdominal  scutes,  12 — 13  anterior  to  the  ventrals.  About  22 
gillrakers,  with  distinct  spines  at  the  innerside,  not  quite  2 
times  as  long  as  branchial  filaments,  as  long  as  eye.  Silverish, 
back  darker.  Fins  hyaline,  anterior  half  of  dorsal  and  border 
of  anal  and  caudal  dusky.  Length  260  mm.  (Compared  with 
typical  specimen  in  the  Leyden  Museum). 

Habitat:  Borneo  (Pamangkat,  Sungiduri,  Sinkawang,  Ma- 
tang,  Sarawak).  —  Siam. 

In  estuaries. 

2.  Coilia  lindmani  Blkr. 

Coilia  Lindmani   Bleeker,    Act.  Soc.  Sclent.  Indo-Neerl.    III.   1858.   Zesde  Bijdr. 

vischfauna  Sumatra,  p.  48. 

Coilia  lindmani  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  405. 
Coilia  (Chactomus)  Lindmani  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  25,  26.   1872,  p.  139. 

B.   n;  D.   i  +  13;  A.  76;  P.   17;  V.  7;  L.I.  50. 

Oblong,  compressed.  Height  tf\v  head  about  5,  eye  almost  4. 
Snout  prominent,  shorter  than  eye.  Maxillary  rather  narrow, 
extending  to  below  the  root  of  the  pectorals,  with  small,  almost 
equal  teeth  along  its  border.  Dorsal  about  two  times  nearer 
to  snout  than  to  base  of  caudal.  Ventrals  inserted  scarcely 
behind  origin  of  dorsal.  Anal  less  than  twice  in  length  of 

INDO-AUSTRALIAN    FISHES   II.  4 


body.  Six  upper  rays  of  pectorals  produced,  slightly  or  very 
much  surpassing  origin  of  anal.  Thirty  one  abdominal  spine- 
ferous  scutes,  1 2  of  which  are  praeventral.  Gillrakers  abput  34, 
shorter  than  eye.  Silvery,  back  dark,  fins  hyaline.  Length  of 
single  specimen  described  176  mm.  (Not  seen  by  us). 
Habitat:  River  Mussi,  Palembang  (Sumatra).  —  Siam. 

3.  Coilia  dussumieri  C.  V. 

Coilia  dussumieri  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons  XXI.  1848,  p.  8r. 
Leptonurus    chrysostigma    Bleeker,    Verh.    Bat.    Gen.    XXII.    1849.    Bijdr.  Ichth. 

Madura,  p.  14. 

Coilia  dussumieri  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  403. 
Coilia  (Coilia]  Dussumieri  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  25,  26.   1872,  p.   140. 
Coilia  Dussumieri  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1878 — 1888,  p.  631. 


Fig.  20.    Coilia  dussumieri  C.  V. 

B.  9— ii;  D.  i  +  14—15;  A.  86—110;  P.  18;  V.  7;  L.  1. 
60 — 70;  L.  tr.  10 — ii. 

Elongate,  compressed.  Height  4 — 51/3,  head  5 — 52/3,  eye 
subcutaneous,  3!/2 — 4!/4-  Snout  prominent,  conical,  shorter  than 
eye.  Maxillary  dilated,  opposite  the  mandibular  joint,  tapering 
behind  and  reaching  about  the  hindborder  of  the  suboper- 
culum ;  with  small  teeth  along  the  whole  of  its  ventral  border. 
Dorsal  more  or  less  than  twice  as  near  to  snout  as  to  cau- 
dal. Length  of  anal  i!/2 — i4/g  in  length  of  body.  Origin  of 
ventrals  opposite  to  origin  of  dorsal,  about  midway  between 
anal  and  suboperculum,  2 — 3  in  head.  Pectorals  with  the  six 
upper  rays  filiform  and  produced  to  about  the  middle  of  the 
length  of  the  fish.  Scales  thin,  deciduous,  with  anastomosing 
lines,  12 — 14  keeled  spiniferous  abdominal  scutes,  4 — 6  of  which 
anterior  to  the  ventrals.  About  24  gillrakers,  with  distinct  spines 
at  the  innerside,  three  times  as  long  as  branchial  filaments,  nearly 


as  long  as  eye.  Golden,  the  lower  side  with  two  or  three 
longitudinal  rows  of  shiny  spots.  Length  160  mm. 

Habitat:  Java  (Surabaya!);  Sumatra  (Bagan  api  api!); 
Madura;  Singapore;  Banka.  —  British  India. 

In  sea  and  estuaries. 

4.  Coilia  quadrifilis  Giinther. 

Coilia  reynaldi  Cantor,  Journ.  Asiat.  Soc.  Bengal  XVIII.  1850,  p.  1292  (nee  C.  V.). 

Coilia  quadrifilis  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  403. 

Coilia  quadrifilis  Steindachner,  Sitzber.  Akad.  Wien,  LX.Abth.  II.   1869,  p.  571. 

Coilia  (Coilia]  quadrifilis  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  27.   1875,  p.   141. 

Coilia  quadrifilis  von  Martens,  Exp.  Ost-Asien,  Zool.  Teil,  Bd.  I.  1876,  p.  312. 

B.    10;    D.   I  +  I5;    A.    lO/ — Il6;    P.    15. 

Height  5*/2 — 52/3  in  total  length.  Head  6  in  length  without 
caudal,  6Y2  m  total  length.  Eye  4.  Maxillary  obliquely  trun- 
cated behind,  extending  to  the  mandibulary  joint.  Dorsal 
more  than  three  times  nearer  to  snout  than  to  tip  of  caudal. 
The  first  divided  ray  terminates  in  a  filament,  which  is  fre- 
quently broken  in  preserved  specimens.  The  ventrals  are  situated 
opposite  to  the  origin  of  the  dorsal.  Pectorals  with  the  four 
upper  rays  produced,  reaching  farther  than  origin  of  anal. 
Anal  i3/4  in  the  total  length.  Abdomen  serrated  in  front  of 
the  ventrals.  Pale  golden,  head  and  back  above  dotted  with 
black.  One  or  two  series  of  distant  rounded  spots  of  shining 
gold  along  the  lower  half  of  the  body.  Fins  reddish  yellow, 
upper  half  of  dorsal  sparingly  dotted  with  black,  caudal  and 
margin  of  the  anal  blackish.  Length  175  mm.  (Not  seen  by  us). 

Habitat:  Borneo  (Sinkawang) ;  Pinang ;  Singapore.  —  Malay 
Peninsula. 

In  sea  and  estuaries. 

Remark:  It  is  possible  that  Day  (Ind.  fishes  4°.  p.  632) 
is  right,  when  he  considers  C.  quadrifilis  Gthr.  to  be  a  variety 
of  C.  dussumieri  C.  V.  having  only  4  free  filaments  to  the 
pectoral  fin. 

5.  Coilia  rebentischi  Blkr. 

Coilia  Rebentischi  Bleeker,  Act.  Soc.  Scient.  Indo-Neerl.  V.  1858— 1859.  Twaalfde 

bijdr.  Ichth.  Borneo,  p.   5. 
Coilia  (Coilia)  Rebentischi  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  25,  26.   1872,  p.    140- 

B.  7;  D.   i  +  14;  A.  94;  P.  28;  V.  7;  L.I.  65;  L.t.9— 10. 


52 

Subelongate,  compressed.  Height  5'/2>  head  6'/4,  eye  about  5. 
Snout  slightly  prominent,  shorter  than  eye.  Maxillary  more 
or  less  truncated  behind,  not  reaching  hindborder  of  praeoper- 
culum.  Dorsal  more  than  twice  as  near  to  snout  as  to  base 
of  caudal.  Anal  about  i2/3  in  length  of  body.  Ventrals  inser- 
ted slightly  in  front  of  origin  of  dorsal.  The  19  upper  rays 
of  pectorals  produced,  far  surpassing  origin  of  anal.  Abdo- 
minal scutes  only  between  (2 — 3)  and  behind  (9 — 10)  ventrals. 
Colour  yellowish,  back,  dorsal  and  anal  dusky.  Length  of 
single  specimen  known  125  mm.  (Not  seen  by  us). 

Habitat:  Borneo  (Sinkawang). 

In  estuaries. 

6.  Coilia  polyfilis  Volz. 

Coilia  polyfilis  Volz,  Zool.  Anz.  XXVI.  1903,  p.  559. 

Coilia  polyfilis  Volz,  Zool.  Jahrb.  Abt.  Syst.  XIX.  Heft  4,  1903,  p.  408. 

D.   13;  A.  86;  L.  lat? 

Height  and  head  5.  Eye  5!/2-  Maxillary  broadens  posteri- 
orly, its  greatest  depth  between  the  penultimate  and  last  J/r,> 
tapering  rapidly  behind  that  point.  Its  end  reaches  exactly 
to  the  gillopening.  Distance  between  origin  of  dorsal  and 
snout  4  times  in  the  total  length.  Eleven  rays  of  pectorals 
free,  reaching  to  first  ray  of  anal.  Belly  rounded  before  ven- 
trals, sharp  behind ;  28  gillrakers,  as  long  as  diameter  of  eye. 
Length  of  only  specimen  known  100  mm.  (After  Volz;  not 
seen  by  us). 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Banju  asin). 

7.  Coilia  borneensis  Blkr. 

Coilia  borneensis  Bleeker,   Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie  II.   1851,  p.  60. 

Coilia  borneensis  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  403. 

Coilia  (Coilia}  borneensis  Bleeker,  All.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  25,  26.  1872,  p.  139. 

?  Coilia  borneensis  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1878—1888,  p.  632. 

?  Coilia  borneensis  Vinciguerra,  Ann.  Mus.  Civ.  Geneva  (2)  IX.  1890.  p.  352. 

B.  9—10;  D.  1  +  13—14;  A.  82—87;  P-  l8— 22;  V.  J\ 
L.  1.  58—60;  L.  tr.  10— n. 

Oblong,  compressed.  Height  more  than  4  to  5,head42/3 — 5, 
eve  3!/2  to  more  than  4.  Snout  prominent,  shorter  than  eye. 
Maxillary  produced  almost  to  the  gillopening.  Dorsal  about 


53 

twice  as  near  to  snout  as  to  base  of  caudal.  Ventrals  in- 
serted in  front  of  origin  of  dorsal.  Twelve  to  14  upper  rays 
of  pectorals  produced,  reaching  first  rays  of  anal  or  much 
farther.  Anal  i'2/3 — I3/-  in  length  of  body,  n  abdominal  keeled 
spinous  scutes,  4  praeventral  ones,  none  of  which  before  pec- 
torals. About  26 — 28  gillrakers,  as  long  as  the  eye.  Length 
140  mm.  (Compared  with  typical  specimens  of  Bleeker  in  the 
Leyden  Museum). 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Palembang) ;  Borneo  (Banjermasin,  Pa- 
mangkat,  Matang,  Sadong).  —  Siam. 

In  rivers  and  estuaries. 

5.  Subfam.  Clupeinae. 

Oblong  or  elongate,  more  or  less  compressed.  Scales  large 
or  moderate,  generally  very  deciduous,  often  more  or  less 
pectinated.  Belly  sharp  or  rounded,  always  with  keeled  ab- 
dominal scutes,  with  or  without  prominent  spines.  Mouth  rather 
large,  terminal  or  superior,  snout  never  prominent.  Mouth 
bordered  by  the  intermaxillary  and  principally  by  the  maxil- 
laries  which  have  two  supplemental  bones.  Teeth  mostly  small, 
often  feeble  or  wanting,  variously  arranged.  Adipose  eyelid 
present,  or  absent.  Dorsal  in  the  middle  of  the  back  or  some- 
what posterior  or  wanting.  Anal  usually  rather  long.  Ventrals 
moderately  small  or  wanting.  Gillmembranes  separate,  free  from 
isthmus.  Branchiostegals  6 — 15.  Gillrakers  slender.  Pseudobran- 
branchiae  present. 

Synopsis  of  the  genera. 

I.  Anal    fin    moderate,    with    15 — 25    rays.    Ventrals    well 
developed.  Jaws  equal  (Clupelni  Blkr.,  Clupeinae  Jordan 
&  Evermann). 

A.  Two    anal   fins,   the    second    one   formed   by   two 

thickened  rays Corica  p.  54. 

B.  One  continuous  anal  fin. 

I.  Origin  of  dorsal  behind  origin  of  ventrals.  Vomer- 

ine  teeth  present Clupeoidcs  p.  56. 

2.  Origin    of  dorsal   before    origin   of  ventrals.  No 

teeth  on  vomer Clupea  p.  60. 

II.  Anal   fin    very    long,  with  more  than  30  rays.  Ventrals 
small    or    absent.   Lower  jaw  prominent  (Pristigastrini 
Blkr.,  Pristigasterinae  Jordan  &  Evermann). 


54 

A.  Dorsal  fin  present Pellona  p.  84. 

B.  Dorsal  fin  wanting. 

1.  Ventrals  present Opisthopterus  p.  95. 

2.  Ventrals  wanting Raconda  p.  97. 

I.  Corica  Hamilton,  Buchanan. 
(HAMILTON,  Buchanan.  Fishes  of  the  Ganges  1822.  p.  253,  383). 

Elongate  or  subelongate,  belly  not  much  compressed.  Back 
rounded.  Scales  moderate,  thin,  smooth  or  nearly  so.  Teeth 
on  jaws,  palatines  and  tongue.  Two  anal  fins,  the  second 
formed  by  two  thickened  rays,  cleft  to  the  base  and  much 
longer  than  the  last  rays  of  first  anal.  Origin  of  ventrals  below 
that  of  dorsal.  Branchiostegal  rays  6.  Gillrakers  not  numerous. 

Synopsis  of  the  subgenera. 

A.  Mouth  ordinary.  Twenty  two  slender  elongate  gillrakers. 

Teeth   very  minute subgenus :   Corica  p.  54. 

B.  Intermaxillary    prominent    and    forming    a   blunt  angle 
with   the   rather   convex,   ascending  maxillary,  beyond 
the  margin  of  which  protrude  the  points  of  the  rather 

long  teeth.  Nineteen  thick,  short  gillrakers.  .  .  subgenus:  Clupeichthys  p.  55. 

Subgenus:  Corica  Ham.  Buch. 
i.  Corica  (Corica)  pseudopterus  (Blkr.). 

Spratella  pseudopterus  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Ind.   III.  1852,  p.  432. 
Clupeoides  pseudopterus  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  452. 
Corica  pseudopterus  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  25,  26.   1872,  p.  98. 
Clupeoides  pseudopterus  Vaillant,  Nouv.  Arch.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.  (3)  V.  1894,  p.  ioo» 

B.  6;  D.  15  —  16;  (13—14  Gunther,  Vaillant);  A.  14— 16-}-2; 
P.  12 — 13;  V.  8;  L.I.  37— 40;  L.  tr.  9 — 10. 

Subelongate,  compressed.  Ventral  and  dorsal  profile  almost 
evenly  convex.  Height  about  4'/2,  about  5'/2  with  caudal,  head 
about  4!/4,  5!/4— SVs  with  caudal.  Eye  about  2'/4— 3,  nearly 
equal  to  or  a  little  longer  than  snout  and  about  equal  to  postor- 
bital  part  of  head.  Two  or  one  hardly  conspicuous  small  ridges 
on  each  side  of  vertex.  Maxillary  reaching  somewhat  beyond 
frontmargin  of  eye,  somewhat  more  than  twice  in  head.  Origin 
of  dorsal  a  little  nearer  to  root  of  caudal  than  to  snout.  First 
anal  about  equal  to  half  length  of  head,  second  anal  remote 
from  first.  Pectorals  about  as  long  as  head  without  snout. 
Origin  of  ventrals  hardly  in  front  of  that  of  dorsal.  Minute 


55 

teeth  on  jaws,  palatines  and  tongue.  Scales  smooth.  Eighteen 
distinct  abdominal  spines,  six  being  postventral.  Silvery,  back 
dark,  fins  hyaline.  Twenty  two  slender  gillrakers,  conspicu- 
ously longer  than  branchial  filaments  and  pupil.  Length  5  i  mm. 

(Types  of  Bleeker  in  bad  state;  compared  in  British  and  in 
Leyden  Museum). 

Habitat:  Borneo  (Pamangkat,  Kapuas,  Knapei). 

Subgenus:  Clupeichthys  Blkr. 
2.  Corica  (Clupeichthys)  goniognathus  (Blkr.). 

Clupeichthys  goniognathus  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Ind.  IX.   1855,  p.  275. 
Clupeichthys  goniognathus  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  453. 
Corica  goniognathus  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.   25,  26.   1872,  p.  97. 
Clupeichthys  goniognathus  Vaillant,  Notes  Leyden  Mus.  XXIV.   1902,  p.  31. 


Fig.   21.   Corica  goniognathus  (Blkr.). 

i  Intermaxillary,  m  Maxillary,  I,  2  supplemental  bones 5  stipped  line  a 
shows  the  border  of  the  infraorbital. 

B.  6;  D.  15—16;  A.  16—17  +  2;  P.  11  —  13;  V.  8;  L.  1. 
39—40;  L.  tr.  10. 

Elongate,  ventral  profile  more  convex  than  the  dorsal,  which 
is  very  little  curved.  Height  4,  nearly  5  with  caudal,  head  4 — A^\v 
5 — 5!/2  with  caudal.  Eye  about  3J/2  in  head,  as  long  as  snout, 
about  !/4  smaller  than  length  of  postorbital  part  of  head.  Inter- 
orbital  space  convex,  smaller  than  eye.  No  postfrontal  striae. 
Maxillary  narrow,  22/5  in  head,  reaching  frontmargin  of  pupil. 
Its  lower  border  convex,  with  submarginal,  rather  long  teeth, 
only  the  points  of  which  are  prominent  beyond  that  margin.  It 
forms  a  blunt  angle  with  the  horizontally  prominent  inter- 
maxillary which  forms  with  its  counterpart  a  rounded  upper 


56 

border  with  a  small  median  incisure.  The  thick  symphysial 
part  of  the  mandible  does  not  surpass  the  point  of  the  snout. 
Operculum  a  little  broader  than  half  its  height,  its  hindmargin 
rounded.  Lower  border  of  suboperculum  convex.  Praeopercu- 
lum  large,  its  posterior  angle  rounded.  The  distance  between 
the  origin  of  the  dorsal  and  the  caudal  is  one  eye  diameter 
longer  than  its  distance  from  the  snout.  Base  of  dorsal  as 
long  as  its  height;  longer  than  head  without  snout.  The  dis- 
tance from  the  base  of  first  ray  of  first  anal  to  base  of  last 
ray  of  second  anal  about  as  long  as  dorsal.  Base  of  first 
anal  as  long  as  head  without  snout.  The  distance  of  the  two 
anals  equals  length  of  second  anal  or  !/3  of  eye.  Pectorals  as 
long  as  head  without  snout,  situated  low  down.  Origin  of 
ventrals  below  origin  of  dorsal.  Maxillary  with  small  teeth, 
intermaxillary  with  distinct  curved  teeth,  similar  but  larger 
ones  in  a  series  in  the  mandible.  Small  teeth  on  vomer,  pala- 
tines, pterygoids  and  tongue.  Nineteen  thick,  finely  serrulated 
gillrakers,  shorter  than  branchial  filaments,  somewhat  shorter 
than  pupil.  Scales  thin,  smooth,  their  hindmargin  rounded 
and  entire.  Ten  flattish  scutes  with  a  long  keel  between 
pectorals  and  ventrals,  8  postventral  sharper  and  more  pro- 
minent scutes.  Yellowish,  point  and  top  of  head  and  back 
with  dark  stips.  Opercles  silvery,  fins  hyaline,  caudal  powdered 
with  black,  its  margin  blackish.  Length  nearly  90  mm. 

Nomen  in  dig. :  Bilis  (Djambi). 

Habitat:  Rivers  of  East  Sumatra!;  Borneo:  River  Kapuas 
and  its  tributaries!. 

2.  Clupeoides    Bleeker. 
(BLEEKER,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie  I,  1851,  p.  274). 

Oblong,  compressed,  abdominal  profile  generally  much  more 
convex  than  dorsal,  scales  firm,  thin,  ventral  scutes  prominent. 
Origin  of  ventrals  before  or  below  origin  of  dorsal.  One  anal 
fin.  Teeth  on  jaws,  palatines,  pterygoids  and  vomer. 

Synopsis  of  the  species. 

I.  Origin   of  dorsal    nearer    to   snout    than   to   base  of  caudal.    A 
silvery  lateral  band.  D.   15 — 16;  A.   18. 

a.  Height  22/3 — 3,  eye  3,  maxillary  reaches  to  below  middle 

of  eye.  Eleven  postventral  abdominal  scutes C.  tile  p.  57. 


57 

b.  Height    22/s — 33/5i     eye    3V2i    maxillary    scarcely 
reaching  to  below  frontmargin  of  eye,  8  postventral 

abdominal  scutes C.  vemilosus  p.  58. 

II.  Origin   of  dorsal   midway    between  snout  and  base  of 
caudal.  Maxillary  reaches  to  below  middle  of  eye. 

a.  Height  less  than  4.  Head  3*/2 — 33/4.  L.  1.  35 — 37.   C.  hypselosoma  p.  59. 

b.  Height  4  or  more  than  4,  head  4 — 42/5.  L.  1.  39 — 42. 
«.  Eighteen  abdominal  scutes,  9  being  postventral, 

no  silvery  lateral  band.  D.  15 — 16;  A.  16 — 18. 

Caudal  with  black  margin C.  borneensis  p.  60. 

/3.  Seventeen  abdominal  scutes,  7  being  postventral. 
A  silvery  lateral  band.  D.  12 — 14;  A.  21.  Tip 
of  the  upper  caudal  lobe  blackish C.  papuensis  p.  60. 

i.  Clupeoides  lile  (C.  V.). 

Meletta  lile  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons  XX.   1847,  p.  378. 
Alausa  champil  Cantor,  Journ.  Asiatic  Soc.  Bengal  XVIII.  1 850.  p.  1284,  (nee  Gray). 
Rogenia  argyrotaenia  Bleeker,  Verb.  Bat.  Gen.  XXIV.  1852,  Haringacht.,  p.  26. — 

Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Ind.  III.  1852,  p.  457. 

Rogenia  argyrotaenia  Kner,  Fische  Novara  Exp.  1865 — 67,  p.  328. 
Clupea  argyrotaenia  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.  1868,  p.  423. 
Clupea  (Clupeoides)  argyrotaenia  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  25,  26.  1872.  p.  101. 
Clupea  lile  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.  1878—88,  p.  638. 


Fig.  22.  Clupeoides  lile  (C.  V.) 

B.  6;  D.   15—16;  A.   17—19;  P.   13—14;  V.  8;  L.I.  38—41; 
L.  tr.   10 — n. 

Oblong,  very  compressed,  lower  profile  strongly  convex, 
upper  profile  very  little  curved,  front  of  head  concave.  Back 
serrated  between  head  and  first  dorsal.  Height  22/3 — 3,  3!/3 — 4 
with  caudal,  head  4 — 4!/4,  5 — 5J/2  with  caudal,  eye  3 — 3!/4 
with  large  adipose  eyelids,  longer  than  snout,  about  equal  to 
postorbital  part  of  head.  Several  diverging  postfrontal  striae. 
Maxillary  reaches  to  front  part  of  pupil,  2!/3  in  head.  Oper- 
culum  about  two  times  as  high  as  broad,  suboperculum  pointed 


58 

behind,  with  a  convex  lower  border.  Praeoperculum  with 
rounded  posterior  angle.  Origin  of  dorsal  nearer  to  snout  than  to 
caudal,  its  height  about  as  long  as  its  base  and  about  equal  to 
head  without  snout,  and  a  little  shorter  than  base  of  anal. 
Pectorals  a  little  longer  than  head  without  snout.  Origin  of 
ventrals  before  origin  of  dorsal.  Teeth  on  vomer,  palatines, 
pterygoids  and  tongue.  Gillrakers  about  32,  somewhat  longer 
than  the  branchial  filaments,  shorter  than  half  eye.  Nineteen 
praeventral,  10  more  prominent  postventral  abdominal  sharp- 
edged  scutes.  About  16  dorsal  edged  scutes.  Scales  firm,  smooth, 
border  rounded  and  irregularly  crenulated.  Yellowish ;  head, 
abdomen  and  a  median  lateral  band  silvery.  Two  rows  of 
black  dots  along  the  back.  Black  dots  on  point  of  snout,  top 
of  head  and  in  a  row  along  each  side  of  the  base  of  the  anal. 
Caudal  dotted  with  black,,  the  dots  more  crowded  at  the 
margin.  Length  about  90  mm. 

N  o  m  e  n   i  n  d  i  g. :  Tembang,  Kalapan  (Malay.  Batavia). 

Habitat:  Java (Batavia!  Samarang!  Japara,  Bantam);  Pinang; 
Singapore;  Banka.  —  Siam  ;  Burma  ;  Ceylon;  West  coast  of  India. 

In  see,  along  the  coast. 

2.  Clupeoides  venulosus  M.  Web-  &  de  Bfrt. 

Clupeoides  venuloses  Max  Weber  &  L.  F.  de  Beaufort,  Verhand.  Akademie  Am- 
sterdam XVII,  NO.  3.   1912,  p.  3. 

B.  6;    D.   14;   A.   18;  P.   13;  V.  8;  L.I.  38—40;  L.  tr.   12. 

Elongate,  compressed,  dorsal  profile  convex  from  snout  to 
dorsal,  ventral  profile  more  convex  from  snout  to  anal.  Height 
about  3>/2,  4— 4l/3  w^h  C.,  head  4Y5— 47/io»  52/5— 5f/2  with  c- 
Eye  about  3!/2,  situated  in  the  anterior  half  of  head,  a  little 
longer  than  snout.  Interorbital  space  a  little  less  than  diameter 
of  eye,  very  convex.  A  blunt  median  keel  along  the  head. 
Occipital  part  of  the  head  and  scales  on  the  neck  rugose. 
Maxillary  reaches  to  frontborder  of  eye  or  not  so  far,  nearly 
4  times  in  head,  falciform,  with  a  broad  supplemental  bone. 
Anteriorly  it  joins  the  intermaxillary,  which  forms  the  front- 
margin  of  the  mouth.  Mandibles  prominent.  Operculum  twice 
as  high  as  broad,  with  a  deep  transverse  furrow  in  its  posterior 
third,  its  hindborder  nearly  rounded,  its  lower  border  oblique; 
suboperculum  about  twice  as  long  as  broad,  its  lower  border 
rounded.  Praeoperculum  with  vertical  hindborder  and  rounded 
angle.  Cheeks  and  opercles  venulated.  Distance  of  origin  of 


59 

dorsal  to  caudal  one  diameter  of  eye  longer  than  its  distance 
from  point  of  snout.  Its  base  shorter  than  its  height,  which 
equals  head  without  snout.  Pectorals  as  long  as  head  without 
snout,  ventrals  nearly  '/5  shorter.  Their  origin  2/3  eye  diameter 
before  origin  of  dorsal.  Base  of  anal  nearly  as  long  as  head. 
Its  longest  ray  about  as  long  as  postorbital  part  of  head. 
Caudal  deeply  forked,  innerside  of  its  lobes  convex.  Lower 
jaw  with  a  series  of  fine  curved  teeth.  Intermaxillary  with 
very  fine  teeth.  Teeth  on  tongue,  and  minute  ones  on  the 
vomer,  not  perceptible  on  palatines.  Gillrakers  17,  coarse,  much 
shorter  than  filaments,  distinctly  shorter  than  pupil.  Pseudo- 
branchiae  present.  Surface  of  scales  with  reticulated  lines,  those 
on  the  flanks  also  striated.  Serration  on  abdomen  more  per- 
ceptible to  touch  than  visible,  sharper  in  young  specimens. 
Between  pectorals  and  ventrals  12 — 14  scutes,  postventral 
about  8,  which  are  a  little  stronger.  Yellowish  brown  on  the 
back,  otherwise  more  silvery,  with  a  broad  metallic  blue  lateral 
band.  Fins  hyaline.  Caudal  with  exception  of  its  hindborder, 
dark  powdered.  Length  up  to  120  mm. 

Habitat:  Lorentz-river,  Dutch  South  New  Guinea. 

In  freshwater. 

3.  Clupeoides  hypselosoma  Blkr. 

Clupeoides  hypselosoma  Bleeker,  Ned.  Tijdschr.  Dierk.  III.    1866,  p.   293. 

Clupeoides  hypselosoma  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  451. 

Clupea  (Clupeoides}  potamophilus  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  25,26.  1872,  p.  101. 

B.  6;   D.  15;  A.   16;   P.   13;   V.  8 ;  L.I.  35— 37;  L.  tr.  9— 10. 

Oblong,  compressed,  ventral  and  dorsal  profile  subequal. 
Height  a  little  more  than  3,  about  4  with  caudal,  head  about 
33/4,  about  43/4  with  caudal.  Eye  about  3,  longer  than  snout. 
Two  or  3  indistinct  postfrontal  striae.  Maxillary  reaches 
beyond  frontmargin  of  eye,  2!/2  in  head.  Origin  of  dorsal  fin 
midway  between  the  end  of  the  snout  and  the  root  of  the 
caudal.  Pectorals  a  little  shorter  than  head  without  snout. 
Origin  of  ventrals  opposite  to  origin  of  dorsal.  Very  small 
teeth  on  jaws,  vomer,  palatines  and  pterygoids.  Scales  not  or 
almost  not  striated,  hindmargin  smooth.  Eleven  abdominal 
scutes,  7  of  which  are  postventral  and  have  slender  curved 
spines.  More  or  less  silvery,  back  darker.  No  silvery  lateral 
band.  Fins  hyaline.  Length  of  single  specimen  known  (British 
Museum):  57  mm.  [Not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Borneo  (Banjermassin),  freshwater. 


6o 
4.  Clupeoides  borneensis  Blkr. 

Clupeoides  borneensis  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie  I.   1851,  p.  275. 

Clupeoides  borneensis  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  452. 

Clupea  (Clupeoides}  borneensis  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  25,  26.  1872,  p.  101. 

B.  6;  D.  15—16;  A.  16— 18;  P.  12—13;  V.  8 ;  L.  1.39—42; 
L.  tr.  10 — 12. 

Subelongate,  compressed,  dorsal  and  ventral  profile  sube- 
qually  convex.  Height  about  4,  about  5  with  caudal;  head 
4— 4!/3,  5— 5!/3  witn  C.  Eye  about  3,  longer  than  snout;  2 
very  indistinct  postfrontal  striae.  Maxillary  reaches  to  below 
frontmargin  of  eye,  about  2!/9  in  head.  Origin  of  dorsal  fin 
midway  between  the  end  of  the  snout  and  the  root  of  the 
caudal.  Pectorals  not  shorter  than  head  without  snout.  Ventrals 
opposite  to  dorsal  or  nearly  so.  Minute  teeth  on  jaws,  vomer, 
palatines  and  pterygoids.  Scales  generally  smooth.  Eighteen 
conspicuous  abdominal  spines,  nine  being  postventral.  Silvery, 
back  dark.  No  silvery  band  along  side.  Fins  hyaline,  caudal 
with  a  black  margin  behind.  Length  to  80  mm.  [Not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Borneo  (Banjermassin),  fresh  water. 

5.  Clupeoides  papuensis  (Ramsay  &  Ogilby). 

Corica  papuensis  Ramsay  &  Douglas    Ogilby,    Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.  S.  Wales  ser. 
2.  I.  1886,  p.  19. 

D.  12—14;   A.  21;  P.  II;  V.8;  L.I.  40;  L.  tr.  io.  Vert.  43. 

Elongate,  compressed.  Length  of  head,  of  caudal  fin  and 
height  of  body  equal  and  52/.  in  the  total  length.  Eye  25/G, 
double  as  long  as  snout.  Maxillary  reaches  fully  to  the  middle 
of  the  orbit.  The  origin  of  the  dorsal  exactly  midway  between 
the  point  of  the  snout  and  the  base  of  the  tail.  Anal  com- 
mences far  behind  the  termination  of  the  dorsal.  Base  of  ven- 
trals  rather  before  dorsal.  Caudal  forked,  the  lobes  equal. 
Twelve  praeventral  and  7  postventral  abdominal  serrated  scales. 
Silvery,  with  the  occiput  and  a  broad  longitudinal  band  steel 
blue,  tip  of  the  upper  caudal  lobe  blackish.  Length  of  the 
specimen  described  about  91  mm.  [Not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Strickland-river,  South  New  Guinea. 

3.  Clupea  L. 

(LiNNfe.  System,  naturae  ed.  Xa  1758,  p.  317.  p.  p.). 

Oblong,  compressed.  Scales  mostly  deciduous,  thin,  ventral 
scutes  with  prominent  spines  or  smooth.  Origin  of  ventrals 


6i 

behind  origin  of  dorsal.  One  anal  fin.  Teeth  variously  arranged 
on  jaws,  palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue,  sometimes  absent. 
Vomerine  teeth  always  wanting. 

Synopsis  of  the  subgenera. 

I.  Belly  obtuse,  not  cultrate,  postventral  edge  not  ser- 
rated. Teeth  on  palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue  .  . 

Subgenus:  Amblygaster.  p.  6l. 

II.  Belly    strongly    compressed,  cultrate,  serrated,  teeth 
variable. 

a.  Oblong.   Intermaxillaries    meeting    at  an  acute 
angle,    sometimes    forming  an  incisure  for  the 
tip  of  the  lower  jaw.  Height  about  3  or  less. 
Teeth  deciduous,  if  present,  only  on  jaws.  .  . 

Subgenus :  Alosa  p.  64. 

b.  Oblong    or    suboblong.    Border    of  upper  jaw 
without   incisure.   Height  generally  more  than 
3,  if  less  the  dentition  is  complete  (exc.  mela- 
nura).  Teeth,  if  complete,  on  jaws,  palatines, 

pterygoids  and  tongue Subgenus:  Harengula  p.  68. 

i.  Subgenus  Amblygaster  Bleeker. 
Synopsis    of  the  species. 

I.  Maxillary   reaches   to   below   frontmargin   of  eye  or 
nearly  so,   14 — 15  postventral  abdominal  scutes. 

a.  A  pearl-coloured  longitudinal  band,  often  with 

a  series  of  dark  spots;  30  gillrakers C.  (A?)  leiogaster   p.  61. 

b.  No  lateral  band,  40  gillrakers C.  (^4.)  sirm.   p.  62. 

II.  Maxillary  distinctly  distant  from  frontmargin  of  eye, 
12  postventral   abdominal   scutes;    no  lateral  band, 

28  gillrakers C.  (A?)  clupeoides   p.  63. 

i.  Clupea  (Amblygaster)  leiogaster  (C.  V.). 

Sardinella  leiogaster  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons  XX.  1847,  p.  270. 
Clupea  sirm  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.  1868,  p.  425.  (partim). 
Clupea  (Amblygaster)  leiogaster  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  25,  26.  1872,  p.  102. 
Clupea  liogaster  Klunzinger,    Abh.  Zool.  Botan.  Ges.  Wien  XXI.   1871,   p.  598. 

B.  6;  D.  17— 18;  A.  18— 2O;  P.  16— 18;  V.8;  L.  1.42— 44; 
L.  tr.  10 — 12. 

Elongate,  dorsal  and  ventral  profile  nearly  equal,  height 
about  4l/2 — 42/3,  head  4 — 4%  eye  3!/3 — 3!/2»  a  ^tt:^e  snorter 


62 

than  snout,  about  !/4  shorter  than  postorbital  part  of  head. 
Maxillary  reaches  frontmargin  of  eye  or  nearly  so,  21/2 — 23/4 
in  head;  10 — 12  diverging  postfrontal  striae.  Operculum  about 
2*/2  times  as  high  as  broad.  Suboperculum  small,  hindmargin 
oblique;  hindmargin  of  praeoperculum  straight,  its  angle  rounded. 
Cheeks,  opercles  and  streak  above  and  behind  them  venulous. 
Base  of  dorsal  nearer  to  caudal  than  to  snout.  The  distance  of  its 
origin  to  the  caudal  is  ^  longer  than  that  to  the  snout.  Its  base 
about  as  long  as  its  height,  twice  as  long  as  diameter  of  eye.  Base 
of  anal  shorter  than  that  of  dorsal.  Pectorals  nearly  as  long  as 
head  without  snout.  Ventrals  below  second  !/4  of  dorsal.  Caudal 
with  the  base  scaly  and  with  two  large  elongated  scales.  Length 
of  caudal  5!/2 — 6  in  the  total  length.  Teeth  on  palatines,  ptery- 
goids  and  on  the  tongue.  Gillrakers  about  30,  roughly  tuber- 
culated  all  round,  half  as  long  as  eye.  Scales  smooth,  deciduous, 
thin,  their  hindmargin  irregular;  about  17  praeventral  and  14 
postventral  flatly  carinated  scutes.  Above  dark  blue,  below 
silvery,  upperhalf  of  sides  with  pearl-coloured  longitudinal 
band,  sometimes  with  12 — 20  dark  blue  spots.  Scapular  region 
sometimes  with  dark  spot.  Fins  hyaline ;  dorsal  and  caudal 
dusky.  Length  over  200  mm. 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia!);  Island  Onrust!;  Sumatra  (Telok- 
betong);  Singapore;  Celebes  (Bulucomba,  Menado);  Batjan  ;  Obi 
major;  Ceram  (Wahai).  —  China;  Ceylon;  Red  Sea. 

2.  Clupea  (Amblygaster)  sirm  Riipp. 

Clupea  sirm  Riippell,  Neue  Wirbelth.  Fische,  1835 — 1840,  p.  77  '). 
Sardinella  leiogastr aides  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie,  VII.   1854,  p.  255. 
Clupea  sirm  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  425  (pro  parte). 
Clupea  (Amblygaster}  leiogastroides  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  25,  26.  1872,  p.  102. 
Clupea  sirm  Gunther,  Fische  der  Siidsee,  Heft  VIII.   1909,  p.  383. 

B.  6;D.  18;  A.  I/— l8;P.  I/;  V.  8;  L.  1.  42— 45  ;  L.  tr.  IO— 12. 
Elongate,    dorsal   and    ventral    profile    nearly    equal.  Height 

4Va— 43/4>  head  4'/4— 4'/2>  eye  3!/2— 32/3>  a  little  shorter  than 
snout,  i'/2  in  postorbital  part  of  head.  Maxillary  reaches  to 
frontmargin  of  eye,  about  2'/2  in  head.  More  than  15  diver- 
ging postfrontral  striae,  the  innermost  of  both  sides  touch 
each  other  nearly  in  the  median  line.  Operculum  more  than 
2J/2  times  as  high  as  broad,  suboperculum  quadrangular,  not 

i)  Forskal;  Descr.  Animal.  1775,  P-  XVII:  wClupea  charact.  harengi;  sed 
minor.  Arab.  Sirm  (Not  binomial). 


63 

-» 

much  longer  than  broad.  Hindmargin  of  praeoperculum  rounded. 
Base  of  dorsal  nearer  to  caudal  than  to  snout.  The  distance 
of  origin  of  dorsal  to  caudal  is  about  iljG  of  its  distance  to 
snout.  Base  of  dorsal  shorter  than  its  height,  about  as  long 
as  head  without  snout,  a  little  longer  than  anal.  Pectorals  as 
long  as  head  without  snout.  Ventrals  below  first  !/3  of  dorsal. 
Caudal  scaly  at  base,  with  two  elongated  scales,  about  6  in 
total  length.  Teeth  on  palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue.  Gill- 
rakers  40,  longer  than  half  diameter  of  eye,  indistinctly  spinulous. 
Scales  deciduous,  thin,  with  very  fine  concentric  stripes.  15 — 16 
praeventral,  14 — 15  postventral  flatly  carinated  scutes.  Upper- 
side  dark  blue,  silvery  beneath.  Fins  hyaline.  Caudal  and 
sometimes  upperborder  of  pectorals  violet.  Length  150  mm. 

Habitat:  Java  (Tandjong  Priok  !)  Celebes ;  Ternate ;  Ambon ; 
Singapore.  --  Philippines;  Samoa;  Kingsmill  islands;  Red  Sea; 
Mosambique ;  Zanzibar. 

3.   Clupea  (Amblygaster)  clupeoides  (Blkr.). 

Amblygaster  clupeoides  Bleeker,  Journ.  Ind.  Arch.  1849,  P-  73- 
Clupea  clupeoides  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.  1 868,  p.  425. 
Clupea  (^Amblygaster)  clupeoides  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  25,  26.  1872,  p.  103. 


Fig.  23.    Chipea  {Amblygaster)  clupeoides  (Blkr.) 

B.  6;  D.  18—19;  A.  17— 18;  P.  16—17;  V.  8;  L.I.  40— 43; 
L.  tr.  ii  — 12. 

Elongate,  dorsal  and  ventral  profile  nearly  equal,  height 
33/4— 4!/4,  head  4—  '/3,  eye  31/3— 33/4,  about  as  long  as  snout, 
smaller  than  postorbital  part  of  head.  Maxillary  does  not  reach 
frontmargin  of  eye,  a  little  more  than  3  times  in  head.  About 
12  diverging  postfrontal  striae.  Operculum  more  than  2!/2 
times  as  high  as  broad,  suboperculum  rhombic,  its  lower  pos- 
terior angle  rounded.  Hindmargin  of  praeoperculum  indistinctly 
convex,  its  angle  rounded.  Base  of  dorsal  much  nearer  to 
caudal  than  to  snout.  Its  origin  distinctly  nearer  to  snout 


64 

than  to  caudal.  Dorsal  as  high  as  long,  its  length  equalling 
the  length  of  eye  and  snout,  longer  than  anal.  Pectorals  shorter 
than  head  without  snout.  Ventrals  below  first  !/3  of  dorsal. 
Caudal  with  the  base  scaly,  and  with  two  elongated  scales,  about 
5  times  in  total  length.  Teeth  on  palatines,  pterygoids  and 
tongue.  Gillrakers  28,  coarse,  roughly  tuberculated  all  round, 
half  as  long  as  eye.  Scales  deciduous,  smooth,  thin,  their 
hindmargin  irregular  and  very  finely  striated  on  part  on  the 
scales.  About  15 — 16  praeventral  and  12  postventral  scutes, 
with  exception  of  the  anterior  ones  flatly  carinated.  Above 
dark  blue  green,  below  silvery,  no  pearl-coloured  longitudinal 
band  or  series  of  spots.  Fins  hyaline,  caudal  with  a  brownish 
margin.  Length  270  mm. 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia!);  Sumatra  (Telokbetong);  Bintang; 
Celebes  (Macassar).  —  Philippines  (Jordan  &  Scale). 

2.  Subgenus  Alosa  Cuvier. 

I.  Caudal  longer  than  head:  no  striae  on  head. 

a.  Scales  striated,  crenulated,  L.  1.  39 — 41.  Gill- 
rakers  at  least  as  long  as  eye.  Maxillary  ex- 
ceeds middle  of  eye C.  (A.~)  toll  p.  64. 

b.  Scales  scarcely  striated  and  ciliated,  L.  1.  44 — 
46.  Gillrakers  much  shorter  than  eye.  Maxil- 
lary reaches  to  pupil C.  (A?)  macrnra  p.  65. 

II.  Caudal   as   long   or   shorter,  than  head,  postocular 
part  of  vertex  striated. 

a.  Scales    nearly    smooth,     not    crenulated,    17 
praeventral  abdominal  scutes.    64  gillrakers. 

Height  2!/s C.  (A.)  platygaster  p.  66. 

(see  also  C.  (A.~)  brevis)  p.  67. 

b.  Scales  striated  and  crenulated,  1 5  praeventral 

abdominal  scutes.  88  gillrakers.  Height  2  V-2 — 3-  C.  (A.~)  kanagurta  p.  67. 

i.  Clupea  (Alosa)  toll  C.  V. 

Clupea   sinensis   Bloch.  Ausland.  Fische   IX.  p.  38.  Tab.  405  (nee?  Linn6  Syst. 

Nat.  ed.  XIII.  Gmelin  p.  1408). 

Alausa  toll  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  XX.   1847,  p.  435. 
Atausa  toll    Cantor.  Journ.    Asiat.    Soc.   of  Bengal    XVIII.    Cat.  Malay.    Fishes. 

1849,  P«  1281.  (p.p.  fide  Day). 

Alausa  ctenolepis  Bleeker,  Verb.  Bat.  Gen.  XXIV.   1852.  Haringacht.  p.  32. 
Clupea  toll  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.  1868,  p.  447. 
Alosa  toll  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  25,  26.   1872,  p.   113. 
Clupea  toll  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.  1878—1888,  p.  641. 
?  Clupea  (Alausa)  sinensis  von  Martens,  Exp.  Ost-Asien,  1876,  p.  308  &  405. 


65 

V 

B.  6;  D.  17—18;  A.  18—20;  P.  15—16;  V.  7—9;  L.I. 
39—41;  L.  tr.  14—15. 

Oblong,  compressed.  Height  3 — 3!/4;  head  3!/2 — 4;  eye 
4*/2 — 5'/2,  2!/8 — 3*/4  in  postorbital  part  of  head,  about  equal 
to  snout.  Maxillary  exceeds  vertical  through  middle  of  eye, 
2 — 2!/4  in  length  of  head.  No  postfrontal  striae.  Praeoperculum 
with  an  obtuse  rounded  angle,  operculum  i!/2 — is/4  higher 
than  broad,  suboperculum  tapering  behind.  Origin  of  dorsal 
nearer  to  snout  than  to  caudal;  dorsal  about  as  long  at  its 
base  as  its  height  which  is  about  half  the  height  of  the 
body.  Anal  equals  about  the  length  of  the  dorsal  but  it  is 
lower.  Pectorals  about  as  long  as  the  head  excluding  the 
snout.  Veritrals  opposite  to  or  a  little  behind  middle  of 
dorsal.  Caudal,  especially  in  adult,  much  longer  than  the  head. 
Scales  adherent,  regularly  arranged,  longitudinally  striated  and 
crenulated;  17 — 18  prae-  and  12 — 13  postventral  keeled  ab- 
dominal scutes.  About  65  slender  gillrakers  at  least  as  long 
as  the  eye.  Colour  silvery,  scales  of  back  more  or  less  con- 
spicuously dark  coloured,  in  the  young  with  a  dark  shoulder- 
spot.  Fins  light-coloured,  caudal  diffusely  dark  margined.  Length 
about  600  mm. 

Nomen  in  dig.:  Terubuk  padi  (Bagan  Api  A  pi). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia) ;  Sumatra  (Telokbetong,  Bagan 
Api  Api!);  Pinang;  Singapore;  Banka.  —  Malay  Peninsula; 
Siam;  Formosa;  British  India. 

In  sea  and  aestuaries. 

2.  Clupea  (Alosa)  macrura  (Blkr.). 

Alausa    macrurus    Bleeker,    Verb.    Bat.    Gen.    XXIV.    1852.    Haringacht.    p.    31. 

(secund.  fig.  et  nomen  Kuhl  &  v.  Hasselt). 

Alaicsa  macrurus  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Ind.  IV.   1853,  p.  501. 
Clupea  macrura  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  448. 
Alosa  macrurus  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.   1872,  p.   113. 

B.  6;  D.  17—18;  A.  1 8— 21;  P.  15—16;  V.  7—8;  L.  1. 
44—46;  L.  tr.  14—15- 

Oblong,  compressed,  abdominal  profile  more  convex  than 
dorsal  one.  Height  3;  head  4 — ^\^\  eye  4!/3 — 5,  2!/2 — 3  in 
postocular  part  of  head ;  equal  to  snout.  Maxillary  reaches 
pupil,  goes  3  times  in  head.  No  striae  on  head.  Praeoperculum 
rounded  behind  ;  operculum  about  2  times  as  high  as  broad ; 
suboperculum  rounded  behind.  Origin  of  dorsal  much  nearer 
INDO-AUSTRALIAN  FISHES  II.  5 


66 


to  end  of  snout  than  to  root  of  caudal.  The  length  of  the 
base  of  the  dorsal  about  as  long  as  its  height,  which  is  less 
than  half  the  height  of  the  body.  The  much  lower  anal  about 
equals  the  length  of  the  dorsal.  Pectorals  longer  than  posto- 
cular  part  of  head,  ventrals  opposite  to  middle  of  dorsal. 
Caudal  much  longer  than  head.  Scales  adherent,  regularly 
arranged,  scarcely  striated  and  ciliated;  16 — 17  prae-  and 
II  — 12  postventral  keeled  abdominal  scutes.  About  60  fine 
gillrakers,  the  longest  of  which  are  considerably  shorter  than 
the  eye.  Silvery,  back  dark.  Fins  hyaline,  caudal  dark  behind. 
Length  520  mm. 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia,  Tjiringin,  Palabuan);  Sumatra 
(Bagan  api  api !) ;  Bankalis ;  Borneo  (Sungiduri,  Stagen !  Sara- 
wak) ;  Singapore.  -  -  Known  by  the  malayan  name  Trubu  and 
Trubuk.  It  forms  the  object  of  a  very  important  fishery  at 
the  mouth  of  some  rivers  in  Borneo,  Malacca  and  Sumatra. 
The  dried  and  salted  fray  is  known  as  wtelor  ikan"  in  the 
malayan  market.  Also  in  sea. 

3.  Clupea  (Alosa)  platygaster  Gthr. 

Alausa  brachysoma  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie,  V.    1853.  p.   527. 
Clupea  platygaster  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.  1868,  p.  448. 
Alosa  brachysoma  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.   1872,  p.   115. 


Fig.  24.   Clupea  (Alosa)  platygaster  Gthr. 
B.  6;   D.    17—18;  A.   20—21;   P.    13—14;   V.  8;  L.I.  40—43; 

L.  tr.   14 — 15. 

Oblong,  abdominal  profile  much  more  convex  than  dorsal 
one.  Height  2!/3,  head  -^\^  eye  3,  i3/4  times  in  postorbital 
part  of  head,  equal  to  snout.  Maxillary  reaches  below  middle 
of  eye  or  somewhat  farther,  7 — 10  postfrontal  striae.  Prae- 


67 

operculum  obtuse  rounded;  operculum  more  than  twice  as 
long  as  high.  Lower  margin  of  suboperculum  rounded  and 
tapering  behind.  Origin  of  dorsal  about  the  length  of  postor- 
bital  part  of  head  nearer  to  snout  than  to  caudal;  the  length 
of  dorsal  equal  to  postorbital  part;  its  highest  ray  about  half 
height  of  body.  Anal  as  long  as  dorsal,  its  highest  ray  equals 
the  '  eye.  Pectorals  shorter  than  head  without  snout.  Ventrals 
opposite  to  middle  of  dorsal.  Caudal  about  as  long  as  the 
head.  Scales  adherent,  nearly  smooth,  not  crenulated.  Seven- 
teen praeventral  and  12  postventral  keeled  abdominal  scutes, 
the  lastnamed  are  the  stronger.  About  64  bipinnate  gillrakers, 
about  as  long  as  the  eye.  Colours  in  alcohol  silvery  with  a 
golden  hue,  back  dark  grey  with  indication  of  a  dark  longi- 
tudinal line.  Fins  hyaline,  dorsal  darktipped  and  caudal  with 
a  dark  margin.  A  dark  patch  on  the  shoulder.  Length  to 
about  140  mm. 

Habitat:  Java  (Tjilatjap!  Dirk  de  Vries  bay!);  Sumatra 
(Padang). 

In  sea. 

4.  Clupea  (Alosa)  brevis  Blkr. 

Alosa   brevis   Bleeker,  Journ.  Ind.  Arch.  II.  N<>.  9.   1848.  p.  638.  —  Atl.  Ichth. 
VI.   1872,  p.   116. 

B.  6;  D.   18;  A.    18?  P.    17;  V.  8. 

Height  nearly  3  in  total  length,  head  4  in  body.  Eyes  3. 
Dorsal  and  ventral  profile  both  convex,  caudal  forked.  Back 
dark  bluish,  sides  and  belly  yellowish  silvery.  Fins  yellow. 

Habitat:  Sumbawa  (Bima)  in  sea. 

Note:  Shortly  after  publishing  the  first  very  insufficient 
description,  Bleeker  lost  the  only  specimen  known.  Nothing 
more  is  known  about  this  species. 

5.  Clupea  (Alosa)  kanagurta  (Blkr.). 

Alausa    ilisha   Bleeker,    Verb.    Bat.    Gen.    XXIV.    1852.  Haringacht.,  p.  33.  (nee 

Cltipanodon  ilisha  II.  Buch.). 

Alausa  kanagurta  Bleeker,  Verb.  Bat.  Gen.  XXIV.   1852.  Haringacht/,  p.  34. 
Alosa  malayana  Bleeker,  Ned.  Tijdschr.  Dierk.  III.   1866,  p.  294. 
Alausa  ilisha  Kner,  Fische  Novara-Reise,   1865 — 1867,  p.   331. 
Clupea  ilisha  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  445.  (pro  parte). 
Alosa  kanagurta  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.   1872,  p.   114. 
Alosa  malayana  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.   1872,  p.   114. 
Clupea  kanagurta  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1878 — 1888,  p.  640. 


68 

B.  6;  D.  18—19;  A.  20—21;  P.  14—15;  V.  8;  L.  1.  40—41; 
L.  tr.  13 — 14. 

Height  21/2— 3,  head  3— 3l/3,  eye  3V2— 4»  l'%~ 2  times  in 
postorbital  part  of  head,  equal  to  snout.  The  maxillary  reaches 
below  the  middle  of  the  eye  in  young  specimens,  below  the 
hindborder  in  adult  ones.  Seven  to  10  diverging  postfrontal 
striae.  Praeoperculum  obtusely  rounded  behind.  Operculum 
nearly  double  as  high  as  broad ;  lower  margin  of  suboper- 
culum  rounded  and  slightly  tapering  behind.  Origin  of  dorsal 
about  i1/2  diameter  of  eye  nearer  to  point  of  snout  than  to 
caudal,  about  as  long  as  postocular  part  of  head ;  highest  ray 
of  dorsal  equal  to  postocular  part  of  head.  Height  of  anal 
equals  about  diameter  of  eye,  its  base  about  as  long  as  that 
of  dorsal.  Pectorals  about  3/5  of  head.  Ventrals  about  oppo- 
site to  middle  of  dorsal.  Caudal  with  longer  inferior  lobe, 
equalling  the  head.  Scales  longitudinally  striated  and  crenu- 
lated;  15  praeventral  and  12 — 13  postventral  keeled  abdominal 
scutes.  Gillrakers  about  88,  closely  set,  longest  I  '/3  of  diameter 
of  eye,  very  slender,  pinnate  on  both  sides.  Colours  in  spirits 
silvery  with  darkish  grey  back.  Fins  hyaline,  dorsal  black 
tipped,  caudal  with  blackish  margin.  Generally  with  a  black 
shoulderpatch,  when  young  followed  by  3  or  4  similar  patches 
in  a  row.  Length  210  mm. 

Note:  When  young,  the  eye  is  relatively  larger,  and  so 
the  maxillary  reaches  only  to  the  middle  of  the  eye  and  goes 
only  i2/3  in  the  postocular  part  of  the  head.  Bleeker  described 
this  stage  as  a  distinct  species  (A.  malayana].  [See  M.  Weber 
and  L.  F.  de  Beaufort.  Verhand.  Akad.  Amsterdam  XVII. 
N°.  3,  1912,  p.  17]. 

Nomen   indig. :  Mata  belo,  (Mai.). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia!,  Bantam,  Cheribon,  Surabaya, 
Passaruan);  Madura;  Sumatra  (Padang).  British  India; 

Ceylon;  Aden  and  Zanzibar. 

In  sea. 

3.  Subgenus  Harengula. 
Synopsis   of  the   species. 

I.  L.  1.   32 C.  (H.}  dispilonotus  p.  69. 

II.  L.  1.  40-45. 

A.  Height  less  than  3. 

a.  Scales   perforated  by  small  holes,  their  bor- 
der crenulated.  Eye  3^3. 


69 

Gillrakers  60.   About   15  praedorsal  scales  .  .  .   C.  (.#.)  brachysoma  p.  70. 
b.   Scales     without     holes,     their    border    scarcely 
crenulated.  Eye  2-V4  Gillrakers  about  32.  About 

12   praedorsal  scales C.  (ff-}  koningsbcrgcri  p.  72. 

B.  Height  3—4. 

#.  L.I.  about  40.  No  teeth  on  the  tongue  when  adult. 

1.  Dorsal    nearer    to    caudal    than  to  snout.  A 

few  teeth  in  the  jaws  only C.  (H?)  melanura  p.   72. 

2.  Dorsal    midway   between    caudal    and  snout. 

Teeth   on  the  palatines C.  (//.)  bulan  p.   73. 

b.   L.  1.  more  than  40.  Teeth  on  the  tongue. 

1.  Gillrakers  more  than  50.  Eye  3 — 4. 

a.  Dorsal    nearer    to    caudal  than  to  snout. 

Height  3 C.  (H.}  perforata  p.   74. 

P.  Dorsal  midway  between  caudal  and  snout. 

Height  3V4 — 33/4 c-  (fl?)  fimbriata  p.  75. 

2.  Gillrakers  less  than  50.  Eye  2'^/^-^/2. 

x.  Dorsal  midway  between  caudal  and  snout. 
act.   13  Postventral  scutes. 

ax.   Height   sVa— 33/s-  Teeth  on  pa- 
latines   ".  C.  (/f.)  stercolepis  p.  76. 

(3(3.  Height  4.  Teeth  on  tongue  only   C.  (Si.)  venenosa  p.  77. 
bb.    15  Postventral  abdominal  scutes.  .  .   C.  (•#.)  thoracata  p.  78. 
/3.  Dorsal  nearer  to  caudal  than   to  snout. 
aa.  Scales  perforated  by  small  holes.  Tip 
of   each    caudal    lobe  generally  deep 
black.   1 8 — 19  prae ventral  abdominal 

scutes C.  (/f.)  atricauda  p.  80. 

bb.  Scales    not   perforated.  Tail  unicolor, 

16 — 17  praeventral  abdominal  scutes  C.  (•#".)  moluccensis  p.  81. 
C.  Height  4  or  more. 

a.  L.  t.   12 — 13.  Eye  4 — 4.1/2. 

.   I.  Height  4.  or  somewhat  more  than  4.  Teeth  on 

palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue.  A.  13 — 1.6   C.  (ff.}  longiceps  p.  82. 
2.  Height  5.  No  teeth.  A.   19 C.  (H.)  pinguls  p.  83. 

b.  L.  t.   9 — 10,   eye    3l/.2.  Height  4.1/3 — 5.  Teeth 

on  tongue  only.  A.  20 C.  (-#".)  schrammi  p.  83. 

T.  Clupea  (Harengula)  dispilonotus  (Blkr.). 

Harengula  dispilonotus  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie  III.   1852,  p.  456. 
Clupea  dispilonotus  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.   VII.   1868,  p.  429. 
Clupea  {Harengula)  dispilonotus  Bleeker,  All.  Ichth.  VI.   1872,  p.   112. 
Clupea  dispilonotus  Max  Weber,  Siboga  Exp.  Fische  1913,  p.  9. 


70 

B.  6;  D.  18—19;  A.  16— 18;  P.  16—17;  V.  8;  L.I.  32—36; 
L.  tr.  10 — II. 

Oblong,  compressed,  abdominal  profile  scarcely  more  convex 
than  the  dorsal.  Height  3 — 3'/3;  head  4,  a  little  longer  than 
deep ;  eye  about  3,  as  long  as  the  postorbital  part  of  the 
head  ;  snout  a  little  shorter  than  eye  ;  maxillary  reaches  anterior 
margin  of  pupil,  2!/4 — 2!/3  in  length  of  head.  Three  to  7 
longitudinal  striae  on  postfrontal  part  of  head.  Operculum 
about  2  times  as  high  as  broad,  its  lower  straight  cut  margin 
is  oblique ;  suboperculum  rhombic,  with  rounded  inferior  pos- 
terior angle.  Posterior  margin  of  praeoperculum  straight,  its 
angle  rounded.  Cheeks  and  operculum  generally  venulous. 
Dorsal  a  little  nearer  to  caudal  than  to  snout,  its  base  equals 
about  its  height,  which  is  a  little  more  than  half  height  of 
body.  The  much  lower  anal  is  as  long  as  dorsal.  Pectorals 
3/4  of  head.  Ventrals  equal  to  I  */4  of  eye  and  inserted  below 
first  half  of  dorsal.  Caudal  4!/4 — 4!/2  in  length.  Fine  teeth  on 
palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue.  Gillrakers  about  35,  longest 
half  as  long  as  eye.  Scales  round,  with  vertical  lines,  hind- 
margin  very  feebly  crenulated  and  finely  striated,  deciduous; 
about  15  praeventral  and  12 — 13  postventral  conspicuous 
abdominal  scutes.  Colour  dark  on  back,  otherwise  silvery. 
A  dark  ocellus  behind  the  middle  of  base  of  dorsal,  a  second 
one  behind  dorsal,  sometimes  a  dark  patch  between  both. 
Origin  of  dorsal  sometimes  dark.  Fins  hyaline  but  dorsal  and 
caudal  often  with  a  dark  hue.  Length  over  80  mm. 

Habitat:  Singapore;  Banka;  Bawean;  Borneo  (Kota  Baru!); 
Kangean !. 

In  sea  and  fresh  water. 

2.  Clupea  (Harengula)  brachysoma  (Blkr.). 

Sardlndla  brachysoma  Bleeker,  Verb.  Bat.  Gen.  XXIV.  1852.  Haringacht.,  p.  19. 
Harengula  hypselosoma  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Ind.  VIII.   1855,  P-  427- 
Clupea  brachysoma  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  423. 
Clupea  hypselosoma  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.  1868,  p.  431. 
Clupea  ^Harengula)  hypselosoma  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.   1872,  p.   104. 
Clupea  (^Harengula)  brachysoma  Bleeker,  Atl.   Ichth.  VI.   1872,  p.   104. 
Clupea  brachysoma  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1878 — 1888,  p.  635. 
Clupea  (Harengula}  brachysoma  Weber  &  de  Beaufort,  Verh.  Akad.  Amsterdam, 
XVII,  NO.  3.   1912,  p.   13. 

B.  6;  D.  17—20;  A.  18—22;  P.  14—16;  V.  8;  L.  1.44—45; 
L.  tr.  ii — 13. 


Abdominal  profile  nearly  equal  t6  dorsal  or  conspicuously 
more  convex.  Height  2!/2 — 23/4;  head  4 — 4!/4,  nearly  as  deep 
as  long;  eye  3 — 3!/3,  shorter  than  postorbital  part  of  head, 
not  much  longer  than  snout.  Maxillary  reaches  to  middle  of 
eye  or  not  so  far,  2 — 2!/2  in  head,  4 — 9  striae  on  postfrontal 
part  of  head.  Operculum  rather  more  than  twice  as  high  as 
wide,  its  lower  straight-cut  margin  is  oblique.  Suboperculum 
rhombic,  its  inferior  posterior  angle  rounded ;  posterior  margin 
of  praeoperculum  straight,  its  angle  rounded.  Dorsal  a  little 


Fig.  25.  Clupea  (Harengula)  bra'chysoma  Blkr. 

nearer  to  base  of  caudal  than  to  snout,  its  origin  much  nearer 
to  snout;  its  base  about  as  long  as  its  height,  which  is  about 
two  times  the  height  of  the  body.  Anal  much  lower  than 
dorsal,  its  base  a  little  shorter  than  that  of  dorsal.  Ventrals 
below  or  a  little  behind  middle  of  dorsal.  Pectorals  longer 
than  head  without  snout.  Caudal  about  3J/2  in  body,  scaly. 
Fine  teeth  on  jaws,  palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue.  Gill- 
rakers  about  60,  half  as  long  as  eye  and  equal  to  3/4  °f 
breadth  of  operculum.  Scales  with  an  irregularly  crenulated, 
incised  and  striated  margin  with  irregular  rows  of  ovale  holes, 
on  peduncle  of  tail  with  numerous  reticulated  and  waved 
ridges;  15  praedorsal  median  scales;  17  praeventral  and  12-13 
postventral  conspicuous  scutes.  Colour  of  back  dark,  otherwise 
silvery;  a  dark  spot  on  base  and  on  top  of  dorsal,  often  on 
tips  of  caudal  and  behind  the  operculum,  both  disappearing  in 
preserved  specimens.  Length  more  than  170  mm. 

No  men    in  dig.:  Timbang  (Batavia),  Tanjan  (Sundan.). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia!,  Tjiringin,  Palabuan);  Sumatra 
(Benculen,  Padang,  Priaman);  Banka;  Borneo  (Baram) ;  Am- 
boina.  —  Australia;  China;  British  India.  ' 

In  sea. 


72  , 

3.  Clupea  (Harengula)  koningsbergeri  M.  Web.  &  de  Bfrt. 

Clupea    (Harengula)   Koningsbergeri  Max  Weber  &  L.   F.  de  Beaufort,  Verhand. 
Akad.  Amsterdam,  XVII.  N°.  3,  1912,  p.   14. 

B.  6;  D.  18—19;  A.  20—21;  P.  15;  V.  8;  L.I.  43— 44; 
L.  tr.  12. 

Abdominal  profile  conspicuously  more  convex  than  the 
dorsal,  which  is  nearly  straight,  but  oblique  from  the  dorsal 
to  the  snout.  Height  23/4;  head  34/5;  eye  23/4,  a  little  longer 
than  postorbital  part  of  head  and  '/4  longer  than  snout. 
Maxillary  reaches  nearly  to  middle  of  eye,  2  times  in  head ; 
its  inferior  border  finely  denticulated.  Three  to  5  diverging 
postfrontal  striae.  Operculum  about  three  times  as  high  as 
broad,  emarginated  behind,  its  inferior  margin  straight-cut 
and  oblique,  suboperculum  rhombic,  its  inferior  anterior  angle 
acute,  the  posterior  one  rounded  ;  praeoperculum  nearly  straight 
behind.  Cheeks  and  operculum  venulous.  Dorsal  about  midway 
between  snout  and  caudal,  its  origin  much  nearer  to  snout. 
Its  base  shorter  than  its  height,  which  is  more  than  half  the 
height  of  the  body.  Anal  much  lower  than  dorsal,  its  base 
about  as  long  as  that  of  dorsal.  Ventrals  midway  the  body, 
they  originate  not  much  before  middle  of  dorsal.  Pectorals  a 
little  shorter  than  head.  Caudal  33/5  of  body,  scaly.  4 — 6 
larger  curved  teeth  in  mandible,  fine  teeth  on  upper  jaw, 
palatines  and  tongue.  Gillrakers  32,  longest  2/3  of  eye.  Scales 
with  3  vertical  lines,  their  margin  entire  or  more  or  less 
crenulated  and  striated ;  behind  dorsal  and  on  peduncle  of 
caudal  with  at  least  3  waved  lines;  about  12  praedorsal  median 
scales;  17  praeventral  and  12 — 13  postventral  scutes.  Back 
dark,  otherwise  silvery,  on  superior  half  3  dark  longitudinal 
lines,  between  the  2  superior  about  8  vertical  dark  patches 
and  sometimes  a  few  on  the  flanks.  Fins  hyaline,  caudal  with 
a  dark  hue.  Length  about  130  mm. 

Habitat:  Aru  Islands! 

In  sea. 

4.  Clupea  (Harengula)  melanura  (C.  V.). 

Alausa  melanurus  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  XX.   1847.  p.  441. 
Harengula   (Taralosd)    Valenciennesi   Bleeker,   Verb.    Akad.    Amsterdam,    (2)  II. 

1868,  p.  300,  (nomen  solum). 

Clupea  melanura  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.  1868,  p.  449. 
Clupea  (Harengula}  melanurus  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  1872.  p.   III. 


73 

Clttpca  (Alausii)  mclanura  von  Martens,  Exp.  Ost-Asien,  Zool.  Bd.  1.  1876,1^.405. 
Harengnla  melanura  Sauvage,  Poissons  Madagascar,   1891,  p.  492. 
Harengula  vanicoris  Jordan  &  Scale,  Bull.  Bur.  Fish.  XXV.   1906,  p.   187. 

B.  6;  D.  15—16;  A.  18—19;  P-  13—15;  V.  8;  L.I.  40; 
L.  tr.  10 — ii. 

Oblong,  dorsally  and  ventrally  evenly  convex  or  the  dorsal 
profile  somewhat  more  convex.  Height  3 — 33/4,  head  32/5 — 4!/4, 
eye  3 — 3Y2,  somewhat  longer  than  snout,  distinctly  shorter 
than  postorbital  part  of  head.  Maxillary  reaches  under  pupil, 
but  not  so  far  as  middle  of  eye,  2*/4 — 2!/3  times  in  length  of 
head;  3 — 7  diverging  postfrontal  striae.  Operculum  twice  as 
high  as  broad,  suboperculum  rhombic,  lower  posterior  angle 
rounded,  hindmargin  of  praeoperculum  scarcely  emarginated. 
Dorsal  nearer  to  caudal  than  to  snout.  The  distance  of  its 
origin  to  the  caudal  is  i  '/4  times  its  distance  from  the  snout. 
Length  of  dorsal  less  than  its  height,  which  is  contained  i3/4 
times  in  the  height  of  the  body.  Anal  as  long  as  dorsal. 
Pectorals  nearly  as  long  as  head  without  snout.  Ventrals 
below  second  !/3  of  dorsal.  Caudal  Sllz~~ 52/3  m  the  total  length. 
Teeth  almost  absent,  some  scarcely  visible  on  the  symphysis 
of  the  lower  jaw;  when  young  teeth  on  the  tongue.  Gillra- 
kers  about  38.  Scales  rounded,  with  vertical  stripes,  their 
margin  partly  irregularly  crenulated;  16  praeventral  and  n 
postventral  abdominal  scutes.  Brownish  above,  silvery  along 
the  sides  and  on  the  under  surface.  Fins  hyaline,  caudal  tipped 
with  black.  Length  more  than  140  mm. 

No  men   indig. :  Tandipa  (Menado). 

Habitat:  Java  (Palabuan);  Sumatra  (Benculen);  Nias;  Bali; 
Celebes  (Menado);  Salibabu  Island!;  Ternate;  Ambon;  Saparua; 
Ceram  (Wahai) ;  Waigeu;  New  Guinea.— Philippines;  Vanicoro; 
Siam;  Andamans;  British  India;  Madagascar. 

In  sea. 

5.  Clupea  (Harengula)  bulan  (Blkr.). 

Clupalosa  bulan  Bleeker,  Verh.  Bat.  Gen.  XXII.   1849,  BiJdr.  Ichth.  Mad.  p.  12. 
Chipea  (Harengula)  bulan  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.   1872,  p.   in. 

B.  6;  D.  17—18;  A.  19;  P.  15;  V.  8;  L.I.  about  40.  L.  tr. 
12 — 13. 

Oblong,  compressed,  ventral  profile  more  convex  than  the 
dorsal.  Height  3,  head  about  4,  eye  3.  Snout  a  little  shorter  than 
eye.  Maxillary  reaches  not  quite  below  middle  of  eye,  2'/3 — 2!/4 


74 

in  head.  Many  diverging  postfrontal  striae.  Dorsal  situated 
midway  between  caudal  and  snout,  its  height  about  twice  in 
the  height  of  the  body.  Anal  much  longer  than  half  head. 
Pectorals  a  little  shorter  than  head  without  snout.  Ventrals 
below  middle  of  dorsal.  Caudal  about  4]/2  m  length.  Minute 
teeth  in  the  lower  jaw,  none  on  upper  jaw,  tongue  and  ptery- 
goids,  small  ones  on  palatines.  Scales  very  deciduous,  scarcely 
or  not  all  transversely  striped,  30  very  conspicuous  abdominal 
scutes.  Dark  above,  silvery  below,  fins  hyaline.  Length  145  mm. 
[Not  seen  by  us]. 

Nomen    in  dig. :  bulan,  lintring  (Javan.,  Madur.). 

Habitat:  Java  (Surabaya);   Madura. 

In  sea. 

6.  Clupea  (Harengula)   perforata  (Cant.). 

Clupeonia  perforata  Cantor,  Journ.  Asiat.  Soc.  Bengal,  XVIII.   1850,  p.   1276. 
Spratella  kowala  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Ind.  II.   1851,  p.  492. 
Harengula    (Spratella)    kowala    Bleeker,    Versl.    Akad.    Amsterdam  (2)  II.   1868, 

p.  294. 

Chtpea  perforata  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.   VII.   1868,  p.  424. 
Clupea  {Harengula}  perforata  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.    1872,  p.   no. 
Sardinclla  perforata  Fowler,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.   Sci.  Philad.   1911,  p.   206. 

B.  6;  D.  17—19;  A.  18—19;  P.  14—15;  V.  8;  L.I.  43—44; 
L.  tr.  12 — 13. 

Abdominal  profile  more  convex  than  the  dorsal.  Height  about 
3;  head  4  to  nearly  4'/2;  eye  3 — 31/2>  a  little  smaller  than  postor- 
bital  part  of  head,  as  long  as  snout  or  a  little  longer.  Maxillary 
reaches  to  frontmargin  of  pupil,  2 — 21/,  in  head;  8 — 14  post- 
frontal  diverging  striae.  Operculum  a  little  more  than  two 
times  higher  than  broad,  venulous,  praeoperculum  indistinctly 
ernarginated  rounded  below,  suboperculum  oblong  quadrangular, 
lower  posterior  corner  rounded,  two  times  as  long  as  high. 
Dorsel  nearer  to  caudal  than  to  snout.  The  distance  of  its 
origin  to  caudal  is  i'/3  its  distance  from  the  snout.  Its  base 
is  a  little  longer  than  head  without  its  postorbital  part.  Its 
height  is  slightly  more  than  its  length.  Base  of  anal  longer  than 
base  of  dorsal.  Pectorals  3/4  of  head.  Ventrals  below  end  of 
first  third  of  dorsal.  Caudal  scaly,  deeply  forked,  longer  than 
head,  its  length  4*/2 — 43/4  in  total  length.  Teeth  on  palatines 
and  tongue  only.  Gillrakers  56 — 58,  longest  3/5  eye,  half  as 
long  as  postorbital  part  of  head.  Scales  adherent,  with  one 


75 

vertical  line,  their  margin  striated,  irregularly  crenulated  or 
identated,  with  oblong  holes;  15 — 16  praedorsal  median  scales, 
1 8  praeventral,  13  postventral  scutes.  Silvery,  bluish  black 
above.  Sometimes  with  longitudinal  lines  on  the  back.  Snout, 
top  of  dorsal  and  a  spot  at  base  of  its  anterior  rays  blackish. 
Caudal  more  or  less  .brown,  fins  otherwise  hyaline.  Length 
to  150  mm. 

Nomen   indig. :  Tembang,  tamban  (Malay.). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia !,  Ptiger !) ;  Sumatra  (Padang,  Pria- 
man);  Pinang;  Singapore;  Bintang;  Banka;  Borneo  (Balik- 
papan !,  Stagen);  Celebes  (Macassar!);  Amboina;  Waigeu.  — 
Philippines;  Malacca;  Siam ;  China;  South  Arabia. 

In  sea. 

7.  Clupea  (Harengula)  fimbriata  (C.  V.). 

Spratella  fimbriata  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons,  XX.  1847,  p.  359. 
Clupea  gibbosa  Bleeker,  Journ.  Ind,  Arch.  III.    1849,   p.   72. 
?  Koivala  lauta  Cantor,  Journ.  Asiat.  Soc.  Bengal,  XVIII,   1850,  p.    1279. 
Spratella  fimbriata  Bleeker,  Verh.  Bat.  Gen.  XXIV.   1852.  Haringacht.,  p.  27. 
Spratella  tembang  Bleeker,  Verh.  Bat.  Gen.  XXIV.   1852.  Haringacht.,  p.  28. 
Spratella  tembang  Kner,   Fische  Novara-Exp.   1865 — 1867,  p.  329. 
Spratella  fimbriata  Kner,  Fische  Novara-Exp.   1865 — 1867,  p.   329. 
Clupea  tembang  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  426. 
Clupea  fimbriata  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  427. 
Clupea    {Harengula)  fimbriata  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.   VI.   1872,  p.   105. 
Clupea  (Harengula}  sundaica  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.   1872,  p.   105. 
Clupea  {Harengula)  gibbosa  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.   VI.   1872,  p.   106. 
Clupea  sundaica  Macleay,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.   N.  S.   Wales  IV.   1879,  P-  373* 
Clupea  fimbriata  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1878—1888,  p.  637. 
Harengula  sundaica  Jordan  &  Scale,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  XXVIII.  1905,  p.  770. 
Clupea  gibbosa  Giinther,  Fische  der  Siidsee,  Heft  VIII.   1909,  p.  381. 
Clupea    (Harcng^^la)  fimbriata  M.  Weber  &  L.  F.  de  Beaufort,  Verh.  Akademie 
Amsterdam  XVII,  N°.  3,  1912,  p.   10. 


Fig.  26.   Clupea  (Harengula}  fimbriata  (C.  V.). 


76 


B.  6;D.  18—19;  A.  16—19;  p-  15  —  16;  V.  8;  L.I.  45;  L.tr.  12. 
Abdominal  profile  a  little  more  convex  than  dorsal ;  height 
3— 33/4;  head  4— 4^;  eye  3— 33/4,  1l4t—  Vs  shorter  than  postor- 
bital  part  of  head,  equals  the  snout  or  is  a  little  longer.  Maxil- 
lary reaches  to  pupil  or  not  so  far,  2!/2  in  head;  10 — 12  post- 
frontal  diverging  striae.  Operculum  2!/2  times  as  high  as  broad, 

lower  margin  straight-cut  oblique, 
suboperculum  trapezoid,  inferior 
posterior  angle  rounded.  Hind- 
margin  of  praeoperculum  feebly 
emarginate,  its  angle  rounded. 
Dorsal  midway  between  snout 
and  caudal,  its  origin  nearer  to 
snout,  its  base  equals  its  height. 
Anal  lower  than  dorsal  but  equal 
to  its  length.  Origin  of  ventrals 
below  the  beginning  of  the  second 


Fig.  27.  Scale  of  Clupea  (Harengtild)     ...       r     .      *  .      *f  i       M        c 

fimbriata^  6.  thlrd    °f    dorsaL     Pectorals     3/4    of 

head ;  caudal  more  than  4  times 

in  body,  scaly.  Small  teeth  on  palatines  and  tongue.  Gillrakers 
50-52,  longest  3/5-3/4  of  eye,  half  as  long  as  breadth  of  operculum. 
Scales  partly  with  vertical  lines  the  hinderpart  with  irregular 
holes  (Fig.  27),  their  margin  striated,  crenulated,  even  irre- 
gularly dentated;  14 — 16  praedorsal  median  scales;  18 — 19 
praeventral,  15  postventral  scutes.  Back  dark-coloured,  other- 
wise silvery,  black  patch  at  origin  of  dorsal,  other  fins  hyaline, 
marginal  part  of  caudal  dusky.  Length  about  185  mm. 

Nomen  in  dig. :  Tembang,  tamban,  tamban  sisig  (Malay.); 
Tanjang  (Sundan.). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia!,  Bantam,  Djungkulon,  Kragan!, 
Rembang!,  Banjuwangi !);  Onrust!;  Sumatra  (Benkulen,  Trussa, 
Siboga);  Nias!;  Singapore;  Banka;  Borneo  (Balikpapan !,  Kota 
baru!);  Bali;  Celebes  (Macassar !,  Bonthain,  Badjoa);  Ambon. — 
Australia,  Ponape,  Tonga-Islands,  Society-Islands,  Fidji-Islands, 
Marquesas  Islands,  Philippines,  Malacca,  China,  British  India, 
South  Arabia,  Zanzibar. 

In  sea. 

8.  Clupea  (Harengula)  stereolepis  (Ogilby). 

Harengulastereolcpsis  I.  D.  Ogilby,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.  S.  W.  (2)  XXII.  1897,  p.  759. 

D.  15—17;  A.  16;  Sc.  45/12. 


77 

Dorsal  and  ventral  profiles  about  equally  convex.  Depth  of 
body  3!/3  to  33/5,  length  of  head  33/4  to  4  in  the  total  length; 
width  of  body  2!/4  to  2]/3  in  its  depth;  depth  of  head  i1/,, 
to  I3/10,  width  of  head  2!/9  to  2!/4,  of  interorbital  region  4  to 
4!/4,  diameter  of  eye  24/5  to  3  in  the  length  of  the  head; 
snout  !/s  to  !/4  °f  a  diameter  shorter  than  the  eye.  Maxillary 
extending  to  the  vertical  from  the  anterior  border  of  the 
pupil,  its  length  2!/10  to  2!/4  in  that  of  the  head,  its  width 
2!/4  to  22/5  in  its  length.  32  or  33  gillrakers  on  the  lower 
branch  of  the  anterior  arch,  the  longest  I9/10  to  2  in  the 
diameter  of  the  eye  (5]/3  to  6  in  the  head).  Dorsal  fin  origi- 
nating J/5  to  3/10  nearer  to  the  extremity  of  the  snout  than 
to  the  base  of  the  caudal  fin,  its  height  !/10  to  !/5  more  than 
its  length,  and  i2/5  to  i!/2  in  the  head:  length  of  anal  slightly 
less  than  that  of  dorsal;  ventral  inserted  below  or  a  little  in 
advance  of  the  middle  of  the  dorsal,  and  midway  between 
the  tip  of  the  mandible  and  the  base  of  the  caudal  or  a  little 
nearer  to  the  latter,  its  length  2  to  2!/3  in  the  head:  pectoral 
with  15  or  1 6  rays,  originating  below  the  angle  of  the  sub- 
opercle,  i'/3  to  iV2  in  the  head:  lower  caudal  lobe  a  little 
the  longer,  33/4  to  4  in  the  total  length.  Scales  firmly  adherent, 
each  with  four  or  five  vertical  striae  and  indistinctly  pecti- 
nated margin ;  accessory  scale  of  ventral  lanceolate,  27/8  to 
3]/5  in  the  length  of  the  head;  abdominal  scutes  strong, 
19  -\-  13.  Upper  surface  of  head  rugose;  parietal  and  post- 
frontal  regions  striated;  opercle  smooth.  Vertebrae  45. 

Back  blue,  sides  golden,  the  colours  passing  gradually  into 
one  another;  upper  surface  of  head  gray,  the  dorsal  profile 
of  the  snout  and  the  extremity  of  the  jaws  reddish-brown: 
dorsal  and  caudal  with  some  dark  dots;  iris  golden.  Length 
of  the  largest  example  108  mm. 

[After  Ogilby,  not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  South  East  New  Guinea,  Darnley  Island,  Torres 
Straits. 

9.  Clupea  (Harengula)  venenosa  (C.  V.). 

Meletta  venenosa  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  XX.   1847,  p.  377. 
Clupea   venenosa   Gunther,   Cat.    Brit.    Mus.    VII.    1868,   p.    449.   —  Brenchley's 

Cruise  of  the  nCuragoa"   1873,  p.  411. 

?  Chipea  zunasi  von  Martens,  Exp.  Ost-Asien,  Zool.  Bd.  I.  1876,  p.  405,  (pro  parte). 
Clupea  venenosa  A.  B.  Meyer,  Anal,  de  la  Soc.  Esp.  de  Hist.  Nat.  XIV.  1885,  p.  42. 
Clupea  venenosa  Duncker,  Mitth.  Naturh.  Mus.  Hamb.  XXI.  1904,  p.  186. 


78 

B.  5;  D.   16;  A.   17;  L.  1.  42 — 44;  L.  tr.   n. 

Height  4,  head  4,  eye  3,  about  equal  to  snout.  The  maxillary 
extending  to  a  vertical  through  frontmargin  of  the  pupil. 
Operculum  twice  as  high  as  broad.  Hindmargin  of  the  prae- 
operculum  straight.  Dorsal  about  3/4  of  the  diameter  of  the  eye, 
nearer  to  caudal  than  to  snout,  its  origin  one  eye-diameter 
nearer  to  snout.  Dorsal  as  high  as  long,  about  as  long  as  the 
anal.  Pectorals  distinctly  longer  than  the  head  without  snout. 
Ventrals  inserted  under  the  middle  of  the  dorsal  fin.  Teeth 
on  the  tongue,  none  on  the  palate.  32  Gillrakers,  about  as 
long  as  branchial  filaments,  equal  to  pupil.  Scales  with  some 
vertical  striae,  their  margin  irregularly  crenulated;  16 — 17 
praeventral  scutes,  13  postventral  ones.  Silvery,  back  dark. 
Dorsal  with  a  black  spot  on  top  of  first  ray.  [Not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Singapore;  Batjan;  Misol;  New  Guinea.  —  Indian 
Ocean,  Seychelles,  South  Arabia,  Red  Sea,  Seas  round  Mada- 
gascar. 

Note:  For  Clupea  venenosa  Steindachner,  Abhandl.  Sen- 
ckenberg.  Naturf.  Ges.  XXV,  1901,  p.  456,  see  under  Clupea 
schrammi  p.  83. 


10.  Clupea  (Harengula)  thoracata  (C.  V.). 

Koivala  thoracata  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons  XX.  1847,  p.  363. 
Kowala  thoracata  Cantor,  Journ.  Asiat.  Soc.  of  Bengal,  XVIII.   1850,  p.  1278. 
Clupea    (Harengula)    koival    Bleeker,     Atl.     Ichth.     VI.     1872,     p.    109,    (nee. 
Ruppell). 

D.   19;  C.   19%,  A.  21   or  22,  V.  8;  P.   15;  Br.  VI. 

Head  above  and  back  deep  blue  with  green  reflections; 
upper  third  of  the  sides  silvery  sea-green;  rest  of  the  body, 
cheeks  and  opercles  shining  silvery  with  mother-of-pearl  reflec- 
tions ;  upper  part  of  the  opercle  pale  bluish  dotted  with  black ; 
dorsal  and  caudal  pale  yellow  greenish,  sparingly  dotted 
with  black,  particularly  towards  the  margin;  in  some  indivi- 
duals a  vertical  elongated  blackish  spot  at  the  root  of  the 
five  central  rays;  rest  of  the  fins  white.  Tongue  and  inside  of 
the  mouth  minutely  dotted  with  black.  Iris  silvery,  orbital 
margin  black. 

The  length  of  the  head  is  '/4  of  the  body,  '/5  of  the  total 
length.  The  horizontal  diameter  of  the  eye  slightly  exceeds 


79 

*» 

]/3  of  the  length  of  the  head ;  the  distance  across  the  forehead 
is  2/3  of  the  diameter.  The  eye  is  covered  by  a  thick  adipose 
duplicature  with  a  vertically  elliptic  aperture  over  the  circular 
pupil;  it  occupies  the  middle  of  the  distance  between  the 
muzzle  and  the  posterior  margin  of  the  opercle,  and  borders 
on  the  profile.  The  figure  of  Russell  represents  the  eye  much 
too  small,  probably  owing  to  the  adipose  fold  having  been 
overlooked.  On  the  surface  of  each  of  the  posterior  frontal 
bones  appear  upwards  of  1 1  backwards  radiating  lines.  In  the 
individuals  examined  at  Pinang  there  appeared  from  six  to 
eight  teeth  in  the  lower  jaw,  and  some  on  the  palatal  and 
pterygoid  bones,  but  none  in  the  upper  maxillaries,  inter- 
maxillaries,  nor  on  the  vomer.  These  teeth  are  so  minute 
that  they  require  to  be  seen  through  a  lens  in  dried  speci- 
mens, and  they  are  so  very  deciduous  that  their  number  and 
position  vary  not  only  individually,  but  from  side  to  side. 
The  scales  of  the  body  are  large,  rounded,  very  thin  and 
deciduous;  those  of  the  back  and  upper  third  of  the  sides 
have  each  upwards  of  16  longitudinal  striae.  The  sides  are 
covered  by  1 1  longitudinal  series  of  scales,  of  which  there 
appear  to  be  upwards  of  45  in  the  longest  series.  There 
are  35  spines  on  the  abdominal  profile,  the  scales  of  which 
resemble  in  breadth  those  of  the  species  of  Pellona.  The 
greatest  vertical  diameter  of  the  body,  in  front  of  the  dorsal, 
is  a  little  less  than  !/4  of  the  total  length.  The  dorsal  occupies 
the  middle  of  the  distance  between  the  muzzle  and  the  root 
of  the  caudal;  the  fourth  ray,  the  longest,  equals  the  extent 
of  the  base,  which  is  !/2  of  the  greatest  vertical  diameter  of 
the  body.  The  fin  is  half  covered  by  an  oblique  backwards 
rising  series  of  scales  which  almost  hide  the  last  rays.  The 
caudal  is  deeply  cleft,  the  lobes  exceed  by  '/G  the  length  of 
the  head.  The  scaly  anal  rays  are  very  short;  the  last  slightly 
elongated ;  the  extent  of  the  base  is  2/3  of  the  length  of  the 
head ;  its  distance  from  the  root  of  the  caudal  is  J/2  of  the 
extent.  The  ventrals  are  situated  opposite  the  centre  of  the 
dorsal  exactly  in  the  middle  between  the  root  of  the  first 
pectoral  and  anal  rays;  their  length  is  ]/3  of  the  head.  The 
length  of  the  pectorals  is  2/3  of  the  head.  At  Pinang  single 
individuals  are  of  rare  occurence.  Length:  140  mm. 

[After  Cantor;  not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Pinang;   Pondicherry. 


8o 


ii.  Clupea  (Harengula)  atricauda  Gthr. 

?  Clupeonia    Commersonii  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons  XX.   1847, 

P-  350'). 
Harengula   melanurus   Bleeker,   Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Ind.  V.   1853,  p.  245,  (nee 

Cuvier  &  Valenciennes). 

Clupea  atricauda  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  Vil.   1868,  p.  426. 
Clupea  (Harengula}  atricauda  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  1872,  p.   106. 
Clupea  atricauda  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.  1878 — 1888,  p.  636. 
?  Clupeonia  Commersonii  Sauvage,  Poissons  Madagascar  1891,  p.  494.  (Syn.  p.  p.). 
Harengula  commersoni  Jordan  &  Scale,  Bull.  Bur.  Fish.  XXV.  1906,  p.   186. 
Clupea  atricauda  Gunther,  Fische  d.  Stidsee  VIII.   1909,  p.  381. 

B.  6;  D.  17—18;  A.  15—17;  P.  15—16;  V.  8;  L.I.  circa 
45;  L.  tr.  12—13. 

Oblong,  dorsally  and  ventrally  evenly  convex.  Height  about 
4,  head  about  4,  eye  3!/3 — 33/4»  shorter  than  snout.  Maxillary 
reaches  behind  first  third  of  pupil.  About  7  diverging  post- 
frontal  striae.  Operculum  2  times  as  high  as  broad,  suboper- 
culum  square,  posterior  inferior  corner  rounded,  2  times  as 
broad  as  high.  Lower  corner  of  praeoperculum  rounded.  Venules 
on  cheeks,  operculum  and  above  and  behind  it.  Dorsal  nearer 
to  caudal  than  to  snout,  it's  origin  about  the  length  of  the 
postorbital  part  of  head  nearer  to  snout  than  to  caudal.  Length 
of  anal  and  dorsal  both  about  as  long  as  snout  and  eye. 
Pectorals  2/3  of  head.  Ventrals  a  little  longer  than  postor- 
bital part  of  head,  their  origin  nearer  to  anal  than  to  head. 
Caudal  deeply  forked,  its  base  scaled,  43/4 — 5  in  the  total 
length.  Teeth  on  pterygoids  and  palatines.  Narrow  stripe  of 
teeth  on  tongue  posteriorly.  Gillrakers  40,  longest  3/5  of  eye, 
!/3  shorter  than  postorbital  part  of  head.  Scales  with  concen- 
tric lines,  their  margin  striated,  finely  irregularly  crenulated 
and  with  very  small  round  holes.  18 — 19  prae ventral,  13  post- 
ventral  scutes.  Silvery,  dark  above,  on  the  back  indications 
of  darker  bands  along  the  rows  of  scales.  Fins  hyaline,  dorsal 
and  caudal  dusky,  tips  of  caudal  deep  black.  Length  to 
about  160  mm. 

Nomen  indig. :  Lenguru  (Puger) ;  Bik-hokkoa,  Ekor  angus 
(Batjan).  Oormetting  (Saparua);  Biki-hoko  (Ternate);  Armattin 
(Ambon). 


i)  Probably  the  same  species,  but  it  has  after  Valenciennes  and  Sauvage  no 
teeth  on  palatines  and  according  to  the  former  13,  according  to  the  latter  16 
dorsal  rays. 


Si 


Habitat:  Java  (Batavia!  Puger!);  Nias;  Bali;  Celebes 
(Menado !,  Tombariri) ;  Sangir  Islands;  Ternate;  Batjan;  Obi; 
Ambon;  Saparua ;  Ceram  (Wahai,  Kawa!,  Kairatu!);  Halma- 
hera.  --  Samoa  Islands,  Society  Islands,  Harvey  Islands.  West- 
ward to  Andamans.  Madagascar? 


12.  Clupea  (Harengula)  moluccensis  (Blkr.) 

Harengiila  moluccensis  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie  IV.   1853,  p.  609. 

Harengula  Kunzei  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie  XII.    1856  —  1857,  p.  209. 

Clupea  mohiccensis  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.   VII.    1868,  p.  427. 

Clupea  {Harengula)  moluccensis  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  25,  26.  1872,  p.  107. 

Clupea  (Harengula)  Kunzei  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.   VI.   1866—1872,  p.   107. 

Clupea  Khmzei  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1878—1888,  p.  636. 

Harengula  moluccensis  Jordan  &  Richardson,  Bull.  Bur.  Fish.  XXVII.  1908.  p.  236. 

Clupea  Kimzii  Gunther,  Fische  der  Siidsee,  Heft  VIII.   1909,  p.  382. 

B.    6;    D.    17—19;    A.    17—18;    P.    15—16;    V.    8;    L.  1. 
43—45;   L.  tr.   10—12. 

Abdominal  profile  a  little  more  or  not  more  convex  than 
dorsal.  Height  3V2—  4»  head  3'/2—  4;  eye  23/4—  3^4,  as  long 
as  postorbital  part  of  head  or  a  little  shorter,  about  ]/4  longer 
than  snout.  Maxillary  reaches  not  farther  than  middle  of  eye, 
twice  or  a  little  more  in  head;  3  —  8  diverging  postfrontal  striae. 
Operculum  twice  as  high  as  broad,  suboperculum  rhombic 
its,  posterior  inferior  corner  rounded,  its  length  twice  its 
height.  Venules  on  cheeks,  postorbital 
part  of  head  and  opercles  extending  a 
little  way  on  body  behind  opercles.  Dorsal 
up  to  one  eye  diameter  nearer  to  caudal 
than  to  snout.  Distance  from  origin  of 
dorsal  to  base  of  caudal  i'/5  —  i*/7  times 
its  distance  from  snout.  Length  of  dorsal 
equals  its  height,  which  equals  length  of 
eye  and  snout  or  2/3  of  the  height  of  the 
body.  Anal  shorter  than  dorsal.  Pectorals 
as  long  as  head  without  snout.  Origin  of 
ventrals  before  middle  of  dorsal.  Caudal 

,  A  ,  ,         ,        ,  ,         ,-    .  ,11          A  i 

longer  than  head,  5'/4  —  6  in  total  length. 
Teeth  on  palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue.  Gillrakers  32, 
coarse,  longest  !/2  of  eye,  shorter  than  breadth  of  operculum. 
Scales  vertically  striped,  their  margin  crenulated  or  identated, 

INDO-AUSTRALIAN    FISHES    II.  6 


FiS-  28. 
of  Clupea  (Harengula} 

moluccensis  Blkr.   V  6. 


82 

rather  firm,  12 — 15  praedorsal  median  scales,  16 — 18  prae- 
ventral,  13  postventral  scutes.  Silvery,  back  and  snout  dark. 
Fins  hyaline,  dorsal  often  anteriorly  dark-coloured,  as  also  the 
caudal  or  its  margin.  Length  nearly  160  mm. 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Trussan,  Padang,  Tiku,  Priaman,  Siboga); 
Nias!;  Pulu  Weh ! ;  Singapore;  Biliton ;  Celebes  (Macassar, 
Bonthain,  Menado);  Bali;  Sumbawa;  Buru;  Ceram!;  Ambon!; 
Saparua;  Solor;  Timor;  Batjan;  Ternate;  Waigeu!;  Kei 
Islands!.  Australia?;  New  Hebrides;  Solomon  Islands; 

Admirality  Islands;  Marshall  Islands;  Fidji  Islands;  Philip- 
pines; China;  Japan;  Andamans;  Nicobars;  Ceylon. 

In  Sea. 

13.  Clupea  (Harengula)  longiceps  (C.  V.) 

Sardinella  longiceps  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons  XX.  1847,  p.  273. 
Sardinella  Neohowii  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons  XX.  1847,  p.  274. 
Alosa  scombrina  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons  XX.    1847,  p.  442. 
Sardinella  lemuru  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie,  IV.  1853,  p.  500. 
Clupea  lemuru  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  430. 
Clupea  scombrina  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.    1868,  p.  448. 
Clupea  (Harengula)  lemuru   Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.   25,  26.   1872,  p.   108. 
Clupea  longiceps  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.  1878—1888,  p.  637. 

B.  6;  D.  16— 18;  A.  13—16;  P.  15—16;  V.  8—9;  L.  1. 
45;  L.  tr.  12—13. 

Elongate,  dorsal  and  ventral  profile  evenly  convex.  Height 
4 — 4!/3,  head  33/4 — 4,  eye  4 — 4!/2,  shorter  than  snout  and 
much  shorter  than  postorbital  part  of  head.  Maxillary  reaches 
beyond  frontmargin  of  eye,  about  2]/2  in  head.  About  8 — 10 
diverging  postfrontal  striae.  Operculum  twice  as  high  as  broad. 
Suboperculum  rectangular,  its  lower  posterior  angle  rounded. 
Dorsal  somewhat  nearer  to  caudal  than  to  snout,  its  origin 
distinctly  nearer  to  snout.  Height  of  dorsal  somewhat  more 
than  its  length,  which  equals  the  postorbital  part  of  head. 
Length  of  anal  equals  half  length  of  head.  Pectorals  some- 
what shorter  than  head  without  snout.  Origin  of  ventrals 
behind  middle  of  dorsal.  Caudal  5*/4 — 6  in  the  total  length. 
Teeth  on  palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue.  Gillrakers  circa 
1 20,  the  longest  nearly  as  long  as  eye,  less  than  half  breadth 
of  operculum.  Scales  smooth,  irregularly  crenulated;  13 — 15 
praedorsal  scales,  18  praeventral  and  14  postventral  abdominal 
scutes.  Silvery  above,  brownish  on  the  back.  Sometimes  a 


33 

brownish  spot  on  operculum.  Fins  hyaline,  caudal  and  dorsal 
more  or  less  dusky.  Length  about  160  mm. 

N  o  m.  i  n  d  i  g. :   Lemuru. 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia,  Banjuwangi !) ;  Bali  straits !.  — 
British  India. 

In  Sea. 

14.  Clupea  (Harengula)  pinguis  Gthr. 

Chipea  pinguis  Giinther,  Brenchley's  Cruise  of  the  Curagoa   1873,  p.  426. 

B.  5  ;  D.    17;  A.   19;  P.   18;  L.I.  43;  L.  tr.   13. 

Elongate,  dorsally  and  ventrally  equally  very  slightly  convex. 
Height  5,  head  4l/s;  eye  about  4,  somewhat  shorter  than  snout 
and  conspicuously  shorter  than  postorbital  part  of  head.  Lower 
jaw  but  slightly  projecting  beyond  the  upper,  maxillary  exten- 
ding to  below  the  frontmargin  of  the  eye.  11  — 13  diverging 
postfrontal  striae.  Operculum  more  than  twice  as  high  as 
broad,  suboperculum  with  the  lower  posterior  corner  rounded, 
more  than  twice  as  long  as  high.  Dorsal  nearer  to  caudal 
than  to  snout,  its  origin  as  much .  nearer  to  snout  than  to 
caudal  as  the  length  of  the  postorbital  part  of  head.  Ventrals 
about  3  in  head,  inserted  below  the  anterior  1/3  of  the  dorsal. 
Pectorals  nearly  equal  to  head  without  snout.  Caudal  deeply 
forked.  Teeth  none.  Scales  striated  and  with  rounded  crenu- 
lations,  about  14  praedorsal  scales,  16  praeventral  and  14  post- 
ventral  scutes.  Back  bluish  green,  sides  silvery,  both  colours 
being  sharply  defined  from  each  other.  Length  125  mm. 

[Type  in  the  British  Museum  examined]. 

Habitat:   Misol. 

In  Sea. 

15.  Clupea  (Harengula)  schrammi  (Blkr). 

Alosa  Schrammi  Bleeker,  Verb.  Bat.  Gen.  XXII.    1849.  Bijdr.  Ichth.  Bali,  p.  n. 
Meletta  Schrammi  Bleeker,  Verb.   Bat.  Gen.  XXIV.    1852.   Haringacht.,  p.  30. 
Clupea  (Harengula]  Schrammi  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  25,  26.  1872,  p.  no. 
Clupea  venenosa  Steindachner,  Abh.  Senckenb.  Naturf.  Ges.  XXV.  1901,  p.  456, 
(nee  C.  venenosa  C.V. ;   Steindachner's  specimen  examined). 

B.  6;  D.  18—19;  A-  18—20;  P.  16;  V.  8;  L.I.  45;  L.  tr. 
9— 11. 

Elongate,  dorsally  and  ventrally  almost  equally  convex. 
Height  4'/2 — 5,  head  about  4,  eye  3 — 3^,  about  as  long  as 
snout,  about  J/4  shorter  than  postorbital  part  of  head.  Maxil- 


84 

lary  reaches  somewhat  beyond  frontmargin  of  eye,  about  2 
times  in  length  of  head.  3 — 5  diverging  postfrontal  striae. 
Operculum  more  than  twice  as  high  as  broad,  suboperculum 
rectangular,  lower  posterior  corner  rounded,  hindmargin  of 
praeoperculum  straight.  Dorsal  about  half  the  diameter  of  the 
eye  nearer  to  caudal  than  to  snout,  its  origin  one  eye-diameter 
nearer  to  snout  than  to  caudal.  Length  and  height  of  dorsal 
both  equal  to  snout  and  eye.  Anal  as  long  as  dorsal.  Pectorals 
longer  than  head  without  snout.  Ventrals  nearly  under  the 
middle  of  the  dorsal.  Caudal  6'/3  in  total  length.  Teeth  on 
the  tongue  only.  Gillrakers  32,  the  longest  about  half  length 
of  eye.  Scales  very  thin,  feebly  crenulated.  Praedorsal  scales 
about  14 — 15;  17  praeventral,  13  postventral  scutes.  Silvery, 
back  dark  bluish.  Fins  hyaline.  Length  about  100  mm. 
Habitat:  Bali;  Ambon!;  Batjan!  —  In  sea. 

4.  Pellona  C.  V. 

(CuviER  &  VALENCIENNES.  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons  XX,  1847,  p.  300). 

Platygaster  Swainson  (name  preoccupied). 
Ilisha  (Gray)  Richardson  (no  description). 

Oblong,  much  compressed,  convex,  ventral  profile  strongly 
serrated  by  thoracal  and  abdominal  scutes.  Scales  of  moderate 
size,  thin,  deciduous.  Lower  jaw  prominent,  cleft  of  mouth 
oblique,  of  moderate  width.  Oral  border  of  upper  jaw  with  a 
ligament  between  lateral  end  of  intermaxillary  and  prominent 
middle  of  maxillary,  which  ligament  may  be  replaced  by  a 
small  toothed  supplementary  bone.  Two  other  supplemental 
bones  along  the  dorsal  border  of  the  maxillary.  Minute  teeth 
on  the  jaws,  in  rasp-like  bands  on  palatines,  pterygoids  and 
tongue,  none  on  vomer.  Ventral  fins  very  small.  Upper  pectoral 
ray  strong  and  broad.  Anal  fin  long,  2!/2 — 3  in  length,  with 
33 — 54  rays.  Its  origin  below  or  just  behind  dorsal,  the  origin 
of  which  is  behind  ventrals.  Caudal  fin  deeply  forked.  Gill- 
rakers  stout,  not  numerous  (about  20),  spinulous  all  round. 

Nomen  indig. :  Mata  besar,  Bulan  bulan  (Malay.). 

Synopsis  of  the  species. 

A.  Oral  border  of  upper  jaw  with  a  supplemental  bone 
situated  between  lateral  end  of  intermaxillary  and  pro- 
minent middle  of  maxillary P.  hocvenii  p.  86. 


85 

B.  Oral  border  of  upper  jaw  with  a  ligament  in  stead 
of  a  supplemental  bone  between  lateral  end  of  inter- 
maxillary and  maxillary. 

I.  Up  to  45  scales  in  L.I.,  23 — 28  abdominal  scutes. 

a.  Height    about    33/4,    posterior    half   of  dorsal 

opposite  to  anal.  Anal  about  3  times  in  length. 

A.  circa  42 P.  kampeni  p.  87. 

6.   Height  21/2— 23/5. 

1.  Anal  2'2/5 — 2V-2i  origin  of  anal  behind  dorsal. 

L.  1.  40 — 42.  A.  47 — 48 P.  brachysoma  p.  87. 

2.  Anal    3,    origin    of  anal    below  last  dorsal 

rays.  L.  1.  45.  A.  37 — 39 P.  ditchoa  p.  88. 

II.  More  than  45  scales  in  L.  1.,  28 — 39  abdominal 
scutes. 

a.  At   least    a    part    of  the    anterior  half  of  the 
dorsal  is  situated  above  the  anal. 

1.  35  abdominal  scutes.  L.I.  50.  A.  40.  Anal 

2'/2  in  length P.  pristigasfroides  p.  89. 

2.  38 — 39  abdominal  scutes.  L.  1.  50—54.  A. 

47 — 53.  Anal  22/3 — 23/4  in  length P.  amblyuropterus  p.  90. 

b.  Only  the  posterior  half  of  the  dorsal  or  part 
of  it  opposite  to  anal. 

1.  Anal  3,  height  3 — 4  in  length. 

ct.  Ventrals    in    middle    between    anal  and 

suboperculum. 

aa.  Origin  of  anal  nearly  opposite  to 
end  of  dorsal.  Greatest  convexity  of 
ventral  profile  near  ventrals.  Maxil- 
lary reaching  to  middle  of  eye,  which 
goes  4  times  or  less  in  head.  .../*.  elongata.  p.  90. 

bb.  Origin  of  anal  opposite  to  posterior 
half  of  dorsal.  Greatest  convexity  of 
ventral  profile  near  base  of  pectorals. 
Maxillary  reaching  to  hindpart  of 
eye,  which  goes  more  than  4  times 

in  head P.  novacula  p.  92. 

(3.  Ventrals    much    nearer    to  anal  than  to 

suboperculum.    Origin   of  anal  opposite 

to  hindermost  rays  of  dorsal P.  diissumieri  p.  92. 

2.  Anal  21/2 — 23/4,  height  22/3 — 3^4  in  length. 
«.  Ventral   much   nearer   to    anal   than    to 


86 

suboperculum.     Anal     2'/2     in     length. 
Greatest  convexity  of  abdominal  profile 

before  base  of  pectorals P.  macrogaster  p.  93. 

0.  Ventrals  situated  midway  between  anal 
and  suboperculum.  Anal  22/3 — 23/4. 
Greatest  convexity  of  abdominal  pro- 
file between  pectorals  and  ventrals.  .  .  P.  xanthoptera  p.  94. 

i.  Pellona  hoevenii  Blkr. 

Pellona  Hoevenii  Bleeker,  Verb.  Bat.  Gen.  XXIV.   1852.  Haringacht.,  p.  21. 
Pellona  hoevenii  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  455. 
Ilisha  Hoevenii  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.   25,  26.  1872,  p.   117. 
Pellona  Hoevenii  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1878—1888,  p.  644. 

B.  6;  D.  17—18;  A.  33—37J  *>•  18;  V.  7;  L.I.  40—45; 
L.  tr.  12 — 13. 

Oblong,  compressed,  lower  profile  not  much  more  convex 
than  dorsal.  Height  23/4— 3,  head  3— 3!/4»  eYe  23/4~ 3>  !/4 
longer  than  snout,  about  as  long  as  postorbital  part  of  head. 
On  each  side  of  the  head  a  pair  of  parallel  lines,  which 
diverge  hindwards,  till  a  point  on  the  occiput  where  the  two 
lines  meet  in  one  ridge  which  converges  hindwards  with  that 
of  the  other  side.  Maxillary  reaches  about  to  below  the  middle 
of  eye,  2  in  head.  Its  oral  border  is  supplemented  by  a  small 
toothed  bone,  which  reaches  from  the  lateral  end  of  the 

intermaxillary  to  the  promi- 
nent middle  of  the  maxillary. 
There  are  two  dorsal  supple- 
mental bones,  the  larger  of 
which  reaches  nearly  to  the 
hindborder  of  the  maxillary. 

I  Origin  of  dorsal  midway  be- 

tween caudal  and  snout  or  a 

Fig.  29.  Pellona  noevenit  Blkr. 

little  nearer  to  the  lastnamed, 

i  Intermaxillary,  „  maxillary,  /  ossified  &  j.^  ^.^  ^  jn  Q{  yen_ 
ligament  between  them,  s  r  supplemental  .  * 

bones   X  3-  trals,  which  are  situated  much 

nearer  to  anal  than  to  suboper- 
culum. Ventrals  much  smaller  than  eye.  Pectorals  shorter  than 
head  without  snout,  not  reaching  to  ventrals.  Anal  3  !/a — 32/3  in 
length  (without  caudal),  its  origin  below  or  a  little  before 
base  of  last  dorsal  ray.  Caudal  scaly,  deeply  incised  nearly  as 
long  as  head.  Teeth  on  palatines,  pterygoids,  tongue  and  small 


87 

ones  in  a  single  series  on  jaws.  Gillrakers  about  20 — 23,  l/3 
longer  than  branchial  filaments,  shorter  than  pupil.  Scales 
deciduous,  thin,  with  a  single  vertical  line,  margin  slightly 
and  irregularly  crenulated.  23 — 27  abdominal  scutes,  about  9 
of  which  are  postventral.  Silvery  with  a  brownish  back  (in 
alcohol).  Fins  hyaline,  margin  of  dorsal  and  caudal  more  or 
less  dark.  Length  about  180  mm. 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia !,  Bantam,  Anjer,  Tjiringin);  Sumatra 
(Padang,  Tiku,  Priaman);  Singapore;  Celebes  (Macassar!,  Bon- 
thain;  Badjoa;  Pare  Pare!);  Halmahera  (Sindangola) ;  Obi- 
major;  Ambon;  Ceram  (Wahai).  --  Philippines;  Siam  to  Coro- 
mandel  coast  of  India. 

In  sea. 

2.  Pellona  kampeni  n.  sp. 

B.  6;  D.  15—16;  A.  42;  P.  15;  V.  7;  L.I.  about  44;  L.  tr. 
about  15. 

Oblong,  compressed,  ventral  profile  a  little  more  convex 
than  dorsal  one,  profile  of  nape  straight.  Height  33/4,  head 
34/3,  eye  about  3,  as  long  as  snout.  Two  pairs  of  diverging 
ridges  on  the  surface  of  the  head,  the  posterior  portions  of 
which  run  nearly  parallel.  Maxillary  reaches  to  below  middle 
of  eye,  twice  in  head,  its  oral  border  without  supplemental  bone 
(cf.  P.  hoevenii]  but  with  a  ligament  instead.  Chin  very  prominent. 
Origin  of  dorsal  a  little  nearer  to  snout  than  to  caudal,  nearly  in 
the  middle,  i!/3  diameter  of  eye  behind  ventrals,  which  are 
situated  nearer  to  the  anal  than  to  the  suboperculum.  Ventrals 
very  short.  Anal  almost  3  in  length,  its  anterior  part  opposite 
to  posterior  half  of  dorsal.  Caudal  deeply  incised.  Scales  deci- 
duous, thin,  smooth,  25 — 26  abdominal  scutes,  7  behind  ven- 
trals. Gillrakers  20,  spinulous  all  round,  a  little  longer  than 
branchial  filaments,  3/4  of  pupil.  Length  150  mm. 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia !) ;  Borneo  (Balikpapan  !). 

In  sea  and  estuaries. 

3.  Pellona  brachysoma  Blkr. 

Pellona  brachysoma  Bleeker,  Verb.  Bat.  Gen.  XXIV.   1852,  Haringacht.  p.  22. 
Pellona  brachysoma  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  456. 
Ilisha  brachysoma  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  25,   26.  1872,  p.  118. 
Pellona  brachysoma  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1878 — 1888,  p.  645. 

B.  6;  D.  16—17;  A.  47— 49;  P.  16;  V.  7;  L.I.  40— 42; 
L.  tr.  15  — 16. 


88 

Oblong,  compressed,  ventral  profile  regularly  curved,  much 
more  convex  than  dorsal  one.  Height  2l/2 — 23/5,  head  3!/2 — 32/3» 
eye  2!/2 — 23/4,  longer  than  snout.  Two  pairs  of  diverging  lines 
on  surface  of  head,  posterior  halves  of  which  run  parallel. 
Maxillary  reaches  below  middle  of  eye,  about  2  in  length  of 
head.  Oral  border  of  maxillary  without  supplementary  bone 
(cf.  P.  hoevenii}  but  with  a  ligament  instead.  Origin  of  dorsal 
distinctly  nearer  to  snout  than  to  caudal,  behind  the  origin 
of  ventrals,  which  are  shorter  than  eye  and  much  nearer  to 
anal  than  to  suboperculum.  Pectorals  nearly  as  long  as  head 
without  snout,  nearly  reaching  to  ventrals.  Anal  22/5 — 2'/2  in 
length,  its  origin  behind  the  dorsal.  Caudal  scaly,  deeply 
incised,  32/5 — 3'/2  in  length.  Scales  generally  with  vertical  lines, 
convex,  hindmargin  smooth.  25 — 26  abdominal  scutes.  Silvery, 
back  dark.  Fins  hyaline.  Dorsal  powdered  with  brown.  Length 
up  to  170  mm.  [Not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia) ;  Sumatra  (Priaman,  Padang) ; 
Singapore.  —  British  India. 

In  sea. 

4.  Pellona  ditchoa  C.  V. 

Platygaster  indicus  Swainson,  Nat.  Hist.  Fishes  II.   1830,  p.  294.  (Name  only). 
Pellona  ditchoa  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons  XX.  1847,  ?•  3*3' 
Pellona  ditchoa  Bleeker,  Verb.  Bat.  Gen.  XXIV.  1852,  Haringacht.,  p.  24. 
Pellona  ditchoa  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  455. 
Ilisha  indica  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  25,  26.   1872,  p.   118. 
Pellona  indica  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.    1878—1888  p.  644. 
Pellona  indica  Pfeffer,  Die  Fische  Ost-Afrikas,  1896.  p.  69. 

B.  6;  D.  16—17;  A.  37-395  P.  16;  V.  7;  L.I.  45;  L.  tr. 
14—15. 

Oblong,  compressed,  ventral  profile  much  more  convex  than 
the  dorsal,  strongest  convexity  below  ventrals.  Height  2*/2 — 23/5, 
head  3'/5— 34/s»  eYe  ^\T~ 3>  V3  longer  than  snout,  nearly 
equalling  postorbital  part  of  the  head.  Ridges  as  on  head  of 
P.  hoevenii,  but  their  posterior  half  parallel.  Maxillary  reaches 
below  first  half  of  eye,  about  2  times  in  head.  Oral  border  of 
maxillary  without  a  supplementary  bone  (cf.  P.  hoevenii}  but 
with  a  ligament  instead.  Second  supplemental  bone  reaching  to 
hindborder  of  maxillary.  Origin  of  dorsal  nearer  to  snout  than 
to  caudal,  about  half  eye  length  behind  origin  of  ventrals, 
which  are  nearer  to  anal  than  to  suboperculum.  Ventrals 
shorter  than  eye.  Pectorals  as  long  as  head  without  snout, 


89 

reaching  to  ventrals  in  adults.  Anal  about  3  times  in  length, 
its  origin  below  base  of  last  dorsal  ray.  Caudal  scaly,  about 
3!/2  in  length.  Teeth  on  palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue, 
small  ones  in  a  single  series  in  jaws.  Gillrakers  24,  almost  !/2 
longer  than  filaments,  as  long  as  pupil.  Scales  deciduous,  thin, 
with  some  vertical  lines  and  an  irregularly  crenulated  hind- 
margin.  26 — 28  abdominal  scutes,  8 — 9  being  postventral. 
Colour  silvery,  back  brownish  (in  alcohol),  fins  hyaline,  dorsal 
and  caudal  powdered  with  brown.  Length  about  160  mm. 

Nomen    indig. :    Dero.    juveniles:    Longlong    mata   (Java). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia!,  Samarang,  Surabaya,  Pasaruan, 
Kendal !  Palabuan  Batu  !) ;  Sumatra  (Benkulen,  Tiku,  Priaman 
Bagan  api  api!)  Madura;  Singapore;  Banka.  Westward 

to  coast  of  East- Africa. 

In   sea. 

5.  Pellona  pristigastroides  Blkr. 

Pellona  pristigastroides  Bleeker,  Verb.  Bat.  Gen.  XXIV.   1852,  Haringacht,  p.  20. 
Pellona  pristigastroides  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.    1868,  p.  459. 
Ilisha  pristigastroides  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  25,  26.   1872.  p.    12 1. 

B.  6;  D.  17;  A.  40;  P.  15;  V.  6;  L.I.  50;  L.  tr.   14—15. 

Oblong,  compressed,  ventral  profile  especially  anteriorly 
much  more  convex  than  dorsal  profile,  that  of  the  nape  concave. 
Height  3'/4,  head  4!/4,  eye  4,  about  equal  to  snout,  much 
shorter  than  postorbital  part  of  head.  Posterior  halves  of  the 
ridges  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  head  slightly  divergent 
behind.  Maxillary  reaches  to  middle  of  eye,  about  twice  in  head, 
its  oral  border  without  supplemental  bone  (cf.  P.  hoevenii] 
but  with  a  ligament  in  stead.  Origin  of  dorsal  nearer  to  caudal 
than  to  snout,  far  behind  origin  of  ventrals,  which  are  rudi- 
mentary and  a  little  nearer  to  anal  than  to  suboperculum. 
Pectorals  about  as  long  as  head  without  chin,  reaching  farther 
than  ventrals.  Anal  2*/2,  its  anterior  part  opposite  to  nearly 
the  entire  dorsal.  Caudal  scaly,  deeply  incised,  5  in  length. 
16  gillrakers,  spinulous  all  round,  longer  than  branchial  fila- 
ments; equal  to  half  eye.  Scales  sometimes  with  transverse 
lines,  their  hindmargin  convex  and  smooth.  35  abdominal 
scutes,  12  of  which  behind  ventrals.  Silvery,  yellowish  or  bluish 
above,  fins  hyaline,  margin  of  caudal  powdered  with  brown. 
Length  more  than  180  mm,  [Type  in  British  Museum  exa- 
mined]. 


9o 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia);  Borneo  (Sinkawang,  Sadong). 
In  sea  and  mouth  of  rivers. 

6.  Pellona  amblyuropterus  Blkr. 

Pellona  amblyuropterus  Bleeker,  Verb.  Bat.  Gen.  XXIV.  1852,  Haringacht.,  p.  21. 
Pellona  amblyuropterus  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1 868,  p.  459. 
Ilisha  amblyuropterus  Bleeker,  All.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  25,  26.   1872.  p.   122. 

B  6;  D.  17;  A.  47— 53  (44  Gunther);  P.  14—15;  V.  6—7; 
L.I.  50 — 54;  L.  tr.  15 — 1 6. 

Oblong,  compressed,  ventral  profile  more  convex  than  the  dor- 
sal. Profile  of  the  nape  slightly  concave.  Height  3]/3,  head  34/5 — 4, 
eye  4 — 4J/4,  longer  than  snout.  Posterior  halves  of  the  ridges 
on  the  upper  surface  of  the  head  divergent  behind.  Maxillary 
denticulated,  in  fullgrown  specimens  reaching  to  posterior  half 
of  the  eye,  2  times  and  a  little  in  head,  its  oral  border  without 
supplemental  bone  (cf.  P.  hoevenii]  but  with  a  ligament  in- 
stead. Origin  of  dorsal  conspicuously  nearer  to  caudal  than 
to  snout,  far  behind  origin  of  ventrals,  which  are  much  nearer 
to  anal  than  to  suboperculum.  Ventrals  very  short.  Pectorals 
nearly  as  long  as  head  without  chin,  shorter  when  fullgrown, 
nearly  reaching  the  ventrals.  Anal  22/3 — 23/4  in  length,  its 
anterior  part  opposite  to  nearly  the  entire  dorsal.  Caudal 
scaly,  deeply  incised,  43/5 — 6  in  length.  Scales  very  thin, 
sometimes  with  transverse  lines,  their  hindmargin  smooth; 
38 — 39  abdominal  spines,  n  of  which  behind  ventrals.  16 — 17 
gillrakers,  spinulous  all  round,  longer  than  branchial  filaments, 
a  little  shorter  than  !/2  eye.  Silvery,  darker  above,  fins  hyaline, 
dorsal  and  caudal  more  or  less  powdered  with  brown,  inside 
and  superior  border  of  pectorals  yellow.  Length  over  450  mm. 

[Specimens  of  Bleeker's  collection  in  the  Leyden  Museum 
examined]. 

Nomen    indig.    Ikan    Puput    (Bagan    Api    Api,    Sumatra). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia) ;  Sumatra  (Bagan  Api  Api !) ; 
Singapore;  Borneo  (Sungiduri). 

In  sea  and  brackish  water. 

7.  Pellona  elongata  (Benn.) 

Alosa  elongata  Bennet,  Mem.  Life  Raffles,   1830.  p.  691. 

Clupea  melastoma  Bleeker,  Nat.  Gen.  Arch.  Ned.  Indie  II.  1845,  p.  509.  (nee  Bl.). 

Pellona  grayana  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Natf  Ppissons  XX.   1847,  p.  315. 


91 

Pellona  ajfinis  Cantor,  Journ.  Asiat.  Soc.  Bengal  XVIII.   1850,  p.   1273. 

Pellona  grayana  Bleeker,  Verb.  Bat.  Gen.  XXIV.    1852,  Haringacht.,  p.   25. 

Pellona  grayana  Kner,  Novara  Exp.  Fische   1865 — 1867,  p.  328. 

Pellona  elongata  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit,  Mus.   VII.   1 868,  p.  456. 

Ilisha  elongata  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  25,  26.   1872,  p.   119. 

Pellona  elongata  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1878—1888,  p.  643. 

Ilisha  elongata  Jordan  &  Herre,  Proc.  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.  XXXI.   1907,  p.  635. 


Fig.  30.  Pellona  elongata  (Benn.) 

B.  6;  D.  15—17;  A. 40— 50;  P.  15  — 17;  V.  7;  L.I.  50—53; 
L.  tr.  15 — 16. 

Oblong,  compressed.  Ventral  profile  much  more  cotivex 
than  .  dorsal  one,  especially  before  ventrals.  Height  3 — 33/4, 
head  32/3 — 4,  eye  3!/4 — 4,  equals  snout  in  adults.  Two  pairs  of 
diverging  ridges  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  head,  the  posterior 
halves  of  which  run  nearly  parallel.  Maxillary  reaches  middle 
of  eye,  2 — 2*/5  in  head.  Oral  border  of  maxillary  without  a 
supplementary  bone  (cf.  P.  hoevenii}  but  with  a  ligament  in- 
stead. Origin  of  dorsal  midway  between  snout  and  caudal  or 
slightly  nearer  to  lastnamed,  far  behind  origin  of  ventrals, 
which  are  situated  nearly  in  the  middle  between  anal  and 
suboperculum.  Ventrals  shorter  than  eye.  Pectorals  about  as 
long  as  head  without  snout,  reaching  to  the  ventrals  or  not 
so  far.  Anal  3  times  or  a  little  more  in  length.  Its  origin 
below  the  end  of  the  base  of  the  dorsal  or  very  little  before 
it.  Caudal  scaly,  deeply  incised,  33/4 — 4'/4.  Teeth  on  palatines, 
pterygoids  and  tongue.  Gillrakers  21,  stout.  Scales  thin,  deci- 
duous, generally  with  a  few  vertical  lines,  hindmargin  smooth. 
32 — 36  abdominal  scutes.  Colour  silvery,  dark  above.  Fins 
hyaline,  margin  of  dorsal  and  upper,  under  and  hindmargin 
of  caudal  darker.  Length  over  400  mm. 

Habitat:    Java    (Batavia !,    Samarang,  Surabaya);  Madura; 
Sumatra  (Benkulen,  Telokbetong,  Palembang);  Pinang;  Singa- 


92 

pore;  Banka;  Borneo  (Pamangkat,  Sinkawang).  —  China;  For- 
mosa; Japan;  British  India. 
In  sea  and  mouth  of  rivers. 

8.  Pellona  novacula  C.  V. 

Pellona  novacula  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons  XX.  1847,  p.  319. 
Ilisha  novacula  Bleeker,  Ned.  Tijdschr.  Dierk.  III.  1866,  p.  302.  —  All.  Ichth. 

VI.  livr.  25,  26.   1872,  p.   120. 
Pellona  novacula  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868.  p.  458. 

B.  6;  D.  17-18;  A.  42;  P.  1/15;  V.  1/6;  L.I.  45—50; 
L.  tr.  14 — 15. 

Greatest  convexity  of  ventral  profile  below  base  of  pec- 
torals. Height  3!/2,  head  33/4,  eye  about  4,  about  equal  to 
snout  and  nearly  half  as  long  as  postorbital  part  of  head. 
The  posterior  halves  of  the  ridges  on  the  upper  surface  of  the 
head  slightly  divergent.  Maxillary  reaches  to  below  hinder  half 
of  eye,  nearly  twice  in  head  measured  with  chin.  Oral  border 
of  maxillary  without  a  supplementary  bone  (cf.  P.  hoevenii), 
but  with  a  ligament  instead.  Origin  of  dorsal  nearer  to  root 
of  caudal  than  to  end  of  snout,  far  behind  ventrals,  which 
are  shorter  than  the  eye  and  situated  about  in  the  middle 
between  anal  and  suboperculum.  Pectorals  about  as  long  as 
head  without  snout,  not  reaching  ventrals.  Anal  about  3  in 
length.  Its  origin  below  the  posterior  half  of  the  dorsal. 
Caudal  scaly,  deeply  incised.  Teeth  on  palatines,  pterygoids 
and  tongue.  20  gillrakers,  !/3  longer  than  branchial  filaments. 
Scales  more  or  less  distinctly  striated.  33  abdominal  scutes, 
10  of  which  postventral.  Colour  silvery,  dark  above.  Length 
230  mm.  [Bleeker's  specimen  seen  in  British  Museum]. 

Habitat:  Batavia  (once  recorded  by  Bleeker).  —  Rangoon; 
China. 

In  sea. 

9.  Pellona  dussumieri  C.  V. 

Platygaster  megalopterus  Swainson,  Nat.  Hist.  Fish.  II.  1830,  p.  294.  (Name  only). 
Pellona  dussumieri  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons  XX.  1847,  p.  316. 
Pellona  Leschenaultii  Bleeker,  Verb.  Bat.  Gen.  XXIII.  1850,  Bijdr.  M.  en  O. 

Java,  p.  1 1   (nee  C.  V.). 

Pellona  Kusselli  Bleeker,  Verb.  Bat.  Gen.  XXIV.   1852,  Haringacht.,  p.  23, 
Pellona  motius  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  456.  (ex  parte). 
Ilisha  megaloptertts  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  25,  26.   1872,  p.   119. 
Pellona  megalopterus  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1878 — 1888,  p.  645. 


93 

B.  6;  D.  17— 18;  A.  41— 44;  P.  16—17;  V.  7;  L.I.  48— 50; 
L.  tr.  14 — 15. 

Oblong,  compressed,  ventral  profile  not  much  more  convex 
than  dorsal  profile.  Height  3—  3 '/4,  head  3'/5 — 3!/2,  eye  3 — 31/4, 
'/4  longer  than  snout,  equalling  postorbital  part  of  head.  Dorsal 
surface  of  head  with  two  pairs  of  slightly  diverging  ridges. 
Maxillary  reaches  middle  of  eye,  about  2  times  in  head.  Oral 
border  of  maxillary  with  a  ligament  to  the  posterior  end  of  inter- 
maxillary. Its  posterior  end  broadly  rounded,  reaching  a  little 
farther  than  the  end  of  the  second  supplemental  bone.  Chin 
very  prominent.  Origin  of  dorsal  about  midway  between  snout 
and  base  of  caudal,  3/4  diameter  of  eye  behind  origin  of  ven- 
trals,  which  are  much  shorter  than  eye  and  much  nearer  to 
anal  than  to  suboperculum.  Pectorals  about  as  long  as  head 
without  snout,  reaching  to  the  ventrals.  Anal  about  3  times 
in  length  of  body,  its  origin  below  hindermost  rays  of  dorsal. 
Caudal  31/2 — 33/4  in  length.  Teeth  on  pterygoids,  palatines 
and  tongue,  a  single  series  of  small  ones  in  the  jaws.  Gill- 
rakers  about  21,  !/3  longer  than  branchial  filaments,  shorter 
than  pupil.  28 — 31  abdominal  scutes,  9 — n  behind  ventrals. 
Scales  thin,  deciduous,  with  one  vertical  line,  hindmargin 
nearly  smooth.  Colour  silvery,  back  brow.n  (in  alcohol),  fins 
hyaline.  Dorsal  and  caudal  bordered  with  dark.  Length  more 
than  300  mm. 

Nomen    indig. :  Ikan  puput  (Bangan  Api  Api). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia!,  Samarang,  Surabaya,  Pasaruan); 
Madura;  Singapore;  Sumatra  (Bagan  Api  Api!);  Bintang; 
Banka;  Borneo  (Sambas,  Kota  barul,  Pamangkat);  Ambon.  — 
British  India. 

In  sea  and  mouth  of  rivers. 

10.  Pellona  macrogaster  (Blkr.) 

Ilisha  macrogaster  Bleeker,  Ned.  Tijdschr.  Dierk.  III.    1866,  p.  300. 
Pellona  macrogaster  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.   VII.   1868,  p.  458. 
Ilisha  macrogaster  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  25,  26.   1872,  p.   12 1. 

B.  6;  D.  16;  A.  47;  P.  15;  V.  6— 7;  L.I.  50;  L.  tr.  15  —  16. 

Oblong,  compressed,  ventral  profile,  especially  anteriorly 
much  more  convex  than  dorsal  profile,  that  of  the  nape  nearly 
straight.  Height  24/5,  head  33/4,  eye  about  2!/2,  about  double 
as  long  as  snout.  Posterior  third  of  the  ridges  on  the  upper- 
surface  of  the  head  parallel  to  each  other.  Maxillary  reaches 


94 

under  the  anterior  half  of  the  eye,  about  twice  in  head,  oral 
•border  of  maxillajy  without  supplemental  bone  (cf.  P.  hoevenii], 
but  with  a  ligament  instead.  Origin  of  dorsal  about  in  the 
middle  between  snout  and  caudal,  far  behind  the  origin  of 
ventrals,  which  are  situated  much  nearer  to  anal  than  to 
suboperculum.  Ventral  fins  exceedingly  short.  Pectorals  a  little 
shorter  than  head  without  chin,  reaching  to  ventrals.  Anal 
21/2  in  length,  its  origin  below  posterior  half  of  dorsal.  Caudal 
scaly,  deeply  incised,  5  in  length.  Scales  with  faint  vertical 
lines,  hindmargin  smooth.  36 — 37  abdominal  scutes,  about  9 
behind  ventrals.  Silvery,  above  dark,  fins  hyaline.  Length 
150  mm.  [Not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Borneo  (Sambas,  Serawak). 

In  rivers. 

ii.  Pellona  xanthoptera  Blkr. 

Pellona  xanthopterus  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie  II.   1851,  p.  439. 
Pellona  xanthoptera  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  457. 
Ilisha  xanthopterus  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  25,  26.  1872,  p.   122. 

B.  6;  D.  16—17;  A.  47—50;  P.  15—16;  V.  7;  L.I.  circa 
50;  L.  tr.  16. 

Oblong,  compressed,  ventral  profile  much  more  convex  than 
dorsal  one,  especially  convex  a  little  before  ventrals.  Height  3, 
head  33/4 — 4,  eye  22/3  to  more  than  3,  much  longer  than  snout. 
Dorsal  surface  of  head  concave,  with  two  pairs  of  diverging 
ridges,  the  posterior  halves  of  which  are  parallel.  Maxillary 
reaches  to  middle  of  eye,  2 — 2]/5  in  head.  Oral  border  of 
maxillary  without  supplementary  bone  (cf.  P.  hoevenii},  but 
with  a  ligament  instead.  Origin  of  dorsal  midway  between 
snout  and  caudal,  far  behind  origin  of  ventrals,  which  are 
situated  about  the  middle  between  anal  and  suboperculum. 
Ventrals  shorter  than  eye.  Pectorals  as  long  as  head  without 
chin,  reaching  much  farther  than  base  of  ventrals.  Length  of 
anal  22/3 — 23/4  in  length  of  body,  its  origin  below  the  hinder  end 
of  the  base  of  the  dorsal  or  below  its  last  rays.  Caudal  scaly, 
deeply  incised,  5 — 5!/2  *n  length.  Teeth  on  pterygoids,  pala- 
tines, tongue  and  jaws.  Gillrakers  24,  about  as  long  as  branchial 
filaments,  about  2/5  of  eye.  Scales  thin,  deciduous,  shiny,  with 
concentric  lines,  hindmargin  rough.  35 — 37  abdominal  scutes, 
10 — 12  of  which  postventral.  Yellowish  silvery.  Fins  hyaline. 


95 

•* 

Length  over  360  mm.  [Specimen  of  Bleeker's  collection  in  the 
Leyden  Museum  examined]. 

Habitat:  Java  (Krawang !) ;  Borneo  (Sambas,  Pamangkat 
Sarawak). 

In  rivers  and  brackish  water. 

5.  Ophisthopterus  Gill. 

(GiLL.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philadelphia  1861,  p.  31). 

(Pristigaster  Gthr.  p.  p.  !). 

Oblong,  strongly  compressed,  ventral  profile  strongly  serrated, 
especially  convex  between  chin  and  pectorals.  Lower  jaw  pro- 
jecting, maxillary  vertical,  rounded  behind,  reaching  farther 
than  its  supplemental  bone  but  not  produced.  Small  teeth  on 
jaws,  palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue,  none  on  vomer.  Dorsal 
fin  short,  inserted  far  behind  origin  of  anal.  Anal  long  with 
more  than  50  rays.  Ventrals  wanting.  Caudal  deeply  forked. 
Scales  moderate,  thin,  deciduous.  Gillrakers  28 — 30,  stout, 
much  longer  than  branchial  filaments. 

Synopsis  of  the  species. 

A.  Maxillary   twice  in  head,  supplementary  bone  rea- 
ching   as    far    as    maxillary  (see  fig.   31).  Pectorals 

shorter  than  head 0.  tartoor  p.  95. 

B,  Maxillary   ii/a — 14/8  in  head,  excluding  the  supple- 
mentary   bone    totally    from    the    caudal  border  of 
the    upper  jaw  (see  fig.  32).  Pectorals  longer  than 

head 0.  macrognathus  p.  96. 

i.  Opisthopterus  tartoor  (C.  V.) 


Fig.   31.   Opisthopterus  tartoor  (C.  V.) 
i  Intermaxillary,  m  maxillary,  /  ligament  between  them,  s  s'  supplemental  bones. 


i)    See    Max    Weber    &   L.    F.    de    Beaufort,    Verhand.    Akademie    Amsterdam 
XVII,  N«.  3,   1912,  p.  9. 


96 

Pristigaster  tartoor  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons  XX.  1847,  p.  328. 
Pristigaster   tartoor   Bleeker,    Verb.  Bat.  Gen.  XXIV.   1852,  Haringacht.,  p.  25, 

(ex  parte). 

Opisthopterus  tartoor  Bleeker,  Ned.  Tijdschr.  Dierk.  III.   1866,  p.  296. 
Pristigaster  tartoor  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  460. 
Opisthoplerus  tartoor  Bleeker,  All.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  25,  26.   1872,  p.    123. 
Opisthopterus  tartoor  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1878 — 1888,  p.   646. 

B.  6;  D.  15—17;  A.  56—66;  P.  14—16;  L.I.  50—54; 
L.  tr.  12 — 13. 

Elongate,  very  compressed,  very  convex  from  chin  to  anal. 
Dorsal  profile  of  head  concave,  of  back  slightly  convex. 
Height  3!/3 — 33/4,  head  about  5,  eye  23/4 — 3,  much  longer 
than  snout  and  shorter  than  postorbital  part  of  head.  Maxil- 
lary twice  in  head,  its  supplementary  bone  reaches  nearly  as 
far  as  the  maxillary  itself,  the  ventral  border  of  which  is 
denticulated.  Operculum  rounded  behind,  praeoperculum  trian- 
gular. Distance  of  the  origin  of  the  caudal  to  the  end  of  the 
snout  is  i3/4  times  its  distance  from  the  snout.  The  origin  of 
the  dorsal  lies  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  dorsal 
behind  the  vertical  through  the  origin  of  the  anal.  Pectorals 
somewhat  shorter  than  head.  Scales  deciduous,  28 — 30  sharp 
keeled  and  curved  abdominal  scutes.  Teeth  on  the  jaws, 
palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue.  Gillrakers  28,  stout,  spinulous 
all  round,  twice  as  long  as  the  branchial  filaments,- as  long 
as  pupil.  Silvery,  except  on  the  back,  a  dark  patch  behind 
upper  angle  of  operculum.  Fins  hyaline.  Caudal  with  a  dusky 
margin.  Length  over  200  mm. 

Nomen    indig:  Kentut  (Batavia). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia!;  Palabuan  Batu) ;  Sumatra  (Bagan 
Api  Api!).  —  British  India. 

In  sea. 

2.  Opisthopterus  macrognathus  Blkr. 

Pristigaster  tartoor  Bleeker,  Verb.  Bat.  Gen.  XXIV.  Haringacht.,  p.  25  (ex  parte). 
Opisthopterus  macrognathus  Bleeker,  Ned.  Tijdschr.  Dierk.  III.   1866,  p.  299. 
Pristigaster  macrognathus  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868.  p.  461. 
Opisthopterus  macrognathus  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  25,  26.    1872,  p.  124. 

B.  6;  D.  16—17;  A.  59—63;  P.  13;  L.I.  45—52;  L.tr.  12—13. 

Elongate,  very  compressed,  very  convex  from  chin  to  anal. 
Dorsal  profile  of  head  concave,  back  convex.  Height  3!/4 — 3!/2> 
head  about  5,  eye  about  3,  '/4  longer  than  snout,  less  than 


97 

postorbital  part  of  head.  Maxillary  about  twice  in  head,  nearly 
vertical,  its  ventral  border  denticulated  in  its  anterior  half, 
its  broad  caudal  end  reaching  farther  than  the  broad  caudal 
end  of  the  supplementary  bone.  Operculum  rounded  behind, 
oblique  below,  praeoperculum  triangular.  The  distance  between 
the  origin  of  dorsal  and  caudal  is  a  little  longer  than  half  its 
distance  from  snout.  Origin  of  dorsal  more  than  twice  the 
length  of  the  dorsal  behind  the  vertical  through  origin  of  anal. 
Pectorals  much  longer  than 
head.  Scales  deciduous,  not 
or  irregularly  striated.  Thirty 
to  33  sharp,  keeled  and  curv- 
ed abdominal  scutes.  Teeth 
on  jaws,  palatines,  pterygoids 

Flg«  32-  Opisthopterus  macrognathus  Blkr. 

and  tongue.  Gillrakers  about 

30,  StOUt,  minutely  spinulous    .    '  ^~^1,  "'  maxillary   /  ligament 

between  them,  s  r  supplemental  bones,  x  3- 
all  round,  much  longer  than 

branchial  filaments,  about  as  long  as  pupil.  Silvery,  except  on 
the  back,  sometimes  a  dark  patch  on  the  upper  part  of  oper- 
culum.  Fins  hyaline.  Length  up  to  225  mm. 

Nomen   indig:  Lipiram  (Javan.). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia!  Tjilatjap!);  Sumatra  (Benkulen, 
Padang,  Priaman) ;  Singapore ;  Borneo  (Sinkawang,  Sampit, 
Sarawak,  Matang).  —  Sea  and  estuaries. 

6.  Raconda  (Gray)  Cantor. 

(CANTOR,  Journ.  Asiat.  Soc.  Bengal  XVIII,  1850,  p.   1274). 

Oblong,  much  compressed,  belly  very  convex,  abdomen 
feebly  serrated.  Scales  moderate,  thin,  very  deciduous.  Lower 
jaw  projecting,  maxillary  tapering  behind  and  produced  as 
far  as  gillopening  in  adults.  Teeth  minute,  in  the  jaws  in  a 
single  series,  in  velvety  patches  on  palatines,  pterygoids  and 
tongue,  none  on  vomer.  Dorsal  and  ventral  fins  wanting.  Anal 
long,  with  more  than  80  rays,  upper  pectoral  ray  enlarged. 
Caudal  deeply  forked.  Pseudobranchiae  well  developed. 

i.  Raconda  russelliana  Gray. 

Raconda  russelliana  Gray,  Zool.  Miscell.   1831,  p.  9. 

Raconda  russelliana  Cantor,  Journ.  Asiatic  Soc.  of  Bengal,  XVIII.  1850,  p.  1274. 

INDOAUSTRALIAN  FISHES  II.  7 


JPrtstigasler  russellianus  GUnther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  VII.   1868,  p.  462 
Raconda  russelliana  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  25,  26.   1872,  p.   124. 
Raconda  russelliana  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.  1878 — 1888,  p.  646. 


Fig.  33.  Raconda  riisselliana  Gray. 

B.  6;  A.  83—92;  P.   13;  L.I.  60—64;  L.  tr.   12. 

Oblong,  strongly  compressed,  anterior  portion  of  ventral 
profile  very  convex.  JDorsal  profile  concave  above  the  orbits. 
Height  34/5,  head  53/4,  eye  3 — 3!/4,  longer  than  snout.  Maxil- 
lary reaching  to  middle  of  eye,  in  adults  as  far  as  gillopening. 
Pectorals  about  as  long  as  head  without  chin.  Caudal  deeply 
forked,  the  lower  lobe  the  longer.  Gillrakers  about  22,  less 
long  than  half  eye.  Scales  very  deciduous,  in  regular  horizontal 
rows.  31 — 38  feeble  abdominal  scutes.  A  narrow  dark  blackish 
band  along  the  back,  sides  yellowish,  below  silvery.  A  deep 
brown  or  black  spot  on  the  shoulder,  sometimes  continued  on 
to  the  opercle.  Length  about  200  mm. 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Bagan  Api  Api !),  Singapore.  —  Malay 
Peninsula  to  Bay  of  Bengal.  —  In  sea,  near  shore. 

7.  Fam.  Alepocephalidae. 

Elongate,  compressed.  Head  almost  always  naked.  Body 
covered  with  thin  cycloid  scales,  at  least  in  the  lateral  line. 
Barbels  none.  Nostrils  close  to  the  eye.  Mouth  moderate  or 
large,  its  upper  margin  formed  by  intermaxilla  and  maxilla. 
The  intermaxilla  being  placed  along  the  anterior  inferior  edge 
of  the  latter,  which  has  a  supplemental  bone  at  its  hindpart. 
Feeble  teeth  on  mandibles,  intermaxilla,  sometimes  on  maxilla 
and  mostly  on  palatines.  No  adipose  fin.  Anal  more  or  less 
below  dorsal.  Pectorals  placed  rather  high;  ventrals  about  in 
the  middle  of  the  length  of  the  body,  sometimes  wanting. 
Anus  behind  middle  of  body.  Opercles  complete,  but  very 
thin.  Gillopening  very  wide,  partially  covered  by  a  continuation 
of  the  skin  of  the  head  and  by  the  gillmembranes,  which  are 


99 

% 

free  from  the  isthmus  and  overlap  each  other.  Pseudobranchiae 
present.  Gillrakers  long  and  numerous.  No  gular  plate. 

Synopsis    of  the   genera. 

A.  Scales  well  developed.  Teeth  on  the  palate. 

a.  Teeth  on  intermaxilla,  mandible  and  palatines  only  .  Alepocephalus  p.  99. 

b.  Teeth  also  on  the  maxillary  and  vomer     Bathytroctes  p.   101. 

B.  Scales  if  present  on  lateral  line.  Palate  toothless  ....  Akposomus  p.   104. 

i.  Alepocephalus  Risso. 

(Risso,  Mem.  de  1'Acad.  Sc.  Torino  XXV.   1820,  p.  270). 

(Mitchillina  Jordan  &  Evermann). 

Oblong,  compressed,  covered  with  rather  large,  cycloid, 
deciduous  scales,  those  of  the  lateral  line  tubular.  Base  of  all 
fins  invested  by  small  scales.  Head  naked.  Cleft  of  mouth  of 
moderate  width.  Jaws  nearly  equal  in  front.  A  series  of  small 
teeth  on  intermaxillae,  mandibles  and  palatines.  Dorsal  and 
anal  rather  short,  their  origin  nearly  opposite.  Opercles  large 
and  thin,  gillopening  wide,  partially  covered  by  the  entirely 
separate  and  overlapping  gillmembranes  and  by  a  continuation 
of  the  skin  of  the  head.  Gillrakers  numerous,  close  set  and 
rather  long.  Pseudobranchiae  present.  Branchiostegals  6. 

Key  to  the  species. 

a.  Eyes  5 — 6,  more  than  one  diameter  apart ;  gillmembranes 

broadly  overlapping  each  other A.  bicolor  p.  99. 

b.  Eyes    3Va,   half  diameter    apart;    gillmembranes   slightly 

overlapping  each  other A.  blanfordi  p.  loo. 

i.  Alepocephalus  bicolor  Ale. 

Alepocephahis   bicolor  Alcock,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (6)  VIII.   1891,  p.  133.  — 

Descript.  Cat.  Indian  Deep  Sea  Fishes,  1899,  p.   169. 

Alepocephalus  bicolor  Brauer,  Deutsche  Tiefsee-Exp.  Tiefseefische   1906,  p.   19. 
Alepocephalus  bicolor  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische  1913,  p.   10. 


Fig.  34.  Alepocephalus  bicolor  Ale. 


160 

B.  6;  D.  20—21;  A.  26—28;  P.  IO— II;  V.  8;  L.I.  62—63; 
L.  tr.  18. 

Height  about  43/4 ;  head  about  3'/3 — 33/4.  Eyes  5 — 6,  con- 
verging anteriorly  and  more  than  their  own  diameter  apart; 
about  I'/s  in  the  length  of  the  obtusely  pointed,  conical  snout. 
The  very  large  pearshaped  posterior  nostril  contiguous  to 
anterior  orbital  margin,  close  to  posterior  border  of  smaller 
anterior  nostril.  Cleft  of  the  mouth  slightly  oblique.  The  rounded 
posterior  end  of  the  maxilla  reaches  just  behind  the  vertical 
through  anterior  border  of  eye.  Dorsal  begins  a  little  in  advance 
of  anal,  its  length  2/3  of  that  of  anal,  both  begin  just  in  advance 
of  posterior  third  of  body.  Pectorals  about  equal  to  postorbital 
part  of  head,  reaching  ventrals;  the  origin  of  the  latter  is 
between  that  of  pectorals  and  anal.  Caudal  deeply  forked, 
with  very  numerous  rudimentary  rays  at  its  base.  Scales  large, 
cycloid,  deciduous,  least  on  the  lateral  line.  A  row  of  small 
teeth  on  intermaxillary,  mandibulary  and  palatines.  Gillrakers 
long  and  lamellar.  Pseudobranchiae  small.  Brown,  head  and 
paired  fins  black.  Length  300  mm. 

Habitat:  Flores  sea  (521 — 538  m.) ! ;  W.  of  Sumatra 
(750  m.).  —  Bay  of  Bengal  (440  m.);  Arabian  sea  (658  m.). 

2.  Alepocephalus  blanfordi  Ale. 

Alepocephalus  Blanfordi  Alcock,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (6)  x,  1892,  p.  357.  — 

Descr.  Cat.  Indian  Deep-Sea  fishes,   1899,  p.   171. 
Alepocephalus  Blanfordi  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische  1913,  p.   10. 

B.  6;  D.   16;  A.   17;   P.   11;  V.  6—7;   L.I.  ca.  70. 

Height  5!/2;  head  3.  Eyes  about  3x/2,  half  a  diameter  apart, 
about  equal  to  depressed,  obtusely  pointed  snout.  Large  nostrils 
close  together  in  front  of  angle  of  eye.  Mouth-cleft  almost 
horizontal,  maxilla  reaching  just  beyond  anterior  border  of 
eye.  Dorsal  and  anal,  similar  in  form,  equal  in  extent  and 
opposite,  lie  well  within  posterior  third  of  body.  Ventrals 
almost  in  middle  of  body,  nearer  to  anal  than  to  pectorals. 
Caudal  deeply  forked,  with  many  rudimentary  rays  at  its  base. 
Scales  thick,  deciduous,  cycloid.  A  row  of  fine  teeth  in  jaws 
and  on  prominent  palatines.  Gillrakers  broadly  lanceolate, 
acute.  Pseudobranchiae  large.  Body  grey,  head  and  fins  black. 
Length  350  mm. 

Habitat:    Flores  sea  (694  M.)!  —  Arabian  sea  (1650  M.). 


101 

%l 

Bathytroctes  Giinther. 

(GiJNTiiER,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  II.   1878,  p.  249). 

Rather  elongate,  compressed,  covered  by  cycloid  deciduous 
scales  of  moderate  size.  Cleft  of  mouth  wide.  A  series  of  small 
teeth  on  intermaxilla,  maxilla,  mandible,  palatines  and  vomer. 
Dorsal  and  anal  rather  short.  Dorsal  inserted  conspicuously  in 
front  of  anal.  Branchiostegals  7.  Otherwise  as  Alepocephalus. 

Synopsis   of  the   species 

A.  Cheeks    and    opercles    scaly,    snout   shorter    than    eye, 

which  goes  3  times  in  head B.  squamosus  p.  101. 

B.  Head  naked. 

a.  snout  twice  longer  than  eye,  5 — 6  in  head B.  calcaratus    p.  102. 

b.  snout  shorter  than  eye,  which  goes  3 '/4  times  in  head  B.  macrolepis  p.  103. 

i.  Bathytroctes  squamosus  Ale. 

Bathytroctes  squamosus  Alcock,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  1890,  p.  304.  —  Descript. 

Cat.  Indian  Deep  Sea  Fishes,   1899,  p.   173. 
Bathytroctes  squamosus  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.   Fische   1913,  p.   II. 

B.  7;   D.   17;  A.   17;  p.   IO;  V.  9;  L.I.  circa  50;   L.  tr.   15. 

Head  33/4 — 4  and  a  little  more  than  height.  Snout  much 
shorter  than  eye,  which  is  1J3  the  length  of  the  head  and 
almost  enters  the  dorsal  profile.  Nostrils  large,  situated  im- 
mediately in  front  of  eye.  Mouth-cleft  wide,  approaching  the 
transverse;  intermaxillary  short  and  slender,  the  broad  maxilla 
reaches  just  behind  level  of  mid-orbit  and  includes  the  man- 
dible in  repose,  except  anteriorly  where  the  latter  strongly 
projects.  Small,  even,  acute,  uniserial  teeth,  recurved  in  the 
intermaxillae,  mandibles,  palatines  and  vomer,  procurrent  or 
procurved  in  the  maxillae.  Dorsal  begins  just  behind  origin  of 
ventrals,  which  are  situated  in  the  vertical  through  the  middle 
of  the  body,  measured  without  caudal.  The  anal  begins  in  the 
vertical  through  the  13*11  dorsal  ray.  Caudai  *  symmetrically 
forked.  Pectorals  long  and  narrow,  their,  longetit:  rays  eq,uaK 
to  length  of  head  behind  anterior  nostril.,  ahnpst  tjquchi^g,  the 
base  of  ventrals.  Ventrals  broad,  reaching  slightly  beyond : 


102 

vent.  Scales  large,  deciduous,  excepting  the  lateral  line,  where 
they  are  adherent  and  perforated;  there  are  scales  on  the 
cheeks  and  opercles.  Gillrakers  long  and  close  set.  Colours 
in  fresh  state:  head  uniform  deep  black,  body  pinkish  brown, 
fins  transparent  grey.  Length  266  mm. 

Habitat:  Bali  sea  (1018  m.)!  —  Arabian  sea,  off  the  Laca- 
dives  (1353  m.);  Indian  Ocean  off  Goa  coast  (1332  m.). 


2.  Bathytroctes  calcaratus  M.  Web. 

Bathytroctes  calcaratus  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische  1913,  p.   II. 

B.  7;  D.   17;  A.   17;  P.   13;  V.  9;  L.I.  55;  L.  tr.  about  18. 

Head  34/5 — 4!/3 ,  naked,  its  profile  sloping  down  with  a  slight 
convexity  above  the  eyes  and  a  conspicuous  concavity  of  the 
snout;  lastnamed  twice  longer  than  eye  and  conspicuous  by 
its  breadth  in  consequence  of  the  lateral  prominence  of  jaws. 
Eye  high,  5  to  nearly  6,  24/5 — 3  in  snout  and  nearly  3  times 
in  interorbital  space,  which  has  a  deep,  broad  furrow.  Posterior 
crescentic  nostril,  the  point  of  which  is  directed  downward, 


Fig-  35-  Bathytroctes  calcaratus  M.  Web. 

contiguous  to  orbital  margin;  quite  close  before  it  is  the 
roundish  anterior  nostril.  Gape  of  the  mouth  ascends  obliquely, 
the  lower  jaw  is  prominent  and  has  besides,  at  the  symphysis, 
a  triangular  tubercle,  obliquely  directed  anteriorly  and  inferiorly. 
The  pointed  posterior  end  of  the  intermaxillary  is  about  half 
the  length  of  the  snout  distant  from  the  anterior  border  of  the 
eye;  above  it,  reaching  far  anteriorly,  lies  the  maxillary,  the 
rounded  posterior  border  of  which  lies  in  the  vertical  through 
posterior  margin^  of  eye.  Jaws  with  a  row  of  internally  curved 
'teeth,  scrme-wirat  stronger  but  straight  ones  on  vomer  and 
palatines*  •  Base'  &£  .yjsntrals  in  the  middle  of  .the  interspace 
Snout"  and  base  of  caudal,  their  posterior  point  oppo- 


io3 

•> 

site  to  origin  of  dorsal.  Origin  of  anal  opposite  to  middle  of 
dorsal.  Pectorals  equal  to  postorbital  part  of  head,  ventrals 
slightly  shorter.  The  thin,  cycloid,  deciduous  scales,  have  their 
hindborder  irregularly  rounded  or  somewhat  pointed.  Posteriorly 
they  get  smaller  and  are  wanting  on  the  fins.  About  25  slender 
gillrakers  on  the  first  branchial  arch.  Colour  nearly  uniformly 
bluish  black.  Length  265  mm. 

Habitat:  Straits  of  Macassar  (724  m.)!  and  Ceram  sea 
(567  m.) ! 

3.  Bathytroctes  macrolepis  Gthr. 

Bathytroctes  macrolepis  Giinther,  Challenger,  Deep-sea  fishes  1887,  p.  225 

B.   7;   D.    15;   A.    II;   V.   8;   L.  lat.  42. 

Height  5  ^  head  a  little  less  than  3.  Head  low  and  elongate, 
tapering  towards  the  front.  Eye  3!/4,  rather  longer  than  pointed 
snout,  double  of  interorbital  space.  Jaws  equal;  maxillary 
extends  to  below  posterior  third  of  the  orbit.  The  dentition 
feeble ;  teeth  small,  pointed,  of  equal  size,  uniserial.  Inter- 
maxillary and  the  foremost  part  of  the  maxillary  toothless ; 
vomerine  series  divided  into  two  groups,  each  with  three 
teeth.  Palatine  series  short,  consisting  of  about  nine  teeth. 
Gillrakers  long,  lanceolate,  rather  widely  set,  22  on  the  outer 
branchial  arch.  Vent  nearly  midway  between  gillopening  and 
root  of  caudal.  Origin  of  dorsal  somewhat  in  advance  of  vent, 
its  last  ray  opposite  to  the  fourth  of  the  anal.  Both  dorsal 
and  anal  rather  high  in  front,  their  longest  rays  being  equal 
in  length  to  the  depth  of  this  portion  of  the  body.  Ventrals 
covering  the  vent,  but  not  extending  to  the  anal;  their  base 
is  midway  between  the  root  of  the  pectoral  and  the  end  of 
the  anal,  immediately  in  advance  of  the  dorsal. 

Scales  simple,  cycloid.  Lateral  line  straight,  running  along 
the  middle  of  the  tail,  with  wide  mucous  apertures.  Colour 
uniform  black.  Length  225  mm.  (without  caudal).  [After  Giinther, 
not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  North  of  Celebes,  depth  2150  fathoms  (3932  m.). 


104 
4.  Aleposomus  Gill. 

(GiLL,  American  Natural.  XVIII.   1884,  P-  433)- 
(Xenodermichthys  Giinther). 

Slender,  compressed,  without  scales  or  only  in  the  lateral 
line,  which  only  in  that  case  is  conspicuous.  Skin  thick, 
especially  on  the  head  and  on  the  belly,  with  small  irregular 
papillae.  Mouth  small  or  moderate.  Jaws  feeble,  with  small 
teeth  in  the  intermaxilla,  maxilla  and  mandible.  Palate  tooth- 
less. Dorsal  and  anal  nearly  equal  and  about  totally  opposite. 
Ventrals  about  in  the  middle  of  the  body.  Radii  branchiostegi 
6 — 7.  Otherwise  as  in  Alepocephalus. 

Synopsis   of  the   species. 

A.  Lateral  line  very  conspicuous,  with  underlying  scales,  eye 

more  than  double  of  interorbital  space A.  lividus  p.   104. 

B.  Lateral   line   inconspicuous,  without  scales,  eye  somewhat 

more  than  interorbital  space A.  midus    p.   105. 

i.  Aleposomus  lividus  Brauer. 

Aleposomus  lividus  Brauer,  Deutsche  Tiefsee-Exp.,  Tiefseefische  1906,  p.  21. 

D.  19—21;  A.   18—19;  p-  7—8;  V.  7. 

Height  41/*— 43/4>  head  3~ 3'/3>  eYe  3~ 3Vs>  more  than 
double  of  interorbital  space,  snout  i'/2 — 2  in  eye.  Gape  of 
mouth  reaching  the  vertical  through  posterior  margin  of  eye. 
Intermaxilla,  maxilla  and  mandible  with  small  theeth.  Origin 
of  dorsal  nearly  at  the  beginning  of  the  last  !/3  of  the  body, 
in  the  vertical  through  the  anus,  somewhat  before  anal.  Ven- 
trals somewhat  behind  middle  of  body.  Lateral  line  very 
conspicuous;  its  pores  on  the  top  of  papillae  which  are  directed 
backward.  Scales  underneath  lateral  line,  circular  in  their 
anterior  part,  with  very  broad  opening,  through  which  goes 
the  lateral  canal ;  hindpart  of  scales  handle-shaped  and  laterally 
deflected  from  the  anterior  part.  Skin  otherwise  naked,  divided 
in  regular  areas,  with  scattered  short  black  papillae.  Blue 
black  with  a  violet  hue,  fins  dark.  Length  330  mm.  [After 
Brauer,  not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  West  of  Sumatra  (768 — 1143  m.). 


IDS 

X 

2.  Aleposomus  nudus  Brauer. 

Aleposomus  nudus  Brauer,  Deutsche  Tiefsee-Exp.  Tiefseefische,   1906,  p.  22. 


Fig.  36.  Aleposomus  nudus  Brauer  (after  Brauer). 

B.  7;  D.   18;  A.   17;  P.  7;  V.  6. 

Height  44/5,  head  3,  eye  34/5  to  rather  more  than  4,  somewhat 
more  than  interorbital  space,  equal  to  snout.  Gape  of  mouth 
nearly  reaches  the  vertical  through  posterior  margin  of  eye. 
Small  teeth  on  intermaxilla,  maxilla  and  mandible.  Origin  of 
dorsal  in  the  vertical  through  anus,  somewhat  before  anal,  in 
the  beginning  of  last  1J3  of  body.  Ventrals  somewhat  behind 
middle  of  body.  Lateral  line  very  inconspicuous,  its  openings 
on  the  top  of  slender  tubes,  no  scales.  On  head  and  belly 
small  papilliform  nodules,  irregularly  arranged.  Velvety  black 
with  a  bluish  hue.  Length  125  mm.  [After  Brauer,  not  seen 
by  us]. 

Habitat:  West  of  Sumatra  (750  m.). 

8.  Fam.  Stomiatidae. 

Elongate,  or  short  and  elevated,  compressed,  mostly  with 
scales,  which  are  cycloid  and  generally  very  deciduous.  A 
mandibulary  barbel  present  or  absent.  Gape  of  mouth  wide, 
bodered  by  the  short  intermaxillary  and  the  long  maxillary. 
Dorsal  before  or  behind  ventrals.  Adipose  fin,  if  present, 
above  or  behind  anal,  which  is  situated  behind  the  middle  of 
the  length  of  the  body.  Pectorals,  if  present,  low  down.  Caudal 
forked.  Close  set  teeth,  serially  or  in  bands,  in  jaws,  some  of 
the  anterior,  ones  may  be  fangs.  If  present,  various  in  form 
and  arrangement  on  vomer,  palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue. 
Ventrals  abdominal,  with  5 — 8  rays.  Gillopening  wide,  gillmem- 
branes  not  connected  or  only  at  their  base,  generally  free 
from  isthmus.  Branchiostegals  8 — 20.  Pseudobranchiae  present 
or  absent.  Four  gills.  Airbladder,  if  present,  not  contiguous 


io6 

with    auditory   organ.    Gillrakers    moderate,    short  or  wanting. 
Luminous  organs  (photophores)  on  head  and  body. 

Synopsis    of  the    subfamilies. 

A.  Luminous  organs  separate,  not  united  in  groups.  Body 
very    low    and    elongate.     No    pseudobranchiae.    Gill- 
rakers  short  or  wanting Stomiatinae  p.   106. 

B.  Luminous  organs  in  groups.  Body  generally  short  and 
elevated.  Pseudobranchiae  present  or  absent.  Gillrakers 

well  developed  (always?) Sternoptychinae^.  128. 

i.  Subfam.  Stomiatinae. 

Body  very  low,  elongate  and  compressed.  A  mandibulary 
barbel  present  or  absent.  Eye  generally  large.  Gape  of  mouth 
very  wide,  oblique.  Dorsal  generally  short  or  by  exception  long, 
its  origin  before  or  behind  ventrals.  Adipose  fin,  if  present, 
above  or  behind  anal.  Pectorals  may  be  absent,  if  present, 
very  low  down.  A  praeanal  adipose  fin  may  be  present. 
Ventrals  well  developed  or  even  long.  Caudal  forked,  its  lobes 
often  unequal.  Scales,  if  present,  very  thin,  deciduous,  cycloid 
and  sometimes  rhombic.  Minute  teeth  in  jaws,  those  of  the 
intermaxilla  and  mandible  may  be  all  or  in  part  enlarged  and 
even  fang-like;  on  palate  present  or  absent.  Luminous  organs 
always  separate.  There  may  be  opercular  luminous  organs  and 
others  before,  below  and  behind  eye,  the  lastnamed  even  revol- 
ving. Some  between  the  branchiostegal  rays.  On  the  body  a 
complete  ventral  series  between  isthmus  and  caudal  and  a  more 
lateral  one  reaching  not  so  far.  Scattered  between  them  and 
on  the  body  there  may  be  smaller  luminous  organs  as  well 
as  whitish  punctiform  organs  on  the  fins.  Branchiostegal  rays 
8 — 20.  Gillmembranes  free  from  isthmus.  Gillrakers  well  deve- 
loped, short  or  wanting.  Gills  4.  No  pseudobranchiae. 

Artifical    key    to    the    genera. 

I.  No    pectorals.    Origin   of  long    dorsal  far  in  advance  of 

anal,  its  end  above  anal.  No  adipose  fin Idiacanthus  p.   107. 

II.  Pectorals  present. 

A.  Dorsal   between    pectorals   and  ventrals.  Barbel  rudi- 
mentary. Adipose  fin  present Chauliodus  p.  109. 


B.  Dorsal  behind  ventrals. 

1.  Barbel  present. 

a.  No    adipose    fin.    Origin    of  dorsal  and  anal 
opposite. 

aa.  Scaly,  teeth  fixed Stomias  p.   in. 

bb.   Scaleless,  teeth  depressible Melanostomlas  p.   113. 

b.  Adipose  fin  present.  Dorsal  between  ventrals 

and  anal Astronesthes  p.   115. 

2.  No  barbel. 

a.  Dorsal   as   long   as    anal  and  opposed  to  it, 
its  end  close  to  caudal.  Vomer  and  palatines 
without     teeth.     Suborbital     luminous    organ 

crescentic  and  revolving Malacosteus  p.  117. 

b.  Dorsal   much   shorter    than    anal,  its  end  far 
distant   from  caudal.  Teeth  on  palatines,  on 
vomer  present  or  absent.  Suborbital  luminous 
organ  not  revolving,  black. 

ot.  Origin     of    dorsal    in    middle    of    length, 

situated  before  anal.  Teeth  on  palatines.    Vinciguerria  p.   119. 
|3.  Origin  of  dorsal  behind  middle  of  length, 

opposite  to  anal. 

aa.  Suborbital  bone  dilated,  covering,  at 
least  partly,  the  cheek.  Long  fang-like 
teeth  rather  regularly  distributed  in  the 
upper  and  lower  jaw,  with  much  smaller 
ones  between  them.  Adipose  fin  present  Gonostoma  p.  1 20. 

bb.  Suborbital  bone  not  dilated,  not  cover- 
ing the  cheek.  Teeth  in  jaws  small,  in- 
creasing in  size  from  before  backward, 
the  posterior  maxillary  ones  more  or  less 
obliquely  directed  forward,  sometimes 
a  few  short  fangs  anteriorly  in  the 
mandible.  No  adipose  fin Cyclothone  p.  124. 

i.  Idiacanthus  Peters. 

(PETERS,  Monatsberichte  Akad.  Berlin  1876,  p.  847). 

Very  slender,  elongate  and  compressed.  Scaleless.  Head 
compressed,  small.  Snout  short.  Opercle  narrow.  Gape  of 
mouth  and  gillopening  very  wide.  A  long  fleshy  barbel  behind 
the  chin.  No  pectorals.  Ventrals  before  middle  of  body.  No 
adipose  fin.  Origin  of  the  very  long  dorsal  above  or  before 
ventrals.  Vent  on  a  papilla  behind  middle  of  body,  immedia- 


io8 

tely  behind  it  the  long  anal.  On  each  side  of  the  base  of  the 
dorsal  and  anal,  between  two  following  rays,  a  short,  curved, 
spine-like  process,  belonging  to  the  ray  in  front  of  it,  from 
the  base  of  which  it  develops.  Most  rays  of  dorsal  and  anal 
simple.  Teeth  in  intermaxilla  and  mandible  large,  quadrangular, 
bicuspid,  depressible,  arranged  in  groups,  increasing  in  each 
group  in  size  from  forward  to  backward,  those  in  the  maxilla 
small,  close-set.  A  few  teeth  on  vomer,  palatines  and  tongue. 
A  postorbital  revolving  luminous  organ.  On  each  side  a  ven- 
tral series  of  fixed  organs,  from  isthmus  to  caudal;  a  lateral  series 
from  gillopening  to  middle  of  anal,  besides  numerous  ones 
scattered  on  head  and  body.  Four  gills.  No  pseudobranchiae, 
nor  gillrakers.  Branchiostegal  rays  numerous. 

i.  Idiacanthus  fasciola  Ptrs. 

Idiacanthus  fasciola  Peters,  Monatsber.  Akad.  Berlin,   1876,  p.  847. 
Idiacanthus  fasciola  Brauer,  Deutsche  Tiefsee-Exp.  Tiefseefische,  1906,  p.  60. 
Idiacanthus  fasciola  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische  1913,  p.   15. 


Fig'  37'  Idiacanthus  fasciola  Ptrs.  (after  Brauer). 

B.   15—16;  D.  63—67;  A.  40—45;  V.  6. 

Height  40 — 45,  head  more  than  14,  eye  about  5!/a  or  more. 
Snout  equal  to  eye  or  shorter,  on  the  interorbital  space  two 
diverging  crests.  Barbel  twice  as  long  as  head.  Origin  of  dorsal 
nearer  to  ventrals  than  to  posterior  margin  of  head.  Ventrals 
shorter  than  head.  Intermaxillary  with  13 — 15  unequal  teeth, 


109 

in  4  groups,  increasing  in  size  posteriorly.  Maxilla  with  a  few 
small  pointed  teeth.  Mandible  with  12  unequally  large  teeth 
in  3  groups,  behind  them  3  or  4  smaller  ones.  2  fangs  on 
vomer  and  smaller  teeth  on  palatines  and  tongue.  Luminous 
organs:  an  inconspicuous  suborbital  and  a  revolving  small 
postorbital  one;  15 — 16  between  branchiostegal  rays,  a  few 
on  opercle;  33 — 35  in  the  ventral  series  from  isthmus  to  ven- 
trals,  1 6 — 17  between  ventrals  and  anal,  32  between  anal  and 
caudal.  In  the  lateral  series  22 — 24  from  gillopening  to  vertical 
through  ventrals,  16  from  here  to  anal,  behind  anal  12. 
Velvety  black.  Fins  translucent.  Iris  black.  Barbel  black,  with 
a  subterminal  white  ring.  Length  180  mm. 

Habitat:  Halmahera  Sea  (1600  m.)!;  between  Australia 
and  Sumba  (surface);  North  of  Geelvink  bay,  New  Guinea 
(surface);  West  of  Sumatra  (594  m.).  —  Indie,  between  Chagos 
Archipelago  and  Seychelles. 

2.  Chauliodus  Bloch,  Schneider. 

(BLOCK,  SCHNEIDER,  Systema  Ichthyolog.  1801,  p.  430). 

Elongate,  strongly  compressed,  covered  with  very  thin, 
deciduous,  hexagonal  scales.  Head  much  compressed,  elevated 
and  short.  Gape  of  mouth  oblique,  very  wide  as  also  the 
gillopening.  Opercle  short.  Interopercle  rudimentary.  Chin 
with  a  rudimentary  barbel.  Pectorals  moderate,  ventrals  long, 
situated  in  the  second  !/3  °f  the  length.  Short  dorsal  before 
ventrals,  its  first  ray  produced  in  a  long  filament,  reversible 
in  frontal  direction.  Short  adipose  fin  opposite  to  anal.  Caudal 
forked.  Vent  near  anal.  A  praeanal  adipose  fin.  Large  inter- 
maxillae  with  four  enormous  fangs  on  each  side,  mandibles  with 
4 — 5  excessively  long  ones,  besides  a  few  moderate  teeth. 
None  of  the  large  teeth  are  received  within  the  mouth. 
Maxillae  with  numerous  close-set  small  teeth.  Palate  with  a 
single  series  of  small  teeth.  Tongue  edentulous.  A  small  sub- 
orbital  luminous  organ.  Luminous  organs  between  the  bran- 
chiostegal rays.  On  each  side  a  ventral  series  of  luminous 
organs  from  isthmus  to  caudal,  slightly  above  it  a  second 
series  from  gillopening  to  anus,  besides  numerous  small  ones 
scattered  between  them.  Branchiostegals  numerous.  No  pseudo- 
branchiae,  nor  gillrakers. 


no 


Synopsis  of  the  species. 

I.  23 — 26  luminous  organs  between  ventrals  and  anal  .  .  Ch.  sloani  p.   no. 
II.  20 — 21  luminous  organs  between  ventrals  and  anal  .  .    Ch.  pammelas  p.  no. 

i.  Chauliodus  sloani  Bl.  Schn. 

Chauliodus  sloani  Bloch,  Schneider,  Syst.  Ichth.   1801,  p.  430. 

Chauliodus  sloanii  Alcock,  Descript.  Catal.  Indian  Deep-sea  Fishes  1899,  p.  144. 

Chauliodus  sloanei  Brauer,  Tiefseefische    1906,  p.  40,  (see  syn.). 

Chauliodus  sloanei  Zugmayer,  Camp.  Sc.  Monaco,  XXXV.  Poissons,   1911,  p.  63. 

Chattliodus  sloani  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische  1913,  p.   12. 


Fig.  38.   Chauliodus  sloani  Bl.  Schn. 

B.    16—20;    D.   6;    A.    12;   P.    12—14;   V.   7;   L.I.    56—61. 

Height  7-8,  head  6— 74/3.  Eye  about  3>/2  (&\  42/5— 43/4 
(9),  accordingly  the  snout  is  equal  to  or  twice  the  eye.  Double 
orbital  organ  below  the  eye,  exteriorly  conspicuous  as  a  black 
spot.  Suborbital  large  organ  revolving,  near  border  of  jaw. 
A  series  of  small  organs  on  the  superior  and  inferior  orbital 
margin,  besides  other  ones  on  upper  jaw  and  base  of  barbel. 
19 — 21  luminous  organs  between  isthmus  and  pectorals,  23 — 26 
between  ventrals  and  anal,  10 — n  between  anal  and  caudal. 
Length  235  mm. 

Habitat:  Flores  sea  (1600  m.) ! ;  Banda  sea  (2000  m.)!; 
Timor  sea  (421  m.) ! ;  West  of  Sumatra  (594  m.).  —  Circum- 
tropical,  bathypelagic. 

2.  Chauliodus  pammelas  Ale. 

Chauliodus  pammelas  Alcock,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.   1892,  p.  355. 
Chauliodus  pammelas  Alcock,  Descr.  Gat.  Indian  Deep-Sea  Fishes,  1899,  p.  145. 
Chauliodus  pammelas  Brauer,  Deutsche  Tiefsee-Exp.  Tiefseefische,  1906,  p.  42. 
Chauliodus  pammelas  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische,   1913,  p.  13. 


Ill 

1    -. 
% 

Differs  from  Ch.  sloani  only  in  that  there  are  only  20 — 21 
luminous  organs  between  ventrals  and  anal.  Length  250  mm. 
Seems  to  us  to  be  a  doubtful  species. 

Habitat:  Flores  sea  (538  m.)!.  —  Indie. 

3.  Stomias  Cuvier. 

(CuviER,  Regne  animal,  II.   1817,  p.   184). 

Elongate,  strongly  compressed,  covered  by  very  thin,  deci- 
duous, hexagonal  scales.  Head  compressed,  snout  very  short, 
gape  of  mouth  oblique  and  extremely  wide,  as  also  the  gill- 
opening.  Lower  jaw  prominent,  mandibles  widely  distensible. 
Opercle  narrow.  Interopercle  rudimentary.  Chin  with  a  fleshy 
barbel,  ending  in  three  filaments.  Pectorals  and  ventrals  rather 
narrow,  the  latter  in  the  last  */3  of  the  length.  Origin  of 
dorsal  above  anal.  No  adipose  fin.  Ventral  lobe  of  caudal 
generally  longer  than  the  dorsal.  Vent  on  a  papilla  just  before 
the  anal.  Teeth  fixed,  in  maxilla  numerous,  small  and  approxi- 
mate, those  in  the  intermaxilla  and  mandible  more  or  less 
curved ;  large  and  wide  apart.  Vomer  with  a  pair  of  fangs, 
palatines  and  tongue  with  smaller  pointed  teeth.  Head  with  a 
large  suborbital  photophore.  Luminous  organs  between  branchi- 
ostegal  rays.  On  each  side  a  ventral  series  of  luminous  organs 
from  isthmus  to  caudal,  above  it  a  lateral  series  from  gill- 
opening  to  anus,  besides  numerous  smaller  organs  scattered 
between  them.  Four  gills.  No  pseudobranchiae,  nor  gillrakers. 

We  draw  attention  to  the  following  figure  (39)  of  a  larva 
of  Stomias,  from  the  Molucco-passage  (1500  m.),  distinguished 
by  its  pellucidity,  so  that  the  myomeres  can  be  counted,  and 
by  the  exceedingly  long  anal  papil.  It  has  D.  17;  A.  21. 
(see  Siboga-Exp.  Fische,  p.  14). 


Fig.  39.  Larva  of  Stomias  X  4-4. 

Synopsis  of  the  species. 

I.  Intermaxillary  teeth  4 — 6,  longer  than  the  mandibulary 
teeth,  which  are  few  in  number  (about  8).  43 — 46 
luminous  organs  between  pectorals  and  ventrals S.  valdiviae  p.  112. 


112 

II.  Intermaxillary  teeth  about  25,  smaller  than  the  circa  13 
large  mandibulary  teeth.  34 — 38  luminous  organs  be- 
tween pectorals  and  ventrals S.  nebulosus  p.  112. 

i.  Stomias  valdiviae  Br. 

Stomias  valdiviae  Brauer,  Deutsche  Tiefsee-Exp.  Tiefseefische,   1906,  p.  48. 

B.    17;    D.    iS—IQ;    A.    21—22;    P.   6;    V.    5;    L.I.   67—70. 

Height  10—12,  head  9—10.  Eye  3'/2  (tf1),  44/5  (9),  snout 
equal  to  eye  or  longer.  Barbel  about  as  long  as  head.  Origin 
of  dorsal  slightly  behind  origin  of  anal.  Ventrals  reaching  on 
anal.  Ventral  lobe  of  caudal  longer  than  dorsal  one.  5 — 6  large 
distant  teeth  in  the  intermaxilla,  the  second  of  which  is  a 
large  fang.  They  are  longer  than  the  few  (about  8)  in  the 
mandible,  the  4  anterior  of  which  are  small.  Suborbital  organ 
conspicuous,  17  luminous  organs  between  branchiostegal  rays. 
In  the  ventral  series  of  luminous  organs  10 — n  between 
isthmus  and  pectorals,  43 — 46  between  pectorals  and  ventrals, 
5 — 6  between  ventrals  and  anal,  16 — 17  between  anal  and 
caudal.  Black,  scales  with  metallic  gloss,  fins  white  with  black 
tips.  Pectorals  totally  white.  Length  122  mm.  [After  Brauer, 
not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  West  of  Sumatra  (594  m.).  —  Indie  near  Sokotra 
(2000  m.);  Atlantic  (600 — 2200  m.). 

2.  Stomias  nebulosus  Ale. 

Stomias  nebulosus  Alcock,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (6)  IV.   1889,  p.  451. 
Stomias  nebulosus  Alcock,  Descriptive  Catalogue  Ind.  Deep-sea  Fishes,  1899,  p.  146. 
Stomias  nebulosus  Brauer,  Deutsche  Tiefsee-Exp.  Tiefseefische   1906,  p.  50. 
Stomias  nebulosus  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische,  1913,  p.  13. 


Fig.  40.  Stomias  nebulosus  Ale. 

B.    16—17;    D-   16—17;  A-  21;  P.  6;   V.  5;  L.  1.  circa  62. 

^Height  about  10,  head  8 — 9.  Eye  slightly  more  than  4.  In 

the  male  the  eye  is  larger  than  in  the  female.  Snout  shorter 


than  eye.  Barbel  nearly  as  long  as  head.  Origin  of  dorsal  a 
little  behind  origin  of  anal,  which  is  higher  than  dorsal.  Ventrals 
prolonged,  reaching  on  anal.  Pectorals  near  ventral  profile, 
equal  to  height  of  body.  About  25  unequal  and  curved  teeth 
in  each  intermaxilla,  the  first  and  fifth  the  largest,  but  smaller 
than  the  large  of  the  circa  13  teeth  in  each  mandible;  those 
on  the  maxilla  about  30,  minute,  close-set,  directed  backward. 
Suborbital  organ  very  small.  16 — 17  luminous  organs  between 
branchiostegal  rays.  The  ventral  series  of  luminous  organs  be- 
tween isthmus  and  pectorals  consists  of  6,  between  pectorals 
and  ventrals  of  34 — 38,  from  ventral  to  anal  of  6,  from  anal  to 
caudal  of  16 — 17  organs.  Uniform  black  with  metallic  gloss. 
Fins  and  barbel  white,  the  last  with  black  tip.  Length  135  mm. 
Habitat:  Flores  sea  (521  M.)!;  Timor  sea  (421  M.)!; 
Manipa-straits  (1536  M.)!.  -  -  Indik  (Gulf  of  Manaar  1093  M.) ; 
East  coast  of  Africa  693 — 1119  M. 

4.  Melanostomias  Brauer. 

(BRAUER,  Zool.  Anzeiger  XXV.  1902,  p.  284). 

Elongate,  strongly  compressed,  tapering  posteriorly,  scaleless. 
Gape  of  mouth  extensive  as  also  the  gillopening.  Opercle  little 
developed.  Chin  with  a  well  developed  barbel.  Pectorals  short, 
ventrals  long,  far  behind  middle  of  body.  Dorsal  opposite  to 
anal  and  shorter  than  that  fin.  No  adipose  fin.  Caudal  short, 
forked.  Vent  near  anal.  Intermaxilla  and  mandible  with  large 
bicuspid  depressible  teeth.  Maxilla  anteriorly  with  some  large 
teeth,  posteriorly  with  numerous  small  ones,  directed  back- 
ward. Teeth  on  vomer  and  palatines,  and  sometimes  on  tongue. 
Behind  the  eye  is  a  large  revolving  postorbital  luminous  organ, 
an  inconspicuous  organ  below  the  eye  and  one  on  the  opercle. 
12  organs  between  the  branchiostegal  rays,  besides  numerous 
small  ones  round  the  eye,  on  the  jaws  and  scattered  on  the 
head.  On  each  side  a  ventral  series  of  organs  beginning  behind 
the  isthmus  and  running  to  the  caudal,  a  lateral  series  from 
gillopening  to  anal.  Numerous  small  organs  and  whitish  puncti- 
form  ones  in  groups  ventrally  of  each  larger  organ  of  a 
longitudinal  series,  and  in  transverse  rows  on  the  body.  4  gills. 
No  pseudobranchiae.  n — 12  branchiostegals.  [after  Brauer]. 

iNDO-AlTSTRALTAN    FISHES    II.  8 


Synopsis  of  the  species. 

I.  Barbel  3  times  longer  than  head.  Tongue  with  teeth. 
31  luminous  organs  in  the  ventral  series  between  pec- 
torals and  ventrals,  28  in  the  lateral  series  from  gill- 
opening  to  vertical  through  ventrals M.  melanops  p.  114. 

II.  Barbel  shorter  than  head.  Tongue  without  teeth.  27 
luminous  organs  in  the  ventral  series  between  pectorals 
and  ventrals,  24  in  the  lateral  series  from  gillopening 
to  vertical  through  ventrals M.  valdiviac  p.  115. 

i.  Melanostomias  melanops  Brauer. 

Melanostomias   melanops   Brauer,    Zool.    Anz.   XXV.    1902,  p.  284.  —  Deutsche 
Tiefsee-Exp.  Tiefseefische  1906.  p.  53. 


Fig.  41.  Melanostomias  melanops  Brauer  (after  Brauer). 


B.  12;  D.  14;  A.  17;  P.  5;  V.  8. 

Height  7,  head  nearly  7;  diameter  of  eye  *?\v  slightly  more 
than  length  of  snout.  Barbel  3  times  as  long  as  head,  thick, 
its  distal  part  lamellated,  ending  in  a  thin  filament.  Pectorals 
shorter  than  half  head,  ventrals  nearly  at  the  beginning  of 
the  last  '/3  of  the  body,  longer  than  head,  reaching  to  anus. 
8  intermaxillary  teeth,  the  first  and  third  small,  the  other 
ones  longer,  the  fifth  the  largest.  A  group  of  5  teeth  in  the 
maxilla,  equal  to  the  large  intermaxillary  teeth,  behind  them 
about  24  small  close-set  teeth,  directed  backward,  n  mandi- 
bulary  teeth,  the  first  two  and  the  fourth  small,  the  third  the 
largest,  the  rest  in  two  groups,  in  which  the  height  increa- 
ses posteriorly.  All  large  teeth  bicuspid  and  depressible. 
Vomer  with  one  pair  of  teeth,  palatines  with  4,  tongue  with 
two  teeth.  The  ventral  series  of  luminous  organs  consists  of 
8  near  isthmus,  31  from  pectorals  to  ventrals,  u  from  ven- 
trals to  anal,  12  from  there  to  caudal.  In  the  lateral  series 
28  from  gillopening  to  vertical  through  ventrals,  12  from  here 
to  vertical  through  anal.  Velvety  black.  Eye  black.  Base 


of  barbel   black,    otherwise    yellowish   grey.    Fins    white  with 
black  spots.  Length   183  mm.  [After  Brauerrf  Not  seen  by  us]. 
Habitat:  N.  W.  coast  of  Sumatra  (1024  M.). 

2.  Melanostomias  valdiviae  Brauer. 

Melanostomias    Valdiviae   Brauer,    Zool.    Anz.    XXV.   1902,  p.  285.  —  Deutsche 

Tiefsee-Exp.  Tiefseefische   1906,  p.   56. 
Melanostomias  valdivae  T.  Regan,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  London  XII  (3),  1908.  p.  218. 

B.    II— 12;    D.    I3;    A.    18;    P.   5;    V  6. 

Height  73/IO,  head  7!/2,  eye  5!/2,  snout  much  shorter.  Barbel 
shorter  than  head,  terminating  in  3  unequal  intumescencies 
and  filaments.  Ventrals  situated  at  the  end  of  the  second  */3 
of  the  body.  7  intermaxillary  teeth,  the  fourth  and  fifth  the 
largest.  9  mandibulary  teeth,  the  second  the  largest.  Maxilla 
anteriorly  with  5  teeth,  increasing  in  size  posteriorly,  equal 
to  intermaxillary  teeth;  behind  them  a  series  of  10  in  a  young 
specimen  (Regan),  or  28  in  a  large  specimen  (Brauer),  of  small 
close-set  teeth,  directed  backward.  Except  the  lastnamed,  all 
teeth  bicuspid  and  depressible.  Tongue  without  teeth,  palatines 
with  3  teeth.  Arrangement  of  luminous  organs  essentially  the 
same  as  in  M.  melanops,  except  that  the  ventral  series  contains 
27  'organs  between  pectorals  and  ventrals,  1 1  between  ventrals 
and  anal,  13  between  anal  and  caudal,  and  that  the  lateral 
series  from  gillopening  to  vertical  through  ventrals  contains 
24,  and  from  here  to  vertical  through  anal  13.  Colour  as  in  M. 
melanops,  but  the  barbel  entirely  bluish  black.  Length  165  mm. 
[Not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  West  of  Sumatra  (614  M.).  -  -  Indie  near  Far- 
quhar  atoll  (914 — 1371  M.). 

5.  Astronesthes  Richardson. 

(RICHARDSON,  Zoology  Voyage  Sulphur,  Ichthyol.   1844—1845,  p.  97). 

Elongate,  strongly  compressed,  scaleless.  Head  compressed, 
snout  short,  lower  jaw  prominent,  gape  of  mouth  wide.  Chin 
with  a  long,  fleshy  barbel.  Pectorals  and  ventrals  long  and 
narrow,  ventrals  near  middle  of  body,  opposite  to  dorsal  or 
shortly  before  it.  Adipose  fin  opposite  to  anal.  A  ventral 
adipose  fin  before  vent.  Caudal  forked.  Teeth  in  the  inter- 
maxilla  and  mandible  widely  set,  unequal,  some  of  them  long, 


curved  canines,  those  of  the  maxilla  subequal,  much  smaller, 
closely  set  and  directed  backward.  Vomer  generally  edentu- 
lous. Palatines  and  tongue  with  a  series  of  small  pointed  teeth. 
Luminous  organs :  a  large  postorbital  organ  and  smaller  ones 
on  the  opercle  and  between  the  branchiostegal  rays;  on  each 
side  of  the  body  a  ventral  series  from  isthmus  to  caudal,  and 
a  more  lateral  series  from  gillopening  to  anal.  Numerous  small 
organs  between  the  longitudinal  series  and  scattered  over  the 
body.  Four  gills.  No  pseudobranchiae.  Gillrakers  minute. 

Synopsis   of  the   species. 

I.  38    luminous    organs    in    the    lateral    series.    Eye 

more  than  5^2,  shorter  than  snout A.  htcifer  p.  116. 

H.  Circa    50   luminous    organs    in    the   lateral  series. 

Eye  circa  3,  about  twice  as  long  as  snout.  .  .  .  A.  chrysophckadion  p.   117. 

i.  Astronesthes  lucifer  Gilb. 

Astronesthes  lucifer  Gilbert,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish.  Comm.  XXIII.  2.  1903  (1905),  p.  605 
Astronesthes  htcifer  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische,  1915,  p.  13. 


Fig.  42.  Astronesthes  lucifer  Gilb. 

D.   ii;   A.   19;   P.  6;   V.  7. 

Height  about  6,  head  4^5 — 4'/2>  eye  more  than  5f/2»  shorter 
than  snout.  Barbel  shorter  than  gape  of  mouth  or  longer  than 
head  (Gilbert),  with  a  dilated  tip.  Pectorals  about  il/.2  in 
length  of  head.  Ventrals  about  midway  between  anal  and 
praeopercle.  Dorsal  somewhat  behind  insertion  of  ventrals, 
shorter  but  much  higher  than  anal.  Intermaxilla  with  5 — 6 
unequally  placed  unequal  teeth,  sometimes  with  a  substitute 
behind  them.  Maxilla  with  11  — 13  (15 — 20  in  the  larger 
specimen  of  Gilbert)  subequal,  pointed  teeth,  directed  back- 
ward. Mandible  with  6 — 8  unequal  teeth,  the  posterior  placed 
unequally  and  somewhat  alternating,  some  of  them  with  a 
substitute;  most  of  the  intermaxillary  and  mandibulary  teeth 


are  slender  canines  and  arrow-shaped  at  tip.  12  luminous 
organs  in  ventral  series  between  isthmus  and  pectorals,  18 
between  pectorals  and  ventrals,  22  between  ventrals  and  anal. 
10  above  anal,  the  last  2  are  smaller  and  situated  higher 
upward,  4  behind  anal.  38  organs  in  the  lateral  series.  Sides 
of  head  and  body  greyish  silvery,  brownish  above  and  below. 
Fins  translucent.  Length  75  mm. 

Habitat:  Timor  sea  (421  M.)!.  --  Pacific  near  Hawaian 
islands  (470 — 2232  M.). 

2.  Astronesthes  chrysophekadion  (Blkr.). 

Stomianodon  chrysophekadion  Bleeker,  Verb.  Bat.  Gen.  XXII.  1849,  Bijdr.  Ichth. 

Bali,  p.  10. 
Astronesthes  chrysophekadion  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  27.   1875,  p.   150. 

B.   14;   D.    12;   A.  20;   P.  6;    V.  7. 

Height  8 — 9,  head  about  5,  eye  about  3,  about  twice  as 
long  as  snout.  Barbel  a  little  shorter  than  head.  Pectorals 
and  ventrals  about  half  of  head,  the  last  scarcely  nearer  to 
anal  than  to  head.  Origin  of  dorsal  somewhat  behind  inser- 
tion of  ventrals,  a  little  shorter  but  higher  than  anal.  6  une- 
qually long,  arrow-shaped  teeth  in  intermaxilla,  the  2  anterior 
very  long  and  curved.  Maxilla  with  about  20  subequal  small, 
close-set  teeth.  Mandible  with  10 — 12  long  curved  unequal 
teeth,  the  anterior  ones  the  longer  and  arrow-shaped.  About 
50  luminous  organs  in  the  lateral  series.  Blackish  or  brown, 
opercle  and  sides  lighter.  Length  of  single  specimen  known 
115  mm.  [After  Bleeker;  not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Bali. 

6.  Malacosteus  Ayres. 

(AYRES,  Journ.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1849,  p.  53). 

Elongate,  compressed,  tapering  behind  head,  scaleless.  Head 
compressed,  snout  very  short.  Gape  of  mouth  extremely  wide. 
Jaws  extending  beyond  the  root  of  the  pectorals.  Opercle 
very  narrow  and  membranaceous.  No  barbel  at  chin.  Pectorals 
rather  long  and  narrow  (or  rudimentary?).  Ventrals  behind 
middle  of  body.  Dorsal  and  anal  opposite  and  nearly  equal, 
at  no  great  distance  from  the  caudal.  Unequal,  pointed  teeth 
in  a  single  series  in  both  jaws  and  in  pairs  on  the  tongue. 


All  teeth  bicuspid.  A  crescentic  suborbital  and  a  smaller 
postorbital  luminous  organ,  revolving  and  covered  by  trans- 
lucent skin,  besides  an  orbital  one,  covered  by  the  skin.  On 
each  side  of  the  body  a  ventral  and  a  lateral  series  of  organs, 
partly  covered  by  the  skin,  besides  smaller  organs  scattered 
over  head  and  body.  4  gills.  No  gillrakers.  Branchiostegals  8. 

i.  Malacosteus  indicus  Gthr. 

Malacosteus  indicus  Gunther,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  II.  1878,  p.  181.  —  Challenger 

Rep.  Deep-Sea  Fishes,  1887,  p.  214. 

Malacosteus  spec.  Alcock,  Descript.  Catal.  Indian  Deep  Sea  Fishes,  1899,  p.  149. 
Malacosteus  indicus  Brauer,  Deutsche  Tiefsee-Exp.  Tiefseefische,  1906,  p.  65. 


Fig.  43.  Malacosteus  indicus  Gthr.  (after  Brauer). 

D.  16— 18;  A.  18—20;  P.  2—3;  V.  6. 

Height  almost  53/4,  head  34/5 — 4.  Eye  oval,  about  4.  Snout 
less  than  ]/3  of  eye.  Origin  of  ventrals  about  an  eye  length 
behind  middle  of  body.  Anal  and  dorsal  in  the  last  */3  of 
body,  arising  nearly  in  the  same  vertical.  Teeth  in  the  inter- 
maxilla  small,  in  4  widely  set  groups.  First  group  with  one, 
second  with  3,  third  with  9,  fourth  with  8  teeth.  About  20 
minute  teeth  in  the  maxilla.  The  largest  of  the  teeth  in  the 
mandible  is  a  strongly  curved  fang  near  the  symphysis.  It  is 
followed  at  some  distance  by  a  smaller  fang,  situated  outside 
the  series  of  teeth,  which  are  arranged  in  five  groups.  The 
first  has  six  teeth,  of  which  the  last  is  by  far  the  largest. 
The  second  group  has  4 — 6  moderate-sized  and  some  smaller 
teeth,  of  which  the  last  is  the  largest.  The  hindermost  3  groups 
contain  about  6  or  more  teeth  in  each  group.  Luminous 
organs  as  in  the  genus.  Velvety  black,  distal  !/s  °f  dorsal 
and  anal  translucent,  otherwise  blackish.  Length  112  mm. 
[Not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:    Celebes   sea,   South   of  Philippines  (914  M.).  - 
Indie:  North  of  Cocos  islands  (2400  M.);  Andamans  (1193  M.); 


1 19 

Bay   of   Bengal    (2500    M.);    near    Chagos    islands    (1900    M.). 
Atlantic:  Westcoast  of  South  Africa  (2000  M.). 

7.  Vinciguerria  Jordan  &  Evermann. 

(JORDAN  &  EVERMANN,  Fishes  of  North  &  Middle  America  I  1896,  p.  577). 

Elongate,  compressed.  Scales  thin,  cycloid.  Besides  those  on 
the  head  there  are  on  each  side  2  rows  of  pearlike  luminous 
organs,  a  ventral  one  running  from  the  isthmus  to  the  caudal, 
a  more  lateral  one  between  operculum  and  vertical  through 
anus.  Head  compressed,  conical.  Snout  pointed,  gape  of  mouth 
wide,  bordered  by  the  intermaxillary  and  by  the  maxillary, 
which  is  ventrally  curved  and  reaches  with  its  dilated  posterior 
end  slightly  behind  the  eye,  which  is  large.  Lower  jaw 
enclosed  within  the  maxillaries.  Its  symphysial  and  posterior 
inferior  angle  prominent.  Dorsal  short,  beginning  nearly  in 
the  middle  of  the  length;  the  origin  of  the  short  anal  is  op- 
posite to  its  posterior  part.  The  short  adipose  fin  behind  the 
vertical  through  end  of  anal.  Caudal  forked,  pectorals  inserted 
low  down.  Origin  of  ventrals  before  dorsal.  A  series  of  small 
unequal  teeth  in  the  jaws,  slightly  increasing  in  size  backward. 
On  the  palatines  a  series  from  4 — 5  teeth.  Gillmembranes  not 
united,  free  from  isthmus.  Gillopenings  wide,  gillrakers  well 
developed. 

Bathypelagic  fishes. 

i.  Vinciguerria  lucetia  (Garm.). 

Maurolicus  lucetiiis  Garman,  Albatross  Exp.  XXVI.  Fishes,   1899,  p.  242. 
Vincigticrria  lucetia  Brauer,  Deutsche  Tiefsee-Exp.  Tiefseefische,  1906,  p.  97. 
Vinciguerria  lucetia  Zugmayer,  Campagnes  Scient.  Monaco,  XXXV.  1911,  p.  56. 
Vinciguerria  lucetia  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische   1913,  p.  21. 

B.  9— n;    D.  13—14;    A.  14—15;   P.  8—9;    V.  7. 

Height  5—8,  head  31/5— 4^,  eye  oval  3V3— 3!/i»  eclual  to 
the  pointed  snout,  twice  as  long  as  the  slightly  concave  inter- 
orbital  space.  Gape  of  mouth  wide.  Upper  jaw  ventrally 
rounded,  posteriorly  dilated,  surpassing  posterior  border  of 
eye.  Lower  jaw  with  a  prominent  symphysial  angle,  its  inferior 
posterior  angle  prominent,  enclosed  between  the  maxillaries. 
Origin  of  dorsal  in  middle  of  length  or  slightly  before  it,  its 
8th  ray  above  about  the  origin  of  anal,  which  is  situated  at 


120 


the  beginning  of  the  last  third  of  the  length.  Short  adipose 
fin  slightly  behind  the  vertical  through  end  of  anal.  Pectorals 
far  below  middle  of  height,  below  posterior  part  of  operculum, 
not  reaching  the  ventrals,  which  originate  before  the  middle 
of  the  body  and  before  the  dorsal  and  do  not  reach  the  anal. 


Fig.  44.   Vinciguerria  lucetia  (Garm.)  (After  Zugmayer). 

Caudal  long,  deeply  forked.  Anus  slightly  before  anal.  In  the 
jaws  a  series  of  small  unequal  teeth,  slightly  increasing  in  size 
before  backward.  4 — 5  in  a  series  on  the  palatines,  scales  thin, 
cycloid.  Luminous  organs:  2  suborbital  organs,  an  anterior 
entirely  black  one,  below  the  interspace  between  nostril  and 
eye,  the  other  below  the  backportion  of  the  orbit.  3  oper- 
culars,  2  above  each  other  at  the  praeopercular  margin :  a 
posterior  behind  the  lower  anterior,  one  on  each  side  behind 
the  symphysis,  8 — 9  between  branchiostegal  rays.  A  ventral 
series  of  21 — 23  between  isthmus  and  ventrals,  of  8 — 10  be- 
tween ventrals  and  anal  and  of  12 — 13  between  origin  of 
anal  and  caudal  of  which  the  6  or  7  posterior  are  situated 
behind  the  anal.  In  the  lateral  series  II  — 13  between  operculum 
and  the  vertical  through  the  ventrals,  from  here  to  the  vertical 
through  origin  of  anal  5 — 9.  Blackish  above,  sides  of  head  and 
body  silvery.  A  black  spot  at  the  end  of  the  tail  and  some 
short  black  transverse  stripes  on  back.  Length  50  mm. 

Habitat:  Molucco  Passage  (1500  M.)!.  —  Indie  to  New 
Amsterdam.  Pacific,  West  coast  of  Mexico  and  Central  America. 
Atlantic :  Gulf  of  Guinea.. 

8.  Gonostoma  Rafinesque 

(Rafinesque,  Ind.  Ittiol.  Sicil.  1810,  p.  64). 

Elongate,  compressed.  Scales  none  or  large  but  excessively 
thin,  more  or  less  concealed  by  the  skin  and  only  slightly 
evident.  Eye  about  equal  to  snout.  A  complete  ventral  and 


121 

an  incomplete  lateral  series  of  luminous  organs,  besides  2 
opercular  ones,  a  series  between  the  branchiostegal  rays  and 
a  suborbital  one.  Head  compressed,  conical.  Gape  of  mouth 
very  wide,  bordered  superiorly  by  the  small  intermaxillary 
and  the  very  long,  slender,  sickle-shaped  maxillary.  Infraorbital 
bone  dilated,  covering  at  least  a  considerable  part  of  the 
cheek.  Lower  jaw  projecting,  with  a  prominent  inferior  pos- 
terior angle,  enclosed  between  the  maxillaries.  Dorsal  shorter 
than  anal,  the  origin  of  both  opposite  or  nearly  so,  both 
situated  behind  the  middle.  Pectorals  in  the  lower  half  of 
the  height.  Ventrals  before  middle  of  length.  Caudal  forked. 
Adipose  fin  nearly  always  present.  Long,  fanglike  teeth,  rather 
regularly  distributed  in  the  upper  and  lower  jaw,  with  much 
smaller  ones  in  the  spaces  between  them.  Vomer  with  or 
without  teeth.  A  series  of  teeth  on  palatines  and  pterygoids. 
Gillopening  very  wide.  Gillmembranes  free  from  isthmus. 
Pseudobranchiae  none.  Gillrakers  very  long  and  slender.  Bran- 
chiostegal rays  short,  11-14. 
Bathypelagic  fishes. 

Synopsis    of  the    species. 

1.  Extremely  thin,  partly  concealed,  large  scales,  2  hooked 
vomerine    teeth.  Origin  of  dorsal  above  the  2lld  or  3rd 

anal  ray G.  rhodadcnia   p.    1 2.1. 

2.  No  scales.  Vomer  edentulous.  Origin  of  dorsal  and  anal 

in  the  same  vertical G.  elongatum  p.   122. 

i.  Gonostoma  rhodadenia  (Gilbert). 

Cyclothone  rhodadenia  Gilbert,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish.  Comm.  XXIII.  2.  (1903)  1905,  p.  602. 
Gonostoma  rhodadenia  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische,  1913,  p.   18. 

B.   ii;  D.   14;  A.  30—31;  P.   11—13;  V.  8. 

Height  about  7,  head  about  4!/2,  eye  6 — 73/5,  2/3  of  length  of 
snout  and  of  the  interorbital  space,  which  contains  a  pair  of 
narrow  ridges,  lengthwise  parallel,  which  fork  anteriorly,  the 
branches  diverging  to  either  side  of  nostrils,  posteriorly,  these 
ridges  extend  along  the  sides  of  the  occiput  where  they  gently 
diverge.  Suborbital  bone  covering  much  less  than  half  cheek, 
forming  a  sheet  overlaying  upper  portion  of  maxillary  for  its 
entire  length.  Pointed  symphysis  of  mandible  very  prominent. 
Gape  of  mouth  very  wide.  Maxillary  curved,  reaching  to  angle 


122 

of  praeoperculum.  Dorsal  opposite  to  anterior  third  of  anal 
which  reaches  far  beyond  vertical  through  adipose  fin  and 
ends  near  forked  caudal.  The  origin  of  dorsal  opposite  to 
second  or  third  ray  of  anal,  the  origin  of  which  is  slightly 
behind  middle  of  length.  Origin  of  ventrals  well  before  middle 
of  length.  Anus  shortly  before  anal.  Some  excessively  thin 
scales  and  wholly  concealed  beneath  the  skin  are  evident  in 
some  places  in  connection  with  the  luminous  organs.  Inter- 
maxilla  with  about  2 — 3,  maxilla  with  about  12  large  curved 
teeth,  the  interspaces  between  them  filled  by  uniformly  short 
teeth.  Mandible  with  about  10 — 12  large,  curved  teeth,  with 
smaller  in  the  interspaces.  Vomer  with  a  pair  of  teeth  hooked 
backward,  those  on  the  palatines  and  pterygoids  in  a  single 
series,  the  2  or  3  anterior  enlarged,  the  posterior  gradually 
smaller.  Luminous  organs,  a  black  suborbital,  posteriorly  con- 
nected with  a  whitish  oblong  glandular  patch.  Two  operculars, 
a  dorsal  one  on  the  level  of  eye,  connected  with  a  small 
oblong  glandular  patch,  an  indistinct  one  behind  edge  of 
maxillary,  one  on  each  side  behind  the  symphysis,  9  between 
the  branchiostegal  rays.  In  the  ventral  series  4  in  advance  of  the 
pectorals,  the  2  opposite  series  strongly  converging  forward, 
ii  between  pectorals  and  ventrals,  5  between  ventrals  and 
anal,  the  anus  situated  between  the  fourth  and  fifth;  23  be- 
tween origin  of  anal  and  caudal,  the  4  hindermost  behind 
anal.  Third  organ  of  the  anal  series  outside  the  series,  above 
the  interspace  between  the  second  and  fourth.  13 — 14  in  the 
lateral  series  between  operculum  and  vertical  through  origin 
of  anal,  the  anterior  one  outside  the  series,  far  above  the 
pectorals,  ventrally  2  glandular  patches  behind  each  other 
above  the  anterior  caudal  rays;  dorsally  above  them  a  similar 
organ.  Brownish  black  above,  jet-black  below.  Vertical  fins 
with  dark  spots,  usually  arranged  in  cross  lines.  Length 
over  190  mm. 

Habitat:     Ceram    Sea    (1914   M.)!.    —    Hawaian    Islands 
(748—1006  M.). 

2.  Gonostoma  elongatum  Giinther. 

Gonostoma    elongatum    Giinther,    Ann. ,  Mag.    Nat.    Hist.   (5).  II.  1878,  p.  187.  — 

Challenger  Rep.  Deep-sea  Fishes,  1887,  p.  173. 
Signups  stigmaticus  Gill,  Proc.  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.  VI.   1883,  p.  256. 


I23 

Gonostotna  dongatum  Alcock,   Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (6).  VIII.   1891,  p.   127,  — 

Descript.  Cat.  Indian  Deep-sea  Fishes,   1899,  p.   139. 
Cyclothonc  dongata  Goode  &  Bean,  Oceanic  Ichthyology,   1895,  p.   101. 
Cydothone  dongata  Jordan  &  Evermann,  Fishes  of  North  &  Middle  America,  I. 

1896,  p.  583. 

Gonostotna  dongatum  Brauer,  Deutsche  Tiefsee  Exp.  Tiefseefische,   1906,  p.  75. 
Gonostoma  dongatum  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische,  1913,  p.   17- 


Fig.   45.  Gonostoma  elongatum  Gthr.  (after  Brauer). 

B.   14;  D.  13;  A.  27—30;  P.   11—13;  V.  7—8. 

Height  about  7,  head  4!/2  or  more,  eye  6 — 8,  equal  to  snout 
or  somewhat  shorter  and  less  than  interorbital  space.  Nostrils 
nearer  to  eye  than  to  point  of  snout.  Suborbital  bone  broad, 
dilated,  covering  about  anterior  half  of  cheek.  Gape  of  mouth 
exceedingly  wide.  Intermaxillary  reaching  to  vertical  through 
anterior  border  of  eye.  Maxillary  curved,  extending  to  angle 
of  praeoperculum.  Lower  jaw  prominent  with  a  pointed  sym- 
physis.  Origin  of  short  dorsal  and  long  anal  opposed,  behind 
middle  of  body  and  slightly  behind  anus,  before  the  beginning 
of  the  last  J/3  of  the  length.  Anal  ending  behind  adipose  fin, 
near  forked  caudal.  Ventrals  before  middle  of  body,  not 
reaching  the  anal.  Pectorals  short,  not  extending  to  ventrals. 
No  scales.  Intermaxilla  with  2 — 4,  maxilla  with  12 — 15  curved 
larger  teeth,  the  two  hindermost  directed  sowewhat  backward, 
the  spaces  between  them  filled  with  smaller  teeth.  Man- 
dible with  about  10  large,  slightly  curved  teeth,  numerous 
smaller  ones  between  them.  Vomer  edentulous.  Palatines  with 
a  series  of  3 — 5  teeth.  Luminous  organs:  a  black  suborbital 
organ,  ventrally  connected  with  a  yellowish  organ  obliquely 
directed  backward.  One  dorsally  at  the  hindborder  of  the 
praeoperculum,  ventrally  connected  with  a  long  yellow  glan- 
dular patch.  One  behind  the  end  of  the  maxilla;  an  incon- 
spicuous one  on  each  side  behind  the  symphysis,  9  between 
the  branchiostegal  rays.  A  ventral  series  of  4  between  isthmus 
and  pectorals,  10 — n  between  pectorals  and  ventrals,  5  be- 


I24 

tween  ventrals  and  anal,  21  between  origin  of  ventrals  and 
caudal,  the  third  of  which  is  situated  higher  up  outside  the 
series  13  in  a  lateral  scries  between  operculum  and  vertical 
through  anal,  the  anterior  outside  the  series  far  above  the 
pectorals.  Ventrally  on  each  side  above  the  anterior  caudal 
rays  2  glandular  patches  behind  each  other.  Dorsally  above 
them  a  similar  organ.  Black  with  a  broad  silvery,  lateral 
band.  Fins  translucent.  Length  about  190  mm. 

Habitat:  West  of  Sumatra  (614  and  677  M.);  Flores  Sea 
(1600  M.)!;  Banda  Sea  (2477  M.!  and  658  M.  Challenger);  Ara- 
fura  Sea  (1463  M.).  —  Indie:  Arabian  Sea.  Atlantic:  East 
Coast  of  North  and  Central  America,  Gulf  of  Guinea. 

9.    Cyclothone  Goode  &  Bean. 

(Goode  &  Bean,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  X.   1883,  p.  221). 

Elongate,  somewhat  compressed.  Scales  none  or  large,  but 
very  thin  and  deciduous,  often  only  distinguishable  by  a  faint 
marking  of  the  skin.  A  complete  ventral  and  an  incomplete 
lateral  series,  of  small  luminous  organs,  besides  two  opercular 
ones;  a  series  between  the  branchiostegal  rays  and  a  suborbital 
one.  Head  compressed,  conical.  Eye  very  small,  much  smaller 
than  snout.  Gape  of  mouth  very  wide,  bordered  superiorly 
by  the  small  intermaxillary  and  the  very  long,  slender,  sickle- 
shaped  maxillary,  which  is  more  or  less  dilated  posteriorly. 
Infraorbital  bone  not  dilated.  Lower  jaw  projecting,  with  a 
prominent  inferior  posterior  angle,  enclosed  between  the  maxil- 
laries.  Dorsal  shorter  than  anal,  the  origin  of  both  opposite 
and  both  situated  in  the  posterior  half  of  the  body.  Pectorals 
in  the  lower  half  of  the  height.  Ventrals  slightly  before  middle 
of  length.  Caudal  forked.  No  adipose  fin.  Intermaxillary, 
maxillary  and  mandible  with  numerous,  needle-like  teeth 
in  a  series,  increasing  in  size  backward,  some  of  which 
are  somewhat  enlarged.  The  posterior  maxillary  more  or  less 
obliquely  directed  forward.  Sometimes  a  few  short  fangs  ante- 
riorly in  the  mandible.  Teeth  on  palatines,  pterygoids;  on 
vomer  present  or  absent.  Gillopening  very  wide,  gillmem- 
branes  free  from  isthmus.  Pseudobranchiae  none.  Gillrakers 
numerous,  long,  bristle-like.  Branchiostegals  short,  12 — 14. 
Small  bathypelagic  fishes. 


125 


Synopsis    of  the    species. 

I.  Colour  white  with  black  markings.  No  scales.  Posterior 
maxillary  teeth  scarcely  oblique,  no  conspicuous  larger 
ones  intermingled.  In  the  mandible  62 — 66  teeth  in  a 
continuous  series  behind  the  hindermost  fang.  7  lumi- 
nous organs  in  the  lateral  series C.  signata  p.  125. 

II.  Colour  blackish  or  brown.  Scales  large,  but  very  thin 
and  deciduous.  8 — 9  luminous  organs  in  the  lateral  series. 

a.  Anus  slightly  behind  ventrals,  nearer  to  them  than 
to   anal.  Posterior  maxillary   teeth  oblique,  conspi- 
cuously larger  teeth  between  them.  In  the  mandible 
a   continuous    series  of  90 — 100  vertical  teeth  be- 
hind the  hindermost  fang C.  microdon  p.   126. 

b.  Anus  in  the  middle  between  base  of  ventrals  and 
anal.     Posterior     maxillary     teeth     very    obliquely 
directed  forward,  gradually  increasing  in  size  back- 
ward,   but  without   larger  teeth  between  them.  In 
the    mandible    a    series    of  about  70  teeth  behind 

the  hindermost  fang - C.  acclinidens   p.   127. 

i.  Cyclothone  signata  Garman. 

Cyclothone  signata  Garman,  Albatross  Exp.   XXVI.   Fishes,   1899.  p.   246. 
Cyclothone  signata    "Brauer,  Deutsche  Tiefsee-Exp.  Tiefseefische,  1906,  p.   78.) 
Cyclothone  signata  Zugmayer,  Campagnes  Scient.  Monaco  XXXV.   1911,  p.  95. 
Cyclothone  signata  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische,  1913,  p.   19. 

B.   12 — 13;  D.   12 — 14;  A.    19 — 2O;   P.  9 — IO;  V.  6 — 7. 

Height  7,  head  about  4!/2,  eye  12,  twice  in  interorbital 
space  and  about  twice  in  snout.  Lower  jaw  prominent  with 
a  ventrally  directed  spine  at  the  symphysis.  Front  flat,  late- 
rally with  3  short  blunt  tubercles.  Origin  of  dorsal  and  anal 
opposite,  before  beginning  of  last  !/-3  of  length.  Ventrals  be- 
fore middle,  extending  on  anal.  Pectorals  nearly  reaching  to 
ventrals.  Anus  before  middle  of  body,  slightly  behind  ven- 
trals. Intermaxillary  with  6 — 7  nearly  equal,  short  teeth.  Maxil- 
lary with  a  row  of  15 — 16  teeth,  the  teeth  of  the  anterior  !/3 
of  the  row  looking  vertically  downward,  the  remaining  incre- 
asing in  size  posteriorly,  slightly  directed  forward.  Mandible 
with  .62 — 66  teeth,  in  the  anterior  j/7  2  larger  canines,  sepe- 
rated  by  smaller  teeth,  the  teeth  behind  gradually  increasing 
in  size  posteriorly.  Vomer  edentulous.  Palatines  with  3 — 4, 


126 

pterygoids  with  2 — 3  teeth.  No  scales.  Luminous  organs:  a 
small,  black  suborbital,  two  operculars,  the  dorsal  one  below 
the  level  of  the  eye,  the  ventral  one  on  the  level  of  the 
lower  base  of  the  pectorals,  9 — 10  between  the  branchiostegals. 
On  each  side  of  the  body  13  in  a  ventral  series  between 
isthmus  and  ventrals,  4  between  ventrals  and  anal  of  which 
the  2  anterior  ones  are  approximated,  the  second  above  the 
anus.  13  between  origin  of  anal  and  caudal.  7  in  a  lateral 
series  between  operculum  and  vertical  through  ventrals,  the 
first  of  which  higher  up,  outside  the  series.  Whitish  with 
black  markings  on  cheek  and  back.  A  pair  of  elongate  spots 
on  the  occiput,  diverging  from  the  nape  toward  the  eyes.  A 
series  of  spots  in  the  middle  of  the  tail.  Two  transverse 
streaks  at  the  base  of  the  caudal.  Short  oblique  streaks  be- 
tween the  bases  of  the  dorsal  and  anal  rays.  Length  45  mm. 
Habitat:  Bali  Sea  (1310  M.)!;  Macassar  straits  (450  M.) ! ; 
Banda  Sea  (1000 — 2081  M.) ! ;  Molucco  passage  (1500  M.) ! ; 
Manipa  straits  (1536  M.) ! ;  Halmahera  Sea  (1000  M.)!;  Timor 
Sea  (421  M.) !.  —  Indie,  S.  2°. 30'.  East  Atlantic  between 
46°.3i'  N.  and  Cape  of  Good  Hope;  Gulf  of  Panama. 

2.  Cyclothone  microdon  (Gthr.). 

Gonostoma  microdon  Giinther,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (5).  II.  1878,  p.  188. 
Cyclothone  lusca  Goode  &  Bean,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  X.  1883,  p.  221. 
Neostoma  quadrioculatum  Vaillant,  Exp.  Scient.  Travailleur  &  Talisman,  Poissons, 

1888,  p.  99. 

Cyclothone  microdon  Goode  &  Bean,  Oceanic  Ichthyology,  1896,  p.  99. 
Gonostoma  microdon  Alcock,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (6).  IV.  1898 — 1899,  p.  399. 
Cyclothone  microdon  Alcock,  Descript.  Catal.  Indian  Deep  Sea  Fishes,  1899,  p.  141. 
Cyclothone  microdon  Brauer,  Deutsche  Tiefsee-Exp.  Tiefseefische,  1906,  p.  82. 
Cyclothone  microdon  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische,  1913,  p.  1 8. 


Fig.  46.    Cyclothone  microdon  (Gthr.). 

B.    12 — 13;    D.    12 — 14;   A.    17 — 21;   P.   9 — IO;    V.   6. 
Height  8,    head   5;    eye   10 — 12,    half  as   long  as  snout  and 
interorbital   space.    Front   slightly  concave,   laterally  bordered 


12; 

by  a  series  of  3  blunt  tubercles  the  last  and  middle  of  which 
are  more  approximated  than  the  middle  and  the  anterior. 
Mandible  slightly  prominent,  with  a  ventrally  directed  spine 
at  the  symphysis.  Origin  of  dorsal  and  anal  opposite,  far  be- 
hind ventrals,  which  are  situated  slightly  before  middle  of 
length  and  reach  beyond  the  anus,  which  is  situated  nearer 
to  ventrals  than  to  anal.  End  of  pectorals  far  distant  from 
ventrals,  in  the  middle  of  the  body  or  slightly  before  it. 
Caudal  deeply  forked.  Scales  large,  thin,  4  between  anal  and 
dorsal.  Intermaxilla  with  8 — 10  unequal  teeth,  one  or  two  of 
which  are  enlarged.  About  90 — 100  maxillary  teeth,  the  ante- 
rior third  of  which  smaller  and  vertically  inserted.  The  pos- 
terior obliquely  directed  forward,  generally  increasing  in  size 
from  before  backward,  intermingled  with  about  10 — 12  larger 
ones.  In  the  anterior  part  of  the  mandibula  about  12  sube- 
quel  teeth  between  which  2  much  larger  ones,  one  behind 
the  3  or  4  most  anterior  ones  the  second  nearly  at  the  end 
of  the  row,  behind  them  a  continuous  series  of  about  100 
gradually  increasing  in  size  from  before  backward;  2 — 3  on 
the  palatines,  4 — 6  on  the  pterygoids.  Luminous  organs  small: 
A  black  suborbital  one,  2  operculars  above  each  other,  the 
dorsal  on  the  level  of  the  eye,  the  ventral  on  the  level  of 
the  maxilla,  9 — 10  between  branchiostegal  rays.  13  in  a  ven- 
tral series  between  isthmus  and  ventrals,  5  between  ventrals 
and  anal,  the  2  anterior  of  which  before  anus,  14 — 15  between 
origin  of  anal  and  caudal,  the  3 — 4  hindermost  behind  anal. 
A  lateral  series  of  8 — 9  between  operculum  and  the  vertical 
through  anus,  the  one  or  two  hindermost  more  distant.  Uni- 
form brownish  or  blackish  brown.  Length  60  mm. 

Habitat:  Floras  Sea  (538  M.)!;  Banda  Sea  (1000-2474  M.)! ; 
Timor  Sea  (421  M.)!;  Manipa  strait  (1556  M.)!;  Molucco  pas- 
sage (1500  M.)!;  Celebes  Sea  (700 — 2291  M.)!;  Halmahera  Sea 
(1000  M.)!.  —  Indie,  to  South  of  Kerguelen  islands.  Pacific 
between  Behring  Sea  and  50°  S.  Atlantic  between  Davis 
Strait  and  52°. 39'  S. 

3.  Cyclothone  acclinidens  Garm. 

Cyclothone  acclinidens  Garman,  Albatross  Exp.  XXVI.  Fishes,   1899,  p.  246. 
Cycle f hone  acclinidens  Brauer,  Deutsche  Tiefsee-Exp.  TIefseefische,  1906,  p.  85. 
Cyclothone  acclinidens  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische,  1913,  p.   19. 

B.  14;  D.  13—14;  A.  18— 20;   P.  10;  V.  6—7. 


128 

Height  7  or  somewhat  more,  head  ^.l/2 — 5,  eye  8 — 10, 
nearly  half  as  long  as  snout  and  as  interorbital  space.  Front 
slightly  concave,  laterally  with  3  low,  blunt  tubercles.  Lower 
jaw  prominent  with  a  sharp  point  at  the  symphysis,  directed 
downward.  Origin  of  dorsal  and  anal  opposed,  slightly  behind 
the  middle  of  length.  Ventrals  somewhat  before  that  middle, 
nearer  to  anal  than  to  pectorals,  not  reaching  the  anal.  Pec- 
torals narrow,  reaching  to  origin  of  ventrals  or  not  so  far. 
Anus  in  the  middle  of  the  length  and  in  the  middle  between 
ventrals  and  anal.  6 — 10  vertical,  nearly  equally  large  teeth 
in  the  intermaxillary.  In  the  anterior  third  of  the  maxillary 
about  30 — 35  nearly  vertical,  small  teeth,  which  increase 
very  slightly  in  size  from  before  backward;  behind  them 
stronger  teeth,  inclined  forward,  the  number  of  which  gains 
with  age  to  about  20  or  more,  gradually  becoming  larger 
backward.  In  the  anterior  part  of  the  mandibula  about  15 
equally  small  teeth,  behind  the  third  a  large  vertical  fang,  a 
second  at  the  end  of  the  series,  behind  it  a  series  of  about 
70  teeth,  all  vertically  placed  and  gradually  increasing  in  size 
from  before  backward.  Vomer  with  a  series  of  4 — 5  curved 
teeth,  the  last  of  which  is  the  largest;  4 — 6  on  the  palatines, 
6 — 8  on  the  pterygoids.  Luminous  organs  small:  a  black 
suborbital,  two  operculars  above  each  other,  the  dorsal  on  the 
level  of  the  eye,  the  ventral  on  the  level  of  the  pectorals. 
10  between  branchiostegal  rays,  13 — 14  in  a  ventral  series 
between  isthmus  and  ventrals,  4  between  ventrals  and  anal, 
the  2  anterior  of  which  before  the  anus;  14 — 16  between 
origin  of  anal  land  caudal.  About  4  behind  anal.  9 — 10  in  a 
lateral  series  between  operculum  and  the  vertical  through  anus, 
one  or  two  hindermost  distant  from  the  others.  A  luminous 
supracaudal  patch  strongly  developed.  Brownish,  back  blackish. 
Length  44  mm. 

Habitat:  Banda  Sea  (1500-1000  M.)!;  Timor  Sea  (2050  M.)!; 
Manipa  strait  (1536  M.) ! ;  Molucco  passage  (1500  M.) ! ;  Hal- 
mahera  Sea  (1000  M.) !  -  -  Tropical  Indie  to  New  Amsterdam. 
Pacific  along  the  West  Coast  of  America,  between  o° — 37°  N. 
East  Atlantic  between  Canarian  islands  and  56°  30'  S. 

2.  Subfam.  Sternoptychinae. 

Body  short,  its  anterior  part  elevated,  compressed  or  elon- 
gate and  the  anterior  part  of  the  body  not  differentiated  by 


I29 

its  height  from  the  posterior  part.  Eye  large,  by  exception 
telescopic.  No  barbel.  Gape  of  mouth  vertical  or  nearly  so. 
Origin  of  dorsal,  which  may  be  preceded  by  spines,  in  the 
middle  of  the  body  or  behind  it,  above  or  before  that  of 
anal.  Adipose  fin  low,  totally  or  partly  above  hinder  part  of 
anal,  which  may  be  divided.  Ventrals  small,  below  or  before 
origin  of  dorsal.  Scales  absent,  if  present  large,  thin  and 
exceedingly  deciduous.  Praeorbital,  postorbital  and  ocular  lumi- 
nous organs  single.  Those  on  the  mandibular  symphysis,  in  the 
branchiostegal  membrane  and  on  the  body  in  groups :  between 
isthmus  and  ventrals  in  a  ventral  and  more  lateral  series, 
between  ventrals  and  caudal  in  one  series.  Body  without 
smaller  scattered  luminous  organs.  No  whitish  punctiform 
organs  on  fins.  Small  teeth  in  the  jaws,  on  vomer  present  or 
absent.  Gillmembranes  free  from  isthmus  or  attached  to  it, 
they  may  also  be  delicately  connected.  5 — n  branchiostegal 
rays.  4  gills.  Gillrakers  well  developed.  Pseudobranchiae  present 
or  absent. 

Synopsis  of  the  genera. 

A.  Body  elevated,  short,  height  i1^'  Anal  short,  II — 17 
rays.  Pseudobranchiae  present. 

1.  Dorsal    fin    preceded    by    a    forked  spine.  Teeth 
on  vomer.  No  abrupt  ventral  constriction  between 

trunk  and  tail.  Eyes  normal.  Anal  not  divided  .  Polyipnus  p.   129. 

2.  Dorsal    fin    preceded  by  a  large  triangular  trans- 
parent  plate.    No    teeth    on    vomer.    An    abrupt 
ventral  constriction  between  trunk  and  tail. 

a.  Space    between    trunk    and    tail    filled    by  a 
transparent  integumentary  plate.  Eyes  normal. 

Anal  not  divided Sternoptyx  p.   132. 

b.  Body     hatchet-shaped,     ventral    constriction 
without  integumentary  plate.  Telescopic  eyes. 

Anal  divided Argyropelectis  p.   134. 

B.  Elongate,   not  elevated.  Height  3%.  Anal  long  with 

23 — 24  rays.  No  pseudobranchiae Valenciennellus   p.   136. 

I.  Polyipnus  Giinther. 

(GUNTHER,  Challenger  Rep.  Deep-sea  fishes,  1887,  p.   170). 
Strongly  compressed  and  elevated,  but  without  abrupt  ven- 
tral  constriction    between    trunk    and    tail,  covered  with  large 
but  extremely  thin,  deciduous  scales.  Luminous  organs  before, 
INDO-AUSTRALIAN  FISHES  II.  9 


1 3o 

behind  and  below  eye,  on  opercle,  between  branchiostegal  rays, 
in  groups  along  isthmus,  along  ventral  edge,  between  ventrals 
and  anal,  above  and  behind  anal,  above  and  behind  pectorals. 
Spiny  ridges  on  head  and  belly.  A  strong  praeopercular  spine. 
Gape  of  mouth  vertical,  rather  small,  bordered  above  by  the 
slender  intermaxillaries,  which  are  followed  by  the  posteriorly 
broadened  maxillaries.  Mandibles  received  within  the  upper 
jaw.  Eye  very  large,  snout  very  short.  Origin  of  dorsal  nearly 
midway  in  length  of  body,  preceded  by  a  short  bifid  spine. 
A  low  adipose  fin  present.  Origin  of  anal  at  the  beginning 
of  last  J/s  °f  length.  Pectorals  low  down,  long;  ventrals  short. 
Caudal  forked.  Minute  teeth  in  bands  on  intermaxillary  and 
mandible,  in  a  series  on  maxilla.  Similar  teeth  on  vomer. 
Gillopening  wide,  gillmembranes  free  from  the  isthmus,  deli- 
cately connected.  9 — 11  short  branchiostegal  rays.  Pseudo- 
branchiae  present.  Gillrakers  rather  long. 

i.  Polyipnus  spinosus  Gthr. 

Polyipnus  spinosus  Gunther,  Challenger  Rep.  Deep-sea  Fishes,   1887,  p.   170. 
Polyipmis  spinosus  Alcock,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (6).  IV.  1889,  p.  398.  —  Descr. 

Cat.  Indian  Deep  Sea  Fishes,  1899,  p.   137. 

Polyipnus  spinosus  Brauer,  Deutsche  Tiefsee-Exp.  Tiefseefische,   1906,  p.   120. 
Polyipnus  spinosus  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische,   1913,  p.   22. 


Fig.  47.  Polyipmis  spino&us  Gthr. 

B.  9—  ii;  D.   12—13;  A.   15—17;  P.  12—14;  V.  5. 

Height  i73— 12/3,  head  3,  much  higher  than  long;  eye  2!/2. 
Vertical  diameter  of  eye  !/2  or  somewhat  more  of  length  of 
head.  Snout  very  short,  less  than  pupil.  On  dorsal  part  of 


head,  2  serrated  ridges,  beginning  on  each  side  behind  nostril 
and  bordering  a  concave  space,  slightly  converge  towards 
the  middle  of  the  occiput  and  are  continued  by  2  strong 
diverging  crests,  ending  in  a  sharp  recumbent  spine.  Edge  of 
praeoperculum  serrated  near  its  angle,  which  is  armed  with  a 
slender,  claw-like  spine,  pointing  vertically  downward.  Gape 
of  mouth  vertical,  bordered  superiorly  by  the  slender  inter- 
maxillary, the  maxillary,  the  hinder  half  of  which  is  broad 
and  posteriorly  rounded,  lies  behind  the  gape.  Mandibles 
received  within  the  upper  jaw,  their  lower  border  is  denticulated. 
A  blunt  spine  at  the  symphysis  and  at  its  inferior  posterior 
angle.  Ventral  edge  serrated,  with  an  anterior  and  posterior 
spine,  followed  by  a  spinulous  edge  on  each  side  between 
ventrals  and  anal.  Origin  of  dorsal  nearly  in  the  middle  of 
the  length,  preceded  by  a  small  bifid  spine.  Origin  of  anal 
on  the  beginning  of  the  posterior  third  of  the  length.  Low 
adipose  fin  in  the  middle  of  the  space  between  dorsal  and 
caudal.  Pectorals  low  down,  reaching  almost  as  far  as  the 
base  of  the  ventrals,  which  are  small.  Anus  immediately 
before  anal.  Caudal  forked.  A  band  of  minute  curved  teeth 
on  intermaxillary  and  mandibles,  and  a  single  series  on 
maxilla,  similar  teeth  on  vomer.  Extremely  thin,  large,  deciduous 
scales.  Luminous  organs:  a  black  oval  antorbital  before  middle 
of  eye,  a  postorbital  one  on  the  same  level,  a  suborbital  below 
middle  of  eye.  A  smaller  opercular  below  the  level  of  the  sub- 
orbital;  6  between  branchiostegal  rays.  A  series  of  6  between  isth- 
mus and  base  of  pectorals.  A  series  of  10  along  the  ventral  edge, 
between  humeral  and  pelvic  symphysis.  5  between  ventrals  and 
anal,  the  anterior  of  which  somewhat  higher  than  the  following. 
Above  anal  and  somewhat  behind  it,  a  series  of  12 — 16,  behind 
and  separated  from  it  a  group  of  4 — 5,  decreasing  in  size  post- 
eriorly, the  last  above  the  first  caudal  ray.  Two  above,  3  behind 
the  base  of  the  pectorals,  above  the  last  of  which  one  high  up, 
nearly  in  the  middle  of  the  height  of  the  body.  Silvery,  back  „ 
yellowish  brown.  Length  85  mm. 

Habitat:  West  Coast  of  Sumatra  (470  m.);  Madura  Sea 
(28701.)!;  Bali  Sea  (538  m.)!;  Macassar  straits  (450  m.)!;  Molucco 
passage  (397  m.)!;  Arafura  Sea  (397  m.)!;  Timor  Sea  (421  m.)!; 
Celebes  Sea  (457  m.).  •  Tropical  Indie;  Pacific:  Sandwich 
islands,  Atlantic:  Gulf  of  Guinea. 

Bathypelagic,  probably  living  in  shoals. 


I32 

2.  Sternoptyx  Hermann. 
(HERMANN,  Der  Naturforscher,  XVI.  1781,  p.  8). 

Trunk  much  elevated  and  compressed,  passing  ventrally 
abruptly  with  a  more  or  less  right  angle  into  the  short  and 
compressed  tail;  the  angle  being  filled  up  by  a  transparent  fold 
of  the  integument,  resembling  thin  cartilage.  A  similar  structure 
forms  the  ventral  edge  of  the  trunk.  Cleft  of  mouth  subvertical, 
its  upper  margin  formed  by  the  very  short  intermaxillaries  and 
maxillaries.  Lower  jaw  received  in  the  upper,  its  posterior 
inferior  angle  has  a  short  spine  as  also  the  angle  of  the  prae- 
operculum  and  the  symphysis  of  the  humeral  bones.  At  the 
symphysis  of  the  pelvic  bones  two  spines,  one  looking  forward, 
the  smaller  backward.  Behind  the  anus  a  bifid  spine.  Before 
the  dorsal,  the  origin  of  which  is  situated  behind  the  middle 
of  the  body,  a  translucent  pear-shaped  plate,  which  has  its  upper 
border  dentated,  strengthened  along  its  hindmargin  by  a  strong 
spine.  Anal  arising  on  the  broad  transparent  integumentary 
fold  between  trunk  and  tail.  The  low  adipose  fin  begins  imme- 
diately behind  dorsal  and  reaches  nearly  to  the  anterior  rays 
of  the  caudal,  which  is  broad  and  forked.  Pectorals  close  to 
the  ventral  profile,  surpassing  the  base  of  the  ventrals.  Ventrals 
small.  Eye  large,  snout  very  short.  Numerous  small  unequal 
teeth  in  the  jaws.  Palate  edentulous.  No  scales.  Luminous 
organs:  one  behind  and  one  below  the  eye,  one  opercular,  a 
group  on  branchiostegal  membrane,  a  group  on  isthmus,  a  series 
along  ventral  edge,  one  series  between  ventrals  and  anal,  above 
anal,  behind  anal  and  above  pectorals.  Gillopening  very  wide, 
gillmembranes  attached  to  the  isthmus.  4  gills.  Pseudobranchiae 
present.  Gillrakers  moderate. 

i.  Sternoptyx  diaphana  Herm. 

Sternoptyx  diaphana  Hermann,  Der  Naturforscher,  XVI.   1781,  p.  8. 
Sternoptyx  diaphana  Gunther,    Challenger  Report  Deep-sea  Fishes,  1887,  p.  168. 
Sternoptyx  diaphana  Brauer,    Deutsche    Tiefsee-Exp.    Tiefseefische,  1906,  p.   115. 
Sternoptyx  diaphana  Zugmayer,  Camp.  Scient.  Monaco,  XXXV.   191 1,  p.  54. 
Sternoptyx  diaphana  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische,   1913,  p.  22. 

B.  5;  D.  9—12;  A.  13—14;  P.  10;  V.  5. 

Height  generally  equal  to  distance  between  snout  and  base 
of  tail  but  varying  very  much  according  to  length.  Length 
of  head  2!/2  to  more  than  3,  generally  more  or  less  below  3. 


133 

v 

Eye  generally  2,  but  it  may  be  smaller  or  larger,  according 
to  which  the  point  of  the  snout  is  situated  above  or  below 
the  level  of  the  ventral  margin  of  the  eye.  For  position  of 
fins  and  teeth  see  the  diagnosis  of  the  genus. 

Luminous  organs:  a  postorbital  behind  middle  of  eye,  incon- 


Fig.  48.  Sternoptyx  dtaphana  Herm. 

spicuous  in  full  grown  specimens.  A  suborbital  one  close  to 
the  praeopercular  spine.  One  ventrally  on  the  operculum.  A 
on  group  of  3  on  branchiostegal  membrane.  In  the  ventral  series 
a  group  of  5  on  the  isthmus,  10  in  a  close-set  series  on  each 
side  along  the  ventral  edge.  A  group  of  3  between  ventrals 
and  anal,  situated  far  above  the  ventral  contour.  A  group  of 
3  at  the  beginning  of  the  tail  above  the  transparent  integumen- 
tary fold.  A  single  organ  slightly  above  and  before  it.  A  group 
of  4  small  ones  between  anal  and  caudal.  A  group  of  3  above 
the  base  of  the  pectorals.  Silvery,  back  darkish,  fins  translucent. 
Length  45  mm. 

Habitat:  Bali  Sea  (1310111.)!;  Flores  Sea  (i6oom.)!;  Banda 
Sea  (2477  m.)!;  Timor  Sea  (828  m.);  Manipa  straits  (1536  m.)!; 
Ceram  Sea  (surface)  1;  Molucco  passage  (1500 — 100  m.)!;  Celebes 
Sea  ( 1 264m.)!.  Pacific:  between  Yeddo  and  Australia;  east- 


134 

ward  to  Sandwich  islands.  Indie:  tropical  part  to  New  Amster- 
dam. Atlantic :  between  46°  24'  N.  to  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and 
West  India. 

3.  Argyropelecus  Cocco. 

(Cocco,  Giorn.  Sci.  Sicil.  1829.  fasc.  77.  p.  146). 

Strongly  compressed,  short,  anterior  part  of  body  much 
elevated  and  higher  than  posterior  part,  which  is  more  or  less 
sharply  deflected  from  the  anterior,  its  contour  carinated;  espe- 
cially a  short  ventral  edge  with  an  anterior  and  2  posterior 
spines.  Cleft  of  mouth  subvertical,  its  upper  margin  constituted 
by  the  intermaxillary  and  by  the  curved  maxillary,  which 
enclose  the  mandible,  which  has  a  prominent  hook  at  the 
symphysis  and  at  the  posterior  inferior  angle.  Praeoperculum 
ventrally  with  one  or  two  spines.  Large  telescopic  eyes,  situated 
close  together.  No  scales.  Luminous  organs:  on  head  before 
and  below  eyes,  on  operculum  and  in  a  group  on  branchiostegal 
membranes.  A  ventral  and  a  lateral  series  on  trunk,  3  groups 
on  tail.  Anterior  7 — 9  rays  of  dorsal  transformed  into  a  folia- 
ceous,  serrated  plate,  succeeded  by  7 — 9  normal  rays,  which 
originate  before  anal.  Anal  divided  nearly  in  the  middle  by 
a  free  interspace.  A  low  long  adipose  fin  in  the  middle  between 
dorsal  and  caudal.  Pectorals  long  and  low.  Ventrals  very  small. 
Caudal  deeply  emarginated.  Upper  jaw  with  minute  teeth,  lower 
jaw  and  palatines  with  a  series  of  small  curved  teeth.  Gillopening 
wide,  gillmembranes  free  from  isthmus  and  from  each  other. 
4  gills.  Pseudobranchiae  present.  Gillrakers  long;  9  branchios- 
tegals. 

Probably  bathypelagic  fishes. 

i.  Argyropelecus  olfersi  (Cuv.). 

Sternoptyx  Olfersii  Cuvier,  Regne  animal,  2.  ed.  II.  1829,  p.  316. 
Argyropelecus  Olfersii  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  XXII.  1849,  p.  408. 
Argyropelecus  Olfersi   Brauer,  Deutsche  Tiefsee-Exp.  Tiefseefische,  1906,  p.   108. 
Argyropelecus  Olfersi  Zugmayer,  Camp.  Scient.  Monaco,  XXXV.   1911,  p.  52. 
Argyropelecus  Olfersi  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische,   1913,  p.  21. 

B.9;   D.  VII  +  9;   A.  VII+5;   P.  10— II;   V.  6. 

Greatest  height  about  i3/5,  length  of  posterior  part  of  body 
to  that  of  anterior  as  1 : 1.4-1.7.  Head  3-373-  Telescopic  eye  2'/5 
to  3,  nearly  vertical,  '/5  to  about  l/3  longer  than  snout.  Gape  of 


135 

mouth  nearly  vertical,  nearly  reaching  the  vertical  through  the 
middle  of  the  eye.  Mandible  with  a  prominent  spine  at  the  sym- 
physis  and  a  short  flat  one  at  its  posterior  corner.  One  praeoper- 
cular  spine  directed  downward.  One  spine  at  the  shoulder.  Ventral 
keel  with  a  short  anterior  and  two  much  stronger  posterior  ones, 


Fig.  49.  Argyropehcus  olfersi  Cuv. 

which  are  directed  down-  and  backward.  Soft  part  of  dorsal 
before  the  beginning  of  the  second  */3  of  the  length,  ending 
before  the  vertical  through  the  origin  of  the  anal,  which  origin- 
ates immediately  behind  the  anus,  in  the  beginning  of  the  last 
Y3.  Origin  of  ventrals  below  the  middle  of  the  second  !/2  of 
dorsal,  behind  middle  of  length.  Pectorals  reaching  ventrals. 
A  long  low  adipose  fin.  Caudal  deeply  emarginate.  Luminous 
organs :  an  antorbital  below  nostrils,  a  suborbital  near  posterior 
end  of  maxillary.  Two  operculars,  the  dorsal  nearly  on  the 
level  of  the  ventral  margin  of  the  eye,  the  inferior  behind  prae- 
opercular  spine.  A  group  of  6  on  the  branchiostegal  membrane. 
In  the  ventral  series  meeting  that  of  the  other  side,  a  group 
of  6  behind  the  isthmus,  along  the  ventral  edge  a  series  of  12 
meeting  those  of  the  other  side.  Between  ventrals  and  caudal, 
on  each  side  3  far  distant  groups,  the  first  group  before  anal 
with  4  organs,  the  2  median  of  which  are  shorter.  Second  group 
above  the  middle  of  the  anal  with  5 — 6  organs  of  unequal  size, 
the  middle  ones  of  which  are  somewhat  shorter.  In  the  third 
group  before  the  anterior  rays  of  caudal  4  nearly  equal  organs. 
A  group  of  2  organs  above  pectorals  and  a  series  of  6  somewhat 
distant  organs  between  it  and  the  ventral.  Length  about  100  mm. 


1 36 

Habitat:  Banda  Sea  (2798  m.)!  --  Indie:  tropical  part  to 
New  Amsterdam.  Atlantic  from  North  Cape  to  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  from  North  America  to  Brasil. 

4.  Valenciennellus  Jordan  &  Evermann. 
(JORDAN  &  EVERMANN,  Fishes  of  North  &  Middle  America  I.  1896,  p.  577). 

Elongate,  strongly  compressed,  scaleless.  Luminous  organs 
on  head;  a  ventral  series  between  isthmus  and  ventrals  and 
between  ventrals  and  anal,  the  organs  touching  each  other.  A 
more  lateral  series  of  distant  organs  beginning  at  isthmus  and 
ending  at  some  distance  before  ventrals.  Between  origin  of  anal 
and  caudal  5  groups  of  organs  on  rather  large  black  patches. 
Head  strongly  compressed.  Gape  of  mouth  wide,  very  oblique, 
bordered  superiorly  by  the  broad,  curved  maxillary,  which 
receives  anteriorly  the  slender  intermaxilla.  Mandibles  promi- 
nent, enclosed,  very  broad  posteriorly  with  a  prominent  posterior 
inferior  angle,  which  is  the  most  prominent  part  of  the  ventral 
profile  of  the  head.  Jaws  with  a  series  of  minute  teeth,  curved 
backward.  Origin  of  short  dorsal  above  the  anterior  rays  of 
the  long  anal,  which  reaches  behind  the  vertical  through  the 
adipose  fin.  Pectorals  below  the  middle  of  the  height,  their 
base  below  the  weak  operculum.  Ventrals  short,  before  middle 
of  body.  Caudal  emarginate.  Gillmembranes  free  from  isthmus. 

i.  Valenciennellus  tripunctulatus  (Esm.). 

Matirolicus  tripunctulatus  Esmark,  Vidensk.  Selskaps  Forhandl.  Christiania,  1870, 

p.  488. 

Maur aliens  tripunctulatus  LUtke,  Spolia  Atlantica,  Scopelini,   1892,  p.   269. 
Valenciennellus   tripunctulatus  Jordan    &    Evermann,  Fishes  of  North  &  Middle 

America  I.   1896,  p.  578. 

?  Valenciennellus  stellatus  Brauer,  Deutsche  Tiefsee-Exp.  Tiefseefische,  1906,  p.  100. 
Valenciennellus  triptmctulatus  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische,   1913,  p.  20. 

D.;;  A.  24;  P.  10;  V.;. 

Height  33/4,  head  3V3— 33/4,  eye  2!/2,  about  equal  to  snout. 
Gape  of  mouth  very  oblique,  not  very  far  from  vertical.  Origin 
of  dorsal  opposite  to  first  rays  of  anal,  in  the  middle  of  the 
length.  Pectorals  about  2/3  of  the  length  of  the  head,  reaching 
to  ventrals,  which  are  short.  Scales  wanting.  Both  jaws  with 
minute  teeth.  No  teeth  on  vomer  and  palatines  (?).  Luminous 
organs:  16 — 17  organs,  touching  each  other,  in  a  ventral  series 
between  isthmus  and  ventrals.  A  lateral  series  of  10,  four  of  which 


'37 

before  pectorals,  the  fifth  above  the  pectorals,  2  somewhat 
smaller  ones,  close  together,  behind  the  pectorals  and  followed 
at  a  short  distance  by  the  larger  3  equally  distant,  hinder- 
most.  Between  ventrals  and  anal  a  series  of  5,  touching  each 
other.  These  and  the  lateral  series  of  organs  consist  of  round 


Fig.  50.    Valenciennellns  tripunctulatns  (Esm.). 

organs,  partly  silvery,  partly  blackish,  bordered  by  a  metallic 
reddish  patch  above.  Between  origin  of  anal  and  caudal  5  equally 
distant  black  spots,  the  first,  second  and  third  containing  3 
white  rounded  organs,  the  fourth  2,  and  the  fifth  4;  an  antorbital 
organ  below  nostril,  a  series  of  4  organs  underneath  the  cheek. 
2  opercular  ones,  one  behind  the  eye  and  one  behind  the  maxilla, 
2  or  3  on  the  gillmembrane.  Brownish,  operculum  and  belly 
silvery.  A  series  of  about  15 — 17  black  spots  between  oper- 
culum and  caudal.  Length  40  mm. 

Habitat:  Timor  Sea  (421  m.)!.  -  Indie:  Madagascar. 
Atlantic:  Danmark  straits  (65°  N.  28°  W.).  If  V.  stellatus  of 
Brauer  really  belongs  to  this  species,  also  in  the  northern  part 
of  the  Indie  and  in  the  Atlantic,  Gulf  of  Guinea. 

5.  Stylophthalmus  Brauer. 

(BRAUER,  Zool.  Anz.  XXV,   1902,  p.  298.  —  Deutsche  Tiefsee-Exp. 
Tiefseefische,   1906,  p.  66). 

Elongate,  scaleless,  head  depressed,  snout  long,  strongly  de- 
pressed and  broadly  rounded,  mandible  prominent,  its  articular 
end  angularly  prominent.  Eyes  in  the  very  young  ones  on  long 
immovable  cartilaginous  stalks,  which  are  reduced  later  on. 
Pectorals  short,  but  rather  broad.  No  ventrals.  Origin  of  dorsal 
before  vertical  through  anus,  partly  opposite  to  anal  or  not. 
Anus  on  a  papilla,  approximate  to  anal.  Caudal  forked  or 
rounded.  Minute  sharp  teeth  in  the  jaws.  At  least  a  ventral 


138 

series   of  luminous  organs  along  the  body.  Colourless,  except 
a  lateral  series  of  chromatophores. 

This  is  probably  the  larval  and  juvenile  stage  of  an  unknown 
Stomiatide. 

i.  Stylophthalmus  braueri  M.  Web. 

Stylophthalmus  Braueri  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische,  1913,  p.   16. 


Fig.  52- 

Stylophthalmus   braueri   M.  Web.  a.  Anterior  part  seen  from  above, 

b.  posterior   part   seen  from  side.  Fig.  51  older  stage  X  95  Fig.  52 

younger   stage  X   X3i    witn  tne  eYes  sti11  strongly  pedunculated  and 

the  hindgut  largely  protruding. 

D.  10.  followed  by  a  low,  translucent  finmembrane.  Anal 
fmmembrane  with  about  43  rays  (both  numbers  of  D.  and  A. 
rays  may  increase).  Head  more  than  4J/2.  No  luminous  organs 


139 

visible.  For  form  and  situation  of  pectorals  and  of  the  eyes 
and  for  the  transformation  of  lastnamed  as  well  as  for  the 
reduction  of  the  anal  papilla,  see  the  figures.  Length  20  mm. 
Habitat:  Near  Salomakie  (Dammar  island),  (surface  plank- 
ton)!; Banda  sea  (750  m.) ! 


Order  MYCTOPHOIDEA  >). 

Phystome.  Scaly  or  naked.  Lateral  line  present  or  absent. 
Skull  with  a  supraoccipital  generally  in  contact  with  the 
frontals,  sometimes  covered  by  the  parietals.  Maxillary  excluded 
from  the  gape  of  the  mouth  by  the  intermaxillary.  Opercles 
well  developed,  or  their  bones  reduced.  Anterior  vertebrae  not 
coossified,  forming  no  Weberian  ossicles.  Pectoral  arch  attached 
to  the  skull  by  a  forked  posttemporal,  no  mesocoracoid.  Fins 
without  true  spines.  Ventrals  abdominal,  by  exception  thoracic. 
An  adipose  fin  is  typically  present.  Gillopenings  very  wide, 
free  from  isthmus.  Luminous  organs  .may  be  present. 

Artificial    key    to    the   genera. 

A.  Luminous  organs  present. 

I.  A    pair   of  phosphorescent    organs   on   the  head, 
covered   by    the  thin  frontal  bones.  No  eyes.  No 

luminous   organs  on  body Ipnops  p.   179. 

II.  Luminous  organs  in  rows  on  body.  Eyes  present. 

a.  Height    n    or  more,  60  scales  in  lateral  line, 

opercular  bones  reduced Scopelosaurus  p.   175. 

b.  Height  less  than  6,  45  scales  or  less  in  lateral 
line,  opercular  bones  well  developed. 

1.  Origin   of  anal  below  end  of  dorsal.  Lumi- 
nous organs  partly  in  groups  .  . Myctophum  p.   151. 

2.  Anal    far    distant    from    dorsal.  A  luminous 

organ  below  each  of  the  ventral  scales.  .  .  Neoscopelus  p.   173. 

B.  Luminous  organs  absent. 

I.  No  scales. 

a.  Origin    of  ventrals   behind    dorsal.    Eye    teles- 
copic. D.  7 Dissoma  p.  181. 


i)  Having  to  treat  only  indo-australian  forms,  we  unite  under  the  name  Myc- 
tophoidea  those  fishes,  which  are  generally  arranged  under  the  Iniomi,  about 
the  validity  of  which  large  group  there  is  no  concordance  among  ichthyologists. 


140 

b.    Origin  of  ventrals  below  dorsal.  Eye  ordinary. 

D.   II — 13 Evermanella  p.   182. 

II.  Scales  at  least  in  lateral  line. 
a.  Body  totally  scaly. 

1.  Origin    of  dorsal   before   ventrals.  Ventrals 
shorter  than  pectorals.  Eye  large.  Lower  jaw 

prominent  with  a  dentigerous  plate.  ....   Chloropthalmus  p.    177. 

2.  Origin    of  dorsal  behind  origin  of  ventrals. 
Ventrals   longer  than  pectorals.  Eye  mode- 
rate. Jaws  equal  or  subequal,  without  den- 
tigerous plate. 

ct.  Two    bands    of    teeth    on    each    side    of 
palate.    Inner   rays  of  ventrals  not  much 

longer  than  the  outer  ones Saurida  p.   140. 

/3.  One  band  of  teeth  on  each  side  of  palate. 
Inner  rays  of  ventrals  much  longer  than 

the  outer  ones Saurus  p.  144. 

b.   Scales  only  in  lateral  line  well  developed. 

1.  Intermaxillary    with  a  prominent  triangular 
tooth.  Eye  about  in  the  middle  of  the  head. 

Origin  of  anal  below  dorsal Promacheon  p.   183. 

2.  Upper  jaw  rounded.  Eye  near  tip  of  snout. 

Origin  of  anal  behind  dorsal Harpodon  p.   150. 

i.    Saurida  C.  V. 

(CuviER  &  VALENCIENNES  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons,  XXII.  1849,  p.  499). 

Elongate,  subcylindrical,  tail  tapering,  covered  with  cycloid 
scales  of  moderate  size.  Lateral  line  straight,  more  or  less 
conspicuously  keeled  on  the  tail.  Head  oblong,  depressed,  with 
a  rather  short  pointed  snout  and  a  very  wide  cleft  of  mouth, 
bordered  by  the  very  long  styliform  intermaxillary  to  which 
the  thin  long  maxillary  is  closely  adherent.  Eye  of  moderate 
size,  partly  covered  by  an  anterior  and  posterior  adipose  eyelid. 
The  short  dorsal  nearly  in  the  middle  of  the  length,  behind 
it  the  small  adipose  fin,  which  is  opposite  to  the  short  anal. 
Caudal  forked.  Pectorals  above  the  middle  of  the  height,  rather 
short.  Ventrals  Q-rayed,  with  the  inner  rays  not  much  longer 
than  the  outer  ones  and  inserted  before  dorsal.  Teeth  in  the 
jaws  in  several  irregular  rows,  unequal  in  size,  pointed,  depres- 
sible  and  more  or  less  curved.  Similar  ones  on  the  palate  in 
2  bands  on  each  side,  the  inner  band  much  shorter,  the  outer 


band  with  one  or  two  rows.  Numerous  fine  teeth  on  tongue 
and  branchial  arches.  Branchiostegal  rays  13 — 16.  Gillopenings 
very  wide.  Opercular  apparatus  well  developed,  scaly  as  also 
the  postorbital  part  of  head.  Gillmembranes  free.  Pseudobran- 
chiae  well  developed. 

Note:  For  larval  stages  see  p.   149. 


Fig.  53.  Saurida  gradlis  (Q.  G.). 

Synopsis  of  the  species. 

I.  Pectorals  somewhat  shorter  than  head  without  snout, 
reaching   to  twelfth  scale  of  lateral  line,  which  has 

49  —  5°  scales.  L.  tr.   -  -  ;  D.    12  —  13   .......  S.  grandisquamis  p.   141. 

II.  Pectorals  shorter  than  postorbital  part  of  head, 
reaching  to  ninth  or  tenth  scale  of  lateral  line, 
which  has  50  —  63  scales.  D.  n. 

4i/9 

a.  L.I.  54-63;   L.  tr.  2-£2;  B.   14-16;  P.  14-15.  S.  tumbil  p.  142. 

b.  L.I.  50-52;  L.  tr.  -£-;  B.  12-13;  p-  12-13.  &  gradlis  p.   143. 

i.  Saurida  grandisquamis  Gthr. 

Saurida  grandisquamis  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  v.    1864,  p.  400. 
Saurida  grandisquamis  Giinther,  Challenger  Rep.  VI.  Shore  Fishes,  1880,  p.  50. 
Saurida  grandisquamis  Gunther,  Fische  der  Siidsee,  Heft  VIII.   1909,  p.  377. 
Saurida  grandisquamis  Max  Weber,  Abh.  Senckenb.  Naturf.  Gesellsch.  XXXIV. 
1911,  p.  22. 

B.  15;  D.  12—13;  A.  II;  P.  12;  V.  9;  L.  1.  49—  50;  L. 


Height  7'/2»  head  4!/4  —  41/3.  Eye  about  5'/2,  with  moderately 
developed  eyelids,  slightly  shorter  than  interorbital  space  and 
than  snout,  which  is  obtuse,  broad  and  superiorly  with  a  con- 
cavity, which  extends  to  posterior  part  of  head.  Dorsal  midway 
between  snout  and  caudal,  much  higher  than  long,  its  third 
longest  ray  equal  to  distance  between  nostril  and  hinderborder 
of  operculum.  Its  base  somewhat  more  than  postorbital  part 


I42 

of  head.  Adipose  fin  shorter  than  eye.  Pectorals  somewhat 
shorter  than  head  without  snout,  extending  to  the  twelfth  or 
thirteenth  scale  of  the  lateral  line  and  nearly  to  the  vertical 
through  the  origin  of  the  dorsal.  Ventrals  equal  to  head  without 
snout.  Caudal  deeply  forked,  5  times  in  length,  and  equal  to 
height  of  dorsal.  16—17  scales  between  occiput  and  dorsal,  4 
transverse  rows  of  scales  on  cheeks,  a  conspicuous  ridge  along 
the  caudal  part  of  the  lateral  line.  Pointed,  unequal,  depressible 
teeth  in  several  rows  in  the  jaws,  the  innermost  the  longest. 
2  bands  of  several  rows  of  teeth  on  both  sides  of  the  palate. 
Teeth  on  tongue  and  branchial  arches.  Blackish  olive  above, 
silvery  below.  Anterior  rays  of  dorsal  and  superior  rays  of 
caudal  with  brown  dots.  Caudal  dark,  dorsal  and  ventrals  in 
a  less  degree.  Length  more  than  260  mm. 

Habitat:  Aru-islands!;  Arafura  Sea.  —  Louisiade  Archipel- 
ago; Australia?;   Malacca:  Kuala  Lumpur?  (Duncker). 

2.  Saurida  tumbil  (BL). 

Salmo  tumbil  Bloch,  Ausland.  Fische,  IX.   1795,  p.   112. 

Saurus  badi  Cuvier,  Regne  animal,  II.   1829,  p.  314. 

Saurus  badimottah  Riippell,  Neue  Wirbelth.,  Fische,   1835 — 1840,  p.  77. 

Saurus  argyrophanes  Richardson,  Ichlh.  China,  Rep.  British  Association  of  1845. 

London  1846,  p.  302. 

Saurus  undosquamis  Richardson,  Voyage  Erebus  &  Terror,   1848,  p.   138. 
Saurida  tombil  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Poissons  XXII.   1849,  p.   500. 
Saurus    badi   Cantor,  Journ.  Asiat.  Soc.  Bengal,  XVIII.   1859,  p.   1252  &    1424. 
Saurida  tumbil  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  399. 
Saurida  argyrophanes  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  400. 
Saurida  undosquamis  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  400. 
Saurida  tumbil  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  27,   1875,  p.   155. 
Saurida  argyrophanes  Jordan  &  Evermann,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  XXV.  1902,  p.  329. 
Saurida  badi  Jordan  &  Scale,  Proc.  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.  XXVIII.   1905,  p.  772. 
Saurida  argyrophanes  Jordan  &  Herre,  Proc.  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.  XXXII.  1907,  p.  519. 
Saurida  eso  Jordan  &  Herre,  Proc.  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.  XXXII.   1907,  p.  520. 

B.  14—16;  D.  II;  A.  10— II;  P.  14—15;  V-9;  L.I.  54—63; 
L.  tr.  4*. 

Elongate,  subcylindrical,  anteriorly  depressed  as  also  the  head. 
Height  7 — 9.  Head  4]/2  to  about  five;  eye  with  a  rather 
broad  adipose  eyelid,  4]/2 — 6,  nearly  equal  to  broad,  conical 
snout,  which  has  a  broad,  concave  depression  extending  behind 
the  eyes.  Gape  of  mouth  very  wide,  slightly  oblique,  the  jaws 
equal.  Dorsal  short,  about  midway  between  snout  and  base 


143 

of  caudal,  its  origin  behind  origin  of  ventrals.  First  ray  longer 
than  head  without  snout,  following  rays  decreasing  rapidly  in 
size.  Distance  of  the  small  adipose  fin  from  origin  of  dorsal 
somewhat  less  than  distance  of  that  origin  from  snout.  Short 
anal  with  its  posterior  part  below  adipose  fin.  Pectorals  shorter 
than  postorbitai  part  of  head  reaching  to  vertical  through  origin 
of  ventrals  or  not  so  far  and  extending  to  about  tenth  scale 
of  lateral  line.  Ventrals  about  equal  to  head  without  snout. 
Caudal  deeply  forked.  18 — 21  scales  between  occiput  and  dorsal, 
4  horizontal  rows  on  cheeks.  Pointed,  unequal,  partly  depres- 
sible  teeth  in  several  rows  in  the  jaws,  uncovered  by  the  thin 
lips,  the  innermost  the  largest.  Similar  teeth  in  two  narrow 
bands  on  each  side  of  the  palate,  the  inner  bands  the  shortest. 
Tongue  and  gillarches  covered  with  fine  teeth.  Dull  brown 
above  lateral  line,  especially  when  young,  mottled  with  dark, 
silvery  below.  Pectorals,  dorsal  and  caudal  dotted  with  blackish, 
ventrals  sometimes  with  a  dark  hue,  otherwise  yellowish  as 
also  anal.  Length  420  mm. 

Nomen  indig. :  according  to  Bleeker,  Buntut  karbo,  Las- 
sulan  (Malay.),  Kedel  (Javan.),  Bobolesso,  Waridjun,  Bangballah 
(Sundan.),  Belanka  (Bintang). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia!,  Bantam,  Tjiringin,  Pasuruan, 
Besuki,  Banjuwangi);  Bali;  Bawean;  Sumatra  (Benkulen,  Padang, 
Priaman);  Nias!;  Pinang;  Singapore!;  Bintang;  Banka;  Borneo 
(Sarawak);  Celebes  (Makassar!,  Bonthain,  Badjoa);  Ambon!; 
Waigeu;  Schouten  Islands.  •  Philippines,  Formosa,  China, 
Japan,  Australia,  Vanicolo,  Sandwich  Islands,  coasts  of  Indie 
to  Madagascar  and  Zansibar. 

In  sea,  along  the  coasts. 

3.  Saurida  gracilis  (Q.  G.)  (Fig.   53,  p.   141). 

Saurus  gracilis    Quoy    &    Gaimard,  Voyage  de  1'Uranie,  Zoologie,   1824,  p.  224. 

Saurus  ferox  Eydoux  &  Souleyet,  Voyage  Bonite,  Poissons,   1841,  p.   197. 

Saurida  nebulosa  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  XXII.   1849,  p.  504. 

Satirida  nebulosa  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  399. 

Saurida  nebtilosa  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  27,   1875,  P-   J5^- 

Saurida  nebulosa  Day,  Fishes  of  India,  4°.   1878 — 1 888,  p.  505. 

Saurida  gracilis  Giinther,  Fische  der  Siidsee,  Heft  VIII.   1909,  p.  376. 

B.  12 — 13;  D.  II;  A.  9 — 10;  P.  12 — 13;  V.  9;  L.  1.  50 — 52; 
L  tr  IV_»  ' 

T" 

Elongate,    slightly   depressed.    Height    5*/2  to  more  than  7, 


144 

head  4*/2 — 5,  depressed,  pointed.  Eye  4 — 5  V2>  with  an  adipose 
eyelid,  shorter  than  snout,  which  is  broadly  depressed,  slightly 
prominent.  The  very  wide  mouth  cannot  completely  be  closed, 
on  account  of  the  concavity  of  the  dentigerous  part  of  the 
mandibles.  Interorbital  space  slightly  concave.  Superior  border 
of  the  eye  at  the  level  of  the  dorsal  surface.  Dorsal  short, 
midway  between  snout  and  base  of  caudal,  its  origin  below 
first  half  of  ventrals.  First  ray  a  little  longer  than  head  without 
snout.  Distance  of  the  small  adipose  fin  from  the  origin  of 
the  dorsal  slightly  less  than  distance  of  that  origin  from  snout. 
Adipose  fin  above  posterior  half  of  anal,  which  is  not  twice 
as  short  and  as  low  as  the  dorsal.  Pectorals  shorter  than  post- 
orbital  part,  reaching  to  ninth  scale  of  lateral  line.  Ventrals 
longer  than  head  without  snout.  Caudal  forked.  18  scales  between 
occiput  and  dorsal,  4  horizontal  rows  on  cheeks.  Teeth  in  jaws 
depressible,  unequal,  the  inner  series  the  largest;  on  each  side 
of  palate  2  bands  of  teeth,  the  outer  band  the  longer,  consis- 
ting of  one  or  2  rows,  the  anterior  teeth  of  which  are  the 
longest.  Tongue  and  gillarches  covered  with  fine  teeth.  Brow- 
nish above,  silvery  white  below,  more  or  less  marked  with 
irregular  dark  crossbands  or  patches.  All  the  fins  may  have 
brownish  cross-bars  or  series  or  patches.  Length  about  300  mm. 

Habitat:  Nias!;  Singapore;  Flores;  Solor;  Timor;  Celebes 
(Macassar!,  Bonthain,  Menado!;  Tanawanko);  Salayer!;  Buton!; 
Biaru!;  Siau!;  Sangir  islands;  Karkaralong  islands!;  Buru;  Obi 
major!;  Ceram;  Ambon!;  Nusa  laut!;  Banda!;  Halmahera; 
Ternate;  Tiur!;  Kei-islands!;  Aru-islands;  Schouten  islands; 
New  Guinea.  —  Philippines;  Pacific  eastward  to  Sandwich 
islands  and  Society  islands.  North  to  Liu  Kiu  islands.  Indie 
to  Red  Sea,  east  coast  of  Africa,  Madagascar  and  Mauritius. 

In  sea,  along  the  shores  and  on  coral  reefs. 

2.    Saurus  Cuvier. 

(CuviER,  Regne  animal,  ie  £d.  1817,  p.   169). 

(Synodus  auctores). 

Elongate,  more  or  less  depressed  or  compressed,  covered 
with  cycloid  scales  of  moderate  size.  Lateral  line  straight, 
sometimes  slightly  keeled  on  the  tail.  Head  depressed  with  a 
flat,  triangular  snout  or  compressed  with  a  blunt  snout.  Cleft 
of  mouth  wide,  more  or  less  oblique,  bordered  superiorly  by 


US 

the  long  intermaxillaries  with  which  the  slender  maxillaries 
are  connected.  Eye  of  moderate  size,  anterior  with  an  anterior 
and  posterior  adipose  eyelid.  Dorsal  nearly  in  the  middle  of 
the  length,  behind  it  the  small  adipose  fin,  which  is  opposite 
to  the  short  anal.  Caudal  forked.  Pectorals  short,  above  the 
middle  of  the  height.  Ventrals  8-rayed,  the  long  inner  rays 
much  longer  than  the  outer  ones.  Unequal,  compressed,  pointed 
teeth  in  2  or  3  rows  in  the  jaws,  more  or  less  depressible. 
Similar  teeth  in  a  single  band  on  each  side  of  the  palate. 
Teeth  on  the  tongue  and  on  the  basibranchialia.  12  —  i6bran- 
chiostegal  rays.  Gillopenings  very  wide.  Gillmembranes  slightly 
connected.  Pseudobranchiae  well  developed.  Opercular  apparatus 
well  developed,  scaly,  as  also  the  postorbital  part  of  the  head. 
Note:  For  larval  stages  see  p.  149. 

Synopsis   of  the    species. 

I.  Head  compressed.  Snout  shorter  than  eye,  blunt. 

L.  1.    55—58;   L.  tr.  ^  ...............  S.  myops  p.   145. 

II.  Head   depressed.    Snout  equal  to  or  longer  "than  eye, 
triangular,  flat. 

1.  L.I.  48  —  52;  L.  tr.  4/7  ..........  ......  S.  intermedins  p.   146 

2.  L.  1.  60  —  64. 

5  _  6 

a.  L.  tr.  -:      —  .  Pectorals    reaching    to    10.    scale     of 

10  —  ii 

L.  1.,  19  —  20  praedorsal  scales  ............  S.  variegatus  p.   147. 

b.  L.  tr.  —  —  .  Pectorals  reaching  to  12.  scale  of  L.  L, 

o 

17  praedorsal  scales  ..................  S.  kaianus  p.   148. 

i.  Saurus  myops  (Bl.  Schn.). 

Salmo  myops    Bloch,  Schneider,  Syst.  Ichth.   1801,  p.  421.  (after  ms.  of  Forster). 

Saurus  myops  Cuvier,  Regne  animal,  2e  ed.   1829,  p.  268. 

Saurus  trachinus  Bleeker,  Verb.  Bat.  Gen.  XXIV.   1852,  Chirocentr.  p.  29. 

Saurus  myops  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.   Mus.  V.   1864,  p.   398. 

Synodus  myops  Bleeker,   Atl.  Ichth.   VI.  Livr.  27,   1875,  p.   153.  (see  Syn.). 

Goodella  hypozona  Ogilby,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.  S.  Wales  XXII.   1897,  p.  250. 

Trachinocephalus  myops  Jordan  &  Herre,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  XXXII.  1907,  p.  514. 

Saiirus  myops  Gunther,  Fische  der  Siidsee,  Heft  VIII.   1909,  p.  375. 

B.    16;    D.    12—13;    A.    I5—I6;    P.    12;     V.  8;    L.I.    55—58; 
L.  tr. 


6(7) 
Elongate,    head    and    body   compressed,   gradually  tapering. 


146 

Height  4!/3— 5  !/2-  Head  3V2— 4»  eYe  4*li—&l2,  situated  very  much 
forward  and  high,  with  a  rudimentary  adipose  eyelid,  longer  than 
obtuse  snout,  which  is  about  equal  to  the  concave  interorbital 
space.  Crown  of  head  and  occiput  flat,  corrugated.  Mouth  large, 
oblique,  with  the  lower  jaw  slightly  projecting  and  enclosed 
within  the  outer  series  of  intermaxillary  teeth.  Origin  of  dorsal 
nearer  to  point  of  snout  than  to  small  adipose  fin,  which  is 
opposite  to  the  hinder  half  of  the  anal.  Pectorals  above  the 
middle  of  the  height,  reaching  to  about  the  tenth  scale  of  the 
lateral  line.  Origin  of  ventrals  before  end  of  pectorals,  reaching 
beyond  base  of  dorsal.  Caudal  deeply  forked.  Scales  cycloid, 
in  6  or  7  rows  on  the  cheeks,  on  opercle  and  along  the  prae- 
opercle.  17 — 18  scales  between  occiput  and  dorsal.  Unequal, 
pointed  teeth  in  2 — 3  series  on  the  jaws,  a  narrow  band  of  2 
series  of  equal  teeth  on  each  side  of  the  palate.  Depressible 
teeth  in  a  narrow  patch  on  the  tongue  and  behind  it  in  a 
band  on  the  basibranchialia.  Silvery  yellow  below,  dark  above, 
with  faint  grey  irregular  longitudinal  stripes.  Postocular  part 
of  head  and  dorsal  with  irregular  ocelli  and  undulated  patches, 
bordered  with  dark.  A  scapular  black  patch.  Fins  light  yellow. 
Length  325  mm. 

Nomen  indig. :  Hissi-hissi  (Ambon),  Lumpah-lumpah,  Sireh 
(Menado),  Tjatja-witer  (Batjan). 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Benkulen);  Nias!;  Banka;  Bali;  Lom- 
bok!;  Celebes  (Bonthain,  Menado);  Batjan;  Ambon;  Ceram!; 
Ternate;  Gebe!.  --  Australia.  West  Pacific  to  Sandwich  islands, 
Philippines,  Formosa,  China,  Japan.  Tropical  Indie  and  Atlantic. 

In  sea. 

2.  Saurus  intermedius  Agass. 

Saurus  intermedius  Agassiz,  in  Spix.  Pise.  Brasil.    1828,  p.  81. 

Saurus  anolis  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons,  XXII.  1849,  p.  483. 

Saurtts  intermedius  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  396. 

Saurus   intermedius   Gunther,  Rep.  Challenger  Exp.  Zoology,  VI.  Shore  Fishes, 

1880,  p.  50. 
Synodus   intermedius  Jordan    £   Evermann,    Fishes    North   and  Middle  America, 

1896,  p.  535- 

B.     12;     D.    11  —  13;    A-     II  — 12;    P.    13;    V.    8;   L.  1.48— 52; 

L.  tr.t    :;,-.;•  ; .-  t   . .;;;, ,; ;,;; , : 

Elongate,  stout,  depressed,  especially  before  dorsal.  Height 
7 — 8,  head  4,  conical.  Snout  slightly  prominent,  pointed,  broader 
than  long,. nearly  equal  to  eye,  which  goes  4!/2  times  in  length 


'47 

of  head,  has  an  adipose  eyelid  and  is  larger  than  the  interorbita. 
space,  the  concavity  of  which  is  continued  to  the  occiputl 
Some  rather  strong  striae  behind  the  eye.  Origin  of  dorsal 
nearer  to  tip  of  snout  than  to  adipose  fin,  as  high  as  long. 
The  small  adipose  fin  above  the  middle  of  the  anal,  the  base 
of  which  is  shorter  than  that  of  the  dorsal.  Pectorals  twice 
in  head,  reaching  to  the  ninth  scale  of  the  lateral  line.  Origin 
of  ventrals  below  hinder  half  of  pectorals,  extending  as  far  back 
as  base  of  dorsal.  Scales  cycloid,  large,  about  6  longitudinal 
rows  on  cheeks,  opercle  and  praeopercular  margin;  17 — 18 
scales  between  occiput  and  dorsal.  An  obtuse  keel  along  the 
caudal  portion  of  the  lateral  line.  Unequal,  pointed  teeth  in 
two  rows  in  the  jaws,  a  narrow  band  of  several  rows  on  each 
side  of  the  palate.  A  narrow  band  of  several  rows  of  depres- 
sible  teeth  on  the  tongue  and  the  basibranchialia.  Yellowish 
below,  back  dark  brown  with  irregular  crossbands,  descending 
below  lateral  line.  A  black  blotch  in  the  scapular  region  hidden 
by  opercle.  .Dorsal,  pectorals  and  caudal  barred  with  brown. 
[Described  after  a  west  indian  specimen]. 

Habitat:  Arafura  Sea  (Giinther).  -  -  Western  part  of  tro- 
pical Atlantic. 

In  sea. 

3.  Saurus  variegatus  (Lac.). 

?  Cobitis  japonica  Houttuyn,  Verb.  Holl.  Maatsch.  Haarlem,  XX.   1 782,  p.  450. 

Salmo  variegatus  Lacepede,  Hist.  Nat.   Poiss.  v.   1803,  p.   157. 

Salmo  varius  Lacepede,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  V.   1803,  p.  224. 

Saurus  variegatus  Quoy  &  Gaimard,  Voyage  Uranie,   1824,  p.  223. 

Saurus  varius  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.   V.   1864,  p.  395.  (p.  p.). 

Sattrus  varius  Klunzinger,  Abh.  Zool.  Bot.  Gesellsch.  Wien,  XXI.  1871,  p.  589. 

Synodus   synodus   Bleeker,    Atl.    Ichth.    VI.    Livr.    27,    1875,    p.    154.   (nee  Esox 

synodus  L.). 

Synodus  jap  onicus  Jordan  &  Herre,  Proc.  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.  XXXII.  1907,  p.  517. 
Saurus  varius  Giinther,  Fische  der  Siidsee,  Heft  VIII.  1909,  p.  375.  (p.  p.). 

B.  15—16;  D.  12;  A.  8—9;  P.  12—13;  V.  8;  L.  1.60—64; 
L.  tr.  -|=«, 

IO — II 

Elongate,  cylindrical  with  back  and  ventral  surface  depressed, 
as  also  the  pointed  head.  Height  about  6,  head  3'/2 — 4,  eye  5 — 7, 
with  a  narrow  adipose  eyelid,  about  i'/2  times  in  snout,  about 
equal  to  concave  interorbital  space.  Cleft  of  mouth  wide,  jaws 
subequal.  Mandible  enclosed.  Origin  of  dorsal  about  midway 
between  tip  of  snout  and  small  adipose  fin.  Its  length  equal 


148 

to  postorbital  part  of  head,  about  equal  to  the  height  of  its  first 
ray.  Anal  small,  shorter  than  snout  and  eye,  its  middle  rays 
opposite  to  adipose  fin.  Pectorals  about  in  the  middleof  the 
height,  their  tip  conspicuously  distant  from  vertical  through 
origin  of  dorsal,  about  equal  to  length  of  snout  and  eye,  reaching 
to  the  ioth  scale  of  the  lateral  line.  Ventrals  about  equal  to  head, 
extending  to  end  of  base  of  dorsal;  their  origin  below  distal 
half  of  pectorals.  Scales  cycloid,  on  the  cheeks  in  6  rows,  a 


Fig.  54.    Saurus  variegatus  (Lac.) 

series  of  enlarged  scales  along  margin  of  praeoperculum,  19 — 20 
praedorsal  scales.  Lateral  line  nearly  straight,  not  keeled  on 
tail.  Pointed  teeth  in  the  intermaxillary:  an  outer  series  of 
smaller  and  fixed  ones  and  an  inner  series  of  larger,  depressible 
ones.  Similar  teeth,  but  more  numerous  and  with  2  outer  series, 
in  the  lower  jaw.  On  the  vomer  and  palatines,  in  a  long,  narrow 
band,  the  anterior  teeth  longer  and  more  crowded,  6  rows  of 
rather  large  teeth  on  the  tongue,  smaller  ones  on  basibranchi- 
alia.  Dusky  above,  sides  and  below  yellowish.  On  back  and 
sides  cross  bands,  the  centre  of  which  may  be  paler.  Head 
with  dark  patches,  the  jaws  barred.  Fins,  except  anal  and 
ventrals,  with  more  or  less  conspicuous  series  of  black  spots. 
Length  240  mm. 

Nomen  indig.:  Totate  (Ternate). 

Habitat:  Java  (Prigi);  Sumatra  (Trussan,  Padang);  Batu ; 
Nias;  Singapore;  Celebes  (Menado,  Tombariri);  Sangi;  Sula 
Archipelago!;  Ternate;  Halmahera;  Gebe!;  Batjan;  Ambon!; 
Binongka!;  Nusa  laut!;  Banda!;  Goram!,  Tiur!;  New  Guinea!; 
Bali;  Flores  straits!.  --  West  Pacific  to  Sandwich  islands  and 
Society  islands;  Philippines,  China,  Japan.  Indie  to  Red  Sea, 
Zansibar  and  Madagascar. 

In  sea. 

4.  Saurus  kaianus  Gthr. 

Saurus  kaianus  Gunther,  Challenger  Rep.  VI.  Shore  Fishes,  1880,  p.  50. 
Synodus  kaianus  Gilbert,  Bull.  U.S.  Fish.  Comm.  XXIII.  part  II.  1903  (1905),  p.  588. 


149 


o 

D.  ii;  A.  10;  V.  8;   L.lat.63;  L.  tr.  ^. 

Body  subcylindrical.  Length  of  the  head  contained  thrice 
and  two-thirds  in  the  total  (without  caudal).  Snout  depressed, 
pointed,  nearly  as  broad  as  long,  with  the  upper  jaw  projecting 
beyond  the  lower.  Interorbital  space  slightly  concave,  narrower 
than  the  eye,  the  diameter  of  which  is  two-ninths  of  the  length 
of  the  head.  Frontal  bones  without  sculpture.  There  are  seven- 
teen scales  between  the  occiput  and  the  dorsal  fin.  Dorsal 
fin  as  high  as  long.  The  pectoral  fin  extends  to  the  twelfth 
scale  of  the  lateral  line.  The  series  of  scales  on  the  tail 
without  keel.  Upper  parts  greenish,  lower  silvery.  A  series 
of  blackish  spots  alternately  larger  and  smaller  along  the 
middle  of  the  body.  Length  about  140  mm.  [After  Giinther, 
not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Near  Kei  islands  (236  m.).  —  Hawaian  islands 
(223  m.  —  325  m.). 

In  deep  water. 


Note   on   larval   stages    of  Saurus   and    Saurida. 

Even  the  still  scaleless  young  stages  of  Saurus  my  ops  (Bl.  Schn.), 
Saurus  variegatus  (Lac.)  and  Saurida  gracilis  (Q.  G.)  can  be 
recognised  and  distinguished  by  a  series  of  black  patches  lying 
in  pairs  along  the  ventral  surface. 

1.  Saurus  my  ops  has   I  pair  between  pectorals  and  ventrals 
and  4  pairs  between  ventrals  and  anal. 

2.  Saurus  variegatus  has  2  pairs  between  pectorals  and  ven- 
trals and  9  pairs  between  ventrals  and  anal.  (Fig.  56,  p.  149). 


-—  2  "^T>C 


Fig.  55.  Saurida  gracilis  (Q.  G.) 
a.  Lower  view  of  specimen  of  40  mm.  \  b.  side  view  of  specimem  of  13  mm. 


150 

3.  Saurida  gracilis  has  2  pairs  between  pectorals  and  ventrals 
and  5  pairs  between  ventrals  and  anal. 

(See  MAX  WEBER,  Siboga-Expeditie,  Fische  1913,  p.  81). 


Fig.   56.  Saurus  variegatus  (Lac.). 
a.  Specimen  of  13  mm.;  b.  of  45  mm. 

3.    Harpodon   Lesueur. 

(LESUEUR,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  V.  1825,  p.  48). 

(Sauridichthys  Bleeker). 

Elongate,  rather  compressed.  Head  thick,  very  short,  with 
very  short  rounded  snout.  Scales  cycloid,  deciduous.  Lateral 
line  present.  Cleft  of  mouth  very  wide,  bordered  above  by 
the  long,  slender  intermaxillary,  the  maxillary  being  absent. 
Lower  jaw  prominent.  Unequal  and  partly  curved,  subulate, 
depressible  teeth  in  a  band  on  the  jaws,  especially  in  the 
lower  jaw  the  inner  ones  are  enlarged  and  conspicuously 
hastate.  Similar  teeth  in  one  or  two  rows  on  vomer,  palatines 
and  pterygoids,  as  also  on  tongue  and  on  the  branchial  arches. 
Dorsal  in  the  middle  of  the  length.  Behind  it  the  narrow  adipose 
fin,  which  is  about  opposite  to  the  middle  of  the  anal.  Caudal 
threelobed,  the  lateral  line  being  continuous  along  the  central 
lobe.  Ventrals  exceedingly  long,  about  below  origin  of  dorsal. 
Pectorals  inserted  above  the  middle  of  the  height.  Gillopenings 
extremely  wide,  covered  by  the  membranaceous  opercles. 
Branchiostegal  membranes  free  and  extending  beyond  the 
opercles.  Branchiostegal  rays  17 — 25. 


r.  Harpodon  nehereus  (Ham.  Buch.). 

Osmerus?  nehereus  Hamilton  Buchanan,  Fishes  of  the  Ganges,   1822,  p.   209. 
Salmo  (Harpodori)  microfs  Lesueur,  JoUrn.  Philad.  Acad.  V.    1825,  p.  48. 
Sannis   ophiodoii    Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  XXII.   1849,  p.  490. 
Saurus  nehereus  Cantor,  Journ.  Asiat.  Soc.  Bengal,  XVIII.   1850,  p.   1255. 
Harpodon  nehereus  Giinther,   Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  402. 
Harpodon  nehereus  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.   VI.  livr.  27,   1875,  p.   157. 

B.  23 — 26;  D.  12 — 14;  A.  14 — 15;  P.  II  — 12;  V.  9;  L.  I. 
about  40. 

Height  5 — 8.  Head  about  4.  Eye  very  small,  covered  for  a 
great  part  by  an  adipose  membrane.  Pectorals  reaching  to  below 
middle  of  dorsal,  about  as  long  as  ventrals.  Scales  commencing 
between  dorsal  and  ventral  fins,  those  of  the  lateral  line  behind 


Fig.   57.  Harpodon  nehereus  (Ham.  Buch.). 

the  head.  Brownish  to  greyish  white,  fins  may  be  darkish. 
Length  to  400  mm. 

No  men  in  dig.:  Luli,  Aruan-tassik  (Malay.). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia,  Surabaya);  Madura;  Sumatra  (Ben- 
kulen,  Padang,  Priaman,  Bagan  api  api!);  Singapore;  Banka; 
Borneo  (Sinkawang,  Sungiduri,  Balikpapan!).  — Pinang,  Malacca; 
China.  Indie :  westward  along  the  coast  to  Zansibar. 

In  sea  along  the  coast  and  in  estuaries. 


4.    Myctophum  Rafinesque. 

(RAFINESQUE,  Indice  d'lttiologia  Siciliana,  Messina  1810  ,  p.  56). 

(Myctophus  Cocco,  Scopelus  Cuvier;  autt.) 

Slender,  compressed,  with  more  or  less  deciduous  cycloid 
or  ctenoid  scales.  Lateral  line  present.  Gape  of  mouth  wide, 
dorsally  formed  by  the  intermaxilla.  Size  of  eye  increasing 


152 


with  growth.  No  barbel.  Dorsal  opposed  to  ventrals,  its  origin 
far  before  that  of  anal,  above  the  hindpart  of  which  the  small 
adipose  fin  is  situated.  Pectorals  below  the  middle  of  the  height. 
Caudal  forked.  Minute  teeth  in  several  rows  on  jaws,  vomer, 
palatines,  pterygoids  and  tongue.  Gillmembranes  free  from  each 
other  and  from  isthmus.  Pseudobranchiae  present.  Gillrakers 
long.  8 — 10  branchiostegal  rays.  Luminous  organs  on  head,  at 
least  one  before  eye,  2  behind  praeopercular  margin,  3  on 
branchiostegal  membrane;  for  those  on  the  body  see  below. 
There  may  be  infra-  and  supracaudal  luminous  scales  or  plates. 
(Fig.  59)- 

In   describing   the   luminous  organs  on  the  body  we  follow 
the  terminology  of  Brauer  as  shown  in  fig.  58. 


AOa 


Fig.  58.  My  c  top  hum  laternatum  Garm.|  (after  Brauer). 


PO  =  Maculae  pectorales 
PVO  =  M.  subpectorales 

VO  =  M.  ventrales 
AOa  =  M.  anales  anteriores 
AOp  =  M.  anales  posteriores 

Pol  =  M.  postero-lateralis 

Prc  =  M.  praecaudales 


PLO  =  M.  suprapectoralis 

VLO  =  M.  supraventralis 

SAO  =  M.  supraanales 

a  =  antorbital  organ 

br  =  branchiostegal  organs 

o  =  opercular  organs. 


Synopsis   of  the   species. 

I.  Luminous  organs  not  divided  by  a  black  septum. 

A.  Infra-  and  supracaudal  luminous  scales.  (Lam- 

panyctus}.  2  Pol,  luminous  organs  kidney  shaped  M.  micropterum  p.   154. 

B.  No  luminous  scales.  (Myctophum). 

I.  Upper  jaw  extending  to  vertical  through 
posterior  margin  of  eye,  its  posterior  end 
strongly  dilated. 

a.  2  Pol M.  benoiti  reinhardti  p  155. 

b.  I   Pol. 


153 

x.  SAO  in  an  oblique  line.  AO  5—7  -f-  2—3. 
Second  VO  slightly  dorsally  displaced  out- 
side the  series.  A  15 — 16.  Last  Prc  near 
ventral  profile.  .  .  ,  .  , M.  laternatum  p.  156. 

|3.  SAO  in  a  blunt  angle.  AO  5—6  -f  4—5. 
Second  VO  dorsally  displaced  outside  the 
series.  A.  17 — 19.  Last  Prc  in  lateral  line 

or  quite  near  it M.  pterotum   157. 

2.   Upper  jaw  extending  far  behind  posterior  margin 
of  eye,  its  posterior  end  scarcely  dilated.  I  Pol. 

a.  Snout  prominent M,  coccoi  p.   158. 

b.  Snout  not  prominent. 
a.  Scales  cycloid. 

aa.  SAO   in  an  oblique  line.  Eye  2^3 — 3. 
a2.  AO  7 — 9  -J-  7 — n.  3  or  4  anterior 

AOp  above  anal M.  punctatum  160. 

b*.  AO  7—10  -|-  3 — 6 ;  all  AOp  behind 

anal M.  ajfine  p.  161. 

bb.   SAO     in    an    nearly    right    angle.    All 

AOp  behind  anal.  Eye  3% — 4 M.  evermanni  p.   162. 

/3.  Scales  ctenoid. 

aa.  SAO    in    an    oblique    line.    P.   14.  AO 

6 — 8  -f-  5 — 7 M.  spinosum  p.   164. 

bb.   SAO    in   an    blunt    angle.    P.    20.    AO 

6 — 8  -f  3 — 5 M.  pristilepis   p.   165. 

II.  Luminous  organs  divided  by  a  black  septum. 

A.  The  first  PO  and  the  two  PVO  form  a  straight, 
ascending  line  to  the  base  of  the  pectorals.  The 
3  anterior  VO  forming  a  straight,  obliquely  ascen- 
ding line.  No  luminous  patches.  {Diaphus). 

1.  Antorbital  small,  (and  a  small  suborbital  below 

anterior  half  of  eye,  Gilbert) M.  dumerili  p.  166. 

2.  Antorbital  large. 

a.  A  suborbital  organ  below  posterior  half  of  eye  M.  suborbitale  p.   167. 

b.  No  suborbital  organ. 

x.  Pol,  uppermost  SAO  and  Prc  below  lateral 

line.  End  of  anal  below  adipose  fin .  ...  M.   caeruleiim   p.   168. 
(3.  Pol,  uppermost  SAO  touching  lateral  line. 
aa.  Uppermost    Prc    touching   lateral  line; 
origin  of  dorsal  above  that  of  ventrals; 
end  of  anal  below  adipose  fin M.  splendidum  1 70. 


154 


bb.    Uppermost  Prc  below  lateral  line ;  origin 
of  dorsal  before   that  of  ventrals;  end 

of  anal  behind  adipose  fin M.  malayanum  p.  171. 

B.  The  first  PO  and  the  two  PVO  form  an  oblique 
angle,  all  the  5  VO  in  a  ventral  series.  A  supra- 
and  infracaudal  luminous  patch.  (Lampadend) .  .  .  M.  luminosum  p.  172. 


i.  Myctophum  micropterum  Br. 

Myctophum   (Lampanyctus)   oculium    Brauer,   Zool.   Anz.  XXVIII.   1904,  p.  396. 

(nee  Carman). 
Myctophum   (Lamp  any  ctus)    micropterum    Brauer.,    Deutsche  Tiefsee-Exp.  Tiefsee- 

fische,  1906,  p.  239. 


Fig.  59.  Myctophum  (Lampanyctus}  micropterum  Br.  (after  Brauer). 
Is  infra-  and  supracaudal  luminous  scales. 

D.    I3—I6;    A.    16— 18;    P.    10—12;    V.  8;    L.I.    35. 

Height  5— 5Va,  head  S'/s— 3l/v  eye  4!/5— 5>  il/2  times  a* 
long  as  snout.  Upper  jaw  with  its  posterior  end  slightly  dilated, 
surpasses  eye  with  more  than  one  eye  diameter.  Praeopercular 
border  very  oblique.  Origin  of  dorsal  behind  ventrals,  in  the 
middle  of  the  length  or  somewhat  before  it,  Origin  of  anal 
below  middle  of  dorsal,  behind  middle  of  length,  ending  below 
adipose  fin.  Pectorals  not  reaching  to  ventrals,  below  middle  of 
height  of  body.  Scales  cycloid.  Luminous  organs  kidney-shaped. 
A  small  antorbital  organ  ventrally  at  the  frontborder  of  the  orbit. 
Two  superposed  opercular  organs  behind  the  upper  jaw,  3  bran- 
chiostegal  organs.  5  PO,  the  fourth  quite  outside  the  series  above 
the  interspace  between  the  third  and  fifth,  on  the  level  of 
the  pectoral  fin  or  somewhat  higher.  The  2  PVO  in  a  ver- 
tical line  above  each  other  and  above  the  interspace  between 
the  first  and  second  PO,  the  dorsal  one  close  before  the 
middle  of  the  base  of  the  pectorals.  PLO  near  lateral  line, 
before  the  vertical. of  the  2  PVO.  5  VO,  the  second  outside 


155 

the  series  above  and  somewhat  behind  the  first  VO.  AO 
5 — j  _i_  6 — 8,  on  the  same  level,  only  the  anterior  group 
above  anal.  2  or  3  Prc,  the  posterior  at  the  end  of  the  lateral 
line,  the  anterior  -  -  in  case  there  are  2  -  -  below  and  before 
it;  if  preceded  by  a  third,  this  one  is  situated  at  the  ventro- 
caudal  profile,  at  the  end  of  the  series  of  the  posterior  AO. 
VLO  in  the  lateral  line  above  origin  of  ventrals.  3  SAO 
in  a  blunt  angle,  the  anterior  above  the  space  between 
fourth  and  fifth  VO,  the  middle  one  somewhat  higher  above 
the  origin  of  the  anal,  the  uppermost  in  the  lateral  line,  below 
middle  of  dorsal.  2  Pol  forming  with  the  last  organ  of  the 
anterior  AO  an  oblique  ascending  series,  the  uppermost  in 
the  lateral  line,  nearly  below  the  beginning  of  the  adipose  fin. 
3 — 5  dorsal  and  5 — 7  ventral  luminous  scales.  Length  74  mm. 
[After  Brauer,  not  seen  by  us.] 

Habitat:    West   coast    of  Sumatra.  —  Indie  near  Chagos 
archipelago  and  Seychelles;  Tropical  Atlantic. 

2.  Myctophum  benoiti  (Cocco)  var.  reinhardti  (Liitken). 

Scopelus  Reinhardtii  Liitken,  Spolia  Atlantica,  Scopelini,   1892,  p.  257. 
Myctophum  Reinhardtii  Goode  &  Bean,  Oceanic  Ichthyol.   1895,  p.   74. 
^.Myctophum  atratttm  Carman,  Exp.   Albatross  XXVI,  Fishes   1899,  p.  268. 
Myctophum  braueri  Gilbert,  Bull.  U.S.  Fish  Comm.  XXIII  (1903)  1905,  p.  598. 

(nee  M.  braueri  Lonnberg). 
Myctophum    Benoiti    Reinhardti    Brauer,     Deutsche    Tiefsee-Exp.    Tiefseefische, 

1906,  p.   185. 
Myctophum  Benoiti  Reinhardti  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische,   1913,  p.  86. 


Fig.  60  Arrangement  of  luminous  organs  on  tail  of  Myctop/uim 
benoiti  reinhardti  (Liitk.). 

D.  12—14;  A.  18—20;  P.  13—14;  V.  8;  L.I.  ? 

Head  and  anterior  part  of  body  rather  stout.  Height  4 — 43/5, 
head  3 — 32/5,  eye  about  31/2,  more  than  2  times  the  rounded 
snout.  Dilated  hinderend  of  maxillary  extending  nearly  to  the 
praeopercular  border.  Origin  of  dorsal  slightly  behind  that  of 
ventrals,  somewhat  before  middle  of  length,  its  last  rays  above 
first  rays  of  anal.  Adipose  fin  opposite  to  hindermost  anal 


i  S6 

rays.  Pectorals  situated  much  nearer  to  lateral  line  than  to 
ventral  profile,  extending  on  anal.  Ventrals  reaching  anus. 
Caudal  forked.  Scales  cycloid,  very  deciduous.  Luminous  organs: 
a  small  dorsal  and  ventral  antorbital  on  frontborder  of  orbit, 
two  at  the  praeopercular  margin,  the  larger  dorsal  one  nearly 
on  the  level  of  the  ventral  margin  of  the  orbit.  The  smaller 
ventral  behind  the  maxilla,  3  branchiostegal  ones.  5  PO  in  a 
series  between  isthmus  and  pectorals,  the  posterior  PVO  at 
the  lower  base  of  the  pectorals,  the  anterior  before  it  in  a 
ventrally  oblique  direction,  above  the  second  PO.  PLO  below 
lateral  line.  4  VO  along  the  ventral  profile.  Anterior  group  of 
AO  with  4 — 7  organs  above  anterior  2/3  of  anal.  Posterior  group 
6 — 8  organs,  the  posterior  of  which  are  behind  the  anal.  The 
most  frequent  formula  of  AO  is  5  -\-  6 ;  distant  from  the  latter 
group  but  at  the  lower  profile  is  the  anterior  Prc,  the  posterior 
high  up  in  the  lateral  line.  The  3  SAO  forming  a  blunt  angle, 
dorsally  open,  the  anterior  above  and  slightly  before  the  third 
VO,  the  second  in  the  vertical  through  the  vent,  the  posterior 
in  the  lateral  line.  Of  the  2  Pol  the  hindermost  and  superior 
in  the  lateral  line,  above  the  interspace  between  the  anterior 
and  posterior  AO,  the  lower  Pol  above  or  slightly  before  the 
last  organ  of  the  anterior  AO.  Length  25  mm. 

Habitat:  Banda  Sea  (surface  plancton)!;  Halmaheira  Sea 
(1000 — o  M.,  vertical  net)!.  —  Tropical  part  of  Indie;  Coast 
of  Chili;  Atlantic  between  34°  N.  and  31°  S. 

3.  Myctophum  laternatum  Garm.  [Fig.  58  p.   152]. 

Myctophum  laternatum  Carman,  Exp.  Albatross  XXVI.  Fishes,  1899,  p.  267. 
Myctophum  (Myctophum)  laternatum  Brauer,  Deutsche  Tiefsee-Exp.  Tiefseefische, 

1906,  p.  178. 
Myctophum  laternatum  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische,  1913,  p.  86. 

D.   II  — 12;   A.    15—16;   P.    10— II;   V.  8;    L.I.    32—34. 

Somewhat  robust  and  short.  Height  4— 4^5,  head  3— 3^5,  eye 
3 — 3!/5-  Snout  about  in  twice  eye,  very  blunt,  with  a  median  inter- 
narial  ridge.  Maxillary  extending  to  vertical  through  hindborder 
of  eye  or  slightly  farther,  dilated  posteriorly.  Opercle  broad ; 
anterior  border  of  praeopercle  vertical.  Origin  of  dorsal  slightly 
before  middle  of  length,  behind  vertical  through  ventrals. 
Origin  of  anal  below  hindmost  rays  of  dorsal.  Adipose  fin 
above  the  posterior  half  of  the  anal.  Pectorals  reaching  be- 


hind  the  base  of  the  ventrals.  Caudal  forked.  Scales  cycloid. 
Luminous  organs :  an  antorbital  on  the  dorsal  frontborder  of 
the  orbit,  on  the  frontborder  of  the  praeopercle  a  larger  dorsal 
one,  on  the  level  of  the  lower  margin  of  the  eye.  A  smaller 
ventral  one  below  it  on  the  level  of  the  lower  part  of  the 
maxilla.  Three  in  each  branchiostegal  series.  5  PO  in  a  series 
from  the  isthmus  to  the  base  of  the  ventrals.  2  PVO,  one  at 
the  lower  opercular  edge,  slightly  behind  the  second  PO;  the 
other  obliquely  behind  it  at  the  ventral  edge  of  the  base  of 
the  pectoral.  PLO  at  the  upper  margin  of  the  opercle.  VLO 
in  the  vertical  through  the  ventral,  midway  between  it  and 
the  lateral  line.  4  VO  in  a  series  from  ventrals  to  anal,  the 
second  of  which  is  slightly  displaced  dorsally  outside  the 
series.  Above  the  last  one  a  series  of  3  SAO,  angularly  bent 
and  obliquely  directed  to  the  lateral  line.  A  series  of  6  AOa 
followed  behind  the  anal  by  a  series  of  3  AOp,  which  latter 
is  separated  from  2  Prc  on  the  lower  part  of  the  end  of  the 
tail.  Pol  slightly  behind  last  AOa  in  the  lateral  line.  Between 
adipose  fin  and  caudal  a  luminous  patch,  a  smaller  one  be- 
tween AO  and  Prc.  Blackish,  fins  lighter.  Length  220  mm. 

Habitat:  Banda  Sea  (1500 — o  M.,  vertical  net)!.  —  Indie 
to  26°  S. ;  Pacific  between  27°  39'  N.  and  7°  N. ;  Atlantic 
between  14°  39'  N.  end  3°  55'  S. 

4.  Myctophum  pterotum  (Alcock). 

?  Scopelus   brachygnathos  Bleeker,  Act.  Soc.  Sc.  Indo-Neerl.  I.  1856,  Vischsoort. 

Menado  p.  65  1). 

Scopelus  (Myctophuni)  pterotus  Alcock,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.   1890,  p.  217. 
MyctopJmm  fibiilatiim  Gilbert  &  Cramer,  Proc.  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.  XIX.  1897^.411. 
Scopelus  pterotus  Alcock,  Descr.  Cat.  Ind.  Deep  Sea  Fishes,  1899,  p.  267. 
Myctophum  fibulatum  Gilbert,  Bull.  U.S.  Fish.  Comm.  XXIV.  (1903)  1905,  p.  596. 
Myctophum   (Myctophum^  pterottim   Brauer,  Deutsche  Tiefsee-Exp.  Tiefseefische 

1906,  p.   182. 
Myctophum  pterohtm  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische  1913,  p.  86. 

D.  11  —  13;  A.  17—19;  P.   12— 16;  V.  8;  L.I.  28—34. 

Rather  stout,  compressed.  Height  34/5 — 4,  head  about  3, 
eye  23/4 — 3.  Snout  bluntly  rounded,  more  than  twice  in  eye. 
Interorbital  space  nearly  flat,  i'/2  in  eye.  Mouth  somewhat 


i)  See  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Expeditie.  Fische,  1913,  p.  669. 


I58 

oblique.  Dilated  hinder  end  of  the  maxilla  reaching  nearly  the 
praeopercular  margin.  Opercle  rather  broad,  its  membrana- 
ceous  part  produced.  Origin  of  dorsal  behind  origin  of  ven- 
trals,  nearly  in  the  middle  of  the  length,  its  end  above  the 
first  rays  of  the  anal.  Adipose  fin  above  last  rays  of  anal. 
Pectorals  narrow,  very  long,  reaching  on  anal.  Scales  cycloid, 
extremely  deciduous.  Luminous  organs:  A  very  small  antor- 
bital  on  the  upper  frontborder  of  the  eye.  Two  operculars 
on  the  praeopercular  margin,  the  upper  on  a  level  with  the 
ventral  border  of  the  eye,  the  smaller,  lower  near  the  angle 
of  the  maxillary.  Three  branchiostegal  ones  in  a  curved  line. 
5  between  isthmus  and  ventrals  (PO),  the  fifth  pair  of  which 
far  apart,  separated  by  the  entire  width  of  base  of  ventrals.  The 
posterior  PVO  at  the  lower  base  of  the  pectorals,  the  anterior 
in  front  of  it,  obliquely  above  the  second  PO,  and  covered 
by  the  opercular  flap  as  well  as  PLO,  which  is  situated  high 
up  on  the  level  of  the  lateral  line.  4  VO,  the  first,  third  and 
fourth  in  a  series  between  pectorals  and  anus,  the  second 
displaced  high  up  outside  the  series,  obliquely  above  the  first 
VO.  The  first  group  of  AO  consisting  of  5 — 6  organs  above 
anterior  3/4  of  anal,  the  second  group  beginning  above  last 
ray,  consisting  of  4 — 5  organs;  separated  from  them  the  two  Prc, 
the  hindermost  of  which  is  near  the  lateral  line.  VLO  much 
nearer  to  lateral  line  than  to  ventral.  The  3  SAO  forming  a 
blunt  angle,  the  anterior  above  the  third  VO,  the  third  in 
the  lateral  line.  Pol  in  the  lateral  line,  above  posterior  part 
of  anal.  3 — 4  luminous  patches  may  be  present  (cT)  between 
adipose  fin  and  caudal.  Silvery,  scaleless  parts  blackish  brown. 
Base  of  caudal  and  anal  and  upper  rays  of  pectorals  blackish. 
Length  100  mm. 

Habitat:  Macassar  straits  (11  M.) !  —  Indie;  Pacific  (Sand- 
wich islands);  South  Atlantic  (37°  31'  South). 

5  Myctophum  coccoi  (Cocco). 

Scopelus  coccoi  Cocco,  Giorn.  Scienz.  per  la  Sicilia,  VII.   1829,  p.   143. 
Alysia  loricata  Lowe,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1839,  p.  87. 
Scopelus  coccoi  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  413  (p.  p.)- 
Scopelus  (Rhinoscopelus}  coccoi   Ltitken,  Spolia  Atlantica,  Scopelini,  1892,  p.  243. 
Myctophum    (Myctophuni)    coccoi    Brauer,    Deutsche    Tiefsee-Exp.    Tiefseefische, 
1906,  p.  199. 

D.  10— II;  A.  19—21;  P.  14—15;  V.  8;  L.I.  39—41. 


159 

Height  42/5— 5,  head  33/4— 4!/3,  eye  3V3—  4,  longer  than 
snout,  which  is  prominent  and  conical,  more  pointed  in  young 
specimens.  End  of  upper  jaw  not  much  dilated,  extending 
about  one  eye  diameter  behind  eye,  praeopercular  margin  some- 
what oblique.  Origin  of  dorsal  before  middle  of  length,  behind 
ventrals,  which  are  situated  in  the  beginning  of  the  second 
]/3  of  the  length ;  end  of  dorsal  somewhat  behind  the  vertical 
through  origin  of  anal  or  slightly  behind  middle  of  length. 
End  of  anal  slightly  behind  vertical  through  adipose  fin. 
Scales  cycloid.  Luminous  organs :  a  small  dorsal  and  ventral 
antorbital  organ  at  the  frontmargin  of  the  eye.  Two  oper- 
culars,  the  larger  dorsal  slightly  below  level  of  ventral  orbital 


Fig.  61.  Myctophtim  coccoi  (Cocco)  (after  Brauer). 

margin,  the  smaller  ventral  behind  upper  jaw.  5  equidistant 
PO,  between  isthmus  and  ventrals.  Posterior  PVO  at  the 
lower  base  of  the  pectorals,  the  anterior  obliquely  before  and 
below  it,  above  the  interspace  between  the  second  and  third 
PO.  The  small  PLO  slightly  above  and  before  the  upper  base 
of  the  pectorals  in  the  vertical  through  the  anterior  PVO. 

4  equidistant    VO    between    ventrals    and    anus.     15 — 21   AO 
(most  frequently   18)  arranged  in  an  anterior  group  with  4 — 8 
and  a  posterior  group  with  9 — 14.  The  whole  anterior  group 
lies    above    the    anal,    the    two    anterior   organs   of  which  are 
separated  from  the  following  by  a  somewhat  larger  interspace. 
Of  the    posterior    group    nearly    the    whole   anterior  .half  lies 
also  above  the  anal.  Most  frequent  arrangements  of  AO  are: 

5  +  13,    6+n,  64-12,  64-13,  74-12.  The  two  Prc  are  on 
the    same    level,    in   case  the  posterior  AO  are  numerous,  the 
Prc  are  serially  a  continuation  of  them,  VLO  nearer  to  origin 
of  ventral  than  to  lateral  line.  The  3  SAO  arranged  in  a  blunt 
angle,    the    anterior   and  inferior  one  about  above  the  second 
VO,  on    the   same    level    or   somewhat   lower  than  VLO,  the 


i6o 

middle  one  in  the  vertical  through  the  last  VO  or  somewhat 
before,  slightly  higher  than  the  anterior  SAO,  the  uppermost 
near  lateral  line  in  the  vertical  through  end  of  dorsal  or 
origin  of  anal.  Generally  6 — 8  supracaudal  and  4 — 6  infra- 
caudal  luminous  patches.  Length  60  mm.  [After  Brauer,  not 
seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:    Ombai    straits.  —  Indie  to  35°S. ;  Pacific  from 
near  Japan  to  39°  S.;  Atlantic  42°  N.  to  38°  S. 

6.  Myctophum  punctatum  Raf. 

Myctophum  punctatum  Rafinesque,  Indice  d'lttiol.  Siciliana,  1810,  p.  56. 
Scopelus  caninianus  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  XXII.  1849,  p.  445. 
Scopelus  Heideri  Steindachner,  Sitzber.  Akad.  Wien,  LXXX1II.   1881,  p.  401. 
Scopelus   Mulleri   Goode,    Fish    &    fishery    Industr.    I.  Nat.  Hist.  Aquatic  Anim. 

Washington,  1884,  Atlas,  PI.  CCIII. 
Myctophum  (Myctophum)  punctatum  Brauer,  Deutsche  Tiefsee-Exp.  Tiefseefische, 

1906,  p.   1 88. 

Myctophtim  punctatum  Zugmayer,  Exp.  Monaco,  XXXV.  Poissons  1911,  p.  26. 
Myctophum  punctatum  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische,  1913,  p.  86. 

D.   12 — 14;   A.   18 — 20;    P.    14 — 15;  V.  8 — 9;  L.I.  40 — 44. 

Elongate.    Height   4 — 4*/2,    head    32/5   to  more  than  4.  Eye 

2!/3 — 23/5,    about    3    times    longer    than    snout,    which   has   a 

median    crest,    is    strongly    curved,    nearly   vertically   sloping 

down    to   the    mouth.    Mouth    slightly   oblique,    hinderend    of 

maxilla  slightly  dilated, 
surpassing  posterior  bor- 
der of  eye.  Origin  of 
dorsal  opposite  to  origin 
of  ventrals,  situated  be- 
fore the  middle  of  the 
length  of  the  body,  its 
end  opposite  to  origin  of 
anal,  the  end  of  which 
lies  behind  the  vertical 

Fig.  <,*.Myctothum  fvnctatum  Raf.  (after  Brauer).  ^™^    the    hindborder 

of  the  adipose  fin.  Pec- 
torals situated  in  the  middle  of  the  height  of  the  body,  sur- 
passing the  origin  of  the  ventrals,  which  extend  to  the  anus. 
Scales  cycloid,  their  surface  minutely  spinulous.  Luminous 
organs:  an  antorbital  on  the  posterior  dorsal  and  on  the 
anterior  ventral  border  of  the  eye.  2  praeopercular  organs, 


the  dorsal  slightly  below  the  level  of  the  ventral  orbital  margin 
the  lower  behind  the  angle  of  the  maxillary ;  3  branchiostegal 
ones.  5  equidistant  PO  in  a  series  between  isthmus  and 
ventrals.  The  posterior  PVO  at  the  lower  base  of  the  pectoral, 
the  anterior  one  before  and  below  it,  opposite  to  the  second 
PO.  PLO  obliquely  above  the  pectoral  but  below  the  lateral 
line.  4  VO  in  a  continuous  series  between  ventrals  and  anus. 
Anterior  AO  7 — 9,  generally  8,  above  the  anterior  2/3  of  the 
anal.  Posterior  group  (AOp)  8 — 10,  mostly  8,  the  anterior  3  oi'4of 
which  are  situated  above  the  last  !/3  of  the  anal.  2  Prc,  the 
last  of  which  lies  higher  but  conspicuously  below  the  lateral 
line.  3  SAO  in  a  steeply  ascending  oblique  or  slightly  con- 
cave line,  the  most  ventral  of  them  above  or  somewhat  before 
the  last  VO ;  the  uppermost  near  the  lateral  line  in  the  ver- 
tical through  the  origin  of  the  anal.  Pol  somewhat  below  the 
lateral  line,  above  the  last  anterior  AO.  2 — 3  supracaudal 
luminous  plates  in  the  male,  4 — 5  infracaudal  ones  in  the 
female.  Steel  blue.  Length  100  mm. 

Habitat:  Banda  Sea  (surface)!.  Near  northcoast  of  New 
Guinea.  •  -  Admirality  islands.  Mediterranean.  Atlantic  from 
about  60°  N.  to  Canarian  islands. 

7.  Myctophum  affine  (Liitken). 

Scopelus  affinis  Liitken,  Spolia  Atlantica,  Scopelini,  1892,  p.  252. 
Myctophum  affine  et  opalinum^  Goode  &  Bean,  Oceanic  Ichthyol.   1895,  p.   72. 
MyctopJmm  nitichihim  Carman,  Exp.  Albatross,  XXVI.  Fishes,  1899,  p.  266. 
Rhinoscopelus    oceanicus    Jordan    &    Evermann,    Bull.    U.  S.    Fish.    Comm.    XXII. 

(1902)   1904,  p.   168. 
Myctophum     margaritatum    Gilbert,    Bull.    U.  S.    Fish.    Comm.    XXIII.    (1903) 

1905,  P-   596. 

Myctophum     (Myctophum)     affine    Brauer,    Deutsche    Tiefsee-Exp.    Tiefseefische, 

1906,  p.  190. 

Myctophum   affine  Gilbert,  Mem.   Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  Harvard  Coll.  XXVI.    1908, 

p.  217. 

Myctophum  affine  Zugmayer,  Exp.  Monaco,  XXXV.  Poissons.   1911,  p.   27. 
Myctophum  affine  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische,   1913,  p.  87. 

D.   12—13;  A-  20;  P-   15;  V.  9;  L.I.  about  41. 

Height  4 — 41/2,  head  about  4,  eye  22/3 — 3,  more  than  twice 
length  of  the  bluntly  rounded,  declivous  snout,  which  has  a 
median  keel.  Mouth  oblique.  End  of  upper  jaw  dilated, 
reaching  nearly  to  angle  of  praeoperculum.  Origin  of  dorsal 
much  nearer  to  tip  of  snout  than  to  root  of  caudal,  above 
INDO-AUSTRALIAN  FISHES  II.  n 


or  slightly  behind  root  of  ventrals,  its  hindermost  rays  above 

foremost   rays   of  anal.    Adipose    fin    opposite    to   hindpart  of 

anal.    Pectorals    nearly    2/3    of  length    of  head,    not   reaching 

middle  of  ventrals.  Ventrals  not  reaching  vent.  Caudal  forked. 

Scales  cycloid,  thin,  not  spinous,  deciduous.  Luminous  organs: 

a  minute  round  antorbital  on  the  lower  anterior  orbital  margin  ; 

2    operculars,    the   larger    dorsal   one    below   the    level   of  the 

ventral  orbital  margin,  the  smaller  lower  one  behind  angle  of 

intermaxillary,    partly    covered    by   the    margin    of  the    prae- 

opercle.    3  branchiostegals.  5   PO  in  a  straight  series  between 

isthmus   and    ventrals,    the    3    anterior    ones  are  more  distant 

than  the  posterior  ones.  Of  the  2  PVO  the  posterior  is  situated 

before  the  lower  base  of  the  pectoral,  the  anterior  before  and 

below     it,     above     the     second    PO.    PLO    above    the    space 

between    them,    slightly   below   the   lateral   line.    4   VO    in    a 

straight     line    between    ventrals    and    anus.    Number    of   AO 

variable  from  7  to   10  in  the  anterior  group,  which  alone  lies 

above  the  anal  and  3 — 7  in  the  posterior  group,  which  begins 

above  the  last  anal  ray  or  immediately  behind  the  anal;  the 

most  frequent  arrangement  is  after  Brauer:  7  -}-  (5 — 6),  8 -f- 5 

and    9  +  5.   The  2  Prc  straightly  or  slightly  obliquely  behind 

each  other.  Arrangement  and  situation  of  the  3  SAO  and  of 

Pol  as  in  punctatum.  There  may  be  a  supra  caudal  luminous 

patch.  Dusky  brown  above,  silvery  below,  specked  with  brown. 

Fins  translucent,  base  of  caudal  blackish.  Length  80  mm. 

Habitat:  Banda  Sea  (1500 — O  M.,  vertical  net)!.  —  Pacific: 
Chinese  Sea;  East  Coast  of  Australia;  West  Pacific  islands; 
coast  of  Chili  to  30°  S.  Indie  11°  40'  N.  to  23°  S.  Atlantic 
38°  40'  N.  to  40°  S. 

8.  Myctophum  evermanni  Gilbert. 

Myctophum    evermanni   Gilbert,  Bull.  U.S.  Fish.  Comm.  XXIII.  2.  (1903)  1905, 

p.  597.  —  Mem.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  Harvard  Coll.  XXVI.    1908,  p.  218. 
Myctophum  evermanni  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische,  1913,  p.  87. 

D.    13—15;    A.    20;    P.    15;    L.I.    39. 

Height  4i/2_44/3,  head  3— 3»/5,  eye  33/4— 4.  Rounded  snout 
about  iV2  times  in  eye.  Dorsal  profile  of  head  with  a  conca- 
vity above  the  eyes.  Upper  jaw  slightly  dilated  behind,  nearly 
reaching  the  rounded  praeopercular  margin.  Origin  of  dorsal 
about  midway  in  the  length  of  the  body  (without  caudal), 


Fig.  63.  Myctophum  evermanni  Gilb. 
(after  Gilbert). 


slightly  behind  the  origin  of  ventrals,  its  hmdermost  rays 
opposite  to  the  origin  of  the  anal.  Adipose  fin  opposite  to 
the  last  dorsal  rays.  Caudal  forked.  Scales  cycloid,  thin,  deci- 
duous. Luminous  organs:  A  small  dorsal  and  ventral  antor- 
bital  at  the  frontmargin  of  the  eye.  Two  operculars,  a  larger 
dorsal  one  somewhat  below  the  level  of  the  ventral  margin  of  the 
eye,  a  smaller  ventral  one  behind  the  angle  of  upper  jaw; 
3  branchiostegal  ones;  5 
nearly  equally  distant  PO, 
between  isthmus  and  ven- 
trals. 2  PVO,  one  before 
the  lower  base  of  the 
pectoral,  the  other  obli- 
quely before  and  below 
it  and  above  and  slightly 
before  the  second  PO. 
PLO  below  the  lateral 
line,  above  the  interspace 
between  the  two  PVO.  4  equidistant.  VO  in  a  series  between 
ventral  and  anus.  12 — 13  AO  in  2  groups,  the  anterior  con- 
taining 7 — 9  above  the  anterior  3/4  of  the  anal,  the  posterior 
group  beginning  above  the  last  anal  ray  or  behind  it,  con- 
taining 4 — 6;  the  most  frequent  arrangement  being  8  +  5, 
others  are:  7 -f~  5>  7  +  6,  9  +  4.  Separated  from  them  by  an 
interspace  the  2  Prc,  a  little  obliquely  arranged.  VLO  nearly 
in  the  middle  between  lateral  line  and  origin  of  ventrals. 
3  SAO  nearly  forming  a  right  angle,  the  first  above  the 
second  VO,  the  second  in  the  same  level  as  the  first,  above 
and  slightly  behind  the  last  VO,  the  third  quite  near  the 
lateral  line  above  and  somewhat  behind  the  second,  about  in 
the  vertical  through  the  anus.  Pol  near  the  lateral  line,  above 
the  last  organ  of  the  anterior  group  of  AO.  Brownish  to 
blackish,  except  sides  of  head  which  are  whitish.  Length 
nearly  50  mm. 

Habitat:  Halmahera  Sea  (surface) !;  Banda  Sea  (2000 — o  M., 
vertical    net)!;    Manipa    strait    (1536 — o  M.,  vertical  net)!.  - 
Round  Hawaian  Islands. 

9.  Myctophum  spinosum  (Steind.). 

Scopclus  spinosus    Steindachner,  Ichthyol.  Notizen,   V.  Sitzber.   Akad.  Wien,  LV. 
1867,  p.   711. 


164 

Scopetus  spinosus  Liitken,  Spolia  Atlantica,  Scopelini,   1892,  p.   239. 
Myctophum   (Myctophum)   spinosum   Brauer,   Deutsche  Tiefsee-Exp.  Tiefseefische, 

1906,  p.   196. 
Dasyscopelus   spinostis   Gilbert.    Mem.    Mus.    Comp.    Zool.    Harvard    Coll.  XXVI 

N°.  6,   1908,  p.  220. 
Myctophum  spinosum  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische,  1913,  p.  87. 

D.   13—14;  A.   19—20;  P.   14;  V.  8;   L.I.  40. 

Height  4  or  somewhat  more,  head  about  4,  eye  22/5  to 
nearly  3,  snout  very  short,  less  than  ]/s  °f  eYe>  en<^  of  upper 
jaw  slightly  dilated,  reaching  not  far  behind  posterior  border 
of  eye.  Origin  of  dorsal  before  middle  of  length,  somewhat 
behind  origin  of  ventrals,  ending  slightly  before  origin  of  anal. 
Adipose  fin  above  end  of  anal.  Pectorals  somewhat  below 
middle  of  height  of  body,  nearly  reaching  to  vent.  Caudal 
forked.  Scales  large,  ctenoid,  with  many  fine  teeth,  those  of 
the  ventral  scales  are  large  and  few  in  number.  Luminous 
organs :  A  small  dorsal  and  ventral  organ  at  the  front  margin  of 
the  orbit,  two  operculars,  the  larger  dorsal  one  below  the  level  of 
the  ventral  margin  of  eye,  the  smaller  ventral  one  below  it,  on  the 
level  of  the  hindmargin  of  the  upper  jaw;  3  branchiostegals. 
Of  the  5  PO  between  isthmus  and  ventrals,  the  3  posterior 
ones  are  equidistant,  but  somewhat  separate  of  the  two  an- 
terior ones.  The  posterior  PVO  below  lower  base  of  pectoral, 
obliquely  before  and  below  it  the  anterior  one,  which  lies 
above  the  second  PO.  PLO  above  the  anterior  PVO  nearer 
to  base  of  pectoral  than  to  lateral  line.  4  VO,  equidistant 
in  a  series  between  ventral  and  anus.  12 — 15  AO  in  two 
groups,  in  the  anterior  6 — 8  above  the  anterior  */3  of  the 
anal,  in  the  second  group  5 — 7,  the  two  anterior  of  which  lie 
above  the  end  of  the  anal.  The  two  Prc  far  distant  from  the 
AO,  a  little  obliquely  arranged.  VLO  nearer  to  lateral  line 
than  to  ventral  fin.  The  3  SAO  in  an  oblique  or  very  slightly 
concave  line;  the  inferior  one  above  the  space  between  the 
third  and  fourth  VO,  the  middle  one  above  the  last  VO, 
the  upper  and  more  distant  one  just  below  the  lateral  line  in 
the  vertical  through  the  end  of  the  dorsal.  Pol  slightly  below 
the  lateral  line,  above  last  AO  of  the  anterior  group.  About 
7  supracaudal  and  3  infracaudal  luminous  patches.  Colour  dark 
blue  above,  silvery  below.  Length  nearly  90  mm. 

Habitat:  Celebes  Sea  (surface)!;  Ombai  straits.  —  Indie. 
West  Pacific  and  East  Atlantic. 


i65 


10.  Myctophum  pristilepis  (Gilbert  &  Cramer). 

Myctophnin    (Dasyscopehis}    asperum    Bleeker,    Atl.    Ichth.  VI.  livr.  27.   1875,  p. 

159  (nee  Richardson). 

Dasyscopelus  pristilepis  Gilbert  &  Cramer,  Proc.  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.  XIX.  1897,  p.  412. 
Dasyscopelus  pristilepis  Gilbert,  Bull.   U.S.  Fish.  Comm.  XXIII,  2.  1903  (1905), 

p.  600. 
Myctophum  pristilepis   Gilbert,    Bull.    Mus.    Comp.    Zool.    Harvard    Coll.    XLVI. 

1906,  p.   259. 
Myctophum  pristilepis  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische,  1913,  p.  88,  669. 


Fig.  64.  Myctophum  pristilepis  (Gilb.  &  Cram.)  and  a  ventral  scale. 

D.  12—13;  A-  l8;  P-  20;  V.  8;  L.I.  35—38. 

Height  4'/2>  head  3*/2,  eye  23/5;  snout  bluntly  rounded,  very 
short,  less  than  !/3  of  eye,  its  tip  nearly  on  a  level  with  lower 
border  of  pupil.  Interorbital  space  nearly  flat.  Mouth  very 
oblique.  Upper  jaw  reaching  to  vertical  through  posterior 
margin  of  eye.  Origin  of  dorsal  before  middle  of  body,  above 
or  slightly  behind  origin  of  ventrals,  ending  before  origin  of 
anal.  Adipose  fin  opposite  to  posterior  part  of  anal.  Caudal 
forked.  Scales  large,  firm,  ctenoid,  their  edges  with  rather 
stout  teeth,  absent  or  obsolescent  on  the  scales  of  the  lateral 
line,  which  are  vertically  enlarged.  Large  scales  on  opercles 
and  cheeks.  Luminous  organs :  an  antorbital  at  the  ventral 
part  of  the  frontal  margin  of  the  orbit,  a  dorsal  one  only 
evident  in  the  young  (Gilbert).  Two  operculars,  a  larger  dorsal  one 
slightly  below  the  level  of  the  inferior  margin  of  the  eye, 
the  much  smaller  ventral  one  behind  the  angle  of  the  upper  jaw. 
3  branchiostegal  organs ;  5  nearly  equidistant  PO,  the  fifth  out- 
side and  somewhat  upward  of  the  series  between  isthmus  and 
ventral.  Posterior  PVO  immediately  before  lower  base  of  pec- 
toral, the  anterior  obliquely  before  and  below  it,  above  the 


1 66 

second  PO,  above  and  before  upper  base  of  pectoral,  nearly 
midway  between  it  and  the  lateral  line.  4  VO  in  a  series 
between  ventrals  and  anus.  10 — 13  AO  in  two  groups,  the 
anterior  group,  situated  above  the  anal,  contains  6 — 8,  the 
posterior  group,  beginning  above  last  anal  ray  or  behind  it, 
contains  3 — 5  organs,  the  most  frequent  arrangement  being 
/-)-4-  Widely  separated  from  them  the  two  Prc,  which  are 
rather  close  together,  obliquely  arranged,  the  posterior  one  in 
the  middle  between  the  lateral  line  and  the  ventral  profile. 
VLO  midway  between  origin  of  ventral  and  lateral  line.  3  SAO 
in  a  curved  line  with  the  concavity  forward,  the  anterior  above 
and  slightly  before  the  last  VO,  the  middle  one  in  the  vertical 
through  the  anus,  the  uppermost  immediately  below  lateral 
line.  Pol  immediately  below  the  lateral  line,  about  above  last 
AO  of  the  anterior  group.  An  infracaudal  luminous  patch. 
Silvery,  snout  yellowish  white,  top  of  head  and  back  blackish. 
Length  75  mm. 

Habitat:  Macassar  Straits  (surface)!;  Halmahera  Sea 
(1000 — o  M.,  vertical  net)!;  Banda  Sea  (surface)!;  Arafura  Sea 
(surface)!;  Bali,  Celebes  and  Batjan  (Bleeker).  —  Mauritius; 
Hawaian  islands. 

ii.  Myctophum  dumerili  (Blkr.). ]) 

Scopclus  Dumerili  Bleeker,  Act.  Soc.  Sclent.  Ind.  Neerl.  I.  1856,  Beschr.  Vissch. 

Menado,  p.  66. 

Myctophum  nocturnum  Poey,  Mem.  Hist.  Nat.  de  Cuba   1860,  II.  p.  426. 
Myctophum   (Scopelus')  Dumerili  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  27.   1875,  p.   158. 
Lampanyctus  lacerta  Goode  &  Bean,  Oceanic  Ichthyology   1895,  P«  81. 
?  Diaphus  urolampus  Gilbert  &  Cramer,  Proc.  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.  XIX.  1896^.408. 
Myctophum  {Diaphus)  lacerta  Brauer,  Deutsche  Tiefsee-Exp.  Tiefseefische  1906, 

p.  214. 
Diaphus   nocturnus  Gilbert,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  Harvard  Coll.  XLVI.   1906, 

P-  255. 

D.   15—16;  A.   15—16;  P.   12;  V.  8—9;  L.I.  about  34. 

Height  more  than  5,  head  3!/4.  Eye  3— 3]/3,  more  than  J/3 
longer  than  snout.  Upper  jaw  scarcely  dilated  at  its  hinder  end, 
nearly  reaches  to  the  praeopercular  margin,  which  is  oblique. 
Dorsal  in  the  middle  of  the  body,  its  origin  before  middle, 


i)  See  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Expeditie  Fische  1913,  p.  670. 


1 67 

V 

opposite  to  origin  of  ventrals.  Anal  equal  to  dorsal  or  slightly 
shorter,  its  origin  somewhat  behind  end  of  dorsal.  The  small 
adipose  fin  opposed  to  hindermost  rays  of  anal.  Pectorals  pointed, 
shorter  than  postorbital  part  of  head,  reaching  ventrals,  which  are 
longer  than  the  pectorals.  Caudal  deeply  incised.  Scales  cycloid. 
Luminous  organ :  Antorbital  small  ').  Two  operculars,  a  larger 
dorsal  one  below  the  level  of  inferior  margin  of  eye,  a  smaller 
lower  one  behind  upper  jaw.  3  branchiostegal  ones.  5  PO, 
the  3  anterior  and  the  fifth  equidistant,  the  fourth  above  the 
third.  2  PVO,  the  posterior  one  near  lower  base  of  pectoral,  the 
anterior  one  obliquely  before  and  below  it.  PLO  nearer  to  lateral 
line  than  to  base  of  pectorals.  5  VO,  the  first,  fourth  and 
fifth  in  a  ventral  series,  the  second  and  third  in  the  space 
between  the  first  and  fourth,  forming  with  the  first  an  obli- 
quely ascending  line,  the  second  being  closer  to  the  first  than 
to  the  third.  AO  in  2  groups,  the  anterior  group  with  5 — 7,  the 
posterior  with  4 — 6  organs.  The  first  and  last  anterior  one  may  lay 
higher  up  outside  the  series.  The  second  group  begins  behind 
the  anal.  4  Prc  in  a  curved  line,  the  hindermost  high  up  near 
lateral  line.  VLO  nearer  to  lateral  line  than  to  origin  of  ven- 
trals. SAO  in  a  straight  or  slightly  curved  line,  the  lower 
one  above  anus,  the  upper  one  in  the  vertical  through  end  of 
dorsal,  quite  near  lateral  line,  as  also  Pol.  Violet  brown,  oper- 
cles  silvery.  Length  80  mm.  [Bleeker's  typical  specimens  seen 
by  us]. 

Nomen  in  dig. :  Bulan  bulan  (Menado). 

Habitat:  Celebes  (Menado)!.  -  Tropical  Indie.  Pacific: 
Hawai  (M.  urolampus).  Atlantic  between  39°  N.  and  37°  S. 

12.  Myctophum  suborbitale  (M.  Web.). 

Diaphus  suborbitalis  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische,   1913,  p.  90. 

D.  15;  A.  14;  P.  12;  V.  9;  L.I.  circa  38. 

Height  more  than  4'/2  to  nearly  5,  head  ^\v  eye  3!/3 — 53/5- 
Snout  2!/4  in  eye,  very  short  and  steeply  descending,  with  a 
strong  median  keel  running  in  the  interorbital  space  which  is 
J/G  broader  than  eye  diameter.  Mouth  oblique.  Upper  jaw 


i)  Diaphus    nocturnus,    which  we  have  cited  as  a  synonym,  has  according  to 
Gilbert  a  small  suborbital  organ  below  the  anterior  portion  of  the  orbit. 


1 68 

with  its  hinder  end  scarcely  dilated,  surpassing  eye  with  i!/2 
eye  diameter.  Praeopercular  margin  very  oblique.  Origin  of 
dorsal  immediately  behind  vertical  through  origin  of  ventrals, 
situated  before  middle  of  length,  its  distance  from  snout  much 
larger  than  its  distance  from  hindborder  of  adipose  fin.  Origin 
of  anal  below  middle  of  last  '/s  °f  dorsal.  Pectorals  below 
middle  of  height,  surpassing  origin  of  ventrals.  Ventrals  reaching 
to  about  seventh  anal  ray.  Scales  cycloid.  Luminous  organs: 
a  somewhat  pearshaped  antorbital  organ,  dorsally  from  nostril, 
with  its  long  axis  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  body,  its  point 
extending  to  the  median  crest  of  the  snout;  a  roundish  sub- 
orbital  organ,  somewhat  behind  the  middle  of  the  pupil,  its  dorsal 
border  extends  to  the  level  of  the  iris  and  is  bordered  with  black, 
its  lower  silvery  half  reaches  to  maxillary.  3  branchiostegals ;  2 
operculars  above  each  other,  the  smaller  lower  one  behind  upper 
jaw.  5  PO,  the  fourth  outside  the  series,  above  and  somewhat 
behind  the  third,  the  first  and  second  separated  by  a  space 
much  larger  than  that  between  the  following.  The  2  PVO 
in  an  oblique  line,  the  posterior  near  the  upper  base  of  the 
pectoral,  the  anterior  obliquely  before  and  below  it,  above 
the  interspace  between  the  first  and  second  PO.  PLO  nearly 
midway  between  pectoral  and  lateral  line,  at  its  lower  border 
a  large  luminous  scale.  5  VO,  the  second  and  third  outside 
the  series,  the  third  higher  than  the  second,  n — 12  AO,  the 
anterior  group,  above  the  anterior  2/3  of  the  anal,  contains  6 
organs,  the  anterior  and  posterior  of  which  are  outside  and 
above  the  remaining.  The  posterior  group  contains  5 — 6  organs 
in  a  series  beginning  above  the  last  anal  ray.  4  Prc,  the 
hindermost  close  to  the  lateral  line  and  distant  from  the  3 
anterior  ones  which  are  situated  at  the  ventral  profile.  VLO 
much  nearer  to  lateral  line  than  to  origin  of  ventral.  3  SAO 
vertically  above  the  anus,  the  uppermost  close  to  the  lateral 
line  as  also  Pol,  which  lies  above  the  last  organ  of  the  anterior 
AO.  Length  about  95  mm. 

Habitat:    Bali    Sea    (521    M.) ! ;    Banda    Sea    (1500—0    M. 
vertical  net)!;  Arafura  Sea  (560  M.)!. 

13.  Myctophum  caeruleum  (Klunz.)  [Fig.  65,  b;  p..  171] 

Scopclus  cacruleus  Klunzinger,  Abh.  Zool.  bot.  Ges.  Wien  XXI.  1871,  p.  592. 
Scopdus  engraulis  Giinther,  Challenger  Rep.  XXII,  Deep-Sea  Fishes,  1887,  p.  197. 


169 

Scopelus   engraulis   Alcock,    Ann.    Mag.    Nat.    Hist.   (6)    VIII.    1891,  p.   129.  — 

Descr.  Catal.  Indian  Deep-Sea  Fishes,  1899,  p.   161. 

Scopelus  (Nyctophus]  caeruleus  Liitken,  Spolia  Atlantica,  Scopelini,   1892,  p.  260. 
Lampanyctus  caertileus  Goode  &  Bean,  Oceanic  Ichthyol.   1896.  p.  81. 
My  c  fop  hum    (Diaphus)    caeruleum    Brauer,    Deutsche    Tiefsee-Exp.    Tiefseefische 

1906,  p.  217. 
Diaphus  caeruhiis  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische,  1913,  p.  88. 

D.  12—14;  A-  15;  p-  io—i2;  V.  8—9;  L.I.  37.   . 

Height  43/5 — 5,  head  3!/2 — 3<2/3>  eye  4 — 5>  more  than  half  its 
diameter  longer  than  snout,  which  is  half  as  broad  as  interorbital 
space.  Upper  jaw  slightly  dilated  at  its  hinder  end,  which  sur- 
passes the  eye  by  more  than  one  eye  diameter.  Origin  of 
dorsal  above  origin  of  ventrals  or  slightly  before  or  behind  it; 
in  the  middle  of  the  distance  between  snout  and  adipose  fin 
or  behind  it.  Origin  of  anal  somewhat  behind  end  of  dorsal, 
before  last  !/3  of  length,  ending  below  adipose  fin.  Pectorals 
far  below  middle  of  height,  not  reaching  origin  of  ventrals 
(after  Brauer:  reaching  on  ventrals).  Caudal  forked.  Scales 
cycloid.  Luminous  organs  divided  by  a  black  septum.  An 
antorbital  organ,  narrowed  between  eye  and  nostril,  slightly 
dilated  dorsally,  more  dilated  ventrally,  extending  on  ventral 
border  of  eye.  2  operculars,  quite  close  above  each  other,  the 
ventral  one,  which  is  smaller,  behind  end  of  upper  jaw;  3 
branchiostegals ;  5  PO,  the  fourth  outside  the  series  above  the 
space  between  the  third  and  the  fifth.  The  2  PVO  in  an 
oblique  line,  the  superior  at  the  ventral  base  of  the  pectoral, 
the  inferior  above  and  behind  the  first  PO.  PLO  above  base 
of  pectoral,  nearer  to  it  than  to  lateral  line.  5  VO,  the  second 
and  third  outside  the  series,  the  third  higher  than  the  second. 
1 1  AO  in  two  groups,  the  anterior  above  the  anal  with  6 
organs,  the  anterior  and  posterior  of  which  are  situated  higher 
up  outside  the  series,  the  posterior  group  behind  anal  contains 
5  organs,  separated  from  them  the  4  Prc,  which  are  arranged 
in  a  continuous,  semicircular  series,  the  hindermost  in  the 
middle  between  lateral  line  and  ventral  profile.  VLO  between 
lateral  line  and  ventral,  nearer  to  lastnamed;  the  3  SAO  in 
an  oblique  ascending  line,  the  most  ventral  between  last  VO 
and  anus,  the  uppermost  far  distant  from  lateral  line,  as  also 
the  Pol,  which  lies  close  above  and  behind  the  last  organ  of 
the  anterior  AO.  Silvery,  back  blackish  blue.  Fins  hyaline. 
Length  more  than  150  mm. 


Habitat:  Molucco  Passage  (1500 — o  M.,  vertical  net)!; 
Celebes  Sea  off  Mindanao  (457  M.) ;  West  Coast  of  Sumatra 
(371  M.).  —  Andaman  Sea,  Red  Sea. 

14.  Myctophum  splendidum  Br. 

Myctophum  {Nyctophus)  splendidum  Brauer,  Zool.  Anz.  XXVIII.  1904,  p.  399. 
Myctophum   (Diaphus)   splendidum    Brauer,    Deutsche    Tiefsee-Exp.  Tiefseefische, 

1906,  p.  218. 
Diaphus  splendidus  Max  Weber,  Siboga  Exp.  Fische,   1913,  p.  90. 

D.  13—15;  A.  15—16;  P.  ii;  V.  8.  L.I.  38—39- 
Height  somewhat  above  or  below  5,  head  3 — 3!/2,  eye  3*/2 
to  more  than  4,  ]/s  longer  than  rounded  snout.  Upper  jaw 
with  its  hinder  end  scarcely  dilated,  surpassing  eye  by  about 
one  eye  diameter.  Praeopercular  margin  oblique.  Origin  of 
dorsal  above  origin  of  ventrals,  before  middle  of  length.  Origin 
of  anal  slightly  behind  end  of  dorsal,  somewhat  before  be- 
ginning of  last  !/3  of  length,  ending  below  adipose  fin.  Pectorals 
far  below  middle  of  height,  not  reaching  the  ventrals.  Caudal 
forked.  Scales  cycloid.  Luminous  organs:  2  united  antorbital 
organs  before  anterior  border  of  eye,  not  extending  on  ven- 
tral orbital  margin.  2  operculars,  obliquely  above  each  other, 
the  smaller  lower  one  behind  upper  jaw;  3  branchiostegals ; 
5  PO,  the  fourth  outside  the  series,  far  above  the  space 
between  third  and  fifth,  first  and  second  far  more  distant  than 
the  following.  The  2  PVO  in  an  oblique  line,  the  superior 
before  the  ventral  base  of  the  pectoral,  the  inferior  above  the 
space  between  the  first  and  second  PO.  PLO  between 
lateral  line  and  upper  pectoral  base,  nearer  to  lastnamed,  at 
its  lower  border  a  large,  luminous  scale.  5  VO,  the  second  and 
third  outside  the  series,  the  third  higher  than  the  second. 
10 — 13  AO  in  two  groups,  the  anterior  above  the  anal  with 
5 — 7,  the  anterior  and  posterior  of  which  are  situated  higher 
up  outside  the  series,  the  first  upwards  before  or  above  the 
second ;  the  posterior  group  contains  4 — 6  organs,  in  one  series 
behind  the  anal,  the  last  of  them  generally  smaller.  4  Prc, 
the  hindermost  distant  from  the  3  anterior  and  situated  close 
to  the  lateral  line.  VLO  between  ventral  and  lateral  line, 
much  nearer  to  lastnamed.  3  SAO  in  an  oblique  or  very 
slightly  concave,  ascending  line  above  the  space  between 
last  VO  and  vent;  the  middle  one  close  to  it,  the  uppermost 


touching  the  lateral  line  as  also  Pol,  which  lies  above  the  last 
organ  of  the  anterior  group  of  AO.  Length  90  mm. 

Habitat:    Madura    Sea    (289   M.) !.  -      Tropical  Indie;  At- 
lantic; Gulf  of  Guinea. 

15.  Myctophum  malayanum  (M.  Web.). 

Diaplms  malayanus  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische,   1913,  p.  89. 

D.    15;   A.    15;   P.    10;   V.  9;   L.I.   circa   35. 
Height  4 '/a,  head  33/,0,  eye  33/5,  !/s  longer  than  snout,  which 
is    half   as    broad    as    interorbital    space.    Upper   jaw    slightly 


Fig.  65.  Myctophum  malayanum  (M.  Web.).  —  Antorbital  organ  between  eye 
and  nostrils,  a  of  M.  malayanum^  b  of  M.  caeruleum. 

dilated  at  its  posterior  end,  which  surpasses  eye  by  more 
than  one  eye  diameter.  Praeopercular  border  narrow.  Origin 
of  dorsal  before  origin  of  ventrals,  both  before  middle  of 
length.  Origin  of  anal  below  posterior  end  of  dorsal,  somewhat 
before  beginning  of  last  1/3  °f  length,  its  end  behind  adipose 
fin.  Scales  cycloid.  Pectorals  far  below  middle  of  height, 
extending  to  origin  of  ventrals.  Luminous  organs:  a  large  antor- 
bital  organ,  hatchet-shaped  on  account  of  its  dorsal  part,  which  is 
dorsally  bent  over  the  nostril,  but  broadly  separated  from  the 
opposite  organ,  it  reaches  ventrally  to  the  ventral  border  of 
the  eye.  Two  operculars  close  together  above  each  other,  the 
ventral  one,  which  is  smaller,  behind  end  of  upper  jaw,  3 
branchiostegals.  5  PO  in  an  irregular  series,  the  fourth  far 
outside  it  above  the  space  between  the  third  and  fifth,  the 
distance  between  the  first  and  second  by  far  the  largest.  The 
2  PVO  in  an  oblique  line,  the  superior  and  posterior  at  the 
ventral  base  of  the  pectoral,  the  inferior  before  and  slightly 
below  it,  close  to  the  first  PO.  PLO  between  lateral  line  and 


1/2 

pectoral,  much  nearer  to  lastnamed.  5  VO,  the  second  slightly, 
the  third  far  outside  and  above  the  series.  10 — 12  AO  in  2 
groups,  the  anterior  above  the  anal  with  5 — 7  organs,  the 
anterior  and  posterior  of  which  are  situated  higher  up  ouside 
the  series,  the  posterior  group  beginning  above  or  slightly 
behind  the  last  anal  ray  with  4 — 5  organs.  4  Prc,  3  close 
together  at  the  ventral  profile,  the  fourth  far  distant,  near 
lateral  line.  VLO  midway  between  origin  of  ventral  and  lateral 
line.  The  3  SAO  in  a  slightly  oblique,  ascending  line,  the 
uppermost  organ  slightly  above  and  behind  the  fifth  VO. 
Close  to  it  the  middle  one,  on  the  same  level  as  the  first 
organ  of  the  anterior  group  of  AO,  the  uppermost  rather  far 
distant,  close  to  lateral  line,  even  as  Pol,  which  is  situated  in 
the  vertical  through  adipose  fin.  Silvery,  back  brownish.  Fins 
hyaline.  Length  36  mm. 

Habitat:     Halmahera     Sea    (1000 — o    M.,    vertical    net)!; 
Banda  Sea  (2000 — o  M.,  vertical  net)!. 

1 6.  Myctophum  luminosum  Garm. 

My  c  top  hum  Inminosum  Garman,  Albatross  Exp.  XXVI.  Fishes,  1899,  p.  263. 
Myctophum  (Lampadena)  luminosum  Brauer,  Deutsche  Tiefsee-Exp.  Tiefseefische, 
1906,  p.  208. 


Fig.  66.  Myctophum  (^Lampadena)  luminosum  Garm.  (after  Brauer) 
Ip  luminous  patches. 

B.  8;  D.  13—14;  A.  13—14;  P.  16;  V.  8;   L.I.  38. 

Height  5,  head  33/4,  eye  4l/2,  twice  as  long  as  snout,  which 
has  a  lower  median  crest  and  is,  as  also  the  front,  translucent 
in  its  dorsal  part,  above  each  eye  a  low  crest.  Upper  jaw 
with  its  hinder  end  slightly  dilated,  surpassing  the  eye  by 
the  length  of  eye  and  snout.  Praeopercular  border  oblique. 
Origin  of  dorsal  slightly  before  origin  of  ventrals,  which  are 
situated  before  the  middle  of  the  length.  Origin  of  anal  slightly 


173 

behind  end  of  dorsal,  before  the  beginning  of  last  !/3  of  length, 
ending  below  adipose  fin.  Pectorals  somewhat  below  middle 
of  height,  reaching  on  ventrals.  Scales  cycloid.  Luminous  organs 
divided  by  a  black  septum.  A  minute  antorbital  organ  dorsally 
at  the  frontborder  of  the  orbit;  two  operculars,  the  larger 
dorsal  one  somewhat  below  level  of  ventral  margin  of  eye,  the 
smaller  lower  one  behind  upper  jaw.  3  branchiostegals.  5  PO,  the 
3  anterior  ventrally  in  a  series,  the  fourth  quite  outside  the 
series  above  the  third,  the  fifth  lower  down  at  the  base  of 
the  ventral.  The  2  PVO  in  a  straight  line  above  each  other, 
the  dorsal  one  about  before  the  middle  of  the  base  of  the 
pectoral,  the  ventral  one  nearly  on  the  same  level  as  the  superior 
opercular  and  the  fourth  PO.  PLO  above  and  slightly  before 
them,  near  lateral  line.  5  VO  between  ventrals  and  anal,  the 
second  of  them  somewhat  higher  than  the  others,  outside  the 
series.  7  AO  in  two  groups,  the  anterior  group,  above  the 
anal,  contains  5,  the  posterior  group,  far  distant  from  the  anal, 
contains  2  organs,  the  last  of  which  is  situated  above  the 
infracaudal  luminous  patch.  4  Prc,  3  anterior  equidistant  in 
a  series  behind  that  luminous  patch,  the  fourth  far  distant  in 
the  end  of  the  lateral  line.  VLO  midway  between  ventral 
and  lateral  line.  3  SAO  in  an  oblique  line,  with  a  shallow 
concavity  looking  forward,  the  lower  one  above  the  anus,  quite 
near  to  it,  above  and  somewhat  behind  it,  the  middle  one,  the 
uppermost  more  distant,  near  the  lateral  line.  Pol  near  the 
lateral  line  between  the  anterior  and  posterior  AO.  A  large 
supracaudal  luminous  patch  above  the  infracaudal  patch.  Length 
153  mm.  [After  Brauer,  not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  West  Coast  of  Sumatra  (614  M.).  --  Indie  be- 
tween Seychelles  and  Chagos  archipelago.  Pacific :  Galapagos 
islands. 

We  are  not  sure  that  Brauer's  indie  specimens  are  identical 
with  Garman's  M.  luminosum  from  Galapagos  islands,  as  Garman 
counts  D.  16;  L.I.  35  and  does  not  mention  the  posterior 
AO  and  the  3  anterior  Prc. 

5.  Neoscopelus  Johnson. 

(JOHNSON,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1863,  p.  44). 

Subfusiform,  rather  robust.  Scales  cycloid,  deciduous,  their 
surface  finely  denticulated.  Lateral  line  present.  Head  conical. 


'74 

Snout  rather  long  and  distinctly  depressed.  Jaws  equal.  Gape 
of  mouth  oblique,  nearly  extending  to  vertical  through  hind- 
border  of  eye,  superiorly  bordered  by  intermaxillary,  the 
maxillary,  which  is  posteriorly  much  dilated,  behind  it.  Origin 
of  dorsal  above  that  of  ventrals,  far  before  middle  of  body. 
Anal  behind  beginning  of  last  1J3  °f  length,  its  posterior 
portion  opposed  to  adipose  fin.  Long  pectorals  below  middle 
of  body,  reaching  to  end  of  ventrals.  Caudal  forked.  Small 
teeth  in  a  band  on  jaws  and  vomer.  Mucous  membrane  of 
mouth  blackish.  Luminous  organs  separate,  on  the  head 
and  between  the  mandibular  branches.  A  luminous  spot  below 
each  scale  of  the  lower  part  of  the  body.  Pseudobranchiae 
large.  Gillrakers  rather  long  and  slender.  Gillmembranes  free 
from  isthmus,  slightly  overlapping  eachother  at  chin.  Bran- 
chiostegals  8 — 9. 

i.  Neoscopelus  macrolepidotus  Johns. 

Neoscopelus  macrolepidotus  Johnson,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London   1863,  p.  44. 

Scopehis  macrolepidotus  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  414. 

Neoscopelus  macrolepidotus  Alcock,  Descript.  Catal.  Indian  Deep-Sea  Fish.   1899, 

p.  164. 

Neoscopelus  macrolepidotus  Brauer,  Deutsche  Tiefsee-Exp.  Tiefseefische  1906,  p.  147. 
Neoscopelus  macrolepidotus  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische  1913,  p.  83. 


Fig.  67.  Neoscopelus  macrolepidotus  Johns. 

B.  8—9;  D.  12—13;  A.  11—13;  p-  16— 18;  V.  8;  L.I. 
30—31;  L.tr.  3/5. 

Height  4 — 41/2,  head  3 — 32/5,  eye  4*/2  to  more  than  5,  shorter 
than  snout.  Origin  of  dorsal  nearly  midway  between  end  of 
snout  and  end  of  adipose  fin.  Origin  of  anal  half  a  head-length 
behind  last  dorsal  rays.  Pectorals  much  longer  than  head. 
Luminous  organs :  one  on  the  lower  portion  of  the  praeopercle, 
a  few  small  ones  on  the  gillmembrane.  On  each  side  ventrally  on 
the  tongue  8 — 9  smaller  organs  and  behind  them  a  large  one, 


175 

which  may  be  visible  from  below  between  the  mandibular 
branches.  8 — 9  along  each  side  of  isthmus.  A  median  series 
beginning  with  3  smaller  ones  on  isthmus  followed  by  14 — 17 
to  anus.  A  small  one  between  urogenital  papilla  and  4 — 5 
behind  anal.  On  each  side  of  anus  a  row  of  4 — 5  small  ones. 
A  ventro-lateral  series  of  31 — 35  organs,  beginning  at  the 
vertical  through  beginning  of  median  series  and  running  to  the 
caudal.  An  inferior  lateral  series  of  9 — 10  organs  running  from 
above-named  vertical  to  ventrals.  A  superior  lateral  series  of 
22 — 25  organs  extending  from  dorsal  base  of  pectorals  to  some- 
what behind  the  end  of  the  anal.  3  large  ones  before  base  of 
pectorals,  3 — 4  smaller  behind  it,  2 — 3  small  ones  before  base 
of  ventrals.  Besides  there  may  be  some  scattered  small  ones. 
Reddish,  back  and  belly  darker.  Head  silvery.  Fins  red  in 
fresh  specimens.  Length  240  mm. 

Habitat:  Madura  Sea  (289  M.) ! ;  Bali  Sea  (538  M.)!; 
Flores  Sea  (521  M.) ! ;  Timor  Sea  (709  M.)!;  Arafura  Sea 
(560  M.) !;  West  of  Sumatra  (614  M.).  —  Tropical  Indie.  Pacific: 
N.  E.  off  New  Sealand ;  Sandwich  islands.  Atlantic:  Madeira, 
Morocco  and  West  Indies. 

6.  Scopelosaurus  Bleeker. 

(BLEEKER,  Act.  Soc.  Sc.  Jndo-Neerl.  VIII.  1860,  Elfde  Bijdr.  Amboina  p.  12). 

Cylindrical,  elongate.  Eye  large.  Snout  long  and  pointed. 
Lower  jaw  prominent.  Gape  of  mouth  wide,  superiorly  bor- 
dered by  the  intermaxilla,  the  long  maxilla  situated  above  it. 
Dorsal  somewhat  behind  the  middle  and  behind  ventrals,  far 
distant  from  anal.  Anal  in  the  beginning  of  the  posterior  J/4 
of  the  length,  immediately  behind  anus.  Adipose  fin  above 
its  hinder  end.  Pectorals  in  the  middle  of  the  height.  Caudal 
forked.  Immovable,  small  teeth  in  one  series  on  intermaxillaries, 
palatines  and  vomer,  in  several  series  in  the  mandible.  None 
on  tongue.  Mucous  membrane  of  cavity  of  mouth  blackish. 
Scales  cycloid,  wanting  on  head.  Lateral  line  straight,  composed 
of  tubules.  Three  ventral  series  of  luminous  organs  between 
isthmus  and  anal ]).  Pseudobranchiae  present.  Gillrakers  rather 
long  and  slender.  Four  gills.  9  branchiostegal  rays. 

i)  We  could  not  make  out  on  the  type  specimen,  which  is  in  a  bad  state 
of  preservation,  if  the  Mguttulae  numerosae  argenteae  nitentes  in  series  3  longi- 
tudinales  dispositae",  as  mentioned  by  Bleeker,  really  are  luminous  organs. 


i.  Scopelosaurus  Hoedti  Blkr. 

Scopelosaurus  Hoedti  Bleeker,  Act.  Soc.  Sc.  Indo-Neerl.  VIII.   1860,  Elfde  Bijdr. 

Amboina,  p.   13. 
Scopelosaurtis  Hoedti  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  VI.  livr.  27,  1875,  P-   *57- 


Fig.  68.  Scopelosaurus  Hoedti  Blkr.  (after  Bleeker). 

B.  9;  D.  2.8—9;  A.  2.15—16;  P.  2.11;  V.  2.8;  L.I.  ±  61 ; 
L.  tr.  -_t  8;  3(2  !/2)  above  L.I.  below  D. 

Height  circa  n3/4,  about  as  broad  as  high.  Pointed  head 
about  4.  Eye  31/3,  2/3  of  interorbital  space.  Fronto-dorsal 
profile  almost  straight.  Nostrils  nearer  to  orbit  than  to  snout, 
which  is  acute  and  slightly  longer  than  eye.  Upper  jaw 
ending  below  posterior  part  of  eye,  twice  in  length  of  head. 
Praeoperculum  with  an  obtusely,  rounded,  nearly  right  angle. 
Operculum  thin,  translucent,  slightly  higher  than  long,  inferiorly 
with  a  convex  margin,  superiorly  divided  by  a  longitudinal 
crest.  Lower  jaw  prominent.  Origin  of  dorsal  about  in  the 
middle  between  eye  and  caudal,  slightly  behind  ventrals,  much 
higher  than  the  length  of  its  base  and  slightly  higher  than 
body;  acute,  not  emarginate.  Adipose  fin  slender,  oblong, 
pointed,  opposite  to  posterior  rays  of  anal.  Anal  as  long  as 
or  slightly  shorter  than  postocular  part  of  head,  longer  than 
high,  acute,  emarginate.  Pectorals  acute,  conspicuously  shorter 
than  head  without  snout,  not  reaching  ventrals.  Ventrals  much 
shorter  than  pectorals,  nearer  to  head  than  to  anal.  Caudal 
deeply  incised,  with  the  lobes  acute  and  subequal.  Small  teeth 
in  the  intermaxillary  in  one  series,  in  the  mandible  in  several 
series,  the  vomerine  teeth  in  a  transverse  series,  those  in  the 
palatines  in  a  long  series.  Scales  cycloid,  those  on  the  tail 
smaller,  none  on  head.  Lateral  line  nearly  straight.  Luminous 
organs  (?)  in  3  longitudinal  ventral  series.  Length  of  single 
specimen  known  151  mm.  [Type  in  the  Leyden  Museum 
seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Ambon! 

In  sea. 


7.  Chlorophthalmus  Bonaparte. 

(BONAPARTE,  Fauna  Italiana  Fasc.  XXVIII,  Pesci,   1840). 

Rather  elongate  and  compressed  behind.  Head  rather  long, 
pointed  and  somewhat  depressed.  Mandible  protruding  beyond 
snout.  Cleft  of  mouth  slightly  oblique,  bordered  above  by 
the  intermaxillary,  the  maxillary,  which  is  posteriorly  dilated, 
lying  above  it;  a  single  supplemental  bone  present.  Eyes 
large,  lateral.  Scales  moderate,  adherent,  cycloid,  ctenoid  or 
even  pectinated,  arranged  in  regular  transverse  rows,  overlap- 
ping in  such  a  manner  as  to  resemble  oblique  plates  upon 
the  sides.  Lateral  line  present.  Dorsal  surface  of  head  naked. 
Dorsal  short,  its  origin  before  middle.  Anal  short,  opposite 
to  adipose  fin,  situated  far  behind  anus,  which  is  near  the 
ventrals.  These  are  close  together  and  below  dorsal.  Pectorals 
lateral,  well  developed.  Caudal  forked.  Minute,  pointed  teeth 
in  narrow  bands  on  the  jaws,  palatines  and  in  two  separate 
patches  on  the  vomer;  usually  minute  teeth  on  the  tongue. 
Gillopening  very  wide,  gillmembranes  free.  8 — 10  branchioste- 
gals.  Pseudobranchiae  well  developed.  Gillrakers  rather  nume- 
rous, needle-shaped.  4  gills. 

Deep-sea  fishes. 

Synopsis  of  the  species. 

I.  Pectorals  about  as  long  as  head.  Adipose  fin  as  far 
behind  dorsal,  as  the  dorsal  is  behind  the  anterior  edge 

of  the  eye Ch.  productus  p.  177. 

II.  Pectorals  nearly  equal  to  head  without  snout.  Adipose 
fin  as  far  behind  dorsal,  as  the  dorsal  is  behind  the 
anterior  edge  of  the  pupil Ch.  corniger  p.  178. 

i.  Chlorophthalmus  productus  Gthr. 

Chlorophthalmus   productus    Giinther,    Challenger    Rep.    XXII,  Deep-sea  Fishes, 

1887,  p.   193. 
Chlorophthalmus  productus  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische,   1913,  p.  79. 

B.   8;   D.    II;  A.   10;  P.    16;  V.  9;  L.  1.   56—58;  L.  tr.  8—9. 

Height  53/5,  head  3 — 3^3,  eye  22/3,  longer  than  snout,  about 
4  times  in  the  interorbital  space.  Upper  jaw  dilated  poste- 
riorly, extending  to  vertical  through  anterior  margin  of  pupil. 
Lower  jaw  prominent,  forming  a  strongly  projecting,  trans- 
verse, horizontal  plate,  the  anterior  margin  of  which  is  strongly 
INDO- AUSTRALIAN  FISHES  II.  12 


I78 

denticulated,  superiorly  covered  by  small  teeth.  Origin  01  dorsal 
far  before  middle  of  length,  in  the  second  !/3  of  length,  slightly 
before  ventrals,  which  are  also  situated  before  the  middle. 
Anal  in  the  last  1J3  of  the  length.  Adipose  fin  above  anal,  as 
far  behind  dorsal  as  the  dorsal  is  behind  the  anterior  edge 


Fig.  69.   Chlorophthalmus  productus  Gthr. 

of  the  eye.  Pectorals  about  as  long  as  head.  Caudal  bifur- 
cated. Anus  behind  ventrals  and  slightly  behind  middle  ol 
length.  Scales  posteriorly  roughly  dentated.  Minute  teeth  in 
narrow  bands  in  the  jaws,  on  each  side  on  the  vomer  and  in 
a  long  stripe  on  the  palatines  and  very  minute  ones  scattered 
on  the  tongue.  Gillrakers  long,  slender,  finely  denticulated, 
the  longest  longer  than  branchial  filaments.  Yellowish  with  a 
faint  silvery  hue.  Belly  brownish,  as  also  the  back,  from  where 
indistinct  brownish  blotches  descend  ventrally.  Fins  dusky. 
Length  130  m.m. 

Habitat:  Madura  Sea  (289  M.) !  —  Pacific  off  Matuku, 
Fidji  Islands. 

2.  Chlorophthalmus  corniger  Alcock. 

Chlorophthalmus  corniger  Alcock,  Journ.  Asiat.  Soc.  Bengal,  LXIII.  1894,  p.  133.  — 

Descript.  Cat.  Indian  Deep-sea  Fishes,  1899,  p.   155. 
Chlorophthalmus  corniger  Brauer,  Deutsche  Tiefsee-Exp.  Tiefseefische,  1906,  p.  145. 

B.   8;   D.    II;   A.   9;   P.    14—15;    V.   9;    L.  1.    56—  59. 

Height  43/5— 53/5,  head  3— 3V5»  e7e  2'/2  to  nearly  3,  longer 
than  snout,  about  3  times  the  interorbital  space.  Upper  jaw 
dilated  posteriorly,  extending  to  vertical  through  anterior  margin 
of  pupil.  Lower  jaw  prominent,  forming  a  strongly  projecting 
transverse  horizontal  plate,  the  margin  of  which  carries  small 
teeth  directed  forward  and  downward.  Origin  of  dorsal  before 
the  middle,  in  the  second  ]/s  °f  length,  slightly  before  ven- 


179 

trals,  which  are  also  situated  before  the  middle.  Anal  in  the 
last  '/a  °f  length.  Adipose  fin  as  far  behind  the  dorsal  as  the 
dorsal  is  behind  the  anterior  edge  of  the  pupil,  situated 
above  the  anal.  Pectorals  nearly  equal  to  head  without  snout, 
nearly  reaching  to  end  of  ventrals.  Caudal  bifurcated.  Anus 
somewhat  behind  ventrals  and  behind  middle  of  length.  Scales 
posteriorly  roughly  dentated.  Minute  teeth  in  narrow  bands 
on  the  jaws,  on  each  side  on  the  vomer  and  in  a  long  stripe 
on  the  palatines  and  very  minute  ones  scattered  on  the 
tongue.  Long  closely  set,  bristle-like  gillrakers,  in  large  speci- 
mens longer  than  branchial  filaments.  Silvery  grey,  with  dusky, 
oblique  crossbands  and  dorsally  with  large  irregular  blackish 
spots.  Fins  hyaline.  Tip  of  dorsal  and  caudal  and  median  portion 
of  ventrals  black.  Length  over  200  m.m.  [Not  seen  by  us]. 
Habitat:  West  Coast  of  Sumatra  (371  M.).  Tropical  Indie. 

8.  Ipnops  Giinther. 

(GiJNTHER  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  II.   1878,  p.  187.  —  Rep.  Challenger-Exp. 
Deep-sea  Fishes,  XXII.   18,87,  p.  190). 

Body  elongate,  subcylindrical,  covered  with  large  thin  deci- 
duous scales,  and  without  luminous  organs.  Head  depressed, 
with  broad,  long,  spatulate  snout,  the  whole  upper  surface  of 
which  is  occupied  by  a  pair  of  large,  transparent,  lamelliform 
membrane  bones,  which  cover  a  luminous  organ,  longitudinally 
divided  into  two  symmetrical  halves.  Eyes  absent ;  nostril 
reduced  to  a  minute  opening  in  front  of  each  lamina.  Bones 
of  the  lower  and  lateral  parts  of  the  head  well  ossified.  Mouth 
wide,  with  the  lower  jaw  projecting;  maxillary  dilated  behind. 
Both  jaws  with  narrow  bands  of  villiform  teeth;  palate  tooth- 
less. Pectoral  and  ventral  fins  well  developed,  and,  owing  to 
the  shortness  of  the  trunk,  close  together.  Dorsal  fin  at  a 
short  distance  behind  the  vent;  adipose  fin  absent;  anal  fin 
moderately  long;  caudal  subtruncated.  Pseudobranchiae  absent; 
airbladder  absent ;  pyloric  appendages  absent. 

i.  Ipnops  murrayi  Gthr. 

Ipnops  rmirrayi  Giinther,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  II.  1878,  p.   187.  — Rep.  Chall- 
enger Exp.  Deep-sea  Fishes,  XXII.  1887,  p.  191. 

B.    12;   D.    10;  A.    13;   P.    14;   V.   8;   L.  lat.   55. 

Body    elongate,    cylindrical,    tail    compressed    behind,    head 


i8o 


depressed.  The  depth  of  the  trunk  diminishes  but  little  back- 
wards, and  is  contained  thirteen  and  a  half  times  in  the  total 
length  without  caudal;  the  length  of  the  head  is  one-sixth 
of  the  total.  Head  broad,  much  broader  than  deep,  its  greatest 
depth  being  two-thirds  of  its  length.  Snout  broad,  much  depres- 
sed, with  obtusely  rounded  anterior  profile;  cleft  of  the  mouth 
very  wide,  the  maxillary  moderately  dilated  behind  and  exten- 


Fig.  70.   Ipnops  tmtrrayi  Gthr.  Head  from  above  and  below  (after  Giinther). 

ding  beyond  the  middle  of  the  length  of  the  head.  Mandible 
projecting  beyond  the  upper  jaw,  broad,  but  owing  to  the 
depressed  form  of  the  snout  its  outer  surface  is  nearly  entirely 
at  the  lower  side  of  the  snout.  Infraorbital  chain  of  bones 
very  narrow,  wedged  in  between  the  transparent  lamina  and 
the  maxillary,  with  four  very  distinct  apertures  leading  into 
the  mucous  duct.  The  upper  surface  of  the  head,  including 
the  snout,  is  wholly  covered  by  the  two  cornea-like  laminae 
of  the  luminous  apparatus.  They  are  closely  attached  to  each 
other  along  the  median  line,  each  being  divided  by  a  shallow 
transverse  ridge  into  a  larger  anterior  and  a  smaller  posterior 
portion.  The  ridge  turns  forward  near  and  parallel  to,  the 
median  line,  and  marks  the  course  of  a  superficial  mucous 
duct.  The  gill-laminae  are  well  developed  and  the  gillrakers 
long,  needle-shaped,  closely  set,  about  twenty-two  in  number 
on  the  outer  branchial  arch. 

The  vent  is  nearly  twice  as  distant  from  the  root  of  the 
caudal  fin  as  from  the  end  of  the  snout,  and  rather  more 
than  the  length  of  the  head  from  the  gill-opening;  it  is  placed 
between  the  ventral  fins.  The  dorsal  fin  commences  immedia- 
tely behind  the  vertical  from  the  vent;  it  is  short,  but  its 
longest  rays  are  twice  as  high  as  the  body.  Origin  of  the 
anal  midway  between  the  vent  and  the  root  of  the  caudal, 


composed  of  rays,  which  are  still  more  slender  and  shorter 
than  those  of  the  dorsal.  Caudal  fin  narrow,  subtruncated, 
more  than  half  as  long  as  the  head.  Pectorals  rather  feeble, 
lateral,  as  long  as  the  caudal,  and  extending  to  the  ventrals. 
Ventrals  composed  of  stronger  rays,  horizontally  placed  and 
somewhat  distant  from  each  other,  as  is  frequently  found  in 
fishes  habitually  moving  on  the  bottom;  they  slightly  exceed 
the  pectorals  in  length.  The  scales  are  large,  thin,  deciduous, 
forming  only  six  longitudinal  series  on  each  side  of  the  trunk. 
Lateral  line  faintly  indicated  along  the  middle  of  the  body; 
the  muciferous  channels  on  the  head  are  also  narrow,  with 
small  apertures.  Brown,  with  colourless  fins.  Buccal  and  bran- 
chial cavities  and  the  lower  side  of  the  head  black.  Length 
137  mm.  [After  Gunther;  not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Banda  Sea  (3932  M.).  --  South  Atlantic. 

9.  Dissomma  Brauer. 

(BRAUER,  Zool.  Anz.  XXV.   1902,  p.  278). 

Elongate,  strongly  compressed,  snout  conical,  gape  of  mouth 
wide.  Probably  small  scales  (no  fullgrown  specimens  known). 
Telescopic  eyes  laterally  situated,  but  looking  upwards.  The 
short  dorsal  before  ventrals,  which  are  situated  before  middle 
of  length.  Anal  long,  behind  middle  of  body,  above  its  hinder- 
half  the  rather  high  adipose  fin.  Caudal  forked.  Intermaxillary 
large.  Maxilla,  if  present,  very  small.  Teeth  on  intermaxillaries, 
mandibles,  vomer,  palatines  and  tongue,  depressible,  unequal 
in  size.  Gillopening  wide.  Gillmembranes  separate.  Pseudo- 
branchiae  present.  4  gills.  Gillrakers  small.  No  luminous  organs. 

i.  Dissomma  anale  Br. 

Dissoma  anale  Brauer,  Deutsche  Tiefsee-Exp.  Tiefseefische,  1906,  p.   138. 
Dissoma  anale  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische,  1913,  p.  84. 


Fig.   71.  Dissoma  anale  Brauer£(after  Brauer). 
B.   8;   D.   7;    A.    25;    P.    19;   V.   9. 
Height    61/2>    head   41/5,    eye    3!/2,   about  2/3  of  snout,  which 


1 82 

is  conically  pointed  and  slightly  prominent.  Nostrils  much 
nearer  to  point  of  snout  than  to  eye.  Gape  of  mouth  exten- 
ding to  vertical  through  posterior  border  of  eye.  For  situation 
of  fins  see  the  diagnosis  of  the  genus.  Pectorals  broad  and  long, 
reaching  farther  than  the  vertical  through  origin  of  ventrals. 
Ventrals  not  reaching  the  anus.  Small  teeth  in  intermaxillary, 
mandible  with  3  smaller  anterior  ones,  behind  them  4  large 
ones,  a  few  large  ones  on  vomer  and  on  palatines,  4 — 6  large 
ones  in  a  series  on  tongue.  Reddish  brown.  Length  29  mm. 
Habitat:  Banda  Sea  (1500 — o  M.  vertical  net)!  --  Indie: 
North  of  Cocos  islands ;  near  Port  Elisabeth.  East  Atlantic 
between  Canarian  islands  and  Bouvet-islands  (Antarctic). 

10.  Evermannella  Fowler. 

(FOWLER,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  LIII.   1901,  p.  211). 

Odontostomus  Cocco  (name  preoccupied). 

Oblong,  compressed,  naked.  Head  large,  snout  short,  gape 
of  mouth  very  wide,  bordered  by  the  slender  intermaxillary, 
above  which  lies  the  slender  maxillary.  Eyes  large,  telescopic, 
their  long  axes  nearly  vertical  and  parallel,  only  their  superior 
part  is  not  covered  by  transparent  skin.  Origin  of  short  dorsal 
slightly  before  that  of  ventrals,  in  the  middle  or  in  the  anterior 
half  of  the  body.  Anal  long,  its  origin  behind  middle.  Adipose 
fin  small,  above  end  of  anal.  Pectorals  near  the  ventral  profile. 
Caudal  forked.  Intermaxillary  with  series  of  small  curved  teeth 
of  equal  size  as  also  in  the  posterior  part  of  the  lower  jaw; 
in  its  anterior  part  and  on  the  vomer  and  palatines  depres- 
sible,  long,  fang-like  teeth.  8  branchiostegals.  Pseudobranchiae 
present.  No  gillrakers.  Gillopenings  wide.  4  gills. 

i.  Evermannella  indica  Br. 

Evermannella  indica  Brauer,  Deutsche  Tiefsee-Exp.  Tiefseefische   1906,  p.   135. 
Evermannella  indica  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische  1913,  p.  83. 

D.  11—13;  A-  28—29;  P-   I2;  v-  9- 

Height  6 — 64/5,  head  4,  eye  about  3!/2,  less  than  snout. 
Gape  of  mouth  surpassing  hindborder  of  eye.  Origin  of  dorsal 
before  that  of  ventrals,  before  middle  of  body,  its  end  nearly 
above  the  vent  or  in  the  middle  of  the  length.  Origin  of  anal 
behind  middle  of  body,  before  end  of  second  '/3  of  length, 
reaching  close  to  the  ventral  rays  of  the  caudal.  Pectorals 


reaching  ventrals.  Intermaxillary  with  about  10  small  curved 
teeth.  Mandible  with  a  pair  of  small  symphysial  teeth;  on 
each  branch  2  distant,  very  large,  curved  teeth  and  a  smaller 
one  in  front  of  the  second,  as  well  as  one  far  back  behind 
it,  and  one  between  this  last  and  the  second.  One  large  tooth 


Fig.  72.  Evermanmlla  indica  Brauer. 

on  the  vomer  and  3 — 4  smaller  ones  on  the  palatines,  though 
also  large.  Light  brown,  with  a  dorsal  series  of  dark  spots.  An 
incomplete  ventral  one  on  the  tail.  Length  32  mm. 

Habitat:BandaSea(75<D — oM.,  vertical  net)! — Tropical  Indie. 

ii.  Promacheon  M.  Weber. 

(MAX  WEBER,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische  1913,  p.  84). 

Oblong,  head  large,  conically  pointed.  Gape  of  mouth  wide, 
nearly  horizontal,  dorsally  formed  by  the  intermaxilla,  the 
slender  maxillary  lying  above  it.  No  barbel.  Origin  of  dorsal 
behind  middle  of  length  and  slightly  behind  ventrals.  Anal 
longer  than  dorsal,  beginning  below  middle  of  dorsal,  its  end 
below  end  of  the  adipose  fin.  Pectorals  below  middle  of  height. 
Ventrals  about  in  the  middle  between  pectorals  and  anus, 
which  is  situated  immediately  before  anal.  Caudal  incised. 
Scales  at  least  in  the  lateral  line.  Larger  and  smaller  teeth 
in  the  jaws.  No  teeth  on  palate?  Point  of  each  intermaxilla 
with  a  triangular,  prominent  tooth,  directed  forward  and  slightly 
downward.  No  luminous  organs.  Stomach  and  abdomen  not 
extensible.  Gillmembranes  free  from  isthmus,  connected  behind 
symphysis.  6  short  branchiostegal  rays. 

The  types  are  2  specimens,  so  juvenile,  that  the  myocom- 
mata  and  fin-muscles  are  visible  through  the  skin. 

i.  Promacheon  sibogae  M.  Web. 

Promacheon  sibogae  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische   1913,  p.  85. 

B.  6;  D.   14;  A.   17 — 18;  P.   15;  V.   10;   L.I.  circa  32. 
Oblong,  height   3I/2,  head   3,  eye  6,  more  than  twice  shorter 


1 84 

than  snout,  the  profile  of  which  is  oblique.  Praeopercular 
margin  slightly  oblique  and  its  lower  angle  with  a  spine. 
Intermaxilla,  besides  the  anterior  prominent  tooth,  with  a  series 


Fig-  73.  Promacheon  sibogae  M.  Web.  X  4-8« 

Upper  figure:  jaw  with  translucent  part  of  maxillary  a  X  2oi 

lower  figure:  tip  of  snout  from  above  X  4-S- 

of  larger  teeth  partly  curved  and  directed  backward  and 
smaller  ones  between  them.  Both  kinds  are  smaller  in  the 
mandible.  Length  about  20  mm. 

Habitat:  Banda  Sea  (o — 2000  M.  vertical  net)! 


Order  OSTARIOPHYSI  Sagemehl. 

Physostome.  Scaly  or  naked,  lateral  line  present  or  absent. 
Skull  with  a  supraoccipital,  separated  from  the  frontals  by 
parietals,  which  are  distinct  or  fused  with  the  supraoccipital. 
Upper  jaw  formed  by  intermaxillare  and  maxillare,  or  by  the 
first  alone,  the  maxillare  being  reduced.  Opercle  complete  or 


(85 

lacking  suboperculum  and  sometimes  operculum.  The  anterior 
four  vertebrae  modified  and  often  co-ossified.  Their  ribs  and  neural 
arch  forming  a  chain  of  bones  connecting  the  air-bladder  with 
the  auditory  organ  (Weberian  ossicles).  Pectoral  arch  suspen- 
ded from  the  skull.  Mesocoracoid  generally  present.  Fin-rays 
articulated,  the  dorsal  and  pectorals  sometimes  with  a  spine. 
Pectorals  inserted  low  down,  folding  like  the  ventrals,  which 
are  abdominal,  by  exception  absent. 

i.  Suborder  Siluroidea. 

(Nematognathi  Gill). 

Skin  naked  or  with  bony  scutes  or  plates,  never  with  scales. 
Parietals  generally  united  with  supraoccipital.  Mouth  not 
protractile,  superiorly  bordered  by  the  intermaxillary,  which 
is  generally  toothed,  the  maxillary  being  reduced,  nearly 
always  toothless,  bearing  a  barbel.  Nearly  always  I — 4  pairs 
of  barbels.  Adipose  fin  generally  present.  Symplectic  and 
suboperculum  absent.  .  Vomer  and  pterygoids  usually  with 
teeth.  Pharyngeal  bones  with  small  conical  or  villiform  teeth. 
Branchiostegal  rays  4 — 17.  No  pseudobranchiae.  Anterior  ver- 
tebrae co-ossified.  Ribs  attached  to  the  lower  surface  of  long 
parapophyses.  Fin-rays  articulated,  the  second  dorsal  ray  and 
the  exterior  pectoral  ray  generally  transformed  into  spines  by 
co-ossification  of  their  segments.  Lateral  line  may  be  ramified. 

Artificial    key    to    the    families. 

I.  Dorsal  spineless.  Anal  very  long. 

A.  Dorsal   many-rayed,  4  pair  of  barbels Clariidae  p.   1 86. 

B.  Dorsal  very  short,  rudimentary  or  absent,  2  pair  of 

barbels ;  .  Siluridae  p.   195. 

II.  Dorsal  with  a  pungent  spine. 

A.  Caudal    pointed,    united    with    the    socalled    second 
dorsal  or  procurrent  caudodorsal. 

1.  Anal     long,    united    with    caudal.    Ventrals    with 

10 — 12  rays Plotosidae  p.  223. 

2.  Anal  short,  free  from  caudal.  Ventrals  with  6  rays.   Chaddae  p.  245. 

B.  Caudal    forked,  emarginate  or  truncate,  without  any 
procurrent  part. 

I.  Anal  long  with  28 — 40  rays.   Gillmembranes  free 
from  isthmus. 


1 86 

0.  Gape  of  mouth  small;  a  free  orbital  margin; 
adipose  fin  very  small;  nasal  barbel  present  or 
absent Fangasidae  p.  246. 

b.  Gape  of  mouth  very  large ;  no  free  orbital  mar- 
gin; adipose  fin  well  developed;  no  nasal  barbel.  Doiichthyidae  p.  333. 
2.  Anal     short.    Adipose    fin    well    developed,    only 

totally  wanting  in  Breitensteinia. 

a.  Nostrils  close   together,    separated    by    a  nasal 
barbel.    Gillmembranes    confluent  with  isthmus 

or  free Bagaridae  p.  262. 

b.  Nostrils   close    together,    separated   by    a  valve 
without  nasal  barbel.  Gillmembranes  connected 

with  isthmus Ariidae  p.  271. 

c.  Nostrils    remote  from  each  other,  the  posterior 
with  a  nasal  barbel. 

K.  Teeth  on  the  palate.  Gillmembranes  free 

from  isthmus Bagridae  p.  335. 

(3.  Palate  edentulous;  Gillmembranes  united 

with  isthmus Akysidae  p.  365. 

Note:  Pimelodus  javus  shortly  described  by  CuviER  & 
VALENCIENNES  (Hist.  nat.  des  Poissons  XV,  1840,  p.  187) 
after  a  specimen  said  to  be  from  Java,  'is  brought  by  BLEEKER 
(Atl.  ichth.  II.  1862,  p.  61),  with  two  queries,  under  the 
american  genus  Rhamdia.  He  says  never  to  have  seen  in  Java 
a  species  like  it  and  as  according  to  him,  the  type  in  the 
Leyden  Museum  is  lost,  it  is  impossible  to  make  out  what 
Pimelodus  javus  C.  V.  is. 

There  is  therefore  no  reason  to  believe  that  the  american 
family  of  the  Pimelodidae  is  represented  in  the  Indo-austra- 
lian  Archipelago. 

i.  Fam.  Clariidae. 

Body  elongate.  Head  much  depressed.  Its  upper  and  lateral 
parts  covered  with  osseous  plates,  forming  a  cask  covering  a 
diverticulum  of  the  gill-cavity,  containing  accessory  dendritic 
branchial  organs  attached  to  the  second  and  fourth  branchial 
arches.  Cranial  roof  with  an  occipital  and  frontal  fontanel,  its 
occipital  part  prolonged  in  a  process.  Mouth  transverse,  ter- 
minal. Four  pairs  of  barbels:  nasal,  maxillary,  mandibulary 
and  mental.  Anterior  nostrils  short  tubes  behind  the  upper 
lip;  posterior  nostrils  more  or  less  rounded  slits  behind  the 


i87 

nasal  barbels.  Eyes  small,  with  free  orbital  margin.  A  long 
dorsal  and  anal,  composed  entirely  of  soft  rays,  extending 
nearly  to  the  caudal  or  united  with  it  (Clarias],  or  the  dorsal 
is  shorter  and  followed  by  an  adipose  fin  (Heterobranchus}. 
Ventrals  with  6  rays,  pectorals  with  the  outer  ray  spinous. 
Jaws  with  more  or  less  united  patches  of  villiform  teeth.  Vomer 
with  a  crescentic  band  of  similar  teeth.  Gillmembranes  shortly 
united,  deeply  notched  in  the  middle,  free  from  isthmus.  Gill- 
rakers  13 — 19  (in  Clarias].  Branchiostegals  7 — 9. 

A.  No    adipose    fin,   dorsal  nearly  reaching  caudal  or 

united  with  it Clarias  p.    187. 

B.  An  adipose  fin  posterior  to   the  dorsal Heterobranchus  p.  194. 

I.  Clarias  Gronovius. 

(GRONOVIUS  Zoophyl.  1781.  p.  100). 

For  characters  of  the  genus,  see  those  of  the  family. 
Freshwater  fishes  of  Africa,  Syria,  Southern  Asia  and  East 
Indian  Archipelago. 


Fig.   74.   Clarias  batrachus  (L.). 

Synopsis    of  the    s'pecies. 

A.  Pectoral  spine   with  more  or  less  vertical,  strong 

teeth  at  its  frontmargin C.  melanoderma  p.  188. 

B.  Pectoral    spine    smooth,    rough    or    with    few   not 
very  prominent   serratures 

1.  Dorsal  and  anal  united  with  the  caudal  at  least 

with  its  base C.  nieuhofi  p.   189. 

2.  Median   fins  not  united. 

a.  occipital  process  triangular,  its  top  more  or  less 
blunt,  its  height  about  twice  in  its  base,  ante- 
rior border  of  frontal  fontanel  reaches  to  a  line 
through  the  middle  of  eyes  or  farther  forward. 


1 88 

x.  distance  between  dorsal  and  occipital  pro- 
cess 41/2 — 5V2  in  distance  from  lastnaraed 
to  snout;  length  of  head  to  occipital  process 

3«/2 — 3%  in  length  (without  caudal)  .  .   C.  batrachus.  p.   190. 
/3.  distance  between  dorsal  and  occipital  pro- 
cess about  2  '/2  in  distance  from  lastnamed 
to     snout;    length    of  head   to    occipital 

process  4 — 5  in  length  (without  caudal).   C.  teysmanni  p.   191. 
b.  occipital  process  triangular,  its  top  rounded, 

its    height   nearly   three   times   in    its    base, 

anterior    border   of  frontal    fontanel    nearly 

reaches    a    line    through    the    hindborder  of 

the  eyes C.  kiacanthus  p.   192. 

i.  Clarias  melanoderma  Blkr. 

Clarlas   meladerma    Bleeker,    Nat.    Geneesk.    Arch.    Ned.-lnd.    III.   (2).    1846,  p. 

178,    288;    Verh.   Bat.    Gen.  XXI.  I.   1847.  Silur.  batav.  consp.  diagn.  p.  44. 
Clarias  melasoma  Bleeker,  Nat.   Tijdschr.   Ned.-lnd.   III.    1852,  p.  427. 
Clarias  melanoderma  et  melanosoma  Bleeker,  Act.  Soc.  Sc.  Indo-Neerl.  v.  1858 — 

1859,  p.   I. 

Clarias  melanoderma  Bleeker,  All.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.   102. 
Clarias  melanoderma  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  v.    1864,  p.   19. 
Clarias    melanoderma    Vinciguerra,   Ann.  Mus.  Civ.  Geneva,  XIV.   1879,  p.  386. 
Clarias  melanoderma  Volz,  Zool.  Jahrb.  Abth.  Syst.  XIX.   1903,  p.  381. 

B.  8—9;  D.  68—72;  A.  52—61;  P.  I.  9;  V.  6. 

Elongate.  Height  5J/2 — 7,  head  (to  gillopening)  5' — 53/4, 
4 — 4!/4  measured  to  the  occipital  process.  Head  as  long  as 
broad,  its  greatest  breadth  above  opercles.  Head  flat,  dorsal 
profile  slightly  sloping  down.  Head  granular  above.  Occipital 
process  very  obtuse  and  very  broad  at  base  and  very  little 
prominent.  Frontal  fontanel  longer  than  the  occipital  one,  its 
frontborder  behind  the  <!yes.  Eyes  10 — 12.  Eye-distance  nearly 
equalling  the  mouthopening,  about  i!/2 — 13/4  in  head.  Nasal 
barbels  reach  dorsal,  maxillary  ones  surpass  pectorals  and  may 
even  extend  to  the  ventrals,  mandibulary  barbels  extending 
to  the  top  of  the  pectorals  or  nearly  so,  mental  barbels  some- 
what shorter.  Distance  between  first  dorsal  and  occipital  pro- 
cess equalling  !/G  of  the  distance  of  lastnamed  to  the  snout. 
Dorsal  and  anal  or  both  may  be  united  in  exceptional  cases 
with  the  base  of  the  rounded  caudal.  Ventrals  rounded,  reaching 
on  anal,  about  2/3  of  length  of  pectorals.  Pectorals  rounded, 
conspicuously  longer  than  head  without  snout,  their  spine 
very  strong,  about  !/4  shorter  than  the  longest  rays,  with 


189 

•* 

very  prominent  strong  spines  on  its  frontborder.  Gillrakers 
15,  with  2  very  short  ones  anteriorly,  a  little  shorter  than 
branchial  filaments.  Teeth  small,  sharply  pointed.  Maxillary 
teeth  in  two  more  or  less  confluent  patches,  which  are  very 
little  curved  and  four  times  as  broad  as  long.  Mandibulary 
teeth  in  two  contiguous,  quadrangular  patches  with  the  poste- 
rior, exterior  corner  laterally  produced.  Vomerine  teeth  in  a 
crescentic  band.  Uniform  blackish,  underside  of  head  and 
belly  a  little  lighter,  sometimes  with  lighter  spots.  Length 
about  340  mm. 

N  o m  e  n  i n d  i  g. :  Wiru  (Mai.  Batav.),  Leleh  and  Duri  (Palemb.). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia,  Kediri);  Sumatra  (Palembang!, 
Telokbetong,  Solok,  Taluk!  Gunung  Sahilan !  Kaju  tanam, 
Upper  and  Lower  Langkat,  Serdang !,  Lake  Toba!,  Djambi!; 
Borneo  (rivers  Kusan  and  Kapuas).  —  Philippines,  Siam,  China. 

2.  Clarias  nieuhofi  C.  V. 

Clarias  nieuhofii  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  XV.    1840,  p.   386. 
Clarias  pentapteriis  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.-Ind.   II.    1851,  p.   206. 
Clarias  Nieuhofii  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.    105. 
Clarias  nieuhofii  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.   Mus.   v.   1864,  p.  20.  (see  syn.). 
Clarias  Nieiihofii  Vinciguerra,  Ann.  Mus.   Civ.  Geneva,  XVI.    1880,  p.   166. 

B.  8—9;  D.  87—106;  A.  69—95;  P.I.  9;   V.  5—6. 

Very  elongate.  Height  8 — 9a/3,  head  measured  in  the 
ordinary  way  7 — 9,  measured  to  end  of  occipital  process 
5*/2 — 6'/2-  Length  of  head  to  gillopening  nearly  equalling 
its  greatest  breadth,  which  is  about  midway  between  eye 
and  opercular  border.  Its  profile  from  the  dorsal  nearly  flat. 
Occipital  process  not  very  prominent,  triangular,  its  broad 
base  nearly  thrice  as  long  as  its  height.  Occipital  and  frontal 
fontanel  nearly  equal,  the  lastnamed  far  behind  eyes.  Eyes 
ii  — 15.  Eye-distance  greater  than  mouthopening,  less  than 
twice  in  head.  Nasal  barbels  nearly  reaching  or  surpassing 
occipital  fontanel,  maxillary  and  mandibulary  barbels  nearly 
or  quite  reaching  to  tip  of  pectorals,  mental  barbels  exten- 
ding on  opercle.  Head  granular.  Distance  between  dorsal 
and  occipital  process  2 — 3  times  in  distance  from  snout  to 
end  of  occipital  process.  Bluntly  rounded  caudal  more  or  less 
completely  united  with  anal  and  dorsal.  Ventrals  rounded, 
extending  on  anal,  about  3  times  in  length  of  head.  Pectorals 
short,  rounded,  not  reaching  vertical  through  origin  of 


1 90 

dorsal,  i3/4 — 2  times  in  length  of  head.  Pectoral  spine  rather 
weak,  2/3  of  longest  pectoral  rays,  rough.  Teeth  small,  acute. 
The  maxillary  ones  in  two  contiguous  rectangular  patches, 
broadening  laterally,  2  times  as  broad  as  long.  The  mandi- 
bulary  teeth  in  two  contiguous  quadrangular  patches  with 
the  posterior,  exterior  corner  laterally  produced.  The  vome- 
rine  teeth  in  a  semicrescentic  band,  the  posterior  border  in 
its  middle  with  a  prominent  point.  16  gillrakers,  about  as 
long  as  branchial  filaments,  nearly  2  times  diameter  of  eye. 
Uniform  dark,  belly  and  underside  of  head  whitish.  Dark 
parts  of  body  often  with  white  spots,  which  are  arranged  in 
13 — 20  transverse  rows  dorsally.  Length  490  mm. 

Nomen    indig. :  Lindi  (Mai.  Batav.),  Lembat  (Djambi). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia,  Buitenzorg !,  Bekassi) ;  Sumatra 
(Palembang!,  Lahat,  Gunung  Sahilan !,  Ringat !,  Indragiri, 
Djambi!,  Deli);  Banka;  Biliton ;  Borneo  (rivers  Mahakam !, 
Barito !,  Kahajan,  Kapuas,  Sambas,  Baram,  Sarawak,  Balik- 
papan !).  -  -  Malacca,  Philippines. 

3.  Clarias  batrachus  (L.)  [Fig.  74.  p.  187]. 

Silurus  Batrachus  Linne,  Syst.  Naturae   1758,  p.  305. 

Silurus    batrachus  Bloch,  Ausl.  Fische  VIII.   1794,  p.   44. 

Macropteronotus  batrachus  Lacepede,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  v.   1803,  p.   84. 

Macropteronotus   magur  Hamilton  Buchanan,  Fishes  Ganges,  1822,  p.  146,  374. 

Clarias  batrachus  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.    103  (see  syn.). 

Clarias  magur  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.   Mus.  v.   1864,  p.    17. 

Clarias  batrachus  Kner,  Novara   Exp.   Fische,   1865 — 1867,  p.   299. 

Clarias  batrachus  Peters,  Monatsber.  Akad.  Wiss.  Berlin  1868,  p.  271.  (see  syn.). 

Clarias  magur  Day,  Fishes  India  4°.   1878—1888,  p.  485. 

Chlarias  batrachus  Fowler,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  (2).  LVII.  1905,  p.  461. 

Clarias  magur  Jordan  &  Scale,  Proc.  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.  XXXIII.   1908,  p.  535. 

B.  7—9;  D.  60—76;  A.  47—58;  P.  I.  8— ii;  V.  6. 
Elongate.  Height  6— 7%  head  42/3— 5  to  gillopening,  ^J2— 3% 
to  the  top  of  the  occipital  process.  Greatest  breadth  above 
opercles  about  equal  to  head.  Occipital  process  triangular, 
its  height  about  twice  in  its  base,  more  blunt  in  old  speci- 
mens. Occipital  fontanel  at  least  2  times  shorter  than  the 
frontal  one,  lastnamed  extends  to  the  middle  of  the  eye  or 
farther  forward.  Head  granular.  Eyes  9 — 14.  Eye-distance 
greater  than  mouthopening,  less  than  twice  in  head.  Nasal 
barbels  extend  to  occipital  fontanel,  equal  to  mental  barbels; 


maxillary  barbels  at  least  to  middle  of  pectorals,  mandibulary 
ones  a  little  shorter.  Distance  between  origin  of  dorsal 
and  occipital  process  4]/2 — 5!/2  times  in  the  distance  from 
lastnamed  to  snout.  Caudal  rounded,  not  united  with  anal  and 
dorsal.  Ventrals  rounded,  extending  on  anal,  about  2/s  °f  pec- 
torals. Pectorals  rounded,  about  as  long  as  head  without  snout, 
their  spine  more  or  less  denticulated,  as  long  as  or  longer 
than  postorbital  part  of  head.  Villiform  teeth  in  the  maxil- 
laries  in  two  contiguous  quadrangular  patches,  about  twice  as 
broad  as  long.  Mandibulary  teeth  in  two  contiguous  quadran- 
gular patches,  with  the  posterior,  exterior  corner  laterally 
produced.  Vomerine  teeth  in  a  crescentic  band  as  broad  as 
or  narrower  than  the  supermaxillary  band,  its  hindborder 
more  or  less  prominent  in  the  middle.  16 — 19  gillrakers,  the 
two  anterior  ones  very  short,  shorter  than  branchial  filaments. 
Dark  above,  belly  and  underside  of  head  light.  Sometimes 
transverse  rows  of  light  spots  along  the  sides  of  body  and  tail. 
Length  over  400  mm. 

Nomen  in  dig. :  Ikan  leleh  (Malay,  Sundan.  and  Javan.). 
Ikan  maut  (Gajo,  Atjeh). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia!,  Bekassi,  Tandjong-Oost,  Tjampea, 
Buitenzorg!,  Serang!,  Bantam,  Dano,  Tjibilong,  Perdana, 
Tjandjur,  Tulong  Agung,  Tjipanas,  Bandung,  Situ  Bagendit !, 
Tragan !,  Cheribon,  Samarang,  Ambarawa,  Wonosobo,  Lesti, 
Ngantang,  Bator,  Grati,  Palabuan,  Lawang!,  Dj ember!);  Bali; 
Lombok ! ;  Sumatra  (Lahat,  lakes  Singkarah !,  Manindjau !  and 
Toba,  Taluk !  Solok !  Fort  de  Kock,  Pajakomboh,  Upper-Lang- 
kat,  Deli,  Laut  Tawar,  Atjeh!);  Simalur!;  Singapore;  Banka; 
Biliton;  Borneo  (rivers  Mahakam,  Barito,  Kapuas,  Sambas, 
Baram).  --  Philippines,  Malacca,  westwards  to  Burmah,  British 
India  and  Ceylon.  —  Brackish  and  freshwater. 

4.  Clarias  teysmanni  Blkr. 

Clarias  Teysmanni  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.-Ind.  XIII,  1857,  p.  344. 
Clarias    Teysmanni  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.   104. 
Clarias  teysmanni  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  v.   1864,  p.    19. 
Clarias    Teysmanni  Vinciguerra,  Ann.  Mus.  Civ.  Geneva,  X.VI.   1880,  p.   164. 
Clarias  Teysmanni  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.    1878—1888,  p.  484. 
Clarias    Teysmanni  Perugia,  Ann.  Mus.  Civ.  Geneva,  XXXIII.   1893,  p.  243. 
Clarias    Teysmanni   Vaillant,    Nouv.  Arch.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.  (3).  v.    1893,  p.  62. 
?  Clarias  pulcher   Popta,    Notes    Ley  den   Mus.    XXVII.    1906,    p.    21    (mutilated 
specimen). 


B.  9;  D.  70—74;  A.  60—63;  P.I.  7—9.  V.  6. 

Elongate.  Height  7 — 8,  head  to  gillopening  5 1/3  to  more  than 
6,  head  to  occipital  process  4 — 5.  Greatest  breadth  above 
opercles  about  equal  to  head.  Occipital  process  triangular. 
Its  height  about  twice  in  its  base.  Occipital  fontanel  con- 
spicuously shorter  than  the  frontal  one;  lastnamed  extends  to  the 
frontborder  of  the  eye.  Eyes  10 — n.  Eye  distance  conspicu- 
ously more  than  mouthopening,  equalling  postorbital  part  of 
head.  Nasal  barbels  extend  to  occipital  process.  Maxillary 
barbels  reaching  pectorals  or  surpassing  them.  Mandibulary  and 
mental  barbels  considerably  shorter.  Distance  between  origin 
of  dorsal  and  occipital  process  2l/2  times  in  the  distance  from 
lastnamed  to  snout.  Caudal  rounded,  not  united  with  anal 
and  dorsal.  Ventrals  rounded,  extending  on  anal,  2/3  of  pec- 
torals. Pectorals  rounded,  equalling  head  without  snout  or  a 
little  longer,  their  spine  weak,  very  short,  about  !/2 — 2/3  of 
pectorals,  much  shorter  than  postorbital  part  of  head  (to  gill- 
opening),  their  frontborder  a  little  rough.  Teeth  in  the  maxil- 
laries  in  two  contiguous  quadrangular  patches,  about  twice  as 
broad  as  long,  mandibulary  teeth  in  two  contiguous  quadran- 
gular patches,  with  the  posterior  corner  laterally  produced. 
Vomerine  teeth  in  a  crescentic  band,  its  hind  border  sometimes 
more  or  less  prominent  in  the  middle.  About  16  gillrakers, 
shorter  than  branchial  filaments.  Dark,  underside  of  head  and 
belly  lighter.  Body  and  tail  with  light  spots,  dorsally  arranged 
in  transverse  rows.  Median  fins  with  a  lighter  border.  Length 
more  than  200  mm. 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia  (Brit,  mus.)  Buitenzorg!,  Tjikoppo, 
Pondok  gedeh,  Kadu);  Sumatra  (lake  Toba!,  Indragiri,  Lahat); 
Singkep!;  Borneo  (rivers  Kapuas,  Sambas,  Serawak,  Riko)!. — 
Malacca,  Ceylon. 

5.  Clarias  leiacanthus  Blkr. 

Glorias  leiacanthtis  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.-Ind.  II.   1851,  p.  430.  —  Ichth. 

Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,   1858,  p.  347.  —  Atl.  Ichth.  II.  1862,  p.   104. 
Clarias  liacanthtis  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  v.  1864,  p.  20. 
Clarias  liacanthus  Vinciguerra,  Ann.  Mus.  Civ.  Genova  XVI.   1880,  p.   166. 
Clarias  liacanthus  Steindachner,    Abh.  Senckenb.  Ges.  XXV.  1901,  p.  443. 
Chlarias  leiacanthus  Fowler,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  (2)  LVII.  1905,  p.  461. 
Clarias  liacanthtis  Popta,  Notes  Leyden  Mus.  XXVII.   1906,  p.   18. 

B.  9;  D.  76—78;  A.  60—62;  P.  I.  8—9;  V.  6. 

Elongate.   Height   6 — 64/3,   head    (to  gillopening)  5!/3 — 6,  to 


193 

occipital  process  4 — 5.  Its  greatest  breadth  midway  between 
eyes  and  posterior  part  of  opercles,  equal  to  head.  Eyes  12 — 14. 
Eye  distance  as  long  as  or  a  little  longer  than  mouthopening, 
nearly  as  long  as  head  without  snout.  Occipital  process  trian- 
gular, its  top  rounded,  not  very  prominent,  its  height  nearly 
3  times  in  its  base.  Occipital  fontanel  ]/s  shorter  than  the 
frontal  one,  the  frontborder  of  which  reaches  about  a  line 
through  the  hindborder  of  the  eyes.  Surface  of  head,  if  gra- 
nular, very  inconspicuously  so.  Nasal  barbels  extending  to  hind- 
border  of  head  or  surpassing  it,  maxillary  barbel  nearly  reaching 
ventrals,  mandibulary  barbel  extending  to  about  the  extremity 
of  pectorals,  mentals  much  shorter.  Distance  between  origin 
of  dorsal  and  occipital  process  2!/2  times  in  the  distance  from 
lastnamed  to  snout.  The  rounded  caudal  is  free  from  dorsal 
and  anal.  Ventrals  rounded  extending  on  anal,  2/3  length  of 
pectorals,  more  than  twice  in  head.  Pectorals  rounded,  shorter 
than  postorbital  part  of  head,  their  spine  not  very  strong,  2/3  of 
longest  rays,  smooth.  Teeth  small,  acute.  In  the  maxillary 
arranged  in  two  bands,  broadened .  a  little  laterally,  half  as 
long  as  broad.  The  mandibulary  teeth  in  two  contiguous 
quadrangular  patches,  with  the  posterior  exterior  corner  late- 
rally produced.  Vomerine  teeth  in  a  semicrescentic  band.  13 
gillrakers,  shorter  than  branchial  filaments.  Uniform  brown  or 
blackish;  belly,  underside  of  head,  barbels  on  underside, 
ventrals  and  pectorals  whitish.  Pectorals  and  barbels  sometimes 
more  or  less  dark  coloured,  body  and  tail  often  with  light 
spots,  more  or  less  regularly  arranged  in  transverse  lines. 
Median  fins  more  or  less  distinctly  bordered  with  white. 
Length  330  mm. 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Benkulen,  Ringat !  Siboga,  Djambi!); 
Banka;  Nias;  Borneo  (rivers  Kajan,  Mahakam,  Kahajan,  Kapuas, 
Sambas,  Sarawak,  Baram  and  Balikpapan !). 

Doubtful    species. 

I.  Clarias  macrocephalns  Max  Weber,  Ergebn.  einer  Reise 
in  N.  O.  Indien,  Bd.  Ill  1894.  p.  419.  (Pajakomboh,  Sumatra). 

The  specifical  value  of  the  specimens  named  C.  macroce- 
phalus  Gthr.  by  Max  Weber  is  even  now  doubtful,  as  Clarias 
macrocephalus  Gthr  seems  to  be  a  rather  doubtful  species. 
The  Pajakomboh  specimens  agree  with  Cl.  batrachus,  but  are 
distinct  by  their  long  and  strong  pectoral  spine,  which  is 
INDO-AUSTRALIAN  FISHES  II.  13 


194 

of  pectorals  or  farther.  Pectorals  a  little  more  than  once  to  i]/2 
only  a  little  shorter  than  the  pectorals,  and  by  their  milk 
white  colour,  a  little  reddish  in  the  fresh  state. 

2.  Clarias  fuscus    Cuvier    &    Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Pois- 
sons,  XV.   1840.  p.  383.  (nee  Lacepede).  (Sumatra). 

This   species   is   too    shortly  described  to  make  out  its  dis- 
tinctive specifical  characters. 

3.  Clarias  jagur    H.    B.    mentioned    by  von  Martens,  Exp. 
nach  Ost-Asien,  Zool.  Bd.  I.  1876.  p.  302,  399,  from  Danau  Sriang 
(Borneo),  is  probably  Clarias  nieuhofii,  as  Clarias  jagur  H.  B. 
has  never  been  recorded  since. 

2.  Heterobranchus  Geoffrey  St.  Hilaire. 

(Geoffrey  St.  Hilaire,  Descript.  Egypte,  Poissons   1809.  p.  305). 

For  characters  of  the  genus  see  those  of  the  family. 
Freshwater    species,    three    from    Africa    and    one    from  the 
Indo-australian  Archipelago. 

i.  Heterobranchus  tapeinopterus  Blkr. 

Heterobranchus   tapeinopterns   Bleeker,   Nat.    Tijdschr.    Ned.-Indie    III.    1852.    p. 

732.  —  Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862.  p.   101. 
Heterobranchus  tapeinopterus  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.   Mus.  v.   1864.  p.  22. 


Fig.  75.  Heterobranchus  tapeinopterus  Blkr. 

Head  from  above,  dentition  of  upper  jaw  and  vomer  and  of  lower  jaw 
(After  Bleeker). 

B.  8;   D.  24—27;  A.  49—51;  P.   I.  8;  8;   V.  6. 

Height  8 — 9'/2,  head  measured  to  the  operculum  52/3 — 63/4. 
Eye  15 — 1 8.  Nasal  and  mental  barbels  reaching  to  base  of 
pectorals,  maxillary  and  mandibulary  barbels  reaching  to  tip 
of  pectorals  or  farther.  Pectorals  a  little  more  than  once  to  1 1L 


'95 

in  length  of  head,  their  spine  distinctly  serrated.  The  adipose 
fin  is  much  lower  but  rather  longer  than  the  rayed  dorsal ; 
caudal  united  with  adipose  fin  and  with  anal.  Small  teeth  in 
the  upperjaw  in  two  juxtaposed  patches,  those  of  the  lower 
jaw  in  two  patches  arranged  in  a  curved  band.  Vomerine  teeth 
in  a  broad,  slightly  curved  band.  Brownish.  Length  124  mm. 
Habitat:  Banka;  Borneo  (Sambas,  Serawak).  [After  Bleeker. 
Not  seen  by  us]. 

2.  Fam.  SlLURlDAE. 

Elongate,  more  or  less  strongly  compressed,  head  conical 
or  with  depressed  snout,  covered  by  skin.  Eyes  covered 
with  skin,  in  Wallago  only  with  a  free  orbital  margin.  A  pair 
of  maxillary  and  mandibulary  barbels.  Dorsal  short,  rudimen- 
tary or  absent,  without  spine.  No  adipose  fin.  Anal  long, 
manyrayed,  ending  near  to  caudal  or  more  or  less  comple- 
tely united  with  it.  Caudal  deeply  and  obliquely  emarginate  or 
rounded.  Ventrals  small,  rudimentary  or  absent,  below  or  be- 
hind dorsal.  Pectorals  with  a  spine.  Teeth  in  Belodontichthys 
widely  set  and  long,  otherwise  villiform  in  the  jaws,  on  the 
vomer  in  one  or  two  patches,  none  on  the  palatines.  9 — 20 
branchiostegal  rays,  gillmembranes  more  or  less  overlapping, 
free  from  each  other  and  from  isthmus. 

Key    to    the    genera. 

I.  No  ventrals Apodoglanis  p.  196. 

II.  Ventrals  present. 

1.  Dorsal  short  but  with  at  least  4  rays. 

a.  Caudal  obliquely  emarginate,  broadly  united  with 

anal.  Eye  above  corner  of  mouth Silurichthys  p.   197. 

/>.   Caudal    deeply    forked,    free   from  or  but  slightly 

united  with  anal. 

at.  Eye  with  free  orbital  margin,  above  the  level 

of  the  corner  of  the  mouth Wallago  p.  200. 

|9.  Eye  subcutaneous. 

1.  Teeth  widely  set,  long;  eye  above  the  angle 

of  mouth Belodontlchthys  p.  203. 

2.  Teeth  villiform,  eye  behind  angle  of  mouth. 

a.  Vomerine  teeth  in  one  patch Silurodes  p.  204. 

b.  Vomerine  teeth  in  2  patches Callichrous.    p.   207. 

2.  Dorsal  rudimentary  or  absent. 

a.  Posterior    nostril  above  or  behind  frontmargin  of 

eye.  Vomerine  teeth  in   2  patches Hemisilurus  p.   210. 

l>.  Posterior  nostril  before  frontmargin  of  eye.  Vome- 
rine  teeth  (with  one  exception)  in  one  band.  .  .  Cryptoptems  p.  215. 


i.  Apodoglanis  Fowler. 

(FOWLER,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philadelphia  1905.  p.  463.) 

Elongate,  caudal  region  the  longest,  strongly  compressed, 
dorsal  profile  nearly  straight.  Head  depressed,  covered  with 
soft  skin.  Eyes  anterior  and  subcutaneous,  above  the  corner 
of  the  mouth.  Mouth  broad  with  rather  thick  fleshy  lips. 
Anterior  nostrils  near  tip  of  snout.  A  long  maxillary  barbel 
behind  anterior  nostril,  a  shorter  one  on  each  mandible,  remote 
from  symphysis.  Dorsal  short,  without  spine,  before  anal.  Long 
anal  free  from  caudal,  which  is  rounded.  No  ventrals  in  the 
only  specimen  known.  Pectorals  broad  with  a  small  spine. 
Teeth  small  and  pointed,  in  broad  bands  in  the  jaws,  those 
of  the  vomer  in  two  small  distant  patches.  Gillopening  wide, 
gillmembranes  free  from  isthmus  and  overlapping  each  other. 
Gillrakers  short,  sparse,  pointed,  slender,  much  shorter  than 
branchial  filaments. 

» 

i.  Apodoglanis  furnessi  Fowler. 

Apodoglanis  furnessi  Fowler,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philadelphia  1905.  p.  463. 


Fig.  76.  Apodoglanis  furnessi  Fowler  (after  Fowler). 

D.  4;  A.  3,  47;'  P.   i.   10. 

Height  43/4,  head  43/5.  Eye  small.  Maxillary  barbel  reaching 
beyond  tip  of  depressed  dorsal  or  a  short  distance  beyond 
anterior  anal  rays.  Length  of  pectorals  i4/7  in  that  of  head, 
its  spine  about  2/5  of  the  fin.  Brown,  paler  below,  with  irre- 
gular dusky  blotches  on  back  and  base  of  anal. 

Length  of  single  specimen  known  175  mm.  (After  Fowler; 
not  seen  by  us). 

Habitat:  Borneo  (Baram  river). 


197 

•* 

2.  Silurichthys  Bleeker. 

(Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.   Siluri,   1858,  p.  268). 

Elongate,  compressed,  dorsal  profile  nearly  straight,  head 
rounded,  covered  by  soft  skin.  Anterior  nostrils  tubular,  above 
the  frontborder  of  the  snout,  more  approximated  than  the 
posterior  nostrils,  which  are  valvulated  and  looking  upwards. 
Mouth  terminal  rounded,  jaws  nearly  equal.  Eyes  subcuta- 
neous, small,  situated  above  the  corner  of  the  mouth.  Four 
long  barbels,  two  maxillary  ones  laterally  from  the  anterior 
nostrils,  an  inferior  one  to  each  mandible.  Dorsal  very  short, 
with  4  rays,  without  pungent  spine,  inserted  above  (or  imme- 
diately before)  the  ventrals;  no  adipose  fin.  Anal  confluent 
with  caudal,  which  is  obliquely  emarginate,  with  the  upper- 
lobe  the  longer.  Ventrals  short  with  7  'rays.  Pectorals  with  a 
spine.  Small  teeth  in  the  jaws  in  bands,  on  the  vomer  in  a 
single  rounded  patch.  9  branchiostegal  rays.  Gillmembranes 
free  from  isthmus  and  from  each  other,  but  slightly  overlap- 
ping anteriorly. 

i.  Silurichthys  phaiosoma  (Blkr.). 

Silurus  phaiosoma  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.-Indie,  II.   1851,  p.  428. 
Silurichthys  phaiosoma  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  8l. 
Silurichthys  phaiosoma  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  v.    1864,  p.   35. 
Silurichthys  phaiosoma  Max  Weber  &  de  Beaufort,  In:   Alfr.  Maass :  Durch  Zen- 
tral-Sumatra,  II.   1912,  Fische  p.   12. 


Fig.   77-  Silurichthys  phaiosoma  (Blkr.). 

B.  9;  D.  4;  A.  53-53;  P.   i.  8—9;  V.  7. 

Elongate,  strongly  compressed,  head  rounded,  dorsal  profile 
nearly  straight,  sloping  down  to  the  flattened  crown  of  head 
and  snout.  Upper  jaw  slightly  prominent.  Height  6 — 6'/2, 
head  6'/2 — 7J/4-  Eye  about  6,  subcutaneous,  situated  above  the 
corner  of  the  mouth,  in  the  anterior  half  of  the  head,  3  times 
in  the  interorbital  space.  Anterior  nostrils  tubular,  above  the 


198 

frontborder  of  the  snout,  more  approximated  than  the  posterior 
nostrils,  which  are  valvulated,  looking  upwards,  near  the  ver- 
tical through  the  frontborder  of  the  eye.  Maxillary  barbels 
laterally  from  anterior  nostrils,  extending  to  the  middle  of  the 
anal.  Mandibulary  barbels  at  some  distance  behind  symphysis, 
extending  on  the  first  !/4  °f  tne  anal.  Origin  of  dorsal  nearly 
opposite  to  ventrals;  its  height  about  equal  to  postorbital  part 
of  head.  Anal  confluent  with  caudal,  which  goes  nearly  2!/2  times 
in  length  of  body,  and  is  superficially  and  asymmetrically  incised, 
with  the  lower  lobe  much  shorter  than  the  upper.  Ventrals 
reaching  on  anal,  i!/2  times  in  head.  Pectorals  about  equal  to 
head,  their  spine  much  shorter.  Minute  teeth  in  a  curved  band 
in  the  jaws,  those  of  the  vomer  in  one  very  small  median 
patch.  Brown  above,  distal  part  of  caudal,  of  pectorals  and 
anal  somewhat  darker,  barbels  sometimes  with  dark  brown 
rings.  Length  140  mm. 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Taluk!  Bagan  api  api!);  Singapore; 
Banka;  Biliton ;  Borneo  (Sambas,  Kahajan,  Danau  Sriang, 
Sarawak).  —  Malacca. 

In  rivers. 

Doubtful    species, 
i.  Silurichthys  hasseltii  Blkr. 

Silurichthys  Hasseltii  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I  Siluri,   1858,  p.  270. — 

Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  82. 
Silurichthys  Hasseltii  Vaillant,  Nouv.   Arch,  du  Museum,  (4)  v.    1893,  p.  62. 

The  type  from  Tjisekat,  Java,  examined  by  us  in  the  Leyden 
Museum,  differs  from  the  preceding  species  by  the  more 
anterior  position  of  the  dorsal,  which  is  situated  in  advance 
of  the  ventrals  as  also  stated  by  Bleeker  and  by  Vaillant. 
It  is  doubtful  as  is  also  expressed  by  Vaillant,  that  on  this 
character  alone  a  new  species  can  be  founded. 

2.  Silurichthys  schneideri  Volz. 

Sihirichthys  Schneideri  Volz,  Revue  Suisse  Zool.  XII.   1904,  p.  463. 

D.   4;    A.   64;    P.    I.    10;    V.   7. 

Height  6'/2  times  in  total  length  (without  caudal).  Length 
of  head  7'/3  in  same  length.  Upper  and  lower  jaw  equal.  Gape 
of  mouth  reaches  laterally  nearly  vertically  below  frontmargin 
of  eye.  The  eye  is  small,  its  diameter  only  !/?  °f  total  length 


199 

of  head;  it  is  situated  at  the  boundary  between  the  first  and 
second  1/3  of  the  head,  shortest  distance  between  eyes  equal 
to  half  length  of  head.  Maxillary  barbel  reaches  nearly  to 
the  half  of  the  length  without  caudal.  Mandibulary  barbel 
shorter,  not  reaching  to  end  of  pectorals  but  somewhat  below 
the  insertion  of  the  ventrals.  Length  of  pectorals  equal  to 
that  of  head.  Pectoral  spine  half  as  long  as  the  fin,  posteriorly 
finely  denticulated.  Ventrals  exactly  vertically  below  dorsal, 
equal  to  the  distance  between  hindmargin  of  eye  and  hind- 
margin  of  the  branchial  opening.  Distance  between  tip  of 
snout  and  origin  of  anal  equal  to  i'/2  times  height  of  body. 
Anal  confluent  with  caudal.  Caudal  obliquely  truncated,  its 
superior  longest  rays  slightly  longer  than  the  greatest  height 
of  body.  Total  length  without  caudal  16  cm.  [After  Volz]. 

Locality:    Sumatra:   Upperlangkat   (Danau  near  Sukaranda). 

The  only  differences  from  5.  phaiosoma  seem  to  be :  A.  64 
instead  of  A.  53 — 58  and  that  the  gape  of  mouth  only  reaches 
below  frontborder  of  eye  and  not  to  its  middle. 

3.  Silurichthys  indragiriensis  Volz. 

Silurichthys  indragiriensis  Volz,  Revue  Suisse  Zool.  XII.   1904,  p.  464. 

D.  4;  A.  49;  P.   i.  9;  V.  7. 

Height  nearly  5  times  in  total  length  (without  caudal). 
Head  61/2  times.  Upper  jaw  nearly  inconspicuously  prominent. 
Cleft  of  mouth  reaches  vertically  below  middle  of  eye.  Eye 
!/B  of  length  of  head.  Maxillary  barbel  reaching  to  middle  of 
body  without  caudal;  mandibulary  barbel  nearly  to  end 
of  pectoral  fin.  Length  of  pectoral  equal  to  head,  its  spine 
slightly  less  than  J/3  of  length  of  head  and  equal  to  snout. 
Dorsal  slightly  before  ventrals.  Ventrals  about  half  as  long  as 
pectorals.  Distance  from  tip  of  snout  to  anal  equal  to  i!/2 
times  height  of  body.  Anal  and  caudal  connected.  Height  of 
dorsal  equal  to  distance  from  hindmargin  of  eye  to  tip  of 
snout.  Dorsal  profile  straight,  slightly  sloping  towards  head 
and  tail.  Dark  brown  above,  with  irregular  larger  blackish 
spots,  sides  fainter,  irregularly  marmorated  and  speckled  with 
dark.  Dorsal  light,  with  dark  markings.  Pectorals  and  ventrals 
light,  .the  first  with  numerous  black  irregular  spots,  the  latter 
with  dark  markings  towards  the  base.  Anal  with  light  border, 


200 

otherwise,  even  as  the  caudal,  brownish,  darker  marmorated, 
similar  to  the  sides  of  the  body.  [After  Volz,  not  seen  by  us]. 

Locality:  One  specimen,  Kwantang  river,  near  Djapura 
(Indragiri,  Sumatra). 

This  species  differs  from  5.  phaiosoma  in  the  less  numerous 
dorsal  rays  (49  in  stead  of  53 — 58),  the  lesser  height  of  the 
body  (5  in  stead  of  6'/2)  and  that  in  the  single  specimen 
known  the  ventral  is  slightly  behind  and  not  below  dorsal, 
(see  Max  Weber  &  de  Beaufort  in  Maass:  ^Durch  Zentral 
Sumatra",  II.  1912,  Fische  p.  13). 

3.  Wallago  Bleeker. 
(BLEEKER,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I  Siluri   1858  p.  259'). 

Compressed,  head  broad,  snout  depressed;  cleft  of  the  mouth 
slightly  ascending.  Eye  with  a  free  orbital  margin,  above  the 
level  of  the  corner  of  the  mouth.  Nostrils  remote  from  each 
other,  the  anterior  one  tubulated.  A  maxillary,  and  some  distance 
behind  the  symphysis,  a  mandibulary  pair  of  barbels.  Dorsal 
fin  very  short,  without  spine  and  composed  of  5  rays.  No 
adipose  fin.  The  long  anal  free  from  caudal,  which  is  forked. 
Ventrals  behind  or  below  dorsal,  with  10 — 11  rays.  Pectorals 
with  a  spine.  Teeth  depressible,  those  in  the  jaws  in  a  broad  band, 
those  on  the  vomer  in  two  patches.  Gillrakers  very  short  and 
stiff.  Gillmembranes  free  from  each  other  and  from  the  isthmus. 
Branchiostegals  15 — 20. 


Fig.  78.    Wallago  miostoma  Vaill. 

Synopsis    of  the    species. 

I.  Corner    of   mouth    surpassing    hindborder   of  eye,    21 

gillrakers W.  attu  p.  201. 


i)  This    is   the   first  diagnosis  of  the  genus,  although  the  name    Wallago  was 
used  by  BLEEKER  since  1851,  but  without  description. 


2OI 

2.  Corner  of  mouth  reaches  to  the  vertical  through  anterior 

border  of  eye,  9  gillrakers W.  Iceri  p.   202. 

3.  Corner    of  mouth    reaches    below    frontpart    of   eye,   9 

gillrakers W.  miostoma  p.  202. 

i.  Wallago  attu  (Bl.  Schn.). 

Silurus  attu  Bloch,  Schneider,  Syst.   Ichth.   1801,  p.   378. 

Silurus  Mulleri   Bleeker,  Nat.  Geneesk.   Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  III.  (2),   1846,  p.  289. 

Wallago  Mulleri  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.-Ind.  III.   1852,  p.  585. 

Wallago    Rusellii  Bleeker,  Verb.   Bat.   Gen.   XXV.   1853.  Nalez.  Ichthyol.   Fauna 

Bengalen  p.   108. 

Wallago  attu  Bleeker^  Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  79.  (See  Synon.). 
Wallago  attu  Gunther^  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  v.  1864,  p.   36. 
Wallago  attu  Day^  Fishes  of  India  4°.    1878—1888,  p.  479. 

B.   1 8— 20;  D.    I.  4;  A.   86—93;  P.    I.   13—14;  V.   10. 

Height  5 — 7,  head  43/5 — 4!/4,  eye  6'/2 — JO,  entirely  above 
the  mouthopening,  its  hindborder  a  little  before  the  hind- 
border  of  the  mouth.  Interorbital  space  nearly  3  times  in  the 
convexity  of  the  interorbital  space,  shout  produced,  spatulate, 
23/4  in  length  of  head.  Profile  descending  obliquely  from 
dorsal  to  snout  in  a  more  or  less  straight  line.  Lower  jaw 
prominent.  Maxillary  barbels  extending  to  the  anterior  part 
of  the  anal,  mandibulary  barbels  about  as  long  as  snout. 
Height  of  dorsal  more  than  length  of  postorbital  part  of 
head,  its  distance  from  the  snout  nearly  2!/2  in  its  distance 
from  the  caudal.  Anal  not  reaching  to  caudal,  which  is  deeply 
incised.  Ventrals  behind  the  dorsal.  Pectorals  about  i!/2  in 
length  of  head,  their  spine  entire,  feeble,  their  stiff  part  nearly 
as  long  as  the  postorbital  part  of  the  head.  21  very  short  gill- 
rakers. In  the  jaws  broad  bands  of  depressible,  pointed  teeth, 
the  posterior  rows  increasing  in  size,  those  on  the  vomer  also 
depresible,  in  two  oblique  oval  patches.  Lateral  line  very 
conspicuous.  Blackish  above,  margaritaceous  below.  Fins  hyaline 
or  more  or  less  dusky.  Length  over  500  mm. 

No  in  en  indig.:  Limpok  djambal,  Tjaba,  Tjangop  (Mai. 
Batavia). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia,  Udjong  Krawang,  Udjong  Tan- 
gerang,  Gempol) ;  Sumatra  (Palembang !).  —  Siam,  Burmah,  British 
India  and  Ceylon. 

In  rivers. 


202 


2.  Wallago  leerii  Blkr. 

Wallago   Leerii   Blecker,    Nat.    Tijdschr.    Ned.    Indie    II.    1851,    p.   427.   —  Atl. 

Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  80. 

Wallago  Leerii  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.   37. 
Wallago  Leerii  Vaillant,  Notes  Leyden  Mus.  XXIV.   1902,  p.  44. 

B.   16—17;  D.   I.  4;  A.  67—73;  P.  i.  14—15;  V.  i.  9—10. 

Height  43/5 — 5,  head  a  little  more  or  less  than  4,  eye  7 — 9, 
situated  above  the  level  of  the  angle  of  the  mouth,  its  front- 
part  above  that  angle,  about  5  in  the  convexity  of  the  inter- 
orbital  space.  Snout  produced,  2!/2  times  in  head.  Upper 
profile  of  head  nearly  straight,  neck  strongly  ascending  to 
dorsal.  Maxillary  barbel  extending  to  the  anterior  part  of 
anal.  Mandibulary  barbels  about  as  long  as  the  eye.  Height 
of  dorsal  equal  to  head  without  snout,  its  distance  from  the 
end  of  the  snout  i3/4  in  that  from  the  caudal.  Anal  free 
from  caudal,  which  is  deeply  incised,  the  upperlobe  the  longer. 
Ventrals  situated  a  little  behind  dorsal,  nearly  half  as  long 
as  pectorals,  which  are  about  2/3  of  head.  Pectoral  spine  not 
very  strong,  its  stiff  part  about  as  long  as  snout.  In  the  jaws 
broad  bands  of  rather  fine  pointed,  depressible  teeth.  Two 
oval  patches  of  teeth  on  the  vomer.  9  very  short,  stiff,  widely 
set  gillrakers.  Brownish,  clouded  with  lighter.  Length  500  mm. 

No  men  indig. :  Tapa  (Palembang). 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Palembang!);  Banka;  Borneo  (Kahajan, 
Kapuas,  Sambas,  Serawak). 

In  rivers. 

3.  Wallago  miostoma  Vaill.  [Fig.  78.  p.  200]. 

Wallago  miostoma  Vaillant,  Notes  Leyden  Mus.  XXIV.  1902,  p.  44. 
Wallago  nebulostis  Vaillant,  Notes  Leyden  Mus.  XXIV.  1902,  p.  46. 
Ompok  nebulosus  Fowler,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1905,  p.  465. 

B.  15 — 16  (13  Vaillant,  19  Fowler);  D.  i.  4;  A.  64 — 72; 
P.  i.  14—15  ;  V.  i.  9—10. 

Height  4'/2 — 44/5,  head  about  4,  eye  10,  situated  above  the 
level  of  the  angle  of  the  mouth,  which  is  in  the  vertical  through 
the  anterior  border  of  the  eye,  about  5!/2  in  the  interorbital 
space.  Snout  2J/2  in  head.  Lower  jaw  prominent,  anterior  part 
of  head  flattish,  hindpart  ascending  to  the  dorsal  with  a  con- 


203 

vexity.  Maxillary  barbel  reaching  to  the  anterior  !/3  of  anal 
or  farther,  mandibulary  barbel  about  as  long  as  diameter  of 
eye.  Height  of  dorsal  equal  to  head  without  snout.  Distance 
from  dorsal  to  snout  about  i3/4  in  its  distance  from  the 
caudal.  Anal  free  from  caudal,  which  is  deeply  incised.  Ven- 
trals  below  or  a  little  in  advance  of  origin  of  dorsal,  about 
half  as  long  as  pectorals,  the  length  of  which  equals  the 
distance  from  the  base  of  the  maxillary  barbel  to  hindborder 
of  operculum.  The  stiff  portion  of  their  spine  is  rather  strong 
and  a  little  shorter  than  the  postorbital  part  of  the  head. 
Broad  bands  of  fine,  pointed,  depressible  teeth  in  the  jaws. 
Similar  teeth  on  the  vomer  in  two  oblique  oval  patches.  9  very 
short,  stiff  gillrakers,  the  longest  with  a  basal  prong.  Black 
brown,  with  lighter  marmorations,  belly  and  underside  of  head 
whitish  in  small  specimens,  which  have  more  or  less  blackish 
fins.  Length  about  450  mm. 

Nomen  in  dig. :  Tapa  Rawang  (Djambi). 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Djambi!);  Borneo  (rivers  Kapuas!, 
Mahakam,  Baram). 

In  rivers. 

4.  Belodontichthys  Bleeker. 

(BLEEKER.  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858.  p.  266). 

Compressed,  especially  the  long  tail.  Short,  compressed  head, 
covered  with  skin,  with  prominent  lower  jaw.  Its  upper 
profile  concave,  the  neck  elevated.  Anterior  nostrils  long 
tubes,  the  posterior  nostrils,  at  some  distance  behind  them,  are 
short  tubes;  both  are  between  frontborder  of  snout  and  eye. 
Eye  above  the  angle  of  the  mouth,  covered  by  the  skin. 
A  long  maxillary  barbel  between  the  anterior  nostril  and 
the  corner  of  the  mouth.  A  pair  of  very  short  mandibulary 
barbels  far  behind  the  chin.  Dorsal  rudimentary,  without 
spine.  No  adipose  fin.  Anal  very  long,  terminates  close  to  the 
caudal,  which  is  forked.  Ventrals  below  the  dorsal,  small, 
composed  of  9 — 10  rays.  Pectorals  very  large,  with  a  slender, 
smooth  spine.  The  widely  set,  slender,  more  or  less  arrowed 
teeth  of  unequal  size  are  in  three  series  in  the  jaws,  none 
on  the  palatines,  those  of  the  vomcr  in  a  single  transverse 
series  and  very  small.  Gillmembranes  separated,  free  from 
the  isthmus. 


2O4 


i.  Eelodontichthys  dinema  (Blkr.). 

Wallago  dinema  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Ind.  II.   1851,  p.  202. 
Belodontichthys  macrochir  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858,  p.  266.  — 

Atl.  Ichth.  II.  1862,  p.  80. 

Belodontichthys  macrochir  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.   V.   1864.  p.  37. 
Belodontichthys  macrochir  Vaillant,  Nouv.  Arch.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.  (3).  V.  1893.  p.  64. 


Fig.  79.  Belodontichthys  dinema  (Blkr.). 

B.   14 — 15;  D.  4;  A.  85 — 96;  P.   i.  20 — 22;  V.  9 — 10. 

Height  about  4Y2—  $llv  nead  4!/2 — 43/4>  eye  5~ 5'/2-  Maxillary, 
barbels,  the  proximal  part  of  which  is  rather  stiff,  extend  to 
the  ventrals-  or  a  little  farther,  the  mandibulary  shorter  than 
the  eye.  Pectorals  longer  than  the  head.  Upper  lobe  of  caudal 
the  longer.  Silvery,  back  and  upper  surface  of  head  brownish. 
Undersurface  of  head  and  belly  light,  fins  hyaline.  Dorsal  and 
membrane  of  pectorals  more  or  less  blackish.  Base  of  pectorals 
and  caudal  more  or  less  dark.  Length  550  mm. 

Nomen  indig. :  Lais  (Banjermassin). 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Palembang!,  Djambi!);  Borneo  (Banjer- 
massin, Kapuas).  —  Malacca  and  Siam. 

In  rivers. 

5.  Silurodes  Bleeker. 
(BLEEKER.  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I  Siluri  1858,  p.  271). 

Compressed,  head  broad,  snout  depressed;  mouth  oblique, 
eye  behind  its  corner  and  partly  below  its  level,  visible 
from  underneath.  Lower  jaw  prominent.  Eyes  covered  by 
skin.  Nostrils  remote  from  each  other.  A  maxillary  and 
at  some  distance  behind  symphysis  a  mandibulary  pair  of 
barbels.  Dorsal  fin  very  short,  without  spine  and  composed 
of  3 — 4  rays.  No  adipose  fin.  The  long  anal  free  from  or 
connected  with  base  of  caudal,  which  is  forked.  Ventrals  with 
7 — 8  rays,  below  dorsal.  Pectorals  with  a  spine.  Teeth  depres- 
sible,  in  the  jaws  in  a  broad  band,  those  in  the  vomer  not 


205 

separated.  Gillrakers  12  (those  of  5.  borneensis  unknown), 
closely  set,  a  little  shorter  than  branchial  filaments.  Branchioste- 
gals  9 — ii.  Gillmembranes  free  from  each  other  and  from 
isthmus. 


Fig.  80.  Silurodes  eugcneiatus  (Vaill.). 

Synopsis   of  the   species. 

I.  Anal  76 — 82 S.  hypophthalmus  p.  205. 

II.  Anal  53 — 59. 

A.  Anal  connected  with  caudal,  mandibulary  barbels 

51/:*  in  length S.  borneensis  p.   206. 

B.  Anal  free  from  caudal,  mandibulary  barbels  sur- 
passing caudal S.  eiigeneiatus  p.  207. 

i.  Silurodes  hypophthalmus  (Blkr.). 

Silnrus  hypophthalmus  Bleeker,  Verh.  Bat.  Gen.  XXI.  I.   1847,  p.   15. 
Silurus  macronema  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie  II.   1851,  p.  203. 
Silurodes     hypophthalmus     Bleeker,    Ichth.    Arch.    Ind.    Prodr.    I    Siluri,    1858, 

p.  272.  —  Atl  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  83. 
Silurodes  macronema  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858,  p.  273.  — 

Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  83. 

Callichrous  hypophthalmus  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  48. 
Callichrous  macronema  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  49. 

B.   ii;  D.  3—4;  A.  76—82;  P.   I.   12—14;  V.  7—8. 

Height  4!/2  to  about  5,  head  5!/5 — 6,  eye  4 — 5,  visible  from 
below,  situated  behind  the  corner  of  the  mouth,  about  3!/2 
times  in  the  convexity  of  the  interorbital  space.  Lower  jaw 
more  or  less  prominent.  Upper  profile  with  elevated  neck, 
concave  on  the  head.  Maxillary  barbels  extending  to  about 
the  middle  of  the  anal,  by  exception  even  farther,  mandi- 
bulary barbels  shorter  than  the  head.  Height  of  very  short 
dorsal  equals  about  the  length  of  head  without  snout.  Anal 


206 

ceases  shortly  before  the  caudal,  which  is  deeply  incised ;  its 
lobes  pointed,  the  upper  one  the  longer.  Ventrals  very  short, 
below  dorsal.  Pectorals  about  as  long  as  the  head,  the  osseous 
part  of  their  spine  as  long  as  head  without  snout.  Two  patches 

of   rather    strong    teeth    on    the 
vomer,     arranged    in    two    rows, 

which  are  connected  in  the  middle 
by    a   single   row.   Rather  strong 
pointed  teeth,  directed  backwards 
F*S'L  **'  in    several    rows  in  the  jaws.    12 

Silurodes  hypophthalmus  (Blkr.)        ^.,11 

Teeth  of  upper  jaw  and  palate  X  2  V4-  °lllrakerS'  the  longest  a  llttle 

shorter  than  the  branchial  fila- 
ments. Upper  part  olivaceous,  lower  parts  lighter,  belly  and 
underside  of  head  white.  A  blackish  spot  behind  the  gill- 
opening,  which  may  be  prolonged  in  a  dark  lateral  band, 
narrowing  behind.  A  black  spot  at  the  end  of  the  tail.  Length 
over  300  mm. 

Nomen   in  dig.:  Limpok  (Mai.),  Lais  (Lampong). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia,  Kediri) ;  Sumatra  (Palembang, 
Ringat!,  Taluk!,  Gunung  Sahilan!,  Djambi!,  Lampong,  Laut 
Tador,  Indragiri,  Upper  Langkat,  Deli);  Borneo  (Mahakam- 
river!,  Sintang!,  Danau  Sriang). 

In  fresh  water. 

2.  Silurodes  borneensis  (Steind.). 

Callichrous  borneensis  Steindachner,  Abh.  Senckenb.  Naturf.  Ges.  XXV.  1901,  p.  445. 

D.   4;   A.    53;    P.    I.    10;    V.    7. 

Height  equal  to  head,  about  51/?.  Eye  nearly  6,  situated 
immediately  behind  the  corner  of  the  mouth.  Lower  jaw  slightly 
projecting.  Maxillary  barbels  2  times,  the  very  weak  mandi- 
bulary  barbels  about  5!/2  times  in  length.  Height  of  dorsal 
about  i'/2  in  head.  Last  ray  of  anal  totally  connected  with 
the  caudal.  Ventrals  short,  their  longest  lateral  ray  about  2]/2 
in  head.  Caudal  as  long  as  head,  incised.  Pectorals  a  little 
shorter  than  head,  their  spine  rather  strong,  dentated  at  the 
hindborder,  about  3/7  of  length  of  head.  Vomerine  teeth  in 
an  extremely  narrow,  linear,  transverse  band.  Colour  dark 
brown.  No  dark  spot  before  caudal.  [Not  seen  by  us].  Length 
of  single  specimen  known  84  mm. 

Habitat:  Borneo  (Baram-river,  Serawak). 


207 

-<* 

3.  Silurodes  eugeneiatus  (Vaill.).  [Fig.  80.  p.  205]. 

Callichrous  eugeneiatus  Vaillant,  Bull.  Soc.  Zool.  France  XVIII.   1893,  p.  61. 
Callichrons  cugenciatus  Vaillant,  Nouv.  Arch.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.  (3)  V.  1893.  p.  65. 
Silurodes  eugcniatus  M.  Weber  &  de  Beaufort,  In :  Maass :  Durch  Zentral-Sumatra, 
II.   1912.   Fische  p.   13. 

B.  9;  D.  4;  A.  58—59;  P-   I-   n;  V.  7. 

Height  33/4 — 4^,  head  53/4,  eye  about  4,  somewhat  shorter 
than  snout,  visible  from  below,  situated  behind  the  corner  of 
the  mouth  at  a  distance  of  ]/2  eye-diameter,  about  twice  in 
the  convexity  of  the  interorbital  space.  Upper  profile  obliquely 
descending  from  dorsal  to  snout,  nearly  straight,  with  a  super- 
ficial concavity  before  the  neck.  Maxillary  barbel  extending 
to  the  posterior  half  of  anal,  mandibulary  barbels  surpassing 
the  caudal.  Dorsal  with  the  first  ray  prolonged,  as  long  as 
distance  between  corner  of  mouth  and  hindborder  of  head, 
its  distance  from  the  end  of  the  snout  about  2]/2  times  in  its 
distance  from  the  caudal.  Anal  slightly  connected  with  the 
base  of  the  caudal,  which  is  deeply  forked,  its  lobes  pointed, 
the  superior  the  longer.  Ventrals  short.  Pectorals  longer  than 
head,  the  osseous  part  of  the  spine  equals  the  head  without 
snout  and  is  rather  strong.  Small  villiform  teeth  in  a  band  on 
the  jaws,  a  few  small  teeth  in  one  oval  patch  on  the  vomer. 
12  gillrakers,  the  longest  a  little  shorter  than  the  branchial 
filaments.  Yellowish,  back  somewhat  darker.  A  more  or  less 
dark  spot  behind  the  operculum,  a  smaller  one  before  the 
caudal,  -both  are  connected  by  a  dark  lateral  line.  Length 
165  mm. 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Djambi!,  Gunung  Sahilan !);  Borneo 
(Knapei,  Sebruang). 

In  rivers. 

6.  Callichrous  Hamilton  Buchanan. 

(HAMILTON  BUCHANAN.  Fishes  of  the  Ganges  1822,  p.  149). 

Ompok  Lacepede  (diagnosis  erronea). 

Compressed,  head  broad,  snout  depressed.  Cleft  of  mouth 
oblique,  not  surpassing  the  front  edge  of  the  eye,  lower  jaw 
prominent.  Eyes  covered  by  skin,  their  lower  border  on  the 
level  of  the  cleft  of  the  mouth  or  a  little  below  it.  Nostrils 
remote  from  each  other.  A  maxillary,  and  some  distance  be- 


20S 


hind  the  symphysis,  a  mandibulary  pair  of  barbels.  Dorsal 
fin  very  short,  without  pungent  spine,  and  composed  of  4  rays. 
No  adipose  fin.  The  long  anal  free  or  connected  with  caudal, 
which  is  forked.  Ventrals  with  7 — 8  rays,  below  or  a  little 
before  dorsal.  Pectorals  with  a  spine.  Depressible  teeth  in  the 
jaws  in  broad  bands,  those  of  the  vomer  in  two  separate 
patches.  Gillrakers  few  in  number,  widely  set,  much  shorter 
than  branchial  filaments.  Branchiostegals  11  — 13.  Gill  mem- 
branes free  from  each  other  and  from  isthmus. 

Synopsis   of  the   species. 

1.  Anal  connected  with  base  of  caudal,  head  5-5 2/3,  A.  54-57. 

Mandibulary  barbels  nearly  as  long  as  the  head  ..,«€«  leiacanthus  p.  208. 

2.  Anal    free    from    caudal,    head    4^3 — 43/4,    A.    59 — 74. 

Mandibulary  barbels  a  little  longer  or  shorter  than  eye  .  C.  blmaculatus  p.  209. 


i.  Callichrous  leiacanthus  (Blkr.). 

Wallago  leiacanthus  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Ind.  V.   1853,  p.   189. 
Pscudosilurus  hiacantJms  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858,  p.  281. 
Callichrotts  leiacanthus  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  85. 
Callichrous  llacanthus  Gunther,  Cat.   Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  47. 
Callichrous  liacanthus  Vinciguerra,  Ann.  Mus.   Civ.  Geneva  XXI.   1880,  p.   169. 
?  Ompok  jayncl   Fowler,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philadelphia,  LVII.   1905,  p.  466. 
(Baramriver,  Borneo). 


Fig.  82.  Callichrous  leiacanthus  (Blkr.). 

B.   ii;  D.  4;  A.  54—575  P-   i-   12—13;  V.  8. 

Height  43/4 — 5'/3>  head  about  5 — 52/3,  eye  6 — 7,  at  some 
distance  above  and  behind  the  corner  of  the  mouth,  about 
i!/2  in  snout,  3]/4 — 5  in  the  interorbital  space.  Lower  jaw  the 
longer.  Upper  profile  obliquely  descending  from  dorsal  to 
snout,  neck  somewhat  elevated.  Maxillary  barbels  extending 


209 

> 

to  the  second  ]J5  of  the  anal,  mandibulary  barbels  nearly  as 
long  as  the  head.  Height  of  dorsal  a  little  more  than  postor- 
bital  part  of  head,  its  distance  from  the  snout  about  2  times 
in  its  distance  from  the  caudal.  Last  ray  of  anal  connected 
with  the  base  of  the  caudal,  which  is  superficially  emarginated, 
its  lobes  rounded,  the  upper  one  the  longer.  Ventrals  below 
or  a  little  before  dorsal.  Pectorals  rounded,  as  long  as  head, 
with  a  slender  smooth  spine,  the  osseous  part  of  which  is 
shorter  than  the  postorbital  part  of  the  head.  Vomerine  teeth 
in  two  oval  separate  patches,  bands  of  fine  pointed  teeth  in 
jaws,  curved  backwards,  the  hindmost  the  shortest.  8  short 
widely  set  gillrakers,  much  shorter  than  branchial  filaments. 
Brownish,  underside  and  fins  lighter.  A  blackish  spot  behind 
the  gillopening  and  a  dark  band  through  base  of  caudal 
sometimes  visible.  Length  190  mm. 

N  o  m  e  n   i  n  d  i  g. :  Da  won  bambu  (Benkulen). 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Benkulen,  Taluk!,  Laut  Tador,  river 
Kwantan,  Indragiri,  Upper  Langkat,  Djambi!);  Banka;  Borneo 
(Serawak). 

In  fresh  water. 

2.  Callichrous  bimaculatus  (Bl.). 

Silurus  bimac^^lat^ls  Bloch,  Ausl.  Fische  VIII.   1794,  p.  24. 

Callichrous  bimaculatus  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  84.  (see  syn.). 

Callichrous  bimaculatus  Giinther,  Cat.   Brit.   Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  45. 

Callichrous  bimaculatus  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.    1878—1888,  p.  476. 

Callichrous  bimaculatus  Vinciguerra,  Ann.  Mus.  Civ.  Gen.  2  Ser.  IX.  1890,  p.  201. 

Callichrous  bimaculatus  Volz,  Revue   Suisse  de  Zool.  XII.   1904,  p.  465. 

Ompok  bimaculatus  Jordan  &  Scale,  Proc.  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.  XXXIII.  1938.  p.  536. 

B.   12—13;  D.  4;  A.  2.  57—72;  p-   i-   12—14;  V.  7—8. 

Height  4 — 4^,  head  4*/2 — 43/4.  Eye  5!/2 — /'/a*  its  anterior 
border  above  the  corner  of  the  mouth,  i  — 12/3  in  snout, 
2'/2  to  more  than  3'/a  apart.  Lower  jaw 
strongly  prominent.  Praedorsal  profile 
sloping  nearly  in  a  straight  line,  profile 
of  the  head  concave.  Maxillary  barbels 
extending  to  the  middle  of  the  pectorals  Fig.  83. 

or  to  the  anal.  Mandibulary  barbels  a  Callichrous  bimaculatus  (Bl.). 
little  longer  or  shorter  than  the  eye.  Teeth  of  uPPer  Jaw  and 
Height  of  dorsal  %  of  height  of  body,  pal 

its  distance  from  the  snout  about  twice  in  its  distance  from  the 
INDO-AUSTRAIJAN  FISHES  II.  14 


210 

caudal.  Anal  ceases  close  to  the  caudal,  which  is  forked,  the 
upper  lobe  being  the  longer.  Pectorals  as  long  as  the  head 
behind  the  angle  of  the  mouth,  their  spine  of  moderate  strength, 
denticulated  towards  its  extremity  and  about  as  long  as  the 
postorbital  part  of  the  head.  Ventrals  inserted  below  dorsal. 
Vomerine  teeth  in  two  oval  separate  patches,  bands  of  fine 
pointed  teeth  in  jaws,  curved  backwards,  the  hindmost  the 
shortest.  9  widely  set  gillrakers,  much  shorter  than  branchial 
filaments.  More  or  less  uniform  brownish,  with  a  blackish 
blotch  above  the  middle  of  the  pectoral  fin.  A  black  trans- 
verse band  at  base  of  caudal.  Length  450  mm. 

Nomen   in  dig. :   Limpok  (Mai.  Jav.). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia!,  Buitenzorg,  Tjikao,  Gempol, 
Krawang);  Sumatra  (Benkulen,  Indragiri,  river  Selapian,  Deli); 
Borneo  (river  Barito,  Serawak).  -  -  Siam,  Burmah  to  British 
India  and  Ceylon. 

In  fresh  water. 


7.  Hemisilurus  Bleeker. 

(BLEEKER.  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I  Siluri.   1858,  p.  295). 

(Diastatomycter  Vaillant.) 

Compressed,  head  conical,  covered  with  skin,  its  upper 
profile  more  or  less  concave,  neck  elevated.  Snout  prominent, 
more  or  less  pointed.  Mouth  inferior,  transverse.  Gape  wide. 
Anterior  nostrils  tubular,  much  closer  together  than  the 
posterior  ones,  which  are  far  distant  from  them,  lying 
above  or  behind  the  frontmargin  of  the  eye.  (see  fig.  85,  86). 
A  maxillary  barbel,  lateral  of  the  anterior  nostrils  and  behind 
them.  Mandibulary  barbels  exceedingly  small,  very  far  distant 
from  symphysis.  Conspicuous  mucous  cavities  along  the  man- 
dible. Eyes  superior,  above  the  level  of  the  corner  of  the 
mouth,  covered  by  gelatinous  skin.  No  dorsal  or  adipose  fin. 
Anal  terminates  close  to  the  caudal,  which  is  deeply  forked. 
Ventrals  composed  of  8 — 9  rays.  Pectorals  with  a  spine. 
Villiform  teeth  in  the  jaws,  in  two  small  patches  on  the 
vomer.  Gillmembranes  free  from  each  other  and  from  isthmus. 
Gillrakers  10 — 12.  Branchiostegals  10 — 12. 


211 


Synopsis   of  the    species. 

A.  Posterior  nostrils  above  and  behind  eye. 

1.  Barbels    not    reaching    to    the    eye.    Head    44/5, 

eye  $l/.2 H.  chaperi  p.   211. 

2.  Barbels    reaching    the    eye.    Head    about  6,  eye 

4*/3 — 5Y-2 H-  heterorhynchus  p.  211. 

3.  Barbels     reaching    the    opercle.    Head    5 — 5 '/a, 

eye   7 — 8 H.  moolcnburghi  212. 

B.  Posterior  nostrils  above  frontmargin  of  eye,  barbels 

short,  stiff,  hooked H.  scleronema  214. 

i.  Hemisilurus  chaperi  (Vaill.). 

Diastatomycter  chaperi  Vaillant,  Bull.  Soc,  Philom.  Paris,  (8).  III.  1891,  p.  182.  — 
Bull.  Soc.  Zool.  XVIII.  1893,  p.  61.  —  Nouv.  Arch.  Mus.  Hist  Nat.  (3). 
V.  Paris,  1893,  p.  70. 

A.  93;  V.  9. 

Height  43/5,  head  44/5,  eye  5^,  subcutaneous,  its  centre 
situated  slightly  in  advance  of  the  middle  of  the  head.  Inter- 
orbital  space  about  4  in  head.  Snout  obtuse,  slightly  more 
than  3  in  head.  Maxillary  barbels  flexible,  not  reaching  the 
eye,  mandibulary  barbels  far  distant  from  symphysis,  minute. 
Anal  long,  free  from  caudal.  Ventrals  short.  Pectorals  trian- 
gular, their  spine  3/5  of  the  length  of  the  fin.  Villiform  teeth 
in  more  or  less  curved  bands  in  the  jaws  and  in  two  small 
distant  patches  on  the  vomer.  Length  of  single  specimen 
known  485  mm.  [After  Vaillant.  Not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Borneo  (Knapei). 

In  fresh  water. 

2.  Hemisilurus  heterorhynchus  (Blkr.). 

Wallago  heterorhynchos  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie  V.   1853,  p.    514. 
Hemisilurus  heterorrhynchus  Bleeker,  All.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  94. 
Hemisihirus  heterorhynchus  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.   54. 
Hemisilurus  heterorhynchus  Vaillant,  Notes  Leyden  Mus.  XXIV.   1902,  p.   50. 

B.  12;    A.   90 — 94;    P.    I.    l6 — I/;    V.    9. 

Height  4!/2 — 5,  head  about  6,  eye  subcutaneous,  4!/3 — 5'/2> 
situated  in  the  anterior  half  of  the  head,  more  than  I  !/2  in 
the  convexity  of  the  interorbital  space.  Snout  rounded,  slightly 
prominent,  3  in  head.  Anterior  nostrils  short  tubes,  at  the 


212 

top  of  the  snout.  Posterior  nostrils  short  tubes  far  behind 
and  above  the  eye.  Maxillary  barbels  very  slender,  flexible, 
reaching  the  eye.  Mandibulary  barbels  far  distant  from  sym- 
physis,  about  equal  to  half  of  eye,  hairlike  and  scarcely 
visible.  Anal  very  long,  free  from  caudal.  Ventrals  reaching 
the  vertical  through  third  anal  ray.  Pectorals  reaching  the 
vertical  through  fifth  or  sixth  anal  ray,  a  little  shorter  than 
head,  osseous  part  of  their  spine  longer  than  half  of  head.  Fine, 
curved  teeth  in  curved  bands  in  the  jaws,  those  on  the  vomer 
in  two  very  small  rounded  patches,  covered  by  the  strongly 
developed  velum.  Gillrakers  10,  the  longest  nearly  equalling 
the  branchial  filaments.  Shiny  pearl-colour,  dark  greyish  above. 
Fins  bordered  with  dark.  Length  375  mm. 

Nomen  indig. :  Belut  tulang  (Djambi). 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Palembang,  Djambi!),  Borneo  (Sintang, 
riv.  Kapuas,  riv.  Bunut !). 

In  rivers. 

3.  Hemisilurus  moolenburghi  n.  sp. 

B.   ii;  A.  90 — 93;  P.   i.   15  —  16;  V.  9. 

Height  43/5 — 5!/3,  head  5 — 5!/3,  eyes  subcutaneous,  7 — 8, 
situated  in  the  anterior  half  of  the  head,  their  distance  from 
the  end  of  the  snout  goes  i2/3 — 1!/2  times  in  the  postorbital 
part  of  the  head,  their  diameter  about  2!/3  in  the  snout  and 
3  to  nearly  4  times  in  the  convexity  of  the  interorbital  space. 


Fig.  84.  Hemisilurus  moolenburghi  n.  sp. 


Snout  rounded  or  slightly  pointed,  very  prominent  before  the 
mouthopening,  which  is  nearly  transverse  and  inferior.  Dorsal 
profile  ascending  from  the  snout  to  the  convex  back,  anteriorly 
slightly  concave.  Anterior  nostrils  tubular,  situated  at  the  top 
of  the  snout,  posterior  nostrils  bordered  by  a  superior  and 
inferior  lip,  behind  and  above  eye.  Maxillary  barbels  situated 
laterally  and  behind  anterior  nostrils,  originating  from  a  rounded 
base,  in  the  male  rounded,  stiff  in  the  proximal  part,  distally 


2I3 

flexible,  gradually  setaceous,  reaching  the  anterior  border  of 
the  opercle;  in  the  female  rounded  and  rather  stiff  in  their 
proximal  half,  distally  flattened  into  a  rather  thick  broad 
membrane,  one  border  of  which  is  split  into  3 — 5  long 
threads,  the  longest  of  which  forms  the  end  of  the  barbel 
and  reaches  to  the  middle  of  the  pectorals.  Mandibulary 
barbels  far  distant  behind  symphysis,  extremely  thin  and 
nearly  as  long  as  pupil.  Anal  ceases  before  caudal,  which  is 
deeply  forked,  its  lobes  slightly  pointed  and  shorter  than 
the  head.  Ventrals  reaching  to  second  anal  ray,  pectorals 


Fig.  85.  Ileinisiliints  moolenburghi  n.  sp.  9-  n  anterior, 
«'  posterior  nostril.  %  n.  s. 

which  are  slightly  pointed  and  about  ]/4  shorter  than  head,  a 
little  farther.  Villiform  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw  in  two  broad, 
gently  curved  bands,  the  bands  in  the  lower  jaws  are  more 
curved  and  narrowing  laterally.  Vomerine  teeth  in  two  oval 
patches.  12  gillrakers,  a  little  shorter  than  branchial  filaments. 
Upper  half  greyish,  lower  half  bluish  pearl-colour,  pectorals, 
ventrals  and  caudal  more  or  less  blackish,  anal  bordered  with 
black.  Length  more  than  500  mm. 

Nomen  indig. :  Silung  buda  (Djambi). 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (river  Batang  Hari !). 


214 


4.  Hemisilurus  scleronema  Blkr. 

Hemisilurus  scleronema  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  93. 

Hemisilurus  scleronema  Vaillant,  Notes  Leyden  Museum,  XXIV.   1902,  p.  29. 

B.  io— ii.  A.  103  —  105.  P.  i.  15—16.  V.  8. 
Height  5'/2— 6,  head  7— 7'/4,  eyes  subcutaneous,  5—6, 
situated  in  the  anterior  half  of  the  head,  their  distance  from 
the  end  of  the  snout  goes  twice  in  the  postorbital  part  of 
the  head,  their  diameter  nearly  twice  in  the  convexity  of  the 
interorbital  space.  Snout  obtuse,  slightly  prominent,  anterior 
part  of  head  flattish,  almost  horizontal,  posteriorly  slowly 
ascending  to  the  convexity  of  the  head.  Anterior  nostrils 
tubular,  situated  not  far  distant  from  each  other  at  the  top 

of  the  snout,  posterior 
nostril  bordered  superi- 
orly and  inferiorly  by  a 
lip,  above  the  frontbor- 
der  of  the  eye.  Maxillary 
barbels  stiff,  situated  la- 
terally of  the  anterior 
nostrils,  originating  from 
a  rounded  base  broadly 
compressed,  their  point 
hooked.  Mandibulary  bar- 
bels far  distant  from  sym- 
physis,  minute,  about  !/5 
of  eye-diameter.  Anal 
ceases  before  caudal.  Ventrals  reaching  the  vertical  through 
the  third  anal  ray,  pectorals  about  the  sixth  ray;  lastnamed 
are  rounded,  a  little  shorter  than  head,  the  osseous  part  of 
their  spine  nearly  equalling  the  postorbital  part  of  the  head. 
Fine  villiform  teeth  in  a  band  in  the  jaws,  a  few  forming 
two  separate  patches  on  vomer.  io  gillrakers,  the  4  hinder- 
most  rather  slender  but  shorter  than  branchial  filaments. 
Margaritaceous,  back  somewhat  dark.  Caudal  fin  powdered 
with  blackish,  as  also  the  border  of  the  anal.  Length  400  mm. 
Habitat:  Java  (Krawang);  Borneo  (rivers  Kapuas  and 
Baram);  Sumatra  (Djambi!). 
In  rivers. 


Fig.  86.  Hemisilurus  scleronema  Blkr. 
n  anterior,   n'  posterior  nostril.   5/6  n.  s. 


215 


8.  Cryptopterus  Bleeker. 
(BLEEKER.  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri  1858,  p.  283). 

(Kryptopterichthys  Blkr.,  Micronema  Blkr.,  Phalacronotus  Blkr., 
Hemisilurus  Blkr.  p.  p.). 

Elongate,  strongly  compressed,  snout  depressed.  Cleft  of 
mouth  more  or  less  oblique,  not  surpassing  the  eye,  which 
is  covered  by  skin  and  the  lower  part  of  which  is  situated 
below  the  level  of  the  cleft  of  the  mouth.  Anterior  nostrils 
tubular,  near  the  frontedge  of  the  snout,  posterior  nostrils  at 
some  distance  behind  them  but  before  the  frontborder  of  the 
eye.  Laterally  from  anterior  nostril  a  maxillary  barbel;  a  pair 
of  mandibulary  barbels  far  distant  behind  the  symphysis, 
generally  short,  rudimentary  or  even  wanting.  Dorsal  rudi- 
mentary or  absent.  No  adipose  fin.  Long  anal  free  from  or 
united  with  caudal,  which  is  deeply  forked.  Ventrals  small  or 
rudimentary  with  5  — 10  rays.  Pectorals  with  a  partly  osseous 
spine.  Teeth  depressible,  those  of  the  jaws  in  a  more  or  less 
curved  band ;  vomerine  teeth  in  a  single  band,  by  exception 
in  2  separate  patches.  8 — 17  branchiostegal  rays.  Gillrakers 
numerous  (15 — 17),  rather  slender  and  long.  Gillmembranes 
free  from  each  other  and  from  isthmus. 


Fig.  87.   Cryptopterus  apogon  (Blkr.). 

Synopsis  of  the  species. 

I.   Vomerine  teeth  in  2  separate  patches  ........   C.  schilbeides  p.  216. 

II.  Vomerine  teeth  in  one  band. 
A.  Dorsal  rudimentary. 

i.  Mandibulary    barbel    shorter  than  head.  Anal 
52—70. 

a.  Pectorals  equal  to  head.  Anal  52 C.  macrocephalus  p.  216. 

b.  Pectorals  much  longer  than  head.  A.  53-70. 
#.  Maxillary  barbel  extends  to  ventrals  or 

anal,  8 — 9  radii  branchiostegi C.  bicirrhis  p.   217. 

(2.  Maxillary  barbel  reaching  to  or  surpas- 


216 

sing    middle    of   anal,    8 — 9    radiibran- 

chiostegi C.  lais  p.  2 1 8. 

y.  Maxillary    barbel    extends    to    base    of 

pectorals,   10 — II   radii  branchiostegi.  .   C.  cryptopterus  p.  218. 
2.  Mandibulary    barbel    longer  than  head.  Anal 
70  or  more. 

a.  Maxillary  barbel  extends  to  posterior  quarter 

of  anal,  dorsal  profile  convex,  head  6'/2   •   C.  limpok  219. 

b.  Maxillary  barbel  extends  to  second  fourth 

of  anal,  dorsal  profile  nearly  straight  .  .  .   C.  mononema  p.  220. 
B.  Dorsal  absent. 

a.  Vomerine    band    angular.    Pectorals    much 

shorter  than  head;  head  43/3 — 5^3 C.  apogon  p.  220. 

b.  Vomerine    band    rounded,  nearly  as  broad 
as     palate.     Pectorals    shorter    than    head, 

head  52/3 C.  microncnia  p.  221. 

c.  Vomerine  band  straight,  short,  elliptic.  Pec- 
torals longer  than  head,  head  61/2 — 7J/5'  .   C.  hexapterus  p.  222. 

I.  Cryptopterus  schilbeides  (Blkr.). 

Hemisilurus  schilbeides  Bleeker,  Ichth.   Arch.  Ind.   Prodr.  I.  Siluri,   1858,  p.  297. 

All.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  94. 
Cryptopterus  schilbeides  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.   Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  41. 

B.   9 — IO;    D.   O;    A.  65 — 71;    P.    I.    12;    V.    5. 

Elongate.  Dorsal  profile  convex,  sloping  down  with  a  con- 
cavity to  the  snout.  Height  4'/2 — 5>  head  6'/2 — 7>  eye  2!/2 — 3> 
nearly  equal  to  snout,  situated  behind  corner  of  mouth,  its 
lower  half  below  the  level  of  the  cleft  of  the  mouth,  nearly 
i!/2  times  in  the  convexity  of  the  interorbital  space.  Upper 
jaw  slightly  prominent.  Maxillary  barbel  reaching  about  to 
origin  of  anal,  mandibulary  ones  rudimentary  or  missing.  Anal 
free  from  caudal.  Ventrals  equal  to  half  eye.  Pectorals  a  little 
longer  than  head,  the  osseous  part  of  their  spine  equal  to 
snout  and  eye.  Teeth  in  the  upperjaw  in  a  slightly  curved 
narrow  band,  the  band  in  the  lower  jaw  more  curved.  The 
few  vomerine  teeth  in  two  widely  separated  small  patches. 
Gillrakers  17.  Yellowish,  with  a  few  black  dots  on  the  top 
of  the  snout,  along  the  back  and  on  the  anal.  Length  120  mm. 

Nomen  in  dig. :  Lais  paddi  (Djambi). 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Palembang,  Djambi!);  Borneo  (Banjer- 
massin,  Sarawak  (Brit.  Mus.)). 

In  rivers. 


2.  Cryptopterus  macrocephalus  (Blkr.). 

Kryptopterichthys  macrocephahts  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858, 

p.  293.  —  All.  Ichth.  IT.    1862,  p.  89. 

Cryptopterus  macrocephalus  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.   V.    1864,  p.  41. 
Cryptopterus  bicirrhis  Popta,  Notes  Leyden  Mus.  XXVII.  1906,  p.  26  (not  of  C.V.). 

B.    9—10;    D.    1—2;    A.    52;    P.    I.    10;    V.    6. 

Elongate.  Dorsal  profile  convex,  slightly  sloping  down  to 
the  snout.  Height  4!/2 — 4>2/.v  head  5 — 5!/3.  Eye  3 — 3!/2,  nearly 
equal  to  snout,  situated  behind  cleft  of  mouth,  only  a  small 
part  of  the  eye  below  the  level  of  the  cleft  of  the  mouth, 
their  distance  across  the  convexity  of  the  interorbital  space 
about  twice  their  diameter.  Maxillary  barbels  extending  to 
the  end  of  the  first  anterior  third  of  the  anal.  Mandibulary 
barbels  nearly  as  long  as  eye.  Dorsal  just  in  front  of  ventrals. 
Anal  free  from  caudal  but  connected  with  it  by  a  membrane. 
Length  of  ventrals  2!/2  times  in  that  of  pectorals,  which  are 
about  equal  to  length  of  head.  The  osseous  part  of  pectoral  spine 
about  as  long  as  head  without  snout.  Caudal  deeply  incised. 
Teeth  in  the  jaws  in  a  narrow  crescentic  band.  Vomerine 
teeth  in  a  small  patch,  which  is  longer  than  broad.  Colour 
brownish  marmorated,  dorsal  surface  darkest.  Fins  light  brow- 
nish. Anal  with  a  median  longitudinal  dark  line.  Length 
about  1 10  mm. 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Padang?,  Djambi!);  Borneo  (Mahakam). 

In  fresh  water. 

3.  Cryptopterus  bicirrhis  (C.  V.). 

Silurus  bicirrhis  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  XIV.  1839,  p.  367. 
Silurus  palembangensis  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie,  III.  1852,  p.  584. 
Kryptopterichthys  palembangensis  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I  Siluri, 

1858.  p.  290.  —  Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  88. 
Kryptopterichthys  bicirris  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I  Siluri,  1858^.292. 

All.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  89. 

Cryptopterus  amboinensis  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.   V.   1864,  p.  40. 
Cryptoptertis  palembangensis  Giinther,  Cat.   Brit.   Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  40. 
Cryptopterus  bicirrhis  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.   V.    1864,  p.  41. 
Cryptopterus  bicirris  Vinciguerra,  Ann.  Mus.  Civ.  Geneva  XVI.   1880,  p.   1 68. 
Kryptopterus  palembangensis    Fowler,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sc.    Phil.    (2),    LVIII. 

1905,  p.  468. 

B.    8—9;    D.    I;    A.    53—70;    P.    I.    II  — 12;    V.    6—7. 
Elongate.  Dorsal  profile  more  or  less  convex,  sloping  down 


218 

with  a  slight  concavity  in  the  nape  of  the  neck  to  the  snout. 
Height  s'/a— 4!/2>  head  52/3— 6'/2,  eye  about  2V2— 3»  situated 
behind  the  cleft  of  the  mouth,  nearer  to  the  lower  profile  of 
the  head,  longer  than  snout,  iV2  times  in  the  strong  con- 
vexity of  the  interorbital  space.  Maxillary  barbels  reaching  to 
ventrals  or  to  anal,  those  of  the  mandibles  -  -  if  present  - 
rudimentary  and  far  behind  symphysis.  Dorsal  a  little  before 
origin  of  ventrals.  Anal  free  from  caudal.  Ventrals  nearly  as 
long  as  the  eye.  Pectorals  much  longer  than  head,  the  osseous 
part  of  their  spine  somewhat  shorter  than  head.  Caudal  deeply 
incised.  Teeth  in  the  jaws  in  a  narrow  crescentic  band,  those 
on  the  vomer  in  a  more  or  less  oval  patch.  Gillrakers  15. 
Colour  yellowish,  dorsal  surface  of  head  and  back,  pectorals, 
distal  part  of  anal  and  hindborder  of  caudal  blackish.  A  violet 
spot  above  the  pectorals.  Length  170  mm. 

Nomen  indig. :  Limpok  (Mai.  Batav.),  Padgiat,  Mahor 
(Serawak). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia,  Gempol);  Sumatra  (Padang,  Palem- 
bang,  Lahat,  Djambi!);  Borneo  (rivers  Kapuas,  Barito,  Maha- 
kam!,  Sambas,  Baram,  Serawak).  —  Siam. 

The  locality  "Amboina"  for  C.  amboinensis  Gthr.  is  cer- 
tainly erroneous. 

In  fresh  water. 

4.  Cryptopterus  lais  (Blkr.). 

Silurus  lais  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie  II.   1851,  p.  428. 
Kryptopterichthys  lais  Bleeker,  Ichth.   Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858,  p.  291. — 

Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  88. 

Cryptopterus  lais  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  42. 
Cryptopterus  lais  von  Martens,  Exp.  nach  Ost-Asien,  Zool.  Bd.  I.   1876,  p.  399. 

Differs  from  the  preceding  species,  according  to  Bleeker 
and  Giinther,  by  its  longer  maxillary  barbel,  reaching  to  or 
surpassing  the  middle  of  the  anal,  by  the  more  concave 
profile  of  its  neck  and  by  the  stronger  convexity  of  its  back. 
Perhaps  it  belongs  to  C.  bicirrhis.  Length,  125  mm.  [Type 
in  the  Leyden  Museum,  in  very  bad  state,  examined]. 

Habitat:  Borneo  (rivers  Sambas,  Barito,  Kahajan,  Danau 
Sriang). 

5.  Cryptopterus  Cryptopterus  (Blkr.). 

Silurus  Cryptopterus  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie  I.    1851,  p.  270. 
Kryptopterus  microptis  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,   1858,  p.  284. 
Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  86. 


2I9 

•v 

Cryptop tents  micropus  Giinther,  Cat.   Brit.   Mas.  V.   1864,  p.  42. 
Kryptopterus    cryptopterus    Fowler,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.  Sc.  Philadelphia  (2)  LVII. 
1905,  p.  468. 

B.    10— II;    D.    2;    A.    64—70;    P.    1.    13—15;    V.    6—7. 

Elongate,  compressed,  dorsal  profile  nearly  straight.  Head 
depressed.  Height  43/4— 5'/2>  head  SVs" 61/4-  Eye  about  3> 
equal  to  snout,  visible  from  below,  its  lower  half  below  the 
cleft  of  the  mouth,  behind  which  it  is  situated,  twice  in  the 
convexity  of  the  interorbital  space.  Anterior  nostrils  tubular, 
near  the  end  of  the  snout,  semitubular  posterior  nostrils  at 
some  distance  behind.  Upper  jaw  prominent.  Maxillary  barbels 
a  little  lateral  of  the  anterior  nostrils,  extending  to  base  of 
pectorals,  mandibulary  barbels  far  behind  symphysis,  about 
as  long  as  pupil.  Anal  free  from  caudal  but  connected  by 
membrane  with  base  of  the  caudal.  Ventrals  about  as  long 
as  the  eye,  pectorals  extending  to  anal,  much  longer  than 
head.  Pectoral  spine  strong,  -somewhat  shorter,  or  longer  than 
head.  Caudal  deeply  incised.  Maxillary  teeth  in  a  narrow 
semicircular  band,  broadening  posteriorly,  in  each  mandible  in 
an  equal  broad  band,  those  on  the  vomer  in  a  curved  band. 
Colour  yellowish  with  a  golden  hue,  powdered  with  minute 
black  spots,  especially  on  the  head  and  on  the  pectorals. 
Length  about  200  mm. 

Nomen  in  dig.:   Lais  tungul  (Djambi). 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Palembang,  Djambi!,  Banjuasin);  Borneo 
(Banjermassin !,  Sambas,  Sintang,  Baram).  —  Malacca,  Siam. 

In  fresh  water. 

6.  Cryptopterus  limpok  (Blkr.). 

Silurus  limpok  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie  III.    1852,  p.   583. 
Kryptopterus  limpok  Bleeker,  Ichth.   Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858,  p.  286.— 

Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  87. 

Cryptopterus  limpok  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,   p.  39. 
Cryptopterus  limpok  Steindachner,  Abh.  Senckenb.  Naturf.  Ges.  XXV.  1901,  p.  444. 
Kryptopterus  limpok  Fowler,  Proc.   Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philadelphia  (2)  I, VII.   1905, 

p.  468. 
Cryptopterus  limpok  Popta,  Notes  Ley  den  Mus.  XXVII.   1906,  p.  24. 

B.    II  — 12;    D.    2;    A.    77—88;    P.    I.    12—14;    V.    7. 
Elongate,   dorsal    profile    very  convex,  sloping  down  with  a 
concavity   to    the  flattened  head  and  snout.  Height  43/4 — 5l/a, 


220 

head  6l/2  or  a  little  more.  Eye  about  3,  about  equal  to  snout, 
situated  behind  the  cleft  of  the  mouth  and  partly  below  its 
level,  about  twice  in  the  convexity  of  the  interorbital  space. 
Anterior  nostrils  tubular,  near  the  end  of  the  snout;  posterior 
nostrils  at  some  distance  behind.  Jaws  equal.  Maxillary  barbels 
extending  to  the  posterior  '/4  of  the  anal,  those  of  the  man- 
dibles at  least  to  the  end  of  the  pectorals.  Anal  free  from 
caudal,  ventrals  much  longer  than  eye.  Pectorals  extending 
far  on  anal,  much  longer  than  head,  their  spine  conspicuously 
shorter  than  head.  Caudal  deeply  bifurcated.  Maxillary  teeth 
in  a  narrow  curved  band,  equal  to  those  of  the  mandibles. 
Teeth  on  the  vomer  in  a  short  straight  band.  Colour  yellowish. 
Length  over  300  mm. 

Nomen  indig. :  Lee  (Kajan),  Leys  (Koetei),  Lais  (Djambi). 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (rivers  Mussi,  Batang  Hari !,  Kwantan) ; 
Borneo  (rivers  Mahakan,  Kahajan,  Kapuas,  Baram  and  Sarawak). 

In  fresh  water. 

7.  Cryptopterus  mononema  (Blkr.). 

Siturus    mononema   Bleeker,    Verh.  Bat.  Gen.  XXI.  I,   1847.  Nieuwe  Bijdr.  Silur. 

Java,  p.  8. 
Kryptopterus  mononema  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858,  p.  287. 

Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  87. 
Cryptopterus  mononema  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  39. 

B.    10— II;    D.    2;    A.    76—79;    P.    I.    14;    V.    8. 

Elongate,  dorsal  profile  nearly  straight.  Nape  of  the  neck 
slightly  concave.  Height  5J/2,  head  72/5,  eye  about  4,  situated 
behind  the  cleft  of  the  mouth,  its  lower  half  below  the  level, 
about  2!/2  in  interorbital  space.  Jaws  equal.  Maxillary  barbels 
extend  to  the  second  fourth  of  the  anal,  those  of  the  mandi- 
bles to  the  base  of  the  ventrals.  Anal  free  from  caudal,  which 
is  deeply  incised.  Ventrals  three  times  shorter  than  pectorals, 
which  are  longer  than  the  head.  Their  osseous  spine  slightly 
shorter  than  the  head.  Maxillary  teeth  in  a  small  semilunar 
band,  those  of  the  vomer  in  a  short  transverse  slightly  cur- 
ved band.  Colour  above  delute  olivaceous,  below  margarita- 
ceous.  Fins  hyaline,  more  or  less  powdered  with  black.  Length 
over  270  mm.  [after  Bleeker,  not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Java  (Surakarta) ;  Sumatra  (Deli). 


221 


8.  Cryptopterus  apogon  (Blkr.).  [Fig.  87.  p.  215]. 

Sifarus  apogon  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.   Indie  II.   1851,  p.  67. 
Silnrus  leptonema  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.   Indie  III.   1852,  p.   584. 
Silnnes  micropogon  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.   Ned.   Indie   IX.   1855,  p.  419. 
Phalacronotus  leptonema  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  Siluri,  I.  1858,  p.  304. 

Atl.  Ichth.  II.    1862,  p.  92. 
Phalacronottis    micropogon    Bleeker,    Ichth.    Arch.    Ind.    Prodr.    Siluri,    I.     1858 

p.   306,   Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  92. 

Cryptopterus  micropogon  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.   Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  43. 
?  Cryptopterus  inicronema  Vaillant,  Notes  Leyden  Mus.   XXIV.    1902,  p.  48.  (not 

of  Bleeker). 

B.   14 — 17;  D.  o;  A.  78 — 91;  P.   i.   14 — 15;  V.  9 — 10. 

Elongate.  Dorsal  profile  more  or  less  convex  and  accor- 
dingly sloping  down  to  the  snout  with  a  more  or  less  pro- 
nounced concavity  at  the  nape.  Height  52/3 — 7,  head  43/5 — 5*/3. 
Eye  4 — 6  (9  in  a  specimen  of  770  mm.  length),  behind  corner 
of  the  large  mouth,  its  lower  half  below  the  level  of  the  cleft 
of  the  mouth,  I '/2 — 2!/2  in  the  convexity  of  the  flattened 
interorbital  space  (43/5  in  a  specimen  of  770  mm.  length). 
Maxillary  barbels  reaching  to  the  eyes  or  even  to  their  hind- 
border,  mandibulary  barbels  very  delicate,  may  be  more  than 
half  diameter  of  eye.  Anal  free  from  caudal.  Ventrals  nearly 
twice  the  length  of  the  pectorals,  which  are  much  shorter 
than  the  head,  their  spine  nearly  equal  to  head  without  snout. 
Teeth  in  the  jaws  rather  sharp  and  curved,  in  a  broad  cres- 
centic  band,  those  of  the  vomer  in  an  angular  band.  Colour 
brownish  or  yellowish,  darker  on  the  back,  fins  may  be 
powdered  with  black.  Length  770  mm. 

No  men   in  dig. :   Lais  tima  (Danau  Sriang). 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Palembang,  river  Batang  Hari,  Djambi !); 
Borneo  (Banjermassin !,  Kutei!,  Pontianak  Sintang!,  Danau 
Sriang,  Serawak). 

In  fresh  water. 


9.  Cryptopterus  micronema  (Blkr.). 

Si  far  us    micron-emus    Bleeker,    Nat.    &    Geneesk.    Arch.    Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).   1846, 

p.  289.  Verh.  Bat.  Gen.  XXI.  I.   1847,  Silur.  batav.  consp.  diagn.  p.   56. 
Si/urns  phalacronotus  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie,  II.    1851,  p.  429. 
Phalacronotus  micruropterus  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858,  p.  307. 
Micronema  phalacronotus  Bleeker,  Enum.  spec.  pise.  Arch.  Ind.   1859,  p.   139. 


222 

Micronema  typus  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858,  p.  300.  —  Atl. 

Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  91. 

Cryptopterus  micronema  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  43. 
Micronema  phalacronotus  Fowler,  Proc.   Acad.   Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  (2)  LVII. 

1905,  p.  469. 

B.   14—15;  D.  o;  A.  86—93;  P.   i.  12  —  14;  V.  9. 

Elongate,  dorsal  profile  slightly  convex,  sloping  down  to 
the  broad  flattened  head.  Lower  jaw  prominent.  Height  5 — 51/2, 
head  about  52/3,  eye  3'/2 — 5>  about  equal  to  snout,  situated 
at  some  distance  behind  the  corner  of  the  mouth,  its  lower 
half  below  the  level  of  the  cleft  of  the  mouth,  more  than 
twice  in  the  convexity  of  the  interorbital  space.  Maxillary 
barbels  extending  to  the  hindborder  of  the  eye,  those  of  the 
lower  jaw  much  shorter  than  the  eye.  Anal  free  from  caudal 
or  connected  with  it.  Ventrals  longer  than  eye,  pectorals  shorter 
than  head,  osseous  part  of  pectoral  spine  equal  to  snout  and 
eye.  Caudal  deeply  incised.  Teeth  in  the  jaws  in  a  rather 
broad  band;  the  rounded  vomerine  band  occupies  nearly  the 
whole  width  of  the  palate.  Gillrakers  14.  Yellowish,  a  black 
spot  in  the  middle  of  the  base  of  the  caudal.  Finmembranes 
blackish.  Length  over  325  mm. 

Nomen   in  dig. :  Limpok  (Mai.  Batav.),  Lais  (Palembang). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia) ;  Sumatra  (Palembang!);  Borneo 
(rivers  Kahajan,  Kapuas,  Sambas  Limbang  and  Baram).  —  Siam. 

In  rivers. 

10.  Cryptopterus  hexapterus  (Blkr.). 

Silurus  hexaptertis  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie  II.   1851,  p.  203. 
Micronema  hexapterus  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I  Siluri,  1858^.301.— 

Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  91. 
Cryptopterus  hexapterus  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.  1864,  p.  43. 

B.  12—13;  D.  O;  A.  74—83;  P.  I.  16—17;  V-  8- 
Elongate,  sloping  down  to  the  snout  with  a  concavity  in 
the  neck.  Height  53/4 — 5!/3,  head  6'/2 — 7V5,  eye  5 — 6,  situated 
behind  the  corner  of  the  mouth  and  partly  below  the  cleft 
of  the  mouth.  Lower  jaw  strongly  prominent.  The  maxillary 
and  mandibulary  barbels  are  sometimes  shorter,  sometimes 
rather  longer  than  the  head.  Anal  free  from  caudal  or  reaching 
to  it.  Ventrals  more  than  twice  as  small  as  pectorals,  which 
are  rather  longer  than  the  head,  the  osseous  part  of  their 


223 

spine,  which  is  not  denticulated,  scarcely  or  not  longer  than 
postorbital  part  of  head.  Teeth  in  the  jaws  in  a  broad  curved 
band,  those  of  the  vomer  in  a  very  short  elliptic  band. 
Length  about  240  mm.  [Type  in  Leyden  Museum  examined]. 

Nomen  indig. :  Lais  puti  (Mai.  Banjerm.). 

Habitat:  Java  (Krawang) ;  Borneo  (Banjermassin);  Sumatra 
(Palembang).  —  Siam. 

In  fresh  water. 


3.  Fam.  PLOTOSIDAE. 

Elongate,  tail  tapering.  Head  depressed.  First  dorsal  fin 
above  or  behind  origin  of  pectorals,  with  a  spine,  which  is 
smooth,  serrated  on  both  edges  or  only  along  the  hindborder. 
No  adipose  fin,  but  a  long  or  short  so  called  second  dorsal 
or  caudodorsal,  probably  a  procurrent  part  of  the  caudal, 
confluent  with  the  caudal  and  often  beginning  with  a  fat 
pad.  Anal  many-rayed,  confluent  with  pointed  caudal.  Ven- 
trals  with  10 — 12  rays.  Pectorals  with  a  rather  weak  or 
with  a  strong  pungent  denticulated  spine.  Nostrils  remote 
from  each  other,  the  anterior  ones  generally  tubular,  in  the 
frontborder  of  the  upper  lip  and  looking  up  or  forward,  or 
perforating  it  and  looking  downward.  Posterior  nostril  a  slit 
behind  the  nasal  barbel.  A  pair  of  maxillary,  mandibulary 
and  mental  barbels;  besides  a  lateral  fold  at  the  corner  of 
the  mouth  may  be  produced  in  a  short  barbel.  Conical  teeth 
in  the  jaws,  which  may  be  wanting  in  the  upper  jaw  and 
mixed  with  molar-like  ones  in  the  lower  jaw;  on  the  vomer  molar- 
like  or  conical  in  a  patch  or  band.  Lateral  line  more  or  less 
conspicuous  by  distant  pores.  Axillary  porus  present  or  absent. 
A  dendritic  organ  between  anus  and  anal  present  or  absent. 
Gillmembranes  united  or  more  or  less  separated  from  each 
other,  totally  or  partly  united  with  isthmus  or  free  from  it. 
First  branchial  arch  besides  gillrakers,  without  or  with  a 
membrane,  the  free  edge  of  which  is  fringed  or  has  rounded 
processes,  which  may  get  independent. 

Key  to  the  genera. 

I.   A.  praeanal  dendritic  organ. 

I.  Anterior  nostril  perforating  upperlip  near  its  anterior 
border    and    looking    downward.    Origin    of   second 


224 


dorsal  before  or  above  origin  of  ventrals.  Only  anterior 

portion  of  gillrnembranes  confluent  with  isthmus   .  .  Paraplotosiis    p.  224. 
2.  Anterior    nostril    in  the  frontborder  of  the  upperlip, 
looking  upward  or  forward. 

a.  Gillrnembranes  free  from  isthmus.  Origin  of  second 

dorsal  behind  ventrals Plotostts  p.   226. 

b.  Gillrnembranes    united    to    the  isthmus.  Origin  of 
second  dorsal  before  or  above  origin   of  ventrals. 
«.  Conical    teeth    in    the   jaws,    besides  molarlike 

in  mandible  and  on  vomer Cnidoglanis  p.   231. 

/3.  No  maxillary  and  no  molarlike  teeth Oloplotostis  p.  232. 

II.  No  praeanal  dendritic  organ. 

1.  Interior  border  of  upperlip  perforated  by  the  anterior 
nostril,  which  looks  downward.  Dorsal  spine  without 

serrature Porochilus  p.  234. 

2.  Anterior    tubular    nostril    in    the    frontborder  of  the 
upperlip,     looking    forward.    Dorsal    spine    serrated 

behind Copidoglanis   p.   235. 


I.  Paraplotosus  (Bleeker)  de  Beaufort. 

(BLEEKER,  Atl.  Ichth.  II.  1862,  p.  100.  (nomen  solum)). 
(DE  BEAUFORT.  Bijdr.  Dierk.  Afl.   19.  Amsterdam  1913,  p.  97). 

Elongate,  tail  tapering,  head  depressed,  mouth  transverse, 
rounded  in  front.  Lips  thick  with  papillae  and  vermiculated 
folds.  Upperlip  very  prominent,  perforated  at  its  border  near 


Fig.  88.  Paraplotosus  albi- 
labris  (C.V.).  View  of  mouth 
and  lips  from  below,  n  nostril, 
t  teeth,  nid  mandibulary,  m 
mental  barbels. 


Fig.  89.  Inner  view  of  second  branchial  arch 
of  Paraplotosus  albilabris  (C.  V.). 


the  mouthopening  by  the  anterior  nostrils  which  look  down- 
wards and  are  surmounted  anteriorly  by  a  very  prominent 
caniculated  lip.  Posterior  nostril  a  slit  between  eye  and  upperlip 


225 

in  front  of  which  a  nasal  barbel.  A  maxillary  barbel  near  the 
end  of  the  upperlip,  a  mandibulary  barbel  below  the  corner 
of  the  mouth,  two  mental  barbels  between  the  mandibulary 
barbels.  Eye  not  covered  by  skin.  First  dorsal  short,  behind 
origin  of  pectorals,  with  few  rays  and  a  strong  spine,  denticu- 
lated at  both  edges.  Origin  of  second  dorsal  before  or  above 
origin  of  ventrals.  It  is  many-rayed,  similar  to  anal  and  both  are 
confluent  with  the  caudal.  Ventrals  with  12 — 13  rays.  Pectorals 
with  a  denticulated  spine.  Maxillary  teeth  in  two  rhombic 
patches  with  the  lateral  edges  rounded,  conical  with  rounded 
tops.  The  median  ones  the  strongest.  Inframaxillary  ones  in 
two  approximated  semicrescentic  patches,  the  anterior  row 
strong  and  conical,  the  posterior  ones  molars,  mesially  in 
4  rows.  Vomerine  teeth  molar,  in  a  crescentic  patch,  in 
the  middle  in  about  4  rows,  the  hindermost  the  strongest. 
22  gillrakers  on  the  entire  first  arch.  The  second  and  third 
branchial  arches  with  a  series  of  long  cartilaginous  processes, 
covering  the  base  of  the  gill-laminae  on  the  sides  facing  each 
other.  Gillmembranes  confluent  in  the  middle,  only  the  anterior 
portion  of  their  confluent  part  connected  with  the  isthmus. 
Branchiostegals  9 — n.  A  very  conspicuous  dendretic  organ 
between  anus  and  anal. 

i.  Paraplotosus  albilabris  (C.  V.). 

Plotosus  albilabris  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  XV.   1840,  p.  427. 
Plotosus  macrophtkalmus   Bleeker,   Verb.    Bat.    Gen.    XXI.  I.  1847,  Silur.  Batav. 

consp.  p.   179. 
Floats  albilabris   Bleeker,   Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858,  p.  319.    - 

Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  99. 
Copidoglanis  albilabris  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  27. 

B.  9 — II;  I.  D.  I.  4 — 5;  2.  D.  IOO — IIO;  A.  90 — 100; 
P.  i.  12 — 13;  V.  12 — 13;  C.  circa  10. 

Height  7 — 8,  head  circa  6,  anteriorly  depressed,  posteriorly 
rather  high,  sloping  with  little  convexity  to  the  snout.  Eye 
4 — 5?  more  than  twice  in  snout,  i*/2  times  in  interorbital 
space,  which  is  concave.  Nasal  barbels  reaching  to  hindborder 
of  operculum  or  farther,  maxillary  ones  shorter.  Mandibu- 
lary barbels  much  longer  than  mental  ones  and  almost  or 
quite  reaching  base  of  pectorals.  Height  of  first  dorsal  about 
2/3  length  of  head,  its  spine  as  long  as  postorbital  part  of 

INDO-AUSTRALIAN    FISHES   II.  15 


226 

head  or  a  little  shorter.  Second  dorsal  and  anal  rather  high. 
Ventrals  reaching  the  anal,  as  long  as  snout  and  eye,  !/4  shorter 
than  pectorals,  about  i1^  in  length  of  head.  Pectoral  spine  nearly 


Fig.  90.  Paraplotosus  albilabris  (C.  V.). 

equal  to  that  of  first  dorsal.  Uniform  black,  undersurface  of 
head  and  abdomen  greyish,  lips  white.  Length  more  than 
350  mm. 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia) ;  Bintang ;  Biliton ;  Singapore ! ; 
Celebes  (Bulukomba).  Aru  islands!  New  Guinea  (Sorong!). 

In  sea. 

2.  Plotosus  Lacepede. 
(LAC£P£DE.  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons  V.  1803,  p.  129). 

Elongate,  tail  tapering,  head  depressed,  covered  with  thin 
skin.  Mouth  transverse,  rounded  in  front.  Lips  thick  with 
papillae  or  small  laminated  folds.  Upperlip  prominent,  ante- 
riorly perforated  by  the  anterior  nostril,  which  forms  a  short 
rounded  tube.  Posterior  nostril  a  slit  between  eye  and  lip,  in 
front  of  which  a  nasal  barbel.  A  maxillary  barbel  near  the 
end  of  the  upperlip,  a  mandibulary  barbel  near  the  corner 
of  the  mouth  and  two  mental  ones  between  the  mandibulary 
ones.  Eye  not  covered  by  skin.  First  dorsal  short,  behind 
origin  of  pectorals,  with  few  rays  and  a  strong  spine,  den- 
ticulated at  both  edges.  Second  dorsal  beginning  between 
origin  of  ventrals  and  anal.  It  is  similar  to  lastnamed  and 
both  are  many-rayed  and  confluent  with  the  caudal.  Ventrals 
with  as  many  as  12  rays.  Pectorals  with  a  denticulated  spine. 
Conical  teeth  in  upper  jaw  in  a  narrow,  square  band,  those 
in  the  mandible  mixed  with  molar  teeth,  in  a  semicrescentic 
band.  Vomerine  teeth  molarlike  in  a  crescentic  band.  Lateral 
line  well  developed.  20 — 28  gillrakers  on  the  total  first  bran- 
chial arch,  similar  ones  on  the  second  arch,  those  on  the  two 


227 

following    arches    are    mere    knobs.    Gillmembranes    free    from 
isthmus,    mesially    nearly    totally    separated.   9 — 12  branchios- 
tegals.    A  conspicuous  dendritic  organ  between  anus  and  anal. 
Nomen  in  dig. :  Sambilang  (Malay.). 


Fig.  91.  Plotosus  papuensis  M.  Web. 

Synopsis    of  the    species. 

I.  Nasal   barbel  reaching  farther  than  eye,  band  of  man- 
dibulary  teeth  in  3 — 5  rows. 

A.  Anal  and  dorsal  with  more  than  100  rays. 

1.  D.   130 — 140.  Gillrakers  20.  Head  5  or  more. 

Uniform  brown P.  canius  p.  227. 

2.  D.    about    112.    Gillrakers    26 — 28.    Head  less 

than  5,  with  2  longitudinal  white  bands.  .../*.  papuensis  p.   228. 

B.  Anal  and  dorsal  with  less  than  100  rays.  (D.  90; 
A.    82).    Head    4.    Uniform   dark    above,   whitish 

beneath P.  abbreviatus  p.  229. 

II.  Nasal    barbel   does    not   reach  farther  than  hindborder 
of  eye.  Mandibulary  teeth  in  2 — 3  rows.  D.  80 — 100; 

A.  70 — 80 P.  anguillaris  p.  230. 

i.  Plotosus  canius  Ham.  Buch. 

Plotosus  can'ms  Hamilton  Buchanan,  Fishes  Ganges  1822,  p.   142. 
Plotosus  canius  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons  XV.   1840,  p.  425. 
Plotosus  unicolor  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons  XV.   1840,  p.  426. 
Plotostis  viviparus  Bleekcr,  Nat.  en  Geneesk.   Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  111(2).  1846,  p.  182. 
Plotosiis  horridus  Bleeker,  Nat.  en  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  111(2).  1846,  p.  183. 
Plotosus  multiradiatus  Bleeker,  Nat.  en  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).  1846, 

p.   183. 

Plotosus  canius  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  99. 
Plotosiis  canius  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  25. 
Plotosus  canius  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1878 — 1 888,  p.  482. 

B.  ii — 13;    i.  D.   i.  4 — 5;    2.  D.   130 — 140;    A.   106 — 118; 
P.    I.    ii  — 12;   V.    12 — 13;   C.  circa   10. 


228 

Height  8 — 12,  head  5 — 6'/2,  eye  7 — 13,  eye  distance  27.3 — 4 
diameters  of  eye.  Snout  about  thrice  as  long  as  eye.  Nasal 
barbels  extending  to  the  nape  of  the  neck  or  at  least  two  eye 
diameters  behind  hindmargin  of  eye.  Maxillary  barbels  reaching 
a  little  farther,  mandibulary  barbels  to  branchial  opening. 
Mental  barbels  much  shorter.  First  dorsal  as  long  as  snout  and 
eye,  its  spine  about  2/5  of  head,  serrated  on  both  edges. 
Second  dorsal  lower,  of  uniform  height,  similar  to  anal.  Caudal 
rounded.  Ventrals  shorter  than  snout.  Pectorals  as  long  as  or 
a  little  longer  than  first  dorsal,  their  spine  similar  to  that  of 
the  first  dorsal.  Maxillary  band  of  teeth  3  times  broader  than 
its  antero-posterior  length,  its  conical  teeth  in  about  3  rows; 
each  mandibulary  band  semicrescentic,  mesially  with  4 — 5  rows 
of  teeth,  narrowing  laterally  to  one  row.  Crescentic  vomerine 
band,  in  the  middle  with  about  4  rows  of  molar  teeth,  nar- 
rowing to  two  and  finally  to  one  row  of  teeth.  About  20 
gillrakers  on  the  total  first  branchial  arch,  the  4  most  ventral 
ones  very  short.  Colour  in  alcohol  brown,  vertical  fin  edged 
with  black.  Length  by  exception  over  900  mm. 

Nomen  in  dig. :  Ikan  sambilang  betul  (Mai.  Batav.). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia!,  Samarang,  Surabaya,  Passaruan); 
Madura;  Singapore;  Pinang;  Banka;  Sumatra  (Deli!,  Bagan 
api  api !  Palembang);  Borneo  (Banjermassin,  Sinkawang,  Kota 
Barti!,  Sarawak);  Celebes  (Macassar!  Pare  Pare!,  Menado); 
Aru  Islands  ! ;  British  N.  Guinea.  —  Andamans,  Burmah,  British 
India  and  Ceylon. 

In  sea,  brackish  water  and  rivers. 

2.  Plotosus  papuensis  M.  Web.  [Fig.  91.  p.  227]. 

Plotosus  papuensis  Max  Weber,  Notes  Leyden  Museum  XXXII.   1910,  p.  228. 
Plotosus  papuensis  Max  Weber,  Nova  Guinea  IX.   1913,  p.  520. 

B.   12;    I.  D.   I.  4;    2.  D.   112;    A.   108;    P.  I.  13;    V.  12;    C.  17. 

Height  6,6—7,4;  head  4,5—4,8;  eye  8—12,8;  3—4,6  in 
snout,  which  is  about  as  long  as  or  a  little  longer  than  the 
interorbital  space.  Barbels  nearly  equal,  the  nasal  one  extends 
nearly  to  the  nape.  First  dorsal  equal  to  or  a  little  shorter 
than  head  without  snout.  Dorsal  spine  J/3  shorter,  serrated  on 
both  edges.  Second  dorsal  lower  than  head,  of  uniform  height, 
similar  to  anal.  Tip  of  caudal  rounded.  Ventrals  reaching  anal, 
considerably  shorter  than  pectorals.  Pectorals  rounded,  as  long 


229 

as  or  a  little  longer  than  first  dorsal  and  reaching  to  ventrals. 
Pectoral  spine  shorter  than  the  dorsal  one.  Teeth  in  the 
maxillary  band  in  about  4,  in  the  mandibulary  band  in  about 
5  rows,  for  the  greater  part  molariform,  as  also  those  of  the 
vomer,  which  form  a  crescentic  patch.  26 — 28  gillrakers  on 
the  total  first  branchial  arch,  the  4  foremost  ones  are  short. 
Black,  a  superior  longitudinal  white  band,  beginning  opposite 
first  dorsal  and  narrowing  to  end  of  tail,  where  it  gets 
indistinct.  A  similar  inferior  band  originating  in  young  ones 
in  the  white  colour  of  the  abdomen.  In  large  specimens  the 
white  abdomen  gets  dark.  Barbels  more  or  less  white.  Fins 
black.  Length  to  550  mm. 

Habitat:  Lorentz-river,  South  New  Guinea! 

3.  Plotosus  abbreviatus  Boul. 

Plotosus  abbreviatus  Boulenger,  Ann.  Mag.  Hist.  (6)  XV.  1895,  p.  247. 
I.    D.    I.   4;    2    D.    90;    A.    82;    P.    I.    12;    V.    14;    C.    l8. 

Elongate.  Height  8,  head  4,  i!/2  times  as  long  as  broad, 
its  depth  3/3  its  width,  eye  n,  4  times  in  interorbital  space. 
Nasal  barbel  nearly  i1^  in  length  of  head,  extending  to  prae- 
operculum.  Maxillary  barbel  to  opercle.  Pectoral  spine  a  little 
longer  than  dorsal,  2/5  of  length  of  head.  Maxillary  band  of 
conical  teeth  thrice  as  broad  as  long,  in  3 — 4  rows,  the 
anterior  of  which  are  by  far  the  largest.  Vomerine  teeth  large, 
molarlike  in  a  large  crescentic  patch.  Broad  band  of  about 
4  rows  of  molarlike  mandibular  teeth,  with  an  outer  series 
of  large  obtusely  conical  ones.  Uniform  dark  olive  above 
whitish  beneath.  Length  420  mm.  [Type  in  the  British  Museum 
examined]. 

Habitat:  A  single  specimen  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Baram-river,  Borneo. 

4.  Plotosus  anguillaris  (BL). 

Platystacus  anguillaris  Bloch,  Ausland.  Fische  VIII.   1794,  p.  61. 
Plotositts.  ikapor  Lesson,  Voyage  Coquille,  Zoologie  II.   1830,  p.    132. 
Plotostis  marginal  us    Bennett,    in  Life  of  Raffles,  Cat.  Zool.  spec.   1830,  p.  691. 
Plotosus  lincatus  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.   XV.    1840,  p.  412. 
Plotosus  anguillaris  Cantor,  Journ.  Asiatic  Soc.  Bengal,  XVIII.   1850,  p.   1246. 
Plotostis  castaneoides  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie,  II.   1851,  p.  490. 
Plotosus  arab  Bleeker,  Atl.  lehth.  II.   1862,  p.  98. 


230 

Plotosus  angtiillaris  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.  1864,  p.  24. 
Plotosus  Arab  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°,  1878—1888,  p.  483. 
Plotosus  anguillaris  Gunther,  Fische  der  Siidsee,  Heft  VIII.  1909,  p.  372. 

B.  12;  I.  D.  I.  4—5;  2.  D.  80— 100;  A.  70—77;  P.  i. 
10 — II;  V.  II  — 12;  C.  circa  10. 

Height  6 — 8,  head  about  5,  eye  51/2~71/2»  eyedistance  2 — 3 
diameters  of  eye.  Snout  more  than  twice  as  long  as  eye.  8 
barbels,  more  or  less  equal.  Nasal  barbels  reaching  to  front  or 
hindmargin  of  eye.  First  dorsal  about  as  high  as  half  the  length 
of  the  head,  its  spine  a  little  more  than  half  the  height  of  the 
fin,  with  the  anterior  and  especially  the  posterior  edge  serrated. 
Second  dorsal  much  lower,  of  uniform  height.  Caudal  rounded. 
Anal  similar  to  second  dorsal.  Ventrals  reaching  the  anal,  '/3 
shorter  than  pectorals,  which  nearly  equal  first  dorsal.  Their 
spine  similar  to  that  of  first  dorsal.  The  pectorals  do  not  reach 
ventrals.  Teeth  of  maxillary  band  mesially  in  2,  laterally  in 
one  row.  Those  of  the  inframaxillary  band  in  2 — 3  rows, 
laterally  in  one ;  the  lateral  teeth  a  little  stronger  than  those  in 
the  middle.  Vomerine  band  crescentic,  mesially  with  2 — 3  rows 
of  teeth,  of  which  the  posterior  median  ones  are  the  largest. 
25  gillrakers  on  the  entire  first  branchial  arch,  the  first  ones 
minute.  Colour  in  alcohol  brown,  lighter  on  the  abdomen. 
Fins  dark.  Second  dorsal,  caudal  and  anal  with  a  dark  edge. 
When  young  a  narrow  white  stripe  running  from  snout  above 
eye  to  near  base  of  caudal.  A  second  one  below  the  eye, 
above  the  pectorals,  running  to  posterior  portion  of  tail. 
Length  300  mm. 

Nomen  indig. :  Sambilang  Karang  (Malay.),  Oselau  (Blitok), 
Ikapor  (Waigeu). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia  !,  Bantam,  Blitok !);  Sumatra  (Telok- 
betong,  Priaman,  Trussan,  Tiku,  Siboga,  Deli!);  Pinang;  Sin- 
gapore; Batu;  Nias;  Bintang;  Banka;  Borneo  (Balikpapan !, 
Kota  Baru  ! ,  Sandakan) ;  Celebes  (Macassar ! ,  Kwandang ! , 
Menado!);  Buton!;  Lombok!;  Sangi;  Ternate;  Batjan;  Buru; 
Ambon  ! ;  Ceram ;  Kei  islands ! ;  Aru  islands ! ;  Waigeu  ;  New 
Guinea.  -  -  Australia,  Lord  Howe  island,  Solomon  islands; 
Fidji  islands,  Samoa  islands  to  Society-  and  Kingsmill  islands; 
Philippines;  Formosa;  Tonkin;  China;  Japan;  Malay  peninsula, 
Siam,  Andamans  to  British  India  and  Ceylon,  Red  Sea;  East 
Coast  of  Africa  to  Madagascar. 

In  sea,  estuaries  and  rivers. 


Doubtful    species. 
Plotosus  macrocephalus  C.  V. 

Plotosus    macrocephalus   Cuvier    &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons,  XV.   1840, 

p.  428. 
Plotostts   macrocephalus  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  98  (after  Valenciennes' 

description  and  figure). 

wThis  species  is  obtained  from  Peron,  who  caught  it  at 
Timor,  as  we  believe.  It  is  easily  distinguished  by  its  large 
head,  which  is  J/4  of  the  total  length,  and  only  !/4  less  wide 
than  long,  and  1J2  as  high  as  long.  The  eyes  are  !/0  of  the 
length  of  the  head,  situated  in  the  middle  of  the  head,  21J2 
diameters  apart,  and  directed  nearly  upward.  The  lips  are  very 
thick,  furnished  with  many  fleshy  thick  papils.  —  The  nasal 
and  external  mandibulary  barbels  are  less  than  half  the  length 
of  the  head ;  the  maxillary  and  internal  mandibulary  barbels 
are  still  shorter,  all  thickened  at  their  base. 

D.  96;  C.   ii;  A.  95,  (tot.  202). 

These  numbers  are  however  not  absolutely  certain,  as  the 
end  of  the  tail  is  mutilated.  Our  specimen  is  18  pouces 
long.  In  spirits  it  is  brownish  grey  above  and  lighter  below." 
(Translated  from  Valenciennes). 

Giinther  (Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  v.  1864,  p.  27,  foot  note)  says  that 
"this  fish  appears  to  be  allied  to  Cnidoglanis  megastoma,  but 
Valenciennes  does  not  make  mention  of  the  peculiar  gillopening 
which  we  observe  in  the  latter  species." 

Macleay  (Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.  S.  Wales  VII,  1883,  p.  592) 
records  Plotosiis  macrocephalus  C.  V.  from  New  Guinea,  but 
does  not  give  any  description.  Only  the  native  name  nDeteira" 
is  mentioned. 

Nothing  else  can  be  said  about  this  species  as  the  type 
specimen  can  not  be  found  in  the  Paris  Museum,  as  Dr.  Pel- 
legrin  is  kind  enough  to  inform  us. 

3.    Cnidoglanis   Giinther. 

(GiJNTHER.  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  27). 

Elongate,  tail  tapering,  head  depressed.  Mouth  transverse, 
rounded  in  front.  Lips  thick,  with  papillae.  Upperlip  promi- 
nent. Anterior  nostril  on  the  front  border  of  the  upperlip, 


232 

looking  upward.  Posterior  nostril  just  behind  nasal  barbel.  A 
maxillary  barbel  near  the  end  of  the  upperlip,  a  mandibu- 
lary  one  near  the  corner  of  the  mouth  and  two  mental  ones 
between  the  mandibulary  barbels.  Lateral  fold  at  the  corner  of 
the  mouth  may  be  produced  in  a  short  barbel.  Eye  covered 
by  skin.  Origin  of  first  dorsal  above  or. behind  origin  of  pec- 
torals, both  with  a  spine,  serrated  at  both  borders.  Origin  of 
second  dorsal  before  or  above  origin  of  ventrals.  It  is  many- 
rayed  as  the  anal,  both  are  confluent  with  the  caudal.  Ventrals 
with  10 — 12  rays.  Pectorals  with  a  denticulated  spine.  Teeth 
in  the  upperjaw  more  or  less  conical,  on  the  vomer  molarlike, 
in  the  lower  jaw  mixed.  Lateral  line  more  or  less  conspicuous. 
An  axillary  porus.  The  second  and  third  branchial  arches 
with  a  series  of  long  cartilaginous  processes,  covering  the  base 
of  the  gill  laminae,  on  the  sides  facing  each  other.  The  gill- 
membranes  are  united  to  the  broad  isthmus  along  their  median 
line.  A  conspicuous  dendretic  organ  between  anus  and  anal. 

i.  Cnidoglanis  nudiceps  Gthr. 

Cnidoglanis    nudiceps    Giinther,    Challenger   Reports,    Zool.    VIII.    Shore    Fishes, 
1883,  p.  49. 


Fig.  92.  Cnidoglanis  nudiceps  Gthr.  (After  the  type  in  the  British  Museum). 

Height  about  n,  head  about  7,  depressed,  small,  its  length 
being  equal  to  its  distance  from  the  vent.  Its  occipital  region 
osseous,  not  covered  with  loose  skin.  Eye  51/2,  shorter  than 
snout,  nearly  3  times  in  postorbital  part  of  head.  Lower  lip 
not  pendent  nor  fringed,  lateral  fold  at  the  corner  of  the  mouth 
not  produced  in  a  barbel.  The  nasal  and  maxillary  barbels 
do  not  extend  to  the  end  of  the  head.  First  dorsal  lower 
than  the  body  and  placed  at  a  very  short  distance  from  the 
occiput,  its  spine  serrated  in  front  and  behind,  as  long  and 
strong  as  that  of  the  pectoral  fin.  Maxillary  teeth  conical,  in 
two  small,  subtriangular  patches;  vomerine  teeth  more  obtuse, 
in  two  series,  which  form  a  subcrescentic  band.  Mandibulary 
teeth  in  a  band.  Isthmus  between  the  branchial  membranes 
comparatively  broad,  broader  than  the  interorbital  space. 


233 

Branchiostegals    7.    Light  brownish,  fins  with  a  black  margin. 
Length    of   single    specimen    known    240    mm.    [Type    in    the 
British  Museum  examined]. 
Habitat:  Arafura  sea. 

4.  Oloplotosus  M.  Weber. 

(MAX  WEBER.  Nova-Guinea  IX.  Livr.  IV.  1913,  p.  521). 

Elongate,  tail  tapering,  head  depressed,  covered  by  thick 
skin.  Mouth  transverse,  rounded  in  front,  upperlip  very  pro- 
minent, anteriorly  perforated  by  the  anterior  nostrils,  which 
form  short,  rounded  tubes.  Lips  thick,  with  lamellated  folds, 
posterior  nostril,  in  front  of  which  a  nasal  barbel  forms  a  slit, 
situated  much  nearer  to  lip  than  to  eye.  Maxillary  barbels  near 
the  end  of  the  upperlip,  the  mandibulary  barbels  below  the 
corner  of  the  mouth,  two  mental  ones  between  the  intermaxil- 
lary ones.  Eye  covered  by  skin.  First  dorsal  short,  a  little  behind 
origin  of  pectorals,  with  few  rays  and  a  strong  spine,  denti- 
culated at  both  edges.  Second  dorsal  beginning  before  origin 
of  ventrals,  it  is  many-rayed,  similar  to  anal  and  both  are 
confluent  with  the  caudal.  Ventrals  with  12 — 13  rays.  Pectorals 
with  a  denticulated  spine.  Conical  teeth  in  about  two  rows  in 
a  narrow  crescentic  band  on  mandibels  and  vomer.  No  maxil- 
lary teeth.  Lateral  line  indistinct.  17  gillrakers  on  the  total 
first  branchial  arch.  Similar  ones  on  the  2nd  arch,  none  on  the 
following  arches.  Gillmembranes  mesially  united  with  isthmus 
in  their  whole  length;  10  branchiostegals.  A  conspicuous  den- 
dretic  organ  between  anus  and  anal. 


Fig.  93.   Oloplotosus  mariae  M.  Web. 

i.  Oloplotosus  mariae  M.  Web. 

Oloplotosus  mariae  Max  Weber,  Nova  Guinea  IX.  Livr.  IV.   1913,  p.  522- 

B.    12;    I.    D.    I.    4;    2.  D.  circa  80—90;  A.  circa  60 — 70; 
P.   i.   12;  V.    12—13;  C.  circa   12. 

Height  71/3— 71/i>  nead  about  5%  eye  in  first  half  of  head 


234 

9 — 1 1 ;  3!/2 — 4'/2  m  snout;  eyedistance  i!/2 — 13/4  in  snout.  Nasal 
barbels  reach  the  eye  or  nearly  so ;  about  as  long  as  maxil- 
lary barbels.  Mandibulary  barbels  the  longest,  they  may  reach  to 
branchial  opening.  Mental  barbels  shorter.  Height  of  first  dorsal 
more  or  less  than  half  of  head,  its  spine  about  */3  shorter.  Second 
dorsal  and  anal  similar,  lower  than  first  dorsal.  Ventrals  rounded, 
about  as  long  as  height  of  first  dorsal,  about  J/3  shorter  than 
pectorals,  which  are  considerably  longer  than  height  of  first 
dorsal,  their  spine  shorter  than  that  of  the  dorsal.  Lower 
surface  of  head  and  abdomen  white,  uppersurface  of  head 
and  anterior  part  of  back  dark  brown,  otherwise  marmorated 
dark  brown  and  yellowish,  like  the  fins;  but  underside  of 
ventrals  and  pectorals  more  or  less  uniform  white.  Barbels  and 
lips  white.  Length  more  than  200  mm. 

Habitat:  South  New  Guinea.  (Lorentz  river!). 

5.  Porochilus  M.  Weber. 

(MAX  WEBER.  Nova-Guinea  IX,  livr.  IV.   1913,  p.  523). 

Elongate,  tapering,  head  more  or  less  depressed,  mouth 
transverse,  rounded  in  front.  Eyes  covered  with  skin,  lips 
rather  thin,  weakly  papillated,  the  thicker  underlip  lamellated. 
Upperlip  slightly  prominent.  Its  interior  border  perforated  by 
the  anterior  nostrils,  which  look  downwards.  Posterior  nostril 
a  slit  behind  the  nasal  barbel.  A  maxillary  barbel  at  the  end 
of  the  upperlip,  a  mandibulary  near  the  corner  of  the  mouth 
and  two  mentals  between  the  mandibulary  barbels.  Origin  of 
first  dorsal  conspicuously  behind  origin  of  pectorals,  a  little 
before  ventrals,  with  a  rather  weak  spine,  without  serrature. 
Caudodorsal  very  short,  its  anterior  rays  above  the  last  1J5  of 
the  anal,  nearly  no  procurrent  fat  pad.  Anal  many-rayed, 
confluent  with  the  caudal.  Ventrals  with  n — 12  rays.  Pecto- 
rals with  7 — 8  rays  and  a  rather  weak  spine,  which  has  a  few 
teeth  at  its  frontborder.  Conical  teeth  in  2 — 3  rows  forming 
two  small  subtriangular  patches  in  the  upper  jaw.  The  man- 
dibulary ones  are  also  conical,  crowded  in  two  laterally 
narrowing  and  rounded  patches,  mesially  in  about  7  rows, 
the  anterior  ones  a  little  recurved.  Vomerine  teeth  cylindrical, 
rather  high,  with  a  rounded  top,  in  a  patch,  rounded  anteriorly. 
The  majority  of  the  teeth  is  light  brown  or  tipped  with  yel- 
lowish. Lateral  line  more  or  less  conspicuous  by  distant  pores. 


235 

No  axillary  poms.  First  branchial  arch  with  a  membrane  along 
its  innerside  and  with  1 1  gillrakers  on  its  horizontal  branch ; 
second  and  third  branchial  arch  without  processes  on  the  sides 
facing  each  other.  Gillmembranes  united,  free  from  isthmus. 
Branchiostegals  7. 


Fig.  94.  Porochilus  obbesi  M.  Web. 


i.  Porochilus  obbesi  M.  Web. 

Porochilus  Obbesi  Max  Weber,  Nova  Guinea  IX.  livr.  IV  1913.  p.  523. 

B.  7;  D.  I.  4;  Caudodorsal  -f  C.  +  A.  =  1 12;  A.  circa  80 ; 
P.  I.  7—8;  V.  II  — 12. 

Height  about  5*/2,  head  61/3.  Dorsal  profile  sloping  down  in 
a  straight  line  from  dorsal  to  snout,  posterior  profile  of  back 
slightly  convex.  Eye  4,  a  little  shorter  than  snout,  in  second 
!/4  of  head.  Nasal  barbels  about  as  long  as  head,  mandibulary 
barbels  extend  on  pectorals,  mental  ones  !/5  shorter  than 

mandibulary  ones,  maxillary  barbels 
the  shortest  of  all.  Dorsal  as  long  as 
head  without  snout;  its  spine  nearly 
equalling  postorbital  part  of  head. 
Ventrals  rounded,  as  long  as  dorsal 
spine,  reaching  anal,  the  height  of 
which  is  !/4  less  than  length  of  head, 
pectorals  3/4  of  head,  reaching  base  of 
Fig.  95.  Porochilus  obbesi.  ventrals,  in  males  a  little  longer.  Colour 

X  3-    Anterior    part   of  head,  4.4.1    j        -^ 

seen  from  below;  n  anterior   lighter  or  darker  brown,  mottled  with 
nostril,  perforating  the  upper-   irregular  darker  patches.  A  large  dark 

lip,  mx  maxillary,  md  mandi-  *.  t_    «_•    _•   .1  i  t_          ^.u 

bulary,  m  mental  barbel;  o  eye.    Spot   behind  the  operculum,  where  the 

airbladder    lies    close    under   the    skin 

which    is    a    more    or  less  protruding.  Length  about   120  mm. 
Habitat:  South  New  Guinea  (Lorentz  river!). 


6.   Copidoglanis  Giinther. 
(GiiNTHER.  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  25). 

(Neosilurus  Steindachner,  Eumeda  Castelnau,  Lambertia  Perugia, 
Anyperistius  Ogilby). 

Elongate,  tail  tapering,  head  more  or  less  depressed,  mouth 
transverse,  rounded  in  front,  lips  thick,  papillated.  Upperlip 
prominent,  anterior  nostril  a  short  tube  in  the  frontpart  of 
of  the  upperlip,  posterior  nostril  a  narrow  slit  behind  nasal 
barbel.  A  maxillary  barbel  at  the  end  of  the  upperlip,  a  mandi- 
bulary one  near  the  corner  of  the  mouth  and  two  mentals  ones 
between  the  mandibulary  barbels.  Origin  of  first  dorsal  con- 
spicuously behind  origin  of  pectorals,  with  a  serrated  spine. 
Caudodorsal  generally  wanting,  but  it  may  extend,  in  different 
degrees,  forward,  never  reaching  farther  than  above  origin 
of  anal.  Anal  many-rayed,  confluent  with  caudal.  Ventrals 

with  ii  — 13  rays.  Pec- 
torals with  8 — 12  rays 
and  a  denticulated  spine. 
Conical  teeth  in  the  up- 
per jaw  in  two  square 
patches.  Front  row  of 
mandibulary  teeth  coni- 
cal, the  other  ones  mo- 
larlike  as  those  on  the 
vomer.  Lateral  line 
more  or  less  conspicu- 
ous. No  axillary  porus. 
First  branchial  arch  with 
stout  gillrakers,  few  in 
number  and  at  its  inner- 
side  with  a  membrane, 
the  free  edge  of  which 
is  fringed  or  has  roun- 
ded processes,  which 
partly  may  get  inde- 
pendent (Fig.  96,  97). 
Second  and  third  bran- 
Fig.  97.  Part  of  the  first  gillarch  of  Copido-  chial  arch  with  sh°rt> 
glanis  ater  (Perugia)  X  2i  seen  from  inner  side,  weak  processes  Oil  the 
m  membrane,  r  gillrakers,  k  gillfilaments.  sides  fadng  each  Qthen 

Gillmembranes  united,  forming  a  deep  notch,  free  from  the  isthmus. 


Fig.  96.  Part  of  first  gillarch  of  Copidoglanis 
novae-guinea  M.  Web.  seen  from  inner  side  X 
4.5,  m  membrane,  r  gillrakers,  k  gillfilaments. 


237 
Synopsis    of  the  species. 

I.  Distal    part    of   dorsal    and    pectoral    spine  cartilagi- 
nous and  flexible,  proximal  part  osseous. 

1.  head  48/4  in  length.   19  gillrakers C.  gjellerupi  p.  237. 

2.  head  $y.2  in  length.   23  gillrakers C.  equinus  p.  238. 

II.  Dorsal  and  pectoral  spine  totally  osseous. 

A.  20  or  more  gillrakers. 

a.  Origin  of  dorsal  slightly  behind  ventrals  ...   (7.  meraukensis    p.  239. 

b.  Origin  of  dorsal  before  ventrals C.  atcr  p.  240. 

B.  II — 13   gillrakers. 

1.  Nasal  barbel  longer  than  head,  eye  6 — 7.   .  .   C.  brevidorsalis  p.  241. 

2.  Nasal  barbel  shorter  than  head,  eye  42/3 — 5^4. 
a.  Pectoral  spine  longer  than  that  of  dorsal. 

x.  Anal  85 — 90 C.  bartoni  p.  242. 

|9.  Anal  circ.  65 C.  periigiae  p.  243. 

/'.  Pectoral   spine  shorter  than  that  of  dorsal   C.  novae-guineae  p.  244. 


Fig.  98.  Copidoglanis  ater  (Perugia). 

i.  Copidoglanis  gjellerupi  M.  Web. 

Copidoglanis  gjellerupi  Max  Weber,  Nova-Guinea  IX.  livr.  IV,  1913,  p.  528. 

B.  10;  D.  I.  7;  Caudodorsal  -f-  C.  circa  55;  A.  circa  76; 
P.  I.  II  — 12;  V.  12. 

Height  about  7,  head  43/4.  Dorsal  profile  slightly  convex 
from  first  dorsal  to  eye,  from  eye  to  snout  slightly  concave; 
eye  nearly  8,  situated  rather  high  in  the  frontpart  of  the 
posterior  half  of  the  head,  ^J2  times  in  snout,  2  times  in  the 
convex  interorbital  space.  Lips  thick  with  partly  lamellated 
papillae;  nasal  barbels  reaching  to  eye,  maxillary  barbels 
reaching  beyond  eye,  mandibulary  barbels  reaching  base  of 
pectorals,  mental  barbels  shorter.  Dorsal  i2/,,  times  in  length 
of  head,  triangular,  its  hindborder  straight,  its  origin  much 


nearer  to  base  of  pectorals  than  to  that  of  ventrals.  Dorsal  spine 
a  little  shorter  than  longest  dorsal  rays,  only  its  lower  half 
bony  and  roughened  behind,  its  superior  half  cartilaginous 
and  flexible.  Height  of  anterior  part  of  anal  a  little  shorter 
than  half  head ;  caudal  slightly  longer.  The  first  visible  caudo- 
dorsal  rays  emerge  about  above  the  middle  of  the  anal  from 
a  low  fat  pad,  which  begins  about  above  the  second  J/5  of  the 
anal.  Ventrals  rounded,  reaching  on  the  anal,  a  little  shorter, 
than  half  head.  Pectorals  reaching  the  ventrals,  equalling  3/4 
of  the  head.  Pectoral  spine  a  little  shorter  than  longest  rays, 
its  distal  half  cartilaginous  and  flexible,  its  lower  half  bony 
and  roughened  behind.  Anterior  half  of  body  with  closely  set, 
hairlike  filaments.  On  the  upper  surface  of  the  head  they  are 
smaller  and  much  more  distant.  Maxillary  teeth  in  two  juxt- 
aposed oval  patches,  about  two  times  broader  than  long, 
molarlike,  the  front  series  more  or  less  cylindrical  and  conical. 
Mandibulary  teeth  molar,  in  two  rounded  patches,  tapering 
laterally.  Vomerine  teeth  molar,  in  a  triangular  patch,  the 
rounded  top  of  which  is  directed  forward,  its  base  being  con- 
cave. Horizontal  branch  of  first  branchial  arch  with  19  gill- 
rakers,  besides  2  very  low  anterior  ones;  the  freeborder  of  its 
membrane  irregular,  anteriorly  with  independent  tubercles. 
Dark  brownish,  with  darker  markings,  belly,  underside  of  head, 
lips,  underside  of  paired  fins  and  inferior  barbels  whitish. 
Length  of  single  specimen  known  263  mm. 

Habitat:  German  New  Guinea.  (Kaiserin  Augusta-river!). 


2.  Copidoglanis  equinus  M.  Web. 

Copidoglanis  equinus  Max  Weber,  Nova  Guinea  IX.  livr.  IV,  1913,  p.  527. 

B.  10;  D.  i.  7;  Caudodorsal  +  C.  +  A.  about  160;  A.  about 
75;  P.  I.  12;  V.  13. 

Height  about  7,  head  ^\v  Dorsal  profile  slightly  convex 
from  dorsal  to  before  eye,  snout  slightly  concave,  eye  situated 
just  behind  the  middle  of  the  head,  very  high,  near  the  level 
of  the  surface  of  the  head,  looking  upwards,  7 — 8'/2  times  in 
head,  about  3  times  in  the  convex  interorbital  space.  Lips 
thick,  papillated  and  lamellated,  their  lateral  lobe  very  pro- 
minent. Nasal  barbels  reaching  the  middle  of  the  eye,  mandi- 
bulary  and  maxillary  barbels  equal,  a  little  longer  than  nasal 


239 

ones;  mental  barbels  much  shorter.  First  dorsal  triangular,  its 
hindborder  straight,  its  soft  rays  gradually  decreasing  in  size, 
i2/5 — 1'/2  times  in  length  of  head,  its  origin  much  nearer  to 
base  of  pectorals  than  to  base  of  ventrals.  Its  spine  cartila- 
ginous and  flexible  in  its  upper  portion,  a  little  shorter  than 
longest  rays,  hindborder  of  its  osseous  part  finely  denticulated. 
Anal  with  rays  of  equal  length,  their  height  a  little  less  than 
half  length  of  head,  forming  with  the  caudal  and  caudodorsal 
a  round  outline,  the  lastnamed  with  anteriorly  gradually 
decreasing  rays,  which  finally  disappear  in  a  very  short  fat 
pad,  reaching  to  about  above  the  end  of  the  first  !/o  °f  tne 
anal.  Ventrals  rounded,  reaching  to  anal,  half  as  long  as  head. 
Pectorals  triangular,  their  longest  anterior  ray  reaching  to  base 
of  ventrals  or  a  little  farther,  1J5  shorter  than  head.  Pectoral 
spine  as  long  as  first  soft  ray,  its  greater  distal  part  is  carti- 
laginous and  flexible,  hindborder  of  its  osseous  part  denticu- 
lated. Upper  surface  of  head  and  anterior  part  of  body  with 
closely  set,  hairlike  filaments  extending  farther  backwards  in 
older  specimens,  more  distant  on  head,  especially  in  young. 
Lateral  line  very  conspicuous.  Maxillary  teeth  very  few  in 
number,  in  two  small,  oval  patches,  conical  or  cylindrical  with 
rounded  tops.  Similar  teeth,  also  very  few  in  number,  form 
a  small,  round  patch  on  each  mandible.  The  few  rounded 
vomerine  teeth  arranged  in  a  semilunar  patch.  Horizontal 
branch  of  the  first  branchial  arch  with  23  gillrakers,  its  mem- 
brane low,  the  free  border  of  which  is  crenulated,  especially 
anteriorly.  Light  brown  with  darker  markings,  in  older  speci- 
mens greyish  by  the  velvety  covering  of  hairlike  papillae. 
Paired  fins,  caudal,  belly,  underside  of  head,  top  of  snout  and 
barbels  whitish.  Length  415  mm. 

Habitat:  Dutch  South  New  Guinea.  (Lorentz  river!). 

Note:  In  a  full  grown  ripe  female  (415  mm.  long),  the 
pectorals  are  shorter  (2/5  shorter  than  head),  the  ventrals  also 
(conspicuously  less  than  half  head),  and  the  nasal  barbel  nearly 
I  eye  diameter  distant  from  eye. 

3.  Copidoglanis  meraukensis  M.  Web. 

Copidoglanis    meraukensis    Max  Weber,  Nova-Guinea  IX.  livr.  IV,   1913,  p.  529. 

B.   8;   D.    I.  4;   A.   circa  8<D;   P.    I.    IO;   V.    II  — 12. 
Height  a  little  more  than  length  of  head,  about  52/5.  Dorsal 
profile  sloping  down  from  first  dorsal,  a  little  convex  behind  head, 


240 

slightly  concave  from  nape  to  snout.  Back  more  or  less  convex. 
Eye  in  the  second  ]/4  of  the  head,  5*/2 — 6  in  head,  about  i '/2 
times  in  snout,  3  times  or  less  in  the  slightly  convex  inter- 
orbital  space.  Lips  with  lamellated  papillae.  Nasal  and  maxil- 
lary barbels  equal  in  length,  2/3  of  head ;  mandibulary  barbels 
reaching  on  pectorals,  mental  barbels  slightly  shorter.  Height 
of  dorsal  equal  to  head  without  snout.  Origin  of  dorsal  slightly 
behind  ventrals.  Dorsal  spine  entire  in  front,  its  hindborder 
with  a  few  weak  teeth,  shorter  than  postorbital  part  of  the 
head.  Anal  as  high  as  dorsal  spine.  Caudodorsal  rays  few  in 
number,  disappearing  rapidly  in  a  short  low  fat  pad.  Ventrals 
rounded,  reaching  on  the  anal,  2'/2  times  in  head.  Pectorals  as 
long  as  head  without  snout,  reaching  far  behind  origin  of  ven- 
trals, their  spine  with  distinct  teeth  on  its  inner  border.  Maxillary 
teeth  in  two  patches,  twice  as  long  as  broad,  those  in  the 
front  row  conical,  the  rest  cylindrical  with  rounded  tips.  The 
inframaxillary  teeth  in  two  oval  patches,  the  innersides  of 
which  are  concave,  the  anterior  teeth  more  or  less  conical,  the 
other  ones  with  rounded  tips.  Vomerine  teeth  molar,  in  a  large 
rounded  patch,  which  is  anteriorly  more  curved  than  posteriorly. 
Some  of  the  teeth  are  yellow-  or  brown-  tipped.  First  bran- 
chial arch  with  20  gillrakers  on  the  lower  branch,  the  membrane 
of  which  has  thick  papillae  along  its  free  border,  inwards  of  which 
a  row  of  short  tubercles.  The  belly  and  underside  of  head 
white,  otherwise  brown,  back  blackish,  mottled  with  dark. 
Median  fins  dark.  Underside  of  paired  fins  lighter.  Barbels 
blackish.  Length  240  mm. 

Habitat:  South  New  Guinea  (Merauke!).  In  ponds. 

4.  Copidoglanis  ater  (Perugia).  [Fig.  97.  p.  236  and  98.  p.  237]. 

Lambertia  atra  Perugia,  Ann.  Mus.  Civ.  Geneva  (2)  XIV.   1894,  p.  551. 
Neosilurus  mediobarbis  Douglas  Ogilby,  Ann.   Queens!.   Mus.  N°.  9.   1908,  p.  12. 
Neosilurus   mediobarbis  Max  Weber,  Abh.  Senckenb.  Naturf.  Gesellsch.  XXXIV. 

I9II,    p.    21. 

Copidoglanis  ater  Max  Weber,  Nova  Guinea  IX.  livr.  IV,  1913,  p.  530. 

B.  10;  i.  D.  I.  4 — 5;  Caudodorsal  -j~  C.  +  A.  circa  120; 
A.  82—88;  P.  I.  10—12;  V.  12—14. 

Height  5 — 7,  head  5 — 5J/4-  Dorsal  profile  sloping  down  from 
first  dorsal,  with  a  little  convexity  to  the  eye.  Profile  of  the 
snout  slightly  concave.  Profile  behind  first  dorsal  more  or  less 


24 1 

straight.  Eye  5 — 6,  2!/2  to  nearly  3  in  snout.  Interorbital  region 
rather  convex,  2  times  diameter  of  eye.  Lips  with  lamellated 
papillae.  Nasal  barbels  reaching  about  to  the  middle  of  eye, 
maxillary  barbels  a  little  farther,  mandibulary  barbels  by  far 
the  longest,  reaching  to  the  vertical  through  base  of  pectorals 
or  nearly  so.  Mental  barbels  extending  nearly  to  the  gill- 
opening.  First  dorsal  about  i'/3  in  the  length  of  the  head. 
Origin  of  first  dorsal  nearer  to  origin  of  ventrals  than  to 
pectorals.  Dorsal  spine  slender,  about  as  long  as  head  with- 
out its  postorbital  part.  Highest  part  of  anal  equalling  the 
length  of  head  without  snout.  The  caudal  is  longer  and  united 
with  the  caudodorsal,  the  rays  of  which  soon  disappear  above 
the  hindmost  '/4  of  the  anal  in  a  pad  of  fat  extending  for  a  short 
distance  on  the  median  line  of  the  back.  Ventrals  rounded, 
extending  on  the  anal,  a  little  longer  than  postorbital  part  of 
the  head.  Pectorals  equalling  first  dorsal,  their  spine  as  long  as 
or  a  little  longer  than  that  of  dorsal,  strongly  serrated  behind. 
Each  group  of  intermaxillary  teeth  in  a  quadrangular  patch, 
nearly  two  times  as  broad  as  long,  the  mandibulary  patches 
more  or  less  rhombic,  about  i!/2  times  as  wide  as  long.  Vome- 
rine  teeth  in  a  broad  patch,  rounded  anteriorly  and  rectilinear 
behind.  All  teeth  brown.  First  branchial  arch  with  20 — 21 
gillrakers  (28 — 29  on  the  whole  arch),  shorter  than  filaments, 
about  1J2  length  of  eye;  its  innerside  with  a  short  membrane 
with  rounded  papillae  on  its  free  edge,  which  are  partly  inde- 
pendent. Uniform  dark  brown,  underside  of  head,  innerside  of 
upperlip,  underlip  and  its  barbels,  paired  fins  and  belly  whitish. 
Length  about  350  mm. 

Habitat:  Aru-islands! ;  South  New  Guinea  (Inawi,  on  the 
St.  Joseph-  or  Paumomu-river!,  Lorentz-river!).  —  Queensland? 

5.  Copidoglanis  brevidorsalis  Gthr. 

Copidoglanis  brevidorsalis  Giinther,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.   1867,  p.   22. 
Neosilurus  brevidorsalis  Steindachner,  Sitzber.  K.  Akad.  Wien,  LVI.  1867^.319. 
Neosilurus    brevidorsalis    Max    Weber,    Abh.    Senckenb.    Naturf.    Ges.    XXXIV. 

IQII,    p.    21. 

B.  9;  I.  D.  I.  4;  Caudodorsal  -f  C.  -f-  A.  circa  130:  A. 
circa  83;  P.  I.  IO;  V.  12. 

Height  5!/2 — 6'/2,  about  equal  to  head.  Dorsal  profile  sloping 
down  in  a  right  line  from  dorsal  to  snout,  profile  behind 

INDO- AUSTRALIAN    FISHES    II.  1 6 


242 

dorsal  slightly  convex.  Eye  6 — 7,  2!/2  in  snout,  21/2  to  nearly 
3  times  in  the  slightly  convex  interorbital  space.  Lips  rather 
thin,  papillated,  prominent  at  corner  of  mouth.  Nasal  barbels 
extending  to  the  base  of  first  dorsal  when  young,  in  adults 
not  so  far.  Maxillary  barbels  reach  middle  of  pectorals,  the 
mandibulary  and  mental  barbels  not  so  far  l).  First  dorsal  about 
as  long  as  head  without  snout,  its  spine  equalling  about  the 
postorbital  part  of  head,  with  a  serrature  at  the  frontborder. 
Origin  of  dorsal  midway  between  origin  of  ventrals  and 
pectorals.  Pad  of  fat  of  the  caudodorsal  begins  a  little  behind 
the  middle  of  the  anal  fin,  from  it  emerge  a  little  farther 
behind  distinct  rays,  increasing  gradually  in  size.  Anal  a  little 
higher  than  half  length  of  head.  Ventrals  rounded,  as  long  as 
postorbital  part  of  head,  extending  on  anal.  Pectorals  1J5 
shorter  than  head,  extending  to  the  ventrals  or  not  so  far, 
their  spine  nearly  as  long  as  that  of  the  dorsal,  serrated  behind. 
Maxillary  teeth  in  a  nearly  continuous  band  of  4 — 5  rows. 
Mandibulary  teeth  in  two  triangular  patches.  Vomerine  ones 
in  a  semilunar  patch  of  about  4  rows  in  the  middle.  Teeth 
white,  more  or  less  light  brown  tipped.  First  branchial  arch 
with  a  well  developed  entire  membrane.  Gillrakers  11  — 13,  as 
long  as  branchial  filaments,  more  than  2/3  of  eye.  Colour 
uniform  brown  or  black.  Length  200  mm. 

Habitat:  South  New  Guinea  (Lorentz-river!);  Aru-islands!. — 
Australia  (Cape  York). 

Fresh  water. 

6.  Copidoglanis  bartoni  (Regan). 

Neosilurus  bartoni  Tate  Regan,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  ser.  8,  vol.  I,  1908,  p.  153. 

Depth  of  body  6lj2  in  the  length,  length  of  head  5%. 
Head  much  broader  than  deep,  its  breadth  i1^  in  its  length, 
diameter  of  eye  42/3,  length  of  snout  23/4 — 3,  interorbital  width 
24/5 — 3'/5.  Lower  jaw  shorter  than  the  upper.  The  barbels  are 
as  long  as  or  a  little  shorter  than  the  head;  when  laid  back 
the  nasals  just  reach  the  edge  of  the  occiput,  the  maxillaries 
a  little  beyond  the  edge  of  the  operculum,  the  outer  mandi- 


i)  In  Steindachners  specimens  and  in  some  of  those  which  we  have  seen  from 
the  Lorentz-river  (from  Sabang),  the  maxillary  and  mandibulary  barbels  reach 
beyond  the  extremity  of  the  pectorals. 


243 

bularies  the  anterior  J/4>  and  the  inner  mandibularies  the  base 
of  the  pectoral  fin  1).  12  or  13  gillrakers  on  the  lower  part 
of  anterior  arch.  Dorsal  I  5,  the  spine  nearly  3/5  the  length 
of  head,  with  a  few  weak  denticulations  anteriorly,  nearly 
smooth  or  very  finely  denticulated  posteriorly ;  procurrent 
part  of  caudal  commencing  above  the  middle  of  anal,  anteriorly 
very  low  and  without  distinct  rays.  Anal  85 — 90.  A  +  C  +  D 
=  circa  135  ').  Pectoral  not  extending  to  the  base  of  ventrals, 
its  spine  similar  to  but  a  little  longer  than  that  of  the  dorsal; 
ventrals  extending  a  little  beyond  the  origin  of  anal.  Uniformly 
greyish.  Total  length  122  mm.  [After  Regan.  Not  seen  by  us]. 
Habitat:  Sogeri,  British  New  Guinea. 

7.  Copidoglanis  perugiae  (Ogilby). 

Eumeda   elongata?   Perugia,    Ann.    Mus.    Civ.    Geneva,    (2)    XIV.    1894,    p.  552. 

(nee  Castelnau). 

Anypcristius  pertigiae  Ogilby,  Ann.  Queensland  Mus.  N°.  9.   1908,  p.   II. 
Copidoglanis  perugiae  Max  Weber,  Nova  Guinea  IX.  livr.  IV,   1913,  p.  531. 

D.  i.  5;  A.  circa  65;  A.  -|-  C.  +  Caudodorsal  circa  90 — IOO; 
P.  I.  8;  V.  II  — 12. 

Height  8,  head  nearly  53/4.  Dorsal  profile  slightly  convex 
between  dorsal  and  interorbital  space,  from  there  to  blunt 
snout  straight.  Eye  51/4,  in  second  !/3  of  the  head,  i3/4  in 
snout,  which  is  equal  to  interorbital  space.  Jaws  equal  or  the 
upper  jaw  slightly  prominent.  Nasal  barbels  reaching  beyond 
operculum  or  not  so  far.  Maxillary  barbels  slightly  farther, 
mandibulary  barbels  to  end  of  pectoral  spine,  mental  barbels 
to  first  !/4  of  pectoral.  Height  of  dorsal  equal  to  head  without 
snout,  its  spine  weakly  serrated  on  both  borders,  somewhat 
longer  than  postorbital  part  of  head,  its  origin  far  in  advance 
of  ventrals.  Anal  about  as  high  as  dorsal  spine,  caudodorsal 
rays  conspicuous  to  opposite  the  4.  fifth  of  the  anal,  ante- 
riorly disappearing  in  a  short  procurrent  fat  pad.  Ventrals 
acutely  rounded,  reaching  on  anal,  more  than  twice  in  head. 
Pectorals  somewhat  longer  than  head  without  snout,  not 
reaching  the  ventrals.  Their  spine,  somewhat  longer  than 
dorsal  spine,  with  weak  teeth  on  the  hindborder  and  on  the 
top  of  the  frontborder.  A  band  of  conical  teeth  in  the  jaws, 


i)  After  information  kindly  given  to  us  by  C.  Tate  Regan. 


244 

the  front  series  in  the  upper  jaw  slightly  directed  anteriorly, 
the  posterior  rows  slightly  directed  backward,  give  the  im- 
pression of  being  recurved ;  on  the  palate  a  similar  band  of 
granular  teeth.  Some  of  the  teeth  are  yellow  or  brown  tipped. 
12  gillrakers  on  the  lower  branch  of  the  first  branchial  arch, 
which  has  a  rather  high  membrane  at  its  innerside,  decreasing 
anteriorly.  Uniform  brown.  Head  and  anterior  part  of  body 
darker.  Length  120  mm. 

Habitat:  British  New  Guinea  (Inawi  on  the  St.  Joseph- 
or  Paumomu-river !). 

8.  Copidoglanis  novae-guineae  M.  Web.  [Fig.  96,  p.  236]. 

Copidoglanis  novae-guineae  Max  Weber,  Nova  Guinea,  V.  livr.  II,   1908,  p.  226. 

I.   D.    I.  4;   A.   about  So;   P.    I.    IO;   V.    12. 

Height  nearly  equal  to  length  of  head,  about  6.  Profile  from 
first  dorsal  sloping  downwards  in  a  straight  line.  Head  nearly 
as  high  as  broad.  Skin  of  head  finely  granulated.  Eye  5!/4  in 
head,  2!/4 — 2'/3  in  convex  interorbital  space,  about  2  in  snout. 
Lips  thick,  irregularly  papillated,  the  prominent  upperlip  partly 
laminated.  Nasal  barbels  extend  at  least  one  eye  diameter 
farther  than  the  eye  and  may  nearly  reach  to  the  hindborder 
of  the  operculum.  Mandibular  barbels  reaching  the  middle  of 
the  base  of  the  pectorals  or  a  little  farther.  Mental  barbels  '/4 
shorter,  maxillary  barbels  still  shorter.  Origin  of  first  dorsal  a 
little  before  origin  of  ventrals;  its  spine  weakly  serrated  in 
front  and  behind,  about  as  high  as  length  of  snout  and  eye, 
its  soft  rays  as  long  as  head  without  snout.  Highest  part  of 
anal  a  little  longer  than  snout;  caudodorsal  above  the  last 
third  of  the  anal,  represented  by  a  low  pad  of  fat  from  which 
the  rays  emerge  and  increase  gradually  in  size.  Ventrals 
rounded,  extending  to  the  anal,  as  long  as  postorbital  part 
of  the  head.  Pectorals  as  long  as  head  without  snout,  nearly 
extending  to  the  base  of  the  ventrals,  their  spine  shorter  than 
that  of  the  dorsal,  weakly  serrated  along  the  hindborder. 
Maxillary  teeth  in  a  nearly  continuous  band  of  three  rows; 
those  of  the  mandibulary  in  two  triangular  patches  of  about 
5  rows,  the  vomerine  ones  in  a  semilunar  patch  of  about 
5  rows.  All  teeth  white.  First  branchial  arch  with  a  well 
developed  membrane.  12  gillrakers  on  the  horizontal  branch 
of  the  first  branchial  arch,  shorter  than  branchial  filaments, 


245 

2/3  length  of  eye.  Lighter  or  darker  brown,  underside  of  head 
and  belly  whitish,  some  specimens  with  irregular  dark  markings. 
Length  over  180  mm. 

Nomen  indig. :  Sinonga. 

Habitat:   North  New  Guinea  (Lake  Sentani !). 

4.  Fam.  CHACIDAE. 

Head  very  large,  strongly  depressed,  nearly  aequilateral. 
Body  depressed  anteriorly,  compressed  posteriorly  and  rapidly 
tapering.  Lower  jaw  prominent.  Mouth  very  wide.  The  tubular 
anterior  nostrils  on  its  anterior  border;  posterior  nostrils  at 
some  distance  behind,  with  a  short  tentacle.  Eyes  very  small, 
covered  by  skin.  A  barbel  at  the  corner  of  the  mouth,  origi- 
nating from  a  broad  fold  of  the  skin,  two  mental  ones  'behind 
the  border  of  the  mandible,  distant  from  each  other;  at  some 
distance  behind  them  a  pair  of  mandibulary  barbels.  Moreover 
the  skin  is  provided  with  arborescent  prominent  papillae. 
Lateral  line  represented  by  a  papillated  and  tuberculated 
ridge  reaching  the  tail.  The  short  dorsal  fin  with  a  strong 
spine  and  three  or  four  rays.  Anal  with  7 — 10  rays.  Rounded 
caudal  with  a  long  procurrent  dorsal  part  and  a  shorter  ventral 
part.  Ventrals  very  broad,  behind  the  dorsal,  six-rayed.  Pectorals 
with  four  or  five  rays,  with  a  short,  very  strong  spine,  the 
broad  anterior  inferior  border  of  which  is  concave.  Gillmem- 
branes  confluent  with  the  skin  of  the  broad  isthmus,  the  gill- 
opening  being  thereby  reduced  in  extent.  Small  villiform  teeth 
in  jaws.  Palate  edentulous.  No  axillary  pore. 

i.  Chaca  Valenciennes. 

(VALENCIENNES  in:  Belanger,  Voyage  Indes  orientales,  Zool.  Poissons,  1834,  p.  385). 

For  characters  of  the  single  genus  see  those  of  the  family. 


Fig.  99.   Chaca  chaca  (Ham.   Buch.). 


246 
i.  Chaca  chaca  (Ham.  Buch.). 

Platystacus  chaca  Hamilton  Buchanan,  Fishes  of  the  Ganges,  1822,  p.p.  140,  173. 
Chaca     lophioides     Valenciennes,    in    Belanger,    Voy.    Ind.    Orient.    Zool.    Poiss. 

1834,  p.  386. 

Chaca  lophioides  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  XV.   1840,  p.   545. 
Chaca   bankanensis    Bleeker,    Natuurk.   Tijdschr.  Ned.  Ind.  III.   1852,  p.  455-  — 

Atl.  Ichth.  II.  1862,  p.  96. 

Chaca  lophioides  Kner,  Sitzber.  Akad.  Wien,  XVII.   1855,  p.   101. 
Chaca  lophioides^  bankanensis^  buchanani  Gfmther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.  1864,  p.  29. 
Chaca  bankanensis  v.  Martens,  Exp.  Ost-Asien,  Zool.  I.   1876,  p.p.  302,  399. 
Chaca  bankanensis  Volz,  Zool.  Jahrb.  Syst.  XIX.   1903,  p.  383.  —  Revue  Suisse 

Zool.  XII.  1904,  p.  463. 

B.  6;  D.  i.  3—4;  A.  7—10;  P.  i.  4— 5 ;  V.  6;  C.  20—25  + 

10 — II    -f    8 — 12. 

Height  about  6.  Head  a  little  longer  than  broad,  3  times 
in  length.  Eye  in  the  anterior  !/4  °f  tne  head,  very  small, 
15 — 20  in  head.  The  width  of  the  interorbital  space  equals 
half  of  the  head.  Dorsal  spine  5 — 6  times  in  length  of  head, 
its  frontborder  at  the  top  with  a  few  indentations,  much 
shorter  than  soft  rays.  Rounded  ventrals  2J/3  in  head.  Pectorals 
about  !/3  shorter,  their  spine  3  times  in  head,  strongly  dentated 
along  its  anterior  border.  The  cutaneous  appendages  on  top 
and  sides  of  head  and  on  sides  of  body  are,  according  to 
individuals  and  perhaps  to  sex,  tubercular,  shorter  or  longer, 
simple  or  arborescent.  Lighter  or  darker  brownish,  marbled 
with  lighter,  especially  on  the  fins,  which  may  have  a  whitish 
border.  Length  200  mm. 

Nomen  in  dig. :  Puting  bliong  (Djambi),  Tuka  (Danau 
Sriang,  Borneo). 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Djambi!,  Laut  Tador,  Sungei  Mati, 
Indragiri,  Djapura,  Taluk!);  Borneo  (rivers  Barito  and  Kapuas, 
Danau  Sriang,  Sarawak);  Banka.  —  Malacca,  Burmah  and  British 
India.  •  Kner  mentions  the  fish  from  New  Guinea.  This  is 
without  question  erroneous. 

In  rivers  and  lakes.  Its  flesh  is  considered  to  be  poisonous 
by  the  natives  in  some  parts  of  Sumatra. 

5.  Fam.  PANGASIDAE. 

Elongate,  compressed,  head  generally  covered  by  soft  skin. 
Mouth  small,  anterior  or  subanterior,  in  the  last  case  snout 
prominent.  Eye  with  a  free  orbital  margin,  behind  corner  of 


247 

mouth  and  generally  partly  below  its  level.  Anterior  nostrils 
pierced  through  the  extremity  of  the  snout,  posterior  ones 
different.  Four  to  eight  barbels.  Short  dorsal  with  5- -7  rays 
and  a  pungent  spine,  preceded  by  a  broad  but  very  low 
rudimentary  spine.  Adipose  fin  small,  above  the  posterior 
part  of  anal.  Anal  elongate  with  28 — 40  rays,  distant  from 
caudal,  which  is  bifurcate.  Ventrals  well  developed  with  6 — 7 
rays,  situated  behind  dorsal.  Pectorals  with  a  pungent  spine. 
Teeth  small,  in  the  jaws  generally  in  curved  bands;  when 
present  on  the  palatines,  they  may  be  free  from  or  confluent 
with  those  of  the  vomer,  which  are  in  one  or  two  patches. 
7 — ii  branchiostegals.  Gillmembranes  free  from  isthmus,  more 
or  less  united  or  free  from  each  other. 

In  the  Indian  Archipelago,  freshwater  fishes  of  its  western  part. 

Key  to  the  genera. 

I.  8  barbels,  one  pair  of  nasal  barbels.  Mouth  terminal  .  Pseudeittropius  p.  247. 
II.  6 — 4  barbels ;  no  nasal  barbels.  Mouth  subterminal. 

1.  4  mandibulary  barbels Lais  p.  250. 

2.  2  mandibulary  barbels. 

a.  Posterior  nostril  between  anterior  one  and  eye ; 
eye  behind  and  totally  above  corner  of  mouth. 

No  palatine  teeth Helicofhagtis  p.  251. 

b.  Posterior  nostril  at  short  distance  from  anterior 
and   above   a  line  between  anterior  nostril  and 
eye.  Eye  partly  below  a  horizontal  through  the 

corner  of  mouth Pangasius  p.  254. 

i.  Pseudeutropius  Bleeker. 

(BLEEKER,  Verh.  Akad.  Amsterdam  XIV.  1862,  p.  398). 

Elongate,  compressed,  head  conical,  covered  by  thin  skin. 
Anterior  nostrils  wide  openings  at  the  top  of  the  head 
looking  upwards,  the  small  posterior  nostrils,  which  are  nearer 
to  each  other,  behind  the  more  distant  anterior  nostrils. 
A  nasal  barbel  between  nostrils,  a  maxillary  near  the  corner 
of  the  mouth,  2  mandibulary  and  2  mental  ones  along  the 
frontmargin  of  the  lower  jaw.  Mouth  anterior,  eye  behind  and 
partly  below  its  corner,  with  a  free  orbital  margin.  Short  dorsal 
with  a  pungent,  denticulated  spine  and  5  to  6  rays.  A  small 
adipose  fin.  Anal  fin  elongate,  terminating  at  some  distance 


248 

from  the  caudal,  which  is  forked.  Ventrals  with  six  rays. 
Pectorals  with  a  serrated  spine.  Small  teeth  in  narrow  bands 
on  the  jaws,  those  on  the  palate  in  two  patches  which  may 
be  connected.  9 — 10  branchiostegal  rays.  Gillmembranes  free 
from  isthmus  and  slightly  connected  anteriorly.  Gillrakers 
slender,  numerous. 

Synopsis   of  the    species. 

I.  Anal    with    28    rays,   more  than  3  times  in  length 

of  body P.  brachypopterus  p.   248. 

II.   Anal    with    40    rays,  more  than  2  times  in  length 

of  body P.  moolenburghae    p.  249. 


Fig.   100.  Pseudeutropius  moolenburghae  n.  sp. 

i.  Pseudeutropius  brachypopterus  (Blkr.). 

Eutr opius  brachypopterus  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858,  p.  169. 
Psettdeutropiiis  brachypopterus  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  71. 
Pseudeutropius  brachypopterus  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.   V.    1864,  P-   5$. 

B.  9—10;  D.   i.  6;  A.  28;  P.   i.  8;  V.  6. 

Moderately  elongate,  compressed,  head  conical,  profile  sloping 
down  from  dorsal  to  snout,  nearly  straight.  Height  42/5,  head  4. 
A  median  groove  running  from  the  end  of  the  snout  to  the 
base  of  the  occipital  process,  with  a  constriction  at  the  vertex. 
Occipital  process  very  long  and  slender,  bifurcated  at  its  end, 
.to  receive  the  interspinal  bone  of  the  dorsal  spine.  Jaws  equal. 
Eye  3—4,  about  equal  to  snout,  a  little  less  than  interorbital 
space.  Nasal  barbels  reaching  on  dorsal  or  not  so  far, 
maxillary  and  outer  mandibulary  ones  beyond  end  of  pec- 
torals, mental  ones  somewhat  shorter.  Dorsal  as  long  as 


249 

head  without  snout,  its  spine  somewhat  shorter,  denticulated 
at  its  hind  border  and  at  the  top  of  its  frontborder.  Height 
of  adipose  fin  a  little  less  than  diameter  of  eye,  opposite  to 
end  of  anal,  the  length  of  which  goes  more  than  thrice  in 
length  of  body.  Ventrals  extending  to  anal,  about  equal  to 
postorbital  part  of  head.  Pectorals  a  little  shorter  than  dorsal, 
their  spine  still  shorter,  very  strong  and  strongly  denticulated 
at  its  inner  border.  Minute  teeth  in  narrow  bands  on  the  jaws; 
on  the  vomer  in  two  small  patches  connected  by  an  angular  line 
of  teeth.  Yellowish,  a  blackish  band  in  the  lateral  line,  a  less 
distinct  but  broader  band  below  and  above  it,  the  latter  more  or 
less  confluent  with  a  dark  median  band  on  the  back.  A  distinct 
black  blotch  at  the  origin  of  dorsal.  Upper  surface  of  head, 
mandibles,  caudal,  margin  of  anal  and  part  of  the  remaining 
fins  darkish.  Length  115  mm. 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Palembang,  Djambi!);  Borneo  (Danau 
Sriang). 

In  rivers  and  lakes. 

2.  Pseudeutropius  moolenburghae  n.  sp.  [Fig.   100,  p.  248]. 

B.  9;  D.   i.   5;  A.  40;   P.   i.  9;  V.  6. 

Moderately  elongate,  compressed,  head  conical,  profile  sloping 
down  from  dorsal  to  snout,  nearly  straight.  Height  4]/5 — 44/5, 
head  about  43/5.  A  median  groove  running  from  the  snout  to 
the  end  of  the  occipital  process,  but  separated  in  two  on  the 
vertex  by  a  transverse  constriction.  Occipital  process  separated 
from  the  first  interspinal  bone.  Jaws  equal.  Eye  3 — 4,  situated 
behind  the  corner  of  the  mouth  and  partly  below  it,  about 
equal  to  the  flattish  interorbital  space.  The  nasal  barbels 
reach  as  far  as  the  depressed  dorsal.  Maxillary  barbels  near 
the  corner  of  the  mouth,  extending  to  the  anterior  part  of 
the  anal,  as  is  also  the  case  with  the  mandibulary  and  mental 
barbels  which  originate  in  approximated  pairs  immediately  be- 
hind the  border  of  the  upperlip.  Dorsal  a  little  longer  than  head 
without  snout,  its  weekly  denticulated  spine  distinctly  shorter. 
Height  of  adipose  fin  equal  to  the  diameter  of  the  eye,  situated 
before  the  end  of  the  anal,  the  length  of  which  goes  more 
than  twice  in  the  length  of  the  body.  Ventrals  about  equal 
to  postorbital  part  of  head,  reaching  anal;  their  origin  just 
behind  dorsal.  Pectorals  about  equal  to  head  without  snout, 


250 

their  spine  nearly  as  long  as  the  dorsal  one,  its  innerborder 
strongly  denticulated.  Teeth  minute,  in  the  jaws  in  a  narrow 
band,  on  the  vomer  in  two  widely  separate  elliptic  patches. 
About  26  slender  gillrakers,  as  long  as  branchial  filaments. 
Yellowish,  a  blackish  band  in  the  lateral  line,  a  less  distinct 
but  broader  band  below  and  above  it,  the  latter  more  or 
less  confluent  with  a  dark  median  band  on  the  back.  A  distinct 
black  blotch  at  the  origin  of  the  dorsal.  Upper  surface  of 
head,  mandibles,  caudal,  margin  of  anal  and  part  of  the 
remaining  fins  darkish.  In  larger  specimens  the  colours  are 
fainter.  Length  about  100  mm.  —  Named  in  honour  of  Mrs. 
Moolenburgh. 

Nomen  in  dig. :  Beringgit  (Djambi). 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Batang  Hari  river!). 

2.  Lais  Bleeker. 

(BLEEKER,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I  Siluri,  1858,  p.   170). 

Elongate,  compressed,  head  conical,  covered  by  thin  skin, 
through  which  the  bones  of  the  head  are  partly  visible. 
Anterior  oval  nostrils  piercing  through  the  anterior  part  of 
the  snout,  posterior  nostrils,  wide  transverse  slits,  close  together 
on  the  upper  surface  of  the  snout.  Upper  jaw  prominent, 
mouth  narrow,  subterminal.  Eyes  with  a  broad  circular  adipose 
eyelid,  situated  behind  and  partly  below  mouth.  Six  ribbon- 
shaped  barbels.  Two  maxillary  barbels  at  the  corner  of  the  mouth 
and  four  shorter  mandibulary  and  mental  ones,  close  together 
immediatly  behind  the  symphysis.  Short  dorsal  with  a  pungent, 
denticulated  spine  and  7  soft  rays.  Adipose  fin  minute.  Anal 
elongate,  far  distant  from  caudal.  Ventrals  with  6  rays,  far 
behind  dorsal.  Pectorals  with  a  pungent,  denticulated  spine. 
Caudal  deeply  incised.  Small  teeth  in  the  jaws  in  a  rather 
narrow  curved  band,  those  of  the  vomer  in  two  separate 
straight  bands.  Gillmembranes  free  from  isthmus  and  from 
each  other.  8 — 9  radii  branchiostegi. 

i.  Lais  hexanema  (Blkr.). 

Pangasius  hexanema  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Ind.  III.   1852,  p.  588. 

Lais  hexanema  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  1858,  p.  171.  —  Atl.  Ichth. 

II.   1862,  p.  72. 
Lais  hexanema  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.  1864,  p.  57- 


251 

B.  8—9;  D.   I.  7;  A.  3.   36—39;  P.   i.  9-10;  V.  6. 

Height  4J/2 — 43/4,  head  5,  eye  less  than  3,  shorter  than 
snout,  the  distance  of  the  eyes  is  dorsally  more,  ventrally 
less  than  diameter  of  eye.  Occipital  process  very  narrow. 
Maxillary  barbels  extending  to  the  ventrals  or  on  the  anal, 
those  of  the  mandibles  to  the  base  of  the  pectorals.  Dorsal 
equal  to  head  without  snout,  its  spine,  the  hindborder  of 


Fig.    101.  Lais  hexanema  (Blkr.). 

which  is  denticulated,  is  slightly  shorter.  Pectorals  equal  to 
head,  their  spine  as  long  as  the  fin,  -denticulated  at  its  inner 
border.  Ventrals  equal  to  eye,  not  reaching  anal.  Pearl- 
colored,  back  darker,  distal  part  of  dorsal,  caudal,  pectorals 
and  ventrals  blackish.  Length  165  mm. 

No  men  in  dig.:   Lais  (Sundan.). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia,  Tjikao,  Parongkalong);  Sumatra 
(Palembang,  Lahat,  Lematang  Enim,  Ringat !,  Sidjundjung! 
Djambi!);  Borneo.  --  Malacca. 

In  freshwater. 

3.  Helicophagus  Blkr. 

(BLEEKER.  Act.  Soc.  Sci.  Indo-Neerl.  Ill,  1858,  p.  45). 

Elongate,  compressed,  head  covered  by  skin,  conical  with 
a  pointed  prominent  snout;  profile  behind  dorsal  nearly  straight, 
before  the  dorsal  sloping  downwards,  more  or  less  keeled  by 
the  occipital  process  and  interspinal  bone  of  the  dorsal,  which 
are  more  or  less  visible  through  the  skin.  Mouth  subterminal. 
Anterior  nostrils  wide,  surrounded  by  an  elevated  rim,  situated 
at  the  top  of  the  snout;  looking  forward  or  upwards.  Posterior 
nostrils  with  an  anterior  lip,  situated  midway  between  anterior 
nostrils  and  eye.  Eye  at  some  distance  behind  and  above 
the  corner  of  the  mouth,  with  a  free  orbital  margin,  more  or 
less  prominent  on  the  eye.  Four  barbels,  the  maxillaries 


252 

above  the  corner  of  the  mouth,  the  mandibulary  barbels 
behind  the  syrnphysis.  Dorsal  well  developped,  with  6 — 7 
soft  rays  and  a  strong  flattened  denticulated  spine,  which  is 
preceeded  by  a  broad  but  very  low  rudimentary  spine.  Adipose 
fin  small.  Anal  fin  elongate  with  30  or  more  rays,  distant 
from  caudal,  ventrals  well  developped  with  6  rays,  pectorals 
with  a  strong  flattened  denticulated  spine.  Caudal  forked. 
Teeth  in  the  jaws  in  a  broad  band  or  in  the  upper  jaw  in 
two  separate  patches,  the  vomerine  teeth  in  two  separate 
bands  or  patches.  9  branchiostegal  rays;  no  teeth  on  the 
palatine.  Gillmembranes  united  anteriorly,  free  from  isthmus. 


Fig.   1 02.  Helicophagus  waandersi  Blkr. 

Synopsis  of  the  species. 

I.  Anal   30,   more    than  thrice  in  length.  Teeth  in  the 

upper  jaw  in  a  broad  curved  band H.  typus  p.  252. 

II.  Anal  37  or  more,  23/4  in  length.  Teeth  in  the  upper 

jaw  in  two  nearly  quadratic  patches H.  waandersi  p.   253. 

i.  Helicophagus  typus  Blkr. 

Helicophagus  typus  Bleeker,  Act.  Soc.  Sci.  Indo-Neerl.  III.   1858,  p.  46. 
Helicophagus  typus  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.   78. 
Helicophagtts  typus  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  64. 

B.  9;  D.  II.  6—7;  A.  29—30;  P.  i.   11—13;  V.  6. 

Elongate,  slightly  compressed,  head  conical,  profile  behind 
dorsal  nearly  straight,  before  dorsal  sloping  down  in  a  straight 
line  to  the  prominent  snout.  Height  behind  dorsal  about  5, 
head  43/4.  Mouth  subterminal.  Anterior  nostrils  pierced  through 
the  frontborder  of  the  snout  and  looking  forward,  posterior 
nostrils  more  distant  from  each  other,  halfway  between  the 
anterior  ones  and  the  eye.  Maxillary  barbels  extending  nearly 
to  the  pectoral  spine,  mandibulary  barbels  about  Y3  longer. 


Eye  5 — 7,  situated  in  the  second  */4  of  the  length  of  the 
head.  Height  of  dorsal  slightly  less  than  head,  its  strong 
flattened  spine  slightly  shorter,  its  hindborder  denticulated. 
Adipose  fin  shorter  than  snout,  situated  above  the  beginning 
of  the  last  '/3  of  the  anal,  its  height  less  than  snout.  Anal  more 
than  thrice  in  length.  The  outer  longer  rays  of  the  anal  nearly 
equal  to  postorbital  part  of  head.  Pectorals  about  as  long  as 
head  without  snout,  their  strong  flattened  spine  somewhat 
shorter,  their  inner  border  denticulated.  Three  groups  of  3 — 4 
rather  wide  mucous  pores  in  the  axil  of  the  pectorals.  Cylin- 
drical teeth  with  brown  tips  forming  a  broad  curved  band  in 
the  jaws,  those  of  the  vomer  in  two  distant  narrow  curved 
bands.  Pearlcolored,  upper  surface  dark.  Fins  reddish,  dorsal 
and  margin  of  caudal  dark.  A  whitish  spot  on  the  top  of  the 
head.  Length  over  460  mm. 

N  o  m  e  n  i  n  d  i  g. :   Paten  (Palembang). 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Palembang !). 

In  rivers. 

2.  Helicophagus  waandersi  Blkr.  [Fig.   102  p.  252]. 

Helicophagus    Waandersii  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I  Siluri  1858,  p.  175. 

Atl.  Ichth.  II.    1862,  p.   77. 
Helicophagus    Waandersi  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.   Mus.   V.   1864,  p.  65. 

B.  9;  D.  n.  6—7;  A.  37 — 38;  P.   i.   10—  ii;  V.  6. 

Elongate,  compressed,  head  conical,  profile  behind  dorsal 
nearly  straight,  sloping  down  before  dorsal  in  a  straight  line 
to  the  conical  snout.  Height  4!/2 — 5,  head  a  little  more  or 
less  than  5.  Mouth  subterminal,  snout  soft,  prominent,  behind 
its  frontborder  pierced  through  by  the  wide  anterior  nostrils 
which  look  upwards  and  are  surrounded  by  a  prominent  rim; 
posterior  nostrils  more  distant  from  each  other,  situated  midway 
between  anterior  nostrils  and  eye,  with  a  valve  at  the  front- 
margin.  Above  the  corner  of  the  mouth  a  maxillary  barbel 
extending  on  the  pectoral;  mandibulary  barbels,  originating 
close  together  at  some  distance  behind  the  symphysis,  some- 
what shorter.  Eyes  more  than  4,  situated  at  the  end  of  the 
first  half  of  the  head,  somewhat  shorter  than  snout.  Height 
of  dorsal  about  equal  to  head  without  snout,  its  spine  some- 
what shorter,  very  strong,  flattened,  the  hindborder  strongly 
denticulated ;  adipose  fin  above  the  last  '/a  °f  tne  anal>  its 
height  nearly  equal  to  snout;  anal  23/4  in  length.  Ventrals 


254 

with  the  outer  rays  the  longer,  which  are  equal  to  postor- 
bital  part  of  head.  Pectorals  as  long  as  head  without  snout, 
their  spine  slightly  shorter,  very  strong,  flattened,  with  the 
hindborder  denticulated.  A  mucous  porus  in  their  axil.  Teeth 
in  the  upper  jaw  in  two  nearly  quadratic  patches,  in  the 
lower  jaw  in  two  pearshaped  patches  with  the  point  directed 
outwards  and  hindwards.  Vomerine  teeth  in  two  very  small, 
distant  patches.  Margaritaceous,  above  and  anterior  part  of 
body  blackish.  Underside  of  head  and  belly  white.  Fins 
reddish,  hindborder  of  dorsal  and  caudal  dark.  A  whitish  spot 
on  the  top  of  the  head.  Length  340  mm. 

Nomen  in  dig. :  Patin  muntjung  (Djambi). 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Palembang,  river  Batang  Hari,  Djambi !). 

In  rivers. 

4.  Pangasius  Cuvier  et  Valenciennes. 

(CUVIER  &  VALENCIENNES.  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons,  XV.  1840,  p.  45). 

(Pseudopangasius  Bleeker,  Neopangasius  Popta). 

Elongate,  compressed.  Profile  behind  dorsal  nearly  straight, 
before  dorsal  sloping  down  in  a  straight  line  to  the  more  or 
less  prominent  snout,  which  is  generally  rounded  or  bluntly 
pointed.  Head  covered  by  soft  skin,  by  exception  granulated 
above.  Mouth  subterminal,  horizontal  or  slightly  ascending. 
The  wide  anterior  nostrils  are  situated  at  the  top  of  the 
snout,  looking  forward ;  posterior  nostrils  with  an  anterior  lip, 
situated  at  a  short  distance  behind  the  anterior  ones.  Eye 
with  a  free  orbital  margin,  behind  corner  of  mouth,  at  least 
partly  below  the  horizontal  through  the  corner  of  the  mouth. 
Four  generally  short  barbels.  The  maxillary  barbels  originating 
in  a  slit  above  or  behind  the  corner  of  the  mouth  and  which 
is  continued  below  the  eye.  Mandibulary  barbels  far  behind 
symphysis.  Dorsal  well  developped,  with  6 — 7  rays,  with  a 
strong  denticulated  spine  which  is  preceded  by  a  broad  but 
very  low  rudimentary  spine  and  has  a  filamentous  prolon- 
gation. Adipose  fin  small.  Anal  fin  distant  from  caudal,  elon- 
gate, with  28 — 40  rays.  Ventrals  with  6  rays.  Pectorals  with 
a  strong  denticulated  spine.  Caudal  forked.  Villiform  teeth  in 
the  upper  jaw  in  a  slightly,  in  the  lower  jaw  in  a  strongly 
curved  band.  Vomerine  and  palatine  teeth  in  4  patches,  or 


255 

•* 

united  into  one,  or  only  the  vomerine  patches  united.  7 — u 
branchiostegals.  Gillmembranes  united,  their  hindborder  deeply 
notched,  free  from  isthmus. 


Fig.   103.  Pangasitis  de  Zivaani  M.  Web.  &  de  Bfrt. 

Artificial  key  to  the  species. 

I.  Vomerine  teeth  united. 
A.  Vomerine  teeth  not  confluent  with  the  palatine  teeth. 

a.  Band     of    vomerine     teeth    more    than    twice 
broader  than  long.  A.  29 — 33. 

a.  Band  of  vomerine  teeth  thrice  broader  than 

long;    snout    very    prominent;    eye    totally 

above  level  of  corner  of  mouth P.  nasutus  p.  256. 

/3.  Band    of    vomerine    teeth  more  than  twice 

broader  than  long;  snout  slightly  prominent; 

eye    inferior,    partly   below  level  of  corner 

of  mouth p.  pangasius  p.   256. 

b.  Band    of  vomerine  teeth  more  than  i'/2  times 

broader  than  long.  A.  35 — 40 P.  polyuranodon  p.  257. 

B.  Vomerine  teeth  confluent  with  the  palatine  teeth 

into  one  broad  patch P.  nienwenhnisi   p.   258. 

II.  Vomerine  teeth  separate. 

A.  Barbels  much  longer  than  head P.  macronema  p.  259. 

B.  Barbels  much  shorter  than  head. 

a.  Head  6  times,  anal  3]/5  times  in  length  .   .  .  P.  de  Zivaani  p.  260. 

b.  Head    4^3 — 5    times,    anal    3Y-2 — 4    times    in 
length. 

ae.  Maxillary    bai'bels    much    more    than    half 

head,     (see     for    this    species    also    above 

under  I.  A.} P.  pangasius  p.  256. 

|3.  Maxillary  barbels  shorter  than  half  head  .   /'.  niicronema  p.  261. 


256 

i.  Pangasius  nasutus  (Blkr.). 

Pseudopangasius    nasutus    Bleeker,    Versl.    Kon.    Akad.    Wet.    Amsterdam,    XV. 

1862,  p.   72.  —  All.  Ichth.   II.   1862,  p.  76. 
Pangasius  nasiitus  Gunther,  Cat.   Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  63. 

Pangasius  nasutus   Vaillant,    Nouv.    Arch.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.  (3).  V.    1893,  p.   72. 
Pangasius  nasutus  Volz,  Rev.  Suisse  Zool.  XII.    1904,  p.  466. 

B.  9;  D.  II.  7;  A.  29—31;  P.   i.   ii;  V.  6. 

Elongate,  slightly  compressed.  Profile  behind  dorsal  nearly 
straight,  before  dorsal  elevated,  sloping  down  in  a  straight 
line  to  the  broad  prominent,  rounded  snout.  Height  below 
dorsal  about  4,  at  the  origin  of  anal  4!/2 — 5*/2.  Head  4,  soft 
skin  covers  a  rugose  cask.  Eye  about  6,  behind  corner  of 
mouth  and  above  its  level.  Maxillary  barbels  originating  above 
the  corner  of  the  mouth,  in  a  slit  which  is  continued  below 
the  eye;  they  extend  to  the  base  of  the  pectoral  or  not  so  far; 
the  mandibulary  ones  somewhat  shorter.  First  ray  of  dorsal 
much  the  longest,  little  shorter  than  head,  osseous  part  of 
dorsal  spine  conspicuously  shorter,  about  equal  to  head 
without  snout,  very  strong,  compressed,  its  hindborder  with 
strong  teeth.  Adipose  fin  longer  than  eye,  above  the  last  !/3 
of  the  anal,  which  goes  4  times  in  length  and  the  anterior 
rays  of  which  are  equal  to  half  head  in  height.  Ventrals 
reaching  the  anal  or  nearly  so,  outer  rays  the  longer,  more 
than  half  of  head.  Pectorals  equal  to  3/4  of  head,  their  strong, 
flattened  spine  with  the  hindborder  denticulated,  conspicuously 
shorter.  Caudal  deeply  incised  with  the  lobes  pointed.  Villiform 
teeth  in  the  upper  jaw  in  a  broad  slightly  rounded  band, 
band  in  the  lower  jaw  more  curved.  Vomerine  band  of  teeth 
thrice  or  more  than  thrice  broader  than  long,  separated  from 
the  oblong  palatine  patches.  Margaritaceous,  upper  surface  of 
head,  back  and  anterior  part  of  body  darkish.  Fins  reddish, 
dorsal,  pectorals  and  distal  part  of  caudal  dark.  Length  900  mm. 

Nomen  in  dig. :  Patin  (Sumatra). 

Habitat:  Borneo  (river  Barito,  river  Kapuas);  Sumatra 
(river  Kwantan,  Batu  Ridial,  Indragiri,  Batang  Hari,  Djambi!). 

In  rivers. 

2.  Pangasius  pangasius  (Ham.  Buch.). 

Pimelodus  pangasius  Hamilton  Buchanan,  Fishes  of  the  Ganges,  1822,  p.p.  186,  376. 
Pangasius  Buchanani  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons,  XV.  1840,  p.  45. 
Pangasius   djambal  Bleeker,    Nat.    &    Geneesk.    Arch.    Ned.    Ind.  Ill  (2),  1846, 
p.  290.  —  All.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  73. 


257 

Pangasius  ftuchanani  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.   V.   1864,  p.  62. 
Pangasius  djambal  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.   Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  62. 
Pangasius  Buchanani  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°,   1878 — 1888,  p.  470. 

B.  9—io;  D.  i.  6—7;  A.  30—33;  P.   i.   12—13;  V.  6. 

Elongate,  compressed  posteriorly.  Profile  before  dorsal 
slightly  convex.  Snout  slightly  prominent,  obtusely  rounded. 
Height  at  origin  of  anal  42/3 — 5.  Head  4^ — 43/4,  more  or 
less  granulated  above.  Occipital  process  more  than  twice  as 
long  as  wide  at  its  base.  Eye  4 — 6,  rather  inferior,  partly 
below  level  of  corner  of  mouth,  2!/3 — 4  in  the  interorbital 
space,  shorter  than  snout.  Maxillary  barbels  reach  the  base 
of  the  pectorals,  the  mandibulary  barbels  reach  to  the  eye 
or  to  the  operculum.  Soft  dorsal  twice  or  more  than  twice 
as  high  as  long,  its  spine  i!/2 — i1^  in  length  of  head,  strongly 
serrated  behind,  less  so  anteriorly.  Adipose  fin  more  than  twice 
as  high  as  long.  Anal  nearly  3!/2 — 33/4  in  length.  Pectoral 
spine  rather  stronger  than  the  dorsal  one,  equal  to  it  or 
longer  or  shorter.  Ventrals  shorter  than  pectorals.  Caudal 
deeply  forked.  Villiform  teeth  in  rounded  bands  in  the  jaws, 
teeth  on  the  palate  in  4  distinct  patches,  the  two  vomerine 
patches  may  be  confluent  with  each  other  or,  according  to 
Day,  with  the  palatine  patches.  When  in  full  grown  specimens 
the  vomerine  teeth  are  confluent,  they  form  an  oblong,  qua- 
drangular patch,  which  is  more  than  twice  as  broad  as  long. 
Silvery,  back  dark  bluish.  Fins  hyaline,  often  more  or  less 
dusky.  Length  over  1200  mm.  [Not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia,  Krawang,  Tjikao,  Parongkalong).  — 
British  India,  Assam  and  Burma. 

In  rivers  and  estuaries. 

3.  Pangasius  polyuranodon  Blkr. 

Pangasius  polyuranodon  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie,  III.   1852,  p.  425. 
Pangasius  juaro  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie,  III.   1852,  p.   589. 
Pseudopangasius  polyuranodon  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  76. 
Pangasius  juaro  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.    1864,  p.  64. 
Pangasius  polyniranodon  Kner,  Novara-Exp.  Fische,   1865 — 1867,  p.  306. 

B.  7—9;   D.   11.  7;  A.   35—40;   P.    i.    12—13;  v-  6- 

Elongate,     moderately    compressed.    Profile    behind    dorsal 

nearly   straight,    before   the  dorsal  sloping  down  in  a  straight 

line.    Snout    prominent,    broad,    obtusely    rounded.    Anterior 

nostrils  oval,  quite  in  front  of  snout,  posterior  nostrils  at  some 

INDO-AUSTRALIAN    FISHES    II.  17 


258 

distance  behind,  with  an  anterior  lip.  Eye  3!/2  behind  corner 
of  mouth,  about  twice  in  the  convexity  of  the  interorbital 
space,  somewhat  less  in  their  distance  ventrally;  its  lower  half 
below  level  of  mouth,  which  is  subterminal.  Distance  between 
corners  of  mouth  2-2 1J2  in  head.  Height  5-5 '/3»  nead  5V5~5V2» 
covered  by  soft  skin  above.  Maxillary  barbels  originating  at 
the  corner  of  the  mouth,  their  anterior  part  hidden  in  a 
suborbital  slit,  extending  to  the  axil  of  the  pectorals  or  some- 
what farther,  mandibulary  barbels  longer  than  the  eye.  Dorsal 
with  the  first  ray  the  longest,  equal  to  head,  its  spine  with 
a  long  filament,  its  osseous  part  nearly  equal  to  head,  flattened, 
with  the  hindborder  denticulated,  preceded  by  a  broad  but 
very  short  rudimentary  spine.  Adipose  fin  above  the  hindmost 
]/G  of  the  anal,  shorter  than  the  eye.  Anal  nearly  thrice  in 
length,  ventrals  shorter  than  head  without  snout,  not  reaching 
on  anal.  Pectorals  shorter  than  head,  their  strong,  flattened 
spine,  denticulated  at  its  hindborder,  equal  to  head.  Caudal 
deeply  emarginate.  Villiform  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw  in  a 
slightly  curved  band,  those  of  the  lower  jaw  in  a  horseshoe- 
shaped  band.  Vomerine  teeth,  separate  from  the  oblong 
palatine  patches,  in  a  broad  nearly  quadrangular  patch,  the 
greatest  breadth  of  which  is  more  than  x'/j  its  length.  Pearl- 
colored  with  a  silvery  hue,  upper  surface  blackish,  fins  yellowish, 
distal  part  of  dorsal,  ventrals,  pectorals  and  caudal  blackish, 
pectorals  sometimes  entirely  black.  Length  over  500  mm. 

Nomen  indig. :  Ikan  juaro  (Palembang,  Banjuasin). 

Habitat:  Java;  Sumatra  (Palembang!,  Banjuasin);  Borneo 
(rivers  Mahakam,  Barito!,  Kapuas,  Baram,  Limbang).  —  Siam. 

In  rivers. 

4.  Pangasius  nieuwenhuisi  (Popta). 

Neopangasius  Nieuwenhuisii  Popta,  Notes  Leyden  Museum  XXIV.   1904,  p.   180 
and  XXVII.   1906,  p.   30. 

D.    I.    7;    A.    30;    P.    I.    12;    V.    6. 

Height  4,  head  45/G,  covered  by  soft  skin.  Snout  obtuse, 
broad,  rounded,  prominent.  Eye  7<2/3,  situated  behind  te  corner 
of  the  mouth  and  partly  below  it.  Interorbital  space  convex, 
5/7  in  the  length  of  the  head.  Maxillary  barbels  originating 
in  a  slit,  commencing  above  the  angle  of  the  mouth  and 
continued  farther  than  hindborder  of  eye,  the  barbels  nearly 
reaching  base  of  pectoral.  Mandibulary  barbels  3/4  of  the  length 


259 

of  the  maxillary  ones.  Dorsal  equal  to  head,  the  osseous  part 
of  its  spine,  which  is  serrated  behind,  '/5  shorter.  Adipose  fin 
above  the  2ist  or  22™l  anal  ray.  Anal  3!/2  in  length.  Caudal 
deeply  bifurcated,  upper  lobe  longer  and  more  pointed  than 
lower  one.  Ventrals  reaching  third  anal  ray,  equal  to  half 
height  of  body.  Pectorals  a  little  longer  than  dorsal,  their 
spine  also  longer  than  the  dorsal  one,  denticulated  behind. 
Teeth  in  the  jaws  in  bands,  that  of  the  lower  jaw  more 
curved.  Vomerine  and  palatine  teeth  granular,  united  in  a 
large,  rectangular  group,  two  times  broader  than  long,  slightly 
convex  anteriorly,  slightly  concave  posteriorly.  Upper  surface 
dark  violet-brown,  sides  greyish-silver,  belly  yellow.  Fins  red 
with  a  brown-violet  margin.  Length  600  mm.  [After  Popta; 
not  seen  by  us]. 

Nomen  indig. :   a Lawang". 

Habitat:  Borneo  (river  Bo). 

5.  Pangasius  macronema  Blkr. 

Pangasius   macronema   Bleeker,   Nat.   Tijdschr.   Ned.   Indie,   I.    1851,   p.   II.  — 

Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  74. 
Pangasius  macronema  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.  1864,  p.  62. 

B.   10 — ii;  D.  II.  7;   A.  30 — 31;  P.   I.    12;   V.  6. 

Elongate,  compressed,  dorsal  profile  nearly  straight  behind 
dorsal,  sloping  down  in  a  straight  line  before  the  dorsal  to 
the  rounded,  somewhat  pointed,  prominent  snout.  Mouthopening 
narrow,  angular,  slightly  ascending.  Distance  between  corners 
of  mouth  more  than  !/3  of  head.  Height  behind  dorsal  4^/4— 
43/4;  head  5 — 5!/3,  covered  by  soft  skin.  Eyes  2l/3  to  more 
than  3,  situated  behind  the  corner  of  the  mouth,  their  lower 
half  below  a  horizontal  through  the  anterior  part  of  the  gape  of 
the  mouth,  their  dorsal  distance  conspicuously  more  than  the 
ventral  one.  Maxillary  barbels  originating  in  a  slit  above  the 
corner  of  the  mouth,  continued  below  the  eye,  extending 
to  the  end  of  the  pectorals;  mandibulary  ones  somewhat  shorter. 
First  dorsal  ray  much  the  longest,  somewhat  shorter  than 
head,  osseous  part  of  its  spine  equal  to  head  without  snout, 
flattened,  serrated  posteriorly.  Adipose  fin  shorter  than  eye, 
above  the  fourth  !/G  of  the  anal,  about  thrice  in  length,  its 
anterior  rays  much  the  longest,  nearly  equal  to  2/3  length  of 
head.  Caudal  deeply  emarginate.  Ventrals  distant  from  anal, 
equal  to  postorbital  part  of  head.  Pectorals  shorter  than  head, 


260 

their  spine  of  equal  length,  flattened,  its  hindborder  serrated. 
Villiform  teeth  in  the  jaws  in  curved  bands,  on  the  vomer 
in  2  quadrangular  patches,  separated  from  the  oblong  palatine 
patches.  Silvery;  upper  surface  of  head  and  back  blackish,  as  also 
a  band  beginning  at  the  opercle  and  running  along  the  anterior 
third  of  the  lateral  line,  rapidly  diminishing  in  size,  some- 
times continued  as  a  narrow  line  to  the  base  of  caudal.  Fins 
yellowish,  hindborder  of  caudal  dark.  Length  about  180  mm. 

N  o  m  e  n  i  n  d  i  g. :  Rios. 

Habitat:  Java  ?,  Borneo  (Banj ermassin  !). 

In  rivers. 

6.  Pangasius  de  Zwaani  M.  Web.  &  de  Bfrt.  [Fig.  103,  p.  255]. 

Pangasius   de    Zwaani   Max    Weber    &    de    Beaufort,    in    Maass,    Durch    Zentral- 
Sumatra  II.    1912,  Fische  p.   14. 

B.   9;    D.   II.   7;    A.    34;    P.    I.    I3;    V.   6. 

Elongate,  compressed,  dorsal  profile  straight  behind  dorsal, 
before  dorsal  sloping  down  in  a  straight  line  to  the  broad, 
slightly  prominent  snout.  Mouthopening  subterminal,  some- 
what oblique,  curved,  distance  of  corners  of  mouth  slightly 
more  than  twice  in  length  of  head.  Height  nearly  5,  head '6, 
covered  by  smooth  skin.  Eye  slightly  more  than  4,  shorter 
than  snout,  situated  behind  corner  of  mouth,  its  lower  half 
below  the  horizontal  through  that  corner,  totally  below  the 
horizontal  through  the  extremity  of  the  mouth,  more  than 
thrice  in  the  convexity  of  the  interorbital  space,  more  than 
twice  distant  from  each  other  ventrally.  Maxillary  barbels, 
originating  in  a  groove  beginning  behind  corner  of  mouth  and 
hidden  in  its  continuation  nearly  to  the  hindborder  of  the 
eye,  slightly  longer  than  eye,  the  still  weaker  mandibulary 
barbels  2/3  of  eye.  Dorsal  equal  to  head,  osseous  part  of 
its  spine  somewhat  shorter,  its  hindborder  serrated.  Adipose 
fin  shorter  than  eye,  below  posterior  }J3  of  anal,  which  goes 
3'/3  in  length.  Ventrals  extending  on  anal,  nearly  as  long  as 
head  without  snout.  Pectorals  equal  to  head,  their  spine 
slightly  shorter,  with  the  hindborder  denticulated.  Villiform 
teeth  in  rather  narrow  bands  in  the  jaws,  that  of  the  upper 
jaw  slightly,  that  of  the  lower  jaw  strongly  curved.  Vomerine 
and  palatine  teeth  in  4  approximated  patches,  arranged  in  a 
flat  curve.  Whitish,  head,  anterior  part  of  body  and  back 


26 1 

•» 

blackish.  Underside  of  head  and  fins  reddish.  Distal  part  of 
caudal,  ventrals,  pectorals  and  dorsal  blackish.  Marginal  part 
of  anal  with  a  dark  hue.  Length  440  mm. 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Taluk!). 

In  rivers. 

7.  Pangasius  rnicronema  Blkr. 

Pangasius    micronemus    Bleeker,    Verb.    Bat.    Gen.    XXI.  I.    1847,  Nieuwe  Bijdr. 

Silur.  Java,  p.  8. 
Pangasius   rios   Bleeker,    Nat.    Tijdschr.    Ned.    Indie,    II.    1851,  p.  205.  —  Atl. 

Ichth.   II.   1862,  p.   74. 

Pangasius  micronema  Bleeker,  Atl.   Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  75. 
Pangasius  rios  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  63. 
Pangasius  micronema  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.    1864,  p.  63. 
Pangasitis  rios  Vaillant,  Nouv.  Arch.  Mus.   Hist.  Nat.  (3)  V.   1893,  p.   71. 
Pseudolais   tetrancma    Vaillant,  Notes  Leyden  Mus.  XXIV.   1902,  p.  29.  (young 

specimen,  type  examined). 
Pangasius  rios  Popta,  Notes  Leyden  Mus.  XXVII.   1906,  p.  28. 

B.  9;  D.  ii.  7;  A.  28—34;  P.   i.   11  —  14;  V.  6. 

Elongate,  compressed,  dorsal  profile  nearly  straight  behind 
dorsal,  sloping  down  in  a  straight  line  before  dorsal  to  the 
blunt,  rounded,  prominent  snout.  Mouthopening  subterminal, 
semicircular,  rather  small.  Distance  between  corners  of  mouth 
about  2 — 2'/2  in  length  of  head.  Height  behind  dorsal  more 
than  4,  head  a  little  more  or  less  than  5,  covered  by  smooth 
skin  above.  Maxillary  barbels  originating  behind  the  corner 
of  the  mouth,  hidden  in  a  slit,  which  is  continued  under  the 
eye,  shorter  than  half  head ;  mandibulary  ones  a  little  less  than 
'/4  of  head.  Eye  4 — 5,  behind  the  corner  of  mouth  and  partly 
below  it,  about  3l/2  times  in  the  very  convex  interorbital 
space,  about  2'/2  times  in  the  ventral  distance.  Osseous  part 
of  dorsal  spine,  which  is  of  moderate  strength  and  serrated 
behind,  somewhat  shorter  than  head  without  snout,  adipose 
fin  about  equal  to  eye,  above  the  beginning  of  the  last  J/3 
of  the  anal.  Anal  33/5 — 4  in  length.  Ventrals  far  distant  from 
anal,  about  half  length  of  head.  Pectorals  scarcely  shorter 
than  head,  their  spine  somewhat  shorter,  serrated  behind. 
Villiform  teeth  in  the  jaws  in  rather  narrow  bands,  that  of 
the  lower  jaw  more  curved.  Teeth  on  vomer  and  palatines 
in  four  longish  patches,  arranged  in  a  crescent.  Margaritaceous, 
upper  surface  dark,  fins  yellowish,  distal  part  of  caudal,  dorsal 
and  sometimes  nearly  the  whole  pectorals  blackish.  Length 
over  500  mm. 


262 

Nomen  indig. :  Wakkal  (Java),  Rios  tjaring  (Banjermassin), 
Lantjang  (Mahakam),  Juara  (Djambi). 

Habitat:  Java  (Surakarta,  Wonogiri,  Kediri !,  Gempol, 
Surabaya!);  Sumatra  (Djambi!);  Borneo  (rivers  Kapuas,  Barito, 
Mahakam !). 

In  rivers. 

Doubtful   species. 

About  Pangasius  delicatissimus  Blkr.,  recorded  by  Bleeker 
in  a  note  on  p.  73,  Atlas  ichthyologique  II,  1862,  from 
Krawang,  Java,  nothing  else  is  known  besides  his  very  short 
description  after  a  drawing,  made  by  an  artist  of  the  former 
^Commission  for  natural  history  research  in  Netherlands  India". 
The  nbandelette  nacree  qui  commence  sur  le  museau,  monte 
vers  la  tempe  et  suit  la  courbure  du  dos  jusque  pres  de  la 
nageoire  caudale"  which  distinguishes  it  according  to  Bleeker 
from  all  other  species  of  Pangasius,  exists,  after  our  obser- 
vation, also  in  P.  macronema. 

6.  Fam.  BAGARIDAE. 

Dorsal  fin  short,  with  a  pungent  spine  and  6 — 7  soft  rays, 
placed  anteriorly  on  the  trunk  in  advance  of  the  ventrals. 
Adipose  fin  equal  to  anal  and  opposite  to  it.  Lower  surface 
of  head  and  abdomen  flat.  Paired  fins  horizontal.  Pectorals 
with  a  pungent  spine.  Ventrals  6-rayed.  Caudal  forked.  Eyes 
subcutaneous.  Anterior  and  posterior  nostrils  placed  close 
together,  a  membranaceous  fold  with  a  short  nasal  barbel 
between  them.  Mouth  transverse  or  crescentic,  at  the  lower 
side  of  the  snout,  the  upper  jaw  being  prominent.  Eight 
barbels,  a  pair  of  small  nasal  ones,  maxillary  pair  with  a  stiff 
base,  a  mandibulary  and  a  mental  pair  in  a  curved  or  trans- 
verse line.  Palate  edentulous.  Small  teeth,  sometimes  mixed 
with  larger  ones,  in  bands  on  the  jaws.  Gillmembranes  con- 
fluent with  the  isthmus  or  free.  5 — 12  branchiostegals. 

Key  to  the  genera. 

I.  A    thoracic   adhesive   apparatus  between  the  pectorals 

composed  of  longitudinal  plaits  of  the  skin Glyptosternum   p.  263. 

II.  No  adhesive  apparatus. 

A.  Head     compressed,    gillmembranes    confluent    with 


skin    of  isthmus.    Mandibulary  and  mental  barbels 

in  a  transverse  series Gagata  p.  268. 

B.  Head    depressed.    Mandibulary   and  mental  barbels 

situated  in  a  curved  line Bagarius  p.  269. 

i.  Glyptosternum  McClelland.  . 

(Me  CLELLAND.  Calcutta  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  II,  p.  584). 
(Glyptothorax  Blyth,  Bleeker). 

Head  rather  depressed  and  covered  with  soft  skin.  Eyes 
small,  subcutaneous,  looking  upward.  Mouth  transverse,  with 
the  upper  jaw  conspicuously  longer.  Nostrils  close  together, 
separated  by  the  short  nasal  barbel.  Maxillary  barbels  very 
broad  at  the  base.  Mandibulary  barbels  behind  level  of  corner 
of  mouth,  the  shorter  mental  ones  between  them.  Short  dorsal 
with  a  pungent  spine  and  6  rays.  Adipose  fin  rather  short, 
above  the  short  anal.  Ventrals  six-rayed,  originating  behind 
or  below  last  dorsal  ray.  Pectorals  horizontal  with  a  strong 
denticulated  spine.  Caudal  forked.  .Between  the  bases  of  the 
pectorals  a  thoracic  adhesive  apparatus,  composed  of  longitu- 
dinal plaits  of  the  skin  ').  Gillopenings  wide.  Palate  edentulous. 
Teeth  of  the  jaws  in  a  villiform  band.  Gillmembranes  confluent 
with  the  skin  of  the  isthmus.  8 — 9  branchiostegals. 

Synopsis    of  the    species. 

A.  Height  5  or  more. 

1.  Caudal  peduncle  nearly  as  long  as  high.  Occi- 
pital process  2  times  longer  than  broad. 

a.  Origin  of  ventrals  far  behind  end  of  base 
of   dorsal  \    distance    between    dorsal    and 
adipose  fin  more  or  less  twice  the  length 

of  the  adipose  fin G.  platypogon  264. 

b.  Ventrals     totally     below    dorsal ;    distance 
between    dorsal    and    adipose    fin    shorter 

than  adipose  fin G.  baramensis  p.  265. 

2.  Caudal    peduncle    more    than    twice   as  long  as 
high.  Occipital  process  3 — 4  times  longer  than 

broad G.  platypogonoides  p.  267. 

B.  Height  4 — 41/2-  Caudal  peduncle  twice  or  less  than 

twice  as  long  as  high G.  majus  p.  267. 


i)  This  apparatus  may  get  indistinct  by  preservation. 


264 


i.  Glyptosternum  platypogon  (C.  V.)  [Fig.   104]. 

Pimelodus  platypogon  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  XV.  1840,  p.  152. 
Pimelodus   cyanochloros   Bleeker,   Verb.   Bat.    Gen.    XXL    I.   1847,  Nieuwe  Bijdr. 

Sil.  Java  p.   n. 

Glyptothorax  platypogon  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  63. 
Glyptosternum  platypogon  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.   187. 
Glyptosternum    Kukenthali    Steindachner,    Abh.    Senckenb.    Nat.    Gesell.    XXV. 

1901,  p.  448  i). 

Glyptothorax  platypogon  Fowler,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phil.  (2)  LVII.  1905^.470. 
Glyptosternum  platypogon  Popta,  Notes  Leyden   Mus.  XXVII.   1906,  p.   79. 


Fig.   104.   Glyptosternum  platypogon  (C.  V.).  The  figure  of  the  anterior  part, 
seen  from  below,  shows  the  thoracic  adhesive  apparatus,  nat.  size. 

B.   8—9;  D.  I.  6;  A.  4.  7—9;  P.  I.   7—10;  V.    I.   5. 

Height  5 — 52/3,  head  3!/2 — 4Ys»  eve  8 — XI-  Snout  half  as 
long  as  head  or  a  little  shorter,  interorbital  space  nearly  as 
long  as  the  distance  of  the  anterior  nostril  from  the  eye, 
nasal  barbel  equal  to  2/3  of  lastnamed  distance.  Maxillary 
barbels  extending  on  the  pectorals,  mandibulary  ones  to  the  end 
of  the  head,  mental  ones  considerably  shorter.  Occipital  process 
about  twice  as  long  as  broad.  Dorsal  about  as  high  as  head 
without  snout,  in  smaller  specimens  higher;  its  spine  in  the 
first  case  longer,  in  the  second  case  much  longer  than  half 
of  the  head.  Distance  of  dorsal  to  adipose  fin,  according  to 
size,  more  or  less  than  twice  the  length  of  lastnamed  fin. 
Anal  lower  than  dorsal.  Ventrals  rounded,  equalling  dorsal 


i)  Glyptosternum  Kukenthali  Steindachner,  from  Baram  river,  Borneo,  is 
probably  an  exeedingly  large  specimen  (267  mm.)  of  G.  platypogon.  See  also 
Fowler  1.  s.  c. 


in  length,  their  origin  far  behind  end  of  base  of  dorsal.  Hind- 
border  of  pectorals  concave,  their  longest  ray  equalling  the 
distance  from  anterior  nostril  to  hindborder  of  operculum, 
their  broad  and  very  strong  pectoral  spine  much  shorter, 
very  strongly  denticulated  at  its  inner  border.  Longest  rays 
of  caudal  as  long  as  or  a  little  shorter  than  head.  Least  height 
of  caudal  peduncle  a  little  shorter  than  its  length.  Gillrakers  8. 
Lighter  or  darker  olivaceous  brown,  often  with  dark  spots 
scattered  over  the  back;  belly,  underside  of  head  and  ventral 
barbels  whitish.  Rayed  fins  of  the  same  colour,  their  base 
and  irregular  peripherical  patches  dark.  Base  of  caudal  dark. 
Length  100  mm.  (G.  kilkenthali  267  mm.). 

Nomen  in  dig. :  Djengal  (Sundan.);  Leleh-gunong  (Batav.) ; 
Pitang  (Javan.);  Senggaringan  (Djocja) ;  Kegkel  (Pangerango). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia,  Buitenzorg!,  Pangerango!,  Tjampea, 
Tjipanas,  Passir  Datar!,  Tjibodas!,  Tjandjur,  Parongkalong, 
Garut!,  Sukabumi !,  Surakarta,  Djocja!,  Malang,  Ngantang, 
Djember!);  Sumatra  (Pajakombo,  Deli!);  Borneo  (Kajan,  Baram, 
Dapor  and  Rijang'rivers). 

In  brooks  and  rivers,  specially  in  mountain  streams. 

2.  Glyptosternum  baramense  (Fowler). 

Akysis    baramensis    Fowler,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  (2)  LVII.   1905,  p.  472. 

D.   I,   I,    5;    A.   II,   6,   II;    P.   I,    5,   II;    V.   I,    5. 

nHead  3!/2;  depth  5!/2;  width  of  head  I J/4  in  its  length; 
depth  of  head  i2/3;  width  of  mouth  2;  length  of  snout  23/4; 
interorbital  space  3;  length  of  depressed  dorsal  i'/G;  of  lower 
caudal  lobe  i;  of  pectoral  I'/ioJ  ventral  i2/3;  least  depth  of 
caudal  peduncle  24/5. 

Body  elongate,  slender,  depressed,  and  greatest  depth  about 
opposite  middle  of  depressed  pectoral.  Caudal  peduncle  com- 
pressed, its  least  depth  about  i2/3  in  its  length  from  posterior 
base  of  adipose  dorsal  fin. 

Head  broad,  depressed,  evenly  convex  above,  and  lower 
portion  more  or  less  flattened.  Breast  flattened.  Snout  produced, 
broad  and  rounded  convexly  in  profile  when  viewed  from 
above.  Eye  small,  superior,  anterior,  and  eyelid  not  developed. 
Mouth  broadly  convex  inferior,  and  in  profile  tip  of  mandible 
would  fall  in  first  2/5  of  space  between  tip  of  snout  and  front 
of 'eye.  A  band  of  fine  teeth  in  each  jaw,  none  on  roof  of 


266 

mouth  or  on  tongue.  Tongue  broad,  smooth  and  little  free 
in  mouth.  Two  large  nasal  cavities  on  side  of  snout  in  front 
of  eye  near  together,  and  nasal  barbel  originating  on  frenum 
between.  Nasal  barbel  about  equal  to  ventral  or  reaching  for 
about  first  2/3  of  length  of  head.  Maxillary  barbel  rather  thick 
at  first  and  reaching  about  first  third  of  depressed  pectoral. 
Outer  mental  barbel  nearly  as  long.  Inner  mental  barbel  a 
little  over  half  length  of  outer.  Interorbital  space  flattened. 
Occipital  process  not  forming  a  complete  bony  bridge  to 
spinous  process  of  dorsal. 

Gill-openings  inferior,  well  separated  by  a  broad  isthmus, 
and  extending  forward  about  opposite  to  eye.  Rakers  about 
1+7,  slender,  pointed,  moderately  long,  and  much  shorter 
than  filaments.  Branchiostegals  7,  upper  clavate. 

Skin  smooth,  on  head  and  along  lateral  line  more  or  less 
papillate,  especially  former  anteriorly.  Lateral  line  complete 
and  median  in  depth  of  body  along  side. 

First  dorsal  inserted  about  first  third  of  total  length  of  fish, 
spine  robust  and  about  3/5  of  its  own  length  when  combined 
with  adipose-like  prolongation,  and  smooth.  When  depressed 
it  reaches  about  3/4  of  space  to  origin  of  adipose  fin.  Adipose 
fin  large,  rather  high,  and  its  base  about  i3/5  in  head.  Anal 
high,  its  origin  a  trifle  in  advance  of  that  of  adipose  fin  and 
when  depressed  its  length  a  little  more  than  that  of  dorsal. 
Pectoral  a  little  longer  than  dorsal,  and  spine  robust  with 
posterior  margin  coarsely  serrate,  with  an  adipose-like  proloa- 
gation.  When  depressed  not  quite  reaching  opposite  posterior 
basal  margin  of  dorsal,  though  beyond  origin  of  ventral. 
Ventral  not  quite  reaching  origin  of  anal.  Vent  well  forward 
or  close  behind  roots  of  ventrals. 

Color  in  arrack  dusky-brown,  forming  about  five  blotches 
transversely  on  body,  and  mostly  above.  First  included  in 
head,  second  below  dorsal,  third  below  adipose  fin,  fourth  on 
caudal  peduncle  at  base  of  caudal  and  fifth  on  caudal  distally. 
These  all  connected  along  middle  of  side  of  body  by  isthmi 
of  same  color.  Dorsal  dusky-brown.  Adipose  fin  largely  dusky- 
brown.  Adipose  fin  largely  dusky-brown.  Caudal  except  as 
noted  whitish,  and  tip  of  each  lobe  same.  Ventral  and  anal 
whitish,  except  a  small  dusky  blotch  on  each  medianly. 
Pectoral  with  spine  whitish,  fin  otherwise  dusky.  Lower  surface 
of  body,  including  head  and  abdomen  principally,  whitish. 


267 

Paler  areas  on  upper  surface  of  body  brownish-white.  Iris 
slaty.  Nasal  and  maxillary  barbels  whitish  mostly,  brownish 
above,  and  mental  barbels  entirely  white". 

Length  ±  47  mm.  [After  Fowler,  not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Borneo  (Baram  river). 

3.  Glyptosternum  platypogonoides  (Blkr.). 

Pimelodus  platypogonoides  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie  IX.   1855,  p.  272. 
Glyptothorax  platypogonoides  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  63. 
Glyptosternum  platypogonoides  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.    1864,  p.   186. 

B.  8—9;    D.  I.  6;    A.   3—4.  9;    P.  I.  9;    V.   I.  5. 

Height  5 — 5]/2,  head  42/5,  eye  8 — u.  Snout  half  as  long  as 
head,  interorbital  space  about  as  long  as  distance  from  eye 
to  posterior  nostril,  nasal  barbels  equal  2/3  of  lastnamed  distance. 
Maxillary  barbels  extending  to  the  pectorals,  mandibulary  ones  as 
long  as  the  head,  mental  ones  much  shorter.  Occipital  process 
3 — 4  times  longer  than  broad.  Height  of  dorsal  about  3/4  of  head, 
the  osseous  part  of  its  spine  2/3  of  head,  in  large  specimens 
somewhat  longer,  weakly  denticulated  behind.  Length  of 
adipose  fin  I — 2  in  its  distance  from  the  dorsal,  according  to 
size  of  specimens.  Anal  distinctly  lower  than  dorsal.  Origin 
of  ventrals  about  below  end  of  base  of  dorsal.  The  pectorals 
longer  than  ventrals,  the  length  of  the  longest  ray  of  pectorals 
equalling  distance  from  anterior  nostril  to  hindborder  of  oper- 
culum,  their  spine  very  broad  and  strong,  strongly  denticulated 
behind,  longer  than  half  head.  Caudal  deeply  forked,  its  longest 
rays  much  longer  than  head.  Lowest  part  of  caudal  peduncle 
equalling  twice  its  length.  Gillrakers  8.  Colour  uniform  brown, 
underside  lighter,  fins  each  with  an  indication  of  a  broad  dark 
band.  Length  120  mm. 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Lahat,  Deli!). 

In  freshwater. 

4.  Glyptosternum  majus  (Blgr.). 

Akysis  major  Boulenger,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (6)  XIII.    1 894,  p.  246  1). 
Glyptosternon  platypogonoides    Vaillant,  Nouv.  Arch.  Museum  Hist.  Nat.  (3)  V. 

1893,  P-  73-  (nee  Blkr.). 
Glyptosternon  Nieuwenhuisi  Vaillant,  Notes  Leyden  Mus.  XXIV.  Nov.  1902,  p.  72. 


i)  See  Tate  Regan,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (8).  VIII.   1911,  p.  563. 


268 

Glyptosternum    laak   Popta,    Notes    Leyden    Mus.    XXIV.  Jan.   1904,  p.   190.  - 

o.  c.  XXVII.   1906,  p.  71. 
Glyptosternum    tiong  Popta,    Notes    Leyden  Mus.  XXIV.  Jan.   1904,  p.    191.   — 

o.  c.  XXVII.   1906,  p.  75. 

D.   I— II.    6;    A.   4.    10— II;     P.   I.   7—9;     V.    I.    5. 

Height  about  4 — 472,  head  32/3  to  about  4,  eye  8'/2 — n, 
situated  about  in  the  middle  of  head,  about  3 — 4  in  the 
interorbital  space.  Nasal  barbels  short,  2 — 2'/2  times  diameter 
of  eye  and  not  reaching  it.  Maxillary  barbels  extending  to  or 
reaching  a  little  farther  than  base  of  pectorals,  mandibulary 
barbels  surpassing  the  gillmembrane,  the  mental  ones  a  little 
shorter.  Occipital  process  3  times  longer  than  broad.  Dorsal 
and  adipose  fin  equally  long.  The  interspace  between  these 
fins  is  about  i!/2 — 2  their  length  and  in  that  interspace  may 
be  visible,  according  to  the  mode  of  preservation,  5 — 6  tubero- 
sities,  corresponding  to  the  end  of  the  dorsal  processes  of  the 
underlying  vertebrae.  The  height  of  dorsal  is  about  °/7  the 
length  of  the  head,  its  spine  is  somewhat  shorter,  the  hind- 
border  of  which  is  more  or  less  denticulated.  Ventrals  shorter 
than  pectorals,  their  origin  below  or  slightly  behind  end  of 
base  of  dorsal.  Pectorals  reaching  to  ventrals  or  nearly  so, 
their  spine  very  large,  flat,  strongly  denticulated  behind,  some- 
what shorter  or  about  as  long  as  the  dorsal.  Axillary  pore 
present.  Caudal  deeply  forked,  about  as  long  as  head.  Least 
part  of  caudal  peduncle  i  !/3 — 2  times  its  length.  Colour  greyish 
or  reddish  marbled  or  clouded  with  brown  or  yellow  and 
freckled  with  black.  Belly  and  underside  of  head  and  hind- 
border  of  fins  yellowish.  Length  144  mm.  [Types  of  Vaillant 
and  Popta  seen  in  Leyden  Museum]. 

Nomen  indig. :  Laak  (riv.  Howong);  Siken  (riv.  Bo);  Tiong 
(riv.  Kajan). 

Habitat:  Borneo  (rivers  Howong,  Bo,  Kajan,  Bluu,  Sebruang, 
Senah,  Tagora  and  Baram). 

In  rivers. 

2.  Gagata  Bleeker. 

(BLEEKER.  Ned.  Tijdschr.  Dierk.  I.  1863,  p.  90). 
(Callomystax  Giinther). 

Compressed.  Mouth  small,  transverse  at  the  lower  side  of 
the  snout.  The  intermaxillaries  and  mandibularies  being  short, 
small.  Upper  surface  of  head  with  sharp  longitudinal  ridges 


269 

H. 

and  covered  by  thin  skin.  Eyes  covered  by  skin.  Nostrils 
close  together,  separated  by  a  nasal  barbel.  Maxillary  barbels 
with  a  broad  basal  membrane  and  proximally  osseous.  The 
4  mandibular  and  mental  barbels  in  a  transverse  line,  close 
behind  the  border  of  the  lower  jaw.  The  short  dorsal  fin  with 
a  strong  spine.  Adipose  fin  of  same  length.  Anal  fin  rather 
short  and  high.  Caudal  fin  deeply  forked.  Ventrals  horizontal, 
6-rayed,  inserted  far  behind  the  origin  of  the  dorsal.  Pectorals 
horizontal  with  a  strong  spine.  No  teeth  on  palate,  those  in 
the  jaw  small  and  villiform.  Gillopenings  separated  by  a  rather 
narrow  isthmus,  with  which  the  gillmembranes  are  confluent. 
5 — 7  branchiostegals. 

i.  Gagata  Schmidt!  Volz. 

Callomystax  Schmidti  Volz,  Revue  Suisse  de  Zool.   XII.   1904,  p.  470. 

D.  I.  6;    A.    13;    P.  I.    10;    V.  6. 

Height  5'/2 — 6'/4,  head  4 — 4!/3,  depressed,  i1^  times  broader 
than  high.  Length  of  occipital  process  equal  to  its  distance 
from  the  anterior  nostril,  about  two.  times  as  long  as  broad. 
No  fonticulus  visible.  Eye  13,  situated  on  the  upperside  of 
the  middle  of  the  head.  Nasal  barbels  a  little  shorter  than  the 
interorbital  space,  maxillary  barbels  extending  to  the  end  of 
the  head  or  a  little  farther.  Mandibulary  barbels  half  the 
mentals,  about  ]J3  of  the  length  of  the  maxillary  ones.  Height 
of  dorsal  fin  more  than  height  of  head.  Dorsal  spine  !/s  lower. 
Its  front  and  hindborder  dentated,  with  exception  of  its  upper- 
part.  Distance  of  adipose  fin  from  dorsal  2!/3  times  its  length. 
Pectorals  longer  than  ventrals,  equal  to  head,  their  spine 
curved,  flat,  stronger  than  but  as  long  as  the  dorsal  one,  its 
hindborder  with  strong  teeth.  Lower  lobe  of  caudal  the  longer. 
A  conspicuous  lateral  line.  Uniform  grey  brown,  fins  some- 
what lighter.  Rays  of  dorsal  darker  in  their  median  part. 
Length  100  mm.  [After  Volz,  riot  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Simbolan  hills,   1400  M.  high). 

3.  Bagarius  Bleeker. 
(BLEEKER,  Verb.  Bat.  Gen.  XXV.   1853,  Nalez.  Ichth.  Bengalen,  p.   121). 

Head  depressed,  its  upper  surface  naked  and  osseous.  Mouth 
crescentic,  with  the  upper  jaw  strongly  projecting.  Nostrils 
close  together,  separated  by  a  membranaceous  fold  with  a 


2/O 

very  short  nasal  barbel.  Maxillary  barbels  very  broad,  acutely 
tapering  behind,  the  much  shorter  mandibulary  ones  before 
corner  of  mouth;  they  are  slender  and  flattened  as  also 
the  still  shorter  mental  ones,  which  are  situated  before  and 
between  them.  No  free  orbital  margin.  Eyes  superior.  Dorsal 
6-rayed  with  a  strong,  pungent  spine.  Adipose  fin  above  short 
anal  and  equal  to  it.  Ventrals  6-rayed  and  originating  behind 
dorsal.  Pectorals  with  a  flattened,  strong,  pungent  spine.  Dorsal 
and  pectoral  spines  as  well  as  the  lobes  of  the  deeply  forked 
caudal,  produced  into  long  filaments.  No  thoracic  adhesive 
apparatus.  In  the  upper  jaw  a  broad  crescentic  band  of 
unequal  teeth,  the  band  in  the  lower  jaw  much  narrower 
and  with  a  series  of  strong,  curved  teeth.  All  the  teeth  are 
depressible.  Palate  edentulous.  Gillopening  wide.  Gillmem- 
branes  anteriorly  united,  deeply  emarginate,  free  from  isthmus. 
Branchiostegals  12. 


Fig.   105.  Bagar'nis  bagarius  (Ham.  Buch.).  X  !/4- 


i.  Bagarius  bagarius  (Ham.  Buch.). 

Pimelodus  bagarius  Hamilton  Buchanan,  Fishes  Ganges,   1822,  p.    186,  378. 
Bagarius    Yartlli  Sykes,  Trans.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  II.   1841,  p.  370. 
Bagarius   Buchanani   Bleeker,   Verb.   Bat.  Gen.  XXV.   1853,  Nalez.  ichth.  Ben- 

galen,   p.    121.   -  -   Ichth.    Arch.    Ind.   Prodr.   I  Siluri.   1858,  p.  212.  —  Atl. 

Ichth.  II.  1862,  p.  61. 

Bagarius  yartllii  Giinther,  Cat.   Brit.   Mas.  V.   1864,  p.   183. 
Bagarius    Yarrellii  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1878—1888,  p.  495. 
Bagarius   lica    Volz,   Zool.    Anz.    XXVI.    1903,    p.    557.    —  Zool.  Jahrb.  Abth. 

Syst.  XIX.  1903,  p.  391. 


2/1 

Bagarius     Nieuu'cnhuisii    Popta,    Notes    Leyden    Museum,    XXIV.    Jan.    1904. 

p.   190  and  XXVII.   1906.  p.  66. 
Bagarius  bagarius  Max  Weber  &  de  Beaufort,  in  Maass  BDurch  Zentral- Sumatra" 

Bd.  II.   1912,  Fische  p.    16. 

B.    12;     D.    I.    6;    A.    12—15;    P.   I.    12;    V.   6. 

Height  5—7.  Head  3!/3— 3!/2-  E7e  small,  situated  in  the 
beginning  of  the  posterior  half  of  the  head.  Maxillary  barbels 
reaching  on  pectorals  or  not  so  far.  Dorsal  spine  nearly  equal 
to  snout  and  eye,  about  as  long  as  the  pectoral  spine,  the 
hindborder  of  which  is  strongly  denticulated.  Greyish  or 
yellowish,  with  large,  irregular  black  bands  and  markings.  All 
the  fins  with  a  black  base  and  a  black  intermarginal  band  or 
black  spots.  A  nearly  uniformly  coloured  variety  has  been 
described  as  B.  nieitwenhuisii.  Length  more  than  2000  mm. 

Nomen  indig. :  Kelaling  (Javan.j,  Lika  (Sundan.,  Malay.}, 
keto,  keto  lawang,  keto  langit  (Mahakam). 

Habitat:  Java  (Parongkalong,  Trogon,  Surakarta);  Sumatra 
(rivers  Musi  and  Kwantan !) ;  Borneo  (rivers  Mahakam  and 
Kapuas).  —  Burma,  Tonkin,  British  India. 

In  rivers,  descending  to  estuaries. 


7.  Fam.  ARIIDAE. 

Dorsal  fin  short,  with  a  pungent  spine  placed  anteriorly 
between  pectorals  and  ventrals,  which  have  6  rays.  Adipose 
fin  shorter  than  dorsal,  opposite  to  anal,  which  has  14 — 26 
rays.  Pectorals  lateral,  rather  low  down,  with  a  pungent 
spine.  Caudal  forked.  Head  more  or  less  depressed  or  conical, 
covered  by  skin  or  with  the  headshields  conspicuous.  Nostrils 
close  together,  the  posterior  with  a  valve  but  without  a  barbel. 
Generally  maxillary,  mandibulary  and  mental  barbels,  or  only 
the  maxillary  or  only  the  mandibulary  ones  are  present.  Eyes 
sometimes  subcutaneous,  in  most  cases  with  a  free  orbital 
margin.  Mouth  wide  or  narrow,  transverse  or  crescentic,  at 
the  lower  side  of  the  snout,  the  upper  jaw  more  or  less 
prominent.  Teeth  on  palate  villiform,  conical,  granular  or 
absent;  in  the  jaws  villiform,  conical  or  incisor-like,  in  one  or 
more  series,  in  bands  or  in  patches.  Gillmembranes  united 
and  connected  with  isthmus.  Branchiostegal  rays  5 — 9. 


2/2 

Artificial   key   to   the  genera. 

I.  Maxillary  and  mandibulary  barbels  present. 

1.  Teeth  on  palate  present Arius  p.  272. 

2.  Palate  edentulous. 

a.  Mouth    wide,   reaching   behind    eye.    Closely 
set    incisor-like    teeth    in  a   single   series  in 

the  jaws JCetengus  p.  317. 

b.  Mouth  narrow,  ending  before  eye.  No  incisor- 
like  teeth  in  the  jaws. 

oc.  A  narrow  patch  of  conical  teeth,  few  in 
number,  on  each  side  of  the  jaws.  8  short 
gillrakers.  Gillmembranes  with  free  poste- 
rior margin Tetranesodon  p.  318. 

/3.  Minute  teeth  in  I  or  2  series  in  the  jaws. 
More  than  30  long  gillrakers.  Gillmem- 
branes totally  confluent  with  skin  of  isth- 
mus, without  free  posterior  margin  ....  Nedystoma  p.  320. 
y.  Bands  of  villiform  teeth  in  the  jaws.  Gill- 
rakers short,  few  or  moderate  in  number. 

Gillmembranes  with  free  posterior  margin.  Hemipimelodus  p.  322. 
II.  Only    a    pair    of   stiff,    osseous,    maxillary   barbels 

present Osteogeneiosus  p.  329. 

III.  Only  a  pair  of  small  mandibulary  barbels  developed  Batrachocephalus  p.  331. 

I.  Arius  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes. 
(CUVIER  &  VALENCIENNES,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  XV.  1840,  p.  53). 

Elongate,  posteriorly  compressed.  Head  dorsally  with  more 
or  less  granular  or  rugose  osseous  shields.  Occipital  process 
touching  the  basal  bone  of  the  dorsal  spine.  Upper  jaw 
projecting  before  moderate  or  large  transverse  or  arcuate 
mouth,  wich  has  thin  lips.  Nostrils  close  together,  the  posterior 
with  a  valve,  situated  superiorly  near  the  frontborder  of  the 
snout.  Eyes  lateral  or  slightly  directed  upward,  with  a  free 
orbital  margin.  A  pair  of  maxillary,  mandibulary  and  mental 
barbels.  A  short  dorsal  with  7  rays  and  a  pungent  spine, 
situated  between  pectorals  and  ventrals.  Adipose  fin  short  or 
of  moderate  length,  opposite  to  short  anal.  Pectorals  with  a 
pungent  spine.  Caudal  forked,  with  rounded  or  acute  lobes. 
Teeth  in  the  jaws  in  bands,  on  the  palate  villiform,  granular 


2/3 

or  conical  in  one,  two  or  three  groups  on  each  side.  Gill- 
membranes  united,  connected  with  the  isthmus  but  with  a 
free  posterior  margin.  5 — 9  branchiostegals. 


Fig.   1 06.  Arius  thalassinus  (RUpp.). 

Synopsis    of  the   species. 

I.  Teeth  on  the  palate  granular. 

A.  Teeth  in  four  groups  (the  anterior  groups  some- 
times rudimentary).  (Ariodes  Blkr.). 

1.  posterior    patches  in  a  broad  oval,  conver- 
ging behind. 

a.  anterior  patches  well  developed,  sides  of 

occipital  process  convex A.  crossocheilus  p.   276. 

b.  anterior    patches    rudimentary    or  nearly 
wanting,  sides  of  occipital  process  straight. 

a.  head  3  times  in  length A.  macrocephalus  p.  277. 

/3.  head  more  than  3  times  in  length.  .  A.  argyropleuron  p.   278. 

2.  posterior  patches  in  a  narrow  oval,  parallel 
or  diverging  behind. 

a.  parallel,  occipital  process  with  irregular 
convex   sideborders,  its  hinderhalf  trian- 
gular   A.  polystaphylodon   p.  280. 

b.  diverging  behind. 

K.  occipital  process  oval A.    leiotetocephalns   p.  282. 

INDO- AUSTRALIAN  FISHES  II.  18 


/9.  occipital  process  triangular  with  straight 

sideborders A.  goniaspis  p.  283. 

B.  Teeth  in  two  groups  J).  (Pseudarins  Blkr.). 

1.  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw  in  a  band,  at  least 

6  times  as  long  as  broad A.  maculatus  p.   284. 

2.  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw  in  a  band,  3  times 

as  long  as  broad 4.  microcephahis  p.  285. 

II.  Teeth  on  the  palate  villiform,  or  conical  and  pointed. 

A.  Teeth  in  three  groups  on  each  side,  forming  a 
large  triangular  patch  with  the  base  anteriorly 

(Netuma  Blkr.) A.  thalassinus  p.  286. 

B.  Teeth  in  two  groups  on  each  side  in  a  transverse 
row.  (Hexanematichthys  -f-  Hemiarius  Blkr.). 

1.  outer     groups    triangular    with    emarginate 
hindborder,    greatly    exceeding    in    size    the 

very  small  contiguous  inner  groups A.  gagorides  p.  288. 

2.  outer    groups  rounded  or  oval,  larger  than 
fhe  inner  groups  which  are  generally  distant. 

a.  occipital  process  hemispherically  rounded  A.  sagor  p.   289. 
l>.   occipital  process  more  or  less  triangular. 
a.  base    of   adipose  fin  longer  than  that 
of  dorsal,  twice  or  less  in  its  distance 
from  that  fin. 
a'.  Dorsal  spine  as  long  as  head  from 

nostrils A.  stormi  p.  291. 

(3'.  Dorsal  spine  as  long  as  postorbital 
part  of  head  2). 

a1.  Head  4~42/3  in  length.  Pectoral 
spine  as  long  as  head  without 

snout,  longer  than  dorsal  spine  A.  carinattts  p.  292. 

£'.  Head    3    in    length.    Pectoral 

spine    shorter    than  half  head 

and  shorter  than  dorsal  spine. 

a2,  eye  Q1^'11'^  in  head,  base 

of   occipital    process  2/3  of 

its  length A.  nudidens  p.  294. 

<5'2.  eye    6'/4,   base  of  occipital 


1)  In   using  this  table   one   ought   to  remember  that  in  some  cases  the  anterior  patches  of  teeth 
on  the  palate  may  be  rudimentary  or  the  teeth  nearly  wanting,  with  the  result  that  there  seem  to 
be  only  two  patches  in  all. 

2)  In  young  specimens  of  A.  iiudidens  the  dorsal  spine  is  i  eye-diameter  longer. 


2/5 

/3.  base  of  adipose  fin  shorter  than  that 

of   dorsal,    more    than  2  times  in  its 

distance  from  that  fin. 

at.  teeth    on    palate    in    a   continuous 

row     of   square    patches    without 

median  interspace A.  latirostris  p.  296. 

/3'.  teeth  on  palate  in  a  row  of  4 
patches,  the  median  ones  being 
separated  by  an  interspace  at  least 
half  their  length. 
a1.  Dorsal  spine  much  longer  than 
that  of  P.  and  as  long  as  head 

from  nostrils A.  stirlingi  p.  297. 

b*.  Dorsal  spine  equal  to  or  shorter 
than  that  of  P.  and  at  most  as 
long  as  head  without  snout. 
a2,  adipose  fin  about  5  times  in 
its  distance  from  dorsal,  op- 
posite to  hinderhalf  of  anal  A.  danielsi  p.  300. 
/A    adipose  fin  21/.2~4  times,  in  its 
distance   from  dorsal,  above 
anterior   half   or    middle    of 
anal. 

a3,  occipital  process  with  the 
sideborders  slightly  conver- 
ging, nearly  parallel.  9  gill- 
rakers  A.  acrocephalus  p.  302. 

b*.  occipital  process  triangular, 
with  the  sideborders  con- 
spicuously converging.  12 

gillrakers A.  leptaspis  p.  303. 

C.  Teeth  in  one  group  on  each  side. 

1.  median    fontanel  on  upper  surface  of  head 
posteriorly    broad,    heart-shaped,     with    a 
smaller    ovate    one    on    each    side.    Hind- 
border    of  dorsal  spine  with  the  dentation 

partly  directed  upward.  (Cephalocassis  Blkr.)  A.  melanochir  p.  305. 

2.  median  fontanel  not  broadened  posteriorly. 
(Arius  Blkr.). 

a.  teeth    on    palate   in  a  pearshaped  patch 
with  the  points  directed  backwards,  the 

long  axes  converging  backwards A.  I eptonot  acanthus  p.  306. 

b.  teeth    on    palate    in    ovate    patches,    the 


276 

long    axes    of  which    converge  more  or 

less  anteriorly. 

a.  patches    implanted   upon    a   movable 

cushion  J) A.  froggatti  p.  307. 

|3.  patches  not  movable. 

a' .  long    axes    of  patches,   which  are 
slightly    longer    than  broad,  meet 

anteriorly  in  an  acute  angle  .  .  .  A.  truncatus  p.   308. 
/3'.  ovate    patches    twice    as    long   as 
broad,    their    long    axes    meeting 

anteriorly  in  a  very  blunt  angle .  A.  macronotacanthus  p.  309. 
c.   teeth  on  palate  in  more  or  less  triangular 
patches,   the   base  of  which  is  directed 
anteriorly. 
K.  headshields    granular,   pectoral  spine 

shorter  than  that  of  the  dorsal  .   .  .  A.  coelatus  p.  310. 
|3.  headshields    smooth     or    nearly    so, 
pectoral  spine  as  long  as  that  of  the 
dorsal. 

a',  head  3!/4 — 3^2,  dorsal  spine  shor- 
ter than  head  without  snout,  eye 

about  5 A.  utik  p.  312. 

|3'.  head  3^3,  dorsal  spine  longer  than 

head  without  snout,  eye  8 — 9.  .  A.  doriae  p.  313. 
y'.   head  about  4,  dorsal  spine  equal 

to  head  from  nostril,  eye  4-4V-2  ^-  venosus  p.  314. 

i.  Arius  crossocheilus  Blkr. 

Arius  crossocheilos  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).  1846,  p.  137. 
Arius  tonggol  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).  1846,  p.  292. 
Ariodes  tonggol  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prod.  I  Siluri,  1858,  p.  83.  —  Atl. 

Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  39. 
Arius  tonggol  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.   164. 

B.   6;    D.   I.   7;    A.    18;    P.   I.    II;    V.   6. 

Elongate,  height  about  5,  head  3'/2,  much  broader  than 
high,  its  width  about  2/3  of  its  length.  Headshields  with  radiat- 
ing roughened  or  granulated  lines.  The  granulated  occipital 
process  is  triangular,  somewhat  longer  than  broad  at  its  base, 
elevated  mesially  and  less  than  twice  as  long  as  broad  in  its 
middle,  its  sides  convex,  the  narrow  hindborder  touches  the 
granulated  narrow  basal  bone  of  the  dorsal,  which  has  wing- 

i)  according  to  J.  Douglas  Ogilby. 


277 


Fig.  107.  Arius  crosso- 


like  extremities.  When  young  the  occipital  process  is  strongly 
carinated  and  narrow.  The  median  fontanel  begins  on  the 
snout,  ends  before  the  occipital  process  and  is  broadest  in 
the  middle.  Dorsal  profile  sloping  down  in  a  straight  line  to 
the  somewhat  conical,  rounded,  slightly  prominent  snout.  Eyes 
with  a  free  orbital  margin,  5 — 6,  situated 
about  in  the  middle  of  the  head,  in  young 
less  than  twice,  in  full  grown  specimens 
more  than  twice  in  the  snout,  nearly  3 
times  in  the  interorbital  space.  The  maxillary 
barbels  extend  on  pectorals  in  young,  in 
old  specimens  not  quite  to  base  of  pectorals ; 
mandibulary  ones  to  hindborder  of  gillmem- 
branes,  mental  ones  not  so  far.  Height  of  dorsal 
more  than  2/3  of  head ;  dorsal  spine  nearly  equal 
to  head  without  snout,  its  frontborder  granu- 
lar and  serrated  at  the  top  as  also  the  whole 
hindborder.  Adipose  fin  small,  its  base  much 
less  than  that  of  soft  dorsal,  5  to  more  cheilus .  Blkr'  Tefth  / 

upper  jaw  and  palate  '/i. 

than  6  times  in  its  distance  from  dorsal. 
Anal  concave.  Ventrals  distant  from  origin  of  anal,  much 
shorter  than  pectorals,  the  length  of  which  is  equal  to  head 
without  snout;  pectoral  spine  flattened,  serrated  at  both  sides, 
stronger  than  and  as  long  as  the  dorsal  one.  Sharp  villiform 
teeth  in  the  jaws  in  an  arcuate  band;  those  on  the  palate 
globular,  in  4  separate  patches :  two  small  ones  widely  separate 
anteriorly,  2  large  pearshaped  ones  posteriorly,  their  long  axis 
converging  behind.  About  9  stiff,  somewhat  flattened  gillrakers, 
much  shorter  than  branchial  filaments.  Bluish  brown  above, 
silvery  white  below,  fins  yellowish  with  more  or  less  distinct 
dusky  margins.  Length  375  mm. 

Nomen  indig. :  Ikan  manjong  utik  (Malay.  Batav.). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia);  Sumatra  (Padang,  Trussan);  Bin- 
tang;  Banka;  Celebes  (Bay  of  Boni!).  Philippines. 

In  sea. 

2.  Arius  macrocephalus  Blkr. 

Arius    macrocephalus    Bleeker,    Nat.    &    Geneesk.    Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).   1846, 

p.   167,  ibid.  p.  287. 
Ariodes  macrocephalus  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I  Siluri,  1858,  p.  85.  - 

Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  39. 
Arius  macrocephalus  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.   165. 


2/8 

B.   6;    D.   I.   7;    A.    20—21;    P.   I.    II;    V.   6. 

Elongate,  height  5,  head  3  or  a  little  less,  much  broader 
than  high,  its  width  is  3/5  of  its  length.  Occipital  process 
carinated,  longer  than  broad,  somewhat  triangular,  its  lateral 
margins  nearly  straight,  about  twice  longer  than  broad  in  its 
middle,  its  hindmargin  broad,  touching  the  narrow  crescentic 
basal  bone  of  the  dorsal,  both  irregularly  granulated,  a  few 
granulations  also  on  the  occipital  bone.  Median  fontanel  be- 
ginning behind  snout  and  ending  before  the  occipital  process, 
broadest  in  the  middle.  Dorsal  profile  sloping  down  very 
slightly  to  the  bluntly  rounded,  prominent  snout,  with  a  very 
feeble  convexity.  Eyes  with  a  free  orbital  margin,  6'/2 — 7> 
situated  slightly  before  the  middle  of  the  head,  22/3  in  snout, 
3  times  in  the  convex  interorbital  space.  Maxillary  barbels 
nearly  reach  the  hindborder  of  the  head,  mandibulary  barbels 
extending  to  gillmembrane,  mental  ones  not  so  far.  Height  of 
dorsal  equal  to  head  without  postorbital  part,  its  spine  i1/^ — 13/5 
in  head,  granulated  in  front,  weakly  serrated  behind.  Adipose 
fin  very  small,  its  base  much  less  than  that  of  the  dorsal  and 
about  4!/2  times  in  its  distance  from  that  fin.  Ventrals  do  not 
reach  anal  and  are  much  shorter  than  pectorals,  the  length 
of  which  is  nearly  equal  to  the  head  without  snout,  their 
flattened  spine  somewhat  shorter,  its  frontborder  corrugated, 
denticulated  distally,  as  is  also  its  hindborder.  10  short,  stout 
gillrakers.  Villiform  teeth  in  an  arcuate  band  in  the  jaws, 
granular  teeth  far  backward  on  the  palate  in  two  oval  patches, 
the  long  axis  of  which  converge  hindward.  Two  small  patches 
in  front  on  the  palate,  reduced  to  a  few  small  teeth  or  even 
wanting.  Brownish  above,  silvery  white  below.  Fins  hyaline, 
adipose  fin  with  a  black  spot.  Length  401  mm.  [One  of 
Bleeker's  specimens  examined  in  the  Leyden  Museum]. 

Nomen  in  dig. :  Manjong  utik  (Malay.  Batav.). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia,  Penandjung  Bay!). 

In  sea. 

3.  Arius  argyropleuron  C.  V. 

Arius  argyropleuron  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  XV.  1840,  p.  104. 
Arius  acutus   Bleeker,    Nat.    &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).   1846,  p.   167. 
Arius  Hamiltonis  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).  1846^.291. 
Arius  argyropleuron  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I  Siluri,   1858,  p.  86. 
Ariodes  argyropleuron  Bleeker,  All.  Ichth.  II.   1864,  p.  40. 
Arius  argyropleuron  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.    164. 


279 

?  Arius  argyropleuron    Steindachner,    Sitzber.    Akad.  Wien  LVII.   1868,  p.   1003. 
Tachys^^rus  argyropleuron    Fowler,    Proc.    Acad.  Nat.   Sci.  Phil.  (2)  LVII.   1905, 

p.  462. 
Aritis  argyropleuron  Scale,  Philippine  Journ.  Science  V.   1910,  p.  266. 

B.  6;    D.  I.  7;    A.   19—20;    P.  I.   ii;    V.  6. 

Elongate,  height  43/4— 5,  head  31/a,  much  broader  than 
high,  its  width  about  2/3  of  its  length.  Headshields  with 
roughened  and  granulated  lines.  Occipital  process  carinate  in 
young  specimens,  longer  than  broad,  its  lateral  margins  straight, 
twice  or  more  than  twice  longer  than  broad  in  its  middle, 
touching  the  basal  bone  of  the  dorsal,  which  has  winglike 


Fig.   1 08.  Arius  argyropleuron  C.  V.  X  l1/4- 


Fig.  109.  Arius  argyro- 
pleuron C.V.  Teeth  of  upper 
jaw  and  palate  X  2l/4- 


extremities.  Median  fontanel  beginning  at  snout  and  ending 
before  the  occipital  process,  broadest  in  the  middle.  Dorsal 
profile  sloping  down  in  an  almost  straight  line  to  the  bluntly 
rounded  conical,  slightly  prominent  snout.  Eyes  with  a  free  orbital 
margin,  4!/2 — 7,  situated  about  in  the  middle  of  the  head,  about  2 
times  in  snout.  The  maxillary  barbels  extend  on  the  pectorals 
or  not  quite  so  far,  mandibulary  barbels  somewhat  shorter, 
mental  ones  reaching  to  gillmembrane.  Height  of  dorsal  more 
than  2/3  of  head,  its  spine  rather  weak,  equal  to  head  without 
snout,  slightly  denticulated  at  the  top  of  its  frontborder  and 
along  the  whole  of  its  hindborder.  Adipose  fin  small,  its  base 


280 

much  less  than  that  of  the  soft  dorsal  and  about  4!/2  times 
in  its  distance  from  that  fin.  Ventrals  do  not  reach  anal  and 
are  much  shorter  than  pectorals,  the  length  of  which  is  about 
equal  to  head  without  snout,  its  flattened  spine  somewhat 
shorter  and  stronger  than  that  of  the  dorsal.  7 — 8  stout,  short 
gillrakers.  Villiform  teeth  in  an  arcuate  band  in  the  jaws, 
granular  teeth  far  back  on  the  palate  in  2  oval  patches,  the 
long  axes  of  which  converge  hindward.  Two  small  patches 
in  front  on  the  palate,  reduced  to  a  few  small  teeth  or  even 
wanting.  Brownish  above,  whitish  below.  Outer  half  of  fins 
dusky.  Length  460  mm. 

Nomen  indig. :  Ikan  manjong  (Malay.  Batav.). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia) ;  Sumatra  (Moara  Kompeh,  Bagan 
api  api !) ;  Borneo  (rivers  Kapuas  and  Baram,  Balikpapan !, 
Sandakan). 

In  sea,  estuaries  and  rivers. 

4.  Arius  polystaphylodon  Blkr. 

Arius  polystaphylodon   Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).  1846, 

p.   172. 
Ariodes  polystaphylodon  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri  1858,  p.  90.  — 

All.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  41. 

Arius  polystaphylodon  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.   166. 
Aritis  polystaphylodon  Max  Weber,  Siboga-Exp.  Fische,  1913,  p.  28. 

B.  6;    D.  I.  7;   A.   15—17;    P.  I.   12. 

Elongate,  height  5,  head  about  3!/2,  higher  than  broad,  its 
width  i*/2  in  its  length.  Hindpart  of  head  rugous  and  some- 
what granulate.  Occipital  process  keeled,  strongly  elevated 
transversally,  with  rough  and  strong  granulations,  oblong;  its 
margins  irregularly  convex  in  such  a  way  that  the  hinder  2/3 
of  the  process  forms  a  more  or  less  triangular  shield;  the 
truncate  hindborder  touches  the  basal  bone  of  the  dorsal  spine, 
which  bone  has  winglike  lateral  extremities.  The  broad  median 
fontanel  begins  near  the  extremity  of  the  snout,  bordered  in 
its  anterior  half  by  2  posteriorly  divergent  narrow  bony  crests, 
in  its  posterior  half,  which  is  narrowed  to  a  mere  slit,  it  is 
bordered  by  two  broad,  rounded  crests,  convergent  to  the  base 
of  the  occipital  process.  Humeral  process  rather  long,  triangular, 
pointed  and  rugous.  Dorsal  profile  sloping  slightly  down,  with  a 
convexity  above  the  opercles,  to  the  somewhat  pointed,  slightly 
prominent  snout,  the  frontborder  of  which  is  rounded.  Eye6'/2> 


281 


its  greater  part  in  the  first  half  of  the  head,  with  a  free  orbital 
margin,  more  than  3  times  in  the  interorbital  space.  Maxillary 
barbels  I  */2  in  head,  relatively  longer  in  small  specimens, 
mandibulary  ones  2!/s  in  head,  mental  ones  still  shorter.  Height 
of  dorsal  at  least  as  long  as  head  without  snout,  its  spine  of 
equal  length,  granulate  in  front,  serrated  behind.  Base  of 
short  adipose  fin  nearly  half  the  length  of  that  of  the  dorsal, 
about  7  times  in  its  distance  from  it,  situated  above  anal, 
which  is  not  much  longer  than  dorsal.  Height  of  anal  about 
equal  to  the  length  of  the  ventrals,  which  don't  reach  the  anal. 


Fig.   no.  Arius  polystaphylodon  Blkr.  X  Va- 


Fig.  in.  Arius  poly - 
tfaphylodon  Blkr.  Teeth  of 
upper  jaw  and  palate  '/!• 


Pectorals  equal  to  height  of  dorsal,  their  spine  as  long  as  or  a 
little  longer  than  the  dorsal  one,  flattened,  with  the  frontborder 
granular,  the  hindborder  strongly  serrated.  Caudal  deeply  incised. 
Villiform  teeth  in  the  jaws,  those  on  the  palate  obtusely 
conical  in  two  small,  oval,  widely  separate  anterior  patches; 
far  behind  them  two  long,  narrow,  oval  patches,  strongly  narr- 
owing behind,  with  the  long  axis  parallel.  9  short,  stiff  gill- 
rakers,  half  as  long  as  branchial  filaments  and  shorter  than 
half  eye.  Greyish  brown  above,  silvery  below,  fins  dusky. 
Length  340  mm. 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia);  Sumatra  (Moara  Kompeh);  Singa- 
pore; Celebes  (Macassar!). 

In  sea,  estuaries  and  rivers. 


282 


5.  Arius  leiotetocephalus  Blkr. 

Arius   leiotetocephalus   Bleeker,    Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).   1846, 

p.  292. 

Arius  Meyenii  Miiller  &  Troschel,  Horae  Ichth.  III.   1849,  P-  9- 
Ariodes   leiocephalus   Bleeker,   Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I  Siluri,  1858,  p.  88.  — 

Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  40. 
Arius  liocephalus  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.   165. 

B.  6;  D.  i.  7;  A.  15—17;  P.  1. 12— 1.13;  V.  6. 
Elongate,  height  42/3— S1/^  head  31/5— 32/3>  broader  than 
high,  its  width  about  i1^  in  its  length,  nearly  smooth  above; 
occipital  process  granular,  smooth  in  young  specimens,  ovate, 
!2/5  times  longer  than  broad,  mesially  with  a  longitudinal 
elevation,  touching  the  short  and  narrow  basal  bone  of  dorsal 
spine.  A  narrow  median  fontanel  ending  before  the  occipital 
process  reaching  to  the  snout.  Dorsal  profile  sloping  down  to 
the  conical  rounded,  slightly  prominent  snout.  Humeral  process 
triangular,  smooth.  Eye  7  (in  a  specimen  of  315  mm.),  with 
a  free  orbital  margin,  situated  in  the  middle  of  the  head, 
more  than  3  times  in  the  interorbital  space.  Maxillary  barbels 
reaching  hindborder  of  gillmembrane,  mandibulary  barbels  not 
so  far,  mental  ones  still  shorter.  Dorsal  fin  about  as  high  as 
body,  its  strong  spine  granulated  anteriorly,  posteriorly  nearly 
smooth,  2/3  or  3/4  of  the  length  of  the  head.  Adipose  fin  small, 
its  base  about  */2  of  that  of  the  soft  dorsal  and  more  than 
6  times  in  its  distance  from  that  fin,  above  the  posterior  half 
of  the  anal,  the  free  border  of  which  is  concave. 
Ventrals  extending  to  the  origin  of  the  anal,  !/3 
of  length  of  pectorals,  which  are  about  as  long 
as  head  without  snout,  their  flattened  spine 
serrated  on  both  sides,  about  as  long  that  of 
the  dorsal.  Caudal  deeply  incised,  its  lobes 
pointed.  Teeth  in  the  jaws  in  a  villiform, 
arcuate  band,  on  the  palate  granular,  in  2  small, 
widely  separate  anterior  patches  and  in  two 
long,  oval  posterior  ones,  which  posteriorly  end 
in  two  narrow  diverging  points.  a  stiff,  flattened 

Fig.    112.     Anus 

leiotetocephalus  Blkr.  short  gillrakers.  Brownish  dark  above,  whitish 
Teeth  of  upper  jaw  below.  Fins  yellowish,  dorsal  with  a  dark  point. 

and  palate  */..  T  ,. 

Length  to  470  mm. 
Nomen  in  dig. :  Ikan  manjong  tonggol. 


283 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia,  Surabaya);  North  of  Rio  straits!; 
Singapore;  Celebes  (Macassar).  —  Malacca. 
In  sea  and  estuaries. 


6.  Arius  goniaspis  Blkr. 

Arius  goniaspis  Bleeker,  Act.  Soc.  Indo-Neerl.  III.  1858,  Vischfauna  Sumatra,  p.  44. 
Ariodes  goniaspis   Bleeker,    Ichth.    Arch.    Ind.    Prodr.    I.  Siluri,   1858,  p.  91.  — 

All.  Ichth.  II.    1862,  p.   42. 
Arms  goniaspis  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.   V.   1864,  p.   166. 

B.  6;    D.  i.  7;    A.  16—17;    P.  i.   n;    V.  6. 

Elongate.  Height  about  5,  head  33/5 — 33/4,  broader  than 
high,  its  width  i'/4 — il/5  in  its  length,  depressed,  crown  con- 
vex, granulated  above.  Occipital  process  triangular,  with  the 
lateral  margins  straight,  broader  than  long,  subradially  granu- 
lated, with  its  obtuse,  emarginated  hindborder  touching  the 
short,  rugose  basal  bone  of  the  dorsal  spine.  The  long  median 
fontanel  extends  nearly  to  the  base  of  the  occipital  process. 
Dorsal  profile  ascending  nearly  in  a  straight  line  from  the 
acute,  convex  snout,  to  the  anterior  part  of  the  vertex,  the 
posterior  part  being  gibbous.  Humeral  process  rather  small, 
sharp,  very  rugose.  Axillary  pore  conspicuous.  Eye  32/3 — 4, 
superior,  situated  in  the  middle  of  the  head,  about  twice  in 
the  interorbital  space.  Maxillary  barbels  reaching  nearly  to 
end  of  pectorals,  mandibulary  ones  farther  than  base  of  pectorals, 
mental  ones  shorter.  Dorsal  slightly  higher  than  body,  about  twice 
higher  than  long,  its  spine  is  of  moderate  strength,  i!/3 — 1*/3 
in  head,  with  the  hindborder  slightly  denticulated,  anteriorly 
only  near  its  tip.  Adipose  fin  small,  its  base  about  5  times 
in  its  distance  from  the  dorsal.  Anal  acute,  emarginate,  longer 
than  high,  about  twice  longer  than  adipose  fin.  Pectorals 
i!/s — 1!/5  in  head,  their  spine  nearly  equal  to  that  of  the  dorsal, 
but  more  slender,  with  similar  denticulation.  Ventrals  about 
twice  shorter  than  head.  Caudal  deeply  incised,  the  superior 
of  the  acute  lobes  is  the  longer.  Teeth  in  the  jaws  in  a  villi- 
form  band,  slightly  curved  in  the  upper  jaw  and  about  4  times 
longer  than  broad;  in  the  lower  jaw  in  a  nearly  semilunar 
band,  slightly  longer  but  more  slender.  Teeth  on  the  palate 
conical,  granular,  arranged  in  four  groups:  a  small  ovate  patch 
on  each  side  of  the  vomer,  and  a  flat  elongate  patch  along 


284 

each  palatine  bone;  the  palatine  patches  divergent  behind. 
Bluish  green  above,  margaritaceous  or  silvery  below.  Fins 
yellowish,  more  or  less  dusky.  Length  of  the  two  known 
specimens  100  and  113  mm.  [After  Bleeker  and  Gunther,  not 
seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Priaman,  Trussan,  Benkulen). 

In  sea  and  estuaries. 

7.  Arius  maculatus  (Thunb.)  !). 

Silurus  maculatus  Thunberg,  Kongl.  Vetensk.  Acad.  Nya  Handling.  XIII.  Stock- 
holm, 1792,  p.  31. 

Arius  gagoroides  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).  1846,  p.  168. 

Arius  Heckelii  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).   1846,  p.  169. 

Arius  pidada    Bleeker,   Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).   1846,  p.   169. 

Arius  angulatus  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).  1846,  p.  170. 

Arius  chondropterygioides  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2). 
1846,  p.  170. 

Arius  viviparus  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).  1846,  p.  171. 

Arius  borneensis  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Ind.  II.   1851,  p.  67. 

Arius  arius  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858.  p.  73. 

Arius  pidada  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,   1858,  p.   74. 

Pseudarius  arius  Bleeker,  Atl.   Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  36. 

Arius  maculatus  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.   166. 

Arius  maculatus  Kner,  Novara-Exp.  Fische,  1865 — 1867,  p.  311. 

B.  5;    D.  i.  7;    A.  19—22;    P.  i.  io— n;   V.  6. 

Elongate,  height  4 — 5,  head  32/3 — 4,  somewhat  broader  than 
high,  its  width  at  least  equal  to  head  without  snout.  Head- 
shields  granular  and  rugose,  occipital  process  carinate,  granulated, 
scarcely  longer  than  broad  and  more  or  less  triangular,  the 
truncate  hindborder  touches  the  semicircular  granulate  basal 
bone  of  the  dorsal  spine.  Median  fontanel  rather  broad,  be- 
ginning at  the  snout,  narrowing  behind  and  ending  before 
occipital  process.  Humeral  process  triangular,  granulated.  Dorsal 
profile  sloping  down  in  a  straight  or  slightly  convex  line  to 
the  bluntly  rounded,  slightly  prominent  snout.  Eye  sV2  (in 
spec,  of  330  mm.)  with  a  free  orbital  margin,  more  than  half 
length  of  snout  and  more  than  twice  in  the  interorbital  space. 
Maxillary  barbels  reaching  on  pectorals,  in  older  specimens 


i)  We  have  no  material  to  decide  the  question  if  Pimclodus  arius  H.  B., 
Arius  arius  C.  V.  and  Arius  Buchanani  Day  from  the  Asiatic  continent,  belong 
to  this  species. 


285 

considerably  shorter,  mandibulary  barbels  to  hindborder  of 
gillmembrane,  mental  barbels  much  shorter.  Height  of  dorsal 
longer  than  head  without  snout,  osseous  part  of  its  spine 
rather  strong,  somewhat  shorter  than  head  without  snout, 
with  a  filamentous  prolongation,  granulated  in  front,  serrated 
behind.  Base  of  adipose  fin  equal  to  soft  part  of  dorsal, 
nearly  4  times  in  its  distance  from  it;  situated  about  above 
the  middle  of  the  anal,  the  height  of  which  is  less  than  the 
length  of  the  ventrals,  which  extend  at  least  to 
its  origin.  Pectorals  about  as  long  as  postor- 
bital  part  of  head,  osseous  part  of  pectoral 
spine  nearly  of  equal  length,  flattened  and 
weakly  serrated  at  both  borders.  Caudal 
deeply  forked,  with  more  or  less  rounded 
lobes,  the  upper  one  the  longer.  Villiform  ^9  "^«& 
teeth  in  the  jaws.  Far  back  on  the  palate  °^J,  $•* 

thick  granular  teeth  in  two  separate,  parallel,      Fig.  n^.  Arius  ma- 
semioval  patches.   14  conical,  stiff,  short  gill-  culatus (Thunb.) Teeth 
rakers,  longest  equal  to  pupil.  Silvery,  bluish  ofalatuepPer    jaw    and 
brown    above,    belly    and    underside    of  head 
whitish.    Fins    yellowish,    adipose   fin  with  a  large  black  spot. 

Length  about  400  mm. 

Nomen  indig. :  Ikan  Manjong  pidada,  Ikan  duri  pidada 
(Malay.  Batav.),  Ikan  lundu  (Buluran). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia!,  Bantam,  Krawang,  Surabaya,  Pala- 
buan  Batu,  Pasuruan,  Buluran!);  Sumatra  (Padang,  Palembang!, 
Bagan  api  api!);  Borneo  (Banjermassin !,  Prabukarta,  Moratabas 
(Brit.  Mus.)).  —  Philippines,  Siam,  China  and  Riu  Kiu  Islands. 

In  sea,  estuaries  and  rivers. 

8.  Arius  microcephalus  Blkr. 

Arius   microcephalus    Bleeker,    Nat.    Tijdschr.    Ned.    Ind.    IX.    1855,    p.  423.  - 

Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,   1858,  p.  77. 
Pseudari^^s  microcephalus  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  37. 
Arius  microcephalus  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.   Mus.  V.   1864,  p.    170. 
Arius  microcephalus  Kner,  Novara-Exp.   Fische,   1865 — 1867,  p.  312. 
Arius  microcephalus  Vinciguerra,  Ann.  Mus.  Civ.  Geneva,  XVI.   1880,  p.   173. 

B.  5;   D.  I.  7;   A.  19;    P.  I.   10;    V.  8. 

Elongate,  height  4l/s— 43/4,  head  4— 4J/.v  broader  than  high, 
i]/4 — i1/.  in  length,  granulated  above.  Rostrodorsal  profile 
convex,  occipital  process  subtriangular,  scarcely  longer  than 


286 

broad  at  its  base,  much  less  than  twice  longer  than  broad  at 
its  posterior  end,  which  is  obtusely  emarginate  and  touches 
the  small  granular  basal  bone  of  the  dorsal  spine.  A  long 
median  lanceolate  fontanel  nearly  reaching  to  the  base  of  the 
occipital  process.  Eye  4*/2  to  more  than  5,  superior,  with  a 
free  orbital  margin,  totally  or  nearly  totally  situated  in  the 
anterior  half  of  the  head,  2 — 2]/3  in  the  interorbital  space, 
smaller  than  the  convex,  scarcely  prominent  snout.  Humeral 
process  of  moderate  strength,  acute,  rugosely  reticulated. 
Axillary  porus  present.  Maxillary  barbels  extending  somewhat 
beyond  the  head,  the  intermaxillary  ones  not  so  far,  the  mental 
ones  are  still  shorter.  Dorsal  acute,  higher  than  the  body, 
twice  higher  than  long,  its  strong  spine  of  same  length  or  a 
little  shorter,  scarcely  shorter  than  head,  serrated  along  both 
edges.  Adipose  fin  nearly  as  long  as  dorsal,  removed  3  times 
its  length  from  the  dorsal,  less  than  twice  longer  than  high, 
obliquely  convex.  Anal  acute,  emarginate,  much  lower  than 
body,  about  as  long  as  high,  much  less  than  twice  the  length 
of  the  adipose  fin.  Pectorals  scarcely  shorter  than  the  head, 
their  strong  spine  somewhat  shorter  than  the  dorsal  one,  its 
hindborder  conspicuously  dentated,  its  frontborder  weakly  so. 
Ventrals  about  i1^  times  in  length  of  head.  Caudal  deeply 
incised.  The  superior  of  the  acute  lobes  is  the  longer.  Small, 
acute  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw  in  a  slightly  curved,  broad 
band,  3  times  as  long  as  broad,  its  length  nearly  equal  to 
that  of  the  eye ;  in  the  lower  jaw  in  a  subsemilunar  band 
not  much  longer  than  eye.  Teeth  on  the  palate  rather  large, 
molarlike,  forming  two  separate,  subovate  patches,  much 
longer  than  eye.  Bluish  green  above,  margaritaceous  or  silvery 
below.  Fins  yellowish,  more  or  less  dusky.  Adipose  fin  with 
a  large  black  spot.  Length  213  mm.  [After  Bleeker  and 
Gunther,  not  seen  by  us]. 

Nomen  indig. :  Lundu  (Serawak). 

Habitat:  Borneo  (Banjermassin,  Sarawak). 

In  rivers. 

9.  Arius  thalassinus  (Riipp.)  [Fig.   106,  p.  273]. 

Bagrus  thalassinus  Ruppell,  Neue  Wirbeltiere,  Fische  1835 — 1840,  p.  75. 
Arius  nasutus  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons  XV.   1840,  p.  60. 
Bagrus  rhodonotus  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2),  1846,  p.  157. 
Bagrus   carchariorhynchos   Bleeker,    Nat.    &    Geneesk.    Arch.   Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2), 
1846,  p.  291. 


28; 

Netuma  nasiita  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I  Siluri    1858,  p.  95. 

Netuma,  thalassina  Bleekev,  Atl.  Ichth.  II.    1862,  p.  28. 

Arius  thalassimis  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.   139. 

A riiis  thalassinus  Kner,  Novara-Exp.  Fische,   1865 — 1867,  p.   310. 

Arius  thalassimis  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.    1878 — 1888,  p.  463. 

B.  5;    D.  i.  7;    A.   15—18;    P.  i.   11  —  13;    v-  6. 

Elongate.  Height  when  young  somewhat  more  than  4,  when 
older    to    52/5.  Head   32/5  to  more  than  4,  much  broader  than 
high,    its    crown    granulated;   occipital  process  triangular,  with 
a    median    keel,    longer    than    broad    at  its  base,  with  straight 
borders,    its  truncated  hindborder  touching  the  basal  bone  of 
the  first  dorsal.  Median  fontanel  shallow,  narrowing  posteriorly 
and     ending     at    some    distance    from    the    occipital    process. 
Humeral  process  triangular,  strong,  with  waved  rugae.  Dorsal 
profile  nearly  straight.  Snout  obtuse  when  young,  when  adult 
pointed    and    projecting    much    beyond    the   lower   jaw.    Eye 
3 — 6,    with    a    free    orbital    margin,    about  twice  in  the  snout, 
which    is    nearly    equal    to    the    postorbital 
part  of  the  head.  Maxillary  barbels  reaching 
to  base  of  pectoral,  mandibulary  barbels  ]/3, 
mental    barbel    about   !/2  shorter.  Height  of 
dorsal    somewhat    less    than    head,    osseous 
part  of  its  spine  granulated  in  front,  serrated 
behind,  about  equal  to  head  without  snout. 
Base    of  adipose    fin  much  shorter  than  its 
height,  equal  to  half  length  of  dorsal,  6—7      Fig.   II4.  Arius  tha. 
times  in  its  distance  from  lastnamed,  situated  lassinus (Rupp.) Teeth  of 
above   the    middle    of  the   anal,    the  lower  upper  jaw  and  palatel/'' 
border  of  which  is  emarginate  and  its  height  nearly  equal  to 
that    of   dorsal.    Ventrals  reaching  on  anal,  their  length  equal 
to    height  of  dorsal,  slightly  shorter  than  pectorals,  the  spine 
of   which    is    flattened    granulated    in    front,    serrated    behind, 
about  as  long  as  dorsal  spine.  Caudal  deeply  incised.  Axillary 
pore     present.    Villiform    teeth    in    upper    jaw    in    a    slightly 
arcuated  broad  band,  in  the  lower  jaw  in  a  divided,  somewhat 
narrower  but  more  curved  band.  Teeth  on  the  palate  in  two 
large,    triangular,    separate    patches,    the   base  of  each  triangle 
formed  by  two  more  or  less  quadrangular  patches,  the  outher 
of  which    is  the  larger;  behind  them  a  much  larger  subtnan- 
gular    patch.    9    rather   stiff,    cylindrical   gillrakers,  the  longest 
about    J/3    of  the  diameter  of  the  eye.  Reddish  brown  above, 


288 

greyish  white  below,  fins  more  or  less  reddish  hyaline.  Distal 
part  of  dorsal,  adipose  fin,  anal  and  caudal  darkish  as  also 
the  upper  surface  of  the  paired  fins.  Lenght  to  1000  mm. 

Nomen  indig. :  Ikan  manjong  utik,  Manjong  Karbo, 
Manjong  tonggol  (Malay,  and  Sundan.),  Gunggut  (Banjermassin). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia !,  Bantam,  Tjiringin,  Pasuruan, 
Besuki,  Palabuan);  Sumatra  (Telokbetong,  Benkulen,  Padang, 
Tiku,  Siboga);  Nias;  Singapore!;  Bintang;  Borneo  (Banjer- 
massin); Celebes  (Macassar);  Sumba!;  Timor!;  Rotti!;  Mysore; 
New  Guinea!.  —  Australia,  New  Caledonia,  Philippines,  Tonkin, 
westward  to  the  Red  Sea  and  t  coast  of  Zanzibar. 

In  sea. 

Note:  Ariodes  aeneus  described  by  Sauvage  (Bull.  Soc. 
Philomatique  (7)  VII.  1883,  p.  160)  from  BIle  Raffles:  Voyage 
de  la  Zelee"  is  perhaps  a  specimen  of  Arms  thalassinus,  in 
which  the  2  anterior  quadrangular  patches  on  each  side,  which 
normally  touch  each  other,  are  united.  But  it  is  impossible 
to  decide  this,  as  the  only  specimen  is  not  to  be  found  in 
the  Paris  Museum,  as  Dr.  PELLEGRIN  has  the  kindness  to 
inform  us. 

10.  Arius  gagorides  (C.  V.). 

?  Pimelodus  sona  Hamilton  Buchanan,  Fishes  Ganges,  1822,  p.   172,  376. 

Bagrus  gagorides  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  XIV.   1839,  p.  441. 

Bagrus  trachipomus  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  XIV.  1839,  p.  443. 

Arius  gagorides  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.   Mus.  V.    1864,  p.   140. 

Arius  sona  Day,  Fishes  of  India,  4°.   1878 — 1 888,  p.  462. 

Arius  gagorides  Duncker,    Mitth.    naturhist.  Mus.  Hamburg,  XXI.   1904,  p.   174. 

B.  6;    D.  I.  7;    A.   17;    P.  i.   12;    V.  6. 

Height  rather  more  than  4,  head  3'/2,  much  broader  than 
high,  its  greatest  width  being  equal  to  the  distance  of  the 
hinder  nostril  from  the  end  of  the  opercle.  Crown  of  head 
granulated,  the  granules  being  arranged  in  radiating  series. 
Median  fontanel  wide,  but  it  does  not  extend  to  the  base  of 
the  occipital  process,  which  is  triangular,  elevated  into  an 
obtuse  ridge  along  its  middle  and  rather  broader  than  long; 
the  basal  bone  of  the  dorsal  spine  is  of  moderate  width,  nar- 
rowest in  the  middle,  each  half  slightly  bent  into  an  S-shaped 
form.  Maxillary  barbels  reach  to  end  of  head  or  not  so  far, 
mandibular  ones  shorter.  Dorsal  spine  strong,  as  long  as  head 
without  snout,  granulated  in  front  and  obtusely  serrated  be- 


289 

>• 

hind,  not  so  high  as  the  soft  dorsal.  Adipose  fin  equal  to  of 
somewhat  shorter  than  dprsal.  Pectoral  spine  stronger  and 
usually  slightly  shorter  than  that  of  the  dorsal,  granulated 
exteriorly  and  serrated  interiorly.  Ventral  fins  much  shorter 
than  the  pectorals,  not  extending  on  to  the  anal.  Caudal 
deeply  forked.  Teeth  on  palate  villiform,  in  4  groups,  the 
outer  ones  large,  somewhat  triangular  and  emarginate  posteri- 
orly, connected  together  anteriorly  by  the  two  small  median 
groups.  Colours:  brownish  above,  bluish  on  the  sides  where 
it  is  glossed  with  gold,  and  dull  white  beneath.  Fins  with  a 
bluish-black  tinge.  Young  specimens  are  of  a  brownish  colour, 
glossed  above  with  purplish  and  yellow,  the  fins  are  nearly 
black.  Length  over  900  mm.  [After  Giinther  and  Day;  not 
seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Singapore  (Duncker). 

Through  the  seas  of  India  to  Bombay,  entering  estuaries 
and  tidal  waters.' 


n.  Arius  sagor  (Ham.  Buch.) 

Pimelodus  sagor  Hamilton  Buchanan,  Fish.  Ganges   1822,  p.   169. 
Bagriis  sondaicus  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  XIV.   1839,  p.  444. 
Bagriis  javensis  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  XIV.   1839,  P-  445- 
Bagrus  sagor  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  XIV.   1839,  p.  445. 
Bagrus  sondaicus  Cantor,  Journ.  Asiat.  Soc.  Bengal  XVIII.   1850,  p.   1237. 
Hexanematichthys   sundaicus   Bleeker,    Ichth.    Arch.    Ind.    Prodr.  I.  Siluri,   1858, 

p.   127.  —  Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  26. 
Arius  sagor  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.    1864,  p.   141. 
Arius  sagor  Kner,  Novara-Exp.   Fische,   1865 — 1867,  p.  310. 
Arius  sagor  Day,  Fishes  of  India,  4°.   1878 — 1 888,  p.  461. 
Galeichthys  sondaiciis  Fowler,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philadelphia  (2)  LVII,  1905, 

p.  462. 
Arius  sagor  Scale,  Philippine  Journ.  Science  V.    1910,  p.  266. 

B.   5—7;    D.  I.  7;    A.    18—19;    P.  I.    II;    V.  6. 

Elongate.  Height  5x/4 — 6,  head  3*/2 — 4,  strongly  depressed, 
much  broader  than  high,  its  width  a  little  less  than  its  length. 
Bones  of  upper  surface  of  head,  and  triangular  humeral  process 
strongly  granulated,  granules  partly  arranged  in  radiating  or 
concentric  lines;  they  extend  even  on  the  foremost  part  of  the 
lateral  line.  Occipital  process  forming  a  subcircular  plate,  broader 
than  long,  with  a  median  keel,  touching  the  strongly  granulated, 
very  broad  butterfly-shaped  basal  bone  of  dorsal  spine,  the  form 
INDO-AUSTRALIAN  FISHES  II.  19 


290 

of  which  is  changing  and  its  size  increasing  with  age,  as  is  also 
the  case  with  the  occipital  process,  -which  in  youth  is  short  and 
nearly  triangular.  Dorsal  profile  sloping  down  in  a  straight  line 
to  the  broad,  bluntly  rounded,  prominent  snout.  Eye  7*/2  (in 
a  specimen  of  330  mm.)  to  more  than  8  (specimen  of  405  mm.), 
with  a  free  orbital  margin,  about  twice  in  snout,  which  goes 
about  twice  in  postorbital  part  of  head.  Maxillary  barbels 
reaching  on  middle  of  pectorals  or  farther,  mandibulary  barbels 
somewhat  farther  than  base  of  pectorals,  mental  ones  nearly  to 
hindmargin  of  gillmembrane.  Height  of  dorsal  about  equal  to 
head  without  snout,  the  osseous  part  of  its  strong  spine,  which 
has  a  filamentous  prolongation,  is  granulated  at  its  frontborder, 
scarcely  serrated  behind  and  equal  to  postorbital  part  of  head  or 
somewhat  longer.  The  base  of  adipose  fin  nearly  equal  to  that 
of  the  dorsal.  About  3  times  in  its  distance  from  lastnamed, 
situated  above  the  middle  of  the  anal  fin,  the  middle  rays  of 
which  are  the  highest  and  about  equal  to  the  length  of  its 
base.  Ventrals  extending  to  the  origin  of  anal  or  on  anal. 
Pectorals  falciform,  somewhat  shorter  than 
head,  their  strong  spine  obtusely  serrated 
along  both  edges,  much  longer  than  dorsal 
spine.  Axillary  pore  not  very  distinct. 
Villiform  teeth  in  a  narrow,  slightly 

(H  Bu^te'ethTf  arcuated  ba»d  in  the  jaws;  on  the  palate 
upper  jaw  and  palate  '/,.  in  two  pairs  of  posteriorly  rounded  pat- 
ches; the  outer  patch  is  about  twice  as 

large  as  the  inner  one;  both  are  confluent  or  separated  by  a 
very  narrow  interspace.  9  flattened,  stiff  gillrakers,  the  foremost 
the  shortest,  the  longest  much  less  than  ]/2  length  of  branchial 
filaments  and  2/3  of  eye.  Dark  bluish  brown  above,  whitish 
below.  Base  of  fins  reddish,  their  distal  part  more  or  less 
dark.  Length  about  450  mm. 

Nomen  in  dig. :  Ikan  Kedukan  (Malay.  Batav.),  Kropah 
(Batav.),  Ikan  Babukan  (Bagan  apt  api),  Ikan  Brukan  (Banjer- 
massin),  Ikan  Bilukan  (Sarawak). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia!,  Antjol!,  Bantam,  Surabaya!); 
Madura;  Sumatra  (Palembang,  Bagan  api  api!,  Deli!);  Singa- 
pore!; Banka;  Borneo  (Singkawang,  Sarawak,  Baram-river, 
Balikpapan !,  Kota  baru !).  —  Pinang,  Malacca,  British  India. 

In  sea,  rivers  and  estuaries. 


291 


12.  Arius  stormi  (Blkr.). 

Cephalocassis  Stormii  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,   1858,  p.  246. 
Hemiarius  Stormi  Bleeker,   All.  Ichth.  II.    1862,  p.  29. 
Arius  stormii  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.   162. 

B.   6;    D.   I.    7;    A.    16;    P.   I.    II;    V.   6. 

Elongate;  height  below  dorsal  spine  5!/2,  head  about  3!/2> 
depressed,  broader  than  high,  its  width  about  iJ/3  in  its  length. 
Headshields  granular.  Occipital  process  triangular,  longer  than 
broad,  carinated,  in  old  specimens  mesially  elevated,  its  side- 
borders  straight  or  slightly  concave,  its  truncate  hindborder 
reaching  the  narrow  crescentic 
basal  bone  of  dorsal  spine. 
Median  fontanel  somewhat  tri- 
angular, its  top  ending  at  some 
distance  of  the  occipital  pro- 
cess; 2  rounded  fontanels  above 
the  opercle.  Dorsal  profile  slo- 
ping down  in  a  nearly  straight 
line  to  the  somewhat  pointed, 
strongly  projecting  snout.  Eye 
8 — 10,  with  a  free  orbital  mar- 
gin, about  3  times  in  the  inter- 
orbital  space  and  3  times  or 
more  in  the  snout.  Humeral 
process  very  narrow,  origi- 
nating  from  a  broad  base,  its 
upper  border  concave.  Maxill- 
ary barbels  extend  to  the  opercle,  the  mandibulary  ones  nearly 
to  the  hindborder  of  the  gillmembrane,  mental  ones  shorter.  Soft 
dorsal  equal  to  head  from  nostril,  its  very  strong  spine  of 
equal  length,  granulated  in  front,  serrated  at  both  sides,  the 
teeth  looking  upwards.  Base  of  adipose  fin  longer  than  that 
of  the  dorsal,  not  yet  twice  in  its  distance  from  lastnamed, 
as  long  as  the  anal,  the  free  margin  of  which  is  concave. 
Ventrals  far  distant  from  anal,  shorter  than  pectorals,  which 
are  equal  to  head  from  middle  of  the  eye,  their  strong  flattened 
spine  is  shorter  than  the  dorsal  one,  granulated  in  front, 
strongly  serrated  behind.  Caudal  deeply  forked.  Sharp  teeth 
in  an  arcuate  row  in  the  jaws;  those  on  the  palate  in  four 
patches:  two  small  median  oval  patches  separated  from  each 


other  by  about  their  own  length  and  contiguous  with  the  lateral 
patches,    which   are   about  twice  as  broad   as  long,  the  whole 

forming    one    rather   narrow,    inter- 

^T/VVg  ''"'*'»'  't!9.?/' ^7?V      rupted,  arcuate  band.  About  10  stiff, 

flattened  gillrakers,  the  longest  about 
3/4  of  branchial  filaments  and  shorter 
than  the  eye.  Brownish  above,  whitish 

Fig.  117.  Arius  JA>™«  (Blkr.)  below,  fins  yellowish,  base  of  pec- 
Teeth  of  upper  jaw  and  palate  Vi-  .  i  L«  •  «  T  i 

torals  bluish.  Length  over  500  mm. 

Nomen  indig. :  Ikan  dukang  (Palemb.). 
Habitat:  Sumatra  (Palembang,  Djambi!);  Borneo  (Banjer- 
massin !). 
In  rivers. 

13.  Arius  carinatus  M.  Web. 

Arius  carinatus  Max  Weber,  Nova  Guinea  IX.  livr.  4.   1913,  p.   537- 

B.  6;    D.  I.  7;    A.    14—16;    P.  I.    10;    V.  6. 

Elongate;  height  under  dorsal  spine  43/4 — 5!/2,  4J/3  to 
almost  5  before  that  spine.  Head  4 — 42/3,  its  width  iJ/4 — i1^ 
in  its  length,  its  profile  ascends  steeply,  in  full  grown  speci- 


Fig.   1 1 8.  Arius  carinatus  M.  Web.  nat.  size. 

mens  nearly  in  a  straight  line  from  snout  to  dorsal.  This  line 
is  the  more  convex  in  its  posterior  half,  the  younger  the 
specimens  are.  Headshields  rugose,  when  older  granular.  Occi- 
pital process  scarcely  longer  than  broad  at  its  base,  sharply 


293 

•* 

keeled  in  young  specimens.  Its  posterior  end  broadly  trun- 
cated. Median  fontanel  tapers  acutely  and  reaches  to  crown  of 
head.  An  oval  fontanel  above  operculum.  Humeral  process 
granular,  even  as  the  broad,  semicircular  basal  bone  of  dorsal 
spine.  Eye  7 — 8,  the  snout  3  times  or  a  little  more,  interorbital 
space  nearly  3  times  in  head.  Cleft  of  mouth  with  thick  lips, 
more  than  2x/2  times  in  head.  Maxillary  barbels  reaching  to 
end  of  operculum  or  base  of  pectorals.  Mandibulary  barbels 
to  hindborder  of  gillmembrane  or  not  so  far,  mental  barbels 
much  shorter.  Height  of  dorsal  nearly  equal  to  head  without 
snout,  its  origin  midway  between  ventrals  and  pectorals.  The 
strong,  flattened  dorsal  spine  is  equal  to  postorbital  part  of 


Fig.   119.  Arms  carinatus  M.  Web.  nat.  size. 

head  and  its  hindborder  is  conspicuously  denticulated  its 
frontborder  only  slightly  so.  Adipose  fin  originates  before  anal, 
its  length  is  equal  to  postorbital  part  of  head,  is  longer  than 
the  base  of  the  dorsal  and  equals  about  I1/,  times  its  distance 
from  the  dorsal.  Height  of  anal  equal  to  postorbital  part  of 
head.  Ventrals  nearly  as  long  as  head  without  snout,  nearly 
reaching  to  anal.  Pectorals  longer  than  head  without  snout, 
as  long  as  their  very  strong  flattened  spine,  the  hindborder 
of  which  is  serrated.  Caudal  deeply  incised,  the  pointed  lobes 
3  times  longer  than  the  median  rays.  Axillary  pore  present. 
Pointed  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw  in  two  separate  bands,  nearly 
twice  as  broad  as  long,  mesially  rounded,  laterally  obliquely 
truncated,  mandibulary  bands  narrower,  slightly  curved,  tape- 


294 

ring  outward.  On  the  vomer  few  bluntly  rounded  teeth  in 
two  roundish  groups,  their  own  diameter  apart,  which  distance 
increases  when  the  groups  are  smaller.  Similar  teeth  in  two 
longish,  oval  groups  on  the  palatines,  nearly  touching  the 
vomerine  groups.  A  median  longitudinal  keel  on  the  palate. 
10  stiff  gillrakers,  flattened  at  their  base  and  separated  by  a 
broad,  rather  high  membrane  from  about  13  stiff  but  low 
processes  along  the  hindborder  of  the  gillarch.  Dark  brown 
above,  white  below.  Dorsal,  adipose  fin,  caudal,  distal  part  of 
anal  and  pectorals  and  basal  part  of  ventrals  dark,  anal  and 
ventrals  sometimes  hyaline.  Length  425  mm. 

Habitat:  South  New  Guinea  (Lorentz  river!). 

In  fresh  water. 

14.  Arius  nudidens  M.  Web. 

Arius  nudidens  Max  Weber,  Nova  Guinea  IX,  livr.  4.   1913,  p.   538. 

B.   9;    D.   I.   7;    A.    19;     P.   I.    II  — 12;     V.   6. 

Elongate;  height  under  dorsal  spine  53/5 — 6,  head  more 
than  3,  its  width  i3/4 — 14/5  in  its  length.  In  adults  the  dorsal 
profile  gently  sloping  down  in  a  straight  line  to  the  broad, 
flat,  rounded  snout,  which  goes  2*/2  times  or  somewhat  more  in 
the  head  and  projects  so  much  before  the  lower  jaw  that  the  broad 
band  of  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw  is  completely  exposed.  Gape 
rounded,  more  than  2  times  in  head;  lips  strongly  thickened 
at  corner  of  mouth.  Headshields  corrugate,  occipital  process 
about  ilh  times  longer  than  broad  at  base,  sharply  keeled 
in  young  ones,  less  so  in  adults,  its  sideborders  convergent, 
rounded  behind  and  touching  the  crescentic  basal  bone  of 
dorsal  spine.  Median  fontanel  short  and  shallow.  Rough  humeral 
process  short  but  broad.  Eye  with  incomplete  orbital  ring, 
directed  somewhat  upwards,  glj2 — ii4/5  in  length  of  head, 
2J/2 — 4J/2  in  the  slightly  convex  interorbital  space.  Maxillary 
barbels  extending  to  base  of  pectorals,  mandibulary  ones  on  pec- 
torals, mental  ones  about  a  half  shorter.  All  barbels  are  ribbon- 
shaped,  less  so  in  young  ones,  where  they  are  relatively 
shorter.  Height  of  dorsal  equal  to  head  without  snout,  its 
flattened  spine  with  serrated  front  and  hindborders  equal  to 
postorbital  part  of  head,  one  eye-diameter  longer  in  young 
specimens.  Base  of  well  developed  adipose  fin  much  longer 
than  that  of  dorsal,  about  2  times  in  its  distance  from  last- 
named.  Anal  with  the  hindborder  concave,  its  greatest  height 


295 

equal  to  length  of  pectorals,  which  are  much  less  than  lj.2 
length  of  head;  their  flattened  spine,  serrated  behind,  less 
than  !/2  length  of  head  and  much  shorter  than  that  of  dorsal. 
Ventrals  rounded,  not  reaching  anal  and  about  2/5  of  length 
of  head.  Caudal  deeply  forked.  Axillary  pore  present.  Villi- 
form  teeth  in  a  broad,  rounded  band  in  the  upper  jaw,  in  two 
separate  narrower  bands  in  the  mandibles.  On  the  palate  in  4 


Fig.   1 20.  Arius  nudidens  M.  Web.  X  o>3- 

patches,  the  2  rounded  median  ones  half  their  diameter  apart, 
touching  the  oval  lateral  ones,  the  long  axes  of  which  diverge 
posteriorly.  10  stiff,  triangular,  flattened  gillrakers,  the  longest 
longer  than  branchial  filaments.  Whitish  silvery,  upperpart  of 
head  and  body  dark-bluish.  Fins  hyaline.  Margin  of  dorsal, 
caudal  and  anterior  part  of  anal  blackish.  Length  487  mm. 

Habitat:  South  New  Guinea  (Lorentz  river!). 

In  fresh  water. 


296 

15.  Arius  spatula  Rams.  &  Ogilb. 

Arius  spatula  Ramsay  &  Ogilby,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.  S.  Wales,  (2)  I.  1886,  p.  15. 

D.    1.7;    A.   20;    V.  6;    P.    1.9;    C.    17. 

„ Length  of  head  39/10,  of  caudal  fin  5^3,  height  of  body  62/3 
in  the  total  length.  Diameter  of  eye  6!/4  in  the  length  of 
head,  3/7  of  that  of  snout,  and  2/3  of  the  interorbital  space. 
The  height  of  the  head  is  5/8  of  its  width,  which  is  equal  to 
its  length  behind  the  middle  of  the  eye.  Upper  jaw  so  much 
the  longer  that  the  lower  closes  entirely  inside  the  maxillary 
teeth ;  the  width  of  the  gape  of  the  mouth  is  3/7  of  the  length 
of  the  head.  Median  longitudinal  groove  shallow  and  indistinct; 
occipital  process  narrow,  the  width  of  its  base  being  one  half 
of  its  length,  the  sides  are  convergent  behind  to  immediately 
in  front  of  the  basal  bone  of  the  dorsal  fin  round  which  they 
bend  outwards;  posterior  part  of  the  head  granulated.  The 
maxillary  barbel  reaches  to  the  lower  angle  of  the  opercle, 
the  external  mandibular  to  the  base  of  the  pectoral.  A  broad 
band  of  obtusely  conical  villiform  teeth  on  the  jaws;  the 
vomerine  teeth  form  two  small  square  patches,  about  their 
own  length  apart,  and  contiguous  with  the  divergent  palatine 
bands,  which  are  thrice  as  long  as  broad.  The  dorsal  fin  is 
higher  than  the  body,  the  spine  as  long  as  the  head  excluding 
the  snout;  it  is  roughened  on  its  lower  part  anteriorly,  weakly 
serrated  on  its  upper  half  and  posteriorly;  the  length  of  the 
base  of  the  adipose  dorsal  is  !/s  rnore  than  that  of  the  rayed 
fin ;  the  pectoral  spine  is  shorter  than  that  of  the  dorsal,  and 
is  weakly  serrated  on  both  sides;  the  ventrals  do  not  reach 
the  anal  fin.  Caudal  deeply  forked.  Colors,  brown  above, 
yellowish  below;  an  oblong  white  spot  on  the  middle  of  the 
occiput.  Length  of  the  specimen  described  317  mm."  [After 
Ramsay  and  Ogilby;  not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  South  New  Guinea  (Strickland  River). 

1 6.  Arius  latirostris  Macleay. 

Arius  latirostris  Macleay,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.  S.  Wales  VIII.   1884,  p.  277. 
Arius  latirostris  Max  Weber,  Nova  Guinea  IX.  livr.  4.   1913,  p.  540. 

D.  I.   7;    A.    5.    15;     P.   I.    10.     • 

Elongate,  height  43/10,  head  31/,,,  very  broad  and  depressed 
in  front,  not  much  broader  than  long.  Headshields  slightly 
rugose  and  granular  in  some  places,  even  as  the  occipital 


297 

process,  which  is  about  3  times  longer  than  broad,  with  the 
borders  nearly  parallel,  its  truncate  hindborder  touching  the 
broad,  granular,  somewhat  horseshoe-shaped  basal  bone  of  the 
dorsal  spine.  Humeral  process  triangular,  rather  short.  Dorsal 
profile  sloping  down  in  a  straight  line  to  the  very  broad, 
rounded  snout,  the  gape  of  which  is  i3/4  the  length  of  the  head. 
Eye  n,  with  a  free  orbital  margin,  situated  in  the  anterior  !/3 
of  the  head,  about  6  times  in  the  flat  interorbital  space,  2J/2  in 
snout.  Barbels  short,  the  length  of  the  maxillary  ones  in  our 
specimen  (650  mm.)  equal  to  the  distance  between  the  front- 
border  of  snout  and  the  hindborder  of  the  eye;  mandibulary  ones 
about  of  equal  length.  Height  of  dorsal  i3/5  in  length  of  head, 
its  spine  i3/4  in  same  length,  rugous  in  front,  dentated  behind. 
Base  of  adipose  fin  nearly  equal  to 
that  of  the  dorsal,  nearly  4  times 
in  its  distance  from  that  fin,  above 
hinderhalf  of  anal,  the  free  border 
of  which  is  slightly  concave.  Ven- 
trals  touching  the  anal,  shorter  Fig.  121.  Arius  latirostris  Macl. 
than  the  pectorals,  about  as  long  ^  °f  uPPer  Jaw  and  Palate> 

5    about  1/2- 

as  the  dorsal;  the  pectoral  spine 

equal  to  l/2  length  of  head,  rough  in  front,  nearly  smooth  behind. 
Caudal  deeply  forked,  lobes  pointed.  Villiform  teeth  in  the 
upper  jaw  in  a  rather  broad  band,  the  two  halves  of  which 
meet  at  an  obtuse  angle;  the  two  mandibulary  bands  are 
curved,  those  on  the  palate  in  a  broad,  curved  band,  consisting 
of  two  median  square  patches,  separated  by  a  narrow  inter- 
space, laterally  contiguous  with  the  lateral  patches,  which  are 
much  broader  than  long.  12  stiff,  flattened,  triangular  gillrakers, 
about  half  as  long  as  the  eye.  Dark  brown  above,  white  below, 
dorsal,  adipose  fin,  anal  and  caudal  darkish.  Ventrals  and 
pectorals  yellowish.  Pectorals  with  a  dark  spot  on  inner  half 
of  upper  surface.  Length  about  650  mm. 

Habitat:  South  New  Guinea  (Goldie  river,  Lorentz  river!). 

In  fresh  water. 

17.  Arius  Stirling!  Ogilby. 

Arius   stirlingi   Douglas    Ogilby,    Proc.    Linn.    Soc.    N.  S.   Wales,  XXIII.   1898, 

p.  281. 

Nemapteryx  stirlingi  Douglas  Ogilby,  Ann.  Queensl.  Mus.  N°.  9,  1908,  p.  10. 
Arius  stirlingi  Max  Weber,  Nova  Guinea,  IX.  livr.  4.  1913,  p.  540. 


298 


D.  I.   7;    A.   23;    P.   I.    10;    V.   6. 

Elongate.  Height  below  dorsal  spine  43/5 — 5,  head  32/5, 
width  of  head  I3/10  in  its  length,  its  dorsal  profile  sloping 
down  in  a  straight  line  to  the  rounded,  flattened,  prominent 
snout  which  goes  more  than  2'/2  times  in  head.  Upper  jaw 
projecting  in  such  a  way,  that  the  larger  part  of  the  band  of  its 
teeth  is  not  covered  by  the  lower  jaw.  Mouth  slightly  rounded, 
nearly  equal  to  postorbital  part  of  head.  Lips  thickened  where 
they  meet.  Headshield  posteriorly  striped  and  roughly  but 
scarcely  granulated ;  occipital  process  keeled,  granulated,  about 

twice  as  long  as  broad  in  its  middle, 
its  borders  slightly  concave  and  con- 
verging, hindborder  deeply  emargi- 
nate,  touching  the  narrow  crescentic 
basal  bone  of  dorsal  spind!  Median 
fontanel  shallow  but  broad,  anteriorly 
bordered  by  two  parallel  ridges,  poste- 
riorly by  two  converging  ridges,  which 


Fig.   122.  Arius  stirlingi  Ogilby.  About  nat.  size. 

are  continued  at  their  meeting  point  in  the  median  crest  of 
the  occipital  process.  Humeral  process  a  short  but  sharply 
pointed,  smooth  triangle.  Eye  /3/5 — 8 '/5,  with  the  orbital  margin 
quite  incompletetely  free,  slightly  directed  upwards,  about 
thrice  in  the  slightly  concave  interorbital  space,  which  goes 
2l/2 — 24/5  in  head.  Maxillary  barbels  extending  on  to  ven- 
trals  or  at  least  to  end  of  pectorals,  mandibulary  barbels 
to  middle  of  pectorals,  mental  barbels  to  posterior  border  of 


299 

gillmembrane.  Height  of  dorsal,  without  the  filamentous  prolon- 
gation of  the  first  ray  which  may  occur,  nearly  equal  to  head ; 
upper  border  of  dorsal  strongly  declivous.  Dorsal  spine  flat, 
serrated  posteriorly,  anteriorly  only  at  its  top;  equal  to  head 
from  anterior  nostril.  Base  of  adipose  fin  much  shorter  than  that 
of  dorsal,  more  than  thrice  in  the  distance  between  both.  Anal 
emarginate,  its  height  somewhat  more  than  postorbital  part 
of  head.  Caudal  deeply  forked,  its  median  rays  nearly  1J4  of 
its  pointed  lobes.  Ventrals  very  broad,  rounded,  extending 
on  anal.  Pectorals  slightly  longer  than  head  without  snout, 
their  flattened  spine  similar  to  that  of  the  dorsal  but  con- 


Fig.   123.  Arius  stirlingi  Ogilby.  About  nat.  size. 

siderably  shorter.  Axillary  pore  minute.  Villiform  teeth  in 
upper  jaw  in  a  slightly  arcuate,  broad  band.  In  the  lower  jaw 
in  a  divided,  somewhat  narrower  band.  Vomerine  teeth  in  two 
oval  patches,  separated  by  an  interspace  of  half  their  width. 
Palatine  patches  narrowly  separated  from  and  nearly  twice 
as  wide  as  vomerine  patches,  they  are  ovate  with  the  axes 
directed  obliquely  antero-posteriorly.  1 1  stiff,  flattened,  trian- 
gular gillrakers,  ventrally  decreasing  rapidly  in  size,  the  longest 
shorter  than  the  branchial  filaments.  Dorsal  surface  dark  reddish 


300 


brown,  ventral  surface  white,  as  also  the  upperlip;  maxillary 
barbels  bluish  black,  mandibulary  barbels  superiorly  of  same 
colour,  inferiorly  white  as  also  the  mental  ones.  Fins  reddish,  their 
border  blackish,  especially  that  of  the  caudal.  Lenght  270  mm. 

Habitat:  South  New  Guinea  (Lorentz  river!).  —  North  and 
North  East  Australia. 

In  rivers  and  estuaries. 

1 8.  Arius  danielsi  T.  Regan. 

Arius  (Hemiarius)  Danielsi  Tate  Regan,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (8),  I.  1908,  p.  154. 
Arms  Danielsi  Max  Weber,  Nova  Guinea  IX,  livr.  4.  1913,  p.  542. 

B.  6;    D.  I.  7;    A.  23—26;    P.  I.  9;    V.  6. 

Elongate;  height  43/4  to  nearly  51/,.,  head  3V5— 3!/2»  its 
width  i!/3 — i*/2  in  its  length.  Dorsal  profile  sloping  down  from 
dorsal  nearly  in  a  straight  line  to  the 
flat,  rounded  snout  which  projects  so  far 
before  the  lower  jaw,  that  the  maxillary 
teeth  remain  uncovered.  Lips  thin,  forming 
a  fold  at  the  corner  of  the  rounded  mouth, 
which  goes  nearly  twice  in  the  head.  Eye 
52/s — 8'/2>  2 — 3  in  snout,  situated  laterally 
behind  and  partly  above  the  fold  of  the 


Fig.   124.  Arius  danielsi  Regan.  X  %• 

corner  of  the  mouth,  more  than  4  times  in  the  convexity  of  the 
interorbital  space.  Free  orbital  margin  wanting  above.  Posterior 
surface  of  head  granulated,  occipital  process  with  median  keel, 
i!/i  times  as  long  as  broad,  extending  to  the  crescentic  basal 


bone  of  the  dorsal  spine.  Its  sideborders  slightly  converging  and 
nearly  straight  or  very  slightly  convex.  Maxillary  and  mandi- 
bulary  barbels  extending  to  the  extremity  of  the  pectorals 
or  not  so  far,  mental  barbels  nearly  !/3  shorter.  Dorsal  situated 
midway  between  pectorals  and  ventrals,  its  height  equal  to 
head  without  snout,  its  spine  scarcely  longer  than  postorbital 
part  of  head,  the  posterior  border  with  strong  and  long,  the 
upper  end  of  anterior  border  with  weak  serrations.  Adipose  fin 
small,  above  anal,  its  base  much  shorter  than  that  of  the  dorsal, 
about  5  times  in  the  distance  between  both  fins;  when  young 


Fig.   125.  Arius  danielsi  Regan.  X  5/6- 

much  less.  Height  of  anal  more  than  twice  in  head.  Ventrals 
2!/a  in  head,  extending  on  anal.  Pectorals  about  equal  to 
head  without  snout,  their  spine  somewhat  stronger  than  and 
as  long  as  that  of  the  dorsal,  strongly  serrated  at  the  inner 
side,  feebly  denticulated  at  the  outer  side.  Caudal  forked, 
its  pointed  lobes  more  than  thrice  longer  than  the  median 
rays.  Villiform  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw  in  a  broad,  strongly 
curved  band,  the  two  bands  in  the  lower  jaw  much  narrower. 


Teeth  on  the  vomer  in  two  slightly  separated,  oval  patches, 
contiguous  with  the  palatine  patches,  which  are  rather  more 
than  twice  as  broad  as  antero-posteriorly  long.  16  stiff,  trian- 
gular gillrakers,  ventrally  decreasing  much  in  length,  the  longest 
about  equal  to  branchial  filaments.  Brown-grey  above,  silvery 
below  and  on  the  sides.  Fins  yellowish,  margin  of  caudal 
dark.  Length  over  260  mm. 

Habitat:  South  New  Guinea  (Fly  river!;  Lorentz  river  1). 

In  tidal  part  of  rivers. 

19.  Arius  acrocephalus  M.  Web. 

Arius  acrocephalus  Max  Weber,  Nova  Guinea  IX.  livr.  4.   1913,  p.  543. 

B.  6;  D.  I.  7;  A.  17;  P.  I.  10;  V.  6. 
Elongate.  Height  below  dorsal  spine  4J/2,  head  about  3!/3, 
its  width  about  i'/2  times  in  its  length.  Dorsal  profile  sloping 
steeply  to  the  snout  in  a  straight  line,  with  exception  of  a 
feeble  convexity  above  the  opercles.  Headshields  with  feeble, 
granulated  lines.  Occipital  process  with  slightly  convergent 
straight  sideborders,  its  truncate  hindborder  touches  the  semi- 
circular basal  bone 
of  the  dorsal  spine, 
its  width  at  base 
i]/3  in  its  length. 
Rhombic  median 
fontanel  elongate, 
reaches  to  the  last 
V4  of  head.  The 
broad,  short  hume- 
ral process  with 
reticulate  ridges. 
Eye  6-61/2>  almost 
3  times  in  the  inter- 
orbital  space,  more 

Fig.   126.  Arius  acrocephalus  M.  Web.   »/,.  than  2  times  in  the 

prominent     snout, 

which  is  !/3  of  length  of  head  and  which  is  shorter  than  the 
curved  gape.  Lips  thin,  only  prominent  at  the  corner  of  the 
mouth.  Maxillary  barbels  do  not  reach  base  of  pectorals, 
mandibulary  ones  to  hindborder  of  the  gillmembrane,  mental 
ones  r/3  shorter.  Height  of  dorsal  more  than  head  without 
snout,  its  spine  scarcely  longer  than  postorbital  part  of  head, 


303 


granulated  at  its  front  and  hind-border.  Base  of  adipose  fin  a 
little  less  than  that  of  dorsal,  2!/2  to  3  times  (in  adult  speci- 
mens) in  its  distance  from  that  fin.  Height  of  anal  equal  to 
postorbital  part  of  head,  ventrals  scarcely  shorter  and  not  or 
scarcely  reaching  anal.  Pectorals  pointed,  as  long  as  the  head 
without  snout,  their  flattened  spine  one  eyediameter  shorter, 
its  frontborder  feebly  and  its  hindborder  strongly  serrated  or 
granulated,  about  as  long  as  that  of  the  dorsal.  Caudal  deeply 
forked.  Axillary  pore  present.  Villiform  teeth  in  an  arcuate 
band  in  the  jaws, 
in  4  patches  on  the 
palate,  the  two  oval 
median  ones  their 
own  diameter  apart 
and  separated  from 
the  two  outer  late- 
ral ones,  which  are 
slightly  curved  and 
3  times  as  broad  as 
long.  9  stiff,  broa- 
dened and  pointed 
gillrakers,  decreas- 
ing in  size  anteri- 


Fig.   127.  Arius  acrocephalus  M.  Web. 


orly,  the  longest  equal  to  length  of  branchial  filaments.  Silvery, 
upper  surface  of  head  and  body  bluish  grey,  dorsal  and  caudal 
with  black  edgings,  sometimes  the  entire  lobes  of  lastnamed 
fin  blackish.  Length  about  240  mm. 

Habitat:  South  New  Guinea  (Lorentz  river!). 

In  tidal  reach  of  river  and  above  it. 

20.  Arius  leptaspis  (Blkr.). 

Hcxanematichthys  leptaspis  Bleeker,  All.  Tchth.  II.   1862,  p.  27. 
Ariiis  leptaspis  Max  Weber,  Nova  Guinea  V.  livr.  2.   1908,  p.  227. 
Arius  leptaspis  Max  Weber,  Nova  Guinea  IX.  livr.  4.   1913,  p.  544. 

B.  6;    D.  I.  7:    A.  4.   15;    P.  I.  9;    V.  6. 

Elongate;  height  under  the  dorsal  spine  somewhat  more 
than  5.  Head  about  3'/2,  much  broader  than  high,  its  width 
about  '/o  shorter  than  head.  Headshields  corrugate ;  occipital 
process  triangular,  longer  than  broad  at  its  base,  its  rather 
broad,  truncate  hindborder  touching  the  narrow,  crescentic 
basal  bone,  mesially  with  a  longitudinal,  blunt  elevation. 


304 


Dorsal  profile  sloping  down  with  a  slight  concavity  on  the 
occiput  to  the  broad,  rounded,  flattened  snout.  Eye  in  the 
anterior  half  of  the  head,  with  a  free  orbital  margin,  about  6 
(in  specimen  of  345  mm.);  about  4  times  in  the  slightly 
convex  interorbital  space.  Humeral  process  a  long,  narrow 
triangle,  sharply  pointed,  rugous.  Maxillary  barbels  extending 

to  middle  of  pectorals,  man- 
dibulary  barbels  not  quite  so 
far,  mental  ones  to  the  hind- 
border  of  the  gillmembrane. 
Height  of  dorsal  equal  to 
head  without  snout,  its 
strong  spine  equal  to  post- 
orbital  part  !),  anteriorly 
rugous,  posteriorly  serrated. 
Base  of  adipose  fin  some- 
what shorter  than  that  of 
dorsal,  nearly  4  times  in 
its  distance  from  that  fin, 
situated  above  middle  of 
anal,  the  free  border  of 
which  is  concave  and  the 
height  of  which  is  nearly 
!/2  of  head.  Ventrals  reach 
Fig.  128.  Arius  leptaspis  (Blkr.)  x  V-2-  anal,  much  shorter  than 

pectorals,  which  are  as  long 

as  head  without  snout,  their  strong  flattened  spine  is  anteriorly 
scarcely,  posteriorly  strongly  serrated,  as  long  as  head  without 
snout  !).    Caudal   deeply   forked,  lobes  pointed,  the  upper  one 
the   longer.    Villiform   teeth    in  the  jaws 
in    an  arcuate   band;  on  the  palate  in  4 
distant  patches,  forming  a  rather  broad, 
arcuate  band,  the  two  median  ones  oval, 
Fig.  129.  Arius  leptaspis  separated    by   a   narrow   interspace,   half 

(Blkr.).  Teeth  of  upper  jaw  broader  than  long,  contiguous  with  the 
and  palate  '/i- 

somewhat   obliquely   placed  lateral  ones, 
which    are    oval    and   twice    broader   than   long.    12   flattened 


i)  This  is  the  case  in  specimens  above  325  mm.  In  specimens  of  295  mm. 
and  less,  we  find  the  dorsal  spine  equal  to  the  head  without  snout  and  the 
pectoral  spine  equal  to  head  from  posterior  nostril,  (cf.  M.  Weber  I.e.). 


305 

stiff  gillrakers,  :</4  of  branchial  filaments,  about  half  eye.  Length 
about  370  mm. 

Habitat:  New  Guinea  (Lorentz  river!,  Moaif  river! 
Kaiserin-Augusta  river !) ;  Aru-islands  ! 

In  rivers. 

21.  Arius  melanochir  Blkr. 

Arius  melanochir  Bleeker,   Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Ind.  III.   1852,  p.  590. 
Cephalocassis  melanochir  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858,  p.  103.  — 

Atl.  Ichth.  II.    1862,  p.  30. 
Arius  melanochir  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.   V.   1864,  p.   161. 

B.    6;     D.    I.    7;     A.    17—19;     P.    I.    11  —  12;     V.    6. 

Elongate;  height  (measured  below  dorsal  spine)  5]/4,  head 
4  or  more  than  4,  the  height  and  the  width  of  the  head  are 
subequal  and  about  equal  to  its  length  without  snout.  Bones 
on  the  crown  of  the  head  rugous;  occipital  process  narrow, 
much  longer  than  the  width  of  its  base,  its  sideborders  nearly 
parallel,  its  truncate  hindborder  touches  the  narrow  basal 
bone  of  the  dorsal  spine.  Dilated,  heartshaped  median  fontanel 
on  the  occiput,  on  both  sides  of  which  a  lateral  oval  fontanel. 
Eye  6 — 8,  with  an  incomplete  superficial  free  orbital  margin, 
situated  in  the  anterior  half  of  the  head,  more  than  twice  in 
the  length  of  the  snout  and  in  the 
interorbital  space.  Dorsal  profile  slightly 
convex,  sloping  to  the  conical,  bluntly 
rounded,  prominent  snout.  Maxillary 
barbels  extending  on  pectorals,  the 
mandibulary  ones  to  the  base  of  the  Fig  I30  AHns  1}~lanochlr 
pectorals,  the  mental  ones  to  the  hind-  Blkr.  Teeth  of  upper  jaw  and 
border  of  the  gillmembrane.  Height  of  Palate  X  2. 
dorsal  as  long  as  head  or  somewhat  shorter,  its  strong,  flattened 
spine  somewhat  shorter,  its  frontborder  granulated  and  serrated 
at  its  top,  the  hindborder  with  the  dentations  partly  directed 
upward.  Base  of  adipose  fin  much  longer  than  that  of  anal 
and  dorsal,  less  than  i'/2  in  its  distance  from  it.  Its  origin 
far  before  origin  of  anal.  Height  of  concave  anal  equal  to  the 
ventrals,  which  don't  extend  to  its  origin.  Pectorals  scarcely 
shorter  than  head,  with  a  very  strong,  flattened  spine,  serrated 
at  both  sides,  which  is  slightly  shorter  than  that  of  the  dorsal. 
Small,  conical  teeth  in  the  jaws  and  in  two  widely  separate, 
oblique,  posteriorly  diverging,  more  or  less  elliptic  patches  on 
INDO-AUSTRALIAN  FISHES  II.  20 


the  palate,  which  are  shorter  than  the  eye.  9  stiff,  somewhat 
flattened  gillrakers,  shorter  than  branchial  filaments  and  slightly 
longer  than  half  eye.  Darkish  brown  above,  white  below.  Fins 
yellowish,  blackish  in  the  middle,  adipose  fin  without  black 
spot.  Length  about  300  mm. 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Palembang,  Djambi!);  Borneo  (river 
Kapuas). 

In  rivers. 

22.  Arius  leptonotacanthus  Blkr. 

Arius    leptonotacanthus    Bleeker,    Verb.    Bat.    Gen.    XXIT.    1849,    Bijdr.    Ichth. 

Madura,  p.   n. 

Cephalocassis  leptonotacanthus  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858,  p.  105. 
Arius  leptonotacanthus  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  II.  1862,  p.  32. 

B.  6;    D.  I.  7;    A.   20—21;    P.  I.    II;    V.   5. 

Elongate.  Height  about  42/5.  Head  3,  broader  than  high, 
its  greatest  width  being  contained  i2/5  m  its  length.  Head 
scattered  with  very  small  granulations.  The  long,  broad  median 
fontanel  reaches  to  base  of  occipital  process,  which  is  trian- 
gular, shorter  than  broad  at  its  base,  elevated  along  the 
middle,  its  broad  truncated  or  emarginated  hindborder  reaching 
the  small,  smooth  basal  bone  of  the  dorsal  spine.  Eye  lateral, 
about  52/3,  with  a  free  orbital  margin,  about  three  times  in 
the  interorbital  space,  situated  in  the  posterior  part  of  the 
anterior  half  of  the  head,  not  twice  as  long  as  the  depressed, 
convex  snout.  Humeral  process  of  moderate  length,  rugous. 
Axillary  pore  present.  Maxillary  barbels  extending  to  base  of 
pectorals,  mandibulary  ones  to  branchial  opening,  the  mental 
ones  shorter.  Dorsal  scarcely  as  high  as  body,  twice  higher 
than  long,  its  rather  slender  spine  i'/2  times  in  head,  with 
the  hindborder  with  strong  spines,  directed  downward,  the 
top  of  its  frontborder  slightly  serrated.  Adipose  fin  much 
shorter  than  base  of  dorsal,  its  base  more  than  3  times  in 
its  distance  from  lastnamed.  Anal  rounded  anteriorly,  slightly 
emarginated,  about  twice  longer  than  adipose  fin,  much  longer 
than  high.  Pectorals  nearly  i'/2  times  in  head,  their  spine 
stronger  than  the  dorsal  one,  but  slightly  shorter,  strongly 
denticulated  behind,  the  top  of  its  frontborder  serrated.  Ventrals 
acutely  rounded,  shorter  than  pectorals.  Caudal  deeply  incised, 
with  acute  lobes.  Small,  sharp  teeth  in  curved  bands  in  the 
jaws.  The  teeth  on  the  palate  are  villiform,  and  form  two 


307 

widely  separate,  elongate,  pearshaped  patches,  slightly  bent, 
narrow,  and  not  much  shorter  than  the  eye,  somewhat  con- 
vergent posteriorly.  Olivaceous  above,  whitish  or  silvery  below. 
Fins  yellowish,  more  or  less  dusky.  Length  of  only  specimen 
known  21 1  mm.  [After  Bleeker  and  Giinther,  not  seen  by  us]. 

Nomen  in  dig:  Keteng  (Madura). 

Habitat:  Madura  sea  near  Surabaya. 

In  sea. 

23.  Arius  froggatti  Rams.  &  Ogilb. 

Arius  froggatti  Ramsay  &  Ogilby,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.  S.  Wales  (2)  I.  1886,  p.  14. 
Cine todus  froggatti  I.  Douglas  Ogilby,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.  S.  Wales,  1898^.32. 

D.  I.  7;    A.   19;    P.  I.   ii;    V.  6. 

Height  5!/3  in  the  total  length.  Head  somewhat  depressed, 
wider  than  deep,  42/3  in  the  total,  its  upper  profile  straight, 
gradually  rising  to  the  origin  of  the  dorsal  fin.  Mouth  small 
and  crescentic,  the  width  of  its  gape  3'/4  in  the  length  of 
the  head;  upper  jaw  slightly  projecting;  lips  thin,  without 
posterior  lobe.  Eyes  small  and  lateral,  their  diameter  J/5  of 
the  length  of  the  head,  5/8  of  that  of  the  snout,  which  is 
obtuse  and  equal  to  the  breadth  of  the  bony  interorbital 
space.  Occipital  process  triangular,  nearly  as  broad  as  long, 
with  a  crest.  Posterior  part  of  head  densely  granulated,  as 
also  are  the  edges  of  the  occipital  fontanel,  which  is  narrower 
and  much  shorter  than  the  interorbital  fontanel;  supraorbital 
fontanel  present;  otic  fonticle  small  and  circular.  Humeral 
process  granular.  The  maxillary  barbel  extends  backwards  to 
the  base  of  the  pectoral  fin,  the  mandibulary  one  not  quite  so  far. 
Dorsal  fin  inserted  above  the  interspace  between  the  pectorals 
and  ventrals;  its  height  equal  to  height  of  body,  its  spine  as 
long  as  the  head  behind  the  posterior  nostril;  it  is  strongly 
granulated  in  front  for  two  thirds  of  its  height ;  the  remaining 
third  and  the  entire  back  being  weakely  serrated.  Adipose 
fin  opposite  to  anal,  the  length  of  its  base  equal  to  that  of 
the  rayed  fin.  Pectoral  spines  very  strong,  considerably  longer 
than  the  dorsal  spine,  slightly  ruffened  on  the  outside  and 
strongly  denticulated  on  the  inside.  They  almost  reach  to  the 
ventrals,  which  on  their  part  just  touch  the  anal  fin.  Caudal 
42/3  in  the  total  length,  deeply  forked,  the  upper  lobe  the 
longer.  Jaws  with  broad  bands  of  small,  conical,  acute  teeth ; 


308 

palatines  anteriorly  with  a  patch  of  similar  teeth  implanted 
upon  a  movable  cushion ;  no  vomerine  nor  posterior  palatine 
patches.  Gillrakers  short,  stout,  few  in  number.  Axillary  pore 
present.  Steel-blue  above,  silvery  below,  faint  white  spot  on 
the  occiput  and  another  in  the  posterior  angle  of  the  base 
of  the  rayed  dorsal.  Length  of  single  known  specimen  294  mm. 
[After  Ramsay  and  Ogilby;  not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  South  New  Guinea  (Strickland  river). 

24.  Arius  truncatus  C.  V. 

Arius  truncatiis   Cuvier    &  Valenciennes,   Hist.   Nat.  Poissons  XV.   1840,  p.  64. 
Arius  truncatus  Cantor,  Journ.  Asiat.  Soc.  Bengal,  XVIII.   1850,  p.   1238. 
Cephalocassis  truncatus  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858,  p.  108. 
Arius  truncatus  Bleeker,  Atl.   Ichthyol.  II.   1862,  p.  33. 
Arius  truncatus  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.   V.    1864,  p.    158. 

B.    6;     D.    I.    7;     A.    22—25;     P-    I-    9;     V.    6. 

Elongate.  Height  5 — 6;  head  33/5 — 33/4,  depressed,  its  greatest 
depth  '/2  °f  its  length  and  2/3  of  its  width.  Its  crown  granular. 
Occipital  process  about  twice  as  long  as  broad,  its  side  borders 
nearly  parallel,  touching  with  its  truncate  hindborder  the  small, 
crescent-shaped  basal  bone  of  dorsal  spine.  Median  fontanel 
narrow  and  long.  Dorsal  profile  very  slightly  convex,  sloping 
down  to  the  flattened,  obtusely  rounded,  slightly  prominent 
snout.  Eye  6 — 10,  with  a  free  orbital  margin,  which  forms  a 
broad,  transparent  upper  eyelid,  situated  in  the  second  '/4  of 
the  head,  nearly  thrice  in  the  convex 
interorbital  space.  Maxillary  barbels  ex- 
tending scarcely  to  the  hindborder  of  the 
operculum,  the  mandibulary  and  mental 
°nes  to  the  hindborder  of  the  gillmem- 
brane.  Height  of  dorsal  longer  than  head 
without  snout,  osseous  part  of  its  spine 

C.  V.    Teeth    of   upper  jaw  ' 

and  palate  X  41/*-  strong,    4/5    of  length    of   head,    serrated 

along    both   edges.  Adipose  fin  elevated, 

its  base  equal  to  that  of  dorsal,  the  distance  from  which  is 
about  3  times  its  length.  The  adipose  fin  is  situated  above 
the  middle  of  the  anal,  which  is  emarginate  and  the  height  of 
which  is  about  equal  to  postorbital  part  of  head.  Ventrals 
reaching  to  anal,  somewhat  shorter  than  pectorals,  the  spine 
of  which  is  shorter  than  the  dorsal  one,  serrated  along  both 
edges.  Caudal  short,  forked,  with  the  lobes  obtusely  rounded. 


309 


Villiform  teeth  in  a  narrow,  slightly  arcuate  band  in  the  jaws, 
those  on  the  palate  are  more  conical,  in  two  widely  separate, 
small,  oval  patches,  the  long  axes  of  which  meet  anteriorly  in 
an  acute  angle.  7  distant,  very  short  gillrakers.  Dark  bluish 
above,  whitish  below,  fins  whitish,  dorsal  and  caudal  with  a 
dark  border.  Length  330  mm. 

Nomen  in  dig. :  Gutgut  (Djambi). 

Habitat:  Java;  Sumatra  (Palembang,  Djambi!);  Borneo 
(Pamangkat,  Sinkawang).  —  Pinang,  Malacca,  Siam. 

In  rivers  and  estuaries. 

25.  Arius  macronotacanthus  Blkr. 

Arius    macronotacanthus    Bleeker,    Nat.    &    Geneesk.    Arch.    Ned.  Ill  (2).   1846, 

p.    159.  —  Verb.   Bat.  Gen.  XXII.   1847,  Silur.  batav.  p.   32. 
Arius  arius  Cantor,  Journ.  Asiat.  Soc.  Bengal  XVIII.  1850,  p.  1240.  (fide  Giinther). 
Cephalocassis  macronotacanthus  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  1858,  p.  106. 
Arius  macronotacanthus  Bleeker,  All.  Ichth.  II.    1862,  p.  32. 
Arius  macronotacanthus  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  169. 
Arius  macronotacanthus  Volz,  Zool.  Jahrb.  Abth.  Syst.  X!X.   1903,  p.   389. 

B.   6;     D.   I.    7;    A.    19;    P.    I.   9;    V.    6. 

Height  4!/2 — 43/4;  head  about  ^\v  nearly  as  high  as  broad, 
its  greatest  width  about  equal 
to  head  without  snout,  its  bony 
shields  finely  granulated  and  ru- 
gous. Occipital  process  with  a 
median  keel,  triangular,  about 
as  long  as  broad,  its  sideborders 
straight,  its  truncate  hindborder 
touching  the  narrow,  semicircular 
basal  bone  of  the  dorsal  spine.  The 
narrow  median  fontanel  begins 
above  the  hindborder  of  the  eyes 
and  reaches  nearly  to  the  occi- 
pital crest.  Dorsal  profile  with  a 
convexity  at  the  occipital  process, 
very  gently  sloping  down  to 
the  rounded,  slightly  prominent 
snout.  Eye  5'/2  (in  specimens  of 
230  mm.),  with  a  free  orbital 

3  .  Anns  macronotacanthus  Blkr.  X    A>- 

margin,    nearly    twice    in    snout 

and  less  than  thrice  in  the  interorbital  space.  Maxillary  barbels 


Fig. 


extend  to  the  end  of  the  rough  humeral  process  or  somewhat 
farther,  mandibulary  barbels  to  base  of  pectorals,  mental  ones 
do  not  reach  hindborder  of  gillmembrane.  Height  of  dorsal 
shorter  than  head,  its  osseous  spine  with  a  filament;  it  is 
very  strong,  especially  at  its  base,  granulated  in  front,  slightly 
serrated  behind  and  as  long  as  head  or  somewhat  shorter.  Base 
of  adipose  fin  equal  to  that  of  soft  dorsal  and  thrice  in  its 
distance  from  lastnamed,  above  anterior  half  of  anal,  which 
is  concave.  Ventrals  shorter  than  pectorals,  which  are  about 
as  long  as  head  without  snout,  the  osseous  part  of  the  strong 
flattened  spine  is  equal  to  head  without 
snout,  granular  in  front,  serrated  behind. 
Small  teeth  in  an  arcuate  band  in  the 
jaws,  on  the  palate  finely  granular,  in 
Fig.  133.  Arius  macro-  two  elliptic  widely  separate  patches,  about 
notacanthus  Blkr.  Teeth  of  as  iong  as  the  eye,  diverging  posteriorly. 

upper  jaw  und  palate  X  2-  ,-      ,   .      ,      -,,      \  • 

9  cylindrical  gillrakers,  decreasing  rapidly 

in  size,  the  longest  conspicuously  shorter  than  '/2  °f  branchial 
filaments,  about  !/3  °f  eve-  Caudal  with  pointed  lobes,  the 
superior  one  the  longer,  nearly  6  times  in  the  total  length. 
Dark  bluish  above,  whitish  below,  adipose  fin  with  a  large 
black  spot.  Length  about  300  mm. 

Nomen  indig. :  Ikan  Manjong  pidada  (Batav.). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia) ;  Sumatra  (Padang,  Banjuasin, 
Priaman,  Bagan  api  api!);  Singapore.  —  Pinang. 

In  sea  and  rivers. 

Note:  'We  draw  attention  to  Arms  bleekeri  described 
by  Dr.  Canna  Popta  (Notes  Leyden  Museum  XXII  1900, 
p.  71)  after  4  specimens  of  unknown  habitat,  found  by  her 
among  fishes,  forwarded  by  the  late  Dr.  Bleeker  to  the 
Leyden  Museum,  as  there  is  a  chance,  that  it  may  be  an 
indo-australian  species. 

26.  Arius  caelatus  C.  V. 

Arius  caelatus  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  XV.   1840,  p.  66. 
Arius  caclatoides  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).   1846,  p.  159. 
Arius   microgastropterygius   Bleeker,    Nat.   &  Geneesk.    Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2). 

1846,  p.   160. 

Arius  clyptaster  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).  1846,  p.  161. 
Arius  clypeastroides  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  111(2).  1846,  p.  161. 
Arius  chondropterygius  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).  1846, 

p.  162. 


Arius    mclanopterygins   Bleeker,    Verh.    Bat.    Gen.    XXII.    1849.  Bijdr.  Ichthyol. 

Madura  p.   10. 

Cephalocassis  caelatus  Bleeker,  Ichth.   Arch.   Prodr.  I.  Siluri,   1858,  p.   no. 
Aritis  caelatus  Bleeker,  All.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  35. 
Arius  caelatus  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  P-   158. 
Arius  caelatus  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1878 — 1888,  p.  459. 
Aritis  caelatus  Vinciguerra,  Ann.  Mus.  Civ.  Geneva  XVI.    1880,  p.   173. 

B.  6;    D.  I.  7;    A.   19—20;    P.  I.  9;    V.  6. 

Elongate.  Height  42/3  to  more  than  5.  Head  3!/2  to  nearly 
4,  its  greatest  width  equal  to  its  length  without  snout.  Upper 
surface  of  head  granulated.  Occipital  process  carinated,  its 
sides  nearly  parallel,  as  long  as  or  slightly  longer  than 
its  base,  which  is  not  much  broader  than  its  concave  end, 
which  is  connected  with  the  small,  crescent  shaped,  corrugated 
basal  bone  of  the  dorsal  spine.  The  narrow  median  fontanel, 
beginning  behind  the  eye,  reaches  to  the  keel  of  the  occipital 
process.  Dorsal  profile  sloping  downwards  in  a  straight  line. 
Eye  4 — 5'/3,  with  a  free  orbital  margin,  2!/5  in  postorbital 
part  of  head,  about  twice  in  the  interorbital  space  and  less 
than  twice  in  the  rounded,  obtuse,  slightly  prominent  snout. 
Maxillary  barbels  extend  to  the  middle  or  to  the  end  of  the 
pectoral  fin,  mandibulary  barbels  to  half  of  pectorals,  mental 
ones  ]/2  shorter.  Height  of  dorsal  about  equal  to  length  of  head. 
Dorsal  spine  produced  into  a  soft,  long  filament,  its  osseous 
part  equal  to  head,  very  strong,  particularly  in  its  basal  half, 
granulated  anteriorly,  serrated  behind.  Adipose  fin  considerably 
shorter  than  dorsal,  more  than  thrice  in 
its  distance  from  dorsal,  opposite  to 
anterior  half  of  anal,  the  height  of  which 
is  nearly  equal  to  the  length  of  the  ven-  ££•••/  v'.-v," 
trals,  which  reach  to  the  origin  of  the 

anal   and    are   longer   than  head  without       Fig-  '34-  Arius  caelatus 

C.  V.    Teeth   of  upper  jaw 
its    postorbital    part.   Pectorals  somewhat  an(i  paiate  x  i'2/3- 

shorter    than    head,    their    spine    shorter 

and  less  strong  than  the  dorsal  one.  Caudal  deeply  forked. 
Villiform  teeth  in  the  jaws  in  an  arcuate  band.  On  the  palate 
in  two  widely  separate,  triangular  patches,  the  anterior  rounded 
base  of  which  is  considerably  longer  than  their  height.  About 
8  stiff,  flattened  gillrakers,  which  are  about  equal  to  !/3  of  the 
eye.  Blackish  above,  dark  grey  below.  Adipose  fin  black,  at 
least  the  distal  part  of  the  fins  blackish.  Length  over  300  mm. 


312 

No  men    in  dig. :     Uteh    (Madur.),    Manjong    pidada    (Mai. 
Batav.),  Keteng  (Jav.),  Gunggut  (Banjerm.). 

Habitat:    Java    (Batavia,    Surabaya,    Pasuruan);    Madura; 
Sumatra    (Padang,  Djambi!,  Bagan  api  api!);  Borneo  (Banjer- 
massin!,    Balikpapan!,    Sarawak,    Moratabas   (Brit.    Mus.)).   - 
Siam  westwards  to  Bombay. 

In  sea,  rivers  and  brackish  water. 

27.  Arius  utik  Blkr. 

Arius  oetik  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).   1846,  p.  166. 
Cephalocassis  utik  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,   1858,  p.   115. 
Arius  utik  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  34. 
Arius  utik  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.    1864,  p.   160. 

B.  6;  D.  i.  7;  A.  18—19;  P.  i.  10;  V.  6. 
Elongate,  height  (under  dorsal  spine)  43/4 — 5x/2,  head  3!/4 — 3'/2, 
broader  than  high,  its  greatest  width  2/3  of  its  length.  Crown 
of  head  smooth  or  nearly  so,  occipital  process  with  a  median 
crest,  triangular,  a  little  longer  than  broad  and  slightly  granu- 
lated, its  truncate  hind- 
border  touching  the  gra- 
nulate basal  bone  of  dor- 
sal spine.  A  slitlike  me- 
dian fontanel  beginning 
behind  the  eyes  and  run- 
ning to  occipital  keel. 
Humeral  process  triangu- 
lar, smooth.  Eye  with  a 
free  orbital  margin,  about 
5  in  head,  its  hindborder 
in  the  middle  of  the 
length  of  the  head,  about 
i!/2  times  in  snout  and 
2  times  in  interorbital 
space.  Dorsal  profile  slo- 
ping down  in  a  straight 
line  to  the  somewhat 


Fig.   135.  Arius  utik  Blkr.  X  5/6- 

slightly  prominent  snout. 

Maxillary  barbels  extend  to  the  root  of  the  pectorals,  mandi- 
bulary  barbels  to  the  hindborder  of  the  gillmembrane,  mental  ones 


313 

V  f 

conspicuously  shorter.  Height  of  pointed  dorsal  much  longer 
than  head  without  snout,  its  spine  terminates  in  a  soft  filament 
and  is  rather  weak,  corrugated  and  dentated  on  both  sides 
and  somewhat  shorter  than  head  without  snout.  Adipose  fin 
small,  its  base  rather  shorter  than  that  of  the  dorsal,  about 
thrice  its  distance  from  it,  situated  above  the  middle  of  the 
anal.  Height  of  anal,  the  hindborder  of  which  is  slightly 
concave,  is  less  than  the  length  of  the  ventrals,  which  extend 
to  its  origin.  Pectorals  more  than 
2/3  of  the  head,  their  weak  spine  is 
serrated  on  both  sides,  especially 
on  its  hindborder;  nearly  as  long 
as  that  of  the  dorsal  fin.  Caudal 
deeply  incised,  pointed  upperlobe 
the  longer.  Villiform  teeth  in  the 
jaws  in  an  arcuate  band,  those  on 
the  palate  conical  and  pointed,  forming  two  irregular,  triangular, 
widely  separate  patches,  the  point  of  which  is  directed  back- 
wards. 10  stiff,  somewhat  flattened  gillrakers,  shorter  than  bran- 
chial filaments.  Brownish  above,  whitish  below,  fins  yellowish, 
with  a  darkish  hue.  Length  225  mm. 

Nomen  in  dig. :  Ikan  manjong  utik  (Malay.  Batav.). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia !).  Borneo  (mouth  of  river  Kapuas). 

In  sea  and  estuaries. 

28.  Arius  doriae  Vine. 

Arius  Doriae  Vinciguerra,  Ann.  Mus.  Civ.  Geneva,  XVI.   1880,  p.   174. 

D.  i.  7;    A.   17—18;    P.  I.  9. 

Height  5;  head  3 '/a,  its  width  about  ix/3  in  its  length. 
Headshields  smooth,  only  the  occipital  part  with  few  granules 
and  rugosities.  Occipital  process  triangular  and  about  as  long 
as  broad  or  a  little  longer  than  broad  at  its  base.  Its  hind- 
border  is  totally  united  with  the  crescent-shaped  basal  bone 
of  the  dorsal  spine,  the  ends  of  which  are  prolonged.  The 
superficial  median  fontanel  begins  on  the  snout  and  ends  in 
a  point  at  the  base  of  the  occipital  process.  Eyes  8 — 9,  situated 
in  the  anterior  third  of  the  head,  3!/2  times  in  the  convex 
interorbital  space.  The  broad  snout  is  rounded,  its  anterior 
margin  arcuate,  its  length  a  little  more  than  J/s  °f  tne  head. 
Maxillary  barbels  reaching  the  middle  of  the  pectorals,  mandi- 


3H 

bulary  barbels  to  the  base  of  the  pectorals,  the  mental  ones 
extending  farther  than  the  gillopening.  Height  of  dorsal  more 
than  height  of  body  and  twice  its  base;  strong  dorsal  spine 
4/5  of  the  head,  its  frontborder  rough  in  its  lower  half,  slightly 
dentated  in  its  upper  half,  hindborder  strongly  serrated.  Base 
of  adipose  fin  equal  to  that  of  the  dorsal  and  not  more  than 
twice  in  its  distance  from  it.  Anal  emarginate,  not  much 
higher  than  long,  ]/3  longer  than  the  adipose  fin.  Ventrals 
shorter  than  pectorals,  which  go  i]/2  in  length  of  head;  pectoral 
spine  as  long  as  or  a  little  longer  and  stronger  than  the 
dorsal  spine,  serrated  on  both  borders.  Caudal  forked.  The 
short,  pointed  teeth  form  in  the  upper  jaw  a  slightly  arcuate 
band,  the  length  of  which  is  5  times  its  breadth ;  in  the  lower 
jaw  they  form  a  semicircle,  with  a  narrow  median  interruption. 
The  villiform  teeth  on  the  palate  in  two  separate,  subtriangular 
patches  with  an  anterior  point,  about  as  broad  as  the  eye. 
Uniform  brown.  Length  125  mm.  (without  C.).  [After  Vinci- 
guerra,  not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Borneo  (Sarawak). 

29.  Arius  venosus  C.  V. 

?  Arius  sumatranus  Bennett,  Cat.  Zool.  Spec,  in  Life  of  Raffles,  4°.  1830,  p.  691 

(insufficient  description). 

Arius  venosus  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  XV.   1840,  p.  69. 
Arius  micronotacanthus  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).  1846, 

p.   162. 

Arius  manjong  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).  1846,  p.  163. 
Arius  macruropterygius  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).  1846, 

p.   164. 
Aritis  micruropterygius  Bleeker,  Nat.  £  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).  1846, 

p.   164. 

Arius  laeviceps^  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).  1846,  p.  165. 
Arius  venosus  Bleeker,  Nat.  &   Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).   1846,  p.   165. 
Ccphalocassis  venosus  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858,  p.  113. 
Arius  venosus  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  33. 
Arius  venosus  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  159. 
Arius  sumatranus  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.   162. 
Arius  sumatranus  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1878 — 1 888,  p.  460. 
Arius  venosus  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1878 — 1888,  p.  460. 
Arius  venosus  Duncker,  Mitth.  Naturh.  Mus.  Hamburg,  XXI.   1904,  p.   174. 
Tachysurus  venosus  Scale,  Philippine  Journ.  Science  V.   1910,  p.  266. 

B.  6;    D.  i.  7;    A.   18—23;    P-  I-   10;    V.  6. 
Elongate.  Height  about  5 ;  head  about  4,  its  greatest  width 
i!/4   or    i'/3    in  its  length.  Crown  of  head  nearly  smooth,  few 


rugosities  bordering  the  very  narrow  and  short  median  fontanel, 
which  reaches  to  the  median  keel  of  the  triangular  occipital 
process,  That  process  is  slightly  longer  than  broad  at  its  base 
and  concave  at  its  hindborder,  which  touches  the  basal  bone  of 
the"  dorsal  spine.  Dorsal  profile  sloping  down  in  a  straight 
line.  Eye  4 — 4!/2,  with  a  free  orbital  margin,  slightly  more 
than  half  the  width  of  the  interorbital  space,  more  than  half 
the  length  of  the  snout,  which  is  rounded  and  prominent. 
Maxillary  barbels  extend  to  or  beyond  the  root  of  the  pectorals, 
mandibulary  barbels  beyond  the  gillmembranes,  mental  ones 
somewhat  shorter.  Height  of  dorsal  shorter  than  head,  higher 
than  the  body;  osseous  part  of  its  spine  equal  to  head  be- 
hind posterior  nostril,  granulated  in  front,  serrated  behind. 
Base  of  adipose  fin  shorter  than  dorsal,  about  4  times  in  its 
distance  from  lastnamed,  situated  above  the  middle  of  the 
anal  fin,  the  height  of  which  is  shorter  than  that  of  the  dorsal 
and  equal  to  the  length  of  the  ventrals, 
which  reach  on  it.  Pectorals  slightly  longer, 
their  flattened  spine  nearly  as  long  as  the 
dorsal  one,  granulated  in  front,  strongly 
serrated  behind.  Caudal  deeply  incised.  Villi- 
form  teeth  in  upper  jaw  in  a  slightly  arcuated, 
broad  band;  in  the  lower  jaw  in  a  divided,  sns  C.v.  Teeth  of  upper 
somewhat  narrower  band ;  on  the  palate  in  jaw  and  Palate  X  5/«- 
two  triangular  patches,  the  length  of  which  is  equal  to  the 
curved  anterior  base.  1 1  stiff",  cylindrical  gillrakers,  ventrally 
decreasing  in  size,  the  longest  equal  to  '/3  of  eye.  Dark 
reddish  brown  above,  whitish  grey  below.  Fins  hyaline,  the 
impaired  distally,  the  paired  ones  above  blackish.  Length 
about  260  mm. 

Nomen  indig. :  Manjong  utik,  Manjur  duri,  (Malay.  Batav.). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia,  Surabaya);  Borneo  (Balikpapan !, 
Moratabas  (Brit.  Mus.)  Sandakan) ;  Madura;  Bintang;  Banka; 
Singapore.  —  Malacca,  Burma,  Andamans,  Ceylon,  Seas  of 
Madagascar. 

In  sea. 

Doubtful    species. 

We  can  not  make  out  the  exact  position  of  the  following 
species: 


30.  Arius  brevirostris  Steind. 

Arius  brevirostris   Steindachner,  Abh.  Senckenb.  Naturf.  Gesellsch.  XXV.   1901, 
p.  447. 

D.  I.  7;    P.  I.  9;    A.   2O. 

The  dorsal  profile  of  head  ascends  in  a  convex  line  from 
anterior  end  of  head  regularly  to  dorsal.  Snout  and  front 
transversely  slightly  convex,  occipital  part  more  strongly  so, 
mesially  carinated  on  occiput  and  granulated  as  the  front. 
Cleft  of  mouth  transverse,  slightly  curved,  broad.  Upperborder 
of  mouth  scarcely  prominent  above  the  lower.  Nostrils  large, 
those  of  one  side  separated  by  a  cutaneous  fold.  Occipital 
process  with  its  base  slightly  broader  than  it  is  long,  exten- 
ding to  the  narrow,  semilunar  basal  bone  of  dorsal  spine, 
where  it  is  truncated  with  a  slight  curve.  Head  about  33/5. 
Eye  5,  snout  somewhat  more  than  3^3,  breadth  of  cleft  of 
mouth  more  than  i2/3,  height  below  origin  of  dorsal  iV2,  at 
caudal  peduncle  3,  length  of  pectorals  as  also  that  of  caudal 
and  height  of  dorsal  I  in  head.  The  band  of  teeth  on  the 
palate  narrow,  curved,  mesially  separated  by  a  small  inter- 
space. Each  of  the  two  halves  has  one  constriction.  The  teeth 
are  very  small,  granular,  whereas  those  in  the  jaws  are  fine 
and  villiform.  Length  of  maxillary  barbels  about  2!/a  times  in 
length  of  body.  Outer  mandibulary  barbels  slightly  more  than 
once  in  length  of  head.  The  maxillary  barbels  extend  with  their 
point  nearly  to  posterior  end  of  pectorals.  The  spine  of  dorsal 
and  pectoral  is  strong,  flexible  towards  its  end,  and  only  weakly 
and  sparingly  denticulated  at  its  posterior  border.  Length  of  base 
of  anal  somewhat  more  than  i1^,  that  of  the  dorsal  about  2'/2> 
that  of  the  adipose  fin  about  23/5  in  length  of  head.  Adipose 
fin  orginates  at  some  distance  behind  vertical  through  origin 
of  anal  and  ends  shortly  before  end  of  anal.  Ventrals  half  as  long 
as  head  and  reaching  with  their  point  to  begin  of  anal.  Caudal 
deeply  crescentic,  the  median  rays  about  half  as  long  as  the 
longest  of  the  slender  lobes.  Sides  of  head  and  trunk  above 
plumbaceous,  below  silvery.  Upper  side  of  head  with  yellowish 
green  metallic  hue.  Barbels,  rays  of  pectorals  (with  exception 
of  their  spine)  and  anal,  lower  half  of  anal  and  margin  of 
caudal,  dark  greyish  violet.  Length  of  the  single  specimen 
73  mm.  [Translated  from  Steindachner,  not  seen  by  us], 

Habitat:  Borneo  (Baram  river). 


317 
2.  Ketengus  Bleeker. 

(BLEEKER,  Verh.  Bat.  Gen.  XXI.  I.   1847,  Nieuwe  bijdr.  Silur.  p.  9). 

Elongate,  head  large,  very  broad,  with  a  short,  obtuse, 
prominent  snout.  Headshields  naked.  Eyes  in  the  anterior 
half  of  the  head,  with  a  free  orbital  margin.  Nostrils  very  close 
together,  the  small  anterior  one  with  a  circular  rim,  separated 
by  a  large  valve  from  the  larger  posterior  one.  Mouth  opening 
wide,  arcuate,  reaching  behind  eye.  6  small  barbels,  a  maxillary 
one  before  the  angle  of  the  mouth,  a  pair  of  mandibulary 
and  mental  ones  in  an  arcuate  line  on  the  chin.  Short  dorsal 
with  a  pungent,  denticulated  spine  and  7  rays.  Adipose  fin 
short,  opposite  to  anal.  Ventrals  6-rayed,  reaching  anal,  their 
origin  far  behind  the  end  of  the  base  of  the  dorsal.  Pectorals 
with  a  pungent,  denticulated  spine.  Caudal  forked.  A  single 
series  of  closely-set,  small,  incisor-like  teeth,  obtusely  tricuspid 
or  subtruncated.  Palate  edentulous.  Gill-membranes  confluent 
and  broadly  united  with  the  isthmus,  having  a  free  posterior 
margin  without  notch.  Kranchiostegal.rays  5. 


£.«>•---•  . 


Fig.   1 38.  Ketengus  typus  Blkr.  X  %2/3- 

i.  Ketengus  typus  Blkr. 

Ketengus  typus  Bleeker,  Verh.  Bat.  Gen.  XXI.  I.  1847,  Nieuwe  bijdr.  Silur.  p.  9. 
Pimelodus  pectinidens  Cantor,  Journ.  Asiat.  Soc.  Bengal,  XVIII.  1850,  p.  1243. 
Ketengus  typus  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858,  p.  242.  - 

All.  Ichth.  II.    1862,  p.  44. 

Ketengus  typus  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.  1864,  p.   177. 
Ketengus  typus  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1878 — 1888,  p.  468. 

B.  5;    D.  i.  7;-  A.  19—20;    P.  i.  7—8;    V.  6. 
Height   4*/2 — 5  ;  head  4!/4 — 4!/2»  slightly  longer  than  broad. 
Headshields  granular.  Occipital  process  triangular,  longer  than 


broad  at  its  base,  its  posterior  end  emarginated  and  receiving 
the  crescentic,  granular  basal  bone  of  dorsal  spine.  The  median 
fontanel  does  not  extend  to  base  of  occipital  process.  Eye 
3 — 43/4.  Maxillary  and  mandibulary  barbels  equal  to  eye,  the 
mental  ones  shorter.  Height  of  dorsal  equal  to  head.  Dorsal  spine 
serrated  on  both  sides  and  about  of  the  length  of  the  head.  Base 
of  adipose  fin  equal  to  that  of  soft  dorsal,  about  thrice  in  its 
distance  from  that  fin.  Height  of  anal  much  less  than  that  of 
dorsal.  Pectoral  spine  denticulated  at  both  edges,  shorter  than 
head.  Caudal  bifurcate,  the  upper  lobe  the  longer.  Darkish 
above,  whitish  silvery  below,  all  over  with  a  metallic  hue. 
Fins  yellowish.  Length  240  mm. 

Nomen  in  dig. :  Keteng  (Madura). 

Habitat:  Java  (Surabaya);  Madura;  Sumatra  (Palembang); 
Borneo  (rivers  Barito  and  Mahakam !).  Pinang,  Siam, 

Andamans. 

In  rivers  and  in  brackish  water  near  the  shore. 

3.  Tetranesodon  M.  Weber. 

(MAX  WEBER,  Nova  Guinea  IX.  livr.  4.   1913,  p.  545). 

Head  conical,  snout  conical,  strongly  prominent  before  small, 
transverse  inferior  mouth,  the  lips  of  which  are  internally 
swollen.  Nostrils  close  together,  lateral,  the  posterior  with  a 
valve.  A  pair  of  short  maxillary,  mandibulary  and  mental 
barbels.  Headshields  rugose,  covered  with  thin  skin.  Occipital 
process  touching  the  basal  bone  of  dorsal  spine.  Eye  of 
medium  size,  lateral,  with  free  orbital  margin.  Dorsal  with  7 
rays  and  a  pungent  spine,  originating  in  the  middle  between 
pectorals  and  ventrals.  Adipose  fin  moderate,  above  anal. 
Ventrals  six-rayed.  Pectorals  with  a  pungent  spine.  Caudal 
forked.  Axillary  pore  present.  On  each  side  in  the  jaws  a 
narrow  patch  of  conical  teeth,  few  in  number.  Palate  edentulous. 
Gillmembranes  united,  in  their  middle  connected  with  the 
isthmus,  with  a  free  posterior  margin.  Ventral  branch  of  first 
branchial  arch  with  few  (8)  gillrakers.  6  branchiostegal  rays. 

i.  Tetranesodon  conorhynchus  M.  Web. 

Tetranesodon   conorhynchus  Max  Weber,  Nova  Guinea  IX.  livr.  4.   1913,  p.  546. 

B.   6;    D.   I.    7;    A.    17;    P.   I.    10;    V.   6. 

Elongate.  Height  below  dorsal  spine  somewhat  more  than  6; 


3^9 

head  5,  its  breadth  i'2/5  in  its  length,  its  dorsal  profile  slightly 
convex,  slowly  sloping  down  to  the  snout,  which  is  bluntly 
conical.  Its  lower  border  runs  in  a  somewhat  oblique  and  posterior 
direction  to  the  upperlip,  which  borders  in  a  semicircle  the  quite 
inferior  mouth.  A  vertical  through  the  mouth  is  nearer  to  the 
eye  than  to  the  point  of  the  snout,  it  is  only  about  J/5  of  the 
length  of  the  head.  The  somewhat  swollen  lips  are  connected  by 
a  rather  broad  fold.  Nostrils  close  together,  situated  below  a 
horizontal  connecting  eye  and  point  of  snout.  Crownshield 
with  undulating  rugae,  radiating  from  a  central  point.  Occipital 
process  keeled,  '/2  longer  than  broad  at  its  base,  its  rectilinear 
sideborders  converging,  its  truncate  hindborder  somewhat 
emarginated  and  touching  the  rugous,  crescentic  basal  bone 


F'g*    '39-    Tetranesodon  conorhynchus  M.  Web. 

of  the  dorsal  spine.  Before  the  crownshield  a  narrow,  oval 
fontanel  about  as  long  as  snout.  Humeral  process  rugous, 
elongate  and  truncate.  Eye  lateral,  situated  in  the  anterior 
half  of  head,  62/s  in  head,  twice  in  snout  and  2]/2  times  in 
the  very  convex  interorbital  space.  Maxillary  barbels  2!/2 
times  in  head,  reaching  nearly  halfway  to  posterior  border  of 
opercle,  mandibulary  barbels  !/3  longer  than  eye,  mental  barbels 
slightly  shorter.  Mandibulary  and  mental  barbels  originating 
close  together  in  one  line.  Height  of  dorsal  equal  to  head 
from  posterior  nostril,  its  spine  slightly  shorter,  flattened, 
anteriorly  with  weak,  posteriorly  with  stronger  serrations.  Base 
of  adipose  fin  longer  than  dorsal,  its  distance  from  dorsal  !/2  ^ts 


320 

length.  Height  of  anal  nearly  equal  to  head  without  snout, 
ventrals  somewhat  shorter,  not  reaching  on  anal.  Pectorals 
about  equal  to  dorsal,  their  spine  of  equal  length,  longer  than 
dorsal  spine,  anteriorly  with  blunt,  posteriorly  with  long, 
pointed  teeth.  Caudal  deeply  forked,  the  pointed  lobes  thrice 
as  long  as  the  median  rays.  Least  height  of  caudal  peduncle 
nearly  thrice  in  its  length.  In  each  oval  maxillary  patch 
nearly  10  conical  teeth,  the  mandibulary  patches  are  smaller  and 
triangular  and  have  about  an  equal  number  of  teeth.  All  teeth 
are  depressible.  8  stiff,  flattened  gillrakers,  considerably  shorter 
than  the  branchial  filaments.  Dark  bluish,  underside  of  head 
and  belly  whitish  with  a  silvery  hue,  increasing  on  sides  and 
tail.  Fins  dark  brown.  Length  of  single  specimen  210  mm. 
Habitat:  South  New  Guinea  (Lorentz  river!). 

4.  Nedystoma  Ogilby. 

(I.  DOUGLAS  OGILBY,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.  S.  Wales,  1898,  p.  32). 

Head  scarcely  depressed  but  little  wider  than  deep.  Mouth 
moderate,  transverse,  upper  jaw  projecting.  Nostrils  close 
together,  no  nasal  barbel.  Maxillary,  mandibulary  and  mental 
barbels  slender  and  short.  Median  fontanel  ending  dilated  and 
rounded  midway  in  the  rounded  occipital  shield,  which  is  not 
covered  by  skin.  Occipital  process  touching  the  basal  bone  of 
the  dorsal  spine.  Eyes  rather  large,  only  anteriorly  with  a 
free  orbital  margin.  Dorsal  with  7  rays  and  a  pungent  spine, 
originating  midway  between  pectorals  and  ventrals.  Adipose 
fin  rather  small,  above  the  anal.  Pectorals  with  a  pungent 
spine.  Ventrals  with  6  rays.  Caudal  deeply  forked.  Axillary 
pore  present.  Jaws  with  one  or  two  series  of  feeble,  somewhat 
deciduous  teeth.  Palate  edentulous.  Gillmembranes  united, 
attached  to  the  isthmus  along  the  median  line  and  confluent 
with  its  skin,  without  forming  a  free  margin.  On  the  lower 
branch  of  the  first  branchial  arch  numerous  (23)  long,  cylin- 
drical gillrakers,  internally  from  them  a  series  of  more  than  30 
low,  triangular  processes.  6  branchiostegals. 

i.  Nedystoma  dayi  (Ramsay  &  Ogilby). 

Hemipimelodus   Dayi   Ramsay   &    Ogilby,    Proc.    Linn.    Soc.    N.   S.  Wales  (2).  1 

1886,  p.  16. 

Nedystoma  Dayi  I.  Douglas  Ogilby,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.  S.  Wales  1898,  p.  33. 
Nedystoma  Dayi  Max  Weber,  Nova  Guinea  IX.  livr.  4.   1913,  p.  548. 


321 


B.   6;     D.   II.    7;     A.    2O— 21;    P.   I.    IO;    V.    6. 

Elongate,  height  below  dorsal  spine  4 — 42/5,  head  3'/3 — 3f/2, 
its  width  i'2/5  in  its  length.  Dorsal  profile  somewhat  irregularly 
and  slowly  sloping  down  to  the  rounded,  blunt,  somewhat 
spongy,  thickened  snout,  prominent  in  front  of  the  nearly  trans- 
verse gape  of  mouth,  the  length  of  which  goes  nearly  2!/2  times 
in  head.  Crown  of  head  with  furrows  and  granulate  rugae, 
radiating  from  a  central  prominence.  The  proper  occipital  process 
with  parallel  borders,  twice  as  long  as  broad,  touching  with 


Fig.  140.  Nedystoma  dayi  (Ramsay  &  Ogilby).  X  V* 

a  broad  truncate  hindborder  the  cres- 
centic  basal  bone  of  the  dorsal  spine. 
This  part  of  the  occipital  process  ori- 
ginates from  a  triangular  continuation 
of  the  occipital  shield.  The  occipital 

shield  has  anteriorly  a  deep  rounded  incisure  for  the  median 
fontanel,  which  narrows  anteriorly.  On  both  sides  bordered 
by  a  ridge;  besides  a  narrow  bony  ridge  runs  on  both  sides 
from  the  anterior  border  of  the  occipital  shield  to  above  the 
frontborder  of  the  eye.  Humeral  process  triangular,  with  a 
broad  base  and  sharp  posterior  point.  Eyes  only  anteriorly 
with  a  vestigial  orbital  ring;  more  than  5  times  in  head,  i!/2 
in  snout,  2 — 2]/2  in  the  slightly  convex  interorbital  space, 
which  goes  about  2!/2  times  in  head.  Maxillary  barbels  extend 
to  the  posterior  border  of  the  gillmembrane  or  somewhat  farther, 
as  also  the  shorter  mandibulary  barbels,  the  mental  barbels 
!/3  shorter.  Dorsal  equal  to  head  or  slightly  shorter.  Dorsal 
spine  flattened,  its  frontborder  slightly  serrated  only  at  its  top, 
posterior  border  with  rough  teeth,  its  length  much  more  than 
that  of  head  without  snout,  in  small  specimens  nearly  equal 

IN  DO-AUSTRALIAN    FISHES    II.  21 


322 

to  head.  Base  of  adipose  fin  somewhat  shorter  than  dorsal,  it 
goes  in  small  specimens  more  than  twice,  in  larger  nearly  thrice 
in  its  distance  from  dorsal.  Height  of  concave  anal  equal  to 
head  without  snout  or  somewhat  less.  Ventrals  reaching  the 
anal,  equalling  in  length  the  height  of  lastnamed.  Pectorals 
as  long  as  head  without  snout  or  longer,  osseous  part  of  their 
spine  slightly  shorter  but  much  longer  than  dorsal  spine, 
flattened  and  serrated  at  its  hindborder  only.  Caudal  deeply 
incised,  the  pointed  lobes  nearly  3  times  longer  than  median 
rays.  Least  part  of  caudal  peduncle  about  twice  in  its  length. 
The  very  minute  teeth  form  in  the  jaws  a  narrow,  slightly 
curved  band  of  one  or  two  rows.  Lower  part  of  first  branchial 
arch  with  23  cylindrical,  stiff  gillrakers,  broadened  at  their 
base,  the  longest  equalling  the  branchial  filaments;  mesially 
on  the  same  arch  is  a  parallel  row  of  more  than  30  low, 
triangular  processes  with  a  swollen  top.  Colour  silvery,  above 
dark  blue,  crown  yellowish  brown,  fins  hyaline,  more  or  less 
darkish  at  their  margin.  Length  about  240  mm. 

Habitat:  South  New  Guinea  (Strickland  river,  Lorentz 
river!). 

5.  Hemipimelodus  Bleeker. 

(BLEEKER,  Ichth.   Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,   1858,  p.  236). 

Head  more  or  less  depressed.  Mouth  transverse,  moderate 
or  small,  snout  prominent  or  even  projecting  and  gibbous. 
Nostrils  close  together,  no  nasal  barbel.  Maxillary,  mandibulary 
and  mental  barbels  slender,  rather  long.  Headshields  visible 
or  more  or  less  covered  by  skin.  Occipital  process  touching 
the  basal  bone  of  the  dorsal  spine.  Eyes  with  or  without  a 
free  orbital  margin.  Dorsal  with  7  rays  and  a  pungent  spine, 
originating  midway  between  ventrals  and  pectorals  or  nearer 
to  lastnamed.  Adipose  fin  of  moderate  length  or  short,  origin- 
ating above  or  slightly  before  the  anal.  Pectorals  with  a  pungent 
spine.  Ventrals  with  6  rays.  Caudal  deeply  forked.  Axillary 
pore  present.  Jaws  with  a  band  of  villiform  teeth.  Palate 
edentulous.  Gillmembranes  united,  attached  to  the  isthmus 
along  the  median  line,  leaving  a  narrow  margin  free.  On  the 
lower  branch  of  the  first  branchial  arch  a  moderate  number 
of  short,  more  or  less  conical  gillrakers.  5 — 6  branchiostegals. 


323 
Synopsis   of  the    species. 

A.  Free  orbital  margin  present. 

1.  Adipose  fin    originating  in  advance  of  the  anal. 
Band   of  intermaxillary    teeth  transversely  divi- 
ded   by     a    naked    groove,    behind    which    the 
teeth    are    small    and    decumbent.    Axillary  pore 

present H.  crassilabris  p.   323. 

2.  Adipose    fin  totally  above  the  anal.  Intermaxil- 
laries    with    a    compact    band  of  villiform  teeth. 
No  axillary  pore. 

a.  8  gillrakers.  A.  19 — 20,  snout  conical,  strongly 

prominent,  eye  about   5!/2  iQ  head H.  macrorhynchus  p.  324. 

b.  12  gillrakers.  A.  15,  snout  flat,  rounded,  slightly 

prominent,  eye  about  7  in  head H.  velutinus  p.  325. 

B.  No  free  orbital  margin,  axillary  pore  present. 

1.  Head  4 — 4V«2i    eYe  7 — 8,  dorsal  spine  equal  to 

or  shorter  than  head  and  equal  to  pectoral  spine  H.  borneensis  p.  327. 

2.  Head  32/5-3V4- 

0.  eye   8,    dorsal    spine    2/3    of  head,    equal    to 

pectoral  spine " H,  macrocephalus   p.  327. 

b.  eye   n — 12,  dorsal  spine  equal  to  or  shorter 

than  head,  longer  than  pectoral  spine  .   .  .  .  H.  intermedius  p.  328. 


Fig.   141.  Hemipimelodus  velutlmts  M.  Web.  About  X   '/•>• 

I.  Hemipimelodus  crassilabris  Ramsay  &  Ogilby. 

Hemipimelodus  crassilabris  Ramsay  &  Ogilby,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.  S.  Wales  (2). 

I.   1886,  p.  18. 
Pachyula  crassilabris  I.  Douglas  Ogilby,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.  S.  Whales.  1898,  p.  33. 

B.    5;    D.   I.   7;     A.    18;     P.   I.    12;    V.   6. 

Height  5V3  in  the  total  length,  head  43/7  in  the  total  length, 
depressed  anteriorly,  wider  than  deep,  the  nuchal  region  ele- 
vated. Width  of  head  equal  to  head  without  snout.  Occiput 
feebly  and  obtusely  ridged.  Occipital  process  triangular,  its 


324 

breadth  at  the  base  nearly  equal  to  its  length.  Occipital 
fontanel  dilated  and  cardiform.  Mouth  small  and  trans- 
verse, the  width  of  the  gape  is  '/4  of  the  length  of  the 
head,  lips  thick,  the  upper  terminating  in  a  broad,  free  lobe. 
Upper  jaw  well  projecting  and  somewhat  gibbous  anteriorly. 
Eyes  55/0,  small,  supero-lateral,  surrounded  by  a  fleshy  lid, 
2'/4  in  snout  and  i'/2  in  the  interorbital  space.  Maxillary 
barbels  not  quite  reaching  to  gillcoverts,  mandibulary  and 
mental  barbels  close  together  on  the  same  transverse  plane, 
short.  Dorsal  fin  a  little  higher  than  the  body,  its  spine 
roughened  in  front,  weakly  serrated  behind  and  7/10  of  the  length 
of  head,  originating  much  nearer  to  the  pectorals  than  to  the 
ventrals;  the  base  of  the  rayed  dorsal  is  4/5  of  that  of  the 
adipose  fin,  which  is  rather  long  and  low,  originating  well 
in  advance  of  the  anal.  Pectoral  spine  a  little  shorter  but 
stouter  than  the  dorsal  spine,  equal  to  the  width  of  the 
head;  it  is  roughened  outside,  finely  serrated  inside;  they  do 
not  nearly  reach  the  ventrals,  which  themselves  do  not  reach 
the  anal.  Caudal  deeply  forked.  Jaws  with  bands  of  villiform 
teeth,  that  of  the  maxillaries  wide  and  transversely  divided 
by- a  naked  groove,  behind  which  the  teeth  are  smaller  and 
decumbent.  Mandibular  band  narrow.  Gillrakers  small,  conical, 
in  moderate  number.  Brown  above,  yellowish  white  below, 
the  pectoral  region  silvery.  Basal  half  of  dorsal  and  anal  fins 
yellowish  white,  remainder  of  fins  brown ;  inner  surface  of 
pectorals  blue  at  the  base.  Length  about  200  mm.  [After 
Ramsay  &  Ogilby;  not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  South  New  Guinea  (Strickland  river). 

2.  Hemipimelodus  macrorhynchus  M.  Web. 

Hemipimelodus  macrorhynchus  Max  Weber,  Nova  Guinea  IX.  Zool.  livr.  4,  1913, 
P-  549- 

B.    6;     D.    I.    7;    A.    19—20;    P.    I.    10;    V.    6. 

Elongate.  Height  under  dorsal  spine  53/5,  head  nearly  4. 
Dorsal  profile  slightly  convex  above  the  opercle,  otherwise 
slowly  sloping  down  to  the  conical  snout,  which  forms  a 
prominent  cone,  rapidly  decreasing  in  seize.  Mouth  inferior, 
slightly  rounded,  23/4  in  head,  when  closed  only  the  posterior 
part  of  the  maxillary  band  of  teeth  is  covered.  The  horizontal 
connecting  the  middle  of  the  frontborder  of  the  eye  with  the 


325 

point  of  the  snout  runs  between  the  posterior  and  anterior 
nostril.  A  thin  skin  covers  the  headshields,  which  have  reticu- 
late rugae.  Occipital  process  keeled,  its  sideborders  slightly 
converging,  its  length  about  i'/2  the  breadth  of  its  base, 
posteriorly  rounded  and  touching  the  narrow  crescentic  basal 
bone  of  the  dorsal  spine.  The  long,  narrow,  elliptic  median 
fontanel  reaches  to  the  occipital  process.  Humeral  process 
triangular,  pointed,  with  a  longitudinal  crest.  Eyes  5'/2,  lateral, 
with  conspicuous  free  orbital  margin,  situated  in  the  anterior 
half  of  the  head,  about  2  times  in  snout  and  about  2*/2  times 
in  the  convex  interorbital  space.  Maxillary  barbels  reach  half 
way  on  the  pectorals  or  somewhat  farther,  mandibulary  barbels 
half  as  long,  the  mental  ones  still  shorter,  reaching  to  the 
gillmembrane.  Dorsal  originating  nearer  to  the  pectorals  than 
to  the  ventrals,  equal  to  length  of  head  from  posterior  nostril; 
dorsal  spine  flattened,  both  its  borders  weakly  serrated,  some- 
what longer  than  head  without  snout.  Base  of  adipose  fin 
shorter  than  that  of  dorsal,  thrice  in  its  distance  from  last- 
named  (less  in  young  specimens).  Height  of  anal  somewhat 
more  than  postorbital  part  of  head,  its  inferior  border  concave. 
Ventrals  equal  to  postorbital  part  of  head,  they  don't  reach  the 
anal.  Pectorals  equal  to  head  without  snout,  their  spine  some- 
what shorter,  equal  to  dorsal  spine  or  slightly  shorter,  flattened, 
frontborder  weakly,  serrated  hindborder  strongly  so.  Caudal 
deeply  forked,  the  pointed  lobes  3  times  longer  than  the  median 
rays.  Least  height  of  caudal  peduncle  at  least  two  times  in  its 
length.  No  axillary  pore.  Villiform  teeth  in  upperjaw  in  a  curved 
band,  8  times  broader  than  long.  The  two  slightly  separated 
bands  in  the  lower  jaw  are  somewhat  narrower.  Eight  stiff 
flattened  gillrakers  considerably  shorter  than  branchial  filaments. 
Colour  dorsally  grey  brown,  sides  silvery,  lower  surface  of 
head  and  belly  white.  Fins,  especially  their  distal  part,  darkish. 
Length  175  mm. 

Habitat:  South  New  Guinea  (Lorentz-river !). 

3.  Hemipimelodus  velutinus  M.  Web.  [Fig.   141,  p.  323]. 

Hemipimelodtis    velutinus    Max    Weber,    Nova    Guinea    V.    Zool.    livr.    2,    1908, 
p.  225.  —  Ibid.  IX,  livr.  4,  1913,  p.  549. 

B.  6;    D.  I.  7;    A.    15;    P.  I.    10;    V.  6. 

Elongate;    height    5!/2,    head    3!/4,    broader   than    high,    its 


326 

breadth  4/5  of  its  length.  Dorsal  profile  with  a  slight  convexity 
sloping  down  to  the  broad,  slightly  prominent,  rounded  snout. 
Mouth  slightly  rounded,  more  than  twice  in  head,  when  closed 
only  the  posterior  part  of  the  maxillary  band  of  teeth  is 
covered.  Nostrils  above  a  line,  connecting  the  middle  of  the 
eye  and  the  point  of  the  snout.  Head  covered  by  skin,  its 
posterior  part  granulated.  Occipital  process  keeled,  somewhat 
longer  than  the  breadth  of  its  base,  its  lateral  borders  nearly 
parallel,  its  hindborder  touching  the  basal  bone  of  the  dorsal 
spine.  Median  fontanel  shallow,  rhombic,  situated  between 
posterior  nostrils  and  occipital  process.  Humeral  process  rather 
long  and  pointed.  Eyes  about  7,  nearly  lateral,  with  a  free 
orbital  margin  situated  in  the  anterior  half  of  the  head, 
21/4-21/2  in  the  snout,  41/4~41/2  in  the  slightly  convex  interor- 
bital  space.  Maxillary  barbels  extending  to  base  of  pectorals 
or  somewhat  farther,  mandibular  barbels  to  base  of  pectorals, 
mental  ones  conspicuously  shorter.  Dorsal  originates  midway 
between  pectorals  and  ventrals;  nearly  equal  to  head  from 
posterior  nostril;  osseous  part  of  dorsal  spine  equal  to  head 
without  snout,  flattened,  the  fine  granules  of  its  frontborder 
are  distally  coarser,  hindborder  serrated.  Base  of  adipose  fin  as 
long  as  dorsal,  its  distance  from  lastnamed  fin  about  2!/2  times 
its  length.  Anal  emarginate,  its  height  about  equal  to  postor- 
bital  part  of  head,  ventrals  of  about  the  same  length,  reaching 
anal  or  nearly  so.  Pectorals  I  eyediameter  longer  than  head 
without  snout,  their  spine  in  length  and  otherwise  equal  to 
dorsal  spine.  Caudal  deeply  forked,  its  lobes  pointed,  more 
than  thrice  in  the  longest  median  rays.  Least  height  of  caudal 
peduncle  i]/2  times  its  length.  Crescentic  maxillary  band  of 
villiform  teeth  6  times  broader  than  long,  the  band  of  the 
lower  jaw  nearly  similar  but  laterally  pointed.  About  12  short, 
stiff  gillrakers,  broadened  at  their  base,  the  most  lateral  ones 
very  short.  Dorsal  surface  and  sides  of  a  lighter  or  darker  steel 
colour,  gradually  passing  into  the  yellow  white  of  the  lower 
surface.  Fins  dark,  margin  of  anal  and  pectorals  and  innerside 
of  ventrals  lighter.  Length  abouth  350  mm. 

Nomen  indig. :  Kantjur  (Senta'ni). 

Habitat:  North  New  Guinea  (Lake  Sentani !,  river  Tamil, 
and  its  tributaries !,  river  Tawarin !). 

In  fresh  water. 


327 


4.  Hemipimelodus  borneensis  (Blkr.). 

Fhnclodtis  borneensis  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Ind.  II.   1851,  p.  430. 
Hemipimelodus     borneensis    Bleeker,    Ichth.    Arch.    Ind.    Prodr.    I.    Siluri,    1858, 

p.   238.  —  All.  Ichth.  II.    1862,  p.  43. 
Hemipimelodus  borneensis  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.   Mus.  V.    1864,  p.    176. 

B.  5;    D.  i.  7;    A.   18—20;    P.  I.  9—10;    V.  6. 

Elongate.  Height  5 — 52/5,  head  4 — 41/2,  its  breadth  iJ/3 — i1/, 
in  its  length.  Rostro-dorsal  profile  of  head  and  neck  convex. 
Head  granulated  above,  occipital  process  keeled,  triangular, 
longer  than  broad,  extending  on  to  the  short  basal  bone  of 
the  dorsal  spine.  A  long  median  fontanel  reaching  to  the 
occipital  process.  Snout  obtusely  rounded,  slightly  prominent. 
Mouth  rather  small,  22/3 — 3  in  length  of  head,  transverse.  The 
maxillary  barbels  extend  to  the  end  of  the  head,  the  mandibulary 
barbels  do  not  reach  the  branchial  opening  and  are  longer  than 
the  mental  ones.  The  eyes  7 — 8,  small,  covered  by  skin,  situated 
between  the  anterior  and  middle  thirds  of  the  head,  thrice  in 
the  width  of  the  interorbital  space  and  about  twice  in  the 
length  of  the  snout.  Dorsal  about  as  long  as  height  of  body, 
its  spine  strong,  serrated  behind,  as  long  as  or  shorter  than 
the  head.  Base  of  adipose  fin  rather  longer  than  the  dorsal, 
its  length  being  more  than  half  its  distance  from  the  dorsal.  Anal 
slightly  emarginate,  little  longer  than  adipose  fin.  Ventrals 
i'2/5 — 13/5  in  length  of  head.  Pectorals  a  little  shorter  than 
head,  their  spine  strong,  as  long  as  that  of  the  dorsal  or  a 
little  longer,  strongly  serrated  behind,  weakly  at  the  top  of  its 
frontborder.  Caudal  forked,  with  pointed  lobes.  Villiform  teeth 
in  a  slightly  curved  band  in  the  upper  jaw,  the  band  in  the 
lower  jaw  more  curved,  broader,  but  antero-posteriorly  shorter. 
Olivaceous  above,  margariteceous  below.  Length  200  mm. 
[Not  seen  by  us]. 

Nom.  indig. :  Anak  dukang  (Palembang). 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Palembang);  Borneo  (Sarawak,  rivers 
Barito  and  Sambas.  -  -  Siam. 

In  rivers. 

5.  Hemipimelodus  macrocephalus  Blkr. 

Hemipimelodus    macrocephalus   Bleeker,    Ichth.    Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,   1858, 

p.   239.  —  Atl.  Ichth.  II.    1862,  p.  43. 
Hemipimelodus  macrocephalus  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.    176. 


328 

B.  5;    D.  i.  7;   A.   19—20;    P.  i.  10;   V.  6. 

Elongate;  height  5Y3 — 53/5,  head  32/5 — 3*/4,  its  breadth  about 
i'/2  in  its  length.  In  the  rostro-dorsal  profile  the  snout  and  the 
neck  are  convex,  the  front  and  crown  of  the  head  slope  in  a 
straight  line.  Occipital  process  carinated,  triangular,  rather  longer 
than  broad,  extending  to  the  small  basal  bone  of  the  dorsal 
spine.  A  long  median  fontanel  reaching  almost  to  the  occipital 
process.  Snout  obtusely  rounded,  slightly  prominent.  Mouth 
3  times  in  length  of  head.  The  maxillary  barbels  reach  to  the 
opercles,  the  mandibulary  barbels  do  not  reach  so  far  and 
are  longer  than  the  mental  ones.  Eyes  about  8,  lateral,  small, 
covered  by  skin  situated  between  the  anterior  and  middle 
thirds  of  the  head,  2 — 2'/2  in  the  width  of  the  interorbital 
space,  about  twice  in  the  snout.  Dorsal  fin  rather  higher  than 
the  body,  its  spine  is  strong,  serrated  behind,  2/3  of  the  length 
of  the  head.  Base  of  adipose  fin  scarcely  longer  than  that  of 
dorsal,  its  length  being  less  than  !/2  its  distance  from  the 
dorsal.  Anal  a  little  emarginate,  longer  than  adipose  fin. 
Ventrals  about  twice  in  head.  Pectorals  i1^ — 1]/4  m  head, 
their  spine  as  long  as  the  dorsal  one,  strongly  serrated  be- 
hind, weakly  at  the  top  of  its  frontborder.  Caudal  forked,  with 
pointed  lobes.  Villiform  teeth  in  a  slightly  curved  band  in  the 
upper  jaw,  the  band  in  the  lower  jaw  more  curved,  broader, 
but  antero-posteriorly  shorter.  Olivaceous  above,  margaritaceous 
below.  Length  140  mm.  [After  Bleeker  and  Gunther  and  after 
a  specimen  in  the  Leyden  Museum,  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Palembang);  Borneo  (river  Barito). 

In  rivers. 

6.  Hemipimelodus  intermedius  Vine. 

Hemipimelodus  intermedius  Vinciguerra,  Ann.  Mus.  Civ.  Gen.  XVI.  1880,  p.  178. 
B.    ?     D.    I.    7;     A.    I9;     P.    I.    9;     V.    ? 

Elongate;  height  5!/3>  head  3!/3,  its  breadth  i2/5  in  its  length, 
broad,  depressed.  Crownshields  rugose,  granulate.  Occipital 
process  keeled,  triangular,  not  much  longer  than  broad  at  its 
base,  contiguous  with  the  basal  bone  of  the  dorsal  spine. 
The  long  median  fontanel  reaches  nearly  to  the  occipital 
process.  Snout  rounded,  slightly  prominent.  Maxillary  barbels 
reach  to  the  hindborder  of  the  operculum,  the  mandibulary 
ones  do  not  reach  the  branchial  opening  and  are  longer  than 
the  mental  ones.  Eyes  small,  11  —  12  in  head,  situated  in  the 


329 

** 

anterior  third  of  it  '),  4  times  in  the  convex  interorbital  space. 
Dorsal  fin  much  higher  than  the  body,  its  height  about  3  times 
its  base,  some  of  the  rays  are  prolonged  in  filaments,  its  strong 
spine  is  equal  to  the  head  or  a  little  shorter,  it  is  serrated  at  the 
front  and  hindborder.  The  base  of  the  adipose  fin  is  shorter  than 
the  dorsal,  its  length  being  less  than  !/a  its  distance  from  the 
dorsal.  Anal  emarginate,  longer  than  high  and  about  twice  the 
length  of  the  adipose  fin.  Pectorals  i'/3  in  the  length  of  the 
head,  their  spine  5/7  of  that  of  the  dorsal,  serrated  at  both 
borders  but  stronger  at  the  posterior  border.  Ventrals  shorter 
than  pectorals.  Caudal  forked,  its  upper  lobe  the  longer. 
Teeth  small,  pointed,  in  several  rows  on  the  jaws,  they  form 
a  slightly  curved  band  in  the  maxillary,  which  is  4  times 
broader  than  long.  Length  about  150  mm.  [After  Vinciguerra, 
not  seen  by  us). 

Nomen  in  dig. :  Ikan  Attit. 

Habitat:  Borneo  (Sarawak). 

6.   Osteogeneiosus  Bleeker. 

(BLEEKER,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).  1846,  p.   173). 

Elongate,  head  strongly  depressed,  covered  by  smooth  skin. 
Upper  jaw  projecting  before  the  arcuate  mouth,  with  thin  lips. 
Nostrils  close  together,  the  posterior  with  a  valve,  situated 
superiorly  near  the  frontborder  of  the  snout.  Eyes  lateral, 
with  a  free  orbital  margin.  Only  one  pair  of  barbels,  belonging 
to  the  maxillaries  and  very  stiff  and  bony.  Short  dorsal  with 
7  rays  and  a  pungent  spine,  situated  between  pectorals  and 
ventrals.  Adipose  fin  short,  opposite  to  short  anal.  Pectorals 
with  a  pungent  spine.  Ventrals  6-rayed.  Caudal  forked,  with 
rounded  lobes.  Villiform  bands  of  teeth  in  the  jaws,  on  the 
palate  two  separate  patches  of  obtusely  conical  teeth.  Gill- 
membranes  united,  their  free  hindborder  deeply  emarginate, 
only  anteriorly  connected  with  the  isthmus.  Branchiostegals  5. 

i.  Osteogeneiosus  militaris  (L.). 

Silurus  militaris  Linne,  Systema  Naturae,  edit.  X.   1758,  p.  305. 
Arius  militaris  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,    Hist.  Nat.   Poissons,  XV.   1840,  p.   114. 
Osteogeneiosus  macrocephalus    Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2). 
1846,  p.   173. 


i)  uSituati  nel  terzo  anteriore  del  muso"  (? !). 


330 

Osteogeneiosus  longiceps  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2),  1846, 

p.   174- 

Osteogeneiosus  ingluvies  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2),  1846, 

p.  174. 

Osteogeneiosus  gracilis  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2),  1846,  p.  175. 
Osteogeneiosus  Blochii  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2),  1846,  p.  175. 
Osteogeneiosus  Valenciennesi  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2). 

1846,  p.  175. 

Arius  militaris  Cantor,  Journ.  Asiat.  Soc.  Bengal,  XVIII,  1850,  p.   1241. 
Osteogeneiosus   Valenciennesi   Bleeker,   Ichth.    Arch.    Ind.    Prodr.    I.   Siluri,    1858, 

p.  121.  —  Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  46. 
Osteogeneios^is  militaris  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858,  p.  123. — 

Atl.  Ichth.  II.  1862,  p.  46. 
Osteogeneiosus   macrocephalus   Bleeker,   Ichth.    Arch.    Ind.    Prodr.    I.  Siluri,  1858, 

p.   124.  —  Atl.  Ichth.  II.  1862,  p.  47. 

Osteogeniosus  militaris  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.   181. 
Osteogeniosus  valenciennesii  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.   181. 
Osteogeniosus  macrocephalus  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.   182. 
Osteogeniosus  militaris  Kner,  Novara-Exp.  Fische,   1865 — 1867,  p.  314. 
Osteogeniosus  Valenciennesi  Vinciguerra,  Ann.  Mus.  Civ.  Genova,  XVI.  1880,  p.  181 
Osteogeniosus  militaris  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1878 — 1888,  p.  469. 


Fig.  142.  Osteogeneiosus  militaris  (L.).   X  3/5- 

B.    5;    D.    I.   7;    A.    19 — 21;    P.   I.   9 — IO;    V.   6. 

Elongate;  height  5*/4 — 6;  head  31/5 — 32/5,  strongly  depressed, 
its  width  equal  to  postorbital  part,  its  height  2 — 21/-  in  its 
length,  covered  by  smooth  skin  above.  Broad  median  fontanel 
not  reaching  base  of  occipital  process,  wich  is  more  than  twice 
as  long  as  broad  at  its  base.  Eye  more  than  6,  situated  in 
the  anterior  half  of  the  head,  more  than  twice  in  the  rather 
strongly  convex  interorbital  space,  and  nearly  twice  in  the 
rounded,  prominent  snout.  Barbels  extending  on  the  base  of 


the  pectorals.  Height  of  dorsal  more  than  length  of  postorbital 
part  of  head,  dorsal  spine  i'2/5 — 13/4  in  head,  its  frontedge  granular, 
its  posterior  edge  serrated.  Base  of  adipose  fin  about  equal 
to  that  of  dorsal,  more  than  thrice  in  its  distance  from  dorsal, 
opposite  to  concave  anal,  the  height  of  which  is  2/3  of  that  of 
the  dorsal.  Ventrals  about  2!/2  in  head,  far  distant  from  anal, 
their  origin  far  behind  end  of  base  of  dorsal.  Pectoral  spine 
more  than  twice  in  head,  denticulated  at  both  edges.  Caudal 
forked.  Villiform  bands  of  teeth  in  the  jaws;  on  the  palate 
two  longitudinal,  semioval  patches  of  obtusely  conical  teeth. 
Back  bluish,  light  below.  Distal  part  of  dorsal  and  adipose 
fin  dark  blue.  Length  310  mm. 

No  men  in  dig.:  Ikan  Manjong  karbo  (Malay.  Batavia) ; 
Ikan  Lundu  (Semarang);  Ikan  keteng  (Surabaya);  Ikan  Songop 
(Pasuruan). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia,  Semarang,  Surabaya,  Pasuruan); 
Madura;  Java-Sea!;  Sumatra  (Bagan  api  api!);  Borneo  (Sarawak); 
Singapore.  -  -  Malacca  to  British  India. 

Sea,  estuaries  and  tidal  rivers. 

7.    Batrachocephalus  (Bleeker.). 
(BLEEKER,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2),  1846,  p.   176). 

.* 

Elongate;  head  large,  broad,  depressed,  with  a  very  short 
obtuse  snout.  Headshields  naked.  Eyes  in  the  anterior  half  of 
the  head,  with  a  free  orbital  margin,  above  angle  of  mouth, 
which  has  a  very  wide,  arcuate  gape.  The  lower  jaw  is  prominent. 
Nostrils  very  close  together,  the  posterior  separated  by  a  valve 
from  the  anterior  one,  which  has  a  circular  rim,  both  are  close 
to  the  eye.  A  pair  of  very  small  mandibulary  barbels  and 
indications  of  the  mental  ones.  Short  dorsal  with  a  denticulated 
pungent  spine  and  7  rays.  Adipose  fin  short,  opposite  to  anal. 
Ventrals  6-rayed,  reaching  the  anal  or  nearly  so;  their  origin 
far  behind  end  of  base  of  dorsal.  Pectorals  with  a  strong, 
denticulated  spine.  Caudal  forked.  Obtusely  conical  teeth  in 
four  or  five  more  or  less  complete  series,  forming  a  cresccntic 
band  in  each  jaw.  Vomer  edentulous.  Palatines  with  a  longi- 
tudinal band  of  conical  teeth.  Gillmembranes  confluent  and 
united  with  the  isthmus,  having  a  free  posterior  margin  without 
notch.  5  Branchiostegals. 


332 
i.  Batrachocephalus  mino  (Ham.  Buch.). 

Agcneiosus  mino  Hamilton  Buchanan,  Fishes  of  the  Ganges,  1822,  p.   159. 
Batrachocephalus   ageneiosus   Bleeker,    Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2). 

1846,  p.   176. 
Batrachocephalus   micropogon    Bleeker,    Ichth.    Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858, 

p.   II9<  _  Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  48. 

Batrachocephalus  mino  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.   182. 
Batrachocephalus  mino  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1878 — 1888,  p.  468. 


Fig.    143.  Batrachocephalus  mino  (Ham.  Buch.)  X  4/5- 

B.  5;   D.  i.  7;   A.   19—21;    P.  I.  9;   V.  6. 

Height  4^/2  5  head  32/- — 34/5;  eye  5.  Headshields  forming  a 
cross,  with  the  surface  corrugated.  Occipital  process  longer  than 
broad  at  its  base,  its  posterior  end  broadly  emarginate  and  recei- 
ving the  granular  semicrescentic  basal  bone  of  the  dorsal  spine. 
Height  of  dorsal  nearly  3/4  of  length  of  head,  its  spine  denticu- 
lated at  both  edges,  as  long  as  postorbital  part  of  head.  Base 
of  adipose  fin  2/3  of  that  of  dorsal,  more  than  4  times  in  its 
distance  from  that  fin.  Height  of  anal  much  less  than  that  of 
dorsal.  Pectoral  spine  denticulated  at  both  edges,  about  equal 
to  or  slightly  longer  than  the  dorsal  one.  Caudal  deeply  forked, 
the  upper  lobe  the  longer.  Silvery,  dark  brown  above.  Fins 
yellowish,  powdered  with  dark.  Length  about  250  mm. 

Nomen  in  dig. :  Ikan  manjong  kodok,  Ikan  utik  (Malay.). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia!,  Surabaya);  Sumatra  (Palembang!); 
Borneo  (river  Kapuas,  Sarawak).  —  Burma  and  British  India. 

In  sea,  estuaries  and  tidal  rivers. 


333 

<* 

5.  Fam.  DOIICHTHYIDAE. 

Dorsal  fin  short,  with  a  pungent  spine  and  7  soft  rays,  its 
origin  about  midway  between  pectorals  and  ventrals.  Adipose 
fin  short,  totally  above  the  long  anal,  which  has  28 — 30  rays. 
Pectorals  lateral,  rather  low  down,  with  a  pungent  spine. 
Ventrals  6-rayed.  Caudal  deeply  forked.  Head  depressed,  its 
dorsal  shields  covered  by  thin  skin.  Snout  depressed,  very 
broad;  mouth  very  wide,  terminal,  jaws  equal.  Nostrils  sepa- 
rated by  a  narrow  interspace  without  barbel.  A  pair  of  long 
maxillary,  mandibulary  and  mental  barbels.  Eyes  small,  with- 
out free  orbital  margin,  situated  behind  the  corner  of  the 
mouth.  Minute  teeth  in  one  row  in  the  jaws  and  a  few  in 
a  row  quite  laterally  on  each  side  of  the  palate.  Branchios- 
tegal  membranes  narrow,  totally  free  from  isthmus  and  from 
each  other. 

i.    DoiichthysM.  Weber. 

(MAX  WEBER,  Nova  Guinea,  IX.  livr.  4,   1913,  p.  532). 

Snout  depressed,  very  broad,  mouth  very  wide,  terminal, 
jaws  equal.  Anterior  nostril  at  the  border  of  the  snout,  the 
posterior  nostril  at  a  distance  of  its  own  width  behind  it.  No 
nasal  barbel;  six  long,  slender  barbels:  maxillary,  mandibulary 
and  mental.  Headshields  covered  by  thin  skin,  occipital  process 
nearly  touches  the  narrow  basal  bone  of  dorsal  spine.  Eyes 
small,  without  free  orbital  margin,  situated  behind  the  corner 
of  the  mouth.  Operculum  a  rhombic  bone  suspended  by  a 
membrane  and  very  movable.  Dorsal  with  7  rays  and  a  pungent 
spine,  situated  midway  between  pectorals  and  ventrals.  Adipose 
fin  short,  above  the  long  anal.  Pectorals  with  a  serrated  spine. 
Ventrals  6-rayed.  Caudal  deeply  forked.  Minute  teeth  in  one 
row  on  the  jaws,  a  few  in  a  row  quite  laterally  on  each  side 
of  the  palate.  Branchiostegal  membranes  narrow,  totally  free 
from  isthmus  and  from  each  other,  with  6  rays.  Gillrakers 
cylindrical,  long,  numerous. 

i.  Doiichthys  novae-guineae  M.  Web. 

Doiichthys  novac-guineae  Max  Weber,  Nova  Guinea  IX.  livr.  4,   1913,  p.   534- 

B.  6;    D.  i.  7;    A.   28—30;    P.  I.   IO;    V.   6. 

Elongate.    Height    below  the  dorsal  spine  5\/4.   Head  about 


334 

3!/2 — 33/4,  more  than  i'/2  times  broader  than  long,  its  posterior 
part  convex,  its  dorsal  profile  sloping  down  in  a  straight  line  to 
the  rounded,  flattened  snout,  the  breadth  of  which  is  equal  to  that 
of  the  head.  The  width  of  the  mouth  nearly  i1^  times  in  head. 


Fig.  144.  Doiichthys  novae-guineae  M.  Web.  X  4/5* 

Headshields  with  retiform  rugae;  the 
borders  of  the  keeled  occipital  process 
are  slightly  convex,  otherwise  nearly 
parallel.  The  length  of  the  process  is 
twice  the  breadth  at  its  base,  its  blunt 
hindborder  is  emarginated  and  nearly 
touches  the  anterior  process  of  the  narrow  basal  bone  of  the 
dorsal  spine.  Median  fontanel  elongate,  wider  behind.  Humeral 
process  very  broad  and  short.  Eye  situated  in  the  middle  of 
the  head,  more  than  I  eyediameter  behind  corner  of  mouth, 
9x/3  in  head  and  about  6  times  in  the  convexity  of  the  inter- 
orbital  space.  All  the  barbels  extending  to  the  anterior  part 
of  the  anal.  Height  of  dorsal  equal  to  length  of  head  from 
posterior  nostril,  the  rather  weak  spine  about  as  long  as  head 
without  snout,  posteriorly  serrated,  anteriorly  only  a  few  teeth 
near  its  top.  Base  of  adipose  fin  shorter  than  dorsal,  its 
distance  from  dorsal  at  least  thrice  its  length.  Anal  nearly 
equal  to  head,  its  height  more  than  head  without  snout. 
Ventrals  reaching  to  anal,  shorter  than  postorbital  part  of  head. 
Pectorals  longer  than  head  without  snout;  their  spine  flattened 
and  posteriorly  strongly  serrated  is  shorter  and  considerably 
shorter  than  dorsal  spine.  Caudal  deeply  forked,  with  pointed 
lobes;  about  thrice  as  long  as  median  rays.  Least  height  of 
caudal  peduncle  more  than  twice  in  its  length.  About  32  slender, 
cylindrical  gillrakers,  much  longer  than  branchial  filaments, 


335 

!/2  longer  than  the  eye.  Yellowish  brown,  with  a  silvery  hue 
on  belly  and  sides.  Fins  hyaline,  or  the  distal  part  of  dorsal, 
pectorals,  anal  and  lobes  of  caudal  are  darkish.  Length  about 
140  mm. 

Habitat:  South  New  Guinea  ("Varen"-river,  a  tributary 
of  Lorentz-river!). 

In  fresh  and  brackish  water. 


6.  Fam.  BAGRIDAE. 

Dorsal  fin  short,  with  a  pungent  spine  and  6  to  7  soft  rays, 
placed  anteriorly  in  advance  or  partly  above  the  ventrals, 
which  have  6  rays.  Adipose  fin  longer  or  shorter  than  dorsal, 
always  well  developed,  opposite  to  the  anal  which  has  in 
indo-australian  species  less  than  20  rays.  Pectorals  lateral,  with 
a  pungent  spine.  Caudal  forked.  Head  conical  or  more  or  less 
depressed,  covered  by  thick  or  thin  skin  or  the  headshields 
are  even  naked.  Anterior  and  posterior  nostrils  wide  apart,  the 
latter  with  a  barbel.  A  pair  of  maxillary,  mandibulary  and 
mental  barbels  present.  Eyes  subcutaneous  or  with  a  free  orbital 
margin.  Mouth  transverse  or  crescentic,  at  the  lower  side  of 
the  snout,  the  upper  jaw  being  more  or  less  prominent. 
Villiform  teeth  in  the  jaws  in  a  band;  on  the  palate  in  a 
patch  or  in  an  uninterrupted  semicrescentic  band;  by  exception 
(Bagrichthys)  large  movable  labial  teeth  in  the  lower  jaw.  Gill- 
membranes  free  from  the  isthmus,  nearly  totally  separated  or 
united.  7 — 13  branchiostegals. 

Synopsis  of  the  genera. 

A.  Orbital    margin    free.    No    movable    labial    teeth.    Gill- 
membranes  nearly  totally  separated Macrones  p.  336. 

B.  Eyes  covered  by  skin. 

1.  Lower  jaw  with  large  movable  labial  teeth.  Branchial 
membranes    united.    Teeth    on    hindborder    of  dorsal 

spine  directed  upward Bagrichthys  p.  345. 

2.  No  labial  teeth. 

a.  Gill-membranes  totally  united.  Teeth  on  hindborder 

of  dorsal  spine  directed  upward Bagrohtes  p.  347. 

b.  Gill-membranes  nearly  totally  separated.  Hindborder 
of  dorsal  spine  smooth   or  with  the  teeth  directed 

downward Leiocassis  p.  351. 


336 
i.  Macrones  Dumeril. 

(C.  DuMfcRiL,  Ichthyologie  analyt.   1856,  p.  484). 

(Hypselobagrtis,  Hemibagrus,  Aspidobagrus  Bleeker). 

Elongate.  Head  more  or  less  depressed,  smooth  or  rugose 
above,  covered  by  thin  skin,  with  a  median  fontanel.  Occipital 
process  reaching  or  not  reaching  to  basal  bone  of  dorsal  spine. 
Snout  prominent,  mouth  arcuate,  lips  thin.  Eyes  with  a  free 
orbital  margin.  8  barbels  of  different  length.  A  short  dorsal 
with  a  pungent  spine,  its  hindborder  more  or  less  serrated 
behind.  Adipose  fin  much  longer  or  shorter  than  anal,  which 
has  less  than  20  rays  and  is  opposed  to  it.  Pectorals  with  a 
pungent  spine,  denticulated  behind.  Origin  of  ventrals  below 
or  behind  end  of  dorsal.  Caudal  deeply  forked.  Teeth  in  bands 
in  the  jaws,  in  a  curved  band  on  the  palate.  Gillmembranes 
nearly  totally  separated,  free  from  isthmus.  Branchiostegals 

8-13. 


Fig.   145.  Macrones  nigriceps  (C.  V.).  X  3/5' 

Synopsis   of  the   species. 

I.  Adipose  fin  much  longer  than  anal. 

a.  Median    fontanel  extending  to  base  of  occipital 
process. 

ct.  Adipose  fin  contiguous  with  dorsal M.  nigriceps  p.  337. 

/3.  Adipose   fin   commencing  at  a  distance  from 

dorsal M.  baramensis  p.  338. 

b.  End   of  median    fontanel    far  distant  from  base 

of  occipital  process M.  micracanthus  p.  339. 

II.  Adipose  fin  about  equal  to  anal. 
a.  Upper  surface  of  head  rugose. 


337 

1.  Nasal   barbel    longer    than    head;    maxillary 
barbel    extending  to  caudal.  Height  4 — 4^4 , 

head  somewhat  more M.  wolffi  p.  340. 

2.  Nasal  barbel  reaching  eye. 

x.  Maxillary  barbel  extending  about  to  anal. 

Height  about  5,  head  3 — 31/?  in  length  .  M.  nemurus  p.  341. 
(3.  Maxillary  barbel  extending  to  base  of  ven- 
trals.  Height  more  than  6,  head  33/4 — 4^4 

in  length M.  planiceps  p.  342. 

b.  Upper  surface  of  head  smooth M.  wycki  p.   343. 

III.  Adipose  fin  shorter  than  anal M.  gulio  p.  344. 

i.  Macrones  nigriceps  (C.  V.)  [Fig.   145,  p.  336]. 

Bagrus  nigriceps  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons,  XIV.  1839,  p.  412. 
Bagrus  macronemus  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).  1846,  p.  150. 
Bagrus  singaringan  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  111(2).  1846,  p.  150. 
Bagrtis  heterurus  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).  1846,  p.  151. 
Hypselobagrus  macronema  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  58. 
Macrones  nigriceps  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  77. 
Macrones  nigriceps  Vaillant,  Nouv.   Arch.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.  (3)  V.   1893,  p.   72. 
Macrones  nigriceps  Volz,  Revue  Suisse  Zool.  XII.    1904,  p.  467. 
Hypselobagrus  nigriceps  Fowler,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  (2)  LVII.  1905,  p.  470. 
Hypselobagrus  macronemus  Jordan  &  Scale,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  XXXIII.  1908, 
p.  526. 

B.    II;    D.   II.   7;     A.    II  — 12;     P.   I.   9 — II;     V.   6. 

Oblong,  profile  behind  dorsal  convex,  before  dorsal  strongly 
sloping  down  in  a  straight  line  to  the  rounded  snout,  which 
is  slightly  prominent.  Head  conical,  mouthopening  slightly 
curved.  Height  about  equal  to  head,  4x/2 — 43/^  Head  as  broad 
as  high,  its  greatest  width  about  I  !/3  in  its  length,  vertex 
and  occipital  process  granulated,  the  latter  extending  to  the 
granulated  interspinal  bone  of  dorsal.  A  median  groove  ending 
at  base  of  occipital  process.  Eye  3 — 41/2.  Nasal  barbels  exten- 
ding to  end  of  head,  maxillary  barbels  on  caudal  or  to  its 
end,  mandibulary  barbels  reaching  ventrals,  mental  ones  on 
pectoral.  Anterior  longest  rays  of  dorsal  conspicuously  longer 
than  head.  The  osseous  part  of  dorsal  spine,  slightly  serrated 
at  the  upper  part  of  its  hindborder,  about  equal  to  head  without 
snout.  Adipose  fin  very  long,  contiguous  with  the  dorsal  and 
as  high  as  lowest  part  of  tail.  Base  of  anal  more  than  4  times 
in  base  of  adipose  fin.  Ventrals  as  long  as  pectorals,  rather 
INDO-AUSTRALIAN  FISHES  II.  22 


338 

shorter  than  head.  Osseous  part  of  pectoral  spine  strong, 
flattened,  denticulated  behind,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  dorsal 
spine.  Villiform  teeth  in  bands,  those  of  the  palate  and  the 
lower  jaw  crescent-shaped.  Violet  greyish,  underside  lighter, 
distal  part  of  fins  dark.  Length  335  mm. 

Nomen  indig. :  Singaringan  (Malay.  Batavia,  Palembang, 
Djambi);  Ririgi  (Bantam);  Sengat  (Benkulen). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia,  Sunter !,  Bekassi !,  Tulung  agung!, 
Tjiringin,  Buitenzorg!,  Perdana,  Ambarawa,  Kediri !,  Surabaya, 
Pasuruan);  Sumatra  (Benkulen,  Padang,  Priaman,  Lahat,  Palem- 
bang!, Gunung  Sahilan !,  Taluk!,  Ringat !,  Djambi!,  Serdang !, 
Deli);  Borneo  (rivers  Mahakam!,  Barito,  Kahajan,  Kapuas, 
Sambas,  Baram).  —  Malacca,  Siam. 

In  rivers  and  lakes. 

Note.  M.  cavasius  has  been  recorded  by  Cuvier  &  Valen- 
ciennes from  Java  and  by  von  Martens  from  Borneo.  We  are 
of  Bleeker's  opinion,  that  these  authors  confounded  specimens 
of  M.  nigriceps  with  M,  cavasius. 

2.  Macrones  baramensis  Reg. 

Macrones  baramensis  C.  Tate  Regan,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (7)  XVIII,  1906,  p.  68. 

Depth  of  body  42/3  in  the  length,  length  of  head  32/3.  Breadth 
of  head  i1^  in  its  length,  its  depth  at  occiput  less  than  3/s  its 
length,  diameter  of  eye  5.  Snout  '/3  the  length  of  head,  broad, 
obtuse,  slightly  projecting  beyond  the  mouth.  Palatine  bands 
of  teeth  confluent  with  the  small  vomerine  patch.  Nasal  barbel 
nearer  to  end  of  snout  than  to  eye,  */2  the  length  of  head ; 
maxillary  barbel  extending  to  the  posterior  end  of  the  adipose 
fin.  Head  covered  with  smooth  skin,  the  median  fontanel 
extending  to  base  of  occipital  process;  occipital  process 
very  long  and  slender,  8  times  as  long  as  broad,  extending 
beneath  the  skin  to  the  basal  shield  of  the  dorsal  spine. 
Clavicular  process  not  reaching  the  middle  of  the  pectoral 
spine.  Dorsal  I,  7,  the  spine  weakly  serrated  behind,  a  little 
more  than  !/2  tne  length  of  head;  anterior  branched  rays  3/4 
the  length  of  head.  Adipose  fin  much  longer  than  base  of 
anal,  commencing  at  a  distance  from  the  dorsal,  wich  is  equal 
to  2/7  the  length  of  its  own  base,  which  is  equal  to  its  distance 
from  the  dorsal  spine.  Anal  11.  Pectoral  spine  about  2/3  the 
length  of  head,  with  moderately  strong  serrae  on  the  inner 


339 

edge.    Ventrals    not    quite    reaching   the    anal.    Caudal  forked. 
Caudal    peduncle    i'2/3    as    long  as  deep.  Brownish,  fins  dusky. 
Length  150  mm.  [After  Regan's  description,  supplemented  and 
altered  by  informations  by  letter]. 
Habitat:   Borneo  (Baram  river). 

3.  Macrones  micracanthus  (Blkr.) 

Bagrus  micracanthus  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2),  1846, 
p.  151.  —  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858,  p.  161. 

Hypselobagrus  micracanthtts  Bleeker,  All.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  59. 

Macrones  micracanthus  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  76. 

Macrones  micracanthtts  Stein dachner,  Abh.  Senckenb.  Naturf.  Gesellsch.  XXV. 
1901,  p.  446. 

Macrones  bimaculatus  Volz,  Revue  Suisse  de  Zool.  XII.   1904,  p.  466. 

B.   9;    D.   II.   7;     A.    II  — 12;     P.   I.    8—9;    V.   6. 

Oblong,  dorsal  profile  elevated  before  dorsal,  head  somewhat 
flattened,  snout  rounded,  slightly  prominent.  Mouthopening 
crescentic.  Height  4 — 5,  head  about  4,  its  greatest  width  i!/3 
in  its  length.  A  median  groove  in  the  anterior  half  of  the  head 
only,  the  upper  surface  of  head  finely  rugose,  as  well  as  the 
slender  occipital  process,  which  reaches  the  interspinal  bone  of 
the  dorsal.  Eye  4*/2 — 5.  Nasal  barbels  reaching  frontborder  of 
operculum,  maxillary  barbels  reaching  tail  or  caudal,  mandibu- 
lary  ones  end  of  pectorals,  mental  ones  extending  on  pectorals. 
Height  of  dorsal  about  3/4  m  head,  osseous  part  of  spine  less 
than  half  of  head,  serrated  behind.  Adipose  fin  much  longer 
than  dorsal  and  anal;  more  or  less  contiguous  with  dorsal  by 
a  low  anterior  part,  which  may  rise  gradually,  immediately 
behind  dorsal  (bimaculatus  Volz),  or  forms  a  low  ridge  of 
some  extent  before  rising.  These  two  extremes  are  connected 
by  transitions  and  their  conspicuousness  depends  on  the  kind 
of  preservation.  Ventrals  shorter  than  pectorals,  which  are  as 
long  as  height  of  dorsal.  The  osseous  part  of  their  strong 
flattened  spine,  with  the  hindborder  strongly  serrated,  is 
somewhat  shorter,  but  much  longer  than  dorsal  spine.  Villiform 
teeth,  in  the  upper  jaw  in  a  slightly,  in  the  lower  jaw  in  a 
strongly  curved  band.  The  crescent-shaped  band  on  the  palate 
narrower  than  that  of  the  jaws.  Violet  brown  above,  lighter 
below,  fins  brownish.  A  more  or  less  conspicuous  dark  spot 
at  base  of  caudal,  preceded  in  the  young  by  a  white  band 
encircling  the  caudal  peduncle.  A  round  black  spot  behind 


340 

opercle,  bordered  with  white  in  young  specimens.  Length  145  mm. 

Nomen  indig. :  Singaringan  (Malay.  Batavia) ;  Ririgi  (Ban- 
tam); Keteng  (Bekassi);  Enting  (Kudus);  Sengat  (Benkulen); 
Ikan  baung  (Palembang);  Lundu  (Djambi). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia,  Bekassi!,  Kudus!,  Tjiringin,  Per- 
dana,  Ambarawa,  Kediri,  Surabaya,  river  Brantas,  river  Man- 
diku!,  Palabuan);  Sumatra  (Benkulen,  Palembang,  Padang, 
Priaman,  Lahat,  Taluk!,  Gunung  Sahilan!,.  Djambi!,  Deli!, 
Djapura,  Bagan  Api  Api!);  Borneo  (Putus  Sibau  on  river 
Kapuas!,  Prabukarta,  rivers  Sambas  and  Baram). 

In  rivers. 

4.  Macrones  wolffi  (Blkr.). 

Bagrus    Wolffii   Bleeker,   Nat.    Tijdschr.    Ned.    Ind.   II.   1851,  p.  205.  —  Ichth. 

Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,   1858,  p.   160. 
Hypselobagrus    Wolffii  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.   58. 
Macrones    Wolffii  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  82. 
Macrones   Wolffii  Peters,  Monatsber.  Akad.  Berlin,  1868,  p.  271. 
Macrones   Wolffii  Vinciguerra,  Ann.   Mus.  Civ.  Geneva,  XVI.   1880,  p.   171. 
Macrones   Wolfii  Vaillant,  Notes  Leyden  Mus.  XXIV.   1902,  p.  54. 

B.  8—9;    D.  ii.  7;    A.   14;  P.  i.  9;    V.  6. 

Oblong,  profile  from  dorsal  to  rounded,  prominent  snout 
sloping  down  in  a  straight  line.  Head  conical.  Mouthopening 
crescentic.  Height  4 — 4!/4,  head  somewhat  more,  its  greatest 
width  about  I '/3  in  its  length.  A  median  fontanel,  nearly 
reaching  to  base  of  narrow  occipital  process,  which  extends 
to  the  interspinal  bone  of  dorsal.  Surface  of  head  finely  rugose. 
E7e  3!/2 — 4!/r  Nasal  barbels  longer  than  head,  maxillary  bar- 
bels reaching  caudal,  mandibulary  barbels  extending  on  anal, 
mental  ones  on  pectorals.  Dorsal  fin  pointed,  its  first  ray 
longer  than  height  of  body,  its  strong,  flattened  spine,  with 
the  hindborder  serrated,  longer  than  head  without  snout. 
Adipose  fin  about  equal  to  anal  and  dorsal  and  to  their 
distance.  Ventrals  about  as  long  as  head  without  snout,  pec- 
torals shorter  than  head,  their  strong,  flattened  spine,  with  the 
hindborder  strongly  denticulated,  much  longer  than  dorsal 
spine.  Villiform  teeth  in  curved  bands,  that  of  the  palate  the 
narrowest.  Dark  violet,  underside  whitish.  Nasal  and  maxillary 
barbels  blackish,  mandibulary  and  mental  ones  whitish.  Length 
200  mm. 

Nomen  indig.:  Singirian  (Malay.  Banjermassin),  Ikan  Lundu 
(Djambi). 


Habitat:  Borneo  (rivers  Mahakam,  Barito,  Kapuas,  Sara- 
wak); Sumatra  (Palembang!,  Rokan  river!,  Djambi !).  —  Ma- 
lacca, Siam. 

In  rivers. 

5.  Macrones  nemurus  (C.  V.). 

Bagrus  nemurus  Cuviev  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons,  XIV.  1839,  p.  423. 
Bagrus  Hoevenii  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).  1846,  p.  154. 
Bagriis  Sleboldii  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).  1846,  p,  155. 
Bagrus  nemurus  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,   1858,  p.   150. 
Bagrus  Hoevenii  Bleeker,  Ichth.   Arch.   Ind.  Prodr.   I.  Siluri,   1858,  p.   153. 
Hemibagriis  nemurus  Bleeker,  Atl.   Ichth.  II.    1862,  p.   55. 
Hemibagrus  Hoevenii  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.   56. 
Macrones  nemurus  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.   Mus.  V.   1864.  p.  80. 
Macrones  nemurus  Vinciguerra,  Ann.  Mus.  Civ.  Geneva,  XVI.    1880,  p.   169. 
Macrones  Hoevenii  Vinciguerra,  Ann.  Mus.  Civ.   Genova,  XVI.   1880,  p.   170. 
Macrones  bleekeri   Volz,    Zool.    Anz.    XXVI.    1903,  p.   556.  —  Zool.  Jahrb.  Abt. 

Syst.   XIX.   1903,  p.  387. 

Hemibagrus  nemurus  Fowler,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philad.  (2)  LVII.  1905^.469. 
Macrones  hoivong  Popta,  Notes  Leyden  Mus.  XXIV.  Jan.   1904,  p.   181.  —  o.  c. 

XXVII.  1906,  p.  32. 
Macrones  bongan  Popta,   Notes  Leyden  Mus.  XXIV.  Jan.   1904,  p.    182.  —  o.  c. 

XXVII.   1906,  p.  35. 
Macrones  bo  Popta,  Notes  Leyden  Mus.  XXIV.  Jan.  1904,  p.  183.  —  o.  c.  XVII. 

1906,  p.  38. 
Macrones  kajan   Popta,    Notes    Leyden    Mus.  XXIV.  Jan.    1904,  p.    184.  —  o.  c. 

XXVII.   1906,  p.  41. 
Macrones  fortis    Popta,    Notes    Leyden    Mus.  XXIV.  Jan.   1904,  p.    185.  —  o.  c. 

XXVII.   1906,  p.  44. 
Macrones  fortis  var.  capitrtlum    Popta,    Notes    Leyden    Mus.    XXIV.   Jan.    1904, 

p.  186.  —  o.  c.  XXVII.  1906,  p.  48. 

B.   ii— 12;    D.  II.  7;    A.   12—13;    P-  I-  8— 9;    V.  6. 

Oblong,  dorsal  profile  elevated  before  dorsal;  head  flattened, 
snout  spatulate,  prominent.  Mouthopening  crescentic,  subter- 
minal.  Height  about  5,  head  3 — 3'/2,  broader  than  high,  its 
greatest  width  about  equal  to  its  length  without  snout.  Eye 
6 — S!/2>  2  to  nearly  3  in  snout,  which  is  equal  to  about  !/a 
of  the  head.  Shields  of  the  head  striated,  rugose,  with  a  median 
groove  ending  before  the  slender  occipital  process,  which  is 
triangular  and  longer  than  broad  at  its  striated  base.  Nasal  barbels 
reaching  the  eye,  maxillary  barbels  extending  to  anal  or  not  so 
far,  mandibulary  barbels  reaching  base  of  pectorals,  mental  ones 
conspicuously  shorter.  Dorsal  with  the  second  ray  the  longest, 
slightly  shorter  than  head,  the  osseous  part  of  its  spine  nearly 
equal  to  postorbital  part  of  head,  its  base  longer  than  that 


342 

of  the  adipose  fin  and  than  the  distance  between  both  fins. 
Adipose  fin  situated  above  the  anal  and  slightly  longer  than 
that  fin.  Caudal  deeply  forked,  its  upper  lobe  more  or  less 
produced.  Pectorals  about  equal  to  head  without  snout,  their 
strong,  flattened  spine,  denticulated  at  its  hindborder,  is  some- 
what shorter.  Ventrals  not  extending  to  anal,  originating  below 
posterior  dorsal  rays,  as  long  as  postorbital  part  of  head. 
Villiform  teeth  in  curved  bands,  the  band  on  the  palate  as 
broad  as,  or  broader  than  that  of  the  maxillary.  Blackish, 
undersurface  white.  Fins  violet,  adipose  with  a  light  hindbor- 
der, pectorals  and  ventrals  with  a  reddish  base.  Length  350  mm. 
[Types  of  species  of  Miss  Popta  seen  by  us]. 

Nomen  indig. :  Ikan  bawon  (Malay.  Batav.);  Singgal,  Singah 
(Sundan.);  Tageh  (Javan.);  Ikan  baon  (Sarawak);  Niken,  Siken, 
Tiken,  Tiken  bato,  Kendija  (Central  Borneo);  Ikan  duri,  Ikan 
baung  (Sumatra). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia,  Bekassi ! ,  Krawang,  Buitenzorg!, 
Dukok,  Tjibilong,  Garut !,  Surabaya,  Gempol,  Grati,  Malang, 
Pasuruan);  Sumatra  (Palembang!,  Benkulen,  Moara  kompeh, 
Padang,  Solok !,  lakes  Singkarah !  and  Manindjau !,  Taluk!, 
Gunung  Sahilan!,  Kaju  tanam!,  Banjuasin,  Sungi  Mahe,  Kota 
Baru,  Indragiri,  Upper  Langkat,  Djambi!,  Deli!);  Banka;  Sing- 
kep!;  Singapore;  Borneo  (rivers  Kajan,  Mahakam,  Kusan,  Barito, 
Kahajan,  Kapuas!,  Sambas,  Mempawah,  Sarawak,  Baram).  — 
Malacca,  Siam. 

In  fresh  and  brackish  water. 

6.  Macrones  planiceps  (C.  V.) 

Bagrus  planiceps  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons,  XIV.  1839,  p.  421. 
Bagrus  anisurus  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons,  XIV.  1839,  p.  422. 
Bagrus  flavus  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).   1846,  p.  156. 
Bagrus  planiceps  Bleeker,  Ichth.   Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,   1858,  p.   154. 
Hemibagrus  planiceps  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.   56. 
Macrones  planiceps  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  81. 
Macrones  planiceps    Steindachner,  Sitzber.  Akad.  Wien,  LVII.  I.   1868,  p.   1004. 
Hemibagrus  planiceps  Jordan  &  Scale,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  XXXIII.  1908,  p.  536. 

B.   ii;    D.  II.  7;    A.   14;    P.  I.  9;    V.  6. 

Elongate,  dorsal  profile  slightly  elevated  before  dorsal,  head 
flattened,  snout  spatulate,  prominent,  mouthopening  crescentic, 
subterminal.  Height  more  than  6,  head  33/4 — 4!/4,  broader 
than  high,  its  greatest  width  about  equal  to  its  length  without 
snout.  Eye  5 — 6,  i3/4  in  snout,  which  is  equal  to  about  !/3  of 


343 

head.  Shields  of  head  nearly  smooth,  with  a  superficial  median 
groove  reaching  nearly  to  the  occipital  process,  which  is  covered 
by  skin.  Nasal  barbels  reaching  the  eye,  maxillary  barbels  the 
base  of  the  ventrals,  mandibulary  barbels  the  base  of  pectorals, 
mental  ones  much  shorter.  Dorsal  equal  to  head  without  snout 
or  somewhat  longer,  the  osseous  part  of  its  spine  is  scarcely 
half  as  long  as  head,  slightly  serrated  behind;  base  of  dorsal 
about  equal  to  its  distance  from  adipose  fin,  which  is  situated 
above  anal,  slightly  longer  than  that  fin  and  about  equal  to 
dorsal.  Caudal  deeply  forked,  with  the  lobes  pointed.  Ventrals 
not  reaching  to  anal,  situated  below  posterior  rays  of  dorsal, 
longer  than  half  head.  Pectorals  as  long  as  head  without 
snout,  their  strong,  flattened  spine,  with  the  hindborder  denti- 
culated, somewhat  shorter,  but  much  longer  than  dorsal  spine. 
Villiform  teeth  in  curved  bands,  the  band  of  the  palate  as 
broad  as  or  broader  than  that  of  the  maxillary.  Dark  violet, 
lowersurface  whitish,  fins  violet.  Length  335  mm. 

Nomen  indig. :  Bawon,  Bawon  kuning  (Malay.  Batavia) ; 
Singal  (Sundan.). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia,  Buitenzorg,  Parongkalong,  Garut!); 
Sumatra  (Telokbetong,  Pangabuang,  Lahat,  Trussan,  lake  Sing- 
karah !,  Indragiri,  Upper  Langkat,  Serdang!,  Deli);  Borneo 
(rivers  Mahakam,  Kapuas,  Bongon,  Sarawak).  -  -  Malacca. 

In  rivers. 

7.  Macrones  wycki  (Blkr.). 

Bagrns    Wyckii  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.   Ind.   Prodr.  I.  Siluri,   1858,  p.   156. 
Hemibagrus    Wyckii  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  II.    1862,  p.   57. 
Macrones  wyckii  Giinther,   Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  83. 

B.    10;    D.  II.   7;    A     13—15;    P.  I.    II;    V.  6. 

Oblong,  head  very  broad  and  flat,  snout  bluntly  rounded, 
prominent,  mouthopening  in  a  smooth  curve,  head  smooth 
above,  occipital  process  short  not  extending  to  the  interspinal 
bone  of  the  dorsal.  Height  about  5,  head  32/5,  much  broader 
than  high,  its  greatest  width  being  contained  iJ/3  in  its  length. 
Eyes  looking  upward,  10 — u  in  head,  more  than  3  in  orbital 
space  and  more  than  3  in  snout,  which  is  slightly  less  than 
J/3  of  the  head.  Nasal  barbels  nearly  reaching  the  eye,  maxil- 
lary barbels  extending  to  the  dorsal  fin  or  nearly  to  the 
adipose  fin.  Mandibulary  barbels  nearly  reaching  hindborder 
of  gillmembranes,  mental  ones  much  shorter.  Dorsal  equal  to 


344 

postorbital  part  of  head,  the  osseous  part  of  its  strong,  flattened 
spine,  which  is  denticulated  along  its  hindborder,  one  eye- 
diameter  shorter.  Base  of  dorsal  nearly  equal  to  its  distance 
from  the  adipose  fin,  the  base  of  which  is  much  longer  than 
anal  or  dorsal.  Ventrals  far  distant  from  anal,  originating 
behind  dorsal  or  below  its  last  ray,  a  little  shorter  than 
pectorals,  which  are  very  broad  and  half  as  long  as  head. 
The  osseous  part  of  their  strong,  flat  spine  has  the  hindborder 
denticulated,  much  shorter  than  half  head  and  much  shorter 
than  dorsal  spine.  Caudal  bifurcated,  the  lobes  pointed,  the 
upper  one  the  longer.  Teeth  in  broad  bands,  in  the  upper 
jaw  slightly  curved,  in  the  lower  jaw  strongly  so,  those  on  the 
palate  in  a  horse-shoe  like  band,  as  broad  as  the  maxillary  one. 
Violet,  underside  of  head,  belly,  hindborder  of  operculum, 
upperborder  of  orbit,  an  interorbital  patch,  whitish.  A  yellowish 
border  at  upper  and  lower  margin  of  caudal,  at  anterior  margin 
of  adipose  fin  and  anal  and  ventrals.  Length  450  mm. 

Nomen    in  dig.:    Hinur    (Sundan.),    Ikan  Djatisa  (Djambi). 

Habitat:  Java  (river  Tjitarum) ;  Sumatra  (river  Batang  Hari !). 

In  rivers. 

8.  Macrones  gulio  (Ham.  Buch.). 

Pimelodus  gulio  Hamilton  Buchanan,  Fishes  of  the  Ganges,  1822,  p.  201. 
Bagrus  albilabris  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons,  XIV.  1839^.416. 
Bagrus  f^lsc^ls  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons,  XIV.   1839,  P-  41?- 
Bagrus  gulio  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons,  XIV.   1839,  p.  418. 
Bagrus  birmannus  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons,  XIV.  1839,  p.  419. 
Bagrus  abbreviates  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons,  XIV.  1839^.420. 
Bagrus  gulioides  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Indie,  111(2).  1846,  p.  152. 
Bagrus  melas  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Indie,  III  (2).  1846,  p.  152. 
Bagrus  Schlegelii  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Indie,  III  (2).  1846,  p.  153. 
Bagrus  rhodopterygius  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Indie,  III  (2).  1846, 

P-   153- 

Bagrus  abbreviatus  Cantor,  Journ.  Asiat.  Soc.  Bengal  XVIII.   1850,  p.   1236. 
Bagrus  gulio  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858,  p.  163. 
Aspidobagrus  gulio  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth,  II.   1862,  p.  60. 
Macrones  gulio  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.    1864,  p.  79. 
Macrones  gulio  Kner,  Novara-Exp.  Fische,   1865 — 1867,  p.  307. 
Macrones  gulio  Day,  Fishes  of  India  4°.   1878—1888,  p.  445. 

B.  9;    D.  i.  7;    A.  14—15;    P.  I.  8—9;    V.  6. 

Elongate,  rather  robust.  Height  4!/4— 4*/3»  head  3'/2— 32/s- 
Greatest  width  of  head  somewhat  more  than  head  without 
snout.  Dorsal  profile  before  dorsal  sloping  downwards  in  a 


345 

straight  line  to  the  broad  snout,  which  is  slightly  prominent 
and  equal  to  about  '/3  the  length  of  the  head  and  about  twice 
as  long  as  the  eye.  Interorbital  space  flattened,  2 — 3  times  the 
diameter  of  the  eye.  Upper  surface  of  head  granulate,  occipital 
process  triangular,  very  narrow,  separated  or  nearly  separated 
by  a  cutaneous  interspace  from  the  long,  prominent  basal  bone 
of  the  dorsal  spine.  Median  groove  very  short,  extending  about 
to  the  vertical  through  the  hindborder  of  the  eye.  Nasal  barbels 
reaching  to  hindborder  of  eye  or  somewhat  farther,  maxillary 
ones  to  the  anal,  mandibulary  ones  halfway  on  pectorals,  mental 
ones  about  half  their  length  shorter.  Height  of  dorsal  equal  to 
head  without  snout,  its  flattened  spine  serrated  behind,  equal 
to  postorbital  part  of  head.  Base  of  adipose  fin  rather  shorter 
than  that  of  the  dorsal,  its  length  being  less  than  one  half  of 
the  distance  between  both  fins.  Anal  rounded,  its  highest  rays 
longer  than  postorbital  part  of  head.  Ventrals  broadly  rounded, 
inserted  behind  dorsal,  reaching  to  anal.  Pectorals  equal  to  head 
without  snout.  The  strong  and  flattened  pectoral  spine  is  as  long 
as  head  without  snout,  about  !/4  longer  than  dorsal  spine,  its 
hindborder  strongly  denticulated.  Caudal  deeply  forked,  the  lower 
lobes  shorter  and  rounded.  A  crescentic  vomero-palatine  band 
of  villiform  teeth,  equal  to  that  on  the  jaws.  Greyish  brown, 
undersides  of  head  and  body  whitish.  Nasal  and  maxillary  bar- 
bels and  distal  part  of  fins  blackish.  Length  450  mm. 

Nomen  indig. :  Lundu,  Manjong  lundu  (Malay.  Batavia); 
Geting  (Javan.);  Senkiran  (Madura). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia!,  Bantam,  Cheribon,  Surabaya!, 
Pasuruan);  Madura;  Sumatra  (Padang,  Palembang) ;  Borneo 
(Banjermassin).  —  Pinang,  Malacca,  Burma  to  British  India 
and  Ceylon. 

In  sea,  estuaries  and  tidal  rivers. 

2.  Bagrichthys  Bleeker. 

(BLEEKER,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858,  p.   130). 

Rather  elongate,  much  compressed;  nape  and  base  of  dorsal 
much  elevated.  Head  conical ;  snout  blunt,  prominent  before 
the  transverse,  rather  small  mouthopening,  with  thick  lips.  Skin 
covers  the  eyes  and  conceales  more  or  less  the  occipital  process, 
which  touches  the  prolonged,  somewhat  carinate  basal  bone 
of  dorsal  spine.  Anterior  nostrils  tubular,  in  the  frontpart  of 
the  snout.  Posterior  nostrils  valvulate,  near  eye.  8  barbels,  the 


346 

mandibulary  and  mental  ones  in  two  pairs,  separated  by  two 
mental  pores  and  two  pores  above  each  pair.  A  short,  high 
dorsal,  with  a  long  pungent  spine,  the  teeth  at  the  hindborder 
of  which  are  directed  upward ;  at  a  short  distance  followed  by 
a  very  long,  convex  adipose  fin,  totally  adnate  to  the  body. 
Anal  short,  opposed  to  middle  of  the  adipose  fin.  Pectorals 
with  a  pungent  spine.  Caudal  deeply  forked,  with  the  lobes 
more  or  less  produced  into  filaments.  Villiform  teeth  in  bands 
in  the  jaws  and  on  the  vomer,  besides  long  movable  labial 
teeth  in  the  lower  jaw.  Gillmembranes  totally  united,  free 
from  isthmus,  their  hindborder  with  a  slight  notch  behind. 
Branchiostegals  7. 


Fig.   146.  Bagrichthys  hypseloptertis  Blkr. 
The  figure  in  outline  represents  a  fullgrown  specimen  after  Bleeker. 

i.  Bagrichthys  hypselopterus  (Blkr.). 

Bagrus  hypselopterus  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie,  III.   1852,  p.   588. 
Bagrichthys    hypselopterus    Bleeker,    Ichth.    Arch.    Ind.    Prodr.    I.    Siluri,    1858, 

p.  131.  —  Atl.  Ichth.  II.  1862,  p.  49. 
Bagrichthys  hypselopterus  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.    1864,  p.  92. 

B.  7;    D.  I.  7;    A.   15;    P.  i.   io— ii;  V.  6. 


347 

Height  below  dorsal  spine  3'/4 — 34/5,  head  5 — 7,  eye  5 — 8. 
Barbels  shorter  than  head,  longer  and  broadened  in  the  males. 
Dorsal  acute,  its  first  ray  much  longer  than  height  of  body, 
its  flattened  spine  still  higher,  according  to  age.  Adipose  fin 
contiguous  to  dorsal  and  more  than  4  times  longer  than  it. 
Pectoral  spine  strong,  its  hindborder  conspicuously  serrated, 
shorter  or  somewhat  longer  than  head.  Darkish  brown,  belly, 
a  dorso-ventral  and  a  dorso-anal  band  lighter.  Lateral  line  a 
narrow  white  band.  Caudal  and  posterior  end  of  adipose  fin 
yellowish.  Length  more  than  400  mm. 

N  o  m  e  n  i  n  d  i  g. :   Ikan  lalajang  (Djambi). 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Palembang,  Rokan  river!,  Djambi!); 
Borneo  (Sintang)  '). 

In  rivers. 

3.    Bagroides  Bleeker. 

(BLEEKER,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie,  II.   1851,  p.  204). 

More  or  less  elongate  and  robust.  Head  covered  by  thick 
skin,  snout  conical,  prominent,  mouthopening  rather  small, 
transverse,  with  thick  lips.  Occipital  process  touching  the  basal 
bone  of  the  dorsal  spine.  Eye  covered  by  skin.  8  barbels. 
Short  dorsal  with  a  strong  pungent  spine,  its  hindborder  with 
teeth  directed  upward.  A  long  or  very  long  adipose  fin,  totally 
adnate  to  the  back  or  with  the  hindborder  free.  Origin  of 
ventrals  before  or  below  origin  of  adipose  fin.  Anal  with  less 
than  20  rays.  Pectorals  with  a  strong  pungent  spine,  serrated 
behind.  Caudal  deeply  forked.  Small  teeth  in  more  or  less 
curved  bands  in  the  jaws,  on  the  vomer  in  a  curved  band  or 
in  a  semioval  patch.  Gillmembranes  totally  united,  free  from 
isthmus,  with  or  without  a  shallow  notch  behind.  Branchioste- 
gals  7—8. 

Synopsis   of  the    species. 

1.  Adipose    fin    about    as    long    as    the  head;  vomerine 

teeth  in  a  semioval  patch  {Bagroides  Blkr.) B.  melapterus  p.  348. 

2.  Adipose    fin    twice    as    long    as    the  head;  vomerine 
teeth  in  a  short,  curved,  uninterrupted  band  (Pseudo- 
bagrichthys  Blkr.). 


i)  The  locality  nChina"  (Karoli  Janos,  Termeszetrajzi  fuzetek,  V.  1882,  p.  32) 
is  probably   erroneous. 


348 

a.  Dorsal  spine  about  as  long  as  head,  about  equal  to 

pectoral  spine;  width  of  mouth  about  equal  to  eye  B.  macropterus  p.  349. 

b.  Dorsal   spine   much   longer  than   head    and   than 
pectoral   spine,   width    of  mouth  much  less  than 

twice  the  diameter  of  eye .  .  B.  macr acanthus  p.  350. 

i.  Bagroides  melapterus  Blkr. 

Bagroldes  melapterus  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie,  II.   1851,  p.  204. 
Bagroides  melanopterus  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie,  III.   1852,  p.  413. — 
Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858,  p.  134.  —  Atl.  Ichth.  II.  1862,  p.  51. 
Bagroides  melanopterus  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  90. 


Fig.   147.  Bagroides  melapterus  Blkr.  and  upper  view  of  pectoral  fin. 

B.  7—8;    D.  I.  7;    A.    16—17;    P.  I.  9;    V.  6. 

Robust,  rather  short,  covered  by  velvety  skin.  Dorsal  profile 
of  head  convex,  ascending  steeply  to  the  dorsal.  Height  34/5 — 4; 
head  4!/2  to  nearly  5,  as  high  as  broad,  somewhat  pointed 
anteriorly,  covered  by  thick  skin,  less  thick  on  occipital  pro- 
cess, which  is  about  thrice  as  long  as  broad  at  its  base,  only 
slightly  tapering  behind,  its  rounded  posterior  extremity  touching 
the  basal  bone  of  the  dorsal  spine.  Eye  5 — 6,  situated  at  the 
end  of  the  anterior  half  of  the  head,  about  i1/,^  times  in  the 
thick,  prominent  snout  or  in  the  interorbital  space.  Lips  very 
thick.  Nasal  barbels  reaching  on  opercle,  maxillary  barbels  on 
base  of  pectorals,  mandibulary  and  mental  ones  shorter.  Height 
of  dorsal  and  its  strong,  flattened  spine,  the  hindborder  of  which 
has  strong  teeth  directed  upwards,  about  equal  to  head.  Adipose 
fin  with  free  hindborder,  its  base  about  twice  as  long  as  that 
of  dorsal,  the  distance  between  both  equals  the  length  of  the 
dorsal.  Anal  lower  than  dorsal,  its  origin  in  the  vertical  through 
the  end  of  the  first  '/a  of  the  adipose  fin.  Ventrals  not  reaching 


349 

anal,  their  origin  behind  the  end  of  the  dorsal.  The  strong, 
flat  pectoral  spine,  with  the  hindborder  strongly  serrated, 
about  equal  to  that  of  the  dorsal.  Caudal  deeply  forked,  with 
pointed  lobes.  Small  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw  in  a  quadrangular 
or  oval  patch,  twice  as  broad  as  long,  those  in  the  lower  jaw 
in  a  semioval  patch.  Yellowish.  Large,  irregular,  partly  ana- 
stomosing black  patches  on  the  top  of  the  head,  before  and 
below  the  dorsal  and  adipose  fin  and  on  the  tail.  Lateral  line 
yellowish.  Fins  yellow,  distally  black.  Length  340  mm. 

Nomen  indig. :  Ikan  radja  meno  (Indragiri),  Ikan  tetus 
tetus  (Djambi). 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Palembang !,  river  Kwantang,  Indragiri, 
Djambi !) ;  Borneo  (rivers  Barito,  Kahajan,  Kapuas !,  Sambas, 
Rajang).  —  Siam. 

In  rivers. 

2.  Bagroides  macropterus  Blkr. 

Bagroides  macropterus   Bleeker,    Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie,  V.    1853,  p.   515.  - 

Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.   Prodr.  I.  Siluri,   1858,  p.   136. 
Pseudobagrichthys  macropterus  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,   p.  50. 
Bagroides  macropterns  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.   91. 

B.  7;    D.  I.  7;    A.   14—15;    P.  I.  95    V.  6. 

Elongate,  compressed.  Height  about  5  ;  head  about  6,  conical, 
convex,  acute,  longer  than  high  and  broad.  Occipital  process 
slender,  about  thrice  longer  than  broad  at  its  base,  convex, 
its  slender  point  touching  the  elongate,  smooth  or  rugose  basal 
bone  of  the  dorsal  spine.  Eyes  about  5,  i!/3  or  i!/4  distant. 
Snout  less  than  twice  longer  than  eye,  very  convex,  compressed, 
prominent,  acutely  rounded.  Width  of  mouth  about  equal  to 
eye.  Lips  fleshy.  Barbels  slender,  the  nasal  ones  reaching  on 
postocular  part  of  head,  the  maxillary  ones  on  opercle  or  humeral 
bone,  the  mandibulary  ones  to  branchial  opening,  the  mental 
ones  still  shorter.  Height  of  dorsal  about  equal  to  height  of 
body,  about  twice  its  length;  its  spine  moderate,  slightly  or  not 
longer  than  head,  its  hindborder  with  moderate  teeth,  directed 
upward.  Adipose  fin  not  free  behind  but  adnate  to  the  body, 
beginning  very  close  to  dorsal,  and  more  than  4  times  longer 
than  that  fin.  Anal  convex,  lower  than  body,  opposite  to  median 
part  of  adipose  fin,  more  than  thrice  or  4  times  longer  than 
that  fin.  Pectoral  spine  stronger  and  not  longer  or  slightly 
longer  than  the  dorsal  one.  Caudal  deeply  forked,  its  lobes 


350 

acute.  Small  teeth  in  the  jaws  in  a  short,  slightly  curved  band, 
those  on  the  vomer  in  a  small  subsemilunar  patch.  Brownish 
with  a  diffuse  irregular  cephalic,  dorso-ventral,  dorso-anal  and 
caudal  cross  band.  Fins,  with  exception  of  the  adipose  and 
caudal  fin,  blackish  in  their  distal  half.  Length  256  mm. 
[After  Bleeker;  not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Palembang,  Muara  kompeh).  —  Siam. 

In  fresh  water. 

3.  Bagroides  macracanthus  Blkr. 

Bagroides  macracanthus  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie,  VII.  1854,  p.  88. — 

Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,   1858,  p.   137. 

Pseudobagrichthys  macracanthus  Bleeker,  All.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.   50. 
Bagroides  macracanthus  Giinthur,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.  1864,  p.  91. 
?  Leiocassis  macropterus  Vaillant,  Notes  Leyden  Museum,  XXIV,  n°.  1-3,  1902,  p.  58. 
Bagroides  macracanthus  Volz,  Revue  Suisse  Zool.  XII.    1904,  p.  469. 
?  Bagroides  Vaillantii  Popta,  Notes  Leyden  Museum,  XXVII.  1906,  p.  228,  footnote. 

B.  7;    D.  I.  /;    A.    14—15?    P-  I-  9;    V.  6. 

Elongate,  compressed.  Height  about  4;  head  about  5!/2, 
conical,  acute,  convex,  longer  than  high  and  broad.  Occipital 
process  about  thrice  longer  than  broad  at  its  base,  straight, 
its  slender  end  touching  the  much  elongated  slender  smooth 
basal  bone  of  dorsal  spine.  Eyes  about  42/3,  somewhat  more 
than  one  eyediameter  apart.  Snout  less  than  twice  longer  than 
eye,  strongly  convex  and  rounded,  prominent.  Lips  fleshy. 
Width  of  mouth  much  less  than  twice  the  diameter  of  the 
eye.  Six  conspicuous  mental  pores  in  two  rows,  the  anterior 
row  consisting  of  two.  Barbels  slender,  the  nasal  ones  reaching  to 
posterior  part  of  eye,  the  maxillary  ones  to  operculum,  the  man- 
dibulary  ones  to  branchial  opening,  the  mental  ones  still  shorter. 
Height  of  dorsal  slightly  more  than  that  of  body,  double  its 
base.  Its  spine  moderate,  much  longer  than  head,  its  hind- 
border  with  strong  teeth  directed  upward.  Adipose  fin  not 
free  behind,  but  adnate  at  the  back,  commencing  at  a  very 
short  distance  from  the  dorsal  and  more  than  4  times 
longer  than  it.  Anal  convex,  lower  than  body,  opposed  to 
middle  of  adipose  fin  and  4  times  shorter  than  it.  Pectoral 
spine  not  stronger  than  the  dorsal  one,  but  much  shorter,  its 
hindborder  strongly  serrated.  Caudal  deeply  forked,  its  lobes 
acute.  The  teeth  in  upper  jaw  and  on  vomer  in  a  subsemi- 
lunar band,  those  in  the  lower  jaw  obtuse,  conical,  the  outer 


series  larger.  Brownish,  with  a  diffuse  irregular  cephalic,  dorso- 
anal  and  caudal  cross  band.  Fins  brownish.  Length  240  mm. 
[After  Bleeker,  not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (river  Enim,  river  Si  Russu,  Djapura); 
?  Borneo  (Mahakam  river :  Leiocassis  macropterus  Vaillant). 

In  rivers. 

4.  Leiocassis  Bleeker. 

(BLEEKER,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I  Siluri,   1858,  p.  139). 

More  or  less  elongate  and  robust.  Head  more  or  less  flattened 
above,  covered  by  skin  or  headshields  naked.  Occipital  process 
touching  the  basal  bone  of  dorsal  spine,  or  free  from  it,  or 
both  united  by  a  separate  shield.  Snout  more  or  less  promi- 
nent, above  the  slightly  curved  mouth.  Eye  covered  by  skin. 
8  barbels.  Dorsal  short,  its  pungent  spine  with  the  hindborder 
smooth  or  weakly  or  strongly  serrated,  the  teeth  directed  down- 
ward. Adipose  fin  as  long  as  or  longer  than  dorsal,  opposite 
to  anal,  which  has  less  than  20  rays.  Pectorals  with  a  strong 
spine,  conspicuously  denticulated  behind.  Caudal  deeply  bifur- 
cate. Anal  with  less  than  20  rays.  Villiform  teeth  in  curved 
bands  in  the  jaws  and  on  the  palate.  Gillmembranes  nearly 
totally  separated,  free  from  isthmus.  Branchiostegals  9 — n. 

Synopsis    of   the   species1). 

I.  Head  covered  with  smooth  skin. 

A.  Dorsal  spine  less  than  '/3  length  of  head;  maxil- 
lary barbel  reaching  pectoral. 

1.  Depth  of  body  5  in  the  length L.  fuscus  p.  353. 

2.  Depth  of  body  6  in  the  length L.  mahakamensis  p.  354. 

B.  Dorsal  spine  at  least  2/5  length  of  head. 

1.  Maxillary  barbel  reaching  pectoral \  head  nearly 

as  broad  as  long L.  stenomus  p.  355. 

2.  Maxillary  barbel  not  extending  beyond  head, 
which  is  longer  than  broad. 

a.  Occipital    process  reaching  basal  shield  of 

dorsal  spine L.  poecifapterus  p.   356. 

b.  Occipital  process  not  reaching  basal  shield 
of  dorsal  spine. 


i)  After  Tate  Regan,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.   Hist.  (8)  XI.    1913,  p.  548. 


352 

aa.  Vomerine  band  of  teeth  without  or 
with  a  very  short  and  blunt  median 
posterior  process. 

a.  Caudal  peduncle  about  twice  as  long 
as  deep. 

1.  Occipital  process  not  longer  than 
eye,  less    than  its  distance  from 

basal  bone  of  dorsal  spine.  .  .  .  L.  micropogon  p.  357. 

2.  Occipital    process  a  little  longer 
than  eye,  as  long  as  its  distance 

from  basal  bone  of  dorsal  spine.  L.  saravacensis  p.  358. 

3.  Occipital    process    I1/?    to    2   as 
long  as  eye,  2  to  2^2  as  l°ng  as 
its   distance   from  basal  bone  of 
dorsal   spine;  head  i1/^  as  long 

as  broad Z.  baramensis  p.  358. 

4.  Occipital  process  more  than  twice 
as  long  as  eye,  4  times  as  long 
as    its    distance  from  basal  bone 
of    dorsal    spine;    head    i2/3    as 

long  as  broad L.  merabensis  p.  359. 

|3.  Caudal  peduncle  21/*  to  28/4  as  long 

as  deep L.  hosii  p.  360. 

bb.  Vomerine  band  of  teeth  with  a  strong 

median  posterior  projection.  ...;..  Z.  doriae  p.  360. 
II.  Upper  surface  of  postorbital  part  of  head  naked, 
rugose;  occipital  process  meeting  basal  shield  of 
dorsal  spine;  snout  scarcely  projecting  beyond  mouth; 
teeth  on  palate  forming  a  curved  band  without  median 
posterior  projection. 

A.  Supraclavicular  plate  small,  not  produced  back- 
wards, its  lower  edge  in  contact  with  basal  part 
of  clavicular  process. 

1.  Head  nearly  as  broad  as  long;  pectoral  spine 

as  long  as  head L.  breviceps  p.  361. 

2.  Head  longer  than  broad ;  pectoral  spine  shorter 
than  head. 

a.  Depth   of  body    5>/2    to    7    in  the  length; 
caudal  peduncle  2'/2  as  long  as  deep, 
a.  Bony  area  of  upper  surface  of  head  with 

straight  anterior  edge;  occipital  process 

longer    than    broad ;    ventrals    reaching 

anal;  fins  immaculate L.  inornatus  p.  362. 


353 

/3.  Bony  area  of  upper  surface  of  head  with 
emarginate  anterior  edge  ;  occipital  pro- 
cess broader  than  long;  ventrals  not 
nearly  reaching  anal;  dorsal  and  anal 

with  dark  bars L.  vaillanti  p.  362. 

b.  Depth    of  body  4»/2  in  the  length;  caudal 

penduncle   1%  as  long  as  deep L.  rugosus  p.  363. 

B.  Supraclavicular  plate  produced  backwards  into  a 
pointed  process. 

1.  Supraclavicular    process  small,  npt  extending 

so  far  back  as  clavicular  process L.  leiacanthus  p.  364. 

2.  Supraclavicular   process    strong,    extending  as 

far  back  as  clavicular  process L.  moeschi  p.  364. 


Fig.   148.  Leiocassls  leiacanthus  M.  Web.  &  de  Bfrt. 

i.  Leiocassis  fuscus  Popta. 

Liocassis  fuscus  Popta,  Notes  Leyden  Mus.  XXIV.  1903,  p.  168.  —  ibid.  XXVII. 
1906,  p.  52. 

D.  i.  7;    A.  13;    P.  I.  6;    V.  6. 

Height  5,  head  4,  its  depth  i2/3,  its  width  i!/3  in  its  length. 
Head  covered  by  smooth  skin.  Eye  10,  situated  in  the  anterior 
half  of  the  head,  3*/2  times  in  the  interorbital  space,  3  times 
in  the  slightly  prominent  snout.  Nasal  barbels  5  times  longer  than 
eye,  reaching  on  last  half  of  head.  Maxillary  barbels  extending 
on  and  mandibulary  barbels  to  pectorals,  mental  barbels  half 
as  long.  Height  of  dorsal  less  than  that  of  body,  its  weak  spine 
less  than  ]/3  of  the  length  of  the  head,  its  hindborder  without 
INDO-AUSTRALIAN  FISHES  II.  23 


354 

serrations.  Base  of  adipose  fin  equal  to  that  of  the  dorsal, 
the  distance  between  them  is  twice  that  length.  Pectoral  spine 
strongly  denticulated  posteriorly  and  less  so  anteriorly,  twice 
as  long  as  the  dorsal  one.  Ventrals  not  reaching  anal,  their 
origin  immediately  behind  the  vertical  through  end  of  base 
of  dorsal.  Origin  of  anal  before  vertical  through  origin  of 
adipose  fin.  Caudal  deeply  bifurcate.  Least  height  of  caudal 
peduncle  i3/4  times  in  its  length.  The  bands  of  teeth  in  the 
jaws  and  on  the  palate  are  equally  narrow.  Blackish  brown, 
lighter  below.  A  light  cross  band  from  nape  downward  and 
lighter  patches  on  the  sides  behind  dorsal  and  adipose  fin. 
Dorsal  with  a  dark  submarginal  band.  Adipose  fin  blackish 
with  a  light  hindborder.  Other  fins  lighter  with  dark  bands 
or  patches.  Length  of  single  specimen  known  5 1  mm.  (Type 
in  Leyden  Museum  seen  by  us). 

Nomen  indig. :  Baung  Bebang. 

Habitat:  Borneo  (Upper  Mahakam  river!). 

2.  Leiocassis  mahakamensis  Vaill. 

Leiocassis  mahakamensis  Vaillant,  Notes  Leyden  Mus.  XXIV.  (n°.  I — 3),  1902,  p.  55. 

D.  II.  6;    A.    16;    P.   I.   7;    V.  6. 

Head  depressed,  covered  by  soft  skin.  Height  6,  head  32/3, 
eye  about  8,  shorter  than  the  short,  obtuse  snout,  slightly 
prominent,  the  length  of  which  is  equal  to  the  interorbital 
space  and  2/7  of  the  length  of  the  head.  Occipital  process 
short,  pointed,  triangular,  certainly  not  reaching  the  basal 
bone  of  the  dorsal  spine.  Barbels  rather  long,  the  nasal  barbels 
nearly  reaching  end  of  head,  the  maxillary  ones  nearly  reaching 
to  the  extremity  of  the  pectoral  spine,  mandibulary  barbels 
reaching  on  pectorals,  mental  ones  shorter.  Dorsal  spine  short, 
2/7  of  the  length  of  the  head.  Adipose  fin  J/4  longer  than  the 
dorsal,  the  distance  between  both  longer  than  the  adipose  fin. 
Caudal  deeply  forked,  especially  the  upper  lobe  prolonged. 
Anal  beginning  opposite  to  adipose  fin.  Pectoral  spine  strong, 
strongly  denticulated  at  both  edges,  about  equal  to  head 
without  snout.  Ventrals  far  behind  end  of  dorsal,  about  equal 
to  postorbital  part  of  head.  Palatine  teeth  in  a  semicircular 
band.  Upper  surface  of  head  and  body  bluish  black,  ventral 
surface  white,  with  a  rufous  hue,  along  each  side  a  narrow 
whitish  band,  running  from  behind  the  opercle  to  base  of 


355 

caudal.  Adipose  fin  and  caudal  bordered  by  the  same  colour. 
Pectorals,  ventrals  and  anal  hyaline,  lastnamed  with  a  trans- 
verse series  of  black  spots.  Dorsal  hyaline,  sometimes  with  a 
black  submarginal  band.  Length  about  120  mm.  [Type  in 
Leyden  Museum  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Borneo  (Mahakam  river!). 

3.  Leiocassis  stenomus  (C.  V.). 

Bagrus  stenomus  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons,  XIV.  1839^.415. 
Leiocassis  Ellenriederi  Bleeker,  Act.  Soc.  Sc.  Indo-Neerl.  VIII.  1860,  Negende 

Bijdrage  Sumatra,  p.   10. 

Leiocassis  stenomus  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  II.  1862,  p.  54. 
Liocassis  stenomus  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  90. 
Liocassis  stenoimis  Vaillant,  Nouv.  Arch.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.  (3)  V.    1893,  p.  73. 
Liocassis  stenomus  Popta,  Notes  Leyden  Museum,  XXVII.   1906,  p.  51. 

B.  9;    D.  I.  7;   A.  15—17;   P-  I-  7;    V.  6. 

Dorsal  profile  nearly  straight  from  snout  to  dorsal.  Height 
42/3  to  nearly  6.  Head  4 — 42/3,  broader  than  high,  covered 
by  skin.  Occipital  process  triangular,  short,  about  as  long  as 
broad  at  its  base,  reaching  or  nearly  reaching  the  triangular 
basal  bone  of  dorsal  spine.  Eye  4 — 6,  nearly  twice  in  the 
rounded,  prominent  snout,  which  is  about  equal  to  interorbital 
space.  Nasal  barbels  reaching  beyond  eye  or  even  to  hind- 
border  of  operculum,  maxillary  and  mandibulary  ones  extending 
to  end  of  pectorals  or  of  humeral  process,  mental  ones  to 
humeral  process  or  not  so  far.  Height  of  dorsal  equal  to 
head  without  snout  or  a  little  more,  its  spine  equal  to  or 
more  than  postorbital  part  of  head,  with  the  hindborder  weakly 
serrated.  Base  of  adipose  fin  longer  than  that  of  dorsal,  the 
distance  between  both  is  about  equal  to  i!/2  times  the  length 
of  the  adipose  fin.  Origin  of  anal  slightly  before  that  of  the 
adipose  fin.  Origin  of  ventrals,  which  are  far  distant  from  the 
anal,  behind  the  end  of  the  base  of  the  dosal.  Pectoral  spine 
slightly  shorter  than  the  head,  with  strong  denticulations 
along  its  hindborder.  Caudal  deeply  forked,  with  the  lobes 
produced  into  filaments.  Height  of  caudal  peduncle  nearly 
iV2  times  in  its  own  length.  Teeth  in  jaws  and  on  palate  in 
curved  bands.  Darkish  brown  above,  lighter  below,  with  lighter 
cross-bands.  A  narrow  one  on  occiput,  a  broader  one  before 
adipose  fin  and  a  narrow  one  at  caudal  peduncle.  Dorsal  with 
a  black  intramarginal  band.  Adipose  fin  darkish  with  a  light 


356 

margin,  other  fins  brownish.  Length  120  mm.  [Type  and 
specimens  of  Bleeker's  collection  in  the  Leyden  Museum  seen 
by  us]. 

Nomen  indig. :  Tengkrian  (Mahakam). 

Habitat:  Java;  Sumatra  (Palembang!,  Djambi!,  Lahat); 
Borneo  (rivers  Kapuas,  Mahakam,  Seminis).  —  Malacca. 

In  rivers. 

4.   Leiocassis  poecilopterus  (C.  V.). 

Bagrus  poecilopterus  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poissons  XIV.  1839,  p.  431. 
Leiocassis  poecilopterus  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858,  p.  140. — 

Atl.  Ichth.  II.  1862,  p.  53. 
Liocassis  poecilopterus  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  89. 

B.  10—  n;   D.  I.  7;   A.  15—16;    P.  I.  7—8;   V.  6. 

Rather  robust,  dorsal  profile  of  head  straight,  slightly  con- 
vex behind  head  to  dorsal.  Height  32/5 — 4,  head  3<2/5 — 32/3, 
covered  by  soft  skin,  its  height  equal  to  its  breadth  but  much 
less  than  its  length,  concealing  the  narrow,  triangular  occipital 
process,  which  is  about  twice  as  long  as  broad  at  its  base, 
touching  the  narrow,  prolonged,  triangular  basal  bone  of  the 
dorsal  spine.  Eye  nearly  6,  situated  at  the  end  of  the  anterior 
half  of  the  head,  more  than  twice  in  the  prominent,  conical 
snout,  which  is  much  longer  than  the  interorbital  space.  Bar- 
bels very  slender.  Nasal  barbels  reaching  to  middle  of  eye, 
maxillary  barbels  to  hindborder  of  eye,  mandibulary  barbels 
shorter,  mental  ones  still  shorter.  Height  of  dorsal  2/3  of  head,  its 
strong  spine  equal  to  head  without  snout,  strongly  denticulated 
behind.  Base  of  adipose  fin  about  !/4  longer  than  that  of 
dorsal,  its  distance  from  dorsal  nearly  equal  to  its  own  length. 
Height  of  the  rounded  anal  slightly  less  than  that  of  the 
dorsal,  its  origin  before  that  of  adipose  fin.  The  very  strong 
pectoral  spine  scarcely  longer  than  the  dorsal  one,  strongly 
denticulated  behind.  Ventrals  not  reaching  anal,  their  origin 
somewhat  behind  end  of  dorsal.  Caudal  deeply  forked,  its 
lobes  rounded.  Least  height  of  caudal  peduncle  about  i1/2 
times  in  its  length.  Teeth  in  upper  jaw  in  a  nearly  straight, 
rather  broad  band,  in  the  lower  jaw  and  on  the  palate  in  a 
strongly  curved  band.  Darkish  brown,  lighter  below.  An  occi- 
pital and  a  dorso-ventral  irregular  lighter  crossband  as  well 
as  one  on  the  caudal  peduncle.  Fins  with  dark  bands.  Length 
over  1 80  mm. 


357 

No  men  indig. :  Klaso  (Bongan). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia!,  Buitenzorg) ;  Sumatra  (Solok!, 
Djapura,  Laut  Tador,  Indragiri,  Upper  Langkat,  Deli);  Borneo 
(rivers  Kapuas,  Bongan,  Bongon,  Merabeh,  Sarawak).  —  Siam. 

In  rivers. 

5.  Leiocassis  micropogon  (Blkr.). 

Bagrus  micropogon  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie,  III.   1852,  p.  94. 
Bagrus  poecilopterus  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie,  V,  1853,  p.  445  (nee.  C.  V.). 
Leiocassis  micropogon  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858,  p.  142.  — 

Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  53. 

Liocassis  micropogon  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.   V.    1864,  p.  89. 
Liocassis  micropogon  Vinciguerra,  Ann.  Mus.  Civ.  Genova  XVI.   1880,  p.  171. 
Liocassis  micropogon  C.  Tate  Regan,  Ann.   Mag.  Nat.  Hist.   (8)  XI.  1913^.548. 

B.  9—10;    D.   I.   7;    A.    15—16;    P.  I.   8;    V.   6. 

Height  5*/2 — 6;  head  32/5 — 33/4,  rather  broader  than  high, 
its  depth  being  one  half  of  its  length,  covered  with  soft  skin. 
Occipital  process  about  as  long  as  eye,  its  distance  from  basal 
bone  of  dorsal  spine  much  more  than  its  own  length.  Eye 
6 — 8,  according  to  age  more  or  less  than  2  times  in  the  pro- 
minent, convex  snout,  which  is  longer  than  the  interorbital 
space.  Barbels  variable  in  length,  the  nasal  ones  reaching  to 
eye  or  farther,  the  maxillary  ones  to  eye  oroperculum,  the  man- 
dibulary  ones  shorter,  the  mental  ones  still  shorter.  Height  of 
dorsal  not  or  scarcely  more  than  height  of  body,  its  spine,  the 
hindborder  of  which  is  weakly  serrated,  i2/3 — 2  in  head.  Adipose 
fin  more  than  twice  as  long  as  dorsal,  the  distance  between 
both  is  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  adipose  fin.  Base  of 
rounded  anal  shorter  than  that  of  adipose  fin.  Pectoral  spine 
slightly  longer  or  shorter  than  that  of  dorsal,  strongly  serrated 
behind.  Caudal  deeply  forked.  Maxillary  teeth  in  a  slightly 
curved  band,  that  of  the  palate  and  lower  jaw  strongly  curved. 
Brownish,  with  irregular  dark  cross-bands;  a  brown  lateral 
band  running  from  the  head  to  the  caudal;  fins  with  one  or 
two  brown  bands.  Length  to  about  200  mm.  [Typical  specimens 
of  Bleeker's  collection  in  the  Leyden  Museum  seen  by  us]. 

Nomen  indig.:  Ikan  tugok  (Sarawak). 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Palembang,  Lahat,  River  Kwantan  and 
Mahe,  Upper  Langkat,  Deli);  Banka;  Biliton;  Borneo  (River 
Kapuas,  Sambas,  Sarawak).  -  -  Malacca. 

In  rivers. 


358 


6.  Leiocassis  saravacensis  Boul. 

Liocassis  saravacensis  Boulenger,    Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (6)  XIII.   1894,  p.  246. 
Liocassis  saravacensis  C.  Tate  Regan.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (8)  XT.  1913,  p.  548. 

Depth  of  body  41/2  to  5  times  in  total  length,  length  of 
head  4  times.  Head  i!/2  as  long  as  broad;  snout  rounded, 
strongly  projecting  beyond  the  mouth;  head  covered  with 
skin;  occipital  process  not  reaching  the  basal  shield  of  the 
dorsal  spine;  diameter  of  eye  7  times  in  length  of  head,  inter- 
orbital  width  4  times;  barbels  very  short,  the  maxillary  reaching 
the  eye.  Vomerine  teeth  in  a  curved  uninterrupted  band, 
without  posterior  median  process.  Dorsal  I.  6;  spine  strongly 
serrated  behind,  2/3  length  of  head.  Adipose  fin  nearly  twice 
as  long  as  dorsal,  a  little  longer  than  its  distance  from  the 
latter.  Anal  14—15.  Pectoral  spine  3/5  length  of  head,  strongly 
serrated  on  the  inner  edge.  Dark  brown,  with  some  large  pale 
brown  spots  on  the  sides,  and  a  pale  brown  bar  across  the 
nape;  dorsal  whitish,  with  a  blackish  band  in  its  upper  half; 
adipose  fin  with  a  broad  whitish  edge;  ventrals,  anal,  and 
caudal  whitish.  Length  of  single  known  specimen  150  mm. 
[After  Boulenger,  not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Borneo  (Senah,  Sarawak). 

7.  Leiocassis  baramensis  Reg. 

Liocassis    baramensis    C.    Tate   Regan,    Ann.    Mag.    Nat.  Hist.  (7)  XVIII,   1906, 
p.  67.  —  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (8)  XI.   1913,  p.  548. 

Depth  of  body  42/5  in  the  length,  length  of  head  33/5.  Head 
!3/5  as  long  as  broad.  Diameter  of  eye  9  in  the  length  of 
head.  Snout  obtusely  pointed,  a  little  more  than  j/3  the  length 
of  head,  projecting  beyond  the  mouth.  Nasal  barbel  nearer  to 
eye  than  to  tip  of  snout,  when  laid  back  not  reaching  the 
eye;  maxillary  barbel  !/3  the  length  of  head,  extending  to 
below  the  eye;  head  covered  with  smooth  skin;  occipital 
process  twice  as  long  as  broad,  separated  by  an  interspace 
equal  to  J/2  its  length  from  the  basal  shield  of  the  dorsal 
spine;  clavicular  process  extending  to  the  middle  of  the 
pectoral  spine.  Vomerine  teeth  in  a  curved  uninterrupted  band, 
with  the  median  posterior  projection  rudimentary.  Dorsal  I.  7; 
spine  feebly  serrated  behind,  J/2  the  length  of  head.  Adipose 
fin  i3/4  as  long  as  the  base  of  the  dorsal  and  greater  than 


359 

its  distance  from  the  latter.  Anal  14.  Pectoral  spine  a  little 
more  than  V2  the  length  of  head,  with  23  serrae  on  its  inner 
edge.  Ventrals  nearly  reaching  the  origin  of  anal.  Caudal 
forked.  Least  depth  of  caudal  peduncle  I5/C  in  the  distance 
from  the  base  of  last  anal  ray  to  that  of  the  middle  caudal 
rays,  which  is  53/5  in  the  length  of  the  fish.  Brownish,  with 
2  oblong  pale  areas  on  each  side  of  the  posterior  part  of  the 
body  above  the  lateral  line,  the  second  small  and  well-separated 
from  the  first;  similar  pale  areas  below  the  lateral  line  are 
confluent  and  the  anterior  meets  that  of  the  other  side  in 
front  of  the  anal  fin;  fins  more  or  less  blackish  at  the  base 
and  with  blackish  intramarginal  bands.  Length  of  single  spe- 
cimen known  190  mm.  [After  Regan,  not  seen  by  us]. 
Habitat:  Borneo  (Baram  river). 

8.  Leiocassis  merabensis  Reg. 

Liocassis  poedloptertis   Boulenger,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (6)  XIII.   1894,  p.  247 

(nee.  C.  V.). 
Liocassis  merabensis  Tate  Regan,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (8)  XI.   1913,  p.  550. 

Depth  of  body  42/3  to  5  in  the  length,  length  of  head  33/5 
to  32/3-  Breadth  of  head  i2/3  in  its  length,  diameter  of  eye  8 
or  9,  interorbital  width  51/2.  Head  covered  with  smooth  skin. 
Snout  moderately  broad,  rounded,  projecting  a  little  beyond 
the  mouth;  nasal  barbel  nearer  eye  than  end  of  snout,  when 
laid  back  nearly  reaching  eye;  maxillary  barbel  extending  to 
middle  or  posterior  edge  of  eye;  occipital  process  three  times 
as  long  as  broad,  separated  by  a  space  equal  to  2/4  its  own 
length  from  basal  shield  of  dorsal  spine;  clavicular  process 
not  extending  beyond  middle  of  pectoral  spine.  Vomerine 
teeth  in  a  curved  uninterrupted  band,  nearly  as  broad  as  that 
of  the  praemaxillaries,  without  or  with  a  very  short  and  blunt 
median  posterior  process.  Dorsal  I.  7;  spine  very  feebly  ser- 
rated behind,  about  !/2  the  length  of  head;  adipose  fin  i2/3 
or  i3/4  as  long  as  dorsal,  longer  than  its  distance  from  latter. 
Anal  14.  Pectoral  spine  from  a  little  more  than  '/2  to  3/s  tne 
length  of  head ;  inner  edge  strongly  serrated.  Ventrals  not  quite 
reaching  anal.  Caudal  forked.  Caudal  peduncle  twice  as  long 
as  deep.  Brownish;  head  with  small  dark  spots;  above  the 
lateral  line  two  elongate  oval  pale  yellow  areas,  the  anterior 
extending  to  below  the  adipose  fin,  the  posterior  commencing 


near   end  of  that  fin ;   larger  pale  areas  below  lateral  line  are 
confluent    below;    fins    with   blackish   basal    and  intramarginal 
bands.  Length   150  mm.  [After  Regan,  not  seen  by  us]. 
Habitat:  North  Borneo  (Merabeh). 

9.  Leiocassis  hosii  Reg. 

Liocassis  Hosii  C.  Tate  Regan,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (7)  XVIII.  1906,  p.  67.  — 
Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (8)  XI.   1913,  p.  548. 

Depth  of  body  about  5  in  the  length,  length  of  head  3 — 31/2- 
Head  i3/4  or  i*/5  as  long  as  broad.  Diameter  of  eye  7 — 9!/2  in  the 
length  of  head.  Snout  obtusely  pointed,  1J3  the  length  of  head, 
projecting  beyond  the  mouth.  Nasal  barbel  nearer  to  eye  than 
to  tip  of  snout,  when  laid  back  extending  to  the  eye;  maxil- 
lary barbel  3/s  to  Vz  t^ie  lengtn  of  head,  extending  beyond 
the  eye;  head  covered  with  smooth  skin;  occipital  process 
about  twice  as  long  as  broad,  separated  by  an  interspace 
which  is  less  than  its  own  length  from  the  basal  shield  of 
the  dorsal  spine ;  clavicular  process  extending  to  the  middle 
of  the  pectoral  spine.  Vomerine  teeth  in  a  curved  uninter- 
rupted band,  with  the  median  posterior  projection  rudimentary 
or  wanting.  Dorsal  I.  7 ;  spine  feebly  serrated  behind,  about 
]/2  the  length  of  head.  Adipose  fin  i!/2 — 2  as  long  as  the 
base  of  dorsal  and  equal  to  or  greater  than  its  distance  from 
the  latter.  Anal  13 — 16.  Pectoral  spine  about  ]/2  the  length 
of  head,  with  16 — 21  serrae  on  its  inner  edge.  Ventrals  nearly 
or  quite  reaching  the  origin  of  anal.  Caudal  forked.  Least 
depth  of  caudal  peduncle  2J/2 — 23/4  in  its  length.  Brownish; 
on  each  side  2  or  3  oblong  pale  areas  both  above  and  below 
the  lateral  line;  fins  blackish  at  the  base  and  with  blackish 
marginal  or  intramarginal  bands;  caudal,  in  addition,  with  a 
blackish  spot  on  each  lobe.  Length  of  known  specimens  to 
170  mm.  [After  Regan,  not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Borneo  (Sibu). 

10.  Leiocassis  doriae  Reg. 

Liocassis  doriae  C.  Tate  Regan,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (8)  XL   1913,  p.  551. 

Depth  of  body  44/5  in  the  length,  length  of  head  3]/2-  Breadth 
of  head  i2/3  in  its  length,  diameter  of  eye  8,  interorbital  width  5. 
Head  covered  with  smooth  skin.  Snout  moderately  broad, 


obtusely  pointed,  J/3  the  length  of  head,  projecting  beyond 
the  mouth;  nasal  barbel  a  little  nearer  to  eye  than  to  tip  of 
snout,  when  laid  back  not  quite  reaching  the  eye ;  maxillary 
barbel  extending  to  below  the  eye ;  occipital  process  three 
times  as  long  as  broad,  separated  by  an  interspace  a  little 
less  than  its  own  length  from  the  basal  shield  of  the  dorsal 
spine;  clavicular  process  extending  to  the  middle  of  the  pec- 
toral spine.  Vomerine  teeth  in  a  curved  uninterrupted  band, 
with  a  pointed  median  posterior  projection,  extending  back 
nearly  as  far  as  the  lateral  horns.  Dorsal  I.  7 ;  spine  very 
feebly  serrated  behind,  nearly  1J2  the  length  of  head.  Adipose 
fin  i2/3  as  long  as  the  base  of  the  dorsal  and  equal  to  its 
distance  from  the  latter.  Anal  14.  Pectoral  spine  a  little  more 
than  !/2  the  length  of  head;  inner  edge  strongly  serrated. 
Ventrals  not  quite  reaching  the  origin  of  anal.  Caudal  forked. 
Caudal  peduncle  2j/4  as  long  as  deep.  Brownish,  with  two 
oblong  pale  areas,  which  may  be  confluent,  on  each  side  of 
the  posterior  part  of  the  body  above  the  lateral  line;  similar 
pale  areas  below  the  lateral  line,  confluent  and  meeting  in 
the  mid-ventral  line ;  fins  with  blackish  basal  and  intramarginal 
bands.  Length  of  single  specimen  190  mm.  [After  Regan,  not 
seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Borneo. 

ii.  Leiocassis  breviceps  Reg. 

Liocassis  breviceps    C.  Tate  Regan.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.   Hist.  (8)  XI.    1913,  p.  551. 

Depth  of  body42/3— 5Y3  in  the  length,  length  of  head  42/5— 44/5. 
Head  nearly  as  broad  as  long.  Diameter  of  eye  4J/2 — 5  in  the 
length  of  head.  Snout  broad,  obtuse,  ]/3  tne  length  of  head, 
scarcely  projecting  beyond  the  mouth;  nasal  barbel  a  little 
nearer  to  eye  than  to  tip  of  snout,  when  laid  back  extending  to 
the  operculum;  maxillary  barbel  extending  to  the  middle  of 
pectoral;  upper  surface  of  head,  behind  the  orbits,  naked, 
rugose;  this  bony  area  with  straight  transverse  anterior  edge; 
occipital  process  as  long  as  broad,  meeting  the  basal  shield 
of  the  dorsal  spine;  supraclavicular  plate  small,  not  produced 
backwards.  Teeth  on  the  palate  in  a  curved  uninterrupted 
band,  without  posterior  median  process.  Dorsal  I.  6;  spine 
weakly  serrated  behind,  2/3  or  3/4  the  length  of  head.  Adipose 
fin  longer  than  the  base  of  dorsal  but  shorter  than  its  distance 


from  the  lattter.  Anal  14 — 15.  Pectoral  spine  as  long  as  the 
head,  with  strongly  serrated  inner  edge.  Ventrals  not  extending 
to  the  anal.  Caudal  deeply  forked.  Caudal  peduncle  twice  as 
long  as  deep.  Greyish;  dorsal  with  dark  basal  and  intramarginal 
bands.  Two  specimens  75  and  90  mm.  in  total  length.  [After 
C.  Tate  Regan,  not  seen  by  us]. 
Habitat:  Sumatra  (Deli). 

12.  Leiocassis  inornatus  Boul. 

Liocassis  inornatiis  Boulenger,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (6)  XIII.   1894,  p.  245. 
Liocassis  inornatus  C.  Tate  Regan,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (8)  XI.   1913,  p.  549- 

Depth  of  body  7  times  in  total  length,  of  head  4  times. 
Head  i'/2  as  long  as  broad.  Snout  broad,  rounded,  scarcely 
projecting  beyond  the  mouth;  occipital  region  naked,  rugose; 
occipital  process  nearly  twice  as  long  as  broad,  reaching  the 
basal  shield  of  the  dorsal  spine;  diameter  of  eye  9  times  in 
length  of  head;  interorbital  width  3  times;  barbels  slender, 
the  maxillary  reaching  the  opercle.  Vomerine  teeth  in  a  curved 
uninterrupted  band,  without  posterior  median  process.  Dorsal 
I.  7  ;  spine  feebly  serrated  behind,  3/5  length  of  head.  Adipose 
fin  i2/3  times  as  long  as  dorsal,  a  little  shorter  than  its  distance 
from  the  latter.  Anal  16.  Pectoral  spine  2/3  length  of  head, 
strongly  serrated  on  the  inner  edge.  Uniform  dark  brown. 
Length  of  single  known  specimen  145  mm.  [After  Boulenger, 
not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Borneo  (Senah,  Sarawak). 

13.  Leiocassis  vaillanti  Reg. 

Leiocassis   Moeschii  Vaillant,   Notes  Leyden  Mus.  XXIV,  n°.   I — 3,  1902,  p.  61 

(nee  Boulenger). 
Liocassis  vaillanti  C.  Tate  Regan,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (8)  XI.  1913,  p.  549« 

D.  I  (II)   7;    A.    15;    P.   I.   8;    V.  6. 

Dorsal  profile  slightly  curved  between  snout  and  dorsal. 
Height  about  6,  head  4,  naked  and  finely  granulated  above. 
A  separate  shield  between  basal  bone  of  dorsal  spine  and 
occipital  process,  which  is  longer  than  broad.  The  anterior 
edge  of  the  bony  'area  on  the  head  is  emarginate.  Eye  about 
8,  situated  in  the  anterior  half  of  the  head,  about  thrice  in 
the  rounded  snout,  which  is  scarcely  more  than  the  interor- 
bital space.  The  nasal  barbels  reach  farther  than  the  eye,  the 


363 

** 

maxillary  barbels  reach  hindborder  of  praeoperculum,  the 
mandibulary  barbels  almost  the  gillopening,  the  mental  ones 
are  shorter.  Dorsal  spine  about  as  long  as  head  without  snout, 
rough  behind.  Base  of  adipose  fin  twice  as  long  as  that  of  the 
dorsal  and  equal  to  the  distance  between  the  two  fins.  Pectoral 
spine  strongly  denticulated  behind,  not  much  longer  than  the 
dorsal  one.  Ventrals  do  not  reach  anal.  Caudal  deeply  incised, 
the  upper  lobe  the  longer.  Height  of  caudal  peduncle  2*/2 
times  in  its  length.  Teeth  villiform,  in  bands  on  jaws  and  in 
a  broad  band  on  palate.  Brownish,  dorsal  and  anal  with  dark 
bars.  Length  of  single  specimen  known  140  mm.  [Type  in 
Leyden  Museum  examined  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Borneo  (mouth  of  river  Raun !). 

14.  Leiocassis  rugosus  Reg. 

Liocassis  moeschii  Boulenger,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (6)  XIII.  1894,  p.  247  (nee 

Boulenger  1890). 
Liocassis  rugosus  C.  Tate  Regan,  Ann.  Mag.  Mat.  Hist.  (8)  XI.   1913,  p.  552. 

Depth  of  body  4x/2  in  the  length,  length  of  head  4.  Head 
i!/3  as  long  as  broad.  Diameter  of  eye  8  in  the  length  of 
head,  interorbital  width  33/5.  Snout  broad,  rounded,  J/3  the 
length  of  head,  scarcely  projecting  beyond  the  mouth;  nasal 
barbel  equidistant  from  eye  and  tip  of  snout,  when  laid  back 
extending  a  little  beyond  the  eye;  maxillary  barbel  nearly 
reaching  the  base  of  pectoral;  upper  surface  of  head,  behind 
the  orbits,  naked,  rugose;  this  bony  area  with  the  anterior 
edge  deeply  emarginate;  occipital  process  as  long  as  broad, 
meeting  the  basal  shield  of  the  dorsal  spine,  supra-clavicular 
plate  small  not  produced  backwards.  Teeth  on  the  palate  in 
a  curved  uninterrupted  band,  without  posterior  median  process. 
Dorsal  I.  7 ;  spine  feebly  serrated  behind,  2/3  the  length  of 
head.  Adipose  fin  i3/4  as  long  as  the  base  of  dorsal  and  longer 
than  its  distance  from  the  latter.  Anal  15.  Pectoral  spine  4/5 
the  length  of  head,  with  strongly  serrated  inner  edge.  Ventrals 
extending  to  the  anal.  Caudal  forked.  Caudal  peduncle  i3/4  as 
long  as  deep.  Yellowish,  with  very  broad  brown  cross-bands, 
the  first  ending  posteriorly  at  the  origin  of  the  ventrals,  the 
second  above  the  anal  fin,  the  third  on  the  caudal  peduncle; 
fins  greyish.  Single  specimen  120  mm.  in  total  length.  [After 
Regan;  not  seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Borneo  (Poeh,  Sarawak). 


3^4 
15.  Leiocassis  leiacanthus  M.  Web.  &  de  Bfrt. 

Leiocassis    leiacanthus    Max    Weber    &   de    Beaufort,    In :    Alfred   Maasz  nDurch 
Zentral-Sumatra"  II.  Fische  1912,  p.   15. 

D.   I.    7;    A.    15;    P.   I.   7;     V.   6. 

Dorsal  profile  slightly  curved  between  snout  and  dorsal. 
Height  4*/3 — 4!/2,  head  33/4,  longer  than  broad  and  broader 
than  high,  naked  above,  its  bones  rugose.  Occipital  process 
longer  than  broad,  separated  by  a  separate  shield  (the  length 
of  which  is  equal  to  its  breadth)  from  the  slightly  broader 
basal  bone  of  the  dorsal  spine,  both  are  rugose.  Supraclavicular 
plate  produced  backward  into  a  small,  pointed  process  not 
extending  so  far  back  as  the  humeral  (clavicular)  process. 
Eye  about  7,  situated  in  the  anterior  half  of  the  head,  more 
than  twice  in  the  rounded  slightly  prominent  snout,  which  is 
equal  to  interorbital  space  and  is  !/3  of  the  length  of  the  head. 
Nasal  barbels  reaching  behind  the  eye.  Maxillary  barbels  reach 
on  opercle,  mandibulary  ones  of  about  equal  length,  mental  ones 
much  shorter.  Dorsal  spine  half  as  long  as  head,  not  serrated 
behind.  Adipose  fin  twice  as  long  as  dorsal,  as  long  as  its  distance 
from  that  fin.  Pectoral  spine  strongly  serrated  behind,  equal 
to  head  without  snout.  Ventrals  reaching  anal,  their  origin 
nearly  midway  between  dorsal  and  adipose  fin.  Origin  of  anal 
behind  that  of  adipose  fin.  Caudal  emarginated.  Height  of 
caudal  peduncle  i2/3  in  its  length.  Small  teeth  in  the  jaws 
and  on  the  palate  in  rather  broad,  slightly  curved  bands. 
Dark  brown,  underside  of  head  and  belly  lighter  with  three 
light  cross  bands,  the  first  from  occiput  to  opercle,  the  second 
from  end  of  dorsal  to  anus,  the  third  at  the  beginning  of  the 
caudal  peduncle.  A  light  spot  at  origin  of  adipose  fin.  Caudal, 
pectorals  and  ventrals  with  a  black  crossband,  dorsal  with 
broad,  anal  with  small  longitudinal  band.  Length  62  mm. 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Kwantan  river!). 

1 6.  Leiocassis  moeschi  Boul. 

Liocassis  moeschii  Boulenger,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1890,  p.  39. 

Liocassis  moeschii  C.  Tate  Regan,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (8)  XI.   1913,  p.  549. 

D.  i.  7;   A.  15;   P.  i.  8. 

Upper  surface  of  head  naked  and  rugose;  occipital  process 
as  long  as  broad;  a  separate  shield,  a  little  broader  than  long, 


365 

between  the  occipital  process  and  the  basal  shield  of  the 
dorsal  spine;  head  longer  than  broad,  a  little  broader  than 
deep;  snout  not  prominent.  The  depth  of  the  body  contained 
five  times  in  the  total  length  (without  caudal),  the  length  of 
the  head  thrice  and  two  thirds.  Barbels  slender  and  short, 
the  maxillary  reaching  the  opercle.  Dorsal  spine  serrated  be- 
hind, its  length  two  thirds  that  of  the  head.  Adipose  fin 
twice  as  long  as  dorsal,  as  long  as  its  distance  from  the 
latter.  Pectoral  spine  strong,  considerably  longer  than  the 
dorsal,  strongly  serrated  on  the  inner  edge.  Brown  above, 
fins  blackish  brown.  Length  90  mm.  [After  Boulenger,  not 
seen  by  us]. 

Habitat:  Sumatra  (Deli). 


7.  Fam.  AKYSIDAE. 

More  or  less  elongate,  belly  flat,  skin  covered  with  roundish 
granules  or  tubercles,  which  may  be  arranged  in  longitudinal 
rows.  Head  depressed,  with  or  without  prominent  longitudinal 
ridges,  covered  by  soft  skin.  A  median  longitudinal  fontanel 
present.  Anterior  nostrils  tubular,  at  some  distance  from  the 
posterior  ones,  which  have  a  circular  rim,  the  frontborder  of 
which  carries  a  nasal  barbel.  A  pair  of  maxillary,  mandibulary 
and  mental  barbels.  Snout  slightly  prominent  before  the  trans- 
verse or  curved  mouthopening.  Short  dorsal  with  five  soft 
rays  and  one  or  two  pungent  spines,  covered  by  skin,  placed 
anteriorly,  between  pectorals  and  ventrals.  Adipose  fin  absent  or 
present,  in  latter  case  opposite  to  short  anal.  Ventrals  6-rayed, 
horizontal,  as  also  the  pectorals,  which  have  a  strong  osseous 
spine.  Caudal  truncate  or  deeply  emarginate.  Villiform  teeth 
in  the  jaws,  none  on  the  palate.  Gillmembranes  united  with 
each  other  and  with  the  isthmus.  Gillopening  narrow,  extending 
dorsally  to  the  base  of  the  pectoral  or  above  it.  Branchiostegals  6. 

Key    to    the    genera. 

I.  Adipose  fin  present. 

a.  Gillopening  extending  dorsally  only  to  the  base 
of  the  pectoral.  Caudal  truncate  or  slightly 
emarginate Acrochordonichthys  p.  366. 


366 

b.  Gillopening    extending   dorsally  above  the  base 

of  the  pectoral.  Caudal  deeply  emarginate.  .  .  Akysis  p.  370. 
II.  No  adipose  fin.  Gillopening  extending  only  to  the 

base  of  the  pectoral Breitensteinia  p.  373. 


I.  Acrochordonichthys  Bleeker. 

(BLEEKER,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858.  p.  221). 

Elongate;  head  depressed,  covered  with  soft,  granular  skin. 
Belly  flat.  Body  with  longitudinal  rows  of  tubercles.  Eyes  small, 
looking  upward,  covered  by  the  skin.  Anterior  nostrils  tubular, 
at  some  distance  behind  them  the  posterior  nostrils,  which  have  a 
circular  rim,  the  frontborder  of  which  carries  a  nasal  barbel.  A 
pair  of  maxillary  barbels,  originating  with  a  broad  base,  on  the 
upper  lip.  The  slender  mandibulary  barbels  far  behind  angle 
of  mouth,  the  mental  ones  behind  lower  lip.  Gape  of  mouth 
rather  wide  and  slightly  curved.  Snout  prominent,  rounded. 
A  median  longitudinal  fontanel  on  the  top  of  the  head,  visible 
when  the  skin  is  removed.  Short  dorsal  fin  midway  between 
pectorals  and  ventrals,  with  5  soft  rays  and  a  pungent  spine, 
which  is  covered  by  thick  skin,  and  the  hindborder  of  which 
is  slightly  denticulated  in  its  middle.  Adipose  fin  low,  opposite 
to  short  anal.  Ventrals  with  6  rays,  horizontal,  as  also  the 
pectorals,  which  have  a  strong  pungent  spine,  covered  by 
thick  skin  and  strongly  denticulated  behind.  Caudal  truncate 
or  slightly  emarginate.  Villiform  teeth  in  the  jaws,  none  on 
the  palate.  Gillopening  extending  dorsally  only  to  the  base 
of  the  pectoral.  Gillmembranes  united  with  each  other  and 
with  the  isthmus,  there  may  be  a  small  ridge-like  free  fold 
across  the  isthmus.  Branchiostegals  6. 

Key   to   the   species. 

1.  Occipital  process  elongate,  oval A.  ischnosoma  p.  367. 

2.  Occipital  process  triangular. 

a.  occipital  process  more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad 

at  its  base,  rather  narrow  and  pointed A.  rugosus  p.  368. 

b.  occipital    process    i1^   times  longer  than  broad  at 

its  base,  bluntly  pointed A.  pleurostigma  p.  368. 

3.  Occipital  process  quadratic A.  mdanogaster  p.  369. 


i.  Acrochordonichthys  ischnosoma  Blkr. 

Acrochordonichthys  ischnosoma  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,   1858, 

p.  232.  —  Atl.  Ichth.  II.    1862,  p.   70. 
Acrochordonichthys  ischnosoma  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  96. 

B.   6;    D.   I.    5;    A.    10;    P.   I.    7;    V.   6. 

Height  8!/3,  greatest  width  52/5,  head  5  in  the  total  length. 
Dorsal  profile  slightly  convex.  Nasal  barbels  scarcely  surpassing 
eye,  maxillary  barbels  reaching  operculum,  mandibulary  bar- 
bels reaching  base  of  pectoral  spine,  mental  ones  short.  Occi- 
pital process  elongate,  oval,  more  than  twice  longer  than 


Fig.  149. 
Acrochordonichthys  pletirostigma  Blkr. 

broad  at  its  base,  its  point  roun- 
ded and  nearly  reaching  the  basal 
bone  of  the  dorsal  spine,  an 
oval  hollow  at  its  base,  distinctly 
separated  from  the  median  fon- 
tanel.  Height  of  dorsal  less  than 
twice  its  length,  its  strong  spine 

2    times   shorter   than    head,    about  as  long  as  first  ray.  Anal 
scarcely   higher   than   long.  Ventrals  obtusely  angulate,  about 
2  times  shorter  than  pectorals.  Pectorals  slightly  shorter  than 
head,    their  strong  curved  spine  much  longer  than  the  dorsal 
spine.    Caudal   slightly   emarginate,  about  6!/4  in  total  length. 
Greyish  brown  above,  lighter  below.  Length  of  single  specimen 
known   115   mm.  [After  Bleeker,  not  seen  by  us]. 
Nomen  indig. :  Kekel  (Sundan.). 
Habitat:  Java  (Parongkalong,  river  Tjitarum). 


368 
2.  Acrochordonichthys  rugosus  (Blkr.). 

Pimelodus  rugosus  Bleeker,  Verb.  Bat.  Gen.  XXI.  I.  1847,  Nieuwe  bijdr.  Siluri,  p.  n. 
Acrochordonichthys  platycephalus  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858, 

p.  224.  —  All.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  67. 
Acrochordonichthys   rugosus   Bleeker,    Ichth.    Arch.    Ind.    Prodr.    I.    Siluri,    1858, 

p.  227.  —  All.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  68. 

Acrochordonichthys  platycephalus  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  94. 
Acrochordonichthys  rugosus  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.  1864,  p.  95. 

B.   6;    D.   I.    5;   A.  9—10;    P.   I.   7 ;    V.   6. 

Height  6l/4 — 7  in  total  length,  greatest  width  4^ — 43/4. 
Head  43/4  to  sligthly  more  than  5.  Dorsal  profile  from  dorsal 
to  the  blunt  rounded  snout  sloping  down  in  a  nearly  straight 
line.  Nasal  barbels  slightly  longer  than  eye,  maxillary  barbels 
reaching  to  gillopening  or  not  so  far,  mandibulary  barbels  to 
base  of  pectorals  and  mental  barbels  much  shorter.  Occipital 
process  rather  narrow,  triangular,  somewhat  more  than  twice 
as  long  as  broad  at  its  base;  an  oval  hollow  at  its  base, 
distinctly  separated  from  the  median  fontanel.  Laterally  on 
each  side  from  this  hollow  a  deep  groove.  Origin  of  dorsal 
above  the  middle  of  the  pectorals,  its  height  equal  to  post- 
orbital  part  of  head,  its  spine  somewhat  shorter.  Anal  nearly 
of  equal  height,  opposite  to  posterior  part  of  low  adipose  fin. 
Ventrals  rounded,  not  reaching  anal,  about  equal  to  postorbital 
part  of  head.  Pectorals  slightly  shorter  than  head,  their  spine 
equal  to  head  from  anterior  nostril,  much  longer  than  the 
dorsal  one.  Caudal  slightly  emarginate,  as  long  as  head  from 
posterior  nostril.  Least  height  of  caudal  peduncle  more  than 
thrice  in  its  length.  Entirely  brownish  or  blackish,  with  irre- 
gular light  spots.  Dorsal,  anal,  ventrals  and  pectorals  with  a 
whitish  margin.  In  A.  platycephalus  3  round  distant  yellow 
spots,  posteriorly  on  the  sides.  Length  no  mm.  [Specimens 
of  A.  rugosus  of  Bleeker's  collection  in  Leyden  Museum 
examined]. 

Nomen  indig. :  Djogo-ripo  (Javan.).' 

Habitat:  Java  (Buitenzorg !,  Surakarta);  Sumatra  (Palem- 
bang). 

In  rivers. 

3.  Acrochordonichthys  pleurostigma  (Blkr.)  [Fig.  149,  p.  367]. 

Pimelodus  pleurostigma   Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie,  VII.  1854,  p.  442. 
Pimelodus  xonatus  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie,  VII.  1854,  p.  444. 


Acrochordonichthys  pleurostigma  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858, 

p.  229.  —  Atl.  Ichth.  II.  1862,  p.  68. 
Acrochordonichthys   zonatus    Bleeker,    Ichth.    Arch.    Ind.    Prodr.    I.    Siluri,    1858, 

p.  230.  —  Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  69. 

Acrochordonichthys  pleurostigma  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  95. 
Acrochordonichthys  zonatus  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  95. 

B.  6;    D.  I.   5;    A.  8— 10;    P.  I.  6—7;    V.  6. 

Height  6*/3 — 7'/2,  greatest  width  43/5 — 5,  head  about  5  in 
the  total  length.  Dorsal  profile  nearly  straight.  Nasal  barbels 
slightly  longer  than  eye,  maxillary  barbels  extending  to  front- 
border  of  operculum,  mandibulary  barbels  not  reaching  gill- 
opening,  mental  barbels  short.  Occipital  process  triangular, 
bluntly  pointed,  about  i  '/2  times  longer  than  broad  at  its  base. 
Before  its  base  a  longitudinal  groove,  with  a  deep  groove 
at  both  sides,  distinctly  separated  from  the  median  fontanel. 
Origine  of  dorsal  above  the  middle  of  the  pectorals,  its  height 
about  equal  to  postorbital  part  of  head,  its  spine  somewhat 
longer.  Anal  of  about  the  same  height,  ventrals  reaching  anal, 
somewhat  shorter  than  postorbital  part  of  head.  Pectorals  as 
long  as  head  from  anterior  nostril,  their  spine  of  about  the 
same  length,  much  longer  than  the  dorsal  spine.  Caudal  slightly 
emarginate,  about  2/3  of  head.  Least  depth  of  caudal  peduncle 
more  than  thrice  its  length.  Yellowish  or  brownish,  with  a 
narrower  or  broader  blackish  band  round  the  body  below  the 
dorsal,  which  may  extend  to  the  hinderhalf  of  the  tail  (A. 
zonatus}.  In  some  specimens  (A.  pleurostigmd)  a  series  of  several 
rounded  yellow  spots  along  the  sides.  Length  100  mm.  [Speci- 
mens of  A.  zonatus  and  A.  pleurostigma  of  Bleeker's  collection 
in  the  Leyden  Museum  examined  by  us]. 

Nomen  in  dig. :  Kekel,  Kechkel  (Mai.  Batav.  and  Sundan.). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia,  Buitenzorg!,  Menes,  Parongkalong). 

4.  Acrochordonichthys  melanogaster  (Blkr.). 

Pimelodus  melanogaster  Bleeker,  Nat.  Tijdschr.  Ned.  Indie,  VII.  1854,  p.  89. 
Acrochordonichthys  melanogaster  Bleeker,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858, 

p.  224.  —  Atl.  Ichth.  II.  1862,  p.  67. 
Acrochordonichthys  melanogaster  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.  1864,  p.  94. 

B.  6;    D.  I.   5;    A.  9;    P.  I.  7;    V.  6. 

Height  62/3,  greatest  width  4,  head  43/4  in  total  length. 
Dorsal  profile  convex,  only  on  the  vertex  slightly  concave. 
Nasal  barbels  not  or  slightly  extending  beyond  eye,  maxillary 

INDO-AUSTRALIAN    FISHES   II.  24 


370 

barbels  scarcely  reaching  opercles.  Occipital  process  slightly 
longer  than  broad  at  its  base,  its  top  truncate  or  emarginate, 
its  sides  parallel.  Median  fontanel  reaching  to  base  of  occipital 
process.  Height  of  dorsal  less  than  twice  its  length,  about 
equal  to  height  of  body,  its  spine  of  about  the  same  height  and 
1 2/3 — 13/5  in  length  of  head.  Height  of  anal  less  than  height 
of  body,  slightly  more  than  its  length,  more  than  twice  shorter 
than  adipose  fin.  Ventrals  obtuse,  about  twice  shorter  than 
pectorals.  Pectorals  acute,  slightly  shorter  than  head,  their 
strong  spine  curved,  longer  than  the  dorsal  one,  in  the  middle 
of  its  length  provided  with  some  teeth.  Caudal  truncate  with 
acute  angles,  62/3  in  length.  Yellowish  brown  above,  dark  brown 
below,  fins  yellowish  brown,  densely  reticulated.  Length  of 
single  specimen  known  1 10  mm.  [After  Bleeker,  not  seen  by  us]. 
Habitat:  Sumatra  (Palembang). 

Doubtful   species. 

Acrochordonichthys   pachy  derma    Vaillant,   Notes    Leyden  Mus.  XXIV.  n°.   I — 3, 

1902,  p.  66.  Borneo  (river  Bluu). 
Sosia   chamaleon   Vaillant,   Notes   Leyden    Mus.    XXIV.    n°.    I — 3,    1902,  p.  82, 

Borneo  (river  Kapuas,  river  Mandai,  river  Sibau). 
Acrochordonichthys    obscurus    Popta,    Notes    Leyden   Mus.    XXIV.    n°.    4,    1904, 

p.   187.  —  Notes    Leyden    Mus.   XXVII.  1906,  p.  55.  Nomen  indig. :  Putero, 

Borneo  (river  Bongan). 
Acrochordonichthys   buttikoferi    Popta,   Notes   Leyden   Mus.    XXIV.  n°.  4,  1904, 

p.   1 88.  —  Notes    Leyden   Mus.    XXVII.   1906,  p.  58,  Borneo  (rivers  Bongan 

and  Bo). 
Acrochordonichthys  varius  Popta,  Notes  Leyden  Mus.  XXIV.  n°.  4,  1904,  p.  189.  — 

Notes  Leyden  Mus.  XXVII.  1906,  p.  63,  Borneo  (river  Bo). 

We  believe  that  the  above  named  species,  examined  by  us 
in  the  Leyden  Museum,  belong  to  A.  melanogaster  or  are  only 
local  or  colour-varieties,  though  their  median  fontanel  is  far 
distant  from  the  base  of  the  occipital  process,  at  the  base  of 
which  lies  a  separate  small  hollow.  It  may  be  that  Bleeker 
has  overlooked  the  fact  that  these  fontanels  are  separated. 

2.  Akysis    Bleeker. 
(BLEEKER,  Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.  I.  Siluri,  1858,  p.  234). 

Head  broad,  depressed,  covered  by  soft  skin,  body  tapering 
behind.  Skin  covered  with  roundish  granules.  Belly  flattish. 
Eyes  small,  looking  upward,  covered  by  skin.  Anterior  nostril 


371 

tubular,  posterior  nostril  at  some  distance  behind  it,  partly 
surrounded  by  a  rim,  from  which  rises  anteriorly,  with  a  broad 
base,  a  rather  long  nasal  barbel.  The  long  maxillary  barbels 
originating  with  a  broad  base  at  the  angle  of  the  mouth.  The 
mandibulary  barbels  close  behind  it  and  the  mental  ones 
below  it.  All  the  barbels  are  long  and  slender.  Gape  of  mouth 
moderate,  transverse,  with  the  upperlip  the  longer.  A  median 
rhombic  longitudinal  fontanel  on  the  top  of  the  head,  exten- 
ding to  the  base  of  the  occipital  process,  divided  by  a  trans- 
verse osseous  ridge.  Short  dorsal,  the  hinder  end  of  which  is 
situated  above  the  origin  of  the  ventrals  (always?),  with  5  soft 
rays  and  a  pungent  spine,  covered  by  thick  skin.  Adipose  fin 
opposite  to  anal.  Ventrals  with  6  rays,  horizontal,  extending 
to  anal.  The  horizontal  pectorals  with  a  strong  osseous  spine, 
longitudinally  furrowed,  serrated  or  not,  covered  by  thick 
skin  and  prolonged  by  a  cartilaginous  filament.  Caudal  deeply 
emarginate.  Villiform  teeth  in  the  jaws,  none  on  the  palate. 
Gillopening  extending  dorsally  above  the  base  of  the  pectoral. 
Gillmembranes  broadly  united  with  the  isthmus  and  each  other. 
The  distance  between  the  mouthopening  and  their  hindborder 
very  short,  the  skin  here  radially  folded.  Branchiostegals  6. 

Key   to    the   species. 

1.  Pectoral  spine  with  strong  teeth  at  its  hindborder.  .  .  A.  armatus  p.  371. 

2.  Pectoral  spine  without  strong  teeth A.  variegafus  p.  372. 

i.  Akysis  armatus  Vaill. 

Akysis  armatus  Vaillant,  Notes  Leyden  Mus.  XXIV.  n°.  1 — 3,   1902,  p.  64. 

D.  II.  4;    A.  9;    P.  I.  6;    V.  6. 

Height  6,  head  4.  Eye  6,  medium,  !/s  °f  the  interorbital 
space.  Snout  obtuse,  about  !/s  °f  tne  length  of  the  head. 
Nasal  barbels  extending  to  branchial  opening,  maxillary  barbels 
to  the  second  !/3  of  the  pectorals,  mandibulary  barbels  to 
middle  of  pectoral  spine,  mental  barbels  to  insertion  of  mandi- 
bulary ones.  Posterior  border  of  dorsal  spine  smooth.  Adipose 
fin  of  moderate  height.  Pectoral  spine  robust,  slightly  curved, 
its  posterior  border  with  8  or  9  strong  teeth,  equal  to  or 
more  than  the  breadth  of  the  spine.  Dark  red,  dorsally  with 
numerous  yellow  spots  in  longitudinal  rows  on  the  head,  in 


372 

transverse  rows  on  the  body,  one  on  the  occipital  region,  a 
second  before  dorsal  spine,  a  third  below  the  middle  of  the 
dorsal  fin,  a  fourth  just  behind  it.  On  the  caudal  peduncle 
they  form  vertical  bands,  situated  on  the  sides.  Ventral  surface 
uniform  yellowish.  Length  of  single  specimen  known  26  mm. 
[Type  in  Leyden  Museum  seen  by  us]. 
Habitat:  Borneo  (river  Mahakam !). 


Fig.   150.  Akysis  variegatus  (Blkr.). 

2.  Akysis  variegatus  (Blkr.). 

Pimelodus  variegatus  Bleeker,  Nat.  &  Geneesk.  Arch.  Ned.  Ind.  Ill  (2).  1846,  p.  177. 
Akysis   variegatus    Bleeker,    Ichth.  Arch.  Ind.  Prodr.   I.  Siluri,   1859,  p.   235.  — 

Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  65. 
Akysis  variegatus  Gunther,  Cat.  Brit.   Mus.  V.   1864,  p.   96. 

B.  6;    D.  i.  5;    A.  8—9;    P.  i.  5—6;  V.  6. 

Height  about  5,  head  about  4,  somewhat  broader  than  long, 
its  height  3/5  of  its  width.  Rhombic  median  groove  visible  through 
the  skin  as  also  the  carinated  occipital  process.  Eyes  in  the  an- 
terior part  of  the  head,  very  small.  Nasal  barbels  reaching  to 
base  of  pectorals,  maxillary  ones  on  first  !/3  of  pectorals,  mandi- 
bulary  ones  somewhat  farther,  mental  ones  shorter  (according 
to  Bleeker  the  barbels  are  shorter).  Dorsal  spine  furrowed,  as 
long  as  distance  from  posterior  nostril  to  end  of  head,  with 


373 

a  minute  spine  anteriorly  at  its  base,  longest  dorsal  ray  slightly 
longer.  Base  of  adipose  fin  longer  than  that  of  the  dorsal, 
equal  to  or  shorter  than  its  distance  from  the  latter.  Anal 
rounded,  its  height  about  equal  to  that  of  the  dorsal.  Ventrals 
rounded,  reaching  to  anal,  their  origin  below  end  of  dorsal. 
Osseous  part  of  pectoral  spine  flat,  furrowed,  about  equal  to 
head.  Caudal  deeply  emarginate.  Caudal  peduncle  about  twice 
as  long  as  high.  Yellowish  brown,  with  dark  brown  irregular 
cross-bands,  one  on  the  head,  one  below  and  behind  dorsal, 
one  through  adipose  fin  to  anal,  the  fourth  on  base  of  caudal. 
Fins  and  barbels  variegated  with  brown.  Length  43  mm. 

Nomen  indig. :  Kekel,  ikan  belang  (Mai.  Batav.),  Bangon 
(Sundan.). 

Habitat:  Java  (Batavia!,  Parongkalong). 

In  rivers,  descending  to  their  mouth. 

Doubtful   species. 
Akysis  macronema  Blkr. 

Akysis   macronema    Bleeker,    Act.   Soc.  Sclent.  Indo-Neerl.  VIII.   1860,  Negende 

Bijdr.  Sumatra  p.   n.  —   Atl.  Ichth.  II.   1862,  p.  65. 
Akysis  macronema  Giinther,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  V.   1864,  p.  97. 

According  to  Bleeker  this  species  differs  from  A.  variegatus 
(Blkr.)  in  that  the  height  is  less,  the  maxillary  barbels  are  some- 
what longer,  the  adipose  fin  is  shorter  and  its  distance  from 
the  dorsal  twice  its  length.  The  dorsal  spine  wants  the  minute 
spine  at  its  base. 

Bleeker's  specimens  in  the  Leyden  Museum  are  in  too  bad 
a  state  to  allow  of  a  decision  on  the  validity  of  this  species. 

3.  Breitensteinia    Steindachner. 
(STEINDACHNER,  Sitzb.  Akademie  Wien  LXXXIII.  1881,  p.   13). 

Both  trunk  and  tail  elongate.  The  tail  becoming  hindwards 
gradually  more  four  sided,  by  the  prominence  of  the  dorsal, 
ventral  and  lateral  processes  of  the  vertebrae.  Head  depressed, 
spatulate,  superiorly  with  prominent  blunt  longitudinal  ridges. 
Maxillary  a  little  prominent  before  the  terminal  curved  mouth- 
opening.  Anterior  nostril  forming  a  short  tubule  near  the 
border  of  the  mouth,  posterior  nostril  close  to  the  eye,  with 
a  very  short  tentacle.  Eyes  very  small,  looking  upwards,  covered 


374 

by  skin.  A  strong  barbel  at  the  corner  of  the  maxillary,  a 
pair  of  much  smaller  ones  at  the  chin,  two  larger  mandibulary 
ones  far  behind  them.  Dorsal  short  with  two  contiguous  spines. 
No  adipose  fin.  Anal  short,  far  behind  anus,  its  origin  in  the 
middle  of  the  total  length.  Ventrals  behind  the  dorsal.  Pec- 
torals horizontal,  with  a  strong  denticulated  spine.  Caudal 
truncate.  Gillopening  not  surpassing  upwards  the  base  of  the 
pectorals,  gillmembranes  confluent  and  united  with  the  isthmus. 
No  teeth  on  the  palate,  those  in  the  jaws  small,  villiform,  in 
a  rather  broad  band.  Skin  with  longitudinal  rows  of  tubercles 
on  trunk  and  anterior  part  of  tail. 


Fig.    151.  Breitensteinia  insignis  Steind. 

i.  Breitensteinia  insignis  Steind. 

Breitensteinia  insignis  Steindachner,  Sitzber.  Akad.  Wien,  LXXXIII.  1881,  Ichth. 

Beitr.  X,  p.  213.  —  Ichth.  Beitr.  XI,  Fig.  2. 
Breitensteinia  insignis  Vaillant,  Notes  Leyden  Mus.  XXIV.   1902,  p.  76. 

D.   II.    5;    A.    2.    8;     P.   I.    7;    V.    6. 

Height  10 — 12,  head  5!/2 — 6.  Snout  33/4  in  head.  Occipital 
process  forming  a  prominent  ridge,  anteriorly  devided  in  two 
blunt  ridges  which  are  again  confluent  near  the  nostrils,  enclosing 
a  lozenge-shaped  concavity.  From  their  posterior  quarter  two 
blunt  ridges  run  forward  below  the  eye  to  the  anterior  nostrils. 
Parallel  to  the  occipital  process  a  strong  ridge  deflecting  ven- 
trally  along  the  operculum.  Scapular  process  very  prominent, 
reaching  to  about  the  middle  of  the  pectoral  spine  when 


375 

laid  along  the  body ;  below  it  an  axillary  pore.  Maxillary 
barbels  shorter  than  the  postorbital  part  of  the  head.  Mandi- 
bulary  barbels  reaching  the  thorax,  mental  barbels  about  half 
as  long.  Height  of  dorsal  about  equal  to  half  of  head,  osseous 
part  of  its  united  spines  lower.  Height  of  anal  considerably 
less  than  that  of  dorsal,  nearly  equalling  the  rounded  ventrals. 
Pectorals  a  little  shorter  than  head,  their  spine  still  shorter, 
strong  and  broad,  its  hindborder  with  strong  spines.  Cream- 
coloured,  sides  of  trunk  and  tail  and  fins  irregularly  clouded  and 
spotted  with  black.  Upperside  of  head  dark.  Length  190  mm. 

Habitat:  Borneo  (Teweh,  Kapuas);  Sumatra  (Djambi!). 

In  rivers. 


ADDENDA  AND  CORRIGENDA. 

41.  9.  Engraulis  dussmnieri  C.V.  In  the  synonymy  of  this 
species  it  has  been  forgotten  to  quote :  Engraulis  Dussumieri 
Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  vi.    1866—1872,  p.   133. 

42.  In  the  last  line:  "8  being  ventral"  must  be  read:  "8  being 
postventral". 

76.  8.  Clupea  (Harengula)  stereolepis  (Ogilby).  In  a  paper 
(Records  Australian  Museum,  ix.  n°.  3,  1913,  p.  355),  which 
we  received  by  the  kindness  of  the  author,  when  the  first 
part  of  this  volume  was  already  printed,  Me  Culloch  says 
on  p.  356:  "I  have  compared  one  of  the  types  of  Haren- 
gula stereolepis,  Ogilby,  with  a  co-type  of//,  kunzei,  Bleeker, 
and  consider  that  they  are  the  same  species.  I  have  failed, 
however,  to  find  the  palatine  teeth  mentioned  by  both 
Bleeker  and  Day,  and  they  are  wanting  in  Bleeker's  co- 
type.  The  Torres  Strait  fish  as  a  whole  are  more  slender 
than  the  figures  of  5.  kunzei,  but  they  vary  considerably, 
and  some  are  quite  as  deep  as  the  typical  form.  The 
position  of  the  ventrals  is  also  variable,  being  sometimes 
before  the  middle  of  the  dorsal,  and  sometimes  behind 
that  point.  The  accompanying  figure  represents  a  Murray 
Island  specimen". 

As  we  have  united  Harengula  kunzei  Blkr.  with  Clupea 
(Harengula)  moluccensis  Blkr.,  Clupea  (Harengula)  stereo- 
lepis (Ogilby)  ought  to  be  brought  under  the  synonymy 
of  Clupea  (Harengula)  moluccensis  Blkr.,  if  the  interpre- 
tation of  Me  Culloch  is  right. 

In  the  second  line  from  bottom  for  stereolepsis  read : 
stereolepis. 

8 1.  Clupea  (Harengula)  moluccensis  (Blkr.),  add  to  the 
synonymy: 

Sardinella  lineolata  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  nat. 
Poissons  xx.  1847,  P-  272- 

Clupea  (Harengula)  dubia  Bleeker,  Atl.  Ichth.  vi.  livr. 
25  &  26,  1872,  p.  108. 


378 

Dr.  Pellegrin  kindly  gave  us  full  information  about  the 
type  of  Sardinella  lineolata  C.V.  from  Burn,  in  the  Museum 
d'histoire  naturelle  at  Paris,  through  which  we  are  able 
to  state  the  above  synonymy.  The  name  lineolata  however 
is  preoccupied  by  Clupea  lineolata  C.V.  (Hist.  nat.  d.  Poiss. 
xx,  p.  256)  and  can  therefore  not  be  used. 

Bleeker's  species  Clupea  (Harengula)  dubia  was  based 
on  the  description  of  Sardinella  lineolata  by  Cuvier  & 
Valenciennes. 

According  to  Me  Culloch  (see  the  preceding  note) 
Harengula  stereolepis  Ogilby  is  a  synonym  of  Harengula 
Kunzei  Blkr.,  which  we  have  united  (see  p.  81)  with 
Clupea  (Harengula)  moluccensis. 

p.  226.  Paraplotosus  albilabris  (C.V. ),  add  to  the  habitat :  Dunk 
Island,  Australia,  according  to  J.  Douglas  Ogilby  (Proc. 
Roy.  Soc.  Queensland,  xxi.  1907,  p.  23). 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX 

OF 

VERNACULAR  NAMES1). 


Ajapu  22. 
Anak  dukang  327. 
Armattin  80. 
Aruan-tassik  151. 
Bale  hebo  6. 
Bandang  15. 
Bandang  lalaki  4. 
Bandang  tjurorot  8. 
Bandeng  laut  6. 
Bandring  26. 
Bangballah  143. 
Bangkok  41. 
Bangon  373. 
Baung  Bebang  354. 
Bawon  343. 
Bawon  kuning  343. 
Belanka  143. 
Belo  26 

Belut  tulang  212. 
Beringgit  250. 
Biang-Biang  30. 
Bik-hokkoa  80. 
Biki-hoko  80. 
Bilis  46,  56. 
Bobolesso  143. 
Bulan  74. 


Bulan-bulan  6,  84,  167. 
Bulu  ajam  39. 
Buntut  karbo  143. 
Dawon  bambu  209. 
Dentobu  18. 
D&-6  89. 
Deteir-a  231. 
Djangan  26. 
Djengal  265. 
Djogo-ripo  368. 
Duri  189. 
Ekor  angus  80. 
Enting  340. 
Geting  345. 
Gnafti  46. 
Gunggut  288,  312. 
Gusan  20. 
Gutgut  309. 
Hinur  344. 
Hissi-hissi  146. 
Ikan  attit  329. 
Ikan  babukan  290. 
Ikan  baon  342. 
Ikan  baung  340,  342. 
Ikan  bawon  342. 
Ikan  belang  373. 


i)  As  in  Java  the  three  languages :  Javanese,  sundanese  and  malay  are  spoken, 
we  have  accordingly  placed  behind  the  indigenous  names  (Malay.),  (Sundan.)  or 
(Javan.).  In  naming  a  fish  the  malay  people  use  as  a  rule  "ikan"  =  fish  before 
the  special  name.  In  most  cases  we  have  omitted  "ikan". 


380 


Ikan  bilukan  290. 
Ikan  brukan  290. 
Ikan  djatisa  344. 
Ikan  dukang  292. 
Ikan  duri  342. 
Ikan  duri  pidada  285. 
Ikan  juaro  258. 
Ikan  kedukan  290. 
Ikan  keteng  331. 
Ikan  lalajang  347. 
Ikan  leleh  191. 
Ikan  lundu  285,  331,  340. 
Ikan  manjong  280. 
Ikan  manjong  karbo  331. 
Ikan  manjong  kodok  332. 
Ikan  manjong  pidada  285,  310. 
Ikan  manjong  tonggol  282. 
Ikan  manjong  utik  277,  288,  313. 
Ikan  maut  191. 
Ikan  puput  90,  93. 
Ikan  radja  meno  349. 
Ikan  sambilang  betul  228. 
Ikan  songop  331. 
Ikan  tetus  tetus  349. 
Ikan  tugok  357. 
Ikan  utik  332. 
Ikapor  230. 
Juara  262. 
Kalapan  58. 
Kantjur  326. 
Kapirat  n. 
Kasau  20. 
Kechkel  373. 
Kedel  143. 
Kegkel  265. 
Kekel  367,  369,  373. 
Kelaling  271. 
Kendija  342. 
Kendui  34. 
Kgntut  96. 

Keteng  307,  312,  318,  340. 
Ketti  271. 
Ketb"  langit  271. 
Ketb"  lawang  271. 
357. 


Kropah  290. 

Kuruba  47. 

Laak  268. 

Lais  204,  206,  220,  222,  251. 

Lais  paddi  216. 

Lais  puti  223. 

Lais  tima  221. 

Lais  tungul  219. 

Lakar  26. 

Lantjang  262. 

Lassulan  143. 

Lawang  259. 

Lee  220. 

Leleh  189. 

Leleh-gunong  265. 

Lembat  190. 

Lemuru  83. 

Lenguru  80. 

Leys  220. 

Ligoh  34. 

Lika  271. 

Limpok  206,  210,  218,  222. 

Limpok  djambal  201. 

Lindi  190. 

Lintring  74. 

Lipiram  97. 

Lompeh  34. 

Longlong  mata  89. 

Lopis  n. 

Luli  151. 

Lumpah-lumpah  146. 

Lundu  286,  345. 

Lungrah  34. 

Lundu  340. 

Mahor  218. 

Mamang  djawan  13. 

Manjong  Karbo  288. 

Manjong  lundu  345. 

Manjong  pidada  312. 

Manjong  tonggol  288. 

Manjong  utik  278,  315. 

Manjur  duri  315. 

Mata  belo  68. 

Mata  besar  84. 

Merah  34. 


Niken  342. 
Oormetting  80. 
Oselau  230. 
Padgiat  218. 
Parang  18. 
Paten  253,  256. 
Patin  muntjung  254. 
Penden  26. 
Pias  26. 
Pitang  265. 
Puri  merah  34. 
Puri-puti  47. 
Puti  46,  47.. 
Puting  bliong  246. 
Rios  260. 
Rios  tjaring  262. 
Ririgi  338,  340. 
Sambilang  227. 
Sambilang  Karang  230. 
Selangkat  26. 
Sengat  338,  340. 
Senggaringan  265. 
Senkiran  345. 
Siamis  29. 
Siken  268,  342. 
Silung  buda  213. 
Singah  342. 
Singal  343. 
Singaringan  338,  340. 
Singgal  342. 
Singirian  340. 
Sinonga  245. 
Sireh  146. 
Slamat  26. 
Tageh  342. 
Talisso  13. 


Tamban  75,  76. 
Tarn  ban  bines  23. 
Tamban  sisig  76. 
Tandipa  73. 
Tangalasa  13. 
Tangkuso  13. 
Tan j  an  71. 
Tan jang  76. 
Tapa  202. 
Tapa  Rawang  203. 
Tembang  58,  75,  76. 
Tengadak  47. 
Tengkrian  356. 
Terak  18. 

Teri  34,  46,  47,  48. 
Teri  glaga  46. 
Teri  nasi  46. 
Terubuk  padi  65. 
Tiken  342. 
Tiken  bato  342. 
Timbang  71. 
Tiong  268. 
Tjaba  201. 
Tjangkok  34. 
Tjangop  201. 
Tjatja-witer  146. 
Tjupang  6. 
Totate  148. 
Trubala  26. 
Tuka  246. 
Ubeh  47. 
Uteh  312. 
Wakkal  262. 
Waridjun  143. 
Wiru  189. 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX 

OF 

GENERA  AND  SPECIES. 


abbreviates,  Bagrus  344. 
abbreviates,  Plotosus  227,  229. 
acclinidens,  Cyclothone  125,  127. 
acrocephalus,  Arius  275,  302. 
Acrochordonichthys  365,  366. 
Acrochordonichthys    biittikoferi 

37o. 
Acrochordonichthys    ischnosoma 

366,  367. 
Acrochordonichthys   melanogaster 

366,  369,  370. 

Acrochordonichthys  obscurus  370. 
Acrochordonichthys     pachyderma 

37°- 
Acrochordonichthys  platycephalus 

368. 
Acrochordonichthys    pleurostigma 

366,  368. 
Acrochordonichthys   rugosus  366, 

368. 

Acrochordonichthys  varius  370. 
Acrochordonichthys  zonatus   369. 
acuta,  Dussumieria  16,  21. 
acutus,  Arius  278. 
aeneus,  Ariodes  288. 
affine,  Myctophum  153,  161. 
affinis,  Pellona  91. 
affinis,  Scopelus  161. 
ageneiosus,  Batrachocephalus  332. 
Ageneiosus  mino  332. 
Akysidae  186,  365. 
Akysis  366,  370. 


Akysis  armatus  371. 
Akysis  baramensis  265. 
Akysis  macronema  373. 
Akysis  major  267. 
Akysis  variegatus  371,  372. 
Alausa  brachysoma  66. 
Alausa  champil  57. 
Alausa  ctenolepis  46. 
Alausa  ilisha  67. 
Alausa  melanurus  72. 
Alausa  sinensis  64. 
albilabris,  Bagrus  344. 
albilabris,  Copidoglanis  225. 
albilabris,  Paraplotosus  224,  225. 
albilabris,  Plotosus  225. 
Albula  7. 

Albula  conorhynchus  7. 
Albula  glossodon  7. 
Albula  vulpes  7. 
Albulidae  i,  6. 
Alepocephalidae  i,  98. 
Alepocephalus  99. 
Alepocephalus  bicolor  99. 
Alepocephalus  blanfordi  99,  100. 
Aleposomus  99,  104. 
Aleposomus  lividus  104. 
Aleposomus  nudus  104,  105. 
Alosa  61,  64. 
Alosa  brevis  64,  67. 
Alosa  elongata  90. 
Alosa  kanagurta  64,  67. 
Alosa  macrura  64,  65. 


3*4 


Alosa  malayana  67. 
Alosa  platygaster  64,  66. 
Alosa  Schrammi  83. 
Alosa  scombrina  82. 
Alosa  toll  64. 
Alysia  loricata  158. 
Amblygaster  61. 
Amblygaster  clupeoides  63. 
Amblygaster  leiogaster  61. 
Amblygaster  leiogastroides  62. 
Amblygaster  sirm  62. 
amblyuropterus,  Ilisha  90. 
amblyuropterus,  Pellona  85,  90. 
amboinensis,     Cryptopterus     217, 

218. 

anale,  Dissomma  181. 
Anchovia  Hamilton!  37. 
Anchovia  indica  46. 
Anchovia  scratchleyi  34. 
Anchovia  setirostris  40. 
anguillaris,  Platystacus  229. 
anguillaris,  Plotosus  227,  229. 
angulatus,  Arius  284. 
anisurus,  Bagrus  342. 
Anodontostoma  Hasseltii  25. 
anolis,  Saurus  146. 
Anyperistius  236. 
Anyperistius  perugiae  243. 
Apodoglanis  195,  196. 
Apodoglanis  furnessi  196. 
apogon,  Cryptopterus  215,216,221. 
apagon,  Silurus  221. 
arab,  Plotosus  229. 
Argentina  machnata  4. 
Argyropelecus  129,  134. 
Argyropelecus  olfersi  134. 
argyrophanes,  Saurida  142. 
argyrophanes,  Saurus  142. 
argyropleuron,  Ariodes  278. 
argyropleuron,  Arius  273,  278. 
argyropleuron,  Tachysurus  279. 
argyrotaenia,  Clupea  57. 
argyrotaenia,  Rogenia  57. 
argyrotaenia,  Spratelloides  20. 
argyrotaeniata,  Clupea  20. 


Ariidae  186,  271. 

Ariodes  273. 

Ariodes  aeneus  288. 

Ariodes  argyropleuron  278. 

Ariodes  goniaspis  283. 

Ariodes  leiocephalus  282. 

Ariodes  macrocephalus  277. 

Ariodes  polystaphylodon  280. 

Ariodes  tonggol  276. 

Arius  272,  275. 

Arius  acrocephalus  275,  302. 

Arius  acutus  278. 

Arius  angulatus  284. 

Arius  argyropleuron  273,  278. 

Arius  arius  284,  309. 

arius,  Arius  284,  309. 

Arius  bleekeri  310. 

Arius  borneensis  284. 

Arius  brevirostris  316. 

Arius  Buchanani  284. 

Arius  caelatoides  310. 

Arius  caelatus  276,  310. 

Arius  carinatus  274,  292. 

Arius  chondropterygioides  284. 

Arius  chondropterygius  310. 

Arius  clypeaster  310. 

Arius  clypeastroides  310. 

Arius  crossocheilus  273,  276. 

Arius  danielsi  275,  300. 

Arius  doriae  276,  313. 

Arius  froggatti  276,  307. 

Arius  gagorides  274,  288. 

Arius  gagoroides  284. 

Arius  goniaspis  274,  283. 

Arius  Hamiltonis  278. 

Arius  Heckelii  284. 

Arius  laeviceps  314. 

Arius  latirostris  275,  296. 

Arius  leiotetocephalus  273,  282. 

Arius  leptaspis  275,  303. 

Arius  leptonotacanthus  275,  306. 

Arius  liocephalus  282. 

Arius  macrocephalus  273,  277. 

Arius  macronotacanthus  276,  309. 

Arius  macruropterygius  314. 


335 


Arius  maculatus  2/4,  284. 

Arius  manjong  314. 

Arius  melanochir  275,  305. 

Arius  melanopterygius  311. 

Arius  Meyenii  282. 

Arius  microcephalus  274,  285. 

Arius  microgastropterygius  310. 

Arius  micronotacanthus  314. 

Arius  micruropterygius  314. 

Arius  militaris  329. 

Arius  nasutus  286. 

Arius  nudidens  274,  294. 

Arius  oetik  312. 

Arius  pidada  284. 

arius,  Pimelodus  284. 

Arius  polystaphylodon  273,  280. 

arius,  Pseudarius  284. 

Arius  sagor  274,  289. 

Arius  sona  288. 

Arius  spatula  274,  296. 

Arius  stirlingi  275,  297. 

Arius  stormi  274,  291. 

Arius  sumatranus  314. 

Arius  thalassinus  273,  274,  286. 

Arius  tonggol  276. 

Arius  truncatus  276,  308. 

Arius  utik  276,  312. 

Arius  venosus  276,  314. 

Arius  viviparus  284. 

armatus,  Akysis  371. 

asperum,  Dasyscopelus  165. 

asperum,  Myctophum  165. 

Aspidobagrus  336. 

Aspidobagrus  gulio  344. 

Astronesthes  107,  115. 

Astronesthes  chrysophekadion,  1 1 6, 

H.7- 

Astronesthes  lucifer  116. 
ater,  Copidoglanis  236,  237,  240. 
atra,  Lambertia  240. 
atratum,  Myctophum  155. 
atricauda,  Clupea  69,  80. 
atricauda,  Harengula  69,  80. 
attu,  Silurus  201. 
attu,  Wallago  200,  201. 

INDO-AUSTRALIAN    FISHES    II. 


badi,  Saurida  142, 
badi,  Saurus  142. 
badimottah,  Saurus  142. 
baelama,  Clupea  33. 
baelama,  Engraulis  32,  33. 
Bagaridae  186,  262. 
Bagarius  263,  269. 
Bagarius  bagarius  270. 
bagarius,  Bagarius  270. 
Bagarius  Buchanani  270. 
Bagarius  lica  270. 
Bagarius  Nieuwenhuisii  271. 
bagarius,  Pimelodus  270. 
Bagarius  Yarelli  270. 
Bagrichthys  335,  345. 
Bagrichthys  hypselopterus  346. 
Bagridae  186,  335. 
Bagroides  335,  347. 
Bagroides  macracanthus  348,  350. 
Bagroides  macropterus  348,  349. 
Bagroides  melanopterus  348. 
Bagroides  melapterus  347,  348. 
Bagroides  Vaillantii  350. 
Bagrus  abbreviatus  344. 
Bagrus  albilabris  344. 
Bagrus  anisurus  342. 
Bagrus  birmannus  344. 
Bagrus  carchariorhynchos  286. 
Bagrus  flavus  342. 
Bagrus  fuscus  344. 
Bagrus  gagorides  288. 
Bagrus  gulio  344. 
Bagrus  gulioides  344. 
Bagrus  heterurus  337. 
Bagrus  Hoevenii  341. 
Bagrus  hypselopterus  346. 
Bagrus  javensis  289, 
Bagrus  macronemus  337. 
Bagrus  melas  344. 
Bagrus  micracanthus  339. 
Bagrus  micropogon  357. 
Bagrus  nemurus  341. 
Bagrus  nigriceps  337. 
Bagrus  planiceps  342. 
Bagrus  poecilopterus  356,  357. 
25 


386 


Bagrus  rhodonotus  286. 
Bagrus  rhodopterygius  344. 
Bagrus  sagor  289. 
Bagrus  Schlegelii  344. 
Bagrus  Sieboldii  341. 
Bagrus  singaringan  337. 
Bagrus  sondaicus  289. 
Bagrus  stenomus  355. 
Bagrus  thalassinus  286. 
Bagrus  trachipomus  288. 
Bagrus  Wolffii  340. 
Bagrus  Wyckii  343. 
balinensis,  Engraulis  46. 
bankanensis,  Chaca  246. 
baramensis,  Akysis  265. 
baramensis,    Glyptosternum    2  63, 

265. 

baramensis,  Leiocassis  352,  358. 
baramensis,  Macrones  336,  338. 
bartoni,  Copidoglanis  237,  242. 
bartoni,  Neosilurus  242. 
Bathytroctes  99,  101. 
Bathytroctes  calcaratus  101,  102. 
Bathytroctes  macrolepis  101,  103. 
Bathytroctes  squamosus  101. 
Batrachocephalus  272,  331. 
Batrachocephalus  ageneiosus  332. 
Batrachocephalus  micropogon  332. 
Batrachocephalus  mino  332. 
batrachus,  Clarias   187,   188,  190, 

*93- 

batrachus,  Macropteronotus  190. 
batrachus,  Silurus  190. 
Belodontichthys  195,  203. 
Belodontichthys  dinema  204. 
Belodontichthys  macrochir  204. 
benoiti  reinhardti,  Myctophum  152, 

I55> 
bicirrhis,  Cryptopterus  215,  217. 

bicirrhis,  Silurus  217. 
bicirris,  Kryptopterichthys  217. 
bicolor,  Alepocephalus  99. 
bimaculatus,  Callichrous  208,  209. 
bimaculatus,  Macrones  339. 
bimaculatus,  Ompok  209. 


bimaculatus,  Silurus  209. 
birmannus,  Bagrus  344. 
blanfordi,   Alepocephalus  99,  100. 
bleekeri,  Arius  310. 
bleekeri,  Macrones  341. 
Blochii,  Osteogeneiosus  330. 
bo,  Macrones  341. 
bongan,  Macrones  341. 
borneensis,  Arius  284. 
borneensis,  Callichrous  206 
borneensis,  Clupea  60. 
borneensis,  Clupeoides  57,  60. 
borneensis,  Coilia  48,  52. 
borneensis,    Hemipimelodus   323, 

327- 

borneensis,  Notopterus  9,  n. 
borneensis,  Pimelodus  327. 
borneensis,  Silurodes  205,  206. 
brachygnathos,  Scopelus  157. 
brachypopterus,  Eutropius  248. 
brachypopterus,  Pseudeutropius 

248. 

brachysoma,  Alausa  66. 
brachysoma,  Clupea  69,  70.     • 
brachysoma,  Harengula  69.  70. 
brachysoma,  Ilisha  87. 
brachysoma,  Pellona  85,  87. 
brachysoma,  Sardinella  70. 
bra-ueri,  Myctophum  155. 
braueri,  Stylophthalmus  138. 
Breitensteinia  186,  366,  373. 
Breitensteinia  insignis  374. 
breviceps,  Dorosoma  24. 
breviceps,  Engraulis  29. 
breviceps,  Leiocassis  352,  361. 
breviceps,  Setipinna  28,  29. 
brevidorsalis,Copidoglanis237,24i. 
brevidorsalis,  Neosilurus  241. 
brevirostris,  Arius  316. 
brevis,  Alosa  64,  67. 
brevis,  Clupea  64,  67. 
Brownii,  Engraulis  45,  46. 
Buchanani,  Arius  284. 
Buchanani,  Bagarius  270. 
buchanani,  Chaca  246. 


Buchanani,  Pangasius  256. 
bulan,  Clupalosa  73. 
bulan,  Clupea  69,  73. 
bulan,  Harengula  69,  73. 
biittikoferi,    Acrochordonichthys 

370. 

caelatoides,  Arius  310. 
caelatus,  Arius  276,  310. 
caelatus,  Cephalocassis  311. 
caeruleum,  Myctophum  153,  168. 
caeruleus,  Diaphus  169. 
caeruleus,  Lampanyctus  169. 
caeruleus,  Nyctophus  169. 
caeruleus,  Scopelus  168. 
calcaratus,   Bathytroctes  101,  102. 
Callichrous  195,  207. 
Callichrous  bimaculatus  208,  209. 
Callichrous  borneensis  206. 
Callichrous  eugeneiatus  207. 
Callichrous  hypophthalmus  205. 
Callichrous  leiacanthus,  liacanthus, 

208. 

Callichrous  macronema  205. 
Callomystax  268. 
Callomystax  Schmidti  269. 
caninianus,  Scopelus  160. 
canius,  Plotosus  227. 
carchariorhynchos,  Bagrus  286. 
carinatus,  Arius  274,  292. 
castaneoides,  Plotosus  229. 
cavasius,  Macrones  338. 
Cephalocassis  275. 
Cephalocassis  caelatus  311. 
Cephalocassis    leptonotacanthus 

306. 
Cephalocassis   macronotacanthus 

309- 

Cephalocassis  melanochir  305. 
Cephalocassis  Stormii  291. 
Cephalocassis  truncatus  308. 
Cephalocassis  utik  312. 
Cephalocassis  venosus  314. 
Chaca  245. 

Chaca  bankanensis  246. 
Chaca  buchanani  246. 


Chaca  chaca  245,  246. 
chaca,  Chaca  245,  246. 
Chaca  lophioides  246. 
chaca,  Platystacus  246. 
Chacidae  185,  245. 
chacunda,  Chatoessus  25. 
chacunda,  Clupanodon  25. 
chacunda,  Dorosoma  24,  25. 
Chaetomus  Lindmani  49. 
Chaetomus  macrognathus  49. 
chamaleon,  Sosia  370. 
champil,  Alausa  57. 
Chanidae  i,  14. 
Chanos  14. 
Chanos  chanos  15. 
chanos,  Chanos  15. 
Chanos  lubina  15. 
chanos,  Mugil  15. 
Chanos  salmoneus  15. 
chanpole,  Dorosoma  24. 
chaperi,  Diastatomycter  211. 
chaperi,  Hemisilurus  211. 
Chatoessus  24. 
Chatoessus  chacunda  25. 
Chatoessus  nasus  24. 
Chatoessus  selangkat  24,  25. 
Chauliodus  106,  109. 
Chauliodus  pammelas  no. 
Chauliodus  sloani  no. 
Chirocentrinae  17. 
Chirocentrus  18. 
Chirocentrus  dorab  18. 
chirocentrus,  Esox  18. 
Chirocentrus  hypselosoma  18. 
chitala,  Mystus  10. 
chitala,  Notopterus  9,  10. 
Chlorophthalmus  140,  177. 
Chlorophthalmus  corniger  177, 178. 
Chlorophthalmus  productus  177. 
chondropterygioides,  Arius  284. 
chondropterygius,  Arius  310. 
chrysophekadion,  Astronesthes  1 16, 

117. 

chrysophekadion, Stomianodon  117. 
chrysostigma,  Leptonurus  50. 


388 


Cinetodus  froggatti  307. 

Clarias  187. 

Clarias   batrachus   187,    188,   190, 

'93- 

Clarias  fuscus  194. 
Clarias  jagur  194. 
Clarius  leiacanthus  188,  192. 
Clarias  macrocephalus  193. 
Clarias  magur  190. 
Clarius  meladerma  188. 
Clarias  melanoderma  187,  188. 
Clarias  melanosoma  188. 
Clarias  melasoma  188. 
Clarias  nieuhofi  187,  189,  194. 
Clarias  pentapterus  189. 
Clarias  pulcher  191. 
Clarias  teysmanni  188,  191. 
Clariidae,  185,  186. 
Clupalosa  bulan  73. 
Clupanodon  chacunda  25. 
Clupanodon  ilisha  67. 
Clupea  53,  60. 
Clupea  argyrotaenia  57. 
Clupea  argyrotaeniata  20. 
Clupea  atricauda  69,  80. 
Clupea  baelama  33. 
Clupea  borneensis  60. 
Clupea  brachysoma  69,  70. 
Clupea  brevis  64,  67. 
Clupea  bulan  69,  73. 
Clupea  clupeoides  61,  63. 
Clupea  cyprinoides  5. 
Clupea  delicatula  20. 
Clupea  dentex  18. 
Clupea  dispilonotus  68,  69. 
Clupea  dorab  18. 
Clupea  dubia  377. 
Clupea  fimbriata  69,  75. 
Clupea  gibbosa  75. 
Clupea  gracilis  20. 
Clupea  hypselosoma  70. 
Clupea  ilisha  67. 
Clupea  kanagurta  64,  67. 
Clupea  Klunzei  81. 
Clupea  koningsbergeri  69,  72. 


Clupea  kowal  78. 
Clupea  Kunzei  81. 
Clupea  leiogaster  61. 
Clupea  leiogastroides  62. 
Clupea  lemuru  82. 
Clupea  lile  57. 
Clupea  lineolata  378. 
Clupea  longiceps  69,  82. 
Clupea  macassariensis  20. 
Clupea  macrura  64,  65. 
Clupea  melanura  69,  72. 
Clupea  melastoma  90. 
Clupea  moluccensis  81,  377. 
Clupea  mystax  38. 
Clupea  nasus  24. 
Clupea  perforata  69,  74. 
Clupea  pinguis  69,  83. 
Clupea  platygaster  64,  66. 
Clupea  potamophilus  59. 
Clupea  purava  39. 
Clupea  schrammi  69,  83 
Clupea  scombrina  82. 
Clupea  setirostris  40. 
Clupea  sinensis  64. 
Clupea  sirm  61,  62. 
Clupea  stereolepis  69,  76,  377. 
Clupea  sundaica  75. 
Clupea  tembang  75. 
Clupea  thoracata  69,  78. 
Clupea  thrissa  24 
Clupea  toli  64. 
Clupea  venenosa  69,  77,  83. 
Clupea  zunasi  77. 
Clupeichthys  54,  55. 
Clupeichthys  goniognathus  55. 
Clupeidae  i,  16. 
Clupeiformes  i. 
Clupeinae  17,  53. 
Clupeini  53. 
Clupeoides  53,  56. 
clupeoides,  Amblygaster  63. 
Clupeoides  borneensis  57,  60. 
clupeoides,  Clupea  61,  63. 
Clupeoides  hypselosoma  57,  59. 
Clupeoides  lile  56,  57.  » 


389 


Clupeoides  macassariensis  20. 
Clupeoides  papuensis  57,  60. 
Clupeoides  potamophilus  59. 
Clupeoides  pseudopterus  54. 
Clupeoides  venulosus  57,  58. 
Cupeonia  Commersonii  80. 
Clupeonia  perforata  74. 
clupeaster,  Arms  310. 
clypeastroides,  Arius  310. 
Cnidoglanis  224,  231. 
Cnidoglanis  megastoma  231. 
Cnidoglanis  nudiceps  232. 
Cobitis  japonica,  147. 
coccoi,  Myctophum  153,  158. 
coccoi,  Rhinoscopelus  158. 
coccoi,  Scopelus  158. 
Coilia  27,  48. 
Coilia  borneensis  48,  52. 
Coilia  dussumieri  48,  50,  51. 
Coilia  lindmani  48,  49. 
Coilia  macrognathus  48,  49. 
Coilia  nastis  16. 
Coilia  Pfeifferi  29. 
Coilia  polyfilis  48,  52. 
Coilia  quadrifilis  48,  51. 
Coilia  rebentischi  48,  51. 
Coilia  reynaldi  51. 
commersoni,  Harengula  80. 
commersonianus,  Engraulis  45. 
commersonianus,  Stolephorus  45. 
Commersonii,  Clupeonia  80. 
commersonii,  Stolephorus  43,  45. 
conorhynchus,  Albula  7. 
Conorhynchus  glossodon  7. 
conorhynchus,  Tetranesodon  318. 
Copidoglanis  224,  236. 
Copidoglanis  albilabris  225. 
Copidoglanis  ater  236,  237,  240. 
Copidoglanis  bartoni  237,  242. 
Copidoglanis brevidorsalis  237.  241. 
Copidoglanis  equinus  237,  238. 
Copidoglanis  gjellerupi  237. 
Copidoglanis  meraukensis  237,  239. 
Copidoglanis    novae-guineae    236, 
237,  244. 


Copidoglanis  perugiae  237,  243. 
Corica  53,  54. 
Corica  goniognathus  55. 
Corica  papuensis  60. 
Corica  pseudopterus  54. 
corniger,Chlorophthalmusi77,i78. 
crassilabris,  Hemipimelodus  323. 
crassilabris,  Pachyula  323. 
crocodilus,  Engraulis  31. 
crocodilus,  Lycothrissa  31. 
crossocheilus,  Arius  273,  276. 
Cryptopterus  195,  215. 
Cryptopterus  amboinensis  217,218. 
Cryptopterus  apogon  215,  216,  221. 
Cryptopterus  bicirrhis  215,  217. 
Cryptopterus  Cryptopterus  216,218. 
Cryptopterus,  Cryptopterus  2 1 6, 218. 
Cryptopterus  hexapterus  216,  222. 
Cryptopterus  lais  216,  218. 
Cryptopterus  limpok  216,  219. 
Cryptopterus  macrocephalus   215, 

217. 

Cryptopterus  micronema  216,  221. 
Cryptopterus  micropogon  221. 
Cryptopterus  mononema  216,  220. 
Cryptopterus  palembangensis  217. 
Cryptopterus  schilbeides  215,  216. 
Cryptopterus,  Silurus  218. 
ctenolepis,  Alausa  64. 
cundinga,  Elops  5. 
cyanochloros,  Pimelodus  264. 
Cyclothone  107,  124. 
Cyclothone  acclinidens  125,  127. 
Cyclothone  elongata  123. 
Cyclothone  lusca  126. 
Cyclothone  microdon  125,  126. 
Cyclothone  rhodadenia  121. 
Cyclothone  signata  125. 
cyprinoides,  Clupea  5. 
cyprinoides,  Megalops  5. 
danielsi,  Arius.  275,  300. 
Danielsi,  Hemiarius  300. 
Dasyscopelus  asperum  165. 
Dasyscopelus  pristilepis  165. 
Dasyscopelus  spinosus  164. 


390 


Dayi,  Hemipimelodus  320. 
dayi,  Nedystoma  320. 
delicatissimus,  Pangasius  262. 
delicatula,  Clupea  20. 
delicatulus,  Spratelloides  20. 
delicatulus,  Stolephorus  20. 
dentex,  Clupea  18. 
de  Zwaani,  Pangasius  255,  260. 
diaphana,  Sternoptyx  132. 
Diaphus  153. 
Diaphus  caeruleus  169. 
Diaphus  lacerta  166. 
Diaphus  malayanus  171. 
Diaphus  nocturnus  166,  167. 
Diaphus  splendidus  170. 
Diaphus  suborbitalis  167. 
Diaphus  urolampus  166. 
Diastatomycter  210. 
Diastatomycter  chaperi  211, 
dinema,  Belodontichthys  204. 
dinema,  Wallago  204. 
dispilonotus,  Clupea  68,  69. 
dispilonotus,  Harengula  68,  69. 
Dissomma  139,  181. 
Dissomma  anale  181. 
ditchoa,  Pellona  85,  88. 
djambal,  Pangasius  256. 
Doiichthyidae  186,  333. 
Doiichthys  333. 
Doiichthys  novae-guineae  333. 
dorab,  Chirocentrus  18. 
dorab,  Clupea  18. 
doriae,  Arius  276,  313. 
doriae,  Leiocassis'352,  360. 
Dorosoma  24. 
Dorosoma  breviceps  24. 
Dorosoma  chacunda  24.  25. 
Dorosoma  chanpole  24. 
Dorosoma  nasus  24. 
Dorosomatinae  17,  23. 
dubia,  Clupea  377. 
dubia,  Harengula  377. 
dumerili,  Myctophum  153,  166. 
Dumerili,  Scopelus  166. 
dussumieri,  Coilia  48,  50,  51. 


dussumieri,  Engraulis  33,  41,  377. 
dussumieri,  Pellona  85,  92. 
Dussumieria  19,  21. 
Dussumieria  acuta  16,  21. 
Dussumieria  elopsoides  21,  23. 
Dussumieria  hasseltii  21,  23. 
Dussumierinae  17,  19. 
Ellenriederi,  Leiocassis  355. 
elongata,  Alosa  90. 
elongata,  Cyclothone  123. 
elongata,  Eumeda  243. 
elongata,  Ilisha  91. 
elongata,  Pellona  85,  90. 
elongatum,  Gonostoma  121,  122. 
Elops  2. 

Elops  cundinga  5. 
Elops  hawaiensis  3. 
Elops  machnata  3,  4. 
Elops  saurus  3,  4. 
Elopsidae  i,  2. 

elopsoides,  Dussumieria  21,  23. 
encrasicholoides,  Engraulis  33. 
encrasicholoides,  Stolephorus  33. 
Engraulinae  17,  26. 
Engraulis  27,  32. 
Engraulis  baelama  32,  33. 
Engraulis  balinensis  46. 
Engraulis  breviceps  29. 
Engraulis  Brownii  45,  46. 
Engraulis  commersonianus  45. 
Engraulis  crocodilus  31. 
Engraulis  dussumieri  33,  41,  377. 
Engraulis  encrasicholoides  33. 
Engraulis  grayi  33,  37. 
Engraulis  Hamiltonii  37,  38,  42. 
Engraulis  heterolobus  44. 
Engraulis  indicus  46. 
Engraulis  kammalensis  33,  35. 
Engraulis  malabaricus  33,  36. 
Engraulis  melanochir  28. 
Engraulis  mystacoides  38. 
Engraulis  mystax  33,  38,  41,  42. 
Engraulis  Peifferi  29. 
Engraulis  poorawah  37. 
Engraulis  purava  33,  39. 


391 


Engraulis  rhinorhynchos  35. 
Engraulis  Russelli  46. 
engraulis,  Scopelus  168. 
Engraulis  scratchleyi  33,  34. 
Engraulis  setirostris  33,  40. 
Engraulis  taty  30. 
Engraulis  telaroides  30. 
Engraulis  tri  47. 
Engraulis  valenciennesi  33,  42. 
Engraulis  Zollingeri  44. 
equinus,  Copidoglanis  237,  238. 
eso,  Saurida  142. 
Esox  chirocentrus  18. 
Esox  vulpes  7. 
eugeneiatus,  Callichrous  207. 
eugeneiatus,  Silurodes  205,  207. 
Eumeda  236. 
Eumeda  elongata  243. 
Eutropius  brachypopterus  248. 
Evermannella  140,  182. 
Evermannella  indica  182. 
evermanni,  Myctophum  153,  162. 
fasciola,  Idiacanthus  108. 
ferox,  Saurus  143. 
fibulatum,  Myctophum  157. 
filamentosus,  Megalops  5. 
fimbriata,  Clupea  69,  75. 
fimbriata,  Harengula  69,  75. 
fimbriata,  Spratella  75. 
flavus,  Bagrus  342. 
formosum,  Osteoglossum  13. 
formosus,  Scleropages  12,  13. 
fortis,  Macrones  341. 
fortis  var.  capitulum,  Macrones 341. 
froggatti,  Arius  276,  307. 
froggatti,  Cinetodus  307. 
furnessi,  Apodoglanis  196. 
fuscus,  Bagrus  344. 
fuscus,  Clarias  194. 
fuscus,  Leiocassis  351,  353. 
Gagata  263,  268. 
Gagata  Schmidti  269. 
gagorides,  Arius  274,  288. 
gagorides,  Bagrus  288. 
gagoroides,  Arius  284. 


Galeichthys  sondaicus  289. 
gibbosa,  Clupea  75. 
gibbosa,  Harengula  75. 
gjellerupi,  Copidoglanis  237. 
glossodon,  Albula  7. 
glossodon,  Conorhynchus  7. 
Glyptosternon  Nieuwenhuisi  267. 
Glyptosternum  262,  263. 
Glyptosternum  baramensis  263,265. 
Glyptosternum  Kiikenthali  264. 
Glyptosternum  laak  268. 
Glyptosternum  majus  263,  267. 
Glyptosternum  platypogon  263,264. 
Glyptosternum     platypogonoides 

263,  267. 

Glyptosternum  tiong  268. 
Glyptothorax  263. 
Glyptothorax  platypogon  264. 
Glyptothorax  platypogonoides  267. 
goniaspis,  Ariodes  283. 
goniaspis,  Arius  274,  283. 
goniognathus,  Clupeichthys  55. 
goniognathus,  Corica  55. 
Gonostoma  107,  120. 
Gonostoma  elongatum  121,  122. 
Gonostoma  javanicum  25. 
Gonostoma  microdon  126. 
Gonostoma  rhodadenia  121. 
Goodella  hypozona  145. 
gracilis,  Clupea  20. 
gracilis,  Osteogeneiosus  330. 
gracilis,  Saurida  141,  143,  149. 
gracilis,  Saurus  143. 
gracilis,  Spratelloides  19,  20. 
gracilis,  Stolephorus  20. 
grandisquamis,  Saurida  141. 
grayana,  Pellona  90. 
grayi,  Engraulis  33,  37. 
gulio,  Aspidobagrus  344. 
gulio,  Bagrus  344. 
gulio,  Macrones  337,  344. 
gulio,  Pimelodus  344. 
gulioides,  Bagrus  344. 
Gymnotus  notopterus  9. 
Hamilton!,  Anchovia  37. 


392 


Hamilton!!,  Engraulis  37,  38,  42. 
Hamilton!,  Stolephorus  37. 
Hamiltonii,  Thrissa  37. 
Hamiltoni,  Trichosoma  37. 
Hamiltonis,  Arius  278. 
Harengula  61,  68. 
Harengula  atricauda  69,  80. 
Harengula  brachysoma  69,  70. 
Harengula  bulan  69,  73. 
Harengula  commersoni  80. 
Harengula  dispilonotus  68,  69. 
Harengula  dubia  377. 
Harengula  fimbriata  69,  75. 
Harengula  gibbosa  75. 
Harengula  hypselosoma  70. 
Harengula  koningsbergeri  69,  72. 
Harengula  kowal    78. 
Harengula  kowala  74. 
Harengula  Kunzei,  81,  377. 
Harengula  lemuru  82. 
Harengula  longiceps  69,  82. 
Harengula  melanura  61,  69,  72. 
Harengula  melanurus  80. 
Harengula  moluccensis  81,  377. 
Harengula  perforata  69,  74. 
Harengula  pinguis  69,  83. 
Harengula  schrammi  69,  83. 
Harengula  stereolepis  69,  76,  377. 
Harengula  sundaica  75. 
Harengula  thoracata  69,  78. 
Harengula  Valenciennes!  72. 
Harengula  vanicoris  73. 
Harengula  venenosa  69,  77. 
Harpodon  140,  150. 
Harpodon  microps  151. 
Harpodon  nehereus  151. 
Hasseltii,  Anodontostoma  25. 
hasseltii,  Dussumieria  21,  23. 
hasseltii,  Silurichthys  198. 
hawaiensis,  Elops.  3. 
Heckelii,  Arius  284. 
Heideri,  Scopelus  160. 
Helicophagus  247,  251. 
Helicophagus  typus  252. 
Helicophagus  waandersi  252,  253. 


Hemiarius  274. 
Hemiarius  Danielsi  300. 
Hemiarius  Stormi  291. 
Hemibagrus  336. 
Hemibagrus  Hoevenii  341. 
Hemibagrus  nemurus  341. 
Hemibagrus  planiceps  342. 
Hemibagrus  Wyckii,  343. 
Hernipimelodus  272,  322. 
Hemipimelodus     borneensis    323, 

32?\ 
Hemipimelodes  crassilabris  323. 

Hemipimelodus  Dayi  320. 
Hemipimelodus    intermedius   323, 

328. 
Hemipimelodus     macrocephalus 

323,  327- 
Hemipimelodus   macrorhynchus 

323,  324- 

Hemipimelodus  velutinus  323,  325. 
Hemisilurus  195,  210,  215. 
Hemisilurus  chaperi  211. 
Hemisilurus  heterorhynchus  211. 
Hemisilurus  moolenburghi  211,212. 
Hemisilurus  schilbeides  216. 
Hemisilurus  scleronema  211,  214. 
Heterobranchus  187,  194. 
Heterobranchus  tapeinopterus  194. 
heterolobus,  Engraulis  44. 
heterolobus,  Stolephorus  43,  44. 
heterorhynchos,  Wallago  211. 
heterorhynchus,    Hemisilurus  211. 
heterurus,  Bagrus  337. 
hexanema,  Lais  250. 
hexanema,  Pangasius  250. 
Hexanematichthys  274. 
Hexanematichthys  leptaspis  303. 
Hexanematichthys  sundaicus  289. 
hexapterus,  Cryptopterus  216,  222. 
hexapterus,  Micronema  222. 
hexapterus,  Silurus  222. 
Hoedti,  Scopelosaurus  176. 
Hoevenii,  Bagrus  341. 
Hoevenii,  Hemibagrus  341. 
Hoevenii,  Ilisha  86. 


393 


Hoevenii,  Macrones  341. 
hoevenii,  Pellona  84,  86. 
horridus,  Plotosus  227. 
hosii,  Leiocassis  352,  360. 
howong,  Macrones  341. 
hypophthalmus,   Callichrous  205. 
hypophthalmus,  Silurodes  205. 
hypophthalmus,  Silurus  205. 
hypozona,  Goodella  145. 
Hypselobagrus  336. 
Hypselobagrus  macronema  337. 
Hypselobagrus   micracanthus  339. 
Hypselobagrus  nigriceps  337. 
Hypselobagrus  Wolffii  340. 
hypselonotus,  Notopterus  10. 
hypselopterus,  Bagrichthys  346. 
hypselopterus,  Bagrus  346. 
hypselosoma,  Chirocentrus  18. 
hypselosoma,  Clupea  70. 
hypselosoma,  Clupeoides  57,  59. 
hypselosoma,  Harengula  70. 
Idiacanthus  106,   107. 
Idiacanthus  fasciola  108. 
ikapor,  Plotosius  229. 
Ilisha  84. 
ilisha,  Alausa  67. 
Ilisha  amblyuropterus  90. 
Ilisha  brachysoma  87. 
ilisha,  Clupanodon  67. 
ilisha,  Clupea  67. 
Ilisha  elongata  91. 
Ilisha  Hoevenii  86. 
Ilisha  indica  88. 
Ilisha  macrogaster  93. 
Ilisha  megalopterus  92. 
Ilisha  novacula  92. 
Ilisha  pristigastroides  89. 
Ilisha  xanthopterus  94. 
indica,  Anchovia  46. 
indica,  Evermannella  182. 
indica,  Ilisha  88. 
indica,  Lutodeira  15. 
indica,  Pellona  88. 
indicus,  Engraulis  46. 
indicus,  Malacosteus  118. 


indicus,  Megalops  5. 
indicus,  Platygaster  88. 
indicus,  Stolephorus  43,  46. 
indragiriensis,  Silurichthys  199. 
ingluvies,  Osteogeneiosus  330. 
Iniomi  139. 

inornatus,  Leiocassis  352,  362. 
insignis,  Breitensteinia  374. 
intermedius,   Hemipimelodus  323, 

328. 

intermedius,  Saurus  145,  146. 
intermedius,  Synodus  146. 
Ipnops  139,  179. 
Ipnops  murrayi  179. 
ischnosoma,   Acrochordonichthys 

366,  367. 
Isospondyli  i. 
jagur,  Clarias  194. 
japonica,  Cobitis  147. 
japonicus,  Stolephorus  20. 
japonicus,  Synodus  147. 
jardinii,  Osteoglossum  14. 
javanicum,  Gonostoma  25. 
javensis,  Bagrus  289. 
javus,  Pimelodus  186. 
jaynei,  Ompok  208. 
juaro,  Pangasius  257. 
kaianus,  Saurus  145,  148. 
kaianus  Synodus  148. 
kajan,  Macrones  341. 
kammalensis,  Engraulis  33,  35. 
kampeni,  Pellona  85,  87. 
kanagurta,  Alosa  64,  67. 
kanagurta,  Clupea  64,  67. 
kapirat,  Notopterus  9. 
Ketengus  272,  317. 
Ketengus  typus  317. 
Klunzei,  Clupea  81. 
koningsbergeri,  Clupea  69,  72. 
koningsbergeri,  Harengula  69,  72. 
Konosirus  nasus  24. 
Konosirus  thrissa  24. 
kowal,  Clupea  78. 
kowal,  Harengula  78. 
kowala,  Harengula  74. 


394 


Kowala  lauta  75. 
kowala,  Spratella  74. 
Kowala  thoracata  78. 
Kryptopterichthys  215. 
Kryptopterichthys  bicirris  217. 
Kryptopterichthys  lais  218. 
Kryptopterichthys    macrocephalus 

217. 
Kryptopterichthys  palembangensis 

217. 

Kryptopterus  micropus  218. 
Kiikenthali,  Glyptosternum  264. 
kundinga,  Megalops  5. 
Kunzei,  Clupea  81. 
Kunzei,  Harengula  81,  377. 
laak,  Glyptosternum  268. 
lacerta,  Diaphus  166. 
lacerta,  Lampanyctus  166. 
lacerta,  Myctophum  166. 
laeviceps,  Arius  314. 
Lais  247,  250. 
lais,  Cryptopterus  216,  218. 
Lais  hexanema  250. 
lais,  Kryptopterichthys  218. 
lais,  Silurus  218. 
Lambertia  236. 
Lambertia  atra  240. 
Lampadena  145. 
Lampadena  luminosum  172. 
Lampanyctus  152. 
Lampanyctus  caeruleus  169. 
Lampanyctus  lacerta  166. 
Lampanyctus  micropterum  154. 
Lampanyctus  oculium  154. 
laternatum,  Myctophum  152,  153, 

156. 

latirostris,  Arius  275,  296. 
lauta,  Kowala  75. 
leeri,  Wallago  201,  202. 
leiacanthus,  liacanthus,  Callichrous 

208. 

leiacanthus,  Clarias  188,  192. 
leiacanthus,  Leiocassis  353,  364. 
leiacanthus,  Pseudosilurus  208. 
leiacanthus,  Wallago  208. 


leichhardti,  Osteoglossum  14. 
leichardti,  Scleropages  12,  14. 
Leiocassis  335,  351. 
Leiocassis  baramensis  352,  358. 
Leiocassis  breviceps,  352,  361. 
Leiocassis  doriae  352,  360. 
Leiocassis  Ellenriederi  355. 
Leiocassis  fuscus  351,  353. 
Leiocassis  hosii  352,  360. 
Leiocassis  inornatus  352,  362. 
Leiocassis  leiacanthus  353,  364. 
Leiocassis  macropterus  350. 
Leiocassis  mahakamensis35i,  354. 
Leiocassis  merabensis  352,  359. 
Leiocassis  micropogon  352,  357. 
Leiocassis  moeschii  353,  362,  363, 

364- 

Leiocassis  poeciloptertis  351,  356. 
Leiocassis  rugosus  353,  363. 
Leiocassis  saravacensis  352,  358. 
Leiocassis  stenomus  351,  355. 
Leiocassis  vaillanti  353,  362. 
leiocephalus,  Ariodes  282. 
leiogaster,  Amblygaster  61. 
leiogaster,  Clupea  61. 
leiogaster,  Sardinella  61. 
leiogastroides,  Amblygaster  62. 
leiogastroides,  Clupea  62. 
leiogastroides,  Sardinella  62. 
leiotetocephalus,  Arius  273,  282. 
lemuru,  Clupea  82. 
lemuru,  Harengula  82. 
lemuru,  Sardinella  82. 
leptaspis,  Arius  275,  303. 
leptaspis,  Hexanematichthys  303. 
leptonema,  Phalacronotus  221. 
leptonema,  Silurus  221. 
leptonotacanthus,  Arius  275,  306. 
leptonotacanthus,   Cephalocassis 

306. 

Leptonurus  chrysostigma  50. 
Leschenaultii,  Pellona  92. 
lica,  Bagarius  270. 
lile,  Clupea  57. 
lile,  Clupeoides  56,  57. 


395 


lile,  Meletta  57. 
limpok,  Cryptopterus  216,  219. 
limpok,  Silurus  219. 
Lindmani,  Chaetomus  49. 
lindmani,  Coilia  48,  49. 
lineatus,  Plotosus  229. 
lineolata,  Clupea  378. 
lineolata,  Sardinella  377. 
Liocassis  poecilopterus,  359. 
liocephalus,  Arius  282. 
lividus,  Aleposomus  104. 
longiceps,  Clupea  69,  82. 
longiceps,  Harengula  69,  82. 
longiceps,  Osteogeneiosus  330. 
longiceps,  Sardinella  82. 
lophioides,  Chaca  246. 
lopis,  Notopterus  10. 
loricata,  Alysia  158. 
lubina,  Chanos  15. 
lucetia,  Vinciguerria  119. 
lucetius,  Maurolicus  119. 
lucifer,  Astronesthes  116. 
luminosum,  Lampadena  172. 
luminosum,  Myctophum  154,  172. 
lusca,  Cyclothone  126. 
Lutodeira  indica  15. 
Lycothrissa  27,  31. 
Lycothrissa  crocodilus  31. 
macassariensis,  Clupea  20. 
macassariensis,  Clupeoides  20. 
machnata,  Argentina  4. 
machnata,  Elops  3,  4. 
macracanthus,  Bagroides  348,  350. 
macracanthus,    Pseudobagrichthys 

350. 

rnacrocephalus,  Ariodes  277. 

macrocephalus,  Arius  273,  277. 

macrocephalus,  Clarius  193. 

macrocephalus,  Cryptopterus   215, 

217. 

macrocephalus,  Hemipimelodus 

323,  327- 
macrocephalus,  Kryptopterichthys 

217. 
macrocephalus,Osteogeneiosus329. 


macrocephalus,  Plotosus  231. 
macrochir,  Belodontichthys  204. 
macrogaster,  Ilisha  93. 
macrogaster,  Pellona  86,  93. 
macrognathus,  Chaetomus  49. 
macrognathus,  Coilia  48,  49. 
macrognathus,Opisthopterus  95,96. 
macrognathus,  Pristigaster  96. 
macrognathus,  Thryssa  40. 
macrolepidotus,   Neoscopelus  174. 
macrolepidotus,  Scopelus  174. 
macrolepis,  Bathytroctes  101,  103. 
macronema,  Akysis  373. 
macronema,  Callichrous  205. 
macronema,  Hypselobagrus  337. 
macronema,    Pangasius   255,    259, 

262. 

mocronema,  Silurodes  205. 
macronema,  Silurus  205. 
macronemus,  Bagrus  337. 
Macrones  335,  336. 
Macrones  baramensis  336,  338. 
Macrones  bimaculatus  339. 
Macrones  bleekeri  341. 
Macrones  bo,  341. 
Macrones  bongan  341. 
Macrones  cavasius  338. 
Macrones  fortis  341. 
Macrones  fortis  var.  capitulum  341. 
Macrones  gulio  337,  344- 
Macrones  Hoevenii  341. 
Macrones  howong  341. 
Macrones  kajan  341. 
Macrones  micracanthus  336,  339. 
Macrones  nemurus  337,  341. 
Macrones  nigriceps  336,  337. 
Macrones  planiceps  337,  342. 
Macrones  wolffi  337,  340. 
Macrones  wyckii  337,  343. 
macronotacanthus,  Arius  276,309. 
macronotacanthus,   Cephalocassis 

3°9- 

macrophthalmus,  Megalops  5. 
macrophthalmus,  Plotosus  225. 
Macropteronotus  batrachus  190. 


396 


Macropteronotus  magur  190. 
macropterus,    Bagroides  348,  349. 
macropterus  Leiocassis  350. 
macropterus,  Megalops  5. 
macropterus,     Pseudobagrichthys 

349- 
macrorhynchus,    Hemipimelodus 

323,  324. 

macrura,  Alosa  64,  65. 
macrura,  Clupea  64,  65. 
macruropterygius,  Arius  314. 
maculatus,  Arius  274,  284. 
maculatus,  Silurus  284. 
maculosus,  Nopterus  n. 
magur,  Clarias  190. 
magur,  Macropteronotus  190. 
mahakamensis,  Leiocassis  351,  354. 
major,  Akysis  267. 
majus,  Glyptosternum  263,  267. 
malabaricus,  Engraulis  33,  36. 
Malocopterygii  i. 
Malacosteus  107,  117. 
Malacosteus  indicus  118. 
Malacosteus  spec.  118. 
malayana,  Alosa  67. 
malayanum,  Myctophum  154,  171. 
malayanus,  Diaphus  171. 
manjong,  Arius  314. 
margaritatum.  Myctophum  161. 
marginatus,  Plotosus  229. 
mariae,  Oloplotosus  233. 
Maurolicus  lucetius  119. 
Maurolicus  tripunctulatus  136. 
mediobarbis,  Neosilurus  240. 
Megalops  2,  4. 
Megalops  cyprinoides  5. 
Megalops  filamentosus  5. 
Megalops  indicus  5 
Megalops  kundinga  5. 
Megalops  macrophthalmus  5. 
Megalops  macropterus  5. 
megalopterus,  Ilisha  92. 
megalopterus,  Pellona  92. 
megalopterus,  Platygaster  92. 
megastoma,  Cnidoglanis  231. 


meladerma,  Clarias  188. 
melanochir,  Arius  275,  305. 
melanochir,  Cephalocassis  305. 
melanochir,  Engraulis  28. 
melanochir,  Setipinna  28. 
melanoderma,  Clarias  187,  188. 
melanogaster,  Acrochordonichthys 

366>  369,  37°; 

melanogaster,  Pimelodus  369. 
melanops,  Melanostomias  114. 
melanopterus.  Bagroides  348. 
melanopterygius,  Arius  311. 
melanosoma,  Clarias  188. 
Melanostomias  107,  113. 
Melanostomias  melanops  114. 
Melanostomias  valdiviae  114,  115. 
melanura,  Clupea  69,  72. 
melanura,  Harengula  61,  69,  72. 
melanurus,  Alausa  72. 
melanurus,  Harengula  80. 
melapterus,  Bagroides  347,  348. 
melas,  Bagrus  344. 
melasoma,  Clarias  188. 
melastoma,  Clupea  90. 
Meletta  Hie  57. 
Meletta  Schrammi  83. 
Meletta  venenosa  77. 
merabensis,  Leiocassis  352,  359. 
meraukensis,  Copidoglanis  237, 239. 
Meyenii,  Arius  282. 
micracanthus,  Bagrus  339. 
micracanthus,  Hypselobagrus  339. 
micracanthus,  Macrones  336,  339. 
microcephalus,  Arius  274,  285. 
microcephalus,  Pseudarius  285. 
microdon,  Cyclothone  125,  126. 
microdon,  Gonostoma  126. 
microgastropterygius,  Arius  310. 
Micronema  215. 

micronema,  Cryptopterus  216,  221, 
Micronema  hexapterus  222. 
micronema,  Pangasius  255,  261. 
Micronema  phalacronotus  221. 
Micronema  typus  222. 
micronemus,  Silurus  221. 


397 


micronotacanthus,  Arius  314. 
micropogon,  Bagrus  357. 
micropogon,Batrachocephalus332. 
micropogon,  Cryptopterus  221. 
micropogon,  Leiocassis  352,  357. 
micropogon,  Phalacronotus  221. 
micropogon,  Silurus  221. 
microps,  Harpodon   151. 
microps,  Salmo  151. 
micropterum,  Lampanyctus  154. 
micropterum,  Myctophum  152,154. 
micropus,  Kryptopterus  218. 
micruropterus,  Phalacronotus  221. 
micruropterygius,  Arius  314. 
militaris,  Arius  329. 
militaris,  Osteogeneiosus  329. 
militaris,  Silurus  329. 
mino,  Ageneiosus  332. 
mino,  Batrachocephalus  332. 
miostoma,  Wallago  200,  201,  202. 
Mitchillina  99. 
moeschii,  Leiocassis  353,  362,363, 

364- 

moluccensis,  Clupea  81,  377. 
moluccensis,  Harengula  81,  377. 
mononema,  Cryptopterus  216,  220. 
mononema,  Silurus  220. 
moolenburghae,     Pseudeutropius 

248,  249. 
moolenburghi,    Hemisilurus   211, 

212. 

motius,  Pellona  92. 
Mugil  chanos  15. 
Miilleri,  Scopelus  160. 
Mullen,  Silurus  201. 
Miilleri,  Wallago  201. 
multiradiatus,  Plotosus  227. 
murrayi,  Ipnops  179. 
Myctophoidea  139. 
Myctophum   139,   151. 
Myctophum  affine  153,  161. 
Myctophum  asperum  165. 
Myctophum  atratum   155. 
Myctophum  benoiti  reinhardti  152, 

155- 


Myctophum  braueri  155. 
Myctophum  caeruleum  153,  168. 
Myctophum  coccoi  153,   158. 
Myctophum  dumerili  153,   166. 
Myctophum  evermanni  153,  162. 
Myctophum  fibulatum  157. 
Myctophum  lacerta  166. 
Myctophum   laternatum   152,  153, 

156. 

Myctophum  luminosum  154,  172. 
Myctophum  malayanum  154,  171. 
Myctophum  margaritatum  161. 
Myctophum  micropterum  152, 154. 
Myctophum  nitidulum  161. 
Myctophum  nocturnum  166. 
Myctophum  oculium  154. 
Myctophum  opalinum  161. 
Myctophum  pristilepis  153,  165. 
Myctophum  pterotum  153,  157. 
Myctophum   punctatum  153,  160. 
Myctophum  Reinhardtii  155. 
Myctophum  spinosum  153,   163. 
Myctophum  splendidum  153,  170. 
Myctophum  suborbitale  153,  167. 
Myctophum  urolampus  167. 
myops,  Salmo  145. 
myops,  Saurus  145,  149. 
myops,  Synodus  145. 
myops,  Trachinocephalus   145. 
mystacoides,  Engraulis  38. 
mystax,  Clupea  38. 
mystax,  Engraulis  33,  38,  41,  42. 
Mystus  chitala  10. 
nasus,  Chatoessus  24. 
nasus,  Clupea  24. 
nasus,  Coilia  16. 
nasus,  Dorosoma  24. 
nasus,  Konosirus  24. 
nasuta,  Netuma  287. 
nasutus,  Arius  286. 
nasutus,  Pangasius  255,  256. 
nasutus,  Pseudopangasius  256. 
nebulosa,  Saurida  143. 
nebulosus,  Ompok  202. 
nebulosus,  Stomias  112. 


nebulosus,  Wallago  202. 
Nedystoma  272,  320. 
Nedystoma  dayi  320. 
nehereus,  Harpodon  151. 
nehereus,  Osmerus  151. 
nehereus,  Saurus  151. 
Nemapteryx  Stirling!  297. 
Nematognathi  185. 
nemurus,  Bagrus  341. 
nemurus,  Hemibagrus  341. 
nemurus,  Macrones  337,  341. 
Neohowii,  Sardinella  82. 
Neopangasius  254. 
Neopangasius  Nieuwenhuisii   258. 
Neoscopelus  139,  173. 
Neoscopelus  macrolepidotus  174. 
Neosilurus  236. 
Neosilurus  bartoni  242. 
Neosilurus  brevidorsalis  241. 
Neosilurus  mediobarbis  240. 
Neostoma  quadrioculatum  126. 
Netuma  274. 
Netuma  nasuta  287. 
Netuma  thalassina  287. 
nieuhofi,  Clarias  187,  189,  194. 
Nieuwenhuisii,  Bagarius  271. 
Nieuwenhuisi,  Glyptosternon  267. 
Nieuwenhuisii,  Neopangasius  258. 
nieuwenhuisi,  Pangasius  255,  258. 
nigriceps,  Bagrus  337. 
nigriceps,  Hypselobagrus  337. 
nigriceps,  Macrones  336,  337. 
nitidulum,  Myctophum  161. 
nocturnum,  Myctophum  166. 
nocturnus,  Diaphus  166,  167. 
Notopteridae  i,  8. 
Notopterus  8. 

Notopterus  borneensis  9,  n. 
Notopterus  chitala  9,  10. 
notopterus,  Gymnotus  9. 
Notopterus  hypselonotus  10. 
Notopterus  kapirat  9. 
Notopterus  lopis  10. 
Notopterus  maculosus  n. 
Notopterus  notopterus  9. 


notopterus,  Notopterus  9. 
novacula,  Ilisha  92. 
novacula,  Pellona  85,  92. 
novae-guineae,    Copidoglanis    236, 

237,  244. 

novae-guineae,  Doiichthys  333. 
nudiceps,  Cnidoglanis  232. 
nudidens,  Arius  274,  294. 
nudus,  Aleposomus  104,   105. 
Nyctophus  caeruleus  169. 
Nyctophus  splendidus  170. 
obbesi,  Porochilus  235. 
obscurus,  Acrochordonichthys  370. 
oceanicus,  Rhinoscopelus  161. 
oculium,  Lampanycttis  154. 
oculium,  Myctophum   154. 
Odontostomus  182. 
oetik,  Arius  312. 
olfersi,  Argyropelecus  134. 
Olfersii,  Sternoptyx  134. 
Oloplotosus  224,  233. 
Oloplotosus  mariae  233. 
Ompok  207. 

Ompok  bimaculatus  209. 
Ompok  jaynei  208. 
Ompok  nebulosus  202. 
opalinum,  Myctophum  161. 
ophiodon,  Saurus  151. 
Opisthopterus  54,  95. 
Opisthopterus  macrognathus95,  96. 
Opisthopterus  tartoor  95. 
Osmerus  nehereus  151. 
Ostariophysi  184. 
Osteogeneiosus  272,  329. 
Osteogeneiosus  Blochii  330. 
Osteogeneiosus  gracilis  330. 
Osteogeneiosus  ingluvies  330. 
Osteogeneiosus  longiceps  330. 
Osteogeneiosus  macrocephalus  329. 
Osteogeneiosus  militaris  329. 
Osteogeneiosus  Valenciennesi  330. 
Osteoglossidae  i,  12. 
Osteoglossum  formosum  13. 
Osteoglossum  jardinii  14. 
Osteoglossum  leichhardti  14. 


399 


pachyderm  a,    Acrochordonichthys 

370- 

Pachyula  crassilabris  323. 
palembangensis,  Cryptopterus  217. 
palembangensis,  Kryptopterichthys 

217. 

palembangensis,  Silurus  217. 
pammelas,  Chauliodus  no. 
Pangasidae  186,  246. 
Pangasius  247,  254. 
Pangasius  Buchanan!  256. 
Pangasius  delicatissimus  262. 
Pangasius  de  Zwaani  255,  260. 
Pangasius  djambal  256. 
Pangasius  hexanema  250. 
Pangasius  juaro  257. 
Pangasiusmacronema255,259,262. 
Pangasius  micronema  255,  261. 
Pangasius  nasutus  255,  256. 
Pangasius  nieuwenhuisi   255,  258. 
Pangasius  pangasius  255,  256. 
pangasius,  Pangasius  255,  256. 
pangasius,  Pimelodus  256. 
Pangasius  polyuranodon  255,  257. 
Pangasius  rios  261. 
papuensis,  Clupeoides  57,  60. 
papuensis,  Corica  60. 
papuensis,  Plotosus  227,  228. 
Paralosa  Valenciennesi  72. 
Paraplotosus  224. 
Paraplotosusalbilabris224,225,378. 
pectinidens,  Pimelodus  317. 
Pellona  54,  84. 
Pellona  affinis  91. 
Pellona  amblyuropterus  85,  90. 
Pellona  brachysoma  85,  87. 
Pellona  ditchoa  85,  88. 
Pellona  dussumieri  85,  92. 
Pellona  elongata  85,  90. 
Pellona  grayana  90. 
Pellona  hoevenii  84,  86. 
Pellona  indica  88. 
Pellona  kampeni  85,  87. 
Pellona  Leschenaultii  92. 
Pellona  macrogaster  86,  93. 


Pellona  megalopterus  92. 
Pellona  motius  92. 
Pellona  novacula,  85,  92. 
Pellona  pristigastroides  85,  89. 
Pellona  Russelli  92. 
Pellona  xanthoptera  86,  94. 
pentapterus,  Clarias  189. 
perforata,  Clupea  69,  74. 
perforata,  Clupeonia  74. 
perforata,  Harengula  69,  74. 
perforata,  Sardinella  74. 
perugiae,  Anyperistius  243. 
perugiae,  Copidoglanis  237,  243. 
PfeirYeri,  Coilia  29. 
PfeifTeri,  Engraulis  29. 
phaiosoma,   Silurichthys  197,  199, 

200. 

phaiosoma,  Silurus  197. 
Phalacronotus  215. 
Phalacronotus  leptonema  221. 
phalacronotus,  Micronema  221. 
Phalacronotus  micropogon  221. 
Phalacronotus  micruropterus   221. 
phalacronotus,  Silurus  221. 
pidada,  Arius  284. 
Pimelodidae  186. 
Pimelodus  arius  284, 
Pimelodus  bagarius  270. 
Pimelodus  borneensis  327. 
Pimelodus  cyanochloros  264. 
Pimelodus  gulio  344. 
Pimelodus  javus  186. 
Pimelodus  melanogaster  369. 
Pimelodus  pangasius  256. 
Pimelodus  pectinidens  317. 
Pimelodus  platypogon  264. 
Pimelodus  platypogonoides  267. 
Pimelodus  pleurostigma  368. 
Pimelodus  rugosus  368. 
Pimelodus  sagor  289. 
Pimelodus  sona  288. 
Pimelodus  variegatus  372. 
Pimelodus  zonatus  368. 
pinguis,  Clupea  69,  83. 
pinguis,  Harengula  69,  83. 


400 


planiceps,  Bagrus  342. 
planiceps,  Hemibagrus  342. 
planiceps,  Macrones  337,  342. 
platycephalus,  Acrochordonichthys 

368. 

Platygaster  84. 
platygaster,  Alosa  64,  66. 
platygaster,  Clupea  64,  66. 
Platygaster  indicus  88. 
Platygaster  megalopterus  92. 
platy  pogon  ,Glyptosternum  2  63 , 2  64. 
platypogon,  Glyptothorax  264. 
platypogon,  Pimelodus  264. 
platypogonoides,    Glyptosternum 

263,  267. 

platypogonoides,  Glyptothorax  267. 
platypogonoides,  Pimelodus  267. 
Platystacus  anguillaris  229. 
Platystacus  chaca  246. 
pleurostigma,   Acrochordonichthys 

366,  368. 

pleurostigma,  Pimelodus  368. 
Plotosidae,  185,  223. 
Plotosius  ikapor  229. 
Plotosus  224,  226. 
Plotosus  abbreviatus  227,  229. 
Plotosus  albilabris  225. 
Plotosus  anguillaris  227,  229. 
Plotosus  arab  229. 
Plotosus  canius  227. 
Plotosus  castaneoides  229. 
Plotosus  horridus  227. 
Plotosus  lineatus  229. 
Plotosus  macrocephalus  231. 
Plotosus  macrophthalmus  225. 
Plotosus  marginatus  229. 
Plotosus  multiradiatus  227. 
Plotosus  papuensis  227,  228. 
Plotosus  unicolor  227. 
Plqtosus  viviparus  227. 
poecilopterus,  Bagrus  356,  357. 
poecilopterus,  Leiocassis  351,356. 
poecilopterus    Liocassis  359. 
polyfilis,  Coilia  48,  52.- 
Polyipnus  129. 


Polyipnus  spinosus  130. 
polystaphylodon,  Ariodes  280. 
polystaphylodon    Arius  273,  280. 
polyuranodon    Pangasius  255,  257. 
polyuranodon,   Pseudopangasius 

257. 

poorawah,  Engraulis  37. 
poorawah,  Thryssa  37. 
porava,  Thryssa  38. 
porava,  Trichosoma  38. 
Porochilus  224,  234. 
Porochilus  obbesi  235. 
potamophilus,  Clupea  59. 
potamophilus,  Clupeoides  59. 
Pristigaster  95. 
Pristigaster  macrognathus  96. 
Pristigaster  russellianus  98. 
Pristigaster  tartoor  96. 
Pristigasterinae  53. 
Pristigastrini  53. 
pristigastroides,  Ilisha  89. 
pristigastroides,  Pellona  85,  89. 
pristilepis,  Dasyscopelus  165. 
pristilepis,  Myctophum  153,  165. 
productus,  Chlorophthalmus  177. 
Promacheon  140,  183. 
Promacheon  sibogae  183. 
Pseudarius  274. 
Pseudarius  arius  284. 
Pseudarius  microcephalus  285. 
Pseudeutropius  247. 
Pseudeutropius    brachypopterus 

248. 
Pseudeutropius    moolenburghae 

248,  249. 

Pseudobagrichthys  347. 
Pseudobagrichthys  mac racan thus 

35°- 
Pseudobagrichthys   macropterus 

349- 
Pseudolais  tetranema  261. 

Pseudopangasius  254. 
Pseudopangasius  nasutus  256. 
Pseudopangasius  polyuranodon  257. 
pseudopterus,  Clupeoides  54. 


4Oi 


pseudopterus,  Corica  54. 
pseudopterus,  Spratella  54. 
Pseudosilurus  leiacanthus  208. 
pterotum,  Myctophum  153,   157. 
pterotus,  Scopelus  157. 
pulcher.  Clarias  191. 
punctatum,  Myctophum  153,  160. 
purava,  Clupea  39. 
purava,  Engraulis  33,  39. 
quadrifilis,  Coilia  48,  51. 
quadrioculatum,  Neostoma  126. 
Raconda  54,  97. 
Raconda  russelliana  97. 
rebentischi,  Coilia  48,  51. 
Reinhardtii,  Myctophum  155. 
Reinhardtii,  Scopelus  155. 
reynaldi,  Coilia  51. 
Rhamdia  186. 

rhinorhynchos,  Engraulis  35. 
Rhinoscopelus  coccoi  158. 
Rhinoscopelus  oceanicus  161. 
rhodadenia,  Cyclothone  121. 
rhodadenia,  Gonostoma  121. 
rhodonotus,  Bagrus  286. 
rhodopterygius,  Bagrus  344. 
rios,  Pangasius  261. 
Rogenia  argyrotaenia  57. 
rugosus,   Acrochordonichthys  366, 

368. 

rugosus,  Leiocassis  353,  363. 
rugosus,  Pimelodus  368. 
Russelli,  Engraulis  46. 
Russelli,  Pollona  92. 
russelliana,  Raconda  97. 
russellianus,  Pristigaster  98. 
Russellii,  Wallago  201. 
sagor,  Arius  274,  289. 
sagor,  Bagrus  289. 
sagor,  Pimelodus  289. 
Salmo  microps  151. 
Sal  mo  my  ops   [45. 
Salmo  tumbil  142. 
Salmo  variegatus  147. 
Salmo  varius  147. 
salmoneus,  Chanos  15. 

INDO-AUSTRALIAN    FISHES   II. 


saravacensis,  Leiocassis  352,  358, 
Sardinella  brachysoma  70. 
Sardinella  leiogaster  61. 
Sardinella  leiogastroides  62. 
Sardinella  lemuru  82. 
Sardinella  lineolata  377. 
Sardinella  longiceps  82. 
Sardinella  Neohowii  82. 
Sardinella  perforata  74. 
Saurida  140,  149. 
Saurida  argyrophanes  142. 
Saurida  badi  142. 
Saurida  eso  142. 
Saurida  gracilis  141,  143,  149. 
Saurida  grandisquamis  141. 
Saurida  nebulosa  143. 
Saurida  tumbil  141,  142. 
Saurida  undosquamis  142. 
Sauridichthys  150. 
Saurus  144,  149. 
Saurus  anolis  146. 
Saurus  argyrophanes  142. 
Saurus  badi  142. 
Saurus  badimottah  142. 
saurus,  Elops  3,  4. 
Saurus  ferox  143. 
Saurus  gracilis  143. 
Saurus  intermedius  145,  146. 
Saurus  kaianus  145,  148. 
Saurus  myops  145,   149. 
Saurus  nehereus  151. 
Saurus  ophiodon  151. 
Saurus  trachinus  145. 
Saurus  undosquamis  142. 
Saurus  variegatus  145,  147,  149. 
Saurus  varius  147. 
schilbeides,  Cryptopterus  215,216. 
schilbeides,  Hemisilurus  216. 
Schlegelii,  Bagrus  344. 
Schmidti,  Callomystax  269. 
Schmidti,  Gagata  269. 
schneideri,  Silurichthys  198. 
Schrammi,  Alosa  83. 
schrammi,  Clupea  69,  83. 
schrammi,  Harengula  69,  83. 
26 


402 


Schrammi,  Meletta  83. 
scleronema,  Hemisilurus  211,  214. 
Scleropages  12. 
Scleropages  formosus  12.  13. 
Scleropages  leichthardti  12,  14. 
scombrina,  Alosa  82. 
scombrina,  Clupea  82. 
Scopelosaurus  139,  175. 
Scopelosaurus  Hoedti  176. 
Scopelus  151. 
Scopelus  affinis  161. 
Scopelus  brachignathos  157. 
Scopelus  caeruleus  168. 
Scopelus  caninianus  160. 
Scopelus  coccoi  158. 
Scopelus  Dumerili  166. 
Scopelus  engraulis  168. 
Scopelus  Heideri  160. 
Scopelus  macrolepidotus  174. 
Scopelus  Mulleri  160. 
Scopelus  peterotus  157. 
Scopelus  Reinhardtii  155. 
Scopelus  spinosus  163. 
scratchleyi,  Anchovia  34. 
scratchleyi,  Engraulis  33,  34. 
selangkat,  Chatoessus  24,  25. 
Setipinna  27. 

Setipinna  breviceps  28,  29. 
Setipinna  melanochir  28. 
Setipinna  taty  28,  30. 
setirostris,  Anchovia  40. 
setirostris,  Clupea  40. 
setirostris,  Engraulis  33,  40. 
setirostris,  Stolephorus  40. 
sibogae,  Promacheon  183. 
Sieboldii,  Bagrus  341. 
Sigmops  stigmaticus  122. 
signata,  Cyclothone  125. 
Silurichthys  195,  197. 
Silurichthys  hasseltii  198. 
Silurichthys  indragiriensis  199. 
Silurichthys   phaiosoma    197,  199, 

200. 

Silurichthys  schneideri  198. 
Siluridae  185,  195. 


Silurodes  195,  204. 
Silurodes  borneensis  205,  206. 
Silurodes  eugeneiatus  205,  207. 
Silurodes  hypophthalmus  205. 
Silurodes  macronema  205. 
Siluroidea  185. 
Silurus  apogon  221. 
Silurus  attu  201. 
Silurus  batrachus  190. 
Silurus  bicirrhis  217. 
Silurus  bimaculatus  209. 
Silurus  cryptopterus  218. 
Silurus  hexapterus  222. 
Silurus  hypophthalmus  205. 
Silurus  lais  218. 
Silurus  leptonema  221. 
Silurus  limpok  219. 
Silurus  macronema  205. 
Silurus  maculatus  284. 
Silurus  micronemus  221. 
Silurus  micropogon  221. 
Silurus  militaris  329. 
Silurus  mononema  220. 
Silurus  Mulleri  201. 
Silurus  palembangensis  217. 
Silurus  phaiosoma  197. 
Silurus  phalacronotus  221. 
sinensis,  Alausa  64. 
sinensis,  Clupea  64. 
singaringan,  Bagrus  337. 
sirm,  Amblygaster  62. 
sirm,  Clupea  61,  62. 
sloani,  Chauliodus  no. 
sona,  Arius  288. 
sona,  Pimelodus  288. 
sondaicus,  Bagrus  289. 
sondaictis,  Galeichthys  289. 
Sosia  chamaleon  370. 
spatula,  Arius  274,  296. 
spinosum,  Myctophum  153,  163. 
spinosus,  Dasyscopelus  164. 
spinosus,  Polyipnus  130. 
spinosus,  Scopelus  163. 
splendidum,  Myctophum  153,  170. 
splendidum,  Nyctophus  170. 


403 


splendidus,  Diaphus  170. 
Spratella  fimbriata  75. 
Spratella  kowala  74. 
Spratella  pseudopterus  54. 
Spratella  tembang  75. 
Spratelloides  19. 
Spratelloides  argyrotaenia  20. 
Spratelloides  delicatulus  20. 
Spratelloides  gracilis  19,  20. 
squamosus,  Bathytroctes  101. 
stellatus,  Valenciennellus  136. 
stenomus,  Bagrus  355. 
stenomus,  Leiocassis  351,  355. 
stereolepis,  Clupea  69,  76,  377. 
stereolepis,  Harengula  69,76,377. 
Sternoptychinae  106,  128. 
Sternoptyx  129,  132. 
Sternoptyx  diaphana  132. 
Sternoptyx  Olfersii  134. 
stigmaticus,  Sigmops  122. 
Stirling!,  Arius  275,  297. 
stirlingi,  Nemapteryx  297. 
Stolephorus  19,  27,  43. 
Stolephorus  commersonianus  45. 
Stolephorus  commersonii  43,  45. 
Stolephorus  delicatulus  20. 
Stolephorus  encrasicholoides  33. 
Stolephorus  gracilis  20. 
Stolephorus  Hamiltoni  37. 
Stolephorus  heterolobus  43,  44. 
Stolephorus  indicus  43,  46. 
Stolephorus  japonicus  20. 
Stolephorus  setirostris  40. 
Stolephorus  tri  43,  47. 
Stolephorus  Valenciennesi  42. 
Stolephorus  zollengeri  43,  44. 
Stomianodon  chrysophekadion  117. 
Stomias  107,  in. 
Stomias-larva  in. 
Stomias  nebulosus  112. 
Stomias  valdiviae   in,   112. 
Stomiatidae  i,   105. 
Stomiatinae  106. 
stormi,  Arius  274,  291. 
Stormii,  Cephalocassis  291. 


Stormi,  Hemiarius  291. 
Stylophthalmus  137. 
Stylophthalmus  braueri  138. 
suborbitale,  Myctophum  153,  167. 
suborbitalis,  Diaphus  167. 
sumatranus,  Arius  314. 
sundaica,  Clupea  75. 
sundaica,  Harengula  75. 
sundaicus,  Hexanematichthys  289. 
Synodus  144. 
Synodus  intermedius  146. 
Synodus  japonicus  147. 
Synodus  kaianus  148. 
Synodus  myops  145. 
Synodus  synodus  147. 
synodus,  Synodus  147. 
Tachysurus  argyropleuron  279. 
Tachysurus  venosus  314. 
tapeinopterus,  Heterobrachus  194. 
tartoor,  Opisthopterus  95. 
tartoor,  Pristigaster  96. 
taty,  Engraulis  30. 
taty,  Setipinna  28,  30. 
telaroides,  Engraulis  30. 
Teleostei  i. 
tembang,  Clupea  75. 
tembang,  Spratella  75. 
tetranema,  Pseudolais  261. 
Tetranesodon  272,  318. 
Tetranesodon  conorhynchus  318. 
teysmanni,  Clarias  188,  191. 
thalassina,  Netuma  287. 
thalassinus,  Arius  273,  274,  286. 
thalassinus,  Bagrus  286. 
thoracata,  Clupea  69,  78. 
thoracata,  Harengula  69,  78. 
thoracata,  Kowala  78. 
thrissa,  Clupea  24. 
Thrissa  Hamiltonii  37. 
thrissa,  Konosirus  24. 
Thryssa  macrognathus  40. 
Thryssa  poorawah  37. 
Thryssa  porava  38. 
Thryssa  valenciennesi  42. 
tiong,  Glyptosternum  268. 


404 


toli,  Alosa  64. 
toll,  Clupea  64. 
tonggol,  Ariodes  276. 
tonggol,  Arius  276. 
Trachinocephalus  myops  145. 
trachinus,  Saurus  145. 
trachipomus,  Bagrus  288. 
tri,  Engraulis  47. 
tri,  Stolephorus  43,  47. 
Trichosoma  Hamilton!  37. 
Trichosoma  porava  38. 
tripunctulatus,  Maurolicus  136. 
tripunctulatus,  Valenciennellus  136. 
truncatus,  Arius  276,  308. 
truncatus,  Cephalocassis  308. 
tumbil,  Salmo  142. 
tumbil,  Saurida  141,  142. 
typus,  Helicophagus  252. 
typus,  Ketengus  317. 
typus,  Micronema  222. 
undosquamis,  Saurida  142. 
undosquamis,  Saurus  142. 
unicolor,  Plotosus  227. 
urolampus,  Diaphus  166. 
urolampus,  Myctophum  167. 
utik,  Arius  276,  312. 
utik,  Cephalocassis  312. 
Vaillantii,  Bagroides  350. 
vaillanti,  Leiocassis  353,  362. 
valdiviae,  Melanostomias  114, 115. 
valdiviae,  Stomias  in,  112. 
Valenciennellus  129,  136. 
Valenciennellus  stellatus  136. 
Valenciennellus  tripunctulatus  136. 
valenciennesi,  Engraulis  33,  42. 
Valenciennesi,  Harengula  72. 
Valenciennesi,  Osteogeneiosus  330. 
Valenciennesi,  Paralosa  72. 
Valenciennesi,  Stolephorus  42. 
valenciennesi,  Thryssa  42. 
vanicoris,  Harengula  73. 
variegatus,  Akysis  371,  372. 
variegatus,  Pimelodus  372. 
variegatus,  Salmo  147. 


variegatus,  Saurus    145,  147,  149. 
varius,  Acrochordonichthys  370. 
varius,  Salmo  147. 
varius,  Saujrus  147. 
velutinus,  Hemipimelodus  323, 325. 
venenosa,  Clupea  69,  77,  83. 
venenosa,  Harengula  69,  77. 
venenosa,  Meletta  77. 
venosus,  Arius  276,  314. 
venosus,  Cephalocassis  314. 
venosus,  Tachysurus  314. 
venulosus,  Clupeoides  57,  58. 
Vinciguerria  107,  119. 
Vinciguerria  lucetia  119. 
viviparus,  Arius  284. 
viviparus,  Plotosus  227. 
vulpes,  Albula  7. 
vulpes,  Esox  7. 

waandersi,  Helicophagus  252,  253. 
Wallago  195,  200. 
Wallago  attu  200,  201. 
Wallago  dinema  204. 
Wallago  heterorhynchos  211. 
Wallago  leeri  201,  202. 
Wallago  leiacanthus  208. 

Wallago  miostoma  200,  201,  202. 

Wallago  Miilleri  201. 

Wallago  nebulosus  202. 

Wallago  Rusellii  201. 

Wolffii,  Bagrus  340. 

Wolffii,  Hypselobagrus  340. 

wolffii,  Macrones  337,  340. 

Wyckii,  Bagrus  343. 

Wyckii,  Hemibagrus  343. 

wyckii,  Macrones  337,  343. 

xanthoptera,  Pellona  86,  94. 

xanthopterus,  Ilisha  94. 

Xenodermichthys  104. 

Yarelli,  Bagarius  270. 

zollingeri,  Engraulis  44. 

zollingeri,  Stolephorus  43,  44. 

zonatus,  Acrochordonichthys  369. 

zonatus,  Pimelodus  368. 

zunasi,  Clupea  77. 


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