FHE FISHES

OF THE

1NDO- AUSTRALIAN

cCHlPELAOO

BERKELEY^

L1BR

CALIFORNIA

v^. — "^

EARTH

WILLIAM DILLER MATTHEW

GIFT OF

WILLIAM DILLER MATTHEW

THE FISHES

OF THE

INDO-AUSTRALIAN ARCHIPELAGO

THE FISHES

OF THE

INDO-AUSTRALIAN ARCHIPELAGO

ill

OSTARIOPH YSI : II CYPRINOIDEA
APODES, SYNBRANCHI

with 214 illustrations

BY

Dr. MAX WEBER

Professor at the University of Amsterdam

AND ;

Dr. L. F. DE BEAUFORT

LEIDEN — 1916.
E. J. BRILL Ltd.

V.3

uO

PRINTED BY E. J. BRILL, LEIDEN (HOLLAND).

INTRODUCTION.

In continuation of the preceding volume of this series, in
which, besides other groups, were treated the Siluroidea,
as first suborder of the Order Ostariophysi, the present or
third volume of the "Indo-australian fishes" contains the remai-
ning suborder of the Ostariophysi'. the Cyprinoidea and the
Order Apodes, to which is added the Order Synbranchi.

We refer to the introduction of that preceding volume for
the geographical limits of the faunistical region, wherefrom
the fishes are here described.

In the quoted introduction we have also made some remarks
about the material in general at our disposal. The following
may be added for the present volume.

A great part of it, as far as it contains the descriptions of
the Cyprinoidea, is devoted to fishes living in the fresh water
of streams, brooks, ponds and lakes from the western part of
the Indo-australian Archipelago, especially from Sumatra,
Borneo, Java and neighbouring Islands, reaching eastwards not
farther than Borneo and Sumbawa.

The Synbranchi and some of the Apodes have a wider
distribution in the fresh water of the Archipelago.

The remaining Apodes are inhabitants of the coral reefs, of
the sandy and muddy literal region, of the brackish water of
aestuaries, of the bottom of deeper water, a few even of the
true deep sea. Many live below stones, below blocks of coral
or find shelter in crevices of rocks or coral reefs, some burrow
in sand or mud, while others are met with in surface water.

For the study of the fishes treated in this volume we could
dispose of the various collections named in the introduction
to the second volume of this series. Since then we received
valuable material from Dr. L. PH. DE BUSSY from Deli, from
Mr. EDWARD JACOBSON from West-Sumatra (Padangsche Boven-
and Beneden-Landen), from Mr. P. BUITENDIJK from the Java
Sea, from Mr. G. HERMAN from Sabang, Pulu Weh.

VI

We are glad of the opportunity to thank Dr. J. C. KONINGS-
BERGER, Director of s Lands Plantentuin at Buitenzorg, Java, for
the great advantage of his collaboration and interest in our
work. He allowed us to study all the Cyprinoidea, Apodes and
Synbranchi belonging to the Zoological Museum at Buitenzorg
and to the " Visscherijstation" at Batavia. Our thanks are
therefore also due to Major P. A.OUWENS, keeper of that Museum
and to Dr. A. L. J. SUNIER, head of the Station for Fishery
Investigation at Batavia, who was kind enough to forward the
collection to us and gave us valuable information about its
content.

Greatfully we acknowledge the great help we had, in prepa-
ring this volume, from the ichthyological material of the Rijks
Museum at Leiden. Through the kindness of its Director Dr. E.
D. VAN OORT its riches were always at our disposal and by
the untiring help of Miss Dr. C. POPTA, we could make use
of the types described by herself, by VAILLANT and of some
of the types and cotypes of BLEEKER and KAUP.

The bulk of BLEEKER's types of Cyprinoidea and Apodes is
contained in the British Museum (Natural History). One of
us had the opportunity to study them: an opportunity without
which our work had been insufficient and incomplete. We are
therefore glad to thank the Director of the Zoological Depart-
ment of that Museum, Dr. SYDNEY HARMER and especially
Mr. C. TATE REGAN, under whose able superintendance the
fish collection is placed, for the valuable and liberal help we
always received.

Dr. G. DUNCKER from the Hamburg Museum was kind
enough to send us for inspection all the Cyprinoidea from the
Archipelago, which are under his charge. This important col-
lection was of much help in our study.

We have also to thank Dr. J. PELLEGRIN for very valuable
informations about some types preserved in the Museum
d'histoire naturelle at Paris and Dr. R. GESTRO, Director of
the Museo Civico of Geneva, for some cotypes of species
described by PERUGIA.

For the benefit of those who make use of this volume we
repeat the technical informations, given in the introduction
to the second volume of this series.

In describing the fishes we understand by Length, in the

VII

discussions of the proportions, the distance between the snout
and the base of the caudal fin; in giving the largest size known
for a species, we include the caudal fin.

The Head is measured from the tip of the snout to the end
of the opercle, its proportion to the length is indicated e.g.
as follows: head 4 — 41/2 means, that the length of the head
is contained 4 to 41/2 times in the length.

Height is the maximum height; in special cases it is indi-
cated how it is measured; the figures placed behind "height"
indicate how many times it is contained in the length.

The size of the Eye, the length of the Snout, of the Jaws
etc. are compared with the length of the head; thus "eye 4"
means, that its diameter is J/4 of the length of the head.

In counting the Scales, under "Z. /." is given the number
of scales, with or without sensory organs, between the head
and the caudal fin or, in most cases, between that fin and
the upper corner of the opercle.

ol/

L. t. ^ry^r signifies, that there are 3J/2 rows of scales between

the dorsal fin and the lateral line and 6 to 7 below it, the
lateral line itself is in this case not counted. In other cases

4V,
the lateral line itself is also counted f. i. L. t. I (between

I

D. and V.), which signifies, that there are 4l/2 rows of scales
between the dorsal fin and the lateral line, one in the lateral
line itself and one between it and the ventral fin.

In the Fin formulae the spines and the simple, non-branched
rays are generally indicated by a figure, separated by a point
from that of the number of the branched rays.

The last soft ray of the dorsal and anal, in case it is cleft
to the base and therefore counted as two by some authors
(BLEEKER e. g.), is reckoned as one, being supported by a
single pterygophore.

The Gillmembranes may be totally free from each other and
from the isthmus; they may be united, but still remain free
from the isthmus; or they may be connected with the isthmus
and with each other. When in the last case the posterior
border of the united gillmembranes is not quite adnate to
the isthmus, there remains a free posterior margin, running as
a fold over the isthmus from one gillopening to the other.

VIII

The complicated structure of the parts of the mouth of many
Cyprinoidea has found ample discussion, illustrated by figures,
in the text.

In describing the Apodes their dentition is of great impor-
tance. To facilitate its description we have added in many
cases a figure of the dentition as it is seen on an impression
of the teeth in a bit of plasticine. For this purpose we introduce
a thin piece of this material in the opened mouth of the fish,
close it and extricate afterwards the piece with some caution
from the reopened mouth. In this way often teeth are indi-
cated, which otherwise are difficult to detect.

We follow the law of priority and use the oldest name which
can with certainty be made out by the description, belonging
to a certain species. Its author is cited as the author of the
species and his paper is quoted in the first place.

Mention is further made of all synonyms; besides, we have
quoted those papers, which contain a description of the species.
If it is a widely spread one, only those papers are quoted,
which contain a description of or give some informations -
others than those regarding locality only — about Indo-
Australian specimens of that species.

According to the international rules of nomenclature we
have neglected the generic names, as e.g. those of Swainson,
which are not accompanied by a description.

We have recorded under: "iiomina indigena" those native
names, which seemed to us to be trustworthy. We are of opinion
that no great value ought to be attached to them, as the
unavoidable series of difficulties is still enlarged by the fact,
that the authorities for those names have mostly been European
ichthyologists and no linguists.

There remains for us the pleasing duty of expressing our
thanks to Mr. C. PELTENBURG, head of the firm E. J. BRILL Ltd
of Leiden for the interest he took in publishing also this volume
and to Mr. J. F. OBBES, the able artist to whom we are indebted
for the faithful figures, which illustrate this volume.

MAX WEBER.

L. F. DE BEAUFORT.

Eerbeek, Holland, July 1916.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX

page

Order Ostariophysi Sagemehl
(continued).

2. Suborder CYPRINOIDEA . i

I.Fam. HOMALOPTERIDAE . . 2

1. Gastromyzon Giinther . . 2

1. borneensis Gthr. . . 3

2. nieuwenhuisi (Popta) . 4

2. Glaniopsis Boulenger . . 5
i. hanitschi Blgr. ... 5

3. Homaloptera van Hasselt. 6

1. wassinki Blkr. ... 9

2. ocellata (C. V.) . . . 10 j

3. modiglianii Perugia . .11!

4. gymnogaster Blkr. . . 1 1 j

5. amphisquamata n. sp. . 12 I

6. heterolepis n. sp. . . 12 j

7. whiteheadi Vaillant . .13

8. lepidogaster n. sp. . .14

9. zollingeri Blkr. . . .14

10. ophiolepis Blkr. . . .15

11. orthogoniata Vaill. . .15

12. erythrorhina (C.V.) . . 17

13. pavonina (C.V.) . . . 18

14. tate regani Popta . .19

4. Parhomaloptera Vaillant . 20
i. microstoma (Blgr.) . . 20

2. Fam. COBITIDAE . . . .21
i.Botia Gray 22

1. macracanthus (Blkr.) . 23

2. hymenophysa (Blkr.) . 24
2.Acanthopsis Bleeker . . 24

page

i. choirorhynchus (Blkr.). 25
3. Eucirrhichthys Perugia

doriae Perugia.

i.pallens (Vaill.) .

2. macrochir (Blkr.).

3. hasselti (C. V.) .

26
27
27
28
29
29

5. Acanthophthalinus¥>\zzk.zr 30
i.pangia (Ham. Buch.) . 31
2.shelfordi Popta . . .32

3. lorentzi n. sp ..... 32

4. kuhli (C. V.) .... 33

5. borneensis Blgr. ... 34

6. vermicularis n. sp. . . 34

7. anguillaris Vaill. . . .35

6. Elxis Jordan & Fowler . 35
i. obesus (Vaill.) ... 36

7. Vaillantella Fowler. . .36

1. euepipterus (Vaill.). . 37

2. maassi M.Web & de Bfrt. 38

8. Nemachilus Bleeker . .38

1. longipectoralis Popta . 39

2. fasciatus (C. V.) ... 40

3. olivaceus Blgr. ... 41

Doubtful species:
i. Nemachilus notostigma
Blkr ....... 42

3. Fam. CYPRINIDAE .... 43

r. Subfam. Abramidinae .44

i. Nematabramis Boulenger 45

i. everetti Blgr. . . . .46

2.steindachneri Popta . 47

X

page

z.Laubuca Bleeker ... 47

1. Subgenus Laubuca Blee-

ker .... i, . . 48

i.laubuca (Ham. Buch.) 48

2. Subgenus Eustira Giinther 48
i. maassi (M. Web. & de

Bfrt.) ...... 49

3. Chela Hamilton Buchanan 50

1. oxygastroides (Blkr.) . 51

2. hypophthalrnus Blkr. . 52

3. oxygaster (C. V.) . . 52

4. MGcr0chiricktkysy&£$K.i 53
i. macrochirus (C. V.) . 54

5. Rasborichthys Bleeker . 55

i. altior Reg 55

2.helfrichi (Blkr.). . . 56

6. Par ac hela Steindachner. 57
i. breitensteini Steind. . 57

Subfam. Rasborinae. . 58

i. Rasbora Bleeker ... 58

1. argyrotaenia (Blkr.) . 61

2. vaillanti Popta ... 63

3. tawarensis n. sp. . . 63

4. leptosoma (Blkr.) . . 65

5. volzi Popta .... 66

6. trilineata Steind. . . 67

7. dorsiocellata Duncker. 68

8. rutteni n. sp 68

9. bankanensis (Blkr.) . 69

10. kalochroma (Blkr.) . . 70

11. einthoveni (Blkr.) . . 72
i2.cephalotaenia (Blkr.) . 74

13. jacobsoni n. sp. . . . 75

14. lateristriata (Blkr.)

forma typica ... 76

15. lateristriata var. suma-

trana (Blkr.) ... 77

1 6. lateristriata var. el egans

Volz 78

1 7. lateristriata var. trifas-

ciata Popta . . . . 78

18. pauciperforata n. sp. . 78

1 9. heteromorpha Duncker 79

20. semilineata n. sp. . . 80

page
21. reticulata M. Web. & de

Bfrt Si

2. Esomus Swainson ... 82
i. danrica (Ham. Buch.). 83

3. Danio Hamilton Buchanan 84

1. Subgenus Danio Ham.

Buch 85

2. Subgenus Brachydanio

subg. n 85

i . Danio (Brachydanio)

albolineata Blyth . 85

4. Luciosoma Bleeker. . . 85

1. trinema (Blkr.) ... 86

2. setigerum (C.V.) . . 87

3. spilopleura Blkr. . . 89
3. Subfam. Cyprininae . . 89

i.Lcptobarbus Bleeker . . 95
i.hoeveni (Blkr.) ... 96

2. melanopterus n. sp. . 97

3. melanotaenia Blgr. . . 97

4. hosii (Reg.) 98

z.Rohtcichthys Bleeker. . 99

1. microlepis (Blkr.) . .100

3. Cyprinus Cuvier . . . 101
i.carpio Linne. . . . 102
la carpio var. flavipinnis

C.V 102

4. Carassius Nilsson . . .102
i.auratns (L.) .... 103

5. Amblyrhynchichthys^QQ-

ker 104

i.truncatus (Blkr.) . .105

2. altus Vaill 106

6. Albulichthys Bleeker. . 106
i.albuloides (Blkr.) . . 107

7. Mystacoleucus Gunther . 107

1. marginatus (C.V.) . .108

2. padangensis (Blkr.). . no

8. Ctenopharyngodon Stein-

dachner 1 10

i.idellus (C.V.) . . . in

9. Dangila Cuvier £ Valen-

ciennes 112

i . ocellata (Heck.) . . .114

XI

page

2. fasciata Blkr. . . .114

3. cuvieri C. V 115

4. kuhlf.C.V. . . . .117

5. sumatrana Blkr. . .117

6. festiva (Heck.). . . .118

Doubtful species:
i. Dangila lipocheilus
(Kuhl & van Hasselt)
Blkr. (nee C. V.) . .118
\Q.Barynotus Giinther . .119
i.microlepis (Blkr.) . . 120

11. Thynnichthys Bleeker . 121

1. vaillanti n. sp. . . .122

2. thynnoides (Blkr.) . . 122

3. polylepis Blkr. . . .123

12. Osteochilus Giinther . .124

1. borneensis (Blkr.) . . 126

2. melanopleura (Blkr.) . 127

3. kelabau Popta . . .128

4. schlegeli (Blkr.). . .129

5. kahajanensis (Blkr.) . 130

6. repang Popta. . . .131

7. vittatus (C.V.) [Blkr.] . 131
70 triporus (Blkr.). . . 133
7# intermedius n. sp. . . 134
7^bellus Popta. . . . 134

8. brachynotopterus(Blkr.) 134

9. hasselti (C.V.) . . .135
10. waandersi (Blkr.) . .136
n.kappeni-(Blkr.) . . . 137

12. brevicauda n.sp. . . 138

13. spilurus (Blkr.) . . .139

14. harrisoni Fowl. . . .139

13. Cosmochihts Sauvage . . 141
i.falcifer Regan . . .142

14. Hampala Bleeker . . .143

1. macrolepidota (C.V.) . 143

2. ampalong (Blkr.) . . 145

3. bimaculata (Popta). . 146

15. Labcobarbus Riippell . . 147
i.soro (C.V.) .... 148

2. longipinnis n. sp. . . 149

3. tambroides Blkr. . .150

4. douronensis (C.V.). . 150

page
5. tambra (C.V.) . . . 152

16. Cyclocheilichthys Bleeker 153
i.heteronema (Blkr.). . 156
2. apogon (C.V.) . . .156
3.janthochir (Blkr) . . 157

4. enoplos (Blkr.) . . . 158

5. de Zvvaani (M. Web. &

de Bfrt.) .... 159

6. repasson (Blkr.). . .160
7.1ineatus (Popta). . . 162

8. deventeri (Blkr.) . . 162

9. armatus (C. V.) . . . 163

10. siaja Blkr 165

11. megalops Fowl. . . .166

17. Lissochilus n.g. . . .167
i.dukai (Day) . . . .168
2. sumatranus n. sp. . . 169

1 8. Puntius Hamilton Bu-

chanan 170

1. oligolepis (Blkr.) . . 173

2. aphya (Gthr ) . . .175

3. brevis (Blkr.). . . .176

4. belinka (Blkr.) . . .177
5_schwanefeldi (Blkr.) . 178
6. lateristriga (C.V.) . .179
7.everetti (Blgr.) . . . 180

8. hexazona (M. Web. &

de Bfrt.) . . . . 181

9. pentazona (Blgr.) . . 182
10. tetrazona (Blkr.). . . 183
u.fasciatus (Blkr.). . .184

12. tawarensis n.sp. . . 185

13. microps (Gthr.) . . .186

14. binotatus (C.V.). . .186
i5.platysoma (Blkr.) , . 189

16. anchisporus (Vaill.). . 190

17. sumatranus (Blkr.) . . 191

1 8. elongatus (Scale) . .191

19. strigatus (Blgr.). . . 192

20. huguenini (Blkr.) . . 193
2i.orphoides (C.V.) . .193

22. bramoides (C.V.) . . 195

23. collingwoodi (Gthr.) . 196

24. javanicus (Blkr.) . . 197

XII

page
25-sunieri n. sp 199

26. bulu (Blkr.) . . . . 199

27. waandersi (Blkr.) . . 200

28. nini n. sp 202

29. lawak (Blkr.). . . . 203

Doubtful species:

1 . Puntius amblyrhynchus

(Blkr.) 204

2. Puntius bunter (Blkr.) 204

3. Puntius carassioides

(Heckel) .... 204

4. Puntius vittatus (Day) 205

19. Balantiocheilus Bleeker . 205
i. melanopterus (Blkr.) . 206

20. Barbichthys Bleeker . .207
i.laevis (C.V.) . ... 208

2i.Labeo Cuvier 209

i.SubgenusMbru/iiis Bleeker 210

i. chrysophekadion(Blkr.)2io

2. Subgenus Labeo Cuv. s.str. 2 1 1

1. erythropterus (C.V.) . 212

2. molitorella (C.V.) . .213

3. rohitoides (Blkr.) . .214

4. pleurotaenia (Blkr.) . 215
22.Schismatorhynchus Blee-
ker 216

1. heterorhynchus (Blkr.) 218

23. Tylognathus Heckel p.p. 218
i.hispidus (C.V.) . . . 220

2. bo Popta 221

3. kajanensis Popta . .221
4.1ehat (Blkr.) .... 222
S.falcifer (C.V.) . . .222
6. schwanefeldi (Blkr.) . 223

Doubtful species:
i . Tylognathu s hasselti

(Blkr.) 224

24. Gyrinocheilus Vaillant . 224
i.pustulosus Vaill. . .225

25. Paracrossochilus Popta . 226
i. vittatus (Blgr.) . . .227

26.2)is<:0gnaf/iusHecbel. . 227

i. borneensis Vaill. . . 228

2f].Epalzeorhynchus Bleeker 229

page

i.kallopterus (Blkr.) . 230
28. Crossochilus (v. Hasselt)

Bleeker 231

i.oblongus (C.V.) . . 232
2.gnathopogon n.sp. . 233

3. cobitis (Blkr.) . . . 234

4. langei Blkr 234

Species of Cyprinoidea,
doubtful as to their systematic

position and habitat.
Pachystomus gobioformis Kner 235
Ellopostoma Vaillant . . .236
Ellopostoma megalomycter

(Vaill.) 237

Cirrhina breviceps C.V. . . 238
Opsariichthys temmincki

(Schleg.) 238

Appendix.

Aperioptus pictorius Richard-
son 238

Order APODES Linne. . . 240

1. Fam. ANGUILLIDAE . . . 242
i.Anguilla Shaw. . . .242

1. elphinstonei Sykes . . 244

2. mauritiana Benn. . . 245

3. celebesensis Kp. . . 247

4. malgumora Kp. . . . 248

5. spengeli M: Web. . . 249

6. australis Rich. . . . 249

2. Fam. CONGRIDAE. . . .251
i.Muraenesox Me Clelland 252

i.cinereus (Forsk.) . .253

2. talabon (Cantor) . .255

3. talabono'ides (Blkr.) . 256

2. Conger Cuvier . . . .257

1. cinereus Riipp. . . . 258

2. conger (L.) .... 259

3. Congrellus Ogilby. . .260

1. roosendaali n.sp. . .261

2. anago (Schl.) . . . 262

3. neoguinaicus (Blkr.) . 263

XIII

page

4. Urocoiiger Kaup . . .264
i.lepturus (Rich.) . . . 265
2.braueri nov. nomen . 266

5. Poeciloconger Giinther . 266
i.fasciatus Gthr. . . .267

3. Fam. NEENCHELIDAE. . . 268
\.Neenchelys Bamber . .268

i.buitendijki n. sp. . . 268

4. Fam. NETTASTOMIDAE . .269

1. Venefica Jordan & Davis 270
i. procera (Goode & Bean) 271

5. Fam. HETEROCONGRIDAE . 271
i.Heteroconger Bleeker . .272

i.polyzona Blkr. . . . 272

6. Fam. MYRIDAE .... 272
\.Paramyrus Giinther . .273

i. microchip (Blkr.) . .273

2. Muraenichthys Bleeker . 274
i.macropterus Blkr. . .275
2.gymnopterus(Blkr.) . 276

3. sibogae n. sp. . . . 276

4. gymnotus Blkr. . . .277
5.schultzei Blkr. . . .277

6. macrostomus Blkr.. . 278

7. huysmani (M. Web.) . 278

8. acutirostris n. sp. . .279

7. Fam. OPHICHTHYIDAE . . 280
\.Hemerorhinus n.g. . .281

i.heyningi (M. Web.). . 282
2. Myrichthys Girard. . .283
i.Subgenus Myrichthys

Girard (s. str.) . . . 283

i. maculosus (Cuv.) Rich. 284

2. Subgenus Chlevastes Jor-

dan & Snyder . . .285
i. colubrinus (Bodd.) . . 285

3. Callechelys Kaup . . .286

1. sibogae M. Web. . .288

2. marmoratus (Blkr.). . 288

page

3. melanotaenia Blkr.. . 289

4. filaria (Gthr.) . . . 290

4. Cirrhimuracna Kaup . 290

1. tapeinopterus Blkr. . 291

2. chinensis Kaup . . . 292

3. chilopogon (Blkr.) . . 293

5. Leiuranus Bleeker. . .293
i. semicinctus (Lay &

Benn.) 294

6. Pisoodonophis Kaup

(emend. Bleeker) . . 295

1. hypselopterus (Blkr.). 296

2. boro (Ham. Buch.) . 297

3. micropterus Blkr. . . 298

4. hoeveni (Blkr.) . . . 299

5. cancrivorus (Rich.). . 300

7. Ophichthys Ahl. . . . 300

1 . bonaparti (Kaup) . . 303

2. cephalozona (Blkr.) . 303

3. bernsteini (Blkr.) . . 304

4. apicalis (Benn.) . . . 305

5. singapurensis Blkr. . . 306

6. macrochir (Blkr.) . . 306

7. polyophthalmus Blkr. . 307

8. melanochir Blkr. . . 308

9. altipinnis (Kaup) . . 308

10. rhytidoderma (Blkr.) . 309

11. rhytidodermatoides

(Blkr.) 309

i2.1umbricoides (Blkr.). .310
13. macclellandi (Blkr.) . 311
14 celebicus (Blkr.) . .311
15. versicolor (Rich.) . .312

8. Brachysomophis Kaup . 313

1. Subgenus Brachysomophis

Kaup.

i.crocodilinus (Benn.) . 314
2. cirrhochilus (Blkr.). .315

2. Subgenus Ac hir Ophich-

thys Bleeker . . . .315
i.kampeni n. sp. . ' . .316

2.typus Blkr 317

y.Sphagebranchus Bloch .317
i. vulturis n. sp. . . .319

XIV

page

2. polyophthalmus(Blkr.) 320

3. orientalis (Me Clell.) . 321

4. klazingai M. Web. .321

5. mindora(Jord.&Rich.)322

6. macrodon Blkr. . . 323
y.bicolor (Kaup). . . 323

8. lumbricoides Blkr. . 324

9. misolensis (Gthr.) . . 324

10. kaupi Blkr 325

ii.moluccensis (Blkr.) .325
i2.gjellerupi n. sp. . . 326

8. Fam. NEMICHTHYIDAE . . 326
\.Cercomilus M.Weber . 327

i. flagellifer M. Web. . 328

2. Ncmichthys Richardson 328
i.scolopaceus Rich. . 330

3. Serrivomer Gill & Ryder 331
i. sector Garman. . .332

4. Avocettina Jordan &

Davis 333

i.infans (Gthr.) . . . 334

9. Fain. SYNAPHOBRANCHIDAE 334
\.Synaphobranchus John-
son 335

i.brevidorsalis Gthr. . 335

10. Fam. MORINGUIDAE. . . 336

i. Moringua Gray . . .337

1. bicolor Kaup . . . 338

2. microchir Blkr. . . 338
3.macrochir Blkr. . .339

4. floresiana n. sp. . . 340

5. macrocephala (Blkr.) 341

6. abbreviata (Blkr.). . 341

7. javanica (Kaup) . . 342

n.Fam. MURAENIDAE . . . 343

i. Echidna J. R. Forster . 344

1. zebra (Shaw) . . . 345

2. polyzona (Rich.) . . 346

3. xanthospiltis (Blkr.) . 348

4. nebulosa (Ahl). . . 348

page

5. rhodochilus Blkr. . . 350

6. delicatula (Kaup) . . 350

7. amblyodon (Blkr.). . 351

2. Rhinomuraena Garman. 352
i.ambonensis Barb. . .353

3. Thyrsoidea (Kaup p. p.)

Bleeker 354

i.macrurus (Blkr.) . . 355

4. Muraena Linne . . .356

1. Subgenus Muraena Linne

(s.str.) 357

i.pardalis Schleg. . . .357

2. Subgenus Strophidon Me

Clelland 359

i.brummeri Blkr.. . .359

3. Subgenus Gymnothorax

Bloch 360

i.picta Ahl 363

2. thyrsoidea Rich. . .365

3. schismatorhynchus

Blkr 366

4. meleagris Shaw . . .367

5. polyuranodon Blkr. . 369

6. tile (Ham. Buch.) . .370

7. punctatofasciata (Blkr.) 371

8. petelli Blkr 372

9. ruppelli Me Clell. . . 372

10. flavimarginata Riipp. . 374

11. melanospilus Blkr.. . 375

12. undulata (Lac.). . . 376

13. favaginea Bl. Schn. . . 378

14. chilospilus (Blkr.) . . 379

15. zonipectis (Scale) . .381

1 6. margaritophora Blkr. . 382
i7.richardsoni Blkr. . . 383

1 8. pseudothyrsoidea Blkr. 384

19. hepatica (Riipp.) . .385

20. boschi (Blkr.) ... 386

Doubtful species:
i. Muraena (Gymnothorax)
micropoecilus (Blkr.) 387

4. Subgenus Priodonophis

Kaup 387

i. reticularis Bloch. . . 388

XV

page

2. angusticauda n. sp.. . 389

3, moluccensis (Blkr.) . 390
5. Subgenus Erie hdy nassa

Kaup 390

i.canina (Q. G.) . . . 390

5. Gymnomuraena Lacepede 392

i.tigrina (Less.) . . . 393

2. concolor (Riipp.) . . 395

3. macrocephalus Blkr. . 396

4. marmorata Lac. . . 397

LARVAL STAGES OF APODES :

LEPTOCEPHALI . . . 398

Lcptocephali possibly belonging

to Angnilla.
£. Leptocephalus indicus

M. Web 399

2. Leptocephalus peterseni

M. Web 400

Leptocephalus possibly belon-
ging to Muraenesox.
i. Leptocephalus schmidti
M. Web 401

Lcptocephali) the adult stage

of which is unknown.
i. Leptocephalus hjorti M.Web. 402

2. Leptocephalus taenia Less. 404

3. Leptocephalus mirabilis Br. 406

Leptocephali from the indo-

australian Archipelago, which

are insufficiently known.

1. Leptocephalus dentex Can-

tor 408

2. Helmichthys oculus Peters 408

3. Leptocephalus ceramensis

Blkr 408

4. Leptocephalus taenioides

Blkr 408

5. Leptocephalus hypselosoma

(Blkr.). 408

6. Leptocephalus javanicus

Stromman 409

Order SYNBRANCHOIDEA 41 1

i. Fam. SYNERANCHIDAE . .411

\.Monopterus Lacepede .412

i.albus (Zuiew) . . . 413

2. Macrotrema Regan . .414
i.caligans (Cant.). . . 415

3. Synbranchus Bloch . .415
i. bengalensis Me Clell. .416

1,

2. Suborder Cyprinoidea.

(Eventognathi Gill).

Skin with cycloid scales, exceptionally naked. Parietals not
united with supraoccipital, distinct from each other by median
suture or by a fontanel. Mouth more or less protractile, toothless.
Maxillaries generally excluded by the intermaxillaries from
the border of the mouth. Barbels present or absent. The
maxillary barbel not supported by the maxillary as in Silu-
roidea. No adipose fin. Symplectic and opercular bones all
present. Inferior pharyngeal bones falciform, parallel with the
branchial arches, armed with mostly large and specialized teeth.
Branchiostegals 3. Pseudobranchiae nearly always present.
Anterior vertebrae more or less distinct. Ribs mostly sessile.
No parapophyses in the thoracic region. Rays of fins articulated,
the segments of the second and third dorsal ray may coossify
and form a spine consisting of two coossified halves. None
of the pectoral rays are ossified. Lateral line nearly always
present and complete.

Key to the indo-au stralian families of the
suborder of Cyprinoidea.

1. Pectoral and ventral fins horizontally inserted, the
former generally with several of their outer and some-
times of their inner rays simple. No movable spine

before or below eye. At least 6 barbels Homalopteridae p. 2.

2. Pectoral and ventral fins not horizontally inserted!, * ^ ; • >
only one of their outer rays simple.

a. A simple or bifid movable spine may be present -. \ > ;..' *;-*•

before or below eye, which has a free orbital margin
or is covered by skin. Mouth inferior, with 6, 8 or

more barbels Cobitidae p. 21.

b. No movable prae- or subocular spine; eye with a
free orbital margin ; mouth anterior or inferior
with never more than 4 barbels Cyprinidae p. 43.

INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES III. i

I. Fam. HOMALOPTERIDAE.

Head and anterior part of body depressed, lower surface
flattish. Pectorals and ventrals horizontally inserted, generally
several of their outer and sometimes of their inner rays simple.
No movable spine before or below eye. Dorsal and anal fins
short, the former opposite to ventrals. Mouth inferior, its upper
border formed by intermaxillaries only. At least three pairs
of barbels, which may be nasal, rostral or maxillary barbels.
Scales small, cycloid. Lateral line present. Gillopenings narrow.
Gillmembranes united with isthmus. No pseudobranchiae.
Pharyngeal teeth in a single series, eight to numerous in number.
Airbladder reduced, divided into two lateral portions, each
enclosed in a bony capsule.

Distribution: Southern Asia, in fresh water.

Key to the indo-australian genera.

1. Ventrals with 18 — 21 rays, united to form a sucto-
rial disk Gastromyzon p. 2.

2. Ventrals separated, with 8 — n rays.

a. Five pairs of barbels, one nasal pair Glaniopsis p. 5.

b. Three to four pairs of barbels, no nasal ones.

a. Three pairs of barbels, two of which in front

of snout Homaloptera p. 6.

/3. Four pairs of barbels, three pairs of which in

a horse-shoe shaped groove before mouth. . . Parhomaloptera p. 20.

i. Gastromyzon Gunther.

(GiJNTHER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) XIV. 1874, p. 454).

(Lcpidoglanis Vaillant, Neogastromyzon Popta).

; Head and anterior part of body ventrally flattened. Head
and snout b'road, rounded, eye superior, with a free orbital
aia'fgin.. Anterior and -posterior nostrils separated by a cutaneous
flap. Mouth inferior, transverse, slightly curved; at its corner
a more or less rudimentary barbel, 4 others before the mouth.
Pectorals with a long base beginning vertically below eye;
ventrals with a long curved base, united posteriorly; between
base of pectorals and ventrals a lateral extension of the abdo-
minal skin (Fig. la). By this arrangement the whole flattened
abdominal surface, together with the fins and the flattened

lower surface of the head forms an enormous suctorial disc.
Ventrals with 18—21 rays. Dorsal and anal short. Scaly with

Fig. i Upper, lateral and ventral view of Gastromyzon borneensis Gthr. X 2-
a. lateral extension of the abdominal skin.

exception of head and lower surface. Branchial openings small,
above base of pectorals.

Distribution: Borneo, in mountain streams.

Key to the species.

1. Breadth of body 3.2 in length. Ventrals reaching anal. G. borneensis p. 3.

2. Breadth of body 5 in length. Ventrals far remote

from anal . . G. nieuwenhuisi p. 4.

i. Gastromyzon borneensis Gthr. [Fig. i],

Gastromyzon borneensis Giinther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) XIV. 1874, p. 454.
Lepidoglanis monticola Vaillant, Compt. rend. Congres intern. Zool. 1889, p. 81.
Gastromyzon monticola Vaillant, Compt. rend, sommaires Soc. Philom. de Paris

n». 2, 9 Nov. 1891. — Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (3) V. 1893, p. 94.
Gastromyzon borneensis Steindachner, Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. XXV. 1901 , p. 455.

4

Gastromyzon borneensis Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil. (2) LVII. 1905, p. 477.
Gastromyzon borneensis Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXVII. 1906, p. 187.

19
D. 3.8; A. 1.6; P. 26— 28; V. 20— 21; L. 1. circa 65; L. tr. _i_.

12

Height 5. 5 or more, about 7 in length with caudal. Breadth
of body 3. 2 in length, 4 in length with caudal. Head 3!/2,
43/4 to more than 5 in length with caudal. Eye 5. 5 — 8, 2. 5 — 4
in interorbital space, according to size; situated in the third fourth
of the length of the head. Mouthopening very slightly curved,
2/3 of the greatest breadth of the head. Upper lip concealed
by rounded frontborder of head, consisting anteriorly of three
oval portions, a larger median and two lateral ones; at the
outer corner of lastnamed a small barbel, an equally small
barbel on each side between the median and lateral one; they
are shorter than the eye. A smaller one on a fold at the corner
of the mouth, which is continued in the fringed lower lip.
Origin of dorsal nearer to root of caudal than to snout. The
anal reaches, when depressed, on caudal. Innermost rays of
ventrals reaching anal. Caudal about equal to head, obliquely
truncated. More or less dark brown, lower surface whitish. Head
and back may be uniform or have small brown spots, which
may form an irregular network. There may be narrow, yellowish
white, more or less regular, transverse lines on the hinderpart
of the body. Upper surface of pectorals and ventrals as also
the other fins with more or less distinct brown spots or bands.
Length over 100 mm.

Nomen indig. : Dekot ok (Bongan), Tapat (Howong), Leket
or Ketipit (Kajan), Dehat (Mahakam).

Habitat: Borneo (Upper Kapuas, Bongan, Upper Mahakam
with its affluents Bo, Bluu, Howong!, Kajan, source of the
Mingalong, Kadamaian river on Kina Balu, Mount Dulit).

Living in mountain torrents. According to Giinther, they
dart rapidly across the swiftest currents from one stone to
another, and stick like limpets to the stones, along which
they crawl slowly like a molluscous animal.

2. Gastromyzon nieuwenhuisi (Popta).

Neogastromyzon Nieuwenktiisii Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXV. 1905, p. 181.
- ibid. XXVII. 1906, p. 192.

21

D. 2.7; A. 2.5; P. 1.24; V. 18; L. 1. 90; L. tr. T.

10

5

Height 5, equal to breadth, 6. 3 in length with caudal.
Head 4. S\S- 7 m length with caudal. Eye 6. 4, 3 times in inter-
orbital space, situated in the third fourth of the head. Mouth-
opening curved, 2/3 of the greatest breadth of the head. Upper
lip concealed below the frontborder of the snout. Before the
cleft of the mouth 4 subequal barbels, about half the diameter
of the eye. Between the two middle ones three great papils.
At the corner of the mouth a triangular fleshy fold, with a
rudiment of a barbel, looking like a great papil. Lower lip
with 9 great papils, situated in a curved line. Origin of dorsal
behind middle of length. Anal, when depressed, nearly reaches
the caudal, its origin far remote from end of ventrals. Caudal
slightly emarginate, lobes pointed, the lower the longer, longer
than head. Yellowish, head olivaceous, marmorated, upperside
otherwise with numerous irregular, transverse, brown bands.
Fins yellowish, caudal with irregular brown transverse bands.
Anterior rays of ventrals and pectorals olivaceous. Length of
single specimen known 63 mm. [Type of the species in the
Leyden Museum seen by us].

Nomen in dig. : Sekelut.

Habitat: Borneo, river Howong!

2. Glaniopsis Boulenger.

(BOULENGER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) IV. 1899, p. 228).

Head and anterior part of body depressed ; snout scarcely
projecting beyond the mouth, which is moderately large. Eyes
nearly superior, whithout free orbital margin. Five pairs of
barbels - - two in front of the snout, two at the angle of the
mouth, and one between the two nasal openings. Mouth as in
Homaloptera\ gillopenings narrow. Body covered with small
scales, head naked ; lateral line present. Dorsal fin short, further
back than base of ventrals; anal short; pectoral and ventral
fins horizontal, manyrayed, the outer rays simple.

Distribution: The single species is only known from Borneo.

i. Glaniopsis hanitschi Blgr.

Glaniopsis Hanitschi Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) IV. 1899, p. 228.

D. 2. 6; A. 2. 5; P. I. 12; V. 2. 7.

Depth of body 6Y2 times in total length, length of head
5 to 5 '/2 times. Head scarcely longer than broad ; snout rounded ;

6

eye in the middle of the length of the head, its diameter 5
times in length of head, 2]/2 in interorbital width; barbels
subequal in length, twice as long as diameter of eye. Dorsal
commencing a little behind base of ventrals, situated at equal
distance from the end of the snout and the end of the caudal.
Pectorals as long as head, terminating at a considerable distance
from the ventrals. Caudal as long as head, scarcely emarginate.
Caudal peduncle as long as deep. Scales extremely small,

Fig. 2. Glaniopsis hanitschi Blgr., nat. size.
(After R. Hanitsch. Roy. Asiat. Soc., Straits Branch. XXXIV. 1900, pi. II).

smooth; lat. line 120 — 125. Yellowish brown above, with trans-
verse dark brown spots or interrupted cross-bands ; head dark
olive-brown above ; lower parts whitish ; dorsal and caudal
greyish, the latter blackish at the base; pectorals greyish
olive above, white beneath; ventrals and anal white; a black
spot at base of ventrals. Total length 93 mm. [The type of
the species in the British Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Mount Kina Balu, in the Kadamaian River, at
an altitude of 2100 feet.

A female contains ripe ova of large size, 2 mm. in diameter.

3. Homaloptera van Hasselt.

(VAN HASSELT, Algem. Konst- en Letterbode 1823, II. p. 130).

Head and anterior part of body depressed. Snout rounded,
depressed. Eyes high, nearly superior, with a free orbital margin.
Anterior and posterior nostrils separated by a membrane.

Mouth inferior, its cleft small, curved, its frontborder with a
thick lip, continued round its corners. Jaws with a hard, blunt
cutting-edge. Two pairs of barbels in front of snout and one
at each angle of the mouth. Dorsal and anal short, the former
opposite to ventrals, which are horizontal even as the pectorals,
the outer rays of which are simple. Ventrals with 8 — 12 rays.
Caudal more or less emarginate or deeply forked. Scales small,

Fig. 3. Homaloptera erythrorhina (C. V.) X 9/io-

wanting in smaller or greater extent on abdomen. Lateral
line present. Gillopenings narrow, above and before base of
pectorals. Gillmembranes united with isthmus. No pseudo-
branchiae.

Distribution: Fresh water, especially mountain streams
of indo-australian Archipelago (Sumatra, Java, Borneo) and
south eastern part of continental Asia.

Artificial key to the indo-australian species
of Homaloptera.

I. Origin of dorsal behind origin of ventrals (Homa-
lopter aides Fowler).

1. Lateral line 43 — 47.

a. Dorsal nearer to caudal than to snout. Cau-
dal deeply emarginate H. wassinki p. 9.

b. Dorsal in middle between caudal and snout.

Caudal slightly emarginate H. ocellata p. 10.

2. Lateral line 60 or more.

a. Lower surface partly scaly.

8

1. L. 1. 60; eye 4 times in head, thrice
in interorbital space, barbels twice as

long as eye H. modiglianii ') p. n.

2. L. 1. 63 — 73; eye 6 times or less in
head, more or less than twice in inter-
orbital space 5 barbels slightly longer or
slightly shorter than eye; origin of dorsal
before middle of length.

ex,. Origin of A. much nearer to base of

C. than to that of V. Ventral surface

scaly only between and behind ventrals.

a'. 30 scales between dorsal and oc-
ciput H. gymnogaster p. II.

/3'. 50 scales between dorsal and oc-
ciput H. amphisquamata p. 12.

/3. Origin of A. in the middle between

base of C. and that of V. Ventral

surface scaly only behind ventials. . H. heterolepis p. 12.

3. L. 1. 74; eye 5'/2 times in head, more
than twice in interorbital space, outer
barbels scarcely visible, inner ones equal
to eye, origin of D. behind middle of

length H. whiteheadi p. 13.

b. Abdomen totally scaly H. lepidogaster p. 14.

II. Origin of dorsal before origin of ventrals. (Ho-
maloptera s. str.).

1. L. 1. 45—48.

a. Height 8 — S1/^- Scales on upper surface

with a single strong keel H. zollingeri p. 14.

bt Height ioj/4 — n'/a- Scales on upper sur-
face with a single keel, the anterior ones
with 2 or 4 short keels besides H. ophiolepis p. 15.

2. L. 1. 63 to about 70.

a. Ventral surface, except between pectorals,

totally scaly H. orthogoniata p. 15.

b. Ventral surface scaly between anus and anal
and on a triangular patch before ventrals,
otherwise naked.

«. Height less than 7. Longest rays of

pectorals shorter than head H. erythrorhina p. 17.

i) We are not sure that H. modiglianii belongs to this group, as the diagnosis
of Perugia of this species gives no information about the absence or presence
of scales on the abdomen.

/3. Height more than 7. Longest rays of

pectorals longer than head H. pavonina p. 18.

c. Ventral surface totally naked H. tate regani p. 19.

I. Homaloptera wassinki Blkr.

Homaloptera fasciata van Hasselt, Algem. Konst- en Letterbode 1823, II. p.

130 (no description).

Homaloptera wassinkii Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IV. 1853, p. 163.
Homaloptera fasciata Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 96. —

Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 20.

Homaloptera wassinkii Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 342.
? Homaloptera (Helgia] modesta Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) VIII.

1894, p. 251.

Homaloptera wassinkii Vaillant, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. 1902, p. 31.
? Homalopteroides wassinkii Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. (2) LVII.

1905, p. 476.
Helgia modesta Popta, Notes Leyden Museum XXVII. 1906, p. 186. (nee Vin-

ciguerra) !).

D. 3. 7; A. 2. 5; P. 6. 10. i ; V. 2. 6. i ; L. 1. ca 47, per-

6V,

forated scales 43 — 45 ; L. tr. i (to base of ventrals).

Height 5. 7, about 7 in length with caudal. Head 4. 3,
about 5 — 5J/2 in length with caudal, its breadth about 5/G of
its length. Eye 4. 5 — 6, about thrice in snout, somewhat less
than twice in the interorbital space. Lips somewhat swollen,
not fringed; barbels minute, subequal, shorter than eye. Origin
of dorsal behind middle of snout and root of caudal, corres-
ponding to about the 2igt lateral scale and opposite to inner
ray of ventrals, separated by 23 rows of scales from the head.
Origin of anal below the 34^ lateral scale, somewhat nearer
to end of ventrals than to base of caudal. Ventrals opposite
to 1 7 th perforated scale, not reaching anus, slightly shorter
than head. Pectorals reaching ventrals, more than one eye
diameter longer than head. Caudal equal to head, deeply emar-
ginate, lobes pointed, the lower the longer. Scaly, with exception

i) Through the kindness of Dr. R. GESTRO, Director of the Museo Civico
di Geneva, we had the opportunity to study 2 specimens of Helgia modesta
Vinciguerra from Burma. They are closely allied to Homaloptera wassinki Blkr.
but distinguished at once from this species by the lower number of pectoral
rays which is 6.8 and by the slightly emarginate caudal. Miss C. POPTA, Ph. D.
has called a specimen from river Mahakam, Borneo, Helgia modesta. It seems
us more probable, that it belongs to Homaloptera wassinki Blkr. She gives the
number 5.11 for the pectoral rays (one of us has counted 6.11), and gives
besides other small differences from Helgia modesta.

10

of the abdomen, which is naked anteriorly from a point
somewhat in advance of ventrals. Eighteen scales round caudal
peduncle. Eight pharyngeal teeth. Yellowish, back darker, 5
or 6, more or less conspicuous dark crossbands on the back.
Fins with 2 or 3 dark transverse bands. Length about 65 mm.

Nomen indig. : Salusur (Sundan.).

Habitat: Sumatra (Lahat) ; Java (Bantam [British Museum],
Tjampea, Buitenzorg!, Kediri); Borneo (river Kapuas, river
Mahakam, Sarawak).

2. Homaloptera ocellata (C. V.).

Balitora ocellata Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons. XVIII. 1846, p. 96.
Homaloptera Valenciennesi Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860,
p. 95. — All. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 19.

D. 9; A. 6; P. 17; V. 9; L. 1. 47; perforated scales 42.

Height 7. 6, 9 in length with caudal. Head 4. 8, 5.8 in
length with caudal; its breadth 7/lo of its length. Eye 3.5,
twice in snout and I. I in interorbital space. Origin of dorsal
in the middle between end of snout and caudal, behind that
of ventrals, opposite to 19* perforated scale of lateral line,
separated by 21 rows of scales from head. Origin of anal oppo-
site to 3ist perforated scale of lateral line. Origin of ventrals
opposite to i ^th perforated scale of lateral line. Pectorals slightly
longer than head, reaching ventrals. Caudal equal to head,
slightly emarginate, not deeply forked. Scaly, naked only be-
tween the pectorals (according to Cuvier & Valenciennes: ,,la
peau du dessous de la gorge et du ventre est nue et sans
ecailles"). Eighteen scales round the caudal peduncle. Colour
of the alcohol specimen rufous, with 5 black round blotches
on the back of the tail. Length of single known specimen 73 mm.

Habitat: Java (Buitenzorg).

Note: As the description of CUVIER & VALENCIENNES was
so insufficient that we at first thought that it was identical
with Homaloptera erythrorina (C.V.), we asked Dr. J. PELLEGRIN
to inform us about the type in the Paris Museum. He was
so kind to give us ample information about the principal
characters of the specimen of CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, which
enabled us to give the above description. It shows that it is
nearest to H. wassinki, but differs from it by minor height,
larger eyes, by the position of the dorsal and by the caudal
which is only slightly emarginate.

II

In the single specimen described by Miss POPTA Ph. Dr.
(see note pn page 9) from Borneo, we find the height and the
caudal as in H. wassinki, but the eye and the position of
the dorsal is as in H. ocellata. As also H. ocellata is founded
on a single specimen, we think it possible, that H. ocellata
and H. wassinki belong to one and the same species.

3. Homaloptera modiglianii Perugia.

Homaloptera modiglianii Perugia, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (XXXIII) (2) XIII.
1893, p. 245.

D. 9; A. 9; L. 1. 60.

Head broad, its profile arcuate, snout much longer than
postocular part of head. Lips not fringed. Barbels short, thick
and twice the diameter of the eye. Eye small, situated in the
posterior part of the head, its diameter is '/3 of the interorbital
space, and !/4 of the length of the head and }J2 the length of
the snout. Head J/4 of total length. Origin of the dorsal oppo-
site to the last internal ray of the ventrals. Pectorals as long
as head, nearly reaching ventrals. Caudal slightly emarginate,
its lobes quite equal. Colour in alcohol yellowish, marmorated
with brown. A black band at the base of the caudal. Fins
yellowish, immaculate. [After Perugia, not seen by us].

Habitat: Sumatra (Si Rambe).

4. Homaloptera gymnogaster Blkr.

Homaloptera gymnogaster Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. IV. 1853, p. 163. —
Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1 860, p. 98. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 20.
Homaloptera gymnogaster Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1 868, p. 341.

D. 2.7 — 8; A. 2.6; P. 5.9 (io).i; V. 2.7; L. 1. circa 70.

Height 8]/2 in total length. Head 6 in total length, its
breadth about i!/3 in its length. Eye 6 — &\v less than twice
in the interorbital space, situated for its greater part in the
hinder half of the head. Snout obtuse, as long as the remaining
portion of the head. Barbels subequal, slightly shorter than
eye. Lips not fringed. Origin of dorsal slightly behind origin
of ventrals, separated by 30 scales from the occiput. Dorsal
acute, slightly emarginate, higher than body, shorter than high.
Anal acute, its height equal to that of body. Ventrals not
reaching anal, subequal to pectorals, which do not reach ven-
trals. Caudal emarginate, its lobes acute, the inferior slightly
the longer, 5 times in length. Ventral surface scaleless, scales only
present between ventrals and in a triangular patch before them.

12

About 8 pharyngeal teeth. Colour brownish or yellowish green
above, lighter inferior. Middle of caudal with a brownish
transverse band. Length of the single specimen known 75 mm.
[Type of the species in the British Museum seen by us].
Habitat: Sumatra (Lake Manindjau !).

5. Homaloptera amphisquamata n. sp.

D. 3.7; A. 3.5; P. 6.9 (io).i; V. 2 (3).6.i; L. 1.70—73;

12—13

L. tr. ca i (to base of ventrals).
8—9

Height about 7.2 — 7.7; 8.5 — 9 in length with caudal. Head
4.7 — 4.8; 5.5 — 5.6 in length with caudal, its breadth about
4/5 of its length. Eye less than 5, much less than twice in
interorbital space and nearly twice in snout. Barbels subequal,
the outer ones, which are the longest, about as long as eye.
Origin of dorsal behind origin of ventrals, much nearer to snout
than to base of caudal, corresponding to 28th perforated scale
of lateral line, separated by about 50 or more scales from
occiput. Dorsal truncate, its height about equal to that of body.
Origin of anal much nearer to base of caudal than to base
of ventrals, situated below the 55th to 58th perforated scale of
lateral line. Ventrals far distant from anus. Longest rays of
ventrals and pectorals nearly equal, much shorter than head.
Pectorals not reaching ventrals. Caudal nearly truncate, some-
what shorter than head. Scales on the upper anterior part of trunk
much smaller than the posterior ones. Scales on ventral surface
only present between and behind ventrals. Greyish brown, with
8 or less irregular blackish transverse bands on the back, much
broader than the interspaces. A blackish band on the base of
the caudal, and a very broad submarginal one ; dorsal with a
dark longitudinal band. Length 70 mm. [Type of the species
in the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam].

Habitat: Sumatra (Lau Borus, discharching river of Lake
Kawar (Laut Kawar) Karo-tableland Deli!), 58 examples col-
lected by Dr. L. PH. DE BUSSY.

6. Homaloptera heterolepis n. sp.
D. 2.7; A. 2.5; P. 4 (5).8 (9).i; V. 2.7—8; L.I. 63— 70;

12

L. tr. circa T (to base of ventrals).

10

Height 6.4 — 6.7, 7.6 — 7.9 in total length with caudal. Head

4.7 — 4-9> 5-6 — 5-8 in length with caudal, its breadth about
5/7 of its length. Eye about 5, twice in interorbital space,
more than twice in the snout. Barbels subequal, slightly longer
than eye. Origin of dorsal behind origin of ventrals, much
nearer to snout than to base of caudal, corresponding to the
28th perforated scale of lateral line, separated by more than
50 scales from the occiput. Dorsal truncate, its height about
equal to that of body. Origin of anal about in the middle
between base of caudal and end of base of ventrals, below
the 46th to 5 2nd perforated scale of lateral line. Ventrals not
reaching anus, about equal to pectorals. Pectorals much shorter
than head, not reaching ventrals. Caudal nearly truncate, about
equal to head. Scales on the upper anterior part of trunk
much smaller than the posterior ones. Scales on abdomen only
behind ventrals. About 12 pharyngeal teeth. Greyish with
irregular series of black spots on the back, which are more
or less confluent on the sides. Lower surface uniform. Irregular
transverse series of spots on fins. Length 80 mm. [Type of
the species in the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam].

Nomen in dig. : Ikan ili.

Habitat: Sumatra (Atchin, Lake Tawar !) ; 5 examples
collected by Mr. v. D. WERFF.

7. Homaloptera whiteheadi Vaillant.

Homaloptera Whiteheadi Vaillant, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (3) V. 1893, p. 92.

12

D. 1.8; A. 1.5; P. 1. 21; V. 8; L. 1.74; L. tr. T.

ii

Height about 8, more than 10 in length with caudal. Head
almost 5, a little more than 6 in length with caudal. Eye more
than 51/2> situated in the third fifth of the head, 2*/3 in inter-
orbital space. Lips not fringed. Barbels feebly developed,
decreasing in size from inner to outer ones, which are scarcely
visible ; the inner ones being about equal to the eye. Origin
of dorsal slightly behind middle of | length, slightly behind
origin of ventrals. Anal placed far back; laid back it reaches
base of caudal. Pectorals not reaching ventrals. Caudal 'nearly
truncate, longer than head. Abdomen scaly only in its posterior
third. Colour of alcohol specimens light, with brown marmo-
rations. A narrow brown band along the lateral line. Length
52 mm. [After Vaillant, not seen by us].

Habitat: Borneo (Mount Kina Balu).

14

8. Homaloptera lepidogaster n. sp.

D. 3.7; A. 2.5; P. 6.8 (9). i; V. 2.6.1; L. 1. 61—63.

Height 6.2, 7.5 in length with caudal. Head 4.1, 5 in
length with caudal, its breadth about 5/G of its length. Eye 6,
situated immediately behind middle of head, about twice in
the interorbital space. Upper lip and exterior half of lower
lip swollen. Barbels subequal, about equal to eye. Origin of
dorsal opposite to about the 25th or 26th perforated scale, some-
what before middle between snout and base of caudal, oppo-
site to base of inner ray of ventrals, separated by about 40
scales from the occiput. Height of dorsal nearly equal to height
of body, that of the anal slightly less. Origin of anal in the
middle between root of caudal and origin of inner ventral ray.
Ventrals not reaching anus, nearly equal to head. Pectorals
reaching ventrals or nearly so, their longest rays equal to head.
Caudal probably slightly emarginate, nearly equal to head.
Posterior half of abdomen and space between ventrals totally
scaly. Dark brown, back with 4 — 5 darker patches, one at the
origin of dorsal, the others behind dorsal; a blackish band at
base of caudal; dorsal and caudal with an irregular, broad
blackish band. Length 60 mm. [Type of the species in the
Zoological Museum of Amsterdam].

Habitat: Sumatra (Matur, Padangsche Bovenlanden !), col-
lected by Mr. EDW. JACOBSON.

9. Homaloptera zollingeri Bleeker.

Homaloptera Zollingeri Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IV. 1853, p. 159.
Homaloptera javanica Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 89. —

Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 17.
Homaloptera zollingeri Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 342.

D. 2.8—9; A- 2.5—6; P. 4.9 (IO).I; V. 2.8; L. 1. ± 45.

Height 8— 8J/2 in length with caudal. Head 6— 6!/3 in
length with caudal, its breadth more than I to i1^ in its
length. Eyes 4!/2 — 5 l\v • situated for the greater part in the
posterior half of the head, less than twice their diameter apart.
Barbels subequal, shorter, than eye. Origin of dorsal slightly
before origin of ventrals, separated by 1 5 scales from the occiput.
Dorsal acute, not emarginate, higher than body. Anal acute
or obtuse, equal to height of body or slightly lower. Ventrals
not reaching anal, shorter than pectorals. Pectorals not reaching
ventrals. Caudal rather deeply emarginate, the lobes acute,
the inferior the longer, 43/4 to more than 5 in the length.

15

Abdomen scaly, with exception of the space between the
pectorals. Scales of the belly smaller than the others and not
provided as- those with a strong keel. About 10 pharyngeal
teeth. Colour brownish above, lighter below, with about 6
obscure crossbands. Caudal brown, its upper lobe with two or
three oblique bands. Length 100 mm. [After Bleeker and
Giinther. Not seen by us).

Nomen in dig. : Salusur (Sundan.).

Habitat: Java (Batavia, Bandung); Sumatra (Lahat); Siam
(British Museum).

10. Homaloptera ophiolepis Blkr.

Homaloptera ophiolepis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IV. 1853, p. 160. -

Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini. 1860, p. 90. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 18.
Homaloptera ophiolepis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 342.

D. 3.8—9; A. 2.5— 6; P. 4—5.9—11.1; V. 2.8; L. 1.45— 48.

Height lO1^ — n'/j in total length. Head 6 — 7 in length
with caudal, its breadth i1^— 1]/2 in its length. Eyes 4^3 — 5!/2>
situated in the beginning of the posterior half of the head,
less than twice their diameter apart. Barbels subequal, equal
to eye or slightly longer. Origin of dorsal slightly before that
of ventrals, separated by about 15 scales from the occiput.
Dorsal acute, not or slightly emarginate, much higher than body.
Anal acute, not or slightly emarginate, not or only slightly higher
than body. Ventrals somewhat shorter than pectorals, not
reaching anal. Pectorals not reaching ventrals. Caudal deeply
emarginate, lobes acute, the lower the longer, 4T/2 — 5 in length.
Abdomen scaly, excepting the space between the pectorals.
Scales of belly smaller than the others, which are provided with
a very strong median keel, those of the anterior part of the body
with 2 or 4 short keels besides. Brownish above, lighter below.
Seven large round brown spots on the back, 4 of which behind
the dorsal. Sides with large brown roundish unequal spots.
Fins with brown crossbands. Length 124 mm. [Specimens of
Bleeker's collection seen by us in the Leyden Museum].

Nom. indig. : Salusur (Sundan.).

Habitat: Java (Parongkalong, Bandung); Sumatra (Lahat) ;
Borneo (Mahakam river).

ii. Homaloptera orthogoniata Vaill.

Homaloptera bilineata Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) XIII. 1894, p. 251.

(nee Blyth).
Homaloptera orthogoniata Vaillant, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. 1902, p. 122.

Jfoma/opteraort/wgoniata¥ovfler,Proc.A.c&d.Na.t.Sci. Philad.(2)LVII. 1905, p. 475.
Homaloptera orthogoniata Topta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXVII. 1906, p. 181.

D. 2—3.8—9; A. 2— 3.5— 6; P. 5.10.1; V. 2.8; L. 1. 63—67;

10

L. tr. T.
ii

Height about 5, 6.7 in length with caudal. Head 4.5 — 5,
5.7 in length with caudal, its breadth iJ/4 in its length. Eye
10, situated in the fourth fifth of the head and 4 times in inter-
orbital space. Lips thick and fleshy, lower lip formed into

9 Fig. 4. Homaloptera orthogoniata Vaill. (After Vaillant).

three thick fleshy folds. Barbels equal, robust, short. Origin
of dorsal before middle of length, a little before origin of ven-
trals. Dorsal truncate, its height about equal to that of the

body. Anal inserted about midway between origin of ventrals
and base of caudal. Ventrals reaching or surpassing anus.
Pectorals far distant from ventrals. Caudal slightly emarginate,
lobes subequal. Scales with a median rather strong keel, some-
times with one or two pairs more of weaker ones. Space
between pectorals naked, ventral surface otherwise covered
with very small scales. Fifteen pharyngeal teeth. Colour in
alcohol brown, clouded with large distinct irregular dorsal blot-
ches or areas of deep brown, a large one between dorsal and
ventrals. Ventral surface a little paler brown than upper surface.
A brown streak from tip of snout to eye, and continued
behind it up to occiput, an other streak downward across
side of head. These streaks all with narrow pale brownish
margins. Dorsal and anal brownish- white clouded with dull
blackish or blackish-brown. Anal similar, also pectorals and ven-
trals, though all these fins have more white and the dark colours
more diffuse. Length 125 mm. [Type of the species in the
Leyden Museum seen by us].

Nomen indig. : Ketapang (Bongan), Tesiot (Howong),
Fidjan (Bluu).

Habitat: Borneo (rivers Raun and Bongan, system of
Upper Kapuas, rivers Bluu and Howoag, system of Mahakam
river, Baram river !).

Note: We have seen the specimens in the British Museum
described by BoULENGER as Homaloptera belineata Blyth. They
belong, after our opinion, also on account of their striking
colour, not to H. bilineata Blyth from continental Asia but to
the present species.

12. Homaloptera erythrorhina (C. V.) [Fig. 3, p. 7].

Homaloptera ocellata van der Hoeven, Handboek Dierkunde, I. ed. vol. II.

p. 211 (no description).

Balitora erythrorhina Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVIII. 1 846, p. 93.
Homaloptera salusur Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IV. 1853, p. 161.
Homaloptera polylepis Bleeker, ibid. p. 162.
? Homaloptera ocellata Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860, p.

92. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 1 8. (nee C. V.).
Homaloptera salusur Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1 860, p. 94. —

Atl. Ichth. Ill, 1863, p. 19.

Homaloptera pavonina Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 341 (p. p.).
Homaloptera pavonina Max Weber, Zool. Ergebnisse Reise Nied. Ost-Indien

Hft. 2, 1894, p. 424 (nee C.V.).
INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES III. 2

i8

D. 3.7—8; A. 3.5; P. 6.10. i; V. 2.6.1; L. 1.63—65 (per-
forated scales) ; Sq. 1. 70 or more.

Height 5.8 [5.4—6.6] ') 7.1—8 in total length. Head 4.4— 4.6,
5.5 to more than 6 in total length, its breadth I2/S in its
length. Eye 6.3 — 7.5 [4.6 — 6.8], more than 3 to 4 times in
snout, behind middle of head and more than twice in the
interorbital space. Upper lip swollen as also exterior halves of
lower lip, which are rather distinctly separated from the middle
part. Barbels subequal, shorter than eye. Origin of dorsal
distinctly before middle between snout and root of caudal, before
origin of ventrals, opposite to about the 2Oth [i8th — 2i*t] per-
forated scale, separated by more than 22 [21 — 24] scales from
the occiput. Dorsal concave, its height more than that of body ;
that of the anal x/3 less. Origin of anal opposite to about the
42nd [jQth — ^st] perforated scale and about in the middle
between root of caudal and base of ventrals. Ventrals reaching
anus, slightly shorter than head. Pectorals far distant from
ventrals, their longest rays shorter than head. Caudal deeply
forked, its lobes pointed, longer than head. Abdomen scaly,
with exception of a median naked part beginning before the apex
of a triangular scaly patch situated before the base of ventrals.
Most scales of back and sides with a keel, which slightly pro-
jects beyond the margin of the scale. About 10 pharyngeal
teeth. Brownish, underside lighter. A series of six or seven
large brown yellow-edged ocelli along the back, which may
fuse into three large patches. In one specimen we see a narrow
brown band running on the head from the snout, through the
eye, to the occiput. Fins with a rather broad dark transverse
band. Caudal obliquely and asymmetrically banded. Length
132 mm.

Nomen in dig. : Salusur (Sundan.).

Habitat: Java (Batavia, Buitenzorg !, Tjipanas, Tjampea,
Bandung, Garut!, Ngantang); Sumatra (Lahat).

In rivers, brooks and torrents.

13. Homaloptera pavonina (C.V.).

Balitora pavonina Cuvier £ Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons, XVIII. 1846, p. 97.
Homaloptera pavonina Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini. 1860, p. 92. —
Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 18.

i) Where there was discrepancy from the specimens seen by us, we have
given in square brackets what was found by Dr. J. PELLEGRIN in the 3 speci-
mens of C. V., which were kindly measured for us by the french ichthyologist.

19

D. 10; A. 6; P. 18; V. 9; L. 1. 71 (59 perforated scales).

Height .^.7, 9.8 in length with caudal. Head 5.3, 6.7 in
length with caudal; its breadth about i2/5 in its length. Eye
5.1, 2.6 in snout, less than twice in interorbital space. Lips
thick, barbels short. Origin of dorsal nearer to end of snout
than to caudal, opposite to the 17^ scale of the lateral line,
separated by 23 scales from occiput. Anal opposite to 37^
perforated scale of lateral line. Ventrals rounded. Pectorals far
distant from ventrals, their longest rays longer than head. Caudal
deeply emarginate, the lower lobe the longer, much longer
than head. Abdomen naked to before ventrals. Scales with an
elevated keel, projecting beyond their margin; 24 scales round
caudal peduncle. Blackish above, round black points in front
of dorsal, 5 black ocelli, bordered by white, behind the dorsal.
Fins spotted with black. Length of single specimen known
108 mm. [Not seen by us; diagnosis after the description of
Valenciennes and informations, kindly given to us by Dr. J.
PELLEGRIN].

Habitat: Java.

14. Homaloptera tate regani Popta.

Homaloptera Tate Reganii Popta, Notes Leyden'Mus. XXV. 1905, p. 180. —
ibid. XXVII. 1906, p. 182.

J>

D. 3.8; A. 2,5; P. 8.12; V. 2.8 ; L. 1. 64 ; L. tr. _i_.

7
Height 7n/n> 10 in length with caudal. Head 49/14, 6 in length

with caudal. Eye 7, four in snout, behind middle of head, almost
thrice in the interorbital space. Barbels equal, and as long as
eye. Origin of dorsal before middle of length, separated by
14 scales from the occiput. Fourth ray of concave dorsal
opposite to origin of ventrals; height of dorsal 5/7 length of head.
Anal truncate. Ventrals not reaching anal. Pectorals reaching
ventrals. Caudal deeply forked, the tlower lobe the longer,
much longer than head. Belly totally scaleless (to anus). Scales
carinate, slightly increasing in size towards the back. Caudal
peduncle extremely slender, its height more than thrice in
its length. Brown above, reddish below. Pectorals and ventrals
brown above, lighter below. Caudal brown, with a whitish
band and whitish tips. Length of single specimen known 85 mm.
[Type of the species in the Leyden Museum seen by us].
Habitat: Borneo (river Bo).

20
4. Parhomaloptera Vaillant.

(VAILLANT, Notes Leyden Museum XXIV. 1902, p. 129).

Differs from Homaloptera in the presence of 8 very short
and thick barbels, six in a horse-shoe shaped groove before
the mouthopening, the end of which is forked at both sides
in an outward direction. A very small barbel at the corner of
the mouth. Lower lip bifid, foliaceous.

Distribution: The single species is known only from
rivers in Borneo.

i. Parhomaloptera microstoma (Blgr.)

Homaloptera microstoma Boulenger, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) IV. 1899, p. 228.
Parhomaloptera obscura Vaillant, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. 1902, p. 130.
Parhomaloptera obscura Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXVII. 1906, p. 187.

D. I — 2.7; A. I — 2.5; P. 5 — 6.13; V. I.Q.I ; L. 1. about IOO;

17

L. tr. T.

13
Height 6.2 — 7, 8 — 9 in length with caudal. Head much

Fig. 5. Parhomaloptera microstoma (Blgr.) (After Vaillant).

depressed 5 — 5.4, 6.2 — 6.6 in length with caudal, its breadth
about 4/5 of its length. Eye 5.5 — 6, situated in the posterior

21

half of the head, about 2.7 in snout, 3 in interorbital space.
Barbels shorter than eye. Origin of dorsal nearer to snout than
to caudal/ Anal small, far back, behind middle between tip
of ventrals and origin of caudal, its origin opposite to about 7Oth
scale of lateral line. Pectorals not reaching ventrals. Ventrals
reaching anus. Caudal deeply emarginate, inferior lobe the longer,
much longer than head. Lower surface naked, scaly only behind
ventrals. Dark brown, yellowish below, as also the fins. Length
88 mm. [Types of H. microstoma Blgr. in the British Museum
and of P. obscura Vaill. in the Leyden Museum seen by us].
Habitat: Borneo (Upper Mahakam !, river Bluu ! and Akar
river, Sarawak !).

2. Fam. COBITIDAE.

Head and body compressed, exceptionally the anterior part
of head depressed. Pectorals and ventrals not horizontally
inserted, only one of their outer rays simple. A simple or bifid
movable spine, arising from lateral ethmoid, may be present
before or below eye. Eyes with a free orbital margin or covered
by skin. Dorsal short or long, its origin before, above or behind
that of ventrals; anal short, generally behind dorsal. Mouth
inferior, its upper border formed by the intermaxillaries only.
Six, eight or more barbels ; always one or two pairs of rostral
ones and one or two pairs of maxillary ones; there may be
a pair of nasal or of mandibulary barbels. Scales small, minute
or rudimentary. Lateral line incomplete or absent. Gillmem-
branes broadly united with isthmus. Gillopenings small or moder-
ate, vertical or subvertical. No pseudobranchiae. Pharyngeal
teeth in a single series, in moderate number. Anterior part of
airbladder enclosed in a bony capsule, posterior part small or
vestigial.

Distribution: Europe, Abyssinia, Asia, western part of
indo-australian Archipelago, mostly in mountain streams.

Key to the genera of indo-australian Cobitidae.

I. A movable prae- or suborbital spine.

I. Origin of dorsal before that of ventrals.

a. Spine below eye; eyes with a free orbital

margin Botia p. 22.

b. Spine before eye; eyes covered by skin. . . Acanthopsis p. 24.

22

2. Origin of dorsal opposite to or behind that of
ventrals.

a. Scales below and behind eye and on opercles.

1. Dorsal far behind ventrals; its last ray

above anal; 8 barbels; one pair nasal . Eucirrhichthys p. 26.

2. Dorsal above or behind ventrals, always

before anal; 6 or 8 barbels, no nasal ones Lepidocephalus p. 27.

b. Head without scales ; six barbels Acanthophthalnnis p. 30.

II. Without prae- or suborbital spine.

1. Nasal barbels present; head depressed Elxis p. 35.

2. No nasal barbels, head rounded or compressed.

a. Dorsal very long, with more than 60 rays . Vaillantella p. 36.

b. Dorsal short, with 20 or less rays Nemachilus p. 38.

i. Botia Gray.

(GRAY, Papers in Zool. Misc. 1841, p. 8).

Body oblong, compressed, with the dorsal profile more or
less arched. Eyes with a free circular orbital margin. A bifid
erectile spine before and partly below it. Mouth small, with
thick lips. Six to eight barbels. Four anterior ones, united at

Fig. 6. Botia hymenophysa (Blkr.) X 4/5-
Only the bluish edges of the brown crossbars are visible.

their base, on the tip of the snout; a pair behind the corner
of the mouth and sometimes a pair at the mandibular sym-
physis. Scales rudimentary, none on the head. Nostrils close
together, nearly midway between eye and snout, the anterior
ones tubular. Origin of dorsal in advance of the ventrals. Anal
short. Pectorals low down, caudal forked. Pharyngeal teeth
conical, in one series. Gillmembranes broadly united with the
isthmus.

Distribution: Fresh water of indo australian Archipelago
(Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Singapore); South-eastern part of
continental Asia and Japan.

Key to the i ndo-australi an species.

a. Eight barbels. D, n — 12. Head and body with

three broad transverse bands B. macr acanthus p. 23.

b. Six barbels. D. 13 — 15. Body with 13 — 15 cross bars B. hymenophysa p. 24.

i. Botia macracanthus (Blkr).

Cobitis macracanthus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie. III. 1852, p. 603.
Hymenophysa macracanthus Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini,

1860, p. 62.

Botia macracanthus Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 5.
Botia macracanthus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 368.
Botia macracanthus Volz, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. Syst. XIX. 1903, p. 405.
Botia macracantha Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (2) LVII. 1905,

p. 474.

B. 3; D. II; A. 8; P. 14—16; V. 9.

Head 3, a little less than height. Eye 4 to more than 6,
situated in the posterior half of the head. Suborbital spine
about one and a half times the diameter of eye. Mouthopening
horse-shoe shaped, the very small lower jaw totally inclosed
within the upper jaw. Lips thick, lamellated. Eight verrucose
barbels; besides the 4
rostral ones, one be-
hind each angle of the
mouth and two small
ones at the mandibular
symphysis. Origin of
dorsal midway be-
tween end of snout and
end of shortest caudal
rays. Length of caudal
peduncle 2/3 of its
greatest height. Yello-
wish brown with three
broad transverse black bands, the first, narrow one, through
the eye, the second before the dorsal, the third between poste-
rior end of dorsal and anal, including both fins in older specimens.
With growing age the median fins get also dark. Length
over 300 mm.

Nomen in dig. : Matjan (Malay. Sumatra); Getjuban (Lam-
pong); Bidju bana (Djambi); Languli (Mahakam).

Habitat: Sumatra (Telok Betong, rivers Pangabuang, Musi

Fig. 7. Botia macracanthus (Blkr.). Nat. size.

24

and its tributaries, Kwanten river !, Batang Hari !, Lake Ma-
nindjau); Borneo (rivers Barito, Kahajan, Kapuas, Bongan,
Mahakam).

2. Botia hymenophysa (Blkr.) [Fig. 6, p. 22].

Cobitis hymenophysa Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie, III. 1852, p. 602.
Hymenophysa MacClellandi Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XVI. 1858 —

l859i P- 358; Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 63.
Botia hymenophysa Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 6.
Botia hymenophysa Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 368.
Botia hymenophysa Volz, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. Syst. XIX. 1903. p. 406.
Botia hymenophysa Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXVII. 1906, p. 207.

D. 13—15; A. 8; P. 12—15; V. 8.

Elongate. Height nearly 4, head about 3!/3. Eye 5 — 7, situ-
ated in the posterior half of the head. Suborbital spine about
equal to eye. Mouthopening terminal, with the upper jaw slightly
overlapping; the lips thick, partly lamellated or verrucose.
Six barbels: four rostral ones, the inferior pair the shorter,
one behind each angle of the mouth. Origin of dorsal nearer
to base of caudal than to end of snout. Length of caudal peduncle
about equal to its greatest height. Brownish, with 13 — 15 cross-
bars, with dark edges; in preserved specimens only these edges
are visible. Dorsal and caudal with transverse bands, the former
generally with a blackish blotch on its anterior superior angle.
Length over 210 mm.

Nomen indig. : Langli (Pangabuang), Lelangli (Djambi),
Seku (Kapuas), Buleng and Avemadjan (Mahakam).

Habitat: Java (Ngawi); Sumatra (Telok Betong, river
Pangabuang, river Musi and its tributaries, river Kompeh, river
Kwantan !, river Indragiri, river Kampar !, river Batang Hari !,
river Djambi!); Borneo (Sarawak [British Museum], rivers
Kapuas, Kahajan, Mahakam and their tributaries) ; Singapore. —
Malay Peninsula [British Museum], Siam.

2. Acanthopsis Bleeker.

(BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie, XVI. 1858—1859, p. 303).
Much elongate, compressed. Eyes covered by skin, in advance
of them an erectile bifid suborbital spine. Head compressed,
snout much elongate, mouth inferior, small. A pair of rostral
barbels, close together at the point of the snout, a pair of
separate barbels along each upper jaw, lower jaw with a fringed
lip. Scales very minute, wanting on the head. Nostrils appro-

25

ximate, the anterior tubulate; before suborbital spine. Dorsal
opposite to ventrals, its origin before them. Anal short, far

Fig. 8. Acanthopsis choirorhynchus (Blkr.) X 9/iO-

behind dorsal, caudal emarginate. Gillopening a vertical slit
ending before base of pectorals.

Fig. 9. Ventral surface of head of Acanthopsis choirorhynchus (Blkr.)

a. rostral barbel, b. anterior barbel of upper jaw. //. lower lip with fringes, and

at the corner of the month the posterior maxillary barbel. Much enlarged.

Distribution: Fresh water of indo-australian Archipelago
(Sumatra, Java, Borneo) and south-eastern Asia.

i. Acanthopsis choirorhynchus (Blkr).

Acanthopsis dialyzona van Hasselt, Alg. Konst- en Letterbode 1823, II, p. 133

(no description).
Acanthopsis biaculeata Riippell, Samml. des Senckenb. Mus. 1852, p. 28. ')

l) This name is given by RUPPELL without description with Kuhl as author.
Probably it came from the Leyden Museum, which got the species, now under
consideration, from KUHL & VAN HASSELT under this name, which has never
been published. (Vide Bleeker Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 9).

26

Cobitis choirorhynchus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie VII. 1854, p. 95.
Cobitis macrorhynchus Bleeker, I.e. — Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. II. 1857. Tiende

Bijdrage Borneo p. 20.
Acanthopsis choirorhynchos Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860,

p. 66. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 9.
Acanthopsis dialyzona Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 67. —

Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 9.

Acanthopsis choerorhynchus Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 365.
Acanthopsis dialyzona Gunther, 1. c.

Acanthopsis choirorhynchus Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878 — 1888, p. 608.
Acanthopsis choirorhynchus Vinciguerra, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) IX. 1890,

p. 342.

Acanthopsis dialyzona Vaillant, Nouv. Arch. Mus. d'hist. nat. (3) V. 1893, P- IO°'
Acanthopsis choirorhynchus Popta, Notes Ley den Mus. XXVII. 1906, p. 204.

D. 2.IO— II; A. 2.5 — 7; P. 1.9; V. 1.6.

Height S1^— 10, 9Y2— n in total length. Head 42/3— 5!/3 in
length without caudal. Eye about 6 — 8, situated high up, in the
last third of the head, when young with its hinderpart only in the
last third of the head. Origin of dorsal midway between snout
and caudal or somewhat more anteriorly. Dorsal its own length
before anal. Origin of ventrals opposite to the second quarter
or third of dorsal. Anal nearly midway between origin of ven-
trals and caudal. Pectorals about equal to two third of head.
Caudal deeply emarginate, lower lobe conspicuously the longer.
Colour of alcohol specimens yellowish brown, back with 12 — 14
dark crossbars. A dark lateral line with a series of from
8 — 12 round spots, less conspicuous in old specimens. A black
spot at the upper base of the caudal. According to BLEEKER,
the dark bands on head and back may be wanting in specimens
from Borneo and Java (A. macrorhynchus Blkr.). Length about
1 80 mm.

Nomen in dig. : Kili Kili Buaja (Djambi), Serowot and
Djeller (Sundan.), Sekojok (river Bo, Borneo), Bau tanduk and
Pero (Upper Mahakam, Borneo).

Habitat: Sumatra (Deli, rivers Batang Hari !, Kwantan!,
Lematang, Enim, Upper Langkat); Java (Batavia, river Brantas!,
Kediri!); Borneo (rivers Kapuas, Kahajan, Bo, Mahakam). —
Malay Peninsula, Burma, Annam.

3. Eucirrhichthys Perugia.

Annali Museo Civico Storia nat. Genovs
(XXXII). 1892, p. 1009).

Very elongate, anguilliform. slender. Eyes covered by skin,

(PERUGIA, Annali Museo Civico Storia nat. Genova (2) XII
(XXXII). 1892, p. 1009).

27

below them a strong bifid suborbital spine. Head rounded;
snout rather long, bluntly rounded ; mouth small inferior with
lobate lips. Eight barbels, two nasal ones and six round the
mouth. Scales minute, also present below eye, on praeoperculum
and on upper half of the operculum. Dorsal short, far backward,
its last ray above first ray of anal. Pectorals with the second
ray slightly elongate, but conspicuously thickened. Ventrals very
small, about thrice nearer to anus than to base of pectorals.
Caudal slightly emarginate. Gillopenings subvertical, ending
near base of pectorals.

Distribution: that of the single species known.

i. Eucirrhichtys doriae Perugia.

Eucirrhichthys Doriae Perugia, Ann. Mus. civ. stor. nat. Geneva (2) XII. 1892,
p. 1009.

D. 7; A. 6; P. 6; V. 6.

Height about 20 times in length with caudal, head nearly
10 times in that length. Eye very small, situated in the second
third of the head. Barbels nearly equal in length with that of

Fig. 10. Eucirrhichthys doriae Perugia X J Ys-
Head and anterior part of body magnified 5'/2 times.

snout. Colour of alcohol-specimens uniform. Length 90 mm.
[A cotype from the. Museum of Geneva seen by us].
Habitat: Borneo (Sarawak!).

4. Lepidocephalus Bleeker.

(Lepidocephalus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XVI. 1858— 1859, p. 303. —
Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 12; Lepidocephalichthys Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. III.
1863, p. 12).

28

Oblong or elongate, compressed, back not arched or slightly
so. Eyes very small, covered by skin, below them an erectile,
bifid spine. Mouth small, inferior, with thick, simple lips. Six
or 8 barbels, two pairs rostral, one pair on the maxillaries and
one pair on the mandibles, the last pair may be wanting.
Scales minute, below and behind the eye, also on the opercles
and on the vertex, the last may be wanting. Nostrils contiguous,

Fig. II. Lepidocephalus hasselti (C. V.) X 2Y-2-

the anterior one small and tubulate. Origin of short dorsal
opposite to base of ventrals or behind it. Anal short, behind
dorsal. Pectorals falcate or rounded. Caudal truncate. Gillopenings
a vertical slit above the base of the pectorals.

Distribution: Indo-australian Archipelago, (Sumatra, Java,
Borneo) ; China, Southern India, Ceylon.

Key to the indo-australian species.

I. Vertex scaly. Six barbels.

a. Origin of dorsal opposite to base of ventrals. Pec-
torals subfalciform L. pattens p. 28.

b. Origin of dorsal behind base of ventrals. Pectorals

falcate L. macrochir p 29.

II. Vertex without scales. Eight (or six) barbels.

Origin of dorsal opposite to base of ventrals. Pectorals

rounded Z. hasselti p. 29.

i. Lepidocephalus pallens (Vaill.).

Lepidocephalichthys pallens Vaillant, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. N°. I — 3, 1902,
P- 153.

D. 3.8; A. 2.6; P. 9; V. 7; L. 1. 181.

Height 5!/2, head 5, vertex scaly. Snout 2!/4 in head, 6 barbels,
lower lip fringed. Eye about 20. Origin of dorsal slightly
behind middle of length, nearly opposite to that of ventrals.

Pectorals emarginate behind, subfalciform. Coloration faintly
red, slightly darker on the anterior dorsal part. Two black
patches at^base of caudal. Head whitish. Fins hyaline. Length
of single specimen known 52 mm. [Type of the species in the
Leyden Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Borneo (river Kapuas !).

2. Lepidocephalus macrochlr (Blkr.).

Cobitis macrochir Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie VII. 1854, p. 97.
Lepidocephalus macrochir Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1 860,

p. 70. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 12.
Lepidocephalus macrochir Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 370.

D. 9; A. 6; P. 9; V. 6.

Very compressed. Height 6l/t — 7 ; head 6 — 6V2» vertex scaly,
rostro-frontal profile convex; snout blunt, prominent. Six
barbels. The dorsal is situated in the beginning of the last
third of the length, at some distance behind the base of the
ventrals; its origin opposite to about the noth scale of lateral
line. Pectorals longer than head. Ventrals less than half length
of pectorals. Coloration uniform. Length about 90 mm. [Type
of the species in the British Museum examined by us].

Habitat: Java (Surakarta); Sumatra (Muara Enim).

In rivers.

3. Lepidocephalus hasselti (C. V.). [Fig. u, p. 28].

Cobitis octocirrhus van Hasselt, Algem. Konst- en Letterbode 1823, II. p. 133,

(insufficient description).

Cobitis Hasselti Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVIII. 1846, p. 74.
Cobitis Hasseltii Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XIII. 1857, p. 365.
Lepidocephalus Hasseltii Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1 860, p. 71.
Lepidocephalichthys Hasseltii Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 13.
Lepidocephalichthys hasseltii Kner, Fische Novara-Exp. 1865 — 1867, p. 366.

(sine Syn.).

Lepidocephalichthys hasseltii Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 364.
Lepidocephalichthys Hasseltii Jordan & Scale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXXIII.

1908, p. 537-

D. 8; A. 7; P. 8; V. 7; L. 1. about IOO.
Height 6 — 7, head 5% — 6. Eye much shorter than inter-
orbital space, shorter than snout, which goes more than thrice in
head. 8 barbels, the mandibulary ones, which are much shorter
but thicker, sometimes wanting. Origin of dorsal opposite to
end of base of ventrals. Pectorals rounded, longer than head.
Yellowish brown, with smaller and larger irregular patches,

30

especially in the lateral line and on the back. There may be
two black patches at the base of the caudal. Rays of dorsal
and caudal with irregular rows of black spots, other fins hyaline.
Length nearly 50 mm.

Nomen indig. : Sereni (Javan.), Serowot, Djeler (Sundan.).

Habitat: Sumatra (Deli!); Java (Batavia!, Buitenzorg!,
Bandongl, lake Situ bagendit!, Tjilankahan, Perdana, Garut,
Purworedjo). — Tenasserim (British Museum).

5. Acanthophthalmus Bleeker.
(BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XVI. 1858—1859, p. 303).

(Pangio Blyth).

Elongate or very elongate, and anguilliform, compressed.
Eyes covered by skin, below them an erectile bifid suborbital
spine. Head more or less compressed, snout short, bluntly
rounded; mouth small, inferior. Six barbels, two rostral ones
close together near apex of snout, a pair on the upper jaw,

Fig. 12. Acanthophthalmus lorentzi n. sp. X 2l/2- Left half of lower surface
of anterior part of head enlarged: m mouthopening, u upperlip, / lower lip.

an other pair on the lower jaw. Scales minute or scarcely visible,
wanting on head. Nostrils close together, the anterior tubulate.
Dorsal far backwards between ventrals and anal or above anal.
Caudal rounded, truncate or slightly emarginate. Gillopenings
subvertical, ending near base of pectorals.

Distribution: Fresh water of indo-australian Archipelago,
(Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Singapore); Southern Shan States,
Burma, Tenasserim and North east Bengal.

Artificial key to the indo-australian species.

I. Height 8 — II in total length with caudal.
A. Dorsal its own length or more before anal.

a. Ventrals in the middle between tip of snout and
end of caudal or behind it.

a. Colour uniform A. pangia p. 31.

jfl. Spotted A. shelfordi p. 32.

b. Ventrals much nearer to tip of snout than to

end of caudal A. lorentzi p. 32.

B. Dorsal much less than its own length before anal
or last ray even above first anal ray.

a. 12 — 15 transverse bands on head and body . . A. kuhli p. 33.

b. 3 bands on head only A. borneensis p. 34.

II. Height 15 or more in total length.

a. Last dorsal ray above first anal ray A. vermicularis p. 34.

b. Dorsal and anal opposite A. anguillaris p. 35.

i. Acanthophtalmus pangia (flam. Buch.).

Acanthopthalmus javanicus van Hasselt, Alg. Konst- en Letterbode 1823, II.

p. 133. (no description).

Cobitis pangia Hamilton Buchanan, Fishes Ganges, 1824, p. 355, p. 394.
Cobitis oblonga Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVIII. 1846, p. 76.
Cobitis oblonga Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. III. 1858, 6de Bijdrage Visch-

fauna Sumatra, p. 48.
Acanthophthalmus javanicus Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860,

p. 75. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. II.

Acanthophthalmtts pangia Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 370.
Acanthophtalmus pangia Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878 — 1888, p. 610. — Fauna

Brit. Ind. Fish. I. 1889, p. 222.
Acanthophthalmus pangia Vinciguerra, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) IX. 1890, p. 347.

D. 2.6; A. 7; P. 1.8—9; V. 6— 7.
Compressed. Height from
more than 7 to n, head nearly
7 — 8. Eye small, covered by
thick skin, situated in the ante-
rior half of the head. Snout very
prominent, rather pointed. Lips
thick, the lower with two con-
tiguous rounded prolongations.
Barbels six, nearly equal, more
than thrice in the length of the
head. Origin of dorsal in the

, r .1 i ,i • i c Fig. 13. Head and anterior part of body

beginning of the last third of $ "Acanthophthalmus p*ngia (Ham.

the distance between opercle Buch.), and lower surface of anterior

and caudal. Dorsal about in the Part of head' X 2'/*-

middle between anal and end of ventrals, its own length before

32

anal. Ventrals in the middle between tip of snout and end
of caudal. Caudal slightly emarginate, shorter than head. Scales
scarcely visible with the naked eye. Colour uniform reddish
brown, lighter below. Length about 80 mm.

Nomen in dig. : Sisi-samping, Serowot (Sundan.).

Habitat: Sumatra (river Lamatang, Deli!); Java (Buiten-
zorg, Tjandjur). — Southern Shan States, Burma and North
east Bengal.

2. Acanthophthalmus shelfordi Popta.

Acanthophthalmus Shelfordii Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIII. 1901 — 03, p. 231.

D. 6; A. 5; V. 6; L. 1. 22O.

Compressed. Height 8!/3, head 62/3. Eye 10, situated in
the anterior half of the head. Interorbital space a little convex,
equal to eye. Profile of head convex. Snout prominent, J/s °f
the length of the head. Underlip cloven. Six barbels, slightly
longer than eye. Dorsal its own length before anal, near the end

Fig. 14. Acanthophthalmus shelfordi Popta (After Miss Popta). Nat. size.

of the third quarter of the length. Ventrals in the middle between
snout and tip of caudal. Caudal truncate. Colour soft reddish;
large irregular brown spots on back and sides of body in
three rows, one on back and one at each side, spots on the
head smaller. Dorsal and caudal with brown streaks, other fins
soft reddish. Length of single specimen known 56 mm. [After
Miss Popta, type of the species in the Leyden Museum
seen by us].

Habitat: Borneo (Sarawak-river, near Kuchin !).

3. Acanthophthalmus lorentzi n. sp. [Fig. 12, p. 30].

D. I. 6; A. 6; P. I. 8; V. 7.

Slightly compressed, height about 7 in length with caudal.
Head more than 5, more than 6 in length with caudal. Eye
about 6. Snout about i!/2 times longer than eye, bluntly
rounded and slightly prominent. Lips rather thin, the lower
with a rather long, arborescent prolongation on each side. Six
about equal barbels, about thrice in the length of the head.
Origin of dorsal behind the middle of distance between eye

33

and caudal, opposite to the last third of ventrals, more than
its own length before anal. Ventrals in the middle of the
distance between tip of snout and base of caudal. Caudal truncate,
equal to head. Scales scarcely visible with the naked eye.
Yellowish, marmorated with brown, a dark median lateral line,
composed of more or less connected brown spots, the first of
which, behind the opercle, is the largest, crossed by about six
faint brownish crossbands. Head with three irregular dark bands
or patches before and behind eye. Dorsal and caudal with
dark points, other fins hyaline. Length 40 mm. [Type in the
Zoological Museum of Amsterdam].
Habitat: Borneo (Upper Kapuas !).

4. Acanthophthalmus kuhli (C. V.).

Acanthophthalmus fasciatus Kuhl, Alg. Konst- en Letterbode 1823, II. p. 133

(no description).

Colitis Kuhlli Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVIII. 1846, p. 77.
Colitis Kuhlli Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XIII. 1857, p. 364.
Acanthophthalmus fasciatus Bleeker. Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860,

p. 74. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. n.

Ac&nthophthahmis kuhlli Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 371.
Acanthophthalnms kuhli Steindachner, Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Gesellsch. XXV.

1901, p. 455.

D. 2.6—7; A- i-S—6 or 2.5—6; P. 1.8; V. 1.5.

Compressed. Height 8 — 10 in length with caudal, head 8 — 9
in length without caudal. Eye 7 — 10, situated in the anterior
half of the head. Convex interorbital space more than one eye
diameter. Snout obtuse, convex, prominent. Lips thick, the
inferior bilobate. Six nearly equal barbels, thrice or more than
thrice shorter than head. Dorsal in the third fourth of the length,
its end slightly before anal. Ventrals in the posterior half of
length. Caudal truncate or slightly emarginate, about equal to
head. Colour pink, 12 — 15 broad, brown transverse bands, the
three anterior ones on the head, narrowing ventrally or nearly
bifurcate. Fins pinkish ; basal half of caudal brown. Length
80 mm. [Not seen by us].

No men in dig. : Serowot (Sundan.).

Habitat: Sumatra (river Lamatang) ; Java (Batavia, Buiten-
zorg, Tjipanas, Penawangan) ; Borneo (rivers Kapuas, Baram) ;
Singapore. — Malacca.

INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES III. 3

34
5- Acanthophthalmus borneensis Blgr.

Acanthophthalmus borneensis Boulenger, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) XIII.

1894, p. 251.

Acanthophthalmus borneensis Vaillant, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. N°. I — 3,

1902, p. 150.

D. 7—8; A. 6—7.

Height 9, head 6.5 — 7. Eye 8. Suborbital spine very strong.
Six short barbels. Origin of dorsal about on the last third of the
length, end of base of dorsal above or shortly before anal. Ven-
trals halfway between head and caudal. Caudal crescentically
notched. Scales minute. Body colourless. Three black angular
bands on the head, the first on the snout, the second passing
through the eye, the third across the occiput and covering
the opercles. Dorsal and caudal black at the base. Length
63 mm. [After BOULENGER and VAILLANT, specimens in the
Leiden Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Borneo (Baram river and mouth of Raun river
and river Mandai).

6. Acanthophthalmus vermicularis n. sp.

Acanthophthalmus angitillaris Max Weber & de Beaufort, in Maass: wDurch
Zentral-Sumatra" II. 1912, Fische p. 533 (nee Vaillant).

D. 7-8; A. 7; P. 1.7; V. 6.

Compressed; height 18, 19 in length with caudal; head 10
in length without caudal. Eye 15, placed rather high, situated
in the anterior half of the head. Snout about 5 times as long
as eye, pointed, very prominent. Lips rather thick, the lower
one on each side with a broad rounded prolongation. Six
barbels, the two hinder ones the shortest, the longest more
than thrice in the length of the head. Origin of dorsal in the be-
ginning of the last fourth of the distance between point of snout
and base of caudal, above anus. End of base of dorsal above
the origin of the anal. Ventrals slightly less than half head,
about in the beginning of the fourth fifth of the length. Pectorals
less than half head. Caudal slightly emarginate, shorter than
the head. Scales scarcely visible with the naked eye. Colour
of alcohol specimen yellowish brown, a darker lateral band
along the middle. Length of the single specimen known 70 mm.
[Type of the species in the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam].

Habitat: Sumatra (river Kampar kiri!).

35
/. Acanthophthalmus anguillaris Vaill.

Acanthophthahnus anguillaris Vaillant, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. N°. I — 3,
1902, p. 151.

D. 2.6; A. 2.5; P. 8—9; V. 6.

Height 14, 15 in length with caudal; head 12, 13 in length
with caudal. Eye 12, situated high above in the anterior half of
the head. Snout about 4 times as long as eye, obtuse, rounded.
Upper lip fleshy. Three pairs of barbels, the anterior rostral,
the posterior at the end of the maxillaries, the third pair midway
between them. Origin of dorsal just above anus, which is
situated in third fourth of the body. End of dorsal above end of
anal. Ventrals as long as half head, situated at the third fifth

Fig. 15. Acanthophthalmus anguillaris Vaill. (After Vaillant) nat. size.

of the length of the body. Pectorals somewhat rudimentary.
Caudal slightly emarginate, equal to head. Scales very small,
more than 300 in lateral line. Colour of alcohol specimen pale
rufous with minute dark punctuations; a dark band from snout
through eye to praeopercle. Along the lateral line a more or
less distinct dark band. Length 76 mm. [Type of the species
seen in the Leiden Museum].
Habitat: Borneo (Kapuas!).

6. Elxis Jordan & Fowler.
(JORDAN & FOWLER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXVI (1902) 1903, p. 768).

Fig. 1 6. Elxis obesus (Vaill.) [After Vaillant] nat. size.

36

Body elongate, compressed. Head elongate, broad, depressed.
Snout broad, depressed, rounded and produced. Mouth inferior
with fleshy lips. With four rostral, two maxillary and two
nasal barbels. Eyes small with a free orbital margin. No sub-
orbital spine. Origin of dorsal above or behind that of ventrals.
Anal short, far behind ventrals. Caudal rounded or truncate
with the lobes rounded. Scales rather moderate or minute.
Gillopenings moderate, reaching conspicuously below origin of
pectorals.

Distribution: Fresh water of Indo-australian Archipelago
(Borneo). - - Japan, Burma, Assam and Sikkim.

i. Elxis obesus (Vaill.) [Fig. 16, pag. 35].

Nemacheilus obesus Vaillant, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. 1902, p. 134.
Neniachilns obesus Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXVII. 1906, p. 202.

24

D. 2.7; A. 2.5; P. 1. 12; V. 9; L.I. 130; L. tr. j_.

28

Height 5, six in length with caudal. Head 4.6, 5.7 in length
with caudal. Eye 8.5, 4.5 in interorbital space and 3.5 in
snout. Anterior and posterior nostrils close together, separated
by a barbel about thrice longer than eye and sometimes
bifurcate. Inner pair of rostral barbels the shortest, outer pair
the longest, reaching not quite to end of operculum, those at
the corner of the mouth shorter. Origin of dorsal nearer to
caudal than to end of snout, far behind origin of ventrals.
Dorsal rounded, its height less than that of the body. Origin
of anal midway origin of ventrals .and base of caudal. Anal
much nearer to ventrals than to caudal, its height less than
that of dorsal. Origin of ventrals in the middle of the length
of the body. Pectorals rounded, somewhat shorter than head.
Caudal rounded. Scales conspicuous. Reddish, lighter below,
sides with about a dozen single or double dark vertical bands,
narrower than their interspaces. Rays of fins brownish. Base
of caudal with a brown band. Length more than 100 mm.
[Type of the species in the Leiden Museum seen by us].

Nomen indig.: Dekat (Howong); Bamitoh (Bluu).

Habitat: Borneo (rivers Howong, Bluu!, Long Bluu, Bo,
Kajan).

7. Vaillantella Fowler.

(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia LVII. 1905, p. 474),

Elongate. Dorsal very long, with more than 60 rays. Pect-

37

orals and ventrals very low down. Caudal deeply forked. Six
barbels, four rostral ones, two at corner of mouth. Nostrils
contiguous^ the anterior a tube. Eyes with a free orbital margin.
No suborbital spine. Scales very small. No scales on head.

Fig. 17. Vaillantella euepipterus (Vaill.) [After Vaillant]. Slightly enlarged.

Lateral line present. Gillopenings narrow, before base of pect-
orals. Gillmembranes confluent with the isthmus.
Distribution: Borneo and Sumatra.

Key to the species.

1. Dorsal 64; Anal 7 V. euepipterus p. 37.

2. Dorsal 735 Anal 15 V. maassi p. 38.

i. Vaillantella euepipterus (Vaill.).

Nemachellus euepipterus Vaillant, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. 1902, p. 137.

D. 64; A. 7; P. i.l I; V. 10; L. 1. circa 215.

Elongate, more or less rounded; height 10.3, 11.5 in length
with caudal. Head 5.6, 6.2 in length with caudal. Eye u,
thrice in snout and i!/2 in interorbital space. Snout obtuse.
Barbels filiform, subequal, longer than eye. Anterior nostrils in
a tube. Origin of dorsal just in the beginning of the second
third of the body, much nearer to base of pectorals than to that
of ventrals; its last ray, when depressed, reaching caudal. Anal
nearer to ventrals than to caudal, somewhat nearer to base of
ventrals than to base of caudal. Pectorals somewhat longer
than head without snout. Ventrals surpassing anus with about
half their length, about equal to pectorals. Anus somewhat
behind middle of length of body. Caudal deeply forked, upper
lobe much longer, much shorter than head. Rufous, lighter
below. Two parallel whitish bands from the snout passing above
the orbits and united on the neck, continued into a transverse
band on the back behind the branchial openings. Three or
four less regular light bands before the dorsal. A black band
from snout through eye to lateral line. Length about 70 mm.
[Type of the species in the Leiden Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Borneo (River Kapuas !).

38
2. Vaillantella maassi M. Web. & de Bfrt.

\aillantella maassi Max Weber & de Beaufort, in: A. Maass nDurch Zentral
Sumatra" II. 1912, Fische p. 532.

D. 73; A. 15; P. 10; V. 8.

Elongate, compressed; height 11, 14 in length with caudal;
head 62/3, 8 in length with caudal. Eye 8, 22/5 in snout
and i1^ in interorbital space. Snout prominent, round, in
middle of its top a pair of short rostral barbels, about equal
to eye, above and slightly outside of them a second somewhat
longer pair, a third pair of barbels at the corner of the mouth,
longer than half snout. Posterior nostrils oval, anterior nostrils
a voluminous tubule, contiguous with the former. Origin of

Fig. 1 8. Vaillanteha maassi M. Web. & de Bfrt. nat. size.

dorsal before the beginning of the second third of the length of
the body, much nearer to base of pectorals than to that of
ventrals; last dorsal ray nearly reaches caudal. Anal twice as
near to caudal than to ventrals. Ventrals equal to pectorals,
reaching anus, which is situated nearly in the middle of the
length of the body. Pectorals i!/a in length of postorbital
part of head. Caudal deeply forked, lobes pointed, upper lobe
one third longer than lower one, I !/2 times length of head. Cycloid
scales very small, lateral line conspicuous. Uniform brown.
Length of single specimen known 98 mm. [Type of the species
in the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam].

Habitat: Sumatra (Gunung Sahilan on river Kampar kiri !).

8. Nemachilus Bleeker.

(BLEEKER, Versl. Akad. Amsterdam, Dec. 1862, XV. 1863, p. 37) ').

Elongate, feebly compressed. Eyes with a free orbital margin ;
no suborbital spine. Head rounded, with blunt short snout; mouth
small, inferior with a circular lip. Six barbels: a pair of rostral
ones close together on the top of the snout, two pairs on the

i) The generic name Nemachilus is from VAN HASSELT (Alg. Konst- & Letter-
bode II. 1823, p. 133) but without description.

39

upper jaw. Dorsal opposite to ventrals or just behind the vertical
through the origin of the latter. Anal short, far behind ventrals.

Fig. 19. Nemachilus fasciatus (C. V.) X 2-

Caudal emarginate or entire. Scales minute, wanting on head.
Gillopenings subvertical, ending near base of pectorals.

Distribution: Europe, Asia, a single species in Africa.

Key to the ind o-a ustralian species.

1. Ventrals surpassing anus; outer pectoral rays pro-
longed, much longer than head N. longipectoralis p. 39.

2. Ventrals not reaching anus; pectorals shorter than

head. Caudal deeply emarginate N. fasciatus p. 40.

3. Ventrals reaching anus; pectorals shorter than head ;

caudal feebly notched N. olivaceus p. 41.

Doubtful species N. notostigma p. 42.

i. Nemachilus longipectoralis Popta.

Nemachilus longipectoralis Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXV. 1905, p. 182. -
ibid. XXVII. 1906, p. 198.

D. 3.9; A. 3.6; P. 2.10; V. 1.7.

Height 6 — 6.6, 7.8 — 8.8 in length with caudal. Head 4 — 4.2,
5.3 — 5.5 in length with caudal. Eye about 4, one third
shorter than snout, slightly less than interorbital space. Inner
rostral barbels reaching to about middle of eye, outer ones
to middle of operculum, those at corner of mouth somewhat
shorter. Origin of dorsal nearer to end of snout than to caudal,
before origin of ventrals. Dorsal oblique, its height about equal
to head. Anal oblique, its height less than that of the dorsal
and equal to that of the ventrals, its origin nearer to caudal
than to origin of ventrals. Ventrals shorter than head, surpassing
anus, their origin is opposite to the second branched ray of
the dorsal. The two outer articulated rays of pectorals prolonged,
surpassing base of ventrals, much longer than head. Caudal
deeply emarginate, lobes pointed with rounded tips, the upper

40

one the longer, much longer than head. Scales conspicuous,
about 100 in the lateral line. Colour, after Miss POPTA, yellowish,
with 12 — 14 transverse brown narrow bands on the back,
which are continued on the flanks, where some of them divide
so as to form 16 — 18 bands on the flanks. Dorsal rays with
brown spots, caudal with 2 or 3 brown curved lines and a
dark blotch at the middle of its base. Length 50 mm.

Nomen in dig. : Ikan skuoro (Upper Mahakam).

Habitat: Sumatra (Taluk!); Borneo (Upper Mahakam).

2. Nemachilus fasciatus (C. V.) [Fig. 19, p. 39].

Cobltis fasciata Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVIII. 1846, p. 25.

Cobltis suborbitalis Cuvier & Valenciennes, ibid. p. 26.

Cobitis chrysolaimos Cuvier & Valenciennes, ibid. p. 27.

Cobltis Jaklesi Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. III. 1852, p. 604. — Ichth.

Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 80.

Cobltis Pfeifferl Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. IV. 1853, F- 298-
Cobitis fasciata Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. VII. 1854, p. 96. — Ichth.

Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 78.
Nemacheilus fasciatus Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 7.
Nemacheilus Jaldesi ' Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 8.
Nemacheilos fasciatus Kner, Novara-Exp. I. Fische 1865 — 67, p. 366.
Nemachilus fasciatus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 349.
Modigliania papillosa Perugia, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva (2) XIII. 1893, p. 246 ').
Nemachilus saravacensis Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) XIII. 1894, p. 251 ').
Nemachifas rupicola Vaillant, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. 1902, p. 31 ')

D. 3.9; A. 3.5; P. 2.9; V. 1.7.

Height 6 — 6.2, 7.4 — 8 in length with caudal. Head about
4.5, about 5.5 — 6 in length with caudal. Eye 5 to 6, more
than twice in snout, about iJ/3 in interorbital space. Inner
rostral pair of barbels shorter than the outer ones, which are
about equal to those at the corner of the mouth and equal
to half head. Origin of dorsal nearer to end of snout than to
base of caudal, slightly before or above origin of ventrals.
Dorsal oblique, its height nearly equal to head. Anal rounded,
its height less than that of dorsal, its origin about midway
between origin of ventrals and caudal. Ventrals not reaching
anus, shorter than head, equal to pectorals. Caudal deeply
emarginate, its lobes pointed, caudal much longer than head.
Scales small but conspicuous, about 130 in the lateral line and
about 50 in front of dorsal. Body with from 1 1 to 20 cross-

i) See note on page 41.

bands on the back. A black interrupted band at the root of
the caudal. Dorsal rays with series of black spots. Anterior
dorsal rays often with a larger one. Length about 90 mm.

No men in dig.: Djeler (Sundan.); Utjeng (Javan.).

Habitat: Sumatra (Air Runding! [Padangsche Beneden-
landen], Solok, Kaju tanam !, Fort de Kock !, Lake Manindjau !,
Pajakombo, Lahat, Taluk !, Danau near Sakaranda, Lake Toba !);
Batu Islands?; Java (Bantam, Lebak, Batavia, Tjampea, Buiten-
zorg!, Sindanglaja, Tjandjur, Tjikoppo, Tjipanas, Tjisaat!,
Garut, Gombong, Lake Situ Bagendit, Kuningan, Lake near
Trogon !, Ambarawa, Malang, Cave Guwa gremeng near Djocja !,
Tjilatjap, Ngantang, Lesti, Lawang !, Djember!); Borneo (river
Kapuas, Danau Sriang, Sarawak).

Note. We have included N. saravacensis in the synonymy
of N. fasciatus as the differences, given by BOULENGER, do
not hold good. The difference in the number of the dorsal
rays is not noteworthy. We find in specimens of N. fasciatus
(from Java) the origin of the dorsal above the origin of the
ventrals or slightly before them, but never behind.

After inspection of the young specimens in the Leiden
Museum, which VAILLANT calls Nemachilus rupicola Me Clell.
whitout giving any reason for this definition, we believe that
they belong to Nemachilus fasciatus C. V.

Dr. GESTRO, Director of the wMuseo Civico" of Geneva has
been kind enough to send us two typical specimens of Modi-
gliania papillosa Perugia. We are obliged to unite it with
Nemachilus fasciatus, as we cannot see the "papilla grossa
conica, lunga meta il diametro dell' occhio alia regione prae-
orbitale" and otherwise there is no difference from Nemachilus
fasciatus.

3. Nemachilus olivaceus Blgr.

Nemachilus olivaceus Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) XIII. 1894, p. 250.

D. 3.8; A. 2.5; P. 10; V. 1.6.

Height 5.6, 7 in length with caudal. Head 4.5, 5.6 in length
with caudal. Eye 5, twice in length of snout, about I '/5 in
interorbital space. Inner rostral pair of barbels shorter than
the outer ones, extending to middle of operculum. Origin of
dorsal originating above the base of the ventrals, and slightly
nearer the end of the snout than the base of the caudal. Height
of dorsal somewhat less than length of head. Anal halfway

42

between dorsal and caudal, originating midway between origin
of ventrals and caudal or a little nearer to ventral; its height
scarcely less than that of dorsal. Ventrals reaching anus, shorter
than head and scarcely shorter than pectorals. Caudal feebly
notched. Body entirely covered with imbricate scales, of which
there are about 30 between dorsal and ventral fins. Olive
above, with or without traces of 17 darker bars across the
back, yellowish beneath; fins gray or grayish, without spots.
Total length 85 mm.

Habitat: Borneo (Bongon !).

Note: This species, the types of which have been studied
by us in the British Museum is hardly different from N. fas-
ciatus (C. V.). The only differences are, that the caudal fin is
feebly notched in N. olivaceus, deeply emarginate in N.fasciatus,
that in the former the ventrals reach the anus, which is not
the case in N. fasciatus. The latter species has also a series
of black spots on the dorsal rays, which are wanting in
N. olivaceus.

Doubtful species.
i. Nemachilus notostigma Blkr.

Nemachilus notostigma Bleeker, Versl. Akad. Amsterdam XV. 1863, p. 254.
Nemachilus notostigma Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 352.

D. 2.8; A. 3.5—6; P. 1.9; V. 1.6-7.

Height 7!/2 — 8 in total length, head more than 5 in length.
Eye about 5!/2» rnore than once in interorbital space, situated
about in the middle of the length of the head. The snout being
somewhat shorter than the postorbital part of the head. Outer
rostral barbels longer than inner ones and reaching to eye;
maxillary barbels surpassing eye. Dorsal slightly oblique,
straight, with the anterior corner rounded, anterior rays opposite
to ventrals. Anal acute, its distance from end of dorsal, more
than half length of last named fin. Ventrals inserted before
middle of length. Pectorals not much shorter than head. Caudal
distinctly emarginate. The free portion of the tail is, after
GUNTHER, as long as deep. Body with twelve or thirteen
brownish crossbands, broader than the interspaces between
them ; base of caudal with a blackish transverse streak. Dorsal
with a blackish spot at its anterior base, the rays with two
to four black dots, as also the caudal rays. Length, as far as
published 71 mm.

43

Habitat: Sumatra (Benkulen, according to E. VON
MARTENS). - - Ceylon.

We have placed this species under the doubtful ones, as
we doubt, that E. VON MARTENS (Preuss. Expedition nach
Ost-Asien, Zoolog. Theil, I. 1876, p. 404) was right in his
determination of the species (of which he gives no description)
of Nemachilus, caught by him in Benkulen, Sumatra, a species
only known from Ceylon.

Note:

BLEEKER described (Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. II. 1851,
p. 435) a Cobitis barbatuloides. In his diagnosis he says:
"spinis suborbitalibus utroque latere 2, sub oculi margine anter-
iore vel vix ante oculum sitis, spina posteriore anteriore majore;
cirris 6 ? brevibus . . . ." Later on in a review of the Cobitinae
(Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. XVI. 1858 — 59, p. 302) he gives
the following diagnosis of his genus Cobitichthys-. "Oculi velati.
Cirri 6 ad 10, rostrales 2, supramaxillares 4. Caput alepi-
dotum. Spina suborbitalis nulla. Nares anteriores tubulatae.
Pinna dorsalis ventralibus opposita. Vesica natatoria parva
tota in cavitate ossea vertebrali inclusa. Corpus valde com-
pressum. Spec, archip. Cobitis barbatuloides Blkr." This chang-
ement of his opinion about the suborbital spine is explained
in: Ichth. Arch. Prodom. II Cyprini, 1860, p. 82. In his Atl.
ichth. III. 1863, p. 14 the species in question is called Mis-
gurnus barbatuloides Blkr. As also the number of barbels is
uncertain and BLEEKER himself says : "1'espece merite d'etre
examine de nouveau," we only draw attention to it, but dare
not to give a description.

3. Fam. CYPRINIDAE.

Head and body compressed, exceptionally depressed. Pect-
orals and ventrals only in few cases horizontally inserted, only
one of their outer rays simple. No spine before or below eye.
Eyes with a free orbital margin, which may form a gelatinous
eyelid. Dorsal short or long, its origin before, above or behind
that of ventrals; anal short or long, its origin below dorsal
or behind it. Mouth inferior or terminal, its upper border
formed by the intermaxillaries only. Never more than two
pairs of barbels: a rostral and a maxillary pair, one or both
may be absent. Arrangement of lips and jaws and their covering

44

different. In indo-australian species scales present, large,
moderate or small. Lateral line generally complete. Gillopenings
generally wide, but gillmembranes broadly united with isthmus.
Pseudobranchiae present. Pharyngeal teeth in one, two or
three series, absent only in Gyrinocheilns. Airbladder divided
into two portions, the posterior of which may be reduced, the
anterior in indo-australian species not enclosed in bone.

Distribution: Fresh water of Europe, North America,
Africa, Asia, western part of indo-australian Archipelago.

Artificial key to the indo-australian
subfamilies of the Cyprinidae.

I. Abdomen, or part of abdomen, compressed into an edge Abramidinac p. 44.
II. Abdomen not compressed into an edge, rounded or even
flattened.

1. Lower jaw generally with a symphysial knob, fitting
in an incision of the upper one; dorsal without
osseous spine, situated behind ventrals; lateral line
abruptely bending downwards, if complete running

along lower half of tail Rasbonnae p. 58.

2. Lower jaw always without symphysial knob; dorsal
generally with an osseous spine, situated before or
above ventrals; if behind them, the dorsal has a
strong osseous spine ; lateral line running, with one

exception, in the middle of the tail. .-...' Cyprininae p. 89.

I. Subfam. Abramidinae.

Oblong, elongate or very elongate, compressed or much
compressed; abdomen or part of abdomen compressed into an
edge. Dorsal short with 7 — 10 branched rays, opposite to
space between ventrals and anal or opposite to anal; without an
enlarged spine, or the 3^ ray may be osseous and smooth, in
one case serrated behind. Anal moderate or very long, with
12 — 48 branched rays. Ventrals in one case absent, pectorals may
be elongate. Caudal forked. Mouth terminal, subinferior or
directed upwards, with the lower jaw prominent, which may have
a symphysial knob. No barbels or exceptionally a pair of
maxillary ones. Scales small or of moderate size, the lateral line
running in the middle or in the lower half of the tail. Gill-
openings reaching to below orbit or praeoperculum. Pharyngeal
teeth in a single, double or triple series.

45

Key to the i nd o-aust ral ia n genera of
Abramidinae.

A. Ventrals always present.

I. A pair of long maxillary barbels present. . . . Nematabramls p. 45.
II. No barbels.

A. A trenchant edge from throat to anus.

1. Nuchal scales beginning far behind eyes;
lateral line may be abruptely bent down-
wards above pectorals Laubuca p. 47.

2. Nuchal scales beginning above eyes; la-
teral line gently curved.

a. Pectorals situated above the ventral
profile, which is convex in its whole

length Chela p. 50.

b. Pectorals situated in the ventral profile,
which is convex only in its praepec-

toral part Macrochirichthys p. 53.

B. A trenchant edge between base ofventrals

and anus only Rasborichthys p. 55.

B. No ventrals Parachela p. 57.

I. Nematabramis Boulenger.

(BOULENGER Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) XIII. 1894, p. 249).
Mearnsella Scale & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXXIII. 1908, p. 231.
Nematabramls L. S. Berg, Annuaire du Mus. Zool. St. Petersbourg XIV. 1909, p. 43.

Oblong, much compressed, with a trenchant ventral edge.
Upper profile slowly ascending from snout to dorsal, somewhat
convex, slightly concave on head and nape. Gape of mouth

Fig. 20. Nematabramis stcindachncri Popta. about X! 5/i-

moderately large, obliquely directed upwards; lower jaw slightly
longer than the upper one, which is protractile. A more or less
developed symphysial knob, fitting in a corresponding shallow

46

cavity in the upper jaw. A pair of long maxillary barbels.
Eye with a free orbital margin. Short dorsal, without strong
spines, totally opposite to anal, which is much longer than
dorsal and has 12 — 18 rays. Ventrals inserted slightly above
the abdominal profile, with 6 branched rays, separated by one
scale from the lateral line. Pectorals longer than head. Caudal
deeply emarginate. Scales rather large, of about equal size,
the nuchal ones commencing far behind eye. Lateral line
abruptly bent downwards behind the pectoral fin and running
close to the lower profile of the body and separated from it
by 2 scales. Pseudobranchiae present. Gillrakers short. Pharyn-
geal teeth hooked, in two series 5.4 — 4.5. Branchial opening
reaching below eye.

Distribution: Philippines and Borneo.

Key to the indo-australian species.

1. Height 3^4 to nearly 33/4; origin of dorsal twice as

far from end of snout as from base of caudal. . . . N. everetti p. 46.

2. Height 3% — 4Ve? origin of dorsal less than twice

as far from end of snout as from base of caudal . . N. steindachneri p 47.

i. Nematabramis everetti Blgr.

Ncmatabramis Everetti Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) XIII. 1894, p. 250.

6A
D. 2.8; A. 3.16; P. 1. 10; V. 1.5; L.I. 35— 37; L. tr. j_ (at

IV
origin of dorsal).

Height 3!/4 to nearly 33/4 about 4.6 in length with caudal ; head
4.3, 5.4 in length with caudal. Eye 3.6, shorter than snout and
than interorbital space. Barbels i1^ to 2 as long as head. Origin of
dorsal above the 2Otn scale of lateral line, separated by 24 scales
from occiput, twice as far from end of snout as from base of
caudal. Height of dorsal slightly more than length of head
without snout. Origin of anal below i8th scale of lateral line,
its height somewhat more than that of dorsal. Ventrals a little
nearer to end of snout than to base of caudal. Pectorals i!/3
as long as head, extending beyond base of ventrals. Least
height of caudal peduncle more than twice in length of head
and 1.7 in its own length, surrounded by 12 scales. Colour
pale, with a silvery lateral stripe. Length 1 10 mm. [Type of
the species in the British Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Borneo (Bongon and Merabeh, Baram River,
Sarawak !).

47
2. Nematabramis steindachneri Popta. [Fig. 20, pag. 45}.

Ncmatabramfo Steindachnerii Popta, Notes Leydea Mus. XXV. 1904 — 1905, p.
179. — ibid. XXVII. 1905—1906, p. 176.

61

D. 2.9—10; A. 3.16—17; P. 1. 12; V. 1.6; L. 1. 37— 38; L. tr. T.

Height 3%— 4'/G. head 47/,,— 45/0- Eye 4'/5, 5/8 in inter-
orbital space. Mouth obliquely ascending, lower jaw, which is
the longer, with a symphysial protuberance, corresponding to
a small cavity in the upper jaw. Barbels i'/4 the length of
the head, and reaching somewhat farther than the base of the
pectorals. Origin of dorsal above 5th rav of anal, separated
by 24 scales from occiput, slightly in advance of the second third
of the length. Anal emarginate, the anterior rays the longest,
beginning in the third fifth of the length. Ventrals not reaching
anal, half their length distant from it. Pectorals falcate, pointed,
equal to '/4 °f the length of the body, surpassing base of
ventrals. Caudal deeply emarginate, the lobes pointed, some-
what longer than head. Yellowish brown, back dark, an irre-
gularly broad longitudinal dark band from opercle to caudal,
ending in a triangular patch and containing a blotch above
the first third of the pectorals. A median dark band on the back.
Fins hyaline. Length over 140 mm. [After Miss POPTA ; specimen
in the Leiden Museum seen by us].

Nomen in dig. : Lalang (Kajan).

Habitat: Borneo (river Kajan!).

2. Laubuca Bleeker.

(BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XX. 1859—1860, p. 438. -
Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1 860, p. 468).

(Eustira Giinther).

Oblong, strongly compressed. A regularly convex trenchant
edge from throat to anus. Dorsal profile slightly convex, mouth
obliquely directed upwards. No hook at mandibular symphysis,
nor an emargination at the symphysis of the upper jaw. No
barbels. Eye with a free orbital margin. Dorsal short, without
strong spines, its origin opposite to that of anal, which is
many-rayed and much longer than dorsal. Ventrals inserted
slightly above the abdominal edge, situated distinctly before
middle of length, their outer ray elongated. Pectorals longer
than head. Caudal forked. Scales rather large, of about equal

48

size, the nuchal ones commencing far behind eye. Lateral line
curved downward and approximated to ventral profile. Pseu-

Fig. 21. Laubuca (Eustira) inaassi (M. Web. & de Bfrt.) X 2'/2-

dobranchiae present. Pharyngeal teeth uncinate, in 3 rows.
Branchial opening ending below eye.

Distribution: Sumatra, Ceylon and south eastern Asia.

Key to subgenera.

1. Lateral line gently curved downward Laubuca s.str. p. 48.

2. Lateral line abruptly curved downward Eustira p. 49.

Note: We do not think, that the Genus Eustira ofGiinther
is generically distinct from Laubuca, we therefore give it only
the value of a subgenus, containing Eustira ceylonensis Gthr.
and our Eustira maassi.

i. Laubuca (Laubuca) laubuca (Ham. Buch.).

Cyprinus laubuca Hamilton Buchanan, Fishes of the Ganges, 1822, p. 260.

Perilampus gut talus M'Clelland, Ind. Cypr. 1839, p. 394.

Leudscus laubuca Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXV. 1853. Nalez. fauna Bengalen

en Hindostan p. 138.

Chela laubuca Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 335.
Perilampus laubttca Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878 — 1888, p. 598.
Perilampus latibuca Duncker, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, XXIX. 1912,

p. 267. (sine syn.).

61

D. 2.8; A. 2.19; P. 1. 1 1 ; V. 1.6; L. 1. about 32 — 34; L. tr. j_.

5

Dorsal profile convex behind a nuchal concavity, that of
head straight. Abdominal profile convex from snout to anus,
with a trenchant keel. Height 3.2 — 3.6, 4.1 — 4.6 in length with
caudal. Head 4 or somewhat more, about 5*/2 m length with
caudal. Eye nearly 3, somewhat longer than snout and than
flat interorbital space. Gape of mouth obliquely ascending, not
reaching to level of lower border of eye. Origin of dorsal

49

opposite to 5th branched ray of anal, separated by 18 or 19
scales from occiput, its distance from occiput about equal to
that from end of middle caudal rays. Height of dorsal nearly
equal to length of head. Anal emarginate, the height of its
anterior rays about l/5 shorter than height of body. Ventrals
with the outer ray filiform, reaching on anal, its length equal
to 4/5 of height of body, separated by 3 scales from lateral
line. Pectorals falcate, pointed, l/3 longer than head, reaching
to anus. Caudal deeply incised, its lobes pointed, elongate, about
!/4 of total length. Lateral line gently curved downward to
near ventral profile. Small gular scales reaching below pectorals
to ventrals. Brown, a blackish line connecting a dark blotch
above origin of pectorals with a similar one at base of caudal.
Fins hyaline. Length over 60 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Deli!). — Burma, Assam, British India
and Ceylon. In ponds and streams.

2. Laubuca (Eustira) maassi (M. Web. &de Bfrt.). [Fig. 21, p. 48].

Eustira Maassi Max Weber & de Beaufort, in Maass: nDurch Zentral Sumatra'
Bd. II. 1912, Fische, p. 531.

__

D. 2.7; A. 3.10; P. i. ii; V. 1.6; L. 1". 34; L. tr. _j_.

I. 1-2

Dorsal profile slightly convex. Profile of head straight, ab-
dominal profile convex from snout to anus, with a trenchant
keel. Height 31/3, head 33/4. Eye 3!/2, nearly 1J3 longer than
snout and slightly less than flat interorbital space. Gape of
mouth obliquely ascending, reaching to level of lower border
of eye. Origin of dorsal opposite to 2nd branched ray of anal,
separated by 20 scales from occiput, its distance from occiput
somewhat more than that from the point of the caudal. Height
of dorsal slightly more than half length of head. Anal emarg-
inate, the greatest height of its anterior somewhat elongated
rays equal to half height of body. Ventrals half as long as
height of body, separated by one scale from lateral line. Pec-
torals falcate, pointed, ]/3 longer than head, reaching to posterior
third of ventrals. Caudal deeply incised, its lobes pointed,
elongated, longer than '/4 of total length. Lateral line abruptly
and nearly vertically bent downward to near ventral profile.
Small gular scales reaching only to below pectorals. Brown,
back darker, a dark longitudinal band, running from oper-
INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES III. 4

50

culum to middle of base of caudal, where it ends in a dark
patch. Fins hyaline. A dark median band along the back.
Length of single specimen known 42 mm. [Type of the species
in the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam].

Habitat: Sumatra (Gunung Sahilan on river Kampar!).

3. Chela Hamilton Buchanan.

(HAMILTON BUCHANAN, Fishes of the Ganges 1822, p. 258. — Swainson, Nat.
Hist, of Fishes, Amphib. and Reptiles II. 1839, p. 285).

Oblong or elongate, much compressed. A regularly convex
trenchant edge from throat to anus. Dorsal profile more or
less straight. Head pointed. Mouth directed upward. Chin pro-
minent. Mandibular symphysis with a prominent hook, fitting
into an emargination of the symphysis of the upper jaw. No
barbels. Eye large, with a free orbital margin. Dorsal short,
without strong spines; totally or with its greater part opposite
to anal, which is long and many-rayed. Caudal forked. Ventrals

Fig. 22. Chela oxy gas tr aides (Blkr.).

inserted somewhat above the abdominal profile, with at least
6 branched rays. Pectorals elongate, situated above the ventral
profile. Scales thin, of moderate or small size. Dorsal and
nuchal scales smaller than the others, the nuchal ones beginning
tabove the eye. Lateral line without abrupt bend above the
pectorals, but gently curved downwards and running in the
lower half of the tail. Pseudobranchiae present. Branchial opening
reaching below hindmargin of praeoperculum. Gillmembranes
broadly united to isthmus. Gillrakers short, cylindrical, widely-
set. Pharyngeal teeth slender, hooked, without serrature, in a
triple series.

Distribution: Fresh water of indoaustralian Archipelago
(Sumatra, Java, Borneo), East Indian Continent.

IK

Artificial key to the indo-australian species.

1. Linea lateralis 40—43 Ch. oxygastroides /. 51.

2. Linea lateralis 50 — 63.

a. Pectorals reaching anus or even anal Ch. hypophthalmus-p.^.

b. Pectorals reaching to or surpassing ventrals. . . . Ch. oxygaster p. 52.

I. Chela oxygastroides (Blkr.) [Fig. 22, p. 50].

Leuciscus oxygastroides Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. III. 1852, p. 431.
Chela oxygastroides Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Tnd. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 472. —

Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 135.
Chela megalolepis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 337.

6—7

D. 2.7; A. 3.28—32; P.2.H— 13; V. 2.6; L. 1.40— 43; L.tr_i_.

5-6

Oblong, strongly compressed. Profile of back nearly straight,
concave behind the elevated snout. Abdomen convex, with a
sharp keel. Height 3.2 — 3.6, almost 4 to 4!/2 in length with
caudal. Head 4.3 — 4.6, 5.4 — 5.6 in length with caudal. Eye
about 3, equal to snout, and somewhat more than interorbital
space. Origin of dorsal opposite to that of anal, much nearer
to base of caudal than to head. Height of dorsal 2/3 length of
head, about equal to first elongated ray of anal. Ventrals
inserted somewhat above the ventral profile, about 2/3 length
of head. Pectorals J/3 longer than length of head, reaching far
on ventrals or even to anus. Caudal deeply emarginate, equal
to head. Lateral line descending gradually, in a slight curve,
the top of which is opposite to ventrals. Gillrakers short,
cylindrical, widely set. Pharyngeal teeth 4.3. 2 — 2.4.5. Yellowish
brown, with a silvery hue. A silvery longitudinal band along
the sides. Fins more or less powdered with black, forming a
more or less distinct longitudinal band on each caudal lobe.
Length over 200 mm.

Nom. in dig. : Seluang, Repang (Djambi), Lalang (Banjer-
massin), Kedukul (river Bo), Lundjor pari (Sundan.), Wader
pari (Javan.).

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang, Lahat, Lake Tador!, river
Batang Hari!); Java (Batavia, Krawang, Lake Kamodjing near
Tjihampeh !, Kediri!, Tulung Agung!); Borneo (river Kapuas:
Pontianak, Sintang, Smitau, Putus Sibau !, Sebruang, Knapei ;

52

Danau Sriang, river Sambas, Prabukarta, river Mahakam :
Samarinda!, Batu Pangal !, River B6; Upper Riko !). — Siam.

2. Chela hypophthalmus Blkr.

Chela hypophthalmus Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Podr. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 471. —

Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 134.
Chela hypophthalmus Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 336.

D. 2.7 — 8; A. 2.30 — 32; P. 1. 1 1 — 13; V. 1.6; L. 1. 59 — 63;

12

L. tr. T.
6

Oblong, strongly compressed. Profile of back slightly convex.
Height 3 — 3.5, 4 or a little more in length with caudal. Head
about 4!/3> 5*2 — 5'4 in length with caudal. Eye more than 3
to 3.4, equal to snout and scarcely more than interorbital space.
Origin of dorsal opposite to that of anal, much nearer to base
of caudal than to head. Height of dorsal 2/3 length of head,
about equal to first elongated ray of anal. Ventrals inserted
somewhat above the ventral profile, about 1J2 length of head.
Pectorals one third longer than head, reaching anus or even anal.
Caudal deeply emarginate, equal to head. Lateral line with
a gentle curve, the top of which is about above the anus.
Silvery, back darker, with a silvery longitudinal band. Fins
hyaline, caudal with a black margin and darkish lobes, the
anal may have a black margin. Length 165 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang, river Kampar: Gunung
Sahilan!; Indragiri); Borneo (Sarawak [British Museum], river
Kapuas: Sintang!, Sebruang, Knapei, river Mendalan !).

3. Chela oxygaster (C. V.).

Oxygaster anomalurus van Hasselt, Alg. Konst- en Letterbode 1823, II. p. 133

(no description).

Leuciscus oxygaster Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons, XVII. 1844, P- 349-
Leuciscus oxygaster Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie V. 1853, p. 453.
Chela anomalurus Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. IT. Cyprini, 1860, p. 473. —

Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 136.
Chela anomalurus Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 335.

D. 2.7; A. 3.27— 31; P. 1.13— 14; V. 2.7; L. 1. 50— 60; L. tr.

II 12 IO

i (after BLEEKER) T (after GONTHER) ').

5—7 3

i) In the specimens seen by us the scales were damaged.

53

Elongate, strongly compressed. Profile of back somewhat
convex, that of head concave. Height 4 in length without caudal,
head 4.5 — 5, 6 — 6.5 in length with caudal. Eye 3 or some-
what more, equal to snout and !/3 or 2/5 longer than inter-
orbital space. Origin of dorsal scarcely in advance of that of
anal, about in the middle between head and base of caudal.
Height of dorsal i*/2 — 2 times in height of body and about
equal to first elongated ray of anal. Ventrals inserted above
ventral profile, much but not twice shorter than pectorals.
Pectorals much longer than head, reaching to ventrals or slightly
surpassing them. Caudal deeply emarginate, somewhat longer
than head. The lateral line descends in a wide arch to above
the ventrals. Silvery, back darkish, with a more or less con-
spicuous lateral dark band, broadening posteriorly. Fins hyaline;
each caudal lobe with a blackish longitudinal band, the upper
one continuous with the lateral band. Length 200 mm.
[Specimens of VAN HASSELT's collection seen by us in the
Leyden Museum]. .

Habitat: Sumatra (Pangabuang, brooks in province Palem-
bang, Lake Tador!, river Selapian, Upper Langkat, river Wampu,
Deli) ; Java (Batavia, Surakarta, Kediri, Surabaya, Gempol) ;
Borneo (river Pengaron, Kapuas and Baram; Sarawak [British
Museum]). — Malacca.

Note. According to Volz (Zool. Jahrb. Abth. Syst. XIX.
1903, p. 405), this fish is much esteemed as food by the
Malayans in the province Palembang.

4. Macrochirichthys Bleeker.

(BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XX, 1859 — 60, p. 439).
Very elongate, strongly compressed. Back nearly straight.

Fig. 23. Macrochirichthys macrochirus (C. V.). X V2-

A trenchant edge from throat to anus, convex only in its
anterior part. Head with the pointed snout directed upwards,

54

as also the subvertical mouth. Mandibles with the symphysis
strongly uncinate, fitting in a deep excavation of the upper
jaw, which is roofed by a fold of the skin. No barbels. Sub-
orbital ring narrow. Eye rather large, with a free orbital margin.
Dorsal very short, without strong spines, opposite to the anal,
which is long and many-rayed. Caudal forked. Ventrals inserted
slightly above the abdominal keel, with 7 branched rays.
Pectorals elongate, situated in the ventral profile. Scales thin,
small, very irregularly arranged, especially those of the upper
surface, which reach to above frontborder of eye. Lateral line
slightly curved. Pseudobranchiae present. Gillrakers rudimentary.
Gillopening ending below eye. Pharyngeal teeth small, uncinate,
in two series 5 — 4.4 — 4 or 5.

Distribution: Freshwater of indo-australian Archipelago
(Sumatra, Java and Borneo); Siam.

i. Macrochirichthys macrochirus (C. V.) [Fig. 23, p. 53].

Leuciscus macrochirus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVII. 1844,

p. 348.

Leuciscus uranoscopus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie I. 1850. p. 14.
Macrochirichthys uranoscopus Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860,

p. 476. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 137.

Macrochirichthys •?? macrochirus Bleeker, l.s.c. 1860, p. 477. — l.s.c. 1863, p. 137.
Chela macrochir Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 338.
Chela macrochir Volz, Revue Suisse Zool. XII. 1904, p. 480.
Macrochirichthys snyderi Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (2) LVII,

1905, p. 487.

D. 3.7—8; A. 3.22—25; P. 2.15; V. 1.7; L. 1. 120—130
(perforated scales).

Height about 6, about 7 in length with caudal. Head 4. 5 — 5,
about 5J/2 to more than 6 in length with caudal. Eye 4 — 5,
somewhat shorter than snout, more than interorbital space.
Height of dorsal about half length of head, slightly less than
that of anterior elongated rays of anal. Ventrals half length
of head. Pectorals about !/3 longer than head, not reaching
ventrals. Caudal forked, much shorter than head. Silvery, upper
surface greyish, a black blotch at base of caudal. Axil of
pectorals blackish. Fins hyaline. Length over 500 mm.

Nomen in dig. : Timatima (Palembang), Parang parang
(Djambi), Abang (river Bo).

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang, Batang Hari !, Danau Sialong

55

lotong); Java; Borneo (river Kapuas : Pontianak, Sintang; Danau
Sriang, river Kahajan, river Pengaron, Banjermassin, river
Mahakam f Batu Pangal !, river B6; river Baram). - - Siam.

5. Rasborichthys Bleeker.

(BLEEKER, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 456).

Elongate, or oblong and rather elevated, compressed. A
median keel between base of ventrals and anus. Head pointed.
Mouth anterior, obliquely ascending, narrow, not extending
to below eye. Lips thin, no barbels. Praeorbital triangular, its top
directed upwards, suborbitals narrow. Eye large, with broad
gelatinous eyelids. Dorsal with 7 branched rays, above the space

Fig. 24. Rasborichthys helfrichi .(Blkr.). X 8/9-

between ventrals and anal. Anal many rayed, much longer than
dorsal. Scales moderate or small, thin, more or less deciduous.
Lateral line curved, running along the middle of the tail. Pseudo-
branchiae present. Gillrakers long, setiform, closely set. Gill-
opening ending below praeoperculum. Gillmembranes united
to isthmus. Pharyngeal teeth 1.3.5 — 5.3.1.

Distribution: Sumatra, Borneo and Singapore.

Key to the species.

1. L. 1. 36 — 38. Lower jaw included R. altior p. 55.

2. L. 1. 55 — 60. Lower jaw pominent R. helfrichi p. 56.

i. Rasborichthys altic-r Reg.

Rasborichthys altior Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) XI. 1913, p. 394.

S|

D. 2.7; A. 1.17; P. 1.13; V. 1.6; L.I. 36— 38; L. tr. j_.

7

Oblong, rather elevated. Height 2.8 — 3, 3.5 in length with
caudal; head 4.5 in length with caudal. Eye 3 — 31/2> slightly

56

longer than snout, 1.2 in interorbital space. Lips thin, mouth
very oblique, lower jaw included. Origin of dorsal equidistant
from eye and base of caudal, opposite to i6th scale of lateral
line. Dorsal straight or slightly convex, separated by 24 scales
from occiput, its height less than length of head. Anal half
as high as dorsal, its origin below the 22n<l or 23^ scale of
lateral line. Ventrals subequal to pectorals, which are 3/4 or 4/5
length of head and nearly or quite reaching the ventrals.
Caudal forked, equal to head. Least height of caudal peduncle
more than twice in head, nearly equal to its own length,
surrounded by 16 scales, 9 of which are above the lateral
lines. Olivaceous above, silvery on sides, with or without dark
stripes along the series of scales. Length 60 — 85 mm. [Type
of the species in the British Museum seen by us].
Habitat: Singapore!

2. Rasborichthys helfrichi (Blkr.). [Fig. 24, p. 55].

Leuciscus Helfrichii Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sclent. Indo Neerl. II. Tiende Bijdrage

Ichthyol. Borneo, 1857, p. 15.
Rasborichthys Helfrichi Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860,

p. 456. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863. p. 128.

Rasborichthys helfrichii Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 319.
Rasborichthys HelfrichiiVa.\\\xn.\., Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (3) V. 1893, p. 90.

D. 3.7; A. 3.17—19; P. 1.14—15; V. 2.8; L. 1. 55—60;

10
L. tr. ~T~

9 — 10

Elongate. Height about 4]/2, nearly equal to head, about 5 !/2
in length with caudal. Eye about 3, about equal to inter-
orbital space and somewhat longer than snout. Lips thin, lower
jaw prominent. Origin of dorsal somewhat behind middle of
line connecting end of snout and end of shortest caudal rays.
Dorsal truncate, separated by 28 — 30 scales from occiput, its
last spine equal to head. Anal with the anterior rays the
longest, its third spine about half head. Origin of ventrals half
length of head before that of dorsal, shorter than pectorals,
which are about equal to head without snout. Caudal deeply
forked, its lobes pointed, somewhat longer than head. Least
height of caudal peduncle about !/s IGSS than its height, equal
to half length of head, surrounded by about 28 scales, 14 or
15 of which are above the lateral lines. Scales thin and very
deciduous. Uniform yellowish in formol specimens. Length
about 1 20 mm.

57

Nomen in dig. : Ikan teri (Djambi).

Habitat: Sumatra (river Batang Hari : Djambi!); Borneo
(rivers Kahajan, Kapuas).

6. Parachela Steindachner.
(STEINDACHNER, Sitzber. Akad. Wien LXXXIII. i£8i, p. 404).

Body C/ieta-like. Elongate, compressed, with trenchant ab-
dominal edge. Lateral line abruptly descending behind pectorals
to beginning of anal region. Scales of unequal size as in
Chela. Dorsal short, without spines, vertically situated behind
beginning of long anal. No ventrals. Gape of mouth directed
upwards. No barbels. Lower jaw with a knob-like protuberance
at the symphysis. Pharyngeal teeth in three rows, uncinate,
not denticulate (4.4.2 — 2.4.4). Development of shoulder girdle
as in subgenus Oxygaster of the genus Chela [After STEIN-
DACHNER).

Distribution: Borneo, only a single species is known.

i. Parachela breitensteini Steind.

Parachela Breitensteinii Steindachner, Sitzber. Akad. Wien LXXXIII. 1881, p. 404.

D. 9; A. 3.30; P. 12; L. 1. circa 60.

Dorsal profile of head slightly concave, strongly ascending
immediately behind front, afterwards horizontal to dorsal. Lower
profile rapidly descending to below base of pectorals and
forming an angle with subsequent abdominal profile, which is
nearly straight. Height more than 3!/3, circa 4*/3 in length
with caudal. Head circa 41/2. Eye circa 3, snout circa 3!/2,
interorbital space 33/5 in length of head. Origin of dorsal nearly
twice nearer to caudal than to end of snout, vertically situated
somewhat behind origin of anal. Anal long. Pectorals strongly
developed, their length 23/5 in length, reaching anal. Caudal
bifurcate, the lobes pointed, the lower one more so and longer
and stronger than the upper one. Scales unequal, the nuchal
ones, which reach to front, and the dorsal ones are small. A
silvery longitudinal lateral band. Each caudal lobe with a dark
intermarginal longitudinal band. Length 125 mm. [After
STEINDACHNER, not seen by us].

Habitat: Borneo (Teweh).

58

2. Subfam. Rasborinae.

Oblong or elongate, compressed, belly not trenchant, more
or less rounded. Dorsal short or of moderate length, with
6 — 1 6 branched rays, without an osseous spine, its origin behind
that of ventrals. Anal short or elongate, with 5 to 17 branched
rays, its origin generally below the end of the dorsal. Pectorals
and ventrals always developed. Caudal forked. Mouth terminal,
obliquely ascending; lower jaw often projecting, generally
provided with a symphysial knob, fitting in an emargination
or incision of the upper jaw. A pair of rostral and maxillary
barbels or the latter or both are rudimentary or absent. Scales
small, moderate or large; lateral line if present abruptely
bending downwards; if complete running along lower half of
tail. Gillopenings reaching to below praeoperculum or to below
eye. Pharyngeal teeth lanceolate or uncinate in a triple or
single series.

Artificial key to the i n do-aust ralian genera.

I. Barbels absent. Anal with 5 branched rays. Mouth rather

small, with a symphysial knob Rasbora p. 58.

II. Barbels present sometimes rudimentary.

a. Mouth small, without symphysial knob, barbels long.

Anal with 5 branched rays Esomus p. 82.

b. Mouth small, with 'symphysial knob, barbels long.

Anal with II or more branched rays Danio p. 84.

c. Mouth wide, with symphysial knob, barbels short or
rudimentary. Anal with 6 — 8 branched rays Ludosoma p. 85.

i. Rasbora Bleeker.

(BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XX. 1859—1860, p. 435).

Oblong or elongate. Mouthopening rather small, ascending.
Lower jaw prominent, provided at its symphysis with a knob,
fitting in a more or less superficial emargination of the upper
jaw. Barbels absent. Dorsal with 7 or 8 branched rays, its
origin between that of ventrals and anal. Anal short, with 5
branched rays. Scales large or of moderate size. Lateral line
abruptly bending downward and, if complete, running along the
lower half of the tail. Gillopenings reaching to below praeoper-
culum. Gillmembranes connected with the isthmus. Pseudo-
branchiae present. Pharyngeal teeth 5 to 4, 4 to 2, i or 2— I
or 2, 2 to 4, 4 to 5.

59

Distribution: Indo-australian Archipelago (Sumatra, Nias,
Singapore, Riouw, Singkep, Banka, Biliton, Borneo, Java, Bali,

Fig. 25. Rasbora cephalotaenia Blkr. X ^\i*

Lombok, Sumbawa). Eastern and southern Asia, one species
in Africa.

Artificial key to the i ndo-a us trali an species

of Rasbora.
A. Lateral line complete.

I. Nine rows of scales between the lateral lines,
counted over the back of the middle of the caudal
peduncle.

A. Pectorals shorter than head R. argyrotaenia p. 61.

B. Pectorals equal to or longer than head . . . . R. vaillanti p. 63.
II. Seven rows of scales between the lateral lines,

counted over the back of the middle of the

caudal peduncle.

A. Origin of dorsal before or in the middle between

snout and hindermost caudal scales, above or

somewhat behind origin of ventrals.

a. Least height of caudal peduncle more than
twice in its length. Caudal lobes or dorsal
without dark patch.

1. Head 3.7 — 4.1 R. taw&rensis p. 63.

2. Head 4.5 — 4.6 R. leptosoma p. 65.

b. Least height of caudal peduncle twice in
its length, caudal lobes and dorsal without

dark patches. Head equal to height, 4 — 4.4. R. volzi p. 66.

c. Least height of caudal peduncle less than
twice in its length.

i. Caudal lobes with a black subterminal
band. Twelve scales between dorsal and
occiput R. trilineata p. 67.

6o

2. Dorsal deep black in the middle of its
anterior part. No bands on caudal. Ten

scales between dorsal and occiput. . . . R. dorsiocellata p. 68.
B. Origin of dorsal in or behind middle between
snout and hindermost caudal scales, always
behind origin of ventrals.

1. Dorsal much nearer to anal than to ventrals. R. rutteni p. 68.

2. Dorsal in the middle between ventrals and
anal or somewhat nearer to ventrals than
to anal.

a. Frontborder of anal with a black patch,

sides of body uniform R. bankanensis p. 69.

b. Large dark patches on the sides above

pectorals and anal R. kalochroma p. 70.

c. A black band on sides from snout to caudal.
a. Pectorals longer than or at least equal to

head R. einthoveni p. 72.

/3. Pectorals shorter than head.

a'. Origin of dorsal opposite to I2th

or 1 3th scale of lateral line. L. 1.

32 — 33 R. cephalotaenia p. 74.

b' . Origin of dorsal opposite to loth

scale of lateral line. L. 1. 25 — 27. R. jacobsoni p. 75.

d. Black band along the sides never conti-
nued on head and often reduced to a
praecaudal spot or a spot below dorsal.

Mostly a spot above base of anal present. R. lateristriata p. 76.
a. Band along sides present. L. 1. 26 — 30. forma typica p. 76.
/3. Band reduced to a praecaudal spot.

L. 1. less, decreasing to 24 var. sumatrana p. 77.

7>. Band reduced to a spot below dorsal.

L. 1. 24 — 29 var. elegans p. 78.

cT. Lateral band rather narrow, a band

at the lower surface of the caudal

peduncle, bifurcating forwards along

the base of the anal. L. 1. 29 .... var. trifasciata p. 78.

B. Lateral line incomplete, 7 rows of scales
between the lateral lines.

I. Height 6 times in total length. Least height of
caudal peduncle more than twice in length of
peduncle. L. 1. 32 — 33. Twelve scales round middle
of caudal peduncle R. pauciperforata p. 78.

6i

II. Height 5 times or less in total length. L. 1. 26 — 29.

A. Origin of dorsal opposite to base of ventrals.
Nine^scales round middle of caudal peduncle.
A large, nearly triangular black patch, with
its base between dorsal and ventral, and

tapering towards the caudal R. heteromorpha p. 79.

B. Origin of dorsal behind base of ventrals, 10 — II
scales round middle of caudal peduncle.

a. Least height of caudal peduncle more than
twice in its length. Eye less than !/3 of length

of head R. semilineata p. 80.

b. Least height of caudal peduncle not more

than i]/2 times in its length. Eye more than

Va of length of head. . . , R. reticulata p. 81.

i. Rasbora argyrotaenia (Blkr.).

Leuciscus argyrotaenia Bleeker, Verh. Batav. Gen. XXIII. 1850. Ichth. Midden-

& Oost-Java, p. 21.
Leuciscus cyanotaenia Bleeker, Verh. Batav. Gen. XXIII. 1850. Ichth. Midden- &

Oost-Java, p. 21.

Leuciscus dusonensis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie I. 1851, p. 14.
Leuciscus Schwenki Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. III. 1858, 6. Bijdrage

Vischfauna Sumatra, p. 47.

Opsarius argyrotaenia Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned; Indie XVI. 1858 — 1859, p. 358.
Rasbora dusonensis Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodrom. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 445. —

Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 122.
Rasbora argyrotaenia Bleeker, Icht. Arch. Ind. Prodrom. II. Cyprini, 1860,

p. 448. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 123.
Rasbora borneensis Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodrom. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 450. —

Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 124.

Rasbora argyrotaenia Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 195.
Rasbora argyrotaenia Vaillant, Nouv. Arch, du Mus. d'hist. nat. (3) V. 1893, p. 88.
Rasbora everetti Boulenger, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) XV. 1895 p. 187.
Rasbora hptosoma Vaillant, Notes Leyden Museum XXIV. 1902. p. 30 (nee

BLEEKER, specimens examined by us).'
Rasbora Buchanani Duncker, Fische Malay. Halbinsel. Mitth. Naturh. Mus.

Hamburg. XXI. 1904, p. 181.

Rasbora lateristriata Jordan & Scale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXXIII. 1908, p. 539.
Rasbora buchanani M. Weber & de Beaufort, Maass: Durch Zentral-Sumatra II.

1912, Fische, p. 529.
Rasbora Buchanani Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische 1913, p. 25 ').

D. 2.7; A. 3.5; P. 1.12— 13; V. 2.7— 8; L.I. 29— 30.

i) R. buchanani is mentioned also by E. VON MARTENS (Preuss. Exped. Ost-
Asien, zoolog. Theil I. 1876, p. 403) from Borneo. This is probably R. argy-
rotaenia^ as A', buchanani is only known from British India.

62

Height more than 3 — 3.6, 4 — 4.7 in length with caudal.
Head 3.8 — 4.5, 5 to about 6 in length with caudal. Eye 3 — 3.5,
longer than snout, about one fifth shorter than interorbital space.
Cleft of mouth ascending, its anterior end about in the level
of the upper border of pupil, posteriorly not reaching front-
border of eye. Origin of dorsal in the middle between snout
and posterior row of caudal scales, opposite to IIth lateral
scale, ii — 13 scales in front of it. Dorsal slightly convex, situated
about in the middle between ventrals and anal, its height less
than that of the body. Anal nearly straight, third ray the
longest, its height about one third less than that of the dorsal.
Ventrals not reaching anal, situated almost in the middle between
anal and operculum. Pectorals slightly shorter than head, their
end not reaching ventrals, in young specimens somewhat
longer. Caudal longer than head, the longest rays twice the
shortest rays. Least height of caudal peduncle about ij/2 its length
to the hindermost row of scales. Nine rows of scales between
the lateral lines counted over the back of the middle of the
caudal peduncle. Colour of alcohol specimens yellowish brown,
belly lighter, with a silvery hue, a bluish silvery lateral band,
ending before caudal, most conspicuous in the posterior two
thirds of the body. Fins hyaline, margin of caudal darkish 1).
Length to nearly 170 mm.

Nom. in dig. : Wader padi, Luntjar andong, Luntjar pareh
(javan.); Parai (sundan.) ; Tjettjereh (malay.); Pantao, Seluang
(Sumatra).

Habitat: Java (Batavia, Tanah Abang !, Sunter ! Bekassi !
Perdana, Tjibiliong, Tjiringin, Tjikampeh!, Serang, Tandjong
Oost, Tjampea, Buitenzorg!, Tjitjurup, Tjikoppo, Parongkalong,
Banjumas, Gombong, Amberawa, Ngawi, Purworedjo, Sura-
karta, Djokjokarta!, Cave Guwa Gremeng near Gunung Sewu !,
Patjitan, Surabaia, Passeruan, Grati, Ngantang, Lesti, Malang,
Bondowosso, Tjilatjap); Bali; Sumatra (Palembang!, Lematang
ilir, Muara Enim, Lahat, Telok Betong, Padang, Padang Pand-
jang, Trussan, Priaman, Lake Manindjau!, Lake Singkarah !,
Pajakombo, Djambi !, Taluk !, Gunung Sahilan !, Indragiri, Bagan
api api !, Deli !) ; Borneo (Bongon ! [Brit. Mus.] Pontianak, Sin-
tang!, Putus Sibau !, Danau Sriang, Sebruang, Knapei, Sambas,

l) We have seen in the British Museum a specimen from Bongon, North
Borneo, having a black coloured tip of the upper lobe of the caudal.

63

Bandjermassin !, Kahajan, Pengarong, Pravukarta, Mendalan
River!, Samarinda!, Batu Pangal!, Bunut!, Baram river). — Malay
Peninsula !, Siam, Annam !

2. Rasbora vaillanti Popta.

Rasbora Vaillantii Popta, Notes Ley den Mus. XXV. 1905, p. 174. — Ibid.
XXVII. 1906, p. 151.

4*
D. 2.7; A. 3.5(6); P. 1.15 ; V. 2.8; L.I. 27— 30; L.tr.j_.

Height 4, 5.3 in length with caudal; head 4 — 4.6, 5.3 — 5.7
in length with caudal. Eye more than 3.5, slightly shorter
than snout and iJ/2 times or slightly more in interorbital space.
Origin of dorsal in the middle between snout and posterior row
of caudal scales, opposite to I2th scale of lateral line, separated
by II — 12 scales from occiput. Dorsal with the upper border
oblique, situated nearer to anal than to ventrals; its height
about equal to that of the body. Origin of anal opposite to
1 6th or 1 7th scale of lateral line. Anal concave, its 3r<l ray the
longest, which is shorter than the ventrals. Ventrals shorter
than pectorals, not reaching anal. Pectorals longer than or equal
to head. Caudal much longer than head. Least height of caudal
peduncle equal to half length of head. Nine rows of scales
between lateral lines, counted over the back of the middle of
the caudal peduncle. Preserved specimens brownish above,
yellowish below, a dark brown lateral band from head to shortly
before caudal, broadening posteriorly; a median dorsal band;
a median ventral band on the caudal peduncle, continued on
both sides of the base of the anal. Caudal sometimes with a
blackish hind border. Length 155 mm. [Type of the species
in the Leyden Museum seen by us].

Nom. in dig.: Seluwang (river Bo).

Habitat: Borneo (river Bo!, in British Museum from Kapit
river, Sarawak!).

We are not sure that this species ought not to be united
with Rasbora argyrotaenia.

3. Rasbora tawarensis n. sp.

D. 2.6—7; A- 3-55 P- 1-14—15; V. 2.8; L. 1. 29—31; Sq.

It "
1. 29—31; L. tr. _i_.

*i

Height 4.1 — 4.4 times in length, 5.1 — 5.7 in length with

64

caudal. Head 3.7 — 4.1 in length, 4.8 — 5.1 in length with caudal.
Eye 3.3 — 4, equal to or slightly shorter than snout, and equal to
or slightly shorter than flat interorbital space. Cleft of mouth
obliquely ascending, its anterior end in the level of the superior
border of the eye, its posterior end about one third eye diameter
distant from eye. Notch on the border of the upper lip very
deep, receiving the strongly developed symphysial knob. Origin
of dorsal before or slightly before the middle between snout
and last caudal scales, opposite to the nth lateral scale,
separated from head by 1 1 scales. Dorsal truncate, its height
slightly less than that of body, much nearer to ventrals than
to anal. Anal concave, its height about one third less than that
of the body. Ventrals not reaching anal, one eye-diameter
nearer to anal than to operculum, opposite to ioth lateral scale.
Pectorals equal to distance from nostril to hindborder of oper-
culum, the distance between their tip and the origin of ventrals
equal to eye. Caudal about equal to head, deeply incised, its
longest outer rays much more than twice the length of the
middle ones. Least height of caudal peduncle more than twice
in its length and equal to postorbital part of head. Seven rows
of scales between the lateral lines, counted over the back of
the middle of the caudal peduncle. Eightteen rather long gill-
rakers on the first branchial arch, about equal to one third eye-
diameter in length. Colour of formol specimens greyish brown
in upper half, yellowish white in lower half, separated by a
faint dark lateral band on the body; in its posterior half a
black line ending in a black spot at base of caudal, a median
dorsal black line. Fins, especially the caudal, with a dark hue.
Length 120 mm. [Type of the species in the zoological Museum
of Amsterdam].

Habitat. Sumatra (Atchin : Lake Tawar!), collected by Mr.
V. D. WERFF. We received this new species through the kind
intervention of Lieutenant Colonel Dr. A. J. SALM from Mr.
V. D. WERFF, who got them from Laut Tawar, a large lake
situated in the interior of Atchin (Gajo-territory). He had the
kindness to inform us that the natives assured him that this
fish is not known from any other waters. His collection con-
tains 6 specimens of 98 — 120 mm. which are called by the
natives Ikan 1'as. He informs us that they are only caught
during the north eastern trade-winds, which is the wet season.
In the collection are 4 specimens of about 85 mm. which are

65

called by the natives "Ikan depeq". They are not seen during
the north-eastern tradewinds, but only during the dry season
and even then they appear only in great numbers during the
"depeq"-winds, which are blowing with great strength during
a few hours. Such depeq-winds, during which the depeq-fishes
appear, are blowing in the dry season (April — October), about
4 — 6 times in each month. Nothing is said about 3 other
fishes, 58 — 66 mm. which carry the name: "Ikan relo", from
the same lake, which belong without question to the same
species. Our opinion is that these are the representatives of
three generations of the same species. It may be that they
are living in deeper water and that at least the ikan depeq
is forced to come to the surface in consequence of the depeq-
winds.

4. Rasbora leptosoma (Blkr.).

Leuciscus leptosoma Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IX. 1855, p. 269.
Rasbora leptosoma Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 446. —

Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 123.
Rasbora leptosoma Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 196.

li
D. 2.7; A. 3.5; P. 1.13; V. 2.7; L. 1.31— 32; L.tr.j^.

3
Height about 4.3, more than 5.5 in length with caudal.

Head 4.5 — 4.6, almost 6 in length with caudal. Eye thrice,
longer than snout and about equal to interorbital space. Notch
on the border of the upper lip very deep, receiving the strongly
developed symphysial knob. Origin of dorsal before the middle
between snout and root of caudal, separated from occiput by
12 or 13 scales. Dorsal truncate, its height about equal to
that of the body, much nearer to ventrals than to anal. Anal
slightly concave, its height about one third less than that of body.
Ventrals not or scarcely reaching anal, pectorals not reaching
ventrals. Caudal deeply incised, longer than head. Least height
of caudal peduncle more than twice in its length. Seven rows
of scales between the lateral lines, counted over the back of
the middle of the caudal peduncle. Colour of alcohol specimens
brownish, with a faint silvery band along the sides. Length
94 mm. [Specimens of Bleeker seen by us in the Leyden
Museum].

Habitat: Sumatra (Lahat!; Indragiri? according to VOLZ,
Revue suisse de Zool. XII. 1904, p. 479, but he is not sure
about his determination).
INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES III. 5

66

Note. We dont think that the specimens from the Baram
river, Borneo, which Fowler (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. (2)
LVII. 1905, p. 486) called R. leptosoma, belong to this species,
as he gives 4 for the head and L. 1. 27. His description is
too short to be able to decide, to which species these
specimens belong.

5. Rasbora volzi Popta.

Rasbora Volzii Popta, Notes Leyden Museum XXV. 1904 — 05, p. 1755 ibid.
XXVII. 1906, p. 157.

4i

D. 2.7; A. 3.5; P. 1.14; V. 2.8; L. 1. 29 — 32; L. tr. j_.

2^

Height 4 — 4.4; 5 — 7 in length with caudal; head equal to
height. Eye 3.4 to more than 4, equal to or shorter than snout,
and 1.4 — 1.8 times in nearly flat interorbital space. Cleft of
mouth obliquely ascending, its anterior end in the level of
the superior border of the eye, its posterior end not reaching
vertical through frontborder of eye. Notch on the border of
the upper lip very deep, receiving the strongly developed
symphysial knob. Origin of dorsal somewhat before middle
between snout and last caudal scales, opposite to 12th lateral
scale, separated from head by n or 12 scales. Dorsal truncate,
its height about equal to height of body, nearer to ventrals
than to anal. Anal concave, its height somewhat less than
height of body. Ventrals opposite to ioth lateral scale, not
reaching anal, their distance from anal somewhat less than
their distance from operculum. Pectorals about equal to distance
from nostril to hindborder of operculum, the distance between
their tip and the origin of the ventrals less than diameter of
eye. Caudal somewhat longer than head, deeply incised. Least
height of caudal peduncle twice in its own length and more
than postorbital part of head; 7 rows of scales between the
lateral lines, counted over the back of the middle of the caudal
peduncle. Colour brownish, lighter below, scales of back and
sides with a dark streak at their base. A median black dorsal
line. Fins dark.

A variety with a black longitudinal lateral band from head
to tail is described by Miss POPTA (Notes Leyden Museum,
XXV. 1904 — 05, p. 176; ibid. XXVII. 1906, p. 161) as Ras&ora
Volzii var. fasciata.

6;

N o m i n d i g. : Seluwang (river Bongan), Seluwang howong
(river How;ong). - - var. fasciata-. Sebetelo (river Kajan).

Habitat: Borneo (rivers Bongan!, Howong! and Kajan!).

Note: This species is very near to R. tawarensis M. Web.
& de Bfrt. and R. leptosoma Blkr. It is characterized by the
position of the dorsal fin, the origin of which is farther behind
the origin of the ventrals, than in the two above named species,
its caudal peduncle is higher and the height of the anal is more.

6. Rasbora trilineata Steind.

Rasbora trilineata Steindachner, Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, I. Abth. 1870,

P- 637.
? Rasbora daniconius Vaillant, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (3) V. 1893, p. 88,

(partim).

Rasbora calliura Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) XIII. 1894, P- 24°-
Rasbora candimaculata Volz, Zool. Anz. XXVI. 1903, p. 559. — Zool. Jahrb.

Abth. Syst. XIX. 1903, p. 403.
Rasbora trilineata Duncker, Fische Malay. Halbinsel, Mitth. Naturh. Museum

Hamburg, XXI. 1904, p. 181.
Rasbora trilineata Max Weber & de Beaufort, in : Maass "Durch Zentral Sumatra",

II. 1912, Fische, p. 529.

D. 2.7 ; A. 3. 5 ; V. i .7 ; P. i . 1 5 ; L. 1. 29 — 3 3 (with caudal scales).

Height about equal to head, more than 4, more than 5
in length with caudal. Eye 3.5 — 3.7; shorter than snout, about
i*/2 in interorbital space. Cleft of mouth ascending, its anterior
end in the level of the upper border of the pupil, posteriorly
not reaching vertical through frontborder of eye. Origin of
dorsal slightly before or in the middle between snout and
last row of caudal scales, nearly opposite to or slightly behind
origin of ventrals, opposite to i i*n lateral scale, 12 scales in front
of it. The dorsal is truncate, its height less than that of body.
Anal concave, third ray the longest, its height one third shorter
than that of dorsal. Ventrals slightly shorter than pectorals, not
reaching anal, their origin in fullgrown specimens one eyedia-
meter nearer to anal than to operculum. Pectorals much shorter
than head. Least height of caudal peduncle more than i1^ in
its length to the hindermost row of scales. Seven rows of scales
between the lateral lines counted over the back of the middle
of the caudal peduncle. The longest rays of the caudal more
than twice the length of the shortest ones. Brown above,
yellowish below, separated by a bluish silvery lateral band,
with brown underneath. A general silvery hue. A dark line

68

along the middle of the back, and an other along the base
of the anal, the two of both sides united into one behind that
fin, and running to the lower base of the caudal. Fins hyaline.
The caudal lobes with a subterminal black band, and a darkish
hue at its base. Length 150 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (rivers Musi, Kampar !, Lala, Indragiri !,
pond near Deli !) ; Borneo (Senah, Sarawak !, river Kapuas,
river Sebuku !).

Note: We unite with the present species the specimens
described by BoULENGER as R. calliura from Senah, Sarawak,
Borneo. We have seen them in the British Museum as also
identical specimens from river Sebuku, North East Borneo,
belonging to the Museum in Buitenzorg, Java. The only difference
is that in R. trilineata the black blotches on the lobes of the
caudal are subterminal, in R. calliura they cover also the tips
of the lobes of the caudal. This difference is not a geographical
one, as VAILLANT has described specimens from Borneo with
subterminal black blotches on the caudal lobes.

7. Rasbora dorsiocellata Duncker.

Rasbora dorsiocellata Duncker, Die Fische der Malay. Halbinsel, Mitth. Naturhist.
Mus. Hamburg, XXI. 1904, p. 182.

Differs from the preceding species in having only 10 scales
in frout of the dorsal and in wanting the black bands on the
caudal. At the other hand the dorsal is deep black in the
middle of its anterior part. Measurements, position of fins and
colouring are equal for the rest in both species, when specimens
of equal length are compared. In the diagnosis of this species
DUNCKER says: "Lin. lat. unvollstandig". This must be a
misprint, as the L. 1. in clearly indicated on the figure accom-
panying DUNCKER'S description and as it is] very distinct in
typical specimens, which Dr. DUNCKER kindly sent us for
examination. Length about 45 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra! — Malacca!.

8. Rasbora rutteni n. sp.

D. 2.7; A. 3.5 ; P. 1. 12; V. 2.7; L. 1. ca. 26.

Height 3, 3.7 — 4.1 in length with caudal. Head 3.2 — 3.3,
4 — 4.5 in length with caudal. Eye 3*/3 — 31/2, slightly longer
than snout, about equal to interorbital space. Cleft of mouth

69

|

strongly ascending, its anterior end about in the level of the
middle o(. the eye, posteriorly surpassing frontborder of eye.
Origin of dorsal in the middle between snout and posterior
row of caudal scales, opposite to roth lateral scale, 10 scales
in front of it. Dorsal rounded, its height about 4/5 of height
of body, the end of its base opposite to the beginning of the anal.
Anal slightly concave, its height 2/3 of that of the dorsal. Ventrals
reaching anal, their base less than one eye-diameter nearer to
anal than to operculum. Pectorals not reaching ventrals, equal
to head without snout. Caudal somewhat longer than head,
the longest rays about twice the shortest. Least height of caudal
peduncle about i1^ times in its length to the hindermost row

Fig. 26. Rasbora rutteni n. sp. X 2l/4-

of scales. Seven rows of scales between the lateral lines, counted
over the back in the middle of the caudal peduncle. Colour
of formol specimens yellowish grey, belly lighter. A dark band
from operculum to base of caudal, the hinderhalf of which is
broader and deep black. A median black band on the back.
Fins hyaline. In life — according to Dr. RUTTEN — the fins,
excepting the pectorals, are rosy, as also the back. Length
nearly 50 mm. [Type of the species in the zoological Museum
of Amsterdam].

Habitat: Borneo (Sungi Wain!, rivulet near Bontang!).

Collected by Dr. L. RUTTEN.

9. Rasbora bankanensis (Blkr.).

Leuciscus bankanensis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie V. 1853, p. 192.
Rasbora bankanensis Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860. p. 454.

Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 127.
Rasbora bankanensis Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 197.

70

D. 2.7 ; A. 3.5 ; P. 1. 12 ; V. 1.7 ; L. 1. 24 — 26 (perforated scales).

Height about equal to head, 3.6 — 4, 4.8 — 5.3 in length with
caudal. Eye 2.7 — 3, about equal to interorbital breadth; equal
to snout, which is rather pointed with a declivous dorsal
profile. Cleft of mouth ascending, its anterior end below the
level of the middle of the eye, posteriorly reaching below front-
margin of eye. Origin of dorsal in the middle between snout
and hindermost row of caudal scales, opposite to ioth lateral
scale, 10 — ii scales in front of it. Dorsal truncate, its height
about equal to that of body, about in the middle between
ventrals and anal. Anal concave, third ray the longest, its
height less than that of the dorsal. Ventrals slightly shorter
than pectorals, nearly reaching anal, their origin nearer to anal
than to operculum. Pectorals slightly shorter than head. Caudal
much longer than head, its longest rays more than twice the
length of the shortest. Least height of caudal peduncle about
i'/2 times in its length to the hindermost row of scales.
Seven rows of scales between the lateral lines, counted over the
back of the middle of the caudal peduncle. Colour of formol
specimens brownish, belly lighter. A black lateral line in the
hinderhalf of the body, situated in a dark band, which decreases
in extensity anteriorly. A median dorsal black line; a dark
line above base of anal, which may be continued to the caudal.
Fins hyaline, a black distal patch on the anterior part of the
anal. A fainter one on the frontborder of the dorsal. Length
about 60 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Taluk!); Banka. — Malacca!

10. Rasbora kalochroma (Blkr.).

Leuciscus kalochroma Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie I. 1850, p. 272.
Rasbora kallochroma Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 443. —

Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 121.

Rasbora kallochroma Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 195.
Rasbora kallochroma Vaillant, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (3) V. 1893, p. 88.
Rasbora kallochroma Perugia, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) XIII, 1893, p. 244.
Rasbora maculata Duncker, Fische der Malay. Halbinsel, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus.

Hamburg, XVI. 1904, p. 182.
Rasbora kallochroma Max Weber & de Beaufort, in Maass: "Durch Zentral-

Sumatra'', II. 1912, Fische, p. 528.

D. 2.6; A. 3.5; P. 1.13; V. 2.6; L. 1. 29—32; Sq. 1. 30— Si-
Height 3.7 — 3.8, 4.8 in length with caudal. Head 3.8 — 4,

about 4.8 in length with caudal. Eye more than 3 to 31/2,
longer than snout and nearly i]/2 in interorbital space. Cleft
of mouth", strongly ascending, its anterior end nearly in the
level of the upperborder of the eye, posteriorly nearly reaching
to vertical through frontborder of eye. Origin of dorsal in
the middle between snout and posterior row of caudal scales
or very slightly farther behind, opposite to the I ith or I2th of the
lateral scales, u — 12 scales in front of it. Dorsal slightly
convex, situated in the middle between the ventrals and anal,
its height a little less than 3/4 of the height of the body.
Anal nearly truncate, third ray the longest, its height equal
to 2/3 of height of body. Ventrals not reaching anal, their
second ray slightly prolonged, situated one eyediameter nearer

Fig. 27. Rasbora kalochroma (Blkr.), about X ll/2-

to anal than to operculum. Pectorals as long as or a little
longer than the head, the first ray prolonged, reaching to
ventrals. Caudal equal to head, its longest rays a little less than
twice the shortest rays. Least height of caudal peduncle I'/si*1
its length. Seven rows of scales between the lateral lines, counted
over the back in the middle of the caudal peduncle. Gill-
rakers short, about n. Colour of formol specimens brownish,
back darker, a smaller black spot a few scales behind the
gillopenings, a much larger one above the beginning of the
anal, both connected by a series of small black spots corres-
ponding to the intermediate scales. Behind the posterior spot,
which is roundish or oval, may be a faint dark line continued
on the caudal. Fins with a dark hue; the outer margin of
the ventrals and of the anal is generally black. Length about
100 mm.
Habitat: Sumatra (Pangherang-Pisang, rivers Kamper kiri !,

72

Kwantan!, Rokan !); Banka; Borneo (rivers Barito, Kapuas,
Sambas, Sadong). - - Malacca!.

ii. Rasbora einthoveni (Blkr.).

Leuciscus Einthovenii Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie II. 1851, p. 434.
Rasbora Einthovenii Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 440. —

Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 120.

Rasbora daniconius Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 194 (part.).
Rasbora daniconius Perugia, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva XXXIII. 1893, p. 244.
Rasbora daniconius Steindachner, Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Gesellsch. XXV. 1901,

P- 454-

Rasbora Einthoveni M.Weber & de Beaufort, in Maass: nDurch Zentral-Surnatra"
II. 1912, p. 530.

ii

D. 2.7; A. 3.5 (6); V. 2.7; P. 1. 12?— 14; L. 1. 29—32; L. tr. j_

i
(between D. and V.).

Height 3.4 — 3.5, 4.4 — 4.5 in length with caudal. Head 3.8 — 4,
about 5 in length with caudal. Eye thrice in head, slightly
longer than snout, slightly shorter than interorbital space. Cleft
of mouth obliquely ascending, its anterior end in the level of
the superior part of the eye, its posterior end not reaching
vertical through frontborder of eye. Origin of dorsal behind
middle of distance between snout and last caudal scales,
opposite to I Ith or 1 2th lateral scale, separated by 12 or 13 scales
from head. Dorsal slightly rounded, its height about two third of
the height of the body, about in the middle between ventrals
and anal. Anal concave, its height slightly less than that of
the dorsal. Ventrals with the prolonged outer rays nearly
reaching the anal, their origin is about due eyediameter nearer
to anal than to operculum. Pectorals slightly concave, reaching
ventrals, slightly longer than head. Caudal a little longer than
head, not very deeply emarginated, its longest rays about one
third longer than middle rays. Least height of caudal peduncle
1.4 — 1.5 in its length, 7 rows of scales between the lateral
lines counted over the back of the middle of the caudal peduncle.
Colour of formol specimens superiorly dark brown, inferiorly
yellowish, both colours separated by a black band from the
snout to the end of the caudal, the breadth of which is in-
creasing from the snout to below the dorsal, the hinderpart
is broadened ventrally, so that the lateral line is included in
it. Outer rays of caudal darkish, as also the anterior and superior
part of the dorsal, other fins with a dark hue. Length 85 mm.

73

Habitat:1) Sumatra (Siboga, rivers Kampar Kiri !, Rokan!,
Kwantan) ; Singapore ! ; Riouw ! ; Island Singkep ! ; Banka ; Biliton;
Borneo (rivers Kahajan, Sambas, Baram, Mangar, rivers near
Balik papan ! and Bontang!); Bunguran Island [British Mu-
seum], - - Malacca, Siam.

GUNTHER says: (Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. p. 194) "One might
be tempted to regard R. einthovenii Blkr., as distinct, if the
figure given of it be alone consulted. However, it appears from
his description that normally the black band is not so much
curved as represented; and the specimen sent to the British
Museum is absolutely identical with R. daniconius" . This must
be an error. We have at our disposition a good specimen
which we received through the kindness of Dr. ANNANDALE
from Calcutta under the name of R. daniconius and besides some
specimens from Ceylon, kindly sent to us by Dr. G. DUNCKER
from the Museum in Hamburg. These specimens agree with
GfJNTHERS description, they differ from einthoveni by having
9 in stead of 7 rows of scales between the lateral lines,
counted over the back, by having the pectoral equal to head
without snout, whereas the pectoral of einthoveni is longer
than the head. There are 14 — 15 scales between the head and
the dorsal, in einthoveni 12 — 13. R. daniconius has been menti-
oned by different authors from the Archipelago, but as GUNTHER
has united einthoveni with it, it is not sure if those authors
have had einthoveni or a species which could be identified
with R. daniconius from India. Only VAILLANT (Nouv. Arch.
Mus. (3) V. 1893 p. 86) gives a description of two sets of
specimens, which he believed to be R. daniconius. One set,
containing specimens measuring 33 — 64 mm. belong probably
to R. trilineata. About the other set, containing specimens of
163 mm., we are not sure.

i) The occurrence of this species in lake Galela in Halmahera (STEINDACHNER
1. c.) is without question erroneous and a mistake in KUKENTHAL'S collection or
in using it. KUKENTHAL himself says (Forschungsreise in den Molukken and
Borneo 1896, p. 152), that he found only one species of fish in this lake, which
is, according to STEINDACHNER, Eleotris macrolepidota Bloch. On page 126 he
pretends to have found "ein paar Cyprinoiden", in the rivers near Oba and Patani,
Halmahera. This must be also erroneous as STEINDACHNER found in the collec-
tion from this rivers, besides some true marine or brackish water species, only
Kuhlia marginata (C. V.), which may be taken for a Cyprinoid.

74
12. Rasbora cephalotaenia (Blkr.). [Fig. 25, page 59].

Leuciscus cephalotaenia Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. III. (1851) 1852^.97.
Rasbora cephalotaenia Bleeker, Icht. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 438. —

Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 119.

Rasbora cephalotaenia Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 193.
Rasbora cephalotaenia Steindachner, Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Gesellsch. XXV.

1901, p. 454.
Rasbora cephalotaenia Max Weber £ de Beaufort, in Maass, "Durch Zentral-

Sumatra". II. 1912, Fische p. 530.

D.2.7; A. 3. 5; P. 1.14; V. 1—2.7; L. 1. 32— 34, Sq. 1. 3 I— 32 ;

4i

L. tr. _i_ (between D. and V.).
i

Height 4.1 — 4.5, in length with caudal 5.2 — 5.8. Head 3.3 — 3.8;
4.2 — 4.8 in length with caudal. Eye 3 — 3.3, about equal to
snout, about one fourth shorter than flat interorbital space. Cleft
of mouth obliquely ascending, its anterior end about in the level
of the middle of eye, posteriorly touching the vertical through
frontborder of eye. Origin of dorsal distinctly behind middle
between snout and last caudal scales, above 1 2th or 13^ lateral
scale, separated by 12 — 13 scales from head. Dorsal situated
in the middle between ventrals and anal, truncate, its height
about 4/5 of that of body. Anal concave, the third ray the
longest, shorter than the longest dorsal one. Ventrals nearly
reaching anal, situated one fourth to about two thirds of diameter
of eye nearer to anal than to operculum, their outer ray slightly
prolonged. Pectorals equalling distance between nostril and
hindborder of opercle or even shorter; the distance between
their tip and the ventrals almost equal to !/2 diameter of eye.
Length of caudal 4.5 in total length, the lobes pointed, the
outer rays more than twice the length of the middle rays.
Least height of caudal peduncle about i1^ times in its length.
Seven rows of scales between the lateral lines, counted over the
back of the middle of the caudal peduncle. Colour of formol
specimens yellowish brown, back darker. A black lateral band
beginning at the point of the snout and continued on to the
end of the caudal, on the flanks composed of more or less
separate dark patches, corresponding to two rows of scales.
A narrower band between base of pectorals and middle of anal.
An ill-defined superior band composed of narrow black dots
on the second superior row of scales. Fins with a dark hue.
Length 128 mm.

75

Habitat: Sumatra (rivers Kwantan!, Kampar kiri!, Lamatang,
Musi); Banka; Biliton ; Borneo (rivers Kahajan, Baram; Merabah
[British Museum].

Note: Karoli (Termeszetrajzi fiizetek V. 1882, p. 34) men-
tions this fish from Ceylon, we believe that he has confounded
it with R. daniconius.

13. Rasbora jacobsoni n. sp.

Rasbora daniconius Max Weber, Zool. Ergebn. Reise Nied. Ost-Indien, III, Heft 2,
1894, p. 424. (nee. Ham. Buch.).

D. 2.6—7; A. 3.5; P. 1.13; V. 2.8; L. 1. 25—27; Sq.l. 26;

li

L. tr. j_ (between D. and V.).
i

Height 3.7, 4.8 in length with caudal. Head 3.4, 4.4 in length
with caudal. Eye 3.7, about equal to snout, somewhat less
than the interorbital space. Cleft of mouth strongly ascending,
its frontpart strongly undulated, in consequence of the very
deep and rather wide notch of the upper lip, which receives
the triangularly prominent symphysial part of the mandible.
Anterior end of cleft of mouth in the level of the middle of
the eye, its posterior end below frontpart of eye. Origin of
dorsal conspicuously behind middle of distance between snout
and last caudal scales, separated by 1 1 scales from the head,
and opposite the 10^ lateral scale. Dorsal rounded, situated
much nearer to anal than to ventrals, its height about two third
of the height of the body. Anal concave, its height about equal
to that of the dorsal. Ventrals not reaching anal, situated in the
middle between operculum and anal. Pectorals equal to head
without snout. Caudal about 4 in total, deeply emarginate,
longest rays about twice the shortest. Least height of caudal
peduncle 1.6 in its length. Colour of alcohol specimens brown
above, much lighter below, belly yellowish. A band from
snout to caudal, anteriorly blackish, getting fainter but broader
posteriorly; above it, between head and about the vertical
through anal, two longitudinal series of scales silvery, their
hindmargin with a dark patch. A dark band along base of
anal. Fins greyish. Length 60 mm.

Habitat: West Sumatra (Kaju tanam!, Arau !, Lake Sing-
karah!, brook near Manindjau !, Fort de Kock!, Pond Ajer
tegenang (1150 M. above the sea)!, Siboga!).

The specimens, except those from Siboga, which were col-
lected by Mr. ED. JACOBSON, after whom we have taken the
pleasure to name this species, were first described by one of us as
R. daniconius. Our diagnosis shows that it differs from that of
the indian species, which is known, for instance, by the des-
cription of GtiNTHER as R. daniconius. For differences see
under R. einthoveni.

14. Rasbora lateristriata (Bleeker).

Leudscus 'lateristriatus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie VII. 1854, p. 94.
Rasbora lateristriata Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1 860, p. 441. —

Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 121.

Rasbora macrocephalus Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 126.
Rasbora lateristriata Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 195.
Rasbora macrocephalus Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 197.
Rasbora hosii Boulenger, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) XV. 1895, p. 247.
Rasbora Elberti Popta, Notes Leyden Museum XXXIV. 1911, p. 10.
Rasbora Elberti M. Weber, Siboga Exp. Fische. 1913, p. 25.

D. 2.7 ; A. 3.5; P. 1.14; V. 1.6 — 7; L. 1. 26 — 30.

Height 3.7 — 3.9, 4.6 — 5 in length with caudal. Head 3.6 — 4,
about 5 in length with caudal. Eye about 3*/2 to almost 4,
equal to or somewhat shorter than snout and nearly i!/2 times
in the flat interorbital space. Cleft of mouth strongly ascending,
its anterior end about in the level of the upper border of the
pupil, posteriorly reaching frontborder of eye or nearly so.
Origin of dorsal in the middle between snout and posterior
row of caudal scales or farther behind, opposite to nth lateral
scale or one scale less or more. Generally 12 scales in front
of it. Dorsal slightly convex, situated about in the middle
between ventrals and anal, its height less than that of body.
Anal concave, third ray the longest, its height less than that
of dorsal. Ventrals generally not reaching anal, situated one
eye-diameter, or somewhat less, nearer to anal than to operculum.
Pectorals shorter than head, their end far distant from ven-
trals. Caudal about equal to head, the longest rays a little
less than twice the shortest rays. Least height of caudal peduncle
i!/2 to twice in its length to the hindermost row of scales,
seven rows of scales between the lateral lines counted over
the back in the middle of the caudal peduncle. Gillrakers 12.
Colour of upper half brownish, of lower half yellowish, both
separated by a black band faintly beginning behind opercle,
increasing, also in intensity, below dorsal, its end before caudal

77

may be broadened ; sometimes beginning with a patch below
the dorsaj. Many specimens with a roundish black patch above
the base of anal, in others only faintly indicated or wanting.
A black median band on the back from head to caudal. Fins
with a dark hue, especially the caudal. Length about 120 mm.

Nom indig. Tjetjerreh (Malay. Batavia), Parai and Gallen-
gang (Sundan.).

Habitat: Java (Bantam [British Museum], Buitenzorg, Tji-
panas, Tjisaat!, Pangerango (1000 M.) !, Bandung!, Garut,
Purwakarta!, Surabaja!, Blimbing !, Banjumas, Pardana, Tand-
jong-Oost, Tjampea, Pandjallu, Djember!); Sumatra (Telok
Betong, Lahat, Pajakomboh, Manindjau); Borneo (Baram
river!); Bunguran Island!, Lombok!, Sumbawa.

Note: We examined specimens of Bleeker's Rasbora macro-
cephalus in the Leyden Museum, and do not see sufficient
reason to separate them from R. lateristriata. Gunther united
R. macrocephalus with R. sumatrana, which we consider to be
a variety of R. lateristriata.

15. Rasbora lateristriata var. sumatrana (Blkr.).

Leuciscus sumatranus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie III. 1852, p. 601.
Rasbora sumatrensis Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo/Neerl. VIII. 1860. 8ste bijdrage

vischfauna Sumatra, p. 54.
Rasbora sumatrana Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 453. —

Atl. Ichth. Ill, 1863, p. 126.

Rasbora sumatrana Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 196.
Rasbora sumatrana Vaillant, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (3) V. 1893, p. 89 (partim).
Rasbora sumatrana Max Weber, Zool. Ergebn. Niederl. Indien, III, 1894, p. 424.
Rasbora sumatrana Vaillant, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. 1902, p. 106.
Rasbora vulgaris Duncker, Fische d. malay. Halbinsel, Mitt. Nat. hist. Mus.

Hamburg, XXI. 1904, p. 181.

Distinguished from R. lateristriata Blkr. by the number of
scales in the lateral line, which are generally less and may
decrease to 24, and by the dark lateral band, which is much
narrower and sometimes represented only by a bluish black
line, ending in an oval or roundish black patch before the
caudal '). In a series of young specimens from 35 to nearly
50 mm. the young stages show the broad lateral band of

i) This patch is conspicuous in specimens of BLEEKER'S collection in the
Leyden Museum, although BLEEKER does not mention it in his description; in
these specimens the patch above the anal is indicated by a black pigmentation,
neither mentioned by BLEEKER.

78

R. lateristriata Blkr. which disappears in the older stages, leaving
only the caudal patch of R. sumatrana Blkr.

Habitat: Sumatra (Telok Betong, Benkulen, Lahat, Pati
Bubur! and Air Runding! [Padangsche Benedenlanden], Arau !,
Kaju Tanam!, Danau di atas (1531 M.) !, Lake Manindjau !,
Pajokombo, Sidjundjung!, Serdang!, Sungi Surikaka, Sungi
Mane, Solok, Taluk !, Deli !, Battak Highlands !) ; Nias ! ; Borneo
(river Kapuas). — Malay Peninsula !.

1 6. Rasbora lateristriata var. elegans Volz.

Rasbora elegans Volz, Zool. Anzeiger XXVI. 1903, p. 558. — Zool. Jahrb. Abt.

Systematik XIX. 1903, p. 402.
Rasbora elegans Duncker, Fische d. malay. Halbinsel, Mitt. Nat. hist. Mus.

Hamburg, XXI. 1904, p. 182.

Also this variety differs from R. lateristriata Blkr. and equals
R. lateristriata sumatrana Blkr. in the generally lesser number
of scales in the lateral line, which is 24 — 29. Its coloration
is distinguished by a roundish, large black patch below the
dorsal and by a smaller one before caudal, both are united
by a bluish black line only. In few cases a diffuse pigmentation
indicates faintly the black band of R. lateristriata Blkr.

Nom. in dig. : Seluang (Borneo).

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang); Borneo (Samarinda !, Kota
Baru, Upper Riko!, Bulongan !, Sungi Wain!); Singapore!. —
Malacca !.

17. Rasbora lateristriata var. trifasciata Popta.

Rasbora trifasciata Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXV. 1905, p. 176. — Ibid.
XXVII. 1906, p. 162.

Distinguished, besides by a rather narrow dark lateral band,
by a dark band at the lower surface of the caudal peduncle,
bifurcating forwards along the base of the anal, increasing in
breadth anteriorly and corresponding to the supra-anal patch
of the other varieties of R. lateristriata.

Habitat: Borneo (River Bo!, River Wain!, rivulet near
Bontang, river Sadjau near Bulongan !); Sandakan river, North
Borneo !.

1 8. Rasbora pauciperforata n. sp.

D. 27; A. 3.5; P. i. ii— 12; V. 2.7; Sq. 1. 32 -33; L. tr. 10,
between D. and V. 8.

79

Height 4.5, 6 in length with caudal. Head about 3.5, about
4.5 in length with caudal. Eye about 3, longer than pointed
snout, about equal to interorbital space. Cleft of mouth ascending,
its anterior transverse part with only a small elevation at the
symphysis of the mandibles and a very shallow emargination
of the upper jaw; on the level of the middle of the eye; its
hinderend not reaching vertical through frontborder of eye.
Origin of the dorsal in the middle between snout and last
caudal scales, opposite to 13^1 lateral scale, 13 scales in front
of it. Dorsal truncate, about in the middle between ventrals
and anal, its height equal to that of body. Anal concave, its

Fig. 28. Rasbora pauciperforata n. sp. X 2V-2'

height less than that of the dorsal. Ventrals reaching anal,
their origin one eyediameter nearer to anal than to operculum.
Pectorals shorter than head, not reaching ventrals. Caudal
longer than head, their pointed lobes about twice the length
of the shortest rays. Least height of caudal peduncle more
than twice shorter than its length. Twelve scales round middle of
caudal peduncle. Lateral line perforating the five first scales,
one or two scales farther there may be an other perforated
scale. Yellowish, back brown as also a broad lateral band
from eye to caudal, separated from the brown of the back by
a light band. A median black line along the back and one
along the inferior side of the caudal peduncle. Fins hyaline,
minutely dotted with black. Length 36 mm. [Type of the
species in the zoological Museum of Amsterdam].

Habitat: Sumatra (Gunung Sahilan!, .Deli!); collected by
Dr. KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN.

19. Rasbora heteromorpha Duncker.

Rasbora heteromorpha Duncker, Fische Malay. Halbinsel, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus,
Hamburg, XXI. 1904, p. 182.

So

D. 2.7; A. 3.5; V. 1.7; P. 1. 12; Sq.l. 26— 27; Sq. tr. 8Va, to
V.6'/r

Trunk high, tail slender. Height 2.6, about 3.5 in length
with caudal. Head 3.2 — 3.5, 4.2 — 4.5 in length with caudal.
Eye 2.3, twice the length of the snout, and about equal
to interorbital space. Cleft of mouth oblique, its anterior end
with a symphysial knob in the mandible and a corresponding
emargination of the upper jaw, in the level of the middle of
the eye, its posterior end nearly reaching frontborder of eye.
Origin of dorsal midway between snout and last row of caudal
scales, opposite to origin of ventrals and to ioth — ntli lateral
scale; 10 scales in front of it. Dorsal rounded, its height equal
to head. Anal concave, third ray equal to head without snout.
Ventrals reaching anal, their origin in the middle between
anal and operculum. Pectorals equal to head without snout.
Caudal longer than head, its pointed lobes more than twice as
long as shortest rays. Least height of caudal peduncle one fourth
less than its length, 9 scales round caudal peduncle. Lateral
line formed by 8 — 9 perforated scales, ending above or before
origin of ventrals, separated from it by 2 scales. Nuptial tubercles
on head and anterior part of back may be present. Colour of
alcohol specimens yellowish brown, back darker. A silvery hue
on flanks and belly. A large, nearly triangular black patch
with its base between dorsal and ventrals and tapering towards
the caudal. A median dark band on back and on lower surface
of tail. Fins hyaline, frontborder of dorsal and anal darkish.
In living specimens the colour is brownish green with a red
hue. Vertical fins vividly red. Length 35 mm. [Specimens of
the collection of Dr. G. DUNCKER seen by us].

Habitat: East Sumatra (Deli!). — Malacca!.

20. Rasbora semilineata n. sp.

D. 2.7; A. 3.5; P. 1. 12; V. 2.7; Sq.l. 28— 29.

Height more than 3 — 3.4, 4.1 — 4.4 in length with caudal.
Head about equal to height. Eye about 2.8 in head, one third
longer than snout, about equal to interorbital space. Cleft of
mouth ascending, its anterior end transverse, with not more than
a symphysial elevation of the mandibles and a corresponding
shallow emargination of the upper jaw; in the level of the
middle of the eye; posteriorly not reaching frontborder of eye.
Origin of dorsal midway between snout and posterior row of

Si

caudal scales, opposite to ioth — IIth lateral scale, n scales in
front of i£. Dorsal rounded, situated nearer to anal than to
ventrals, its height less than that of the body. Anal slightly
concave, its height less than that of the dorsal. Ventrals reaching
anal or nearly so, situated in the middle between anal and
operculum. Pectorals equal to head without snout. Caudal about
as long as head, its rounded lobes twice as long as shortest
rays. Least height of caudal peduncle more than twice in its
length to last caudal scales, 1 1 scales round the caudal peduncle.
Lateral line consisting of 14 — 15 perforated scales, descending
in a regular curve to opposite the origin of anal, separated by
two scales from base of ventrals. Nuptial tubercles on sides of
body and tail and on back may be present. Colour of formol
specimens uniform yellowish brown, a median black line
between head and dorsal and along inferior side of caudal
peduncle, continued on each side of the base of the anal.
Hindborder of scales on upper side with black points, equal
points form an indication of a black lateral band between
vertical through pectoral and dorsal. A black line on the
hinder half of the body ending in a round precaudal spot.
Fin rays more or less darkish. Colour of living specimens: back
yellowish, dorsal, caudal and anal with yellow spots. A yellow
spot on operculum. Length about 30 mm. [Type of the species
in the zoological Museum of Amsterdam].

Habitat: Borneo (Upper course of Sungei Wain !); collected
by Dr. L. RuTTEN.

21. Rasbora reticulata M. Web. & de Bfrt.

Rasbora reticulatus M. Weber & de Beaufort, Fische aus dem Susswasser von
Nias, in Kleiweg de Zwaan, Die Insel Nias bei Sumatra, 1915, p. 270.

D. 2.7; A. 3.5 ; P. 1. 12 — 13; V. 1.7; Sq. 1. 26.

Height 3.2 — 3.9; 4.1 — 5 in length with caudal. Head 3.5,
4.4 — 4.6 in length with caudal. Eye 33/4, longer than snout,
situated in the anterior half of the head, about equal to the
flat interorbital space. Cleft of mouth strongly ascending, its
anterior end in the level of the middle of the eye, posteriorly
reaching below anterior border of eye. Lips somewhat swollen.
Origin of dorsal slightly behind the middle between snout
and last row of caudal scales, opposite to IIth lateral scale,
1 1 scales in front of it. Dorsal about in the middle between

TNDO- AUSTRALIAN FISHES III. 6

82

ventrals and anal, truncate; its height slightly less than length
of head. Anal feebly concave, its height equal to head without
snout. Ventrals don't quite reach anal, one eyediameter nearer
to anal than to operculum. Pectorals somewhat shorter than
head, when depressed not reaching ventrals. Caudal about equal
to head, rather deeply emarginate, its lobes rounded, less than
twice the length of the shortest rays. Least height of caudal
peduncle not quite i!/2 times in its length. 10 scales round
the middle of the caudal peduncle. Lateral line irregularly
and feebly developed, reaching at its most to near the anal,

Fig. 29. Rasbora reticulata M. Web. & de Bfrt. X

but repeatedly interrupted, its anterior part descends with an
irregular sinuosity. Colour of formol specimens reddish brown.
Median line of back blackish. Three longitudinal series of lateral
scales with corresponding series of blackish patches, connected
so as to form a reticulate pattern. Many specimens show a
blackish patch above the origin of the anal. An elongate black
patch behind the operculum. Fins hyaline, dorsal and ventrals
with more or less distinct black crossbars in their distal third.
Pectorals and anal with a more or less distinct indication of
a darkish hue. Upper and lower border of caudal blackish.
Length about 60 mm. [Type of the species in the zoological
Museum of Amsterdam].

Habitat: Nias!, Sumatra (Batang Hari!).

2. Esomus Swainson.

(SwAiNSON, Natural History, Fishes II. 1839, p. 285).

Nuria Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVI,
1842, p. 238.

83

Oblong, strongly compressed. Upper profile nearly straight
or from snout to behind nape slightly concave and farther
behind slightly convex. Mouthopening small, obliquely directed
upwards. Lower jaw without symphysial knob. A pair of rostral
and of maxillary barbels. Dorsal short, with 6 branched rays,

Fig. 30. Esomus danrica (Ham. Buch.). X *•&• (After a specimen from British India).

its origin not much in advance of the anal, which is also short
and has 5 branched rays. Scales of moderate size. Lateral line
bending down and running along the lower half of the tail.
Gillopenings wide, running to below eye. Gillmembranes shortly
connected with isthmus. Gillrakers short. Pseudobranchiae
present. Pharyngeal teeth lanceolate, in one series 5 — 5.
Distribution: British India, Nicobars and Ceylon, (Sin-

gapore ?)

i. Esomus danrica (H.B.).

Cyprinus danrica Hamilton Buchanan, Fishes Ganges 1822, p. 325 & p. 390.

Esomus vittatus Swainson, Nat. History, Fishes 1839, p. 285.

Nuria danrica Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 200 (vide syn.).

Nuria danrica Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878 — 1888, p. 583.

Nuria Danrica Karoli, Termeszetrajzi fiizetek v. 1882, p. 34.

5i

D. 2.6; A. 3.5; P. 1.11—14; V.i.;; L.I. 30—34; L. tr. j_.

2*

Height somewhat more than the length of the head, 3.7;
4.5 — 4.8 in length with caudal. Eye more than 3, nearly equal
to snout and considerably shorter than the interorbital space.
Rostral barbels of different length, always much shorter than
maxillary ones, which may reach to end of ventrals. Origin
of dorsal midway between frontborder of eye and end of caudal,
separated by 18 — 19 scales from occiput, and opposite to about
the 1 7th scale of lateral line. Ventrals separated by i!/2 scales
from lateral line, reaching anus. Pectorals much longer than head,

84

reaching on ventrals. Caudal deeply incised. Least height of
caudal peduncle nearly twice in head and more than i1/2 times
in its own length, surrounded by 14 scales, 9 of which above
the lateral lines. Silvery, generally a blackish band along the
middle of the side. Length 125 mm. [Description made after
specimens from British India].

Habitat: Singapore (Karoli). British India, Nicobars and
Ceylon. We have included this species as Mr. J. KAROLI
mentions it in his list from Singapore, which is remarkable,
as it was never found since.

3. Danio Hamilton Buchanan.
(HAMILTON BUCHANAN, Fishes of the Ganges 1822, p. 321, 390).

Oblong, head pointed. Mouthopening strongly ascending,
rather small. Lower jaw prominent, provided at its sym-
physis with a knob, fitting in a more or less superficial
emargination of the upper jaw. Barbels generally 4 (one
rostral pair and one at the corner of the mouth), or 2,
rudimental or absent. Praeorbital quadrangular, suborbital very

Fig. 31. Danio albolineata (Blyth) X 2-6-

broad. Dorsal with 7 to 16 branched rays, originating before
anal, its hinder half at least above that fin, which is composed
of numerous rays. Ventrals short, far before dorsal. Scales
large or of moderate size, forming a sheath along the base
of the anal. Lateral line, if present, abruptly bending down,
if complete, running along lower half of tail. Pseudobran-
chiae present. Gillopenings reaching to below eye, gillmem-
branes connected with isthmus. Pharyngeal teeth 5.3.2 — 2.3.5,
uncinate.

We divide this genus in the two following subgenera:

§5

a. Danio s. str. Dorsal fin elongate, with 12 — 1 6 branched
rays. Lateral line complete. - - Continental Asia, Ceylon.

b. BrachyHanio subg. n. Dorsal fin short, with 7 branched rays
only. Lateral line incomplete or absent.

i. Danio (Brachydanio) albolineata (Blyth).

Nuria albolineata Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1860, p. 163.
Danio albolineata Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878 — 1888, p. 597.
Danio albolineatiis Day, Fauna Brit. India, Fishes I. 1889, p. 358.

D.2.7; A. 3.13; P. I. II; V. 1.6; Sq.l. 31—33; L. tr. 8'/2.

Oblong. Height about equal to head, about 3.5, 4.5 in length
with caudal. Eye about 3, longer than snout and shorter than
interorbital space. Barbel at corner of mouth surpassing base
of pectorals, the rostral ones nearly reaching to hindborder of
praeoperculum. Origin of dorsal slightly before that of anal,
its height one fourth less than length of head and equal to height
of anal, separated by 16 scales from occiput. Ventrals some-
what longer than half head, reaching to anus. Pectorals some-
what shorter than or equal to head. Caudal emarginate, as
long as head. Lateral line running down in an irregular line
and ending shortly before base of ventrals. Least height of
caudal peduncle less than half head, surrounded by 10 scales.
Ten short, broad, flattened, rather widely-set gillrakers. Colour
of formol specimens light reddish, upper surface dark brown,
gradually lighter towards belly. A light band (scarlet in living
specimens) from the base of caudal running forwards and
tapering in a point below origin of dorsal. A median black
line on the back. Fins hyaline, a longitudinal darkish band
on the dorsal and anal, other fins more or less dusky. Length
about 40 mm. (50 mm. according to Day).

Habitat: Sumatra (Pond near Medan, lowland of Deli!,
Karo-table land!); collected by Dr. L. PH. DE BUSSY. -
Mulmein.

In tanks and streams.

4. Luciosoma Bleeker.

(BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie, IX. 1855, p. 264).

Elongate, compressed. Dorsal profile nearly straight. Head
pointed. Mouth obliquely ascending, its gape wide; lower jaw

86

somewhat prominent, with a strong symphysial hook, fitting
into a groove of the upper jaw. Barbels 4 or 2. Eye with a
free orbital margin. Praeorbital pentagon, third suborbital
broad, nearly entirely covering the cheek. Short dorsal with
7 branched rays, far back, without strong spines, its posterior
rays opposite to anal, which is short and has 6 branched
rays. Ventrals originating far before dorsal. Pectorals longer

Fig. 32. Luciosoma trinema (Blkr.) X V*-
a, Symphysial part of lower jaw with knob fitting in a groove of the upper jaw.

than head. Caudal deeply forked. The last dorsal and anal
spine and the outer ventral ray may be produced into a long
filament. Scales of moderate size, lateral line curved down-
wards, running along the lower part of body and tail. Pseudo-
branchiae present. Gillrakers extremely short, widely set.
Pharyngeal teeth uncinate in 3 series 5.4.2 — 2.45 or 4.4.2 — 2.4.4.
Branchial opening reaching to below eye.

Distribution: Indo- Australian Archipelago (Sumatra, Java,
Borneo). Siam and Indo-China.

Artificial key to the species.

1. Barbels rudimentary L. trinema p. 86.

2. Barbels well developed.

1. A black longitudinal band from snout to upper lobe
of caudal. Origin of dorsal above 23rd — 24th scale

of lateral line L. setigerum p. 87.

2. A longitudinal series of black blotches from head
continued as a band to end of middle caudal rays.

Origin of dorsal above 2Oth scale of lateral line . . . Z. spilopleura p. 89.

i. Luciosoma trinema (Blkr.).

Leudscus trinema Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie III. 1852, p. 600.
Luciosoma (Trinematichthys) trinema Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini,

1860, p. 416. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 132.
Luciosoma trinema Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 199.

37

M

D.2./; A. 3.6; P. 1.14—16; V. 2.8; L. 1. 43 ; L. tr. j_.

4

Height\j. — 4.3, about 5.4 in length with caudal. Head some-
what less than 4, almost 5 in length with caudal. Eye about
4'/2, about 1 1J2 in snout and in interorbital space. End of
maxillary reaching to below pupil. A rudimentary barbel on
upper jaw near corner of mouth }). Dorsal slightly concave,
its origin opposite to 2Oth scale of lateral line, separated by
21 or 22 scales from occiput. An irregular series of small black
spots in the anterior 2/3 of the lateral line. A series of broad
black spots across the middle of the dorsal and the forepart
of the anal. The outer margin of the dorsal may be black.
Second spine somewhat produced into a short filament and
about equal to head without snout. Origin of anal opposite to
24th or 25111 scale of lateral line. Anal concave, its third spine
produced into a long filament, which may reach base of caudal.
Its height (without filament) equal to that of the dorsal. Ven-
trals separated by 2 or 2]/2 scales from 13^ scale of lateral
line. Last undivided ray produced into a long filament, which
may reach to end of anal. Pectorals distinctly longer than
head, somewhat surpassing base of ventrals. Caudal deeply
forked, the lobes pointed. Least height of caudal peduncle about
equal to length, surrounded by 15 or 16 scales, 8 or 9 of
which above the lateral lines. Yellowish brown, back dark brown.
A series of round spots commences about the middle of the
side of the trunk, the spots being confluent in a band on the
tail, which is continued along the upper caudal lobe, the lower
lobe with a similar band. Length about 255 mm.

Nom. in dig.: Djadjuo (Palembang).

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang !, river Kwantan, Upper
Langkat, river Batang Hari: Djambi!); Borneo (river Kapuas:
Pontianak, Sintang, Sebruang, Danau Sriang, Putus Sibau !,
Baram river [British Museum]).

2. Luciosoma setigerum (C.V.).

Bar bus setigerus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons. XVI. 1842, p. 203.
Barbus podonemus Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen. XXIII. (1849)1850, Ichth. Midden-
en Oost-Java, p. 18.

i) According to GUNTHER I.e.: "Barbels minute, the upper appear sometimes
to be absent."

88

Luciosoma setigerum Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie, IX. 1855, P- 264. —
Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini. 1860, p. 413. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 131.

Luciosoma setigerum Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 199.

Luciosoma Weberii Popta, Notes Leyden Museum XXV. 1905, p. 177. — Ibid.
XXVII. 1906, p. 166.

51-6
D.2.7; A. 3.6; P. 1.14— 15; V. 1.8; L. 1.42— 44 ; L. tr. i

(counted in greatest height).

Height 4.8 — 5, 6.2 — 6.4 in length with caudal. Head about
3.8, 4.8 in length with caudal. Eye 4, about i1/,, in snout and
in interorbital space. End of maxillary reaching to below
pupil. Rostral barbels somewhat longer or shorter than the
lower ones, which are somewhat shorter than half head. Origin
of dorsal above 23r<* — 24^1 scale of lateral line, separated by
23 to 25 scales from occiput. Dorsal concave, its height equal
to height of body. Anal concave, its height slightly less than
that of dorsal, its origin opposite to 26th scale of lateral line.
Ventrals with the outer rays produced into long filaments,
reaching far on anal, their origin separated by 2 — 2*/2 scales
from 13^ or 14^ scale of lateral line. Pectorals about equal to
length of head, reaching on ventrals. Caudal deeply forked,
the lobes pointed, about equal to head. Least height of caudal
peduncle less than half its length, surrounded by 12 scales;
before and behind that height they are surrounded by 14
scales. Yellowish brown, back darker. A blackish band along
the middle of the side, indistinctly beginning at the snout and
continued, increasing in breadth and intensity, into an intra-
marginal band on the upper caudal lobe. The lower lobe with
a similar band. The anterior part of the lateral band may be
composed of spots in young specimens. An irregular series
of few small black spots in the anterior half of the lateral
line. Length more than 265 mm.

N o m. i n d i g. : Wader (Javan.); Djohar (Djambi); Lukui (Bulit).

Habitat: Sumatra (Solok, Sidjungdjung!, Lahat, Batang
Hari: Djambi!, Semangus, tributary of river Musi); Java
(Batavia, Bekassi, Rankasbetong, Lebak, Kediri!, Surabaya,
Gempol) ; Borneo (river Kapuas, river Bulit, affluent of river
Bongan). - - Malacca.

We believe that the differences between L. weberi and
L. setigerum (smaller eyes, longer dorsal, pectorals and ven-
trals) are due to age.

89
3. Luciosoma spilopleura Blkr.

Luciosoma spilopleura Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IX. 1855, p. 265. -
Ichth. Arcli. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 415. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 132.

Luciosoma spilopleura Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 199.

Luciosoma Pellegrinii Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXV. 1895, p. 178. — Ibid.
XXVII. 1906, p. 169.

D. 2.7; A. 3.6—8; P. 1.14—15; V. 2.8; L. 1.41—42;

44—3*

Height 4!/4 — 43/4, head 4J/2 — 5. Eye 4 — tf\v i1^ to almost
2 in interorbital space, more than once to i!/3 in snout.
Maxillary reaching below eye. Rostral barbels 3 — 8 times dia-
meter of eye, maxillary ones I5/0— 28/0. Origin of dorsal above
2C>th scale of lateral line, separated by 21 scales from occiput.
Dorsal somewhat oblique, its height 59/n — 7 in length, its
6th; j7th or 8th ray situated above the origin of the anal. Anal
concave, its height 6 — 7 in length, its origin opposite to
22nd — 24^ scale of lateral line. Ventrals with the inner simple
ray produced, 23/8- — 3% in length, their origin separated by
i'/2 — 2 scales from I2th — ^th scale of lateral line. Pectorals
reaching on ventrals, 33/8 — 4Vs m length. Caudal bifurcate, the
lobes pointed, the lower lobe much, longer than the upper

ii
one. In the first third of the caudal peduncle the L. tr. is _i_,

3j 4

in the third third :_i_. Yellowish below, olive above, on the sides

2k
a straight longitudinal series of blackish brown spots. Four to

eight small blackish spots in the lateral line. Fins yellow,
dorsal and anal with a blackish brown band. The anterior 2/3
of the caudal rays blackish brown, especially so on the four
short middle rays. Length 265 mm. [Not seen by us].

Nom. in dig. : Dalang Ong (Kajan); Penjuar (Malay.).

Habitat: Sumatra (Lahat); Borneo (river Bo, Tingar, Baram
and Kapit [British Museum]).

Note: Luciosoma pellegrini is said to be different from
L. spilopleura by the produced rays of the ventrals and by
the smaller head, which differences between POPTA'S specimens
and the specimen of BLEEKER we believe are due to age.

3. Subfam. Cyprininae.
Oval or more or less elongate, head and body compressed

9o

or sometimes depressed, belly not trenchant, rounded or even
flattened in which case the pectorals and ventrals are horizontal.
Dorsal long or short with 7 — 30 branched rays, without or
with an osseous spine which may be denticulated behind. Origin

Fig. 33-
Rohteichthys microlepis Blkr. X ll/2-

Fig. 34. View of ventral surface
of head of Labeo rohitoides Blkr.

fnoi

Fig. 35. Scheme of a median section through region of mouth of Labeo.

Lettering for all the figures.

a rostral barbel; of transverse fold of lower lip; b maxillary barbel; Ib lateral
lobe; Ij lower jaw; // lower lip; m mouth; md mandible; p preorbital ; pg post-
labial groove; px premaxillary ; rf rostral fold; uj upper jaw; ul upper lip;

v vestibulum oris.

of dorsal before, opposite to or exceptionally slightly behind
that of ventrals. Anal short, with 5 — 9 branched rays, without
or with an osseous spine, which exceptionally may be serrated.
Origin of anal reaches below last rays of dorsal only in the
exceptional cases, that the dorsal is very long. Pectorals and
ventrals always well developed. Caudal forked or emarginate.

Mouth terminal, inferior or subinferior, generally small, pro-
tractile. The jaws with a soft or a horny covering or the lower
jaw with ^a sharp bony edge; without a symphysial knob
fitting in an incision of the upper jaw. Lips present or absent,
as also a postlabial groove (see below). A rostral and maxillary

Fig. 36. Crossochilus gnathopogon n.sp. X 4-

/$.--

Fig. 37-
Gyrinocheilus pustulosus Vaill. X 3-

Fig. 38.
Lissochilus sumatratius n. sp.

Lettering for all the figures.

a. rostral, b maxillary barbels ; c horny covering of lower jaw; d line of demar-
cation (not fold) between skin of rostrum and upper lip ; f frenulum ; fr lateral
furrow including the parts of the mouth ; ip involuted part of upper and lower
lip ; Ij lower jaw ; // lower lip ; Ip lateral, m median part of postlabial groove ;
n nostril 5 pg postlabial groove 5 rf rostral fold' uj upper jaw: ul upper lip.

pair of barbels; one or both may be absent. Scales small,
moderate or large, lateral line running along the median line
of the tail (exc. Leptobarbus). Pharyngeal teeth generally in
a triple series, exceptionally in a double or single series.

92

The formation of the parts of the mouth of this family is
very diversified but allows to distinguish three types.

In the most simple one the mouth is anterior or subinferior
and more or less protractile ; the lips are thin, thick, crenulated
or papillated. (By lip we understand a more or less developed
fold of the skin, which is more or less distinctly separated
from the covering of the jaws). The upper lip is uncovered
or only partly covered by a fold containing the maxillaries,
forming a simple not pendulous continuation of the skin of
the snout directed forwards (fig. 33).

In a second type the mouth is conspicuously inferior, bor-
dered by thick, continuous lips, which may be fringed or
papillated. The upper ones are partly covered or bordered
by a pendulous rostral fold of the skin of the ventral surface
of the rostrum, (fig. 34 and 35).

In the third type there is no rostral fold; the skin of the
ventral surface of the rostrum is continued into the upperlip,
which is fringed or papillated. Mouth inferior but otherwise
very complicated and very differently constructed (fig. 36
and 37).

In many Cyprininae the lower lip is separated from the skin of
the isthmus by a complete postlabial groove, which is conti-
nued round the corner of the mouth. This groove may be
interrupted in the middle, so that there are separate grooves,
one behind each lateral part of the lower lip. (fig. 38, cfr. also
Dangila and Osteochilus).

Artificial key to the indo-australian genera
of Cyprininae.

I. Lateral line running in the lower half of the tail. Leptobarbus p. 95.
II. Lateral line running in the middle of the tail.

A. Dorsal inserted behind ventrals Rohteichthys p. 99.

B. Origin of dorsal before, opposite to or slightly
behind that of ventrals.

A A. A more or less horizontal rostral fold
containing at its base the maxillaries
and covering the base of the upper lip ;
mouth anterior or subinferior.
I. Anal spine serrated behind.

a. Four barbels ; triple series of molarlike pharyn-

geal teeth Cyprinus p. 101.

93

b. No barbels 5 single series of compressed pharyn-

geal teeth Carassius p. 102.

2. Anal spine not serrated behind.

a. Eye with a broad annular gelatinous eyelid.

a. Mouth inferior Amblyrhynchichthys p. 104.

/3. Mouth terminal Albulichthys p. 106.

b. Eye without broad annular gelatinous eyelid.
a.. Recumbent spine J) in front of dorsal 5 anal

with 8 — 9 branched rays Mystacoleucus p. 107.

/8. No recumbent spine, anal with 8 branched

rays Ctenopharyngodon p. no.

?. No recumbent dorsal spine; anal with 5,

exceptionally with 7 branched rays.

1) Dorsal with 21 — 30 branched rays. . . Dangila p. 112.

2) Dorsal with 8 — 18 branched rays.
(a). Linea lateralis 56 — 75.

a. Dorsal with 14 — 18 branched

rays; four or two barbels. . . . Barynotus p. 119.
/3. Dorsal with 8 — 10 branched

rays; no barbels Thynnichthys p. 121.

(3). Less than 56 scales in lateral line.
aa. Dorsal with 10 — 1 8 branched

rays ". Osteochilus p. 124.

bb. Dorsal with 7 — 9 branched rays.

1. Both lips thick and fringed. Cosmochihis p. 141.

2. Lips entire, exceptionally the
upper lip crenulated.

a.. Mouth terminal, oblique,
wide, reaching beyond
front border of eye; 2

maxillary barbels Hampala p. 143.

/3. Mouth terminal or sub-
inferior, not reaching bey-
ond front border of eye ;
no, 2 or 4 barbels.
cut. Postlabial groove not
interrupted in the mid-
dle and continuous
round corner of mouth.
i . Dorsal spine smooth;
no sensory folds on

i) Sometimes hidden by scales.

94

head ; 3Va scales between

L.I. and dorsal Labeobarbus p. 147.

2. Dorsal spine strongly denti-
culated j head with sensory
folds. 5'/2 — 7 scales between

L.I. and dorsal Cyclochdlichthys p. 153.

/3/3. Postlabial groove interrupted

in the middle, but continuous

round corner of mouth.

1 . Lower lip conspicuously sepa-
rated from jaw, which has a
horny covering. Horny tuber-
cles on snout Lissochilus p. 167.

2. Lower lip not or only by
superficial furrow separated
from jaw which is without
horny covering. Snout without

horny tubercles Puntius p. 170.

77. Postlabial groove modified in
the middle into a pouch, as the
broadened lower lip is laterally

fixed to the skin Balantiocheilus p. 205.

BB. Skin of ventral surface of rostrum forming
a free pendulous rostral fold, covering
the base of the upper lip \ mouth con-
spicuously inferior.

1. Suborbital bone covering greatest part of cheek 5
lower jaw with symphysial tubercle; the broadly

reflected lower lip not separated from jaw Barbichthys p. 207.

2. Ring of suborbital bones not enlarged, lower jaw
without symphysial tubercle ; lower lip distinct from
lower jaw.

a. Dorsal with 10 — 18 branched rays Labeo p. 209.

b. Dorsal with 8 branched rays.

a.. Snout horizontally divided by a deep groove. Schismatorhynchus p. 216.

0. Snout normal Tylognathus p. 218.

CC. No rostral fold, skin of ventral surface
of rostrum continued as upper lip ; mouth
conspicuously inferior.
I. Lips broadly connected.

a. Upper and lower lip continuous through an
involuted lateral part; both lips provided with
small rasp-like horny tubercles. No barbels. . . Gyrinocheilus p. 224.

b. Upper and lower lip continuous by a lateral
part of the lower lip ; lips without horny tubercles,
but a strong horny tubercle on each side of snout.

Four barbels Paracrossochilus p. 226.

c. Lower lip forming an oval, smooth suctorial disc
with a free, papillated anterior and posterioi

margin. Two or 4 barbels Discognathus p. 227.

2. Lips not connected or by a frenulum only. Lateral
part of upper jaw introverted and embracing lateral
part of lower jaw.

a. Snout with a free moveable lateral lobe. A frenu-
lum connecting both lips Epalzeorhynchus p. 229.

b. Snout without a lateral lobe. A frenulum from

upper lip running only to lower jaw Crossochilus p. 231.

i. Leptobarbus Bleeker.

(BLEEKER, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini. 1860, p. 432).

Oblong, elongate, abdomen rounded. Head broad, depressed.

Fig. 39. Leptobarbus hoeveni (Blkr.).

Praeorbital about pentagon. Dorsal fin short, with 7 (8) branched
rays, its spines weak,
without serrations, its
origin slightly in ad-
vance of that of the
ventrals, its base with-
out scaly sheath. Anal
very short, with not
more than 6 branched
rays. Scales of moder-
ate size, nuchal ones
beginning before end of operculum. Lateral line curved down-

Fig. 40. Leptobarbus hoeveni (Blkr.).
Pharyngeal teeth. X IV2-

96

wards, running somewhat along lower half of tail. Mouth
slightly ascending, of moderate width, extending to frontmargin
of eye or nearly so. Jaws equal in front. Barbels 4, well deve-
loped, one rostral pair, the maxillary pair at the corner
of the mouth. Gillrakers short, lanceolate, widely set. Pseudo-
branchiae present. Pharyngeal teeth spoonshaped 5.3.2 — 2.3.5
with the masticatory margin pluricrenulate. Gillopenings exten-
ding forwards to below praeoperculum.

Distribution: Sumatra, Borneo and Siam.

Artificial key to the species.

1. 4Y2 scales between lateral line and origin of dorsal.
14 scales round least height of caudal peduncle, 7

of which above lateral lines L. hoeveni p. 96.

2. 5j/2 scales between lateral line and origin of dorsal.

a. Least height of caudal peduncle surrounded by
15 scales, 8 of which above lateral lines. No

lateral band, fins marked with black Z. melanopterus p. 97.

b. Least height of caudal peduncle surrounded by
14 scales, 7 of which above lateral lines.

a. A black lateral band L. melanotaenia p. 97.

j9. No lateral band L. hosii p. 98.

i. Leptobarbus hoeveni (Blkr.).

Barbus Hoevenii Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie II. 1851, p. 207.
Leptobarbus Hoevenii Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860,

p. 433. _ Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 1 1 6.

Leptobarbus hoevenii Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 192.
Leptobarbus Hoevenii Vaillant, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (3) V. 1893, p. 86.
Leptobarbus hoevenii Volz, Rev. Suisse Zool. XII. 1904, p. 478.

D. 3.7(8); A. 3.5(6); P. 16—17; V.2.8; L.I. 35-38; L.tr.f.

3*.

Elongate, dorsal profile regularly ascending from snout to

dorsal. Height about 3.5, 4.3 in length with caudal. Head
broad, flattened above, 3.8 in length, 4.7 in length with caudal.
Eye 4.7, situated in the anterior half of the head, shorter
than snout, about 2*/2 in jinterorbital space. Mouth of moderate
width, not extending to frontmargin of eye, with the jaws
equal in front. Anterior barbels more than one third of the head,
posterior ones about half length of head. Vertical through
origin of dorsal nearly half length of head nearer to end of
snout than to base of caudal, passing through g^ or roth

97

perforated scale. Dorsal concave, the height of its rather weak
spine as .long as or shorter than head. Anal truncate, its
third weak spine about two third length of head. Ventrals
almost equal to pectorals, not reaching anus. Their origin,
which is about one scale behind that of the dorsal, is separated
by 2!/2 scales from the lateral line. Pectorals two third length
of head. Caudal deeply emarginate, lobes pointed. Caudal
peduncle longer than high, surrounded by 14 scales, 7 of which
above the lateral lines. Silvery, upper surface more or less
dark brown. A black blotch behind opercle, vertical fins more
or less darkish. Length 410 mm.

Nomen indig. : Lemak and Djeladje (Palembang), Djeledjer
(Djambi), Djelawat (River Mahakam).

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang!, Indragiri, Kwantan river;
Taluk!, Danau Sialong lotong, Djambi!, Bagan api api !) ;
Borneo (river Kapuas : Pontianak, Sintang, Selimbau ! ; Danau
Sriang, Baram river, river Kahajan, Pengaron, Bandjermassin,
Mahakam river : Samarinda !, Batu Pangal !, Kota Bungun !). -
Siam.

2. Leptobarbus melanopterus n. sp.

Differs from the preceding species, when compared with
specimens of equal size, by having a much greater breadth
of its body, which may account for its having 5 !/2 scales above
the lateral line in the linea transversalis, and 15 scales round
the caudal peduncle, 8 of which are above the lateral lines.
The third spine of the dorsal is longer than the head. Upper
and lower half of caudal with a broad black intramarginal
longitudinal band. A similar one on anal. Ventrals, pectorals
and dorsal nearly totally black. Length of single specimen
242 mm. [Type of the species in the zoological Museum of
Amsterdam].

Habitat: Borneo (Upper Kapuas: Selimbau!); collected by
Mr. H. A. LORENTZ.

Note: We presume that BLEEKER had this species too,
as he says from L. hoeveni: "Un de mes plus petits individus
montre une bande noiratre longitudinale a chaque lobe de la
caudale, mais je n'en vois rien dans tous les autres."

3. Leptobarbus melanotaenia Blgr.

Leptobarbus melanotaenia Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) XIII. 1894, p. 249.
Leptobarbus melanotaenia Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXVII. 1905 — 1906, p. 150.
INDOAUSTRALIAN FISHES III. 7

98

li
0.3.7; A. 3-5; P. 1-14; V. 2.8; L.I. 36— 38; L.tr.j_.

4±

Elongate, dorsal and ventral profile slightly convex. Height
4, head broad, flattened, 3!/2 — 4. Eye 5.5 in large specimens,
situated in anterior half of head, much shorter than snout,
thrice in flat interorbital space, which is nearly half length of
head. Mouth with the jaws equal in front, reaching frontborder
of eye. Rostral barbels about i2/3, maxillary barbels about twice
as long as diameter of eye. Vertical through origin of dorsal
nearly half length of head nearer to end of snout than to
base of caudal, passing through ioth perforated scale. Dorsal
nearly truncate, the height of its weak spine much shorter
than head. Anal nearly truncate, its third weak spine about
two third length of head. Ventrals equal to pectorals, far distant
from anus. Their origin, which is about one scale behind that
of the dorsal, is separated by 2 scales from lateral line. Pec-
torals two third length of head. Caudal deeply emarginate,
lobes pointed. Height of caudal peduncle 1.2 in its length,
surrounded by 14 scales, 7 of which above the lateral lines.
Silvery, gray above, white below, the two colours separated
by a black lateral band running along the lower half of the
series of scales above the lateral line and continued on the
operculum; posterior border of gillopenings black. Length
500 mm.

N o m. i n d i g. : Behau (Bo).

Habitat: Borneo (river Bongon, river Bo, affluent of river
Mahakam, river Sedalit, affluent of river Sambabung, North
east Borneo!). — Siam [British Museum].

4. Leptobarbus hosii (Reg.).

Bar bus Hosii C. Tate Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XVIII. 1906, p. 66.

0.3.7; A. 3.5; P. 1.15; V. 1.8; L.I. 36; L.tr.jT.

5
Height about 4; 5.3 in length with caudal; head 3.3, 4.4 in

length with caudal. Eye about 4, shorter than snout, twice in
interorbital space. Cleft of mouth extending to below anterior
margin of eye. Maxillary barbels somewhat longer than rostral
ones, nearly half length of head. Origin of dorsal opposite to nth
scale of lateral line and separated by 1 1 scales from occiput ;
equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal. Third ray of
dorsal about two third of length of head. Third ray of anal

99

slightly shorter than that of dorsal. When laid back the anal
reaches the base of the caudal. Pectorals and ventrals subequal
and equal to length of head without snout. Pectorals nearly
reaching ventrals. Ventrals nearly extending to the anus, their
origin two scales behind origin of dorsal and separated by
2]/2 scales from lateral line. Caudal forked, about equal to
length of head. Caudal peduncle about as long as high, sur-
rounded by 14 scales, 7 of which above the lateral line. A
dark vertical stripe above the root of the pectorals, covered
by the opercular flap. Scales dark at the edges, fins pale.
Length of the single specimen known 85 mm. [Type of the
species in the British Museum seen by us].
Habitat:- Borneo (Baram district!).

2. Rohteichthys Bleeker.
(BLEEKER, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 395).

Oblong, compressed. Abdomen compressed into a sharp
ridge between ventrals and anus, the scales of one side not
overlapping on the other. Dorsal fin short, with a strong
serrated spine, far behind ventrals, its base in a scaly sheath.
Anal very short, with not more than. 6 branched rays. Scales

Fig. 41. Rohteichthys microlepis (Blkr.) X Vs-

rather small, nuchal ones beginning far before operculum.
Lateral line running along the median line of the tail. Eyes
with a free orbital margin. Mouth strongly ascending. Upper
lip partly covered by the subtriangular anterior apex of the
praeorbital bone. No barbels. Pharyngeal teeth compressed,
ending in a spoonlike hook, 5.3.2 — 2.3.5. Branchial openings
ending below eye.

100

Distribution: The single species only known from
Sumatra and Borneo.

Fig. 42. Pharyngeal teeth of
Rohteichthys microlepis (Blkr.) X 2-

43- Head of Rohteichthys microhpis
(Blkr.) X iV-2- (/lower jaw; ^preorbital;
rf rostral fold; uj upper jaw.

i. Rohteichthys microlepis (Blkr.)

Barbus microlepis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie I. 1850, p. 12.

Systomus microlepis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie II. 1851, p. 60.

Rohtee microlepis Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-neerl. VIII. 1860, Enum. Spec.

pise. Arch. Ind. p. 53.
Rohteichthys microlepis Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 396. —

Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 115.
Rohteichthys microlepis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 191.

D. 3.8; A. 3.5(6); P. 1.16; V.2.9; L.I. 68— 72; L. tr. T.

16

Profile of back strongly elevated and curved, sharply dis-
tinguished from the almost horizontally situated concave profile
of the head. Height 2.6 — 2.7; 3.4 — 3.6 in length with caudal. Head
3.2 — 3.4, 4 — 4.4 in length with caudal. Eye about 4.4, about
i2/5 in snout, which is about equal to interorbital space. Jaws
strongly ascending, the lower one prominent. Lips rather
thick, partly covered by the praeorbital. Maxillary nearly
reaching vertical through frontborder of eye. Origin of dorsal
about in the middle of a line connecting frontborder of eye
and base of caudal, somewhat more or less than half length
of head behind origin of ventrals. Dorsal deeply concave, its
base in a scaly sheath. The height of its third spine, the ossi-
fied part of which is broad and the hindborder of which is
strongly serrated, is shorter than the head. Anal deeply con-
cave, its third spine equal to head without snout. Ventrals

101

equal to pectorals, about 4/5 length of head, somewhat distant
from or reaching anus. Pectorals reaching on ventrals. Caudal
deeply forked, about equal to head. Least height of caudal
peduncle about twice in head; 31 scales round caudal peduncle,
15 of which above the lateral lines. Scales on back smaller
than those on lower side. Silvery, back dark. A black blotch at
base of caudal. Upper and lower margin of caudal and margin
of dorsal blackish. Length over 300 mm.

Nomen indig. : Ikan Lumu pakkoh and Lumbut (Palem-
bang), Kapas Kapas or Ke Kapas (Djambi).

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang!, Lahat, Djambi!); Borneo
(Banjermassin, river Kapuas, Danau Sriang).

3. Cyprinus Cuvier.

(CuviER, Regne animal II, 1817, p. 191).

Mouth terminal with 4 barbels. Dorsal long, with the last
simple ray ossified and serrated behind ; its origin opposite to
that of ventrals. Anal short, its origin below dorsal, its last
simple ray strongly ossified and serrated behind. Scales large,

Fig. 44. Cyprinus carpio var. flavipinms C.V. X Vs-

lateral line complete, running in the middle of the tail. Pharyn-
geal teeth 3.1.1 — 1.1.3, rnolarlike, with the crown sulcate, flat
or somewhat hollowed. Branchial openings rather wide, reaching
to below hindborder of praeoperculum. Gillmembranes broadly
united with isthmus.

Distribution: Fresh water of temperate parts \oi Asia
and Europe, from where introduced in many parts of the
world and changed into many varieties. •*•'*•

102

i. Cyprinus carpio Linne.

Cyprinus carpio Linne", Syst. nat. ed. X. 1753, p. 320.
Cyprinus carpio Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1 868, p. 25.

JL

D. 3.17—22 ; A. 3.5 ; P. 1.15 ; V. 1.7—9; L- 1. 35—39; L. tr._i_.

71
Height of body, length of head, development of fins and

squamation subject to variation.

We have seen a specimen from a Chinese fishpond in Kota
Radja, Sumatra, which we received under the Chinese name
"Ling"; besides we dispose of specimens from Matur, Sumatra.

From Java has been described the variety:

i a. Cyprinus carpio var. flavipinnis C.V. J).

Cyprinus flavipinnis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVI. 1842, p. 71.
Cyprinus flavipinna Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XIII. 1857, p. 345.
Carpio flavipinna Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 74.

D. 4.16—18; A. 3.5; P. 1.13—16; V. 2.8; L. 1. 33—37;

5^-6

L. tr. i .
71-8
Height 3.5 — 4.5 in length with caudal, head 3.2 — 3.6, 3.7 — 4.9

in length with caudal. Eye 3 — 5.6, in large specimens more
than 1.5 in snout and more than twice in interorbital space.
Maxillary barbels may be longer than half length of head.
Height of dorsal much more than that of body, that of anal
less, but more than that of body. Pectorals and ventrals sub-
equal, much longer than head. Caudal variable in length, it
may be nearly equal to double length of head. Least height
of caudal peduncle somewhat more than its own length and
about twice in length of head. Olivaceous, back darker, sides
lighter or they may be silvery or goldish or the whole fish
may be golden. Fins always yellowish, reddish or golden.

N o m. i n d i g. : Tambra; when golden Tambra mas or Mas
Kumpai (Malay, and Sundan.).

Habitat: In fish ponds in western Java.

4. Carassius Nilsson.

(NiLSSON, Prodrom. Ichth. Scandinav. 1832, p. 32).

Mouth terminal, without barbels. Dorsal long, with the last

, i)' VALENCIENNES described it as a proper species after a drawing of KUHL
r ,&.VAN -HABSEI.T. VAN HASSELT drew attention to this form in a short publica-
' - >tio*j "in ", A-lg. " iCohsl- & Letterbode 1823, II. p. 132, where it was, by misprint,

r»ollo/1 tt l"lrM-i T^£kn r»o " • Vio A\A t-»^*f rritro otiir A oc7r>*-i i-\f \r\-r\ r\f if

called "floripenna"; he did not give any description of it.

IDS

simple ray ossified and serrated behind ; its origin opposite
to that of ventrals. Anal short, its origin below dorsal, its
last simple ray ossified, rather feeble and serrated behind.
Scales rather large, lateral line complete, running in the middle

Fig. 45. Caras sius auratus (L.) X °«6.

of the tail. Pharyngeal teeth in a single series of four, the
three outer (posterior) ones spatulate, with a single furrow.
Branchial openings rather wide, reaching to below hindborder
of praeoperculum. Gillmembranes broadly united to isthmus.
Distribution: Fresh water of temperate parts of Asia
and Europe from where introduced in many parts of the world.

i. Carassius auratus (L.).

Cyprinus auratus Linne, Syst. Nat. ed. X. 1758, p. 322.

Carassius auratiis Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 255. —

Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 74.

Carassius auratiis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 32.

D.2— 3. 17—18; A. 2.5; P. I. 13— 16; V. 2.8; L. 1.25— 30;

6_
L. tr. _i_-

A

Height about 2.5, head more than 3.3 in length. Eye more
than 4, somewhat shorter than snout and nearly twice in slightly
convex interorbital space. Dorsal nearly straight, its posterior
rays above anal. Pectorals and ventrals subequal. Caudal
peduncle about as long as deep and about half length of head.
Colour reddish golden.

N o m. i n d i g. : Tambra mas (Malay.).

Habitat: Introduced in ponds in Java.

The wild breed has its home in China and Japan and is
in its native conditions dark olivaceous. It is domesticated

104

and forms many varieties and monstrosities with the dorsal
fin reduced to a serrated ray with some soft rays, or the dor-
sal fin absent. The other fins may be perfect or the anal spine
is double, the caudal tri- or four-lobed. Also the eyes may
be very large and protruding ; the vertebral column can be
deflected or otherwise be deformed.

5. Amblyrhynchichthys Bleeker.

(BLEEKER, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini 1860, p. 302).

Oblong, compressed, the exceedingly blunt snout obliquely
truncate and very high, prominent before the mouth, which
is at its lower side. Lower lip very narrow, increasing in size
to the corner of the mouth, where it is continuous with
the broad hindpart of the upper lip, the anterior part of which
is covered by a broad triangular fold, in the middle of the
snout, behind which the small maxillaries are situated, which
are visible. No barbels. Praeorbital somewhat shoe-shaped, the

Fig. 46. Amblyrhynchichthys truncatus (Blkr.)
and view of lower surface of anterior part of head.

point directed backwards. Nostrils close together, near end
of snout, opposite to middle of large eye, which is covered
for a large part by an adipose eyelid. Dorsal short, with an
exceedingly strong fourth spine, which is denticulated behind,
slightly behind origin of ventrals; its base in a scaly sheath.
Anal very short, with not more than 6 ]) branched rays, its
spines weak. Scales large, covering only base of caudal ; lateral

i) According to VAILLANT, there are 8 soft rays in A. altus; according
to his drawing this fin is rather long.

line running along the middle of the tail. Pharyngeal teeth
4.3.2 — 2.3.4, cuneiform, aggregate. Gillmembranes broadly united
to the isthmus. Gillopenings reaching to below hindborder of
praeoperculum.

Distribution: Fresh water of Sumatra, Borneo; Siam.

Key to the species.

*• 3V2 (4) scales between lateral line and ventrals.

51(6)
L. tr. i A. truncatus p. 105.

~5f~ _T_

2. 5 scales between lateral line and ventrals. L. tr. I . . . A. altus p. 106.

i. Amblyrhynchichthys truncatus (Bleeker).

Barbtis truncatus^ Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie I. 1850, p. 13.
Systomus truncatus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie II, 1851, p. 60.
Amblyrhynchichthys trimcatus Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860,

P- 3°3-— Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 114.
Amblyrhynchichthys truncatus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 159.

5K6)
D. 4.8(9); A. 3.5; P. 1. 15; V.2.9; L.I. 35— 37; L. tr. t .

5*

Stout, oblong, back strongly ascending from snout, to dorsal.

Height 2.8 — 3, 3.4 — 3.7 in length with caudal. Head 4.2 — 4.4,
5.2 in length with caudal, almost as high as long. Eye from
more than 2!/2 to nearly 3, about equal to interorbital space
and about twice as long as snout, which is very blunt and
somewhat prominent before the arched mouth. Vertical through
origin of dorsal running through about the IIth scale of lateral
line, and nearer to end of snout than to caudal and one scale
behind origin of ventrals. Dorsal concave, its fourth ray strongly
ossified, exceedingly strong and evenly serrated behind, much
longer than head. Base of dorsal in a scaly sheath. Anal concave,
its third spine weak, somewhat more than half head. Ventrals
about equal to pectorals, separated by s'^W scales from the
lateral line, far distant from anus. Pectorals about 4/5 of head.
Caudal deeply emarginate, the lobes rounded, shorter than head.
Least height of caudal peduncle 3/5 of its length, equal to half
head or somewhat more. 16 scales round caudal peduncle, 7
of which above the lateral lines. Scales with converging longi-
tudinal sinuous lines. Colour of alcohol specimens silvery,
back dark, with longitudinal shining lines corresponding to

io6

the rows of scales. Fins, especially the vertical ones, with
dark margins. Length 280 mm.

Nomen indig. : Teban galang, Bettet (Palembang); Semu-
mul (Djambi).

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang, Djambi!); Borneo (river
Kapuas: Pontianak, Bunut !, river Barito : Banjermassin). — Siam.

2. Amblyrhynchichthys altus Vaill.

Amblyrhynchichthys altus Vaillant, Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, XVIII. 1893,
p. 59. — Nouv. Arch. Mus. (4) V. 1893, p. 81.

T

0.3.8; A. 3.8; V. 1.9; L.I. 36; L. tr. j[.

8

Elevated, compressed. Height 2!/3, nearly 3 in length with
caudal. Head 3.7, 4.5 in length with caudal. Eye 2.6, equal
to interorbital space, !/4 longer than snout. Dorsal spine den-
ticulated behind, probably equal to half height of body. Ventrals
separated by 5 scales from lateral line. Length of single
specimen 96 mm. (After VAILLANT, not seen by us).

Habitat: Borneo (river Kapuas).

6. Albulichthys Bleeker.

(BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XX. 1859—1860, p. 430).

Oblong, strongly compressed. Mouth terminal, lateral, snout
convex. Lips thin, continuous, the upper one partly covered
by a rostral fold, which contains the maxillaries. Postlabial

Fig. 47. Albulichthys albuloides (Blkr.). (After Bleeker) X 2/s-

groove not continuous, laterally only developed. No barbels.
Eyes with a broad annular adipose eyelid. Dorsal short, with

8 branched rays and the 4.^ simple ray ossified, slender, finely
serrated. Origin of dorsal slightly before that of ventrals. Anal
very short, with 5 branched rays, its spine weak. Caudal deeply
forked, its basal half covered with small scales. Scales of
moderate size. Lateral line running in the middle of the tail.
Pharyngeal teeth compressed, their masticatory surface longi-
tudinally grooved, 4.3.2 — 2.3.4. Gillopenings rather narrow, rea-
ching to hindborder of praeoperculum.

Distribution: The single species only known from fresh
water of Sumatra and Borneo.

i. Albulichthys albuloides (Blkr.).

Systomus albuloides Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IX. 1855, p. 425.
Albulichthys albuloides Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini 1860,

p. 306. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 114.
Albulichthys albuloides Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 160.

5i
D. 4.8; A. 3.5; P. 1.16— 18; V. 1.9; L.I. 38; L. tr. j_.

5*
Height 3 — 4, nearly equal to the length of the head. Eye

about 31/2, a little longer than snout. Origin of dorsal oppo-
site to 9th or ioth scale of lateral line, separated by n — 12
scales from occiput. Origin of anal opposite to 23^ scale of
lateral line. Pectorals and ventrals subequal ; origin of ventrals
separated by 3!/2 scales from ioth — IIth scale of lateral line.
Pectorals more than one and a half times in length of head.
Least height of caudal peduncle 1.4 in its own length, sur-
rounded by 16 scales. Silvery, back darkish. Length 360 mm.
[One of BLEEKER'S specimens in the Leiden Museum examined
by us].

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang); Borneo (river Kapuas and
Kahajan).

7. Mystacoleucus Gunther.

(GUNTHER, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 206).

Oblong, compressed, abdomen rounded. Dorsal fin short,
about opposite to origin of ventrals, with 8 — 9 branched rays
and an osseous spine, serrated behind and of moderate strength.
Anal of moderate length, with 8 — 9 branched rays. Scales of
moderate size, the nuchal ones beginning somewhat before
the vertical through the hindborder of the operculum. Lateral
line running along about the middle of the tail. Mouth small,
somewhat inferior, with the margin of the lower jaw obtuse,

io8

surrounded by rather thin continuous lips. Barbels small,
especially the rostral ones, which may be wanting. A recumbent
spine in front of the dorsal, pointing forwards, sometimes

Fig. 48. Mystacoleucus padangensis (Blkr.) X Vi-

Fig. 49. Mystacoleuciis marginatus (C. V.)
Portion of back carrying anterior part
of dorsal fin </, to show the procum-
bent spine s in front of dorsal.
Enlarged.

Fig. 50. Pharyngeal teeth of
Mystacoleucus marginatus (C.V.)

hidden by the scales. Gillopenings extend to below angle of
praeoperculum. Gillmembranes united with isthmus. Gillrakers
short, conical. Pharyngeal teeth obtuse, uncinate, 4.3.2 — 2.3.4.
Distribution: Fresh water of Sumatra, Java, Borneo and
Malacca.

Key to the species.

1. L. 1. 26 — 29. Barbels 4 M. marginatus p. 108.

2. L.I. 37 — 39. Barbels 2 or wanting M. padangensis p. HO.

i. Mystacoleucus marginatus (C.V.).

Bar bus obtusirostris van Hasselt, Algem. Konst- en Letterbode II. 1823, p. 132.

(no description).

Barbus marginatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVI. 1842, p. 164.
Barbus obtusirostris Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVI. 1842, p. 167.
Barbus marginatus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie V. 1853, p. 518.
Systomus (Barbodes) marginatus Bleeker, Icht. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini,

1860, p. 351.

109

Puntius (Barbodes) obtusirostris Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 106.

Barb^^s obtusirostris Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. .121.

Barbodes obtusirostris Jordan & Scale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXXIII. 1908, p. 538.

D. 4.8; A. 3.8—9 (10); P. i. 14—15; V. 1.8; L. 1. 26—29;

S_
L. tr. j_.

4l
Compressed, oblong, dorsal profile ascending and slightly

convex. Height 2.7 — 3, 3.7 — 4 in length with caudal. Head
4.1 — 4.2, 5.6 — 5.7 in length with caudal. Eye about 2t/2— 3, equal
to convex interorbital space, but longer than snout, which is very
blunt and slightly prominent. Snout and upper part of head
provided with pores, diminishing in size backwards. Posterior
barbels at corner of mouth shorter than eye, but much longer
than the very slender rostral ones. Origin of dorsal opposite to
9th or ioth scale of lateral line, somewhat before the middle of
a line connecting end of snout and root of caudal and opposite
to origin of ventrals or slightly behind it, separated by 9 — 10
scales from occiput. Dorsal slightly emarginate, fourth spine
with its flexible portion not much longer than head, rather strong,
strongly serrated behind. Anal truncate, its height about equal
to head without snout or somewhat shorter, both dorsal and anal
with a scaly sheath at their base. Ventrals subequal to pec-
torals, their hindborder square, not reaching anal, separated
by 3 scales from lateral line. Axillary scale of ventrals much
developed. Pectorals nearly equal to head. Caudal deeply forked,
the lobes pointed, much longer than head. Least height of
caudal peduncle about i3/4 in head, about 1.4 in length of
caudal peduncle, surrounded by 14 scales. 10 short triangular
gillrakers on first branchial arch. Silvery, upper surface brownish,
base of scales with a semilunar dark transverse band. Margin
of dorsal and caudal blackish. Length 200 mm.

Nomen indig. : Lawak, Lalawak (Malay. Batavia), Wader
etjo (Javan.), Genggehek (Sundan.), Kapyah (Lampong).

Habitat: Sumatra (Pangabuang, Pajakombo, Trussan,
Priaman, Lahat, Indragiri, river Selapian, Upper Langkat,
Djambi!, Deli!); Java (Batavia, Lebak, Rankas betong, Sadjira,
Tjikaniki, Tjampea, Buitenzorg!, Tjandjur, Tjipanas, Garut!,
Lelles, Parongkalong, Lake Wanajasa near Purwakarta!, river
Guwa in Djocja!, Surakarta, Ngawi, Pasuruan, Grati, Ngantang,
Lesti, river Mandiku in Djember!); Borneo (Sarawak).
Malacca.

110

2. Mystacoleucus padangensis (Blkr.) [Fig. 48, p. ioS].

Capocta padangensis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie III. 1852, p. 593.
Systomus (Capoeta) padangensis Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860,

P- 353-

Puntius (Capoeta) padangensis Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 107.
Mystacoleucus padangensis Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 206.
Mystacoleucus (Puntius) padangensis Max Weber, Zool. Ergebn. Heft 2, 1894,

p. 423.
Mystacoleucus padangensis Max Weber & de Beaufort, In Maass : Durch Zentral-

Sumatra II. 1912, Fische p. 531.

ji

0.4.8(9); A. 3.8; P. i. 14— 15; V. 2.9; L.I. 37— 39;L.tr. j_.

5
Oblong, profile from snout to dorsal slightly arched. Height

about 3^, about 4!/2 in length with caudal. Head 4.5, more
than 5 in length with caudal. Eye nearly 3, equal to inter-
orbital space and slightly longer than rounded and somewhat
prominent snout. Mouth normal. A small barbel at corner of
mouth, which may be wanting on one or both sides. Origin
of dorsal opposite to middle of line connecting end of snout
and base of caudal and to I2th or 13^ scale of lateral line as
well as to origin of ventrals. Dorsal slightly concave, separated
by 12 scales from occiput; its strong, and strongly denticulated
fourth spine shorter than head. Anal nearly truncate, its weak
spine about half length of head. Ventrals about equal to pecto-
rals, not reaching anus, separated by 3 scales from lateral line.
Pectorals shorter than dorsal spine. Caudal deeply emarginate,
lobes pointed. Least height of caudal peduncle about twice in
head. 18 scales round caudal peduncle, 9 of which above the
lateral lines. Scales with concentric lines. Lateral line with a
curve downwards, running along middle of tail. Colour silvery.
Fins hyaline, more or less dusky, anterior border of dorsal
and hindmargin of caudal blackish. Length 116 mm.

Nomen indig. : Bako (Malay. Sumatra).

Habitat: Sumatra (Padang, Solok!, Lake Singkarah !, Lake
Manindjau!, river Kwantan, Taluk!).

8. Ctenopharyngodon Steindachner.

(STEINDACHNER, Ichth. Mitth. IX. in Verhandl. zool. bot. Ges. Wien
XVI. 1866, p. 782).

Elongate, head broad, anteriorly depressed. Dorsal fin short,
with 7 branched rays, its spines weak, without serration, its
origin slightly in advance of that of the ventrals, its base

1 1 1

without scaly sheath. Anal short, with 8 branched rays and
weak spines. Scales of moderate size, their uncovered part
transversely rugose between the radiating lines. Lateral line
complete, running nearly in the middle of the tail. Mouth
anterior, its gape rather wide, not reaching frontborder of eye.
Upper jaw somewhat prominent. Lips moderately developed,
a horizontal rostral fold, containing at its base the maxillaries,
covering the base of the upper lip. Postlabial groove only
near corner of mouth and continued round it. No barbels.

Fig. 51. Ctenopharyngodon idellus (C.V.). X Vv

Praeorbital rounded-triangular, its breadth nearly equal to eye
and more than the hindmost suborbital. Operculum thick,
strongly vaulted, with numerous irregular grooves for blood
vessels. Gillrakers lanceolate, short, rather widely set. Pseudo-
branchiae present. Gillopenings wide, gillmembranes attached
to isthmus somewhat behind vertical through hindborder of
eye. Pharyngeal teeth 5.2 — 2.4; those of the outer series very
strong, strongly compressed, laterally folded, their narrow
masticatory surface denticulated. Distribution as that of the
single species known.

i. Ctenopharyngodon idellus (C.V.).

Leuciscus idella Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. nat. Poissons XVII. 1844, p. 362.
Leuciscus idella Richardson, Report Ichth. China & Japan in Report British

Assoc. London 1846, p. 297.
Leuciscus tschiliensis Basilewsky, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscou X. 1855,

P- 233.
Ctenopharyngodon laticeps Steindachner, Ichth. Mitth. IX. in Verhandl. zool.

hot. Ges. Wien XVI. 1866, p. 782.

Ctenopharyngodon idellus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 261.
Leuciscus idellus Bleeker, Verh. Akad. Amsterdam XII. 1871, Memoire Cyprin.

de Chine p. 47.

112

Ctcnopharyngodon idellus Jordan & Evermann, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXV. 1902,

p. 322.
Ctcnopharyngodon idellus Duncker, Mitt. Nat. hist. Museum Hamburg XXI.

1904, p. 183.

D. 3.7; A. 3.8; P. 1.20; V. 2.8; L.I. 40— 42; L. tr.T.

8

Height about equal to length of head, which is somewhat
less than one fourth of the length without caudal. Eye less
than 6 to nearly 7 in large specimens, more than twice in
snout; interorbital space about equal to half length of head.
4 — 4!/2 series of scales between lateral line and base of ventrals;
least height of caudal peduncle surrounded by 16 scales, 7 of
which above lateral lines. Ventrals shorter than pectorals,
which are longer than head without snout. Caudal deeply
incised, equal to or shorter than head. Length 680 mm. [More
than 900 mm. according to HERZENSTEIN & WARPACHOWSKl].

N o m. i n d i g. : Hwan (Chinese).

Habitat: Sumatra (Kota radja, in a Chinese fish pond,
introduced!). — Malacca at Kwala Lumpur, introduced [Duncker],
Central Asia, China, Formosa.

9. Dangila Cuvier & Valenciennes.
(CuviER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVI. 1842, p. 229).

Oblong, compressed. Snout more or less depressed, obtusely
rounded or subtruncate, generally with several series of shallow
round pores, frequently carrying horny tubercles, its anterior

Fig. 52. Dangila f estiva (Heck.). X Va-

border forming a pendulous fold with an entire border, covering
the upper lip, which is pendulous and fringed and continuous
with the lower lip. Lower lip connected at the corner of the
transverse, inferior mouth with the sharp edge of the mandible,

otherwise separated from it by a narrow furrow. Postlabial
groove .only laterally developed. A small tubercle at the inner-
side of the symphysis of the lower jaw. A rostral and a
maxillary pair of barbels. Eye
with a free circular rim, more
developed anteriorly. Dorsal
elongate, commencing before
ventrals and ending above
anal, without osseous ray and
with 21 to about 30 branched
rays. Anal short, with five
branched rays. Scales small
or moderate. Lateral line
complete, running along the fig; 53- Mouth of

r ' & . e a rostral, b maxillary barbel; Ij lower jaw

middle of the tail. Sensory witn sharp edge; // lower lip; rf rostral

tubes undivided. No sensory fold; «/ upper lip. x 5-

folds on head. Gillmembranes

united and united to isthmus. Gillopenings rather wide, reaching
nearly opposite to hindborder of eye. Pharyngeal teeth obli-
quely truncate, 5.4 or 3.2 — 2.4 or 3.5.

Distribution: Indo-australian Archipelago (Sumatra, Java,
Borneo), Philippines, Malacca, Tenasserim, Burma, Siam, China.

Key to the in d o-australian species.

A. Linea lateralis with more than 60 scales D. ocellata p. 114.

B. Linea lateralis with 50 — 53 scales D. fasciata p. 114.

C. Linea lateralis with less than 50 scales.

1. 39 — 41 scales in lateral line, above it 6\ — 7 trans-
verse series of scales.

a. Head 4.7 — 5.2 times in length D. cuvieri p. 115.

b. Head somewhat more than 4 times in length . . D. kuhli p. 117.

2. 36 — 38 scales in lateral line.

a. Linea transversalis I . D. 4.22 — 23 D. sumatrana p. 117.

b. Linea transversalis I . D. 4.25 — 26 D. f estiva p. 118.

7l

Note: BLEEKER mentions in Natuur- en Geneeskund. Archief
voor Nederl. Indie II (3), 1845, p. 513, a fish, called by the
natives of Batavia ^Ikan Mielim", as Dangila urostigma Val.
He gives no description or further explanation of this fish.
We are not aware, that VALENCIENNES described a fish under
this name.
INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES III. 8

114
i. Dangila ocellata (Heck.).

Cyrene ocellata Heckel, Russegger's Reisen I. 2 Theil, Fische Syriens 1843, p. 1025.
Dangila microlepis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie III. 1852, p. 595.
Dangila ocellata Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 194. —

Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 43.
Dangila ocellata Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 37.

0.4.27—28; A. 3.5; P. 1.15— 18; V. i.8;L.1.66;L.tr. i .

15—17

Height about 3.3, 4.1 — 4.5 in length with caudal. Head about
4-5> 5-5 — 6 in length with caudal. Eye 3, equal to snout, but
much shorter than flat interorbital space. Conspicuous pores
anteriorly on the snout, generally in two rows. Maxillary barbels
equal to eye or shorter, rostral ones shorter. Origin of dorsal
opposite to 1 2th or 13th scale of lateral line, separated by
20 — 24 scales from occiput. Dorsal elevated in its anterior
part, longest rays about equal to length of head. Anal with
the anterior rays prolonged, about !/6 shorter than length of
head, its origin opposite to about 46^ scale of lateral line and
to 23r<* branched ray of dorsal. Ventrals and pectorals sub-
equal. Ventrals surpassing anus, their origin separated by 10— 1 1
scales from about 42nd scale of lateral line and opposite to
7* branched ray of dorsal. Pectorals shorter than head. Caudal
deeply incised, the lobes pointed, equal to or longer than height
of body. Least height of caudal peduncle more than twice in
head, about 1.4 — 1.6 in its own length, surrounded by 28 scales.
Silvery, back dark. A black spot edged with yellow below
lateral line, situated above middle of pectoral, and another
at the end of the lateral line. Finmembrane of dorsal darkish,
caudal with a dark hue. Length about 220 mm.

N o m. i n d i g. : Luma (Lampong); Lamba or Lambak (Palem-
bang, Djambi).

Habitat: Sumatra (Pangabuang, Palembang !, Lahat, Lema-
tang Enim, Gunung Sahilan !, Sungei Mahe, Danau Sialong
lotong, river Kwantan, Indragiri, Djambi !); Borneo (river Kapuas:
Pontianak, Sintang !, Sebruang, Knapei, Selimbau !, Putus Sibau,
Bunut !, Danau Sriang, and its affluent river Mendalam !. river
Kahajan, river Mahakam!).

2. Dangila fasciata Blkr.

Dangila fasciata Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. IV. 1853, p. 297 ; Ichth.
Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 195. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863. p. 44.

Danglla taeniata Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 38.
Dangila fasdata Popta, Notes Leyden Museum XXVII. 1906, p. 84.

£

D. 4.27—30; A. 3.5; P.I.I;; V. 1.8; L.I. 50— 53; L.tr.ju

9
Height 3.3 — 3.5, 4.3 — 4.6 in length with caudal. Head 4.3 — 4.4,

5.6 — 5.7 in length with caudal. Eye about 3, about equal to
snout but much shorter than interorbital space. On the top
of the snout two series of conspicuous pores, separated by a
deep transverse furrow, the upper pores decreasing in size,
reaching nearly to below nostrils. Maxillary barbels much longer
than eye, the rostral ones shorter. Origin of dorsal opposite
to nth or i2th scale of lateral line, separated by 14 — 16 scales
from occiput. Height of dorsal decreasing gradually hindwards,
its longest rays somewhat shorter than length of head. Anal
nearly truncate, its longest ray about equal to head without
snout, its origin opposite to 25^ scale, and to 2i«t or 22n<*
branched dorsal ray. Ventrals equal to pectorals, reaching anus,
separated by 6 scales from 19^ to 2oth scale of lateral line, and
opposite to 7*h branched dorsal ray. Pectorals somewhat shorter
than head. Caudal deeply incised, the lobes pointed, about
equal to height of body. Least height of caudal peduncle more
than twice in length of head, about 1.4 in length of peduncle,
surrounded by 20 scales. A brownish streak along each series
of scales, that of the lateral line more distinct. Upper and
lower margin of the caudal and in a less degree its hind margin
blackish. Dorsal fin darkish, other fins hyaline. Length 263 mm.

N o m. i n d i g. : Masik, Ma (Bulit).

Habitat: Sumatra (Pangabuang, Benakat on river Lema-
tang ilir, Palembang, Taluk!, Djambi!); Borneo (river Kapuas:
Pontianak, river Raun, affluent of river Mandai and river Bulit).

3. Dangila cuvieri C.V.

Dangila Cuvieri Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVI. 1842, p. 230.

Dangila leptocheila Cuvier & Valenciennes, Ibid. p. 234.

Dangila Cuvieri Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIII (1849) 1850, Ichth. Midden

en Oost-Java p. 19.
Dangila leptocheilus Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 198. —

Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 45.
Dangila cuvieri Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 38 *).

i) GUNTHER states that there are 3Va scales between the lateral line and the
root of the ventral fin, this must be a misprint, as well as that there are S1/*
rows of scales below the lateral line in the linea transv ersalis.

Dangila cuvieri Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil. (2) LVII. 1905, p. 479.
Dangila koedjem Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. 1904, p. 192. — ibid. XXVII.

1906, p. 81.
Dangila rosea Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. 1904, p. 193. — ibid. XXVII.

1906, p. 85.

D. 4.21— 26; A. 3.5; P. 1.16—17; V. 1.8; L.I. 39— 41;

7(61)

L. tr. i .
7-8±

Height 3.3 — 3.7 ; 4.4 — 4.7 in length with caudal. Head
4.7 — 5.2, 6 — 6.5 in length with caudal. Eye 2.7 — 3, about equal
to snout and somewhat shorter than interorbital space. About
two series of pores in the forepart of the snout. Maxillary
barbels longer than eye and than rostral ones. Origin of dorsal
opposite to 8th to ioth scale of lateral line, separated by
ii — 12 scales from occiput. Dorsal with the anterior rays
prolonged, about as long as head or longer. Anal with the
anterior rays prolonged, shorter than head. Origin of anal
opposite to 26th or 27^ scale of lateral line and to 19th — 22n<l
branched dorsal ray. Ventrals and pectorals subequal. Origin
of ventrals separated by 5 scales from 14th to 15th scale of
lateral line and opposite to 5th — ^th branched dorsal ray.
Ventrals reaching anus or nearly so. Pectorals equal to or shorter
than head. Caudal deeply incised, the lobes pointed, longer
than head. Least height of caudal peduncle more or less than
twice in length of head, about 1.3 in its own length, sur-
rounded by 1 6 to 1 8 scales. Silvery, back dark. Faint dark
streaks corresponding to the longitudinal series of scales, mostly
composed of small patches on the scales, not visible in
alcohol specimens, often with an indication of a large dark
blotch at the end of the lateral line. Fins with a dark hue,
especially on the free margin of the dorsal. Length to about
300 mm.

Nom. in dig.: Umbu-Umbu, Lambah passir and Kepras
(Djambi); Wadon gunung, Millem (Malay. Batavia); Nilem,
Tiworo (Sundan.); Wader, Lokas (Javan.); Kudjem (Bulit).

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang !, river Batang Hari, Djambi !,
Selapian river); Java (Batavia, Sunter!, Perdana, Lebak,
Tjampea, Buitenzorg, Tjikao, Rawah bening near Tulung agung !,
Ngawi, Surabaya); Borneo (river Kapuas: Pontianak, Sintang!,
Putus Sibau !, Mendalam river !, river Bulit, river Mahakam and
its affluent river Bo; Tepu, Baram river). — Malacca.

"7

4. Dangila kuhli C.V.

Dangila K^t4jilii Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVI. 1842, p. 231.
Dangila Kuhli Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini 1860, p. 197. —

Atl. Ichlh. III. 1863, p. 44.
Dangila kuhlii Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 39.

The only difference from the preceding species (D. cuvieri),
after the few available specimens, is, that the head is larger,
going somewhat more than 4 times in the length and about
5!/2 times in the length with caudal.

Nom. indig. : Wadon gunung, Millem (Malay. Batavia).

Habitat: Sumatra (Laut Tador, Gunung Sahilan !, Deli);
Java (Batavia).

5. Dangila sumatrana Blkr.

^Cyrene philippina Heckel, Russegger's Reisen I. 2. Theil, Fische Syriens, 1843,

p. 1025.
Dangila sumatrana Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie III. 1852. p. 596; Ichth.

Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini 1860, p. 200. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 46.
Dangila sumatrana Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 39.
Dangila sumatrana Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXVII. 1906, p. 84.

6^

D. 4.22—23; A. 3.5; P. i.i 5; V. 1.8; L. 1.37— 38; L.tr._i_.

61

Height 3.5 — 4; 5 or more in length with caudal. Head 4.4 — 5,
6.2 in length with caudal. Eye about 3, about equal to snout
and somewhat shorter than interorbital space. Snout with
numerous small pores in front. Maxillary barbels much longer
than eye and than rostral ones. Origin of dorsal opposite to
Qth scale of lateral line, separated by about 1 1 scales from
occiput. Dorsal with the anterior rays prolonged, the longest
rays about equal to height of body. Anal slightly emarginate,
its height about equal to length of head. Origin of anal oppo-
site to 26th scale of lateral line and to iQth branched dorsal
ray. Pectorals and ventrals subequal; origin of ventrals sepa-
rated by 4 scales from 13^ scale of lateral line and opposite
to 5th branched dorsal ray. Ventrals surpassing anus. Pectorals
longer than head. Caudal deeply incised, the lobes pointed,
much longer than height of body. Least height of caudal
peduncle about twice in head and i!/2 in its own length,
surrounded by 16 scales. Colour of formol specimens brownish,
back darker with a dark diffuse black longitudinal band along
the body. A median dark band along the back. Fins with a
darkish hue. Length 185 mm.

Nom. indig. : Kudjem (River Bo).

Habitat: Sumatra (Solok, Lahat) ; Borneo (river B6!). —
Philippines (?).

6. Dangila festiva (Heck.). [Fig. 52, p. 112].

Cyrene festiva Heckel, Russegger's Reisen, Fische Syriens, I. 1843, P- 1025.
Dangila festiva Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sclent. Ind. Neerl. II. 1857, p. 16. — Ichth.
Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini 1860, p. 202. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 47.
Dangila festiva Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 39.
Dangila festiva Steindachner, Sitzber. Akad. Wien LXXXIII. 1 88 1, Ichth. Beilrage

XI. p. 403-

Dangila festiva var. stercus-muscarum Vaillant, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. 1902, p. 87.

J^

0.4.25— 26; A. 3.5; P. 1.17— 19; V. i.8;L.L 36—38; L. tr.^.

7*

Height more or less than 3, about 4 in length with caudal.
Head 4.3 — 4.5, 5.7 — 5.8 in length with caudal. Eye more than
3, somewhat shorter than snout, much shorter than inter-
orbital space. Maxillary barbels longer than eye and than
rostral ones. Origin of dorsal opposite to 8th scale of lateral
line, separated by II — 12 scales from occiput. Height of dorsal
regularly decreasing hindwards, the longest rays nearly equ-
alling length of head. Anal slightly emarginate, its longest
rays about 3/4 length of head, its origin opposite to 26th Or
27th scale of lateral line and to 2ist to 23i-d branched ray of
dorsal. Ventrals and pectorals subequal. Origin of ventrals
separated by 5 scales from the 13th or 14^1 scale of lateral
line, opposite to the 7th Or 8th scale of lateral line. Ventrals
reaching or surpassing anus. Pectorals slightly shorter than
head. Caudal deeply incised, the lobes pointed, somewhat
shorter than height of body. Least height of caudal peduncle
more than twice in length of head, about 1.5 in its own length,
surrounded by 16 scales. Silvery, back dark. The longitudinal
rows of scales with a faint dark line, containing dark spots
corresponding to the base of each scale. Free margin of dorsal
black, increasing in height anteriorly. A black band along the
middle of each caudal lobe. Other fins darkish. Length 240 mm.

Habitat: Borneo (river Kapuas: Smitau, Putus Sibau !,
Danau Sriang; river Kahajan, river Teweh, affluent of river
Barito).

Doubtful species.

Dangila lipocheilus (Kuhl & van Hasselt) Blkr. (nee C.V.), from
Java, is founded on a drawing made by KUHL and VAN HASSELT

and reproduced by BLEEKER (Atl. Ichth. III. 1863. p. 48,
Cyprin., Tab. VII, fig. i). No specimens are known.

10. Barynotus Giinther.

(GiiNTHER, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 61).

Elongate. Head pointed. Skin of head gelatinous, with a
multitude of parallel more or less wavy sensory lines. Prae-
orbital subtriangular, with the top directed forward, its lower
margin subhorizontal, covering the maxillary and hindpart of
the upper lip. Mouth inferior, horseshoe-shaped with thick
continuous lips. A barbel behind corner of mouth, a much
smaller rostral barbel may be deficient on one or both sides.

Fig. 54. Barynotus microlepis (Blkr.). X Va-

Eye large, with a kind of a circular adipose eyelid. Dorsal
long, with 14 — 1 8 branched rays, its origin before that of
ventrals, its end far before origin of anal. Anus nearly in the
middle between base
of ventrals and anal.
Base of dorsal and
anal in a scaly sheath.
Scales small. Pseudo-
branchiae present.
Gillrakers short, cy-
lindrical, with a swol-
len base, widely set, 9 Fig. 55. Pharyngeal teeth of Barynotus microlepis
on first arch. Pharyn-
geal teeth 5.3.2 — 2.3.5, conical, their point slightly hooked.
Gillopenings rather narrow, reaching to below hindborder of
operculum. Gillmembranes broadly united to isthmus.
Distribution: Freshwater of Sumatra and Borneo.

120

According to our opinion Barynotus lagensis Gthr. does not
belong to this genus, but belongs to Barbus s. lat., where this
species has been placed by BoULENGER (Cat. Freshwater fishes
Africa II. 1911, p. 100). Thus Barynotus only contains the one
species from the Indo-australian Archipelago.

i. Barynotus microlepis (Blkr.). [Fig. 54 and 55 p. 119].

Capoeta microlepis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie II. 1851, p. 206.
Cyclocheilichthys (Siaja) microlepis Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini,

1860, p. 371. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 85.
Barynotus microlepis Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1 868, p. 61.

D. 4.14 — 18; A. 3.5; P. 1.16 — 19; V. 2.9; L. 1. 56 — 60;

10

L. tr. ~T~.
81(9)

Elongate. Profile of back ascending from snout to dorsal,
arched behind head. Height nearly 3^3, more than 4 in length
with caudal. Head 3.7 to somewhat less than 4, less than 5
in length with caudal. Eye 3.2 — 4, about equal to snout and
to slightly concave interorbital space, in specimens over
400 mm. length the eye is shorter than the snout and i!/2m
interorbital space. Vertical through origin of dorsal runs through
the 13th scale of lateral line and is about 5/6 of length of head
nearer to snout than to base of caudal. Dorsal separated by
17 or 1 8 scales from occiput, strongly concave. Its last spine
articulated in its distal half, bluntly denticulated behind, some-
what longer than head. Anal concave, its third spine about
!/3 shorter than head. Ventrals nearly equal to head, not reaching
anal but surpassing anus. Origin of ventrals separated by 5*/2
scales from the i6th or I7th scale of lateral line. Pectorals
about 1/6 shorter than head, reaching ventrals. Caudal deeply
forked, its lobes rounded, about equal to head. Least height
of caudal peduncle 3/5 of its length, slightly less than half head.
21 or 22 scales round caudal peduncle, 10 or n of which
above lateral lines. Silvery, upper surface dark. Scales, except
the ventral ones, with a dark base. Lower half of body and
tail with longitudinal darkish bands running between the rows
of scales. A black band behind operculum. Dorsal and caudal
blackish, the other fins in a less degree. Length over 400 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang, Djambi!); Borneo (river
Kapuas: Pontianak, Sebruang, Knapei, Danau Sriang; Barito
river: Banjermassin).

121

ii. Thynnichthys Bleeker.

(BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XX. 1859—1860, p. 417. —
Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 306).

Oblong. Dorsal profile from snout to dorsal somewhat angular.
Ventral profile convex. Head pointed, broadened, with the
interorbital space very convex. Praeorbital nearly triangular,
with the point looking forwards. Suborbitals rather narrow.
Opercles with a large flap. Eyes lateral, in the middle of the
depth of the head, looking somewhat downwards, with a free
orbital margin, anteriorly developed into a short gelatinous
eyelid. Mouth anterior and lateral, its gape rather narrow. Upper
jaw moderately protractile. Lower jaw angular at the symphysis.
Integument on head very thin. No upper lip. Lower jaw

Fig. 56. Thynnichthys thynnoides (Blkr.). X °-4-

with a thin labial fold at the sides only. No barbels. Origin
of dorsal slightly before that of ventrals. Dorsal without osseous
rays, with 8 — 10 branched rays. Anal short, with 5 branched
rays. Pectorals shorter than head. Caudal bifurcate. Scales small.
Lateral line slightly curved, running to the centre of the
base of the caudal fin or a little lower. No pseudobranchiae.
No gillrakers. Gilllamellae long. Gillopenings narrow, sub-
vertical, gillmembranes broadly united to isthmus. Pharyngeal
teeth with a flat, oblong crown. 5 or 4. 4 or 3. 3 or 2 — 2
or 3. 3 or 4. 4 or 5, the three series being wedged into one
another.

Distribution: Fresh water of British India, Sumatra and
Borneo.

Key to the ind o-australian species.

a. Linea lateralis 47, u scales between lateral line and

dorsal Th. vaillanti p. 122.

122

6. Linea lateralis 58 — 60, 13 scales between lateral line

and dorsal ......................... Th. thynnoides p. 122.

c. Linea lateralis 65 — 75, 16 — 17 scales between lateral

line and dorsal ...................... Th. polylepis p. 123.

i. Thynnichthys vaillanti n. sp.

Thynnichthys thynnoides Vaillant, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. 1902, p. 102
(nee Bleeker).

D.4.8; A. 3.5; P. 1.17; V. 1.8; L.I. 47; L. tr.

Height 3, 3.7 — 3.9 in length with caudal. Head 3 — 3.2, 4
in length with caudal. Eye 4.4 — 5, shorter than snout, nearly
twice in the strongly convex interorbital space. Origin of
dorsal opposite to iith — 1 2th scale of lateral line, much nearer
to snout than to root of caudal, separated by 19 — 20 scales
from occiput. Dorsal concave, its second branched ray opposite
to origin of ventrals, its height somewhat less than length of
head. Anal concave, its height equal to length of snout and
eye. Pectorals and ventrals nearly equal. Ventrals surpassing
anus. Pectorals about 2/3 length of head. Caudal bifurcate,
somewhat shorter than head. Least height of caudal peduncle
i!/2 times in its own length, surrounded by 27 scales. Silvery,
upper surface dark. Fins, at least distally, dusky. Length 264mm.

Habitat: Borneo (river Mahakam: Tepu, Kota Bangun!).
VAILLANT 1. c. has already observed the difference in the
number of scales in his specimens and in Th. thynnoides.

2. Thynnichthys thynnoides (Blkr.). [Fig. 56, p. 121].

Leudscus thynnoides Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie III. 1852, p. 599.
Thynnichthys thynnoides Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860,

p. 408. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 130.
Thynnichthys thynnoides Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 158.

13

D. 3.8(9); A. 3.5; P. 1.17—18; V. 2.8; L.I. 58—60; L. tr.j_.

I2»

Height about 3.2, somewhat more than 4 in length with
caudal. Head 3.2—3.4, 4 — 4.3 in length with caudal. Eye about
4, shorter than snout, nearly twice in the strongly convex
interorbital space. Origin of dorsal opposite to 14th or I5*h
scale of lateral line, much nearer to snout than to root of
caudal, separated by about 30 irregular rows of scales from
occiput. Dorsal concave, its second branched ray opposite to

I23

origin of ventrals, its height about equal to head without snout.
Anal concave, its height about equal to length of snout and
eye. Ventrals somewhat shorter than pectorals, not reaching
anus or nearly so. Pectorals nearly 2/3 of length of head. Caudal
bifurcate, somewhat shorter than head. Least height of caudal
peduncle twice or somewhat more in its length, surrounded
by 26 scales. Silvery, upper surface dark. A black spot on
opercular flap. Fins hyaline, dorsal and caudal somewhat dusky.
Length 230 mm.

Nom. indig. : Lambak and Ringan (Djambi); Ikan Lumoh
(Palembang); Ikan Pingan (Indragiri, Danau Sialong lotong).

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang!, Djambi!, River Kampar:
Gunung Sahilan ! - - river Kwantan : Ringat ! Taluk ! — Danau
Sialong lotong); Borneo (without exact locality).

3. Thynnichthys polylepis Blkr.

Thynnichthys polylepis Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860,

p. 407. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 129.

Thynnichthys polylepis Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 158.
Thynnichthys polylepis Vaillant, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (3) V. 1893, p. 84.
Thynnichthys polylepis Vaillant, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. 1902, p. 103.

D. 3.8— 10; A. 3.5; P. 1.17—18; V. 2.8; L.I. 65-75;

16—17

L. tr. i .
16

Height 3.2—3.4, 4.3 — 4.5 in length with caudal. Head about
3.2, about 4,2 in length with caudal. Eye about 32/3, equal to
snout, i!/3 in rounded interorbital space. Origin of dorsal
much nearer to end of snout than to base of caudal, opposite
to 1 5^h or 1 6th scale of lateral line; about 25 or 26 scales in
front of it. Dorsal concave, its height shorter than length of
head, its second branched ray opposite to origin of ventrals.
Anal concave, its height equal to snout and eye. Ventrals
somewhat shorter than pectorals, reaching anus. Pectorals nearly
or quite equal to head without snout. Caudal bifurcate, the
lobes somewhat pointed, about equal to head. Least height
of caudal peduncle about 2/3 of its' length, surrounded by 35
or 36 scales. Silvery, back dark. Fins hyaline, tip of dorsal
and of caudal lobes more or less dusky. Length over iSomm.

Nomen indig.: Lomopoko (Palembang).

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang!, Danau Sialong lotong);
Borneo (river Kapuas : Pontianak, Putus Sibau, Danau Sriang —
Mendalam river!).

124

12. Osteochilus Giinther.
(GiiNTHER, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 40).

Oblong, compressed. Eye with a free circular rim. Snout more
or less pointed, sometimes with large or smaller pores with horny
tubercles, slightly prominent, its anterior border forming a

Fig. 57. Osteochilus hasselti (C.V.), less than half nat. size.

pendulous rostral fold, with an entire border, without lateral lobe
and covering the upper lip, which is fimbriate and conti-
nuous with the lower one.
Lower lip papillate or
fimbriate and broadly
confluent with the isth-
mus, its postlabial groove
is only laterally develop-
ed and continued ante-
riorly round the com-
missure of the lips. Mouth
protractile, transverse, in-
ferior or subinferior. The
osseous part of the man-
dible forms a hard sharp
transverse prominence.
5- No symphysial tubercle.

a rostral, b maxillary barbel; Ij lower jaw -pwo maxillary barbels

with sharp bony edge; //lower lip; « nostril; and generally tWO rostral
rf rostral fold; beyond which the parts of the 1-1

mouth are protracted; ul upper lip. °nes« D°rSal Without OSSC-

ous rays, long, with

10 — 1 8 branched rays, beginning before ventrals and ending
before, above or behind origin of anal. Anal short, with 5

II.

Fig. 58. Snout of Osteochilus hasselti

125

branched rays. Scales moderate. Lateral line complete, running
in the middle of the tail, sensory tubes undivided. No sensory
folds on head. Gillmembranes broadly united to the isthmus.
Pharyngeal teeth 5.4.2 — 2.4.5.

Distribution: Fresh water of Sumatra, Java, Borneo,
Banka, Singapore, Malacca, Siam, Tonkin, Burma.

Key to the indo-australian species
o f Osteochilus.

I. L.I. 45-53-

O O ]^

1. L. tr. p-^. L. 1. 47 — 49. Pores on snout . . O. borneensis p. 126.

9y
j j j 2

2. L. tr. — — . L. 1. 45 — 53. No pores on snout. 0. melanophiira p. 127.

1 1 — 1 2

II. L. 1. 38—39. L. tr. 7,"~ ,. No pores O. kelabati p. 128.
7-2 — *H

III. L. 1. 32 — 36, with or without pores.

1. Caudal peduncle surrounded by 20 scales. Middle

of eye in level with cleft of mouth O. schlegeli p. 129.

2. Caudal peduncle surrounded by 16 — 17 scales.
Eyes situated higher upwards.

a. Pores on snout.

a'. With 2 pores 0. kahajanensis p. 130.

I' . With 3 or more pores.

1) 5 series of scales between V. and L. 1. 0. repang p. 131.

2) 4 — 4^- series of scales between V. and L.I.

a. 5^ scales below L.I 0. triporus p. 133.

jfl. 6.^ scales below L.I O. mttatus p. 131.

3) 3^ — 4 series of scales between V. and L.I.

a. 5 1- scales below L.I 0. bellus p. 134.

iS. 6[ scales below L.I O. intermedius p. 134.

b. No pores on snout.

a'. 4^ — 5£ series of scales between L. 1. and
dorsal.

1. Dorsal 3.10 — n; least height of
caudal peduncle 1.2 — 1.6 in length

of peduncle 0. brachynotopterus p. 134.

2. Dorsal 3. 12 — 185 least height of caudal
peduncle about equal to length of

peduncle O. hasselti p. 135.

b'. 6^ — 7 series of scales between L. 1.
and dorsal.

126

1) Dorsal 3.12; L.I. 35— 36; 7 scales

below lateral line ; lateral black band O. ivaandersi p. 136.

2) Dorsal 3.15; L.I. 325 6V scales be-
low lateral line; a black blotch
nearly encircling the end of caudal

peduncle ............... O. kappeni p. 137.

3) Dorsal 3.16—17; L.I. 33— 34; 7l
scales below lateral line; a round
black blotch before end of caudal

peduncle ............... O. brcvicauda p. 138.

IV. L. 1. 29 — 30, numerous small pores on snout.

Dorsal 3.11. L. 1.-^ ................ O. spilurus p. 139.

Species of unknown position ........... O. harrisoni p. 1 39«

Note: BLEEKER mentions in Natuur- en Geneeskund.
Archief voor Nederl. Indie II (3), 1845, p. 513, a fish, called
by the natives of Batavia "Ikan arong arong", zs Rohita nigr a.
He gives no description or further explanation of this fish.
We mention it on this place, as BLEEKER understood by
Rohita what we call Osteochilus.

i. Osteochilus borneensis (Blkr.).

Rohita borneensis Bleeker, Act. Soc. Scient. Indo. Neerl. II. 1857. Tiende Bijdrage

Ichth. Borneo p. 17.
Rohita (Rohita) borneensis Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860,

p. 164. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 63.

Osteochilus borneensis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 41.
Osteochilus borneensis Vaillant, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (3) V. 1893, p. 74.
Osteochilus borneensis Max Weber & de Beaufort, In Maass : "Durch Zentral

Sumatra1' II. 1912. Fische, p. 523.

0.3.16—17; A. 3.5 ; P. 1.15; V. 1.8; L.I. 47— 49; L. tr. i .

9*

Height more than 2 to 2.6, 2.7 — 3.4 in length with caudal.

Head 3.4 — 4.4, 4.6 — 5.8 in length with caudal. Eye 3.2 — 4.6,
1.2 to more than twice in snout, nearly in the middle of the
length of the head and about twice to 2.8 in somewhat convex
interorbital space. Snout blunt, conical, lower jaw more or
less ascending from chin. Three (5 according to BLEEKER in
his single specimen) pores in a transverse series on the snout,
the outer ones much smaller than the median one. Maxillary
barbels about equal to eye, the rostral ones shorter. Origin
of dorsal opposite to nth scale of lateral line, separated by

127

15 or 1 6 scales from occiput. Anterior rays of dorsal some-
what prolonged, the highest one about equal to or longer than
head. Origin of anal opposite to 32nd Or 33rd scale of lateral
line and situated behind end of dorsal. Anterior prolonged
rays of anal equal to or shorter than head. Pectorals and
ventrals subequal. Origin of ventrals separated by 7 scales from
the 1 5th scale of lateral line and opposite to 3rd branched
dorsal ray. Pectorals nearly equal to head. Caudal deeply
emarginate, the lobes pointed, longer than head. Least height
of caudal peduncle 1.6 in head, about equal to its own length,
surrounded by 20—24 scales. Longitudinal darkish bands,
corresponding to the series of scales. A large black blotch at
the end of the caudal peduncle. [Description made after two
specimens of 152 and 280 mm.]. Length 280 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Si-Djundjung!, Djambi !) ; Borneo (river
Kapuas: Pontianak, Smitau and its affluent river Man-
dai). — Siam.

2. Osteochilus melanopleura (Blkr.).

Rohita melanopleura Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie III. 1852, p. 430.
Rohita (Rohita) melanopleura Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860,

p. 163. — Atl. Ichth. Ill, 1863, p. 62.

Osteochilus melanopleurus Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 40.
Osteochilus melanopleurus Vaillant, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (3) V. 1893^.74.
Osteochilus melanopleurus Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (2) LVII.
P- 479-

D. 3-16—18; A. 3.5; P. 1.15—17; V. 1.8; L. 1. 45—535

II - 12

L. tr. i .

II - 12

Height 2.7 — 3, 3.6 — 3.8 in length with caudal. Head about
4, 5 or a little more in length with caudal. Eye a little more
than 4, about i*/2 in snout, and considerably more than twice
in convex interorbital space, situated in the middle of the
length of the head. Snout blunt, without pores, lower jaw
strongly ascending from the blunt chin. Maxillary barbels
longer than eye, the rostral ones shorter. Origin of dorsal
opposite to about the I2th scale of lateral line, separated by
more or less than 20 scales from occiput. Dorsal with the
anterior rays prolonged, as high as body or shorter. Anal
opposite to about 34th scale of lateral line and to the i6th
branched dorsal ray, its height somewhat more or less than

128

length of head. Pectorals and ventrals subequal and equal to
length of head. Origin of ventrals opposite to about 15^ scale
of lateral line and third branched dorsal ray, separated by 8
scales from the lateral line. Ventrals surpassing anus. Caudal
deeply emarginate, the lobes rounded, longer than head. Least
height of caudal peduncle about 1.7 in length of head, shorter
than its own length, surrounded by 24 — 26 scales. With
numerous silvery small spots, irregularly scattered. A large
transverse black blotch on the side of the anterior part of the
body. In young ones a round black spot near the base of the
caudal. Fins blackish, their base may be pink. Length 370 mm.

No men. indig. Aro (Palembang).

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang!, Indragiri, Danau Sialong
lotong, Djambi!); Borneo (river Kapuas: Pontianak, Mandhor,
Danau Sriang; river Kahajan; river Barito : Banjermassin; river
Baram) ; Singapore. — Siam.

3. Osteochilus kelabau Popta.

Popta, Notes Ley den Mus. XXIV. 19
9.

D. 3.15—16; A. 3.5; P. 1.16—17; V. 1.8; L. 1. 38—39;

Osteochilus kelabau Popta, Notes Ley den Mus. XXIV. 1904, p. 196. — Ibid.
XXVII. 1906, p. 99.

L. tr. i .
TFH
Height 3 or less, 4 or less in length with caudal. Head 4

or more, 5 or more in length with caudal. Eye in large specimens
3.5 to more than 4, much shorter than snout, twice or more
in the interorbital space, situated about in the middle of the
length of the head. Snout blunt, not prominent, without pores.
Lower jaw very strongly ascending from chin. Maxillary
barbels longer than eye, the rostral ones somewhat shorter.
Origin of dorsal opposite to Qth or ioth scale of lateral line,
separated by 13 — 16 scales from occiput. Anterior rays of
dorsal not or much prolonged, in the last case about equal to
height, ending above or behind origin of anal. Anal with the
anterior rays more or less prolonged, in the first case reaching
on caudal, their length more than that of head. Origin of anal
opposite to 24^ or 2$th scale of lateral line and to 15^ branched
dorsal ray. Ventrals and pectorals subequal, or the outer rays
of the ventrals prolonged and nearly reaching anal. Their
origin separated by 5 — 5!/2 scales from I2*h scale of lateral

I2Q

line and opposite to 2nd branched dorsal ray. Pectorals some-
what shorter than head. Caudal deeply incised, the lobes pointed,
longer than or equal to height of body. Least height of caudal
peduncle 1.7 — 1.8 in length of head, somewhat less than its
own length, surrounded by 16 or 17 scales. More or less
silvery, back brownish. A dark more or less conspicuous round
spot near the end of the lateral line, some scales above the
middle of the pectorals, above and below lateral line, with
black blotches. Length 316 mm.

Nom. indig. : Kelabau (Bo); Kelabo (Samarinda).

Habitat: Borneo (river Mahakam : Samarinda !, Batu Pangal!,
Kota Bangun ! and its affluent, river Bo).

4. Osteochilus schlegeli (Blkr.).

Rohita Schlegelii Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie II. 1851, p. 432.

Rohita (Rohita) Schlegeli Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860,

p. 169. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 65.

Osteochilus schlegelii Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 42.
Osteochilus Schlegelii Vaillant, Notes Ley den Mus. XXIV. 1902, p. 89.

6.^

D.3.I3; A. 3. 5; P. 1.15 — 17; V. 1.8; L. 1. 35 ; L. tr. i .

61-7 '

Height 2.3 — 3.1, 2.8 — 3.8 in length with caudal. Head
4.3 — 4.4, 5.3 — 5.4 in length with caudal. Eye 3.6 — 4.3, situated
about in the middle of the length of the head, rather low
down, the middle of the eye being in a level with the cleft of
the mouth. Eye shorter than snout and more than twice to
nearly thrice in convex interorbital space. Lower jaw strongly
ascending from rounded chin. Maxillary barbels much shorter
than eye, the rostral ones still shorter. No pores, on snout.
Origin of dorsal opposite to Qth scale of lateral line, separated
by 1 1 scales from occiput. Dorsal with the anterior rays pro-
longed, their height somewhat or much longer than head.
Origin of anal opposite to 22nd scale of lateral line, somewhat
behind end of dorsal, its anterior rays strongly prolonged, not
much shorter than head. Ventrals somewhat longer than pecto-
rals, reaching anus or not so far, their origin separated by
4*/2 scales from loth scale of lateral line and opposite to the
space between first and second branched dorsal ray. Pectorals
somewhat shorter than head. Caudal deeply emarginate, the
lobes rounded, longer than or equal to head. Least height of
caudal peduncle 1.5 — 1.7 in length of head, equal to or shorter
INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES III. 9

I3o

than its own length, surrounded by 20 scales. Silvery, back
darkish, most scales with a more or less distinct dark margin.
The blackish colour of the superior part of the dorsal frequently
restricted to its anterior part. Length more than 400 mm.
[Description after specimens up to 404 mm.J.

Nom. in dig.: Aralin, Aralim, Sebrok (Palembang); Seluwang,
Mera mato (Djambi).

Habitat: Sumatra (Lake Manindjau, Palembang!, Lahat,
Djambi!); Borneo (river Kapuas: Pontianak, Djongkong!, river
Barito: Banjermassin, river Margaraja: Prabukarta). — Siam.

5. Osteochilus kahajanensis (Blkr.)

Rohita kahajanensis Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sclent. Indo-Neerl. II. 1857. Tiende

Bijdr. Ichth. Borneo p. 18.
Rohita (Rohita) kahajanensis Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860,

p. 1 80. — All. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 69.

Osteochilus kahajanensis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 44.
Osteochihis kahajanensis Steindachner, Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Gesellsch. XXV.

1901, p. 452.
Osteochilus kahajanensis Popta, Notes Ley den Museum XXVII. 1906, p. 98.

D. 3.15— 17; A. 3.5; P. 1.14— 15; V. i. 8; L.I. 33— 36; L. tr/T.

6*

Height more than 3, about 4 in length with caudal. Head

4.5 or more, 5.2 to nearly 6 in length with caudal. Eye more
than 3 to 5, twice in snout and more than twice in interorbital
space in large specimens, situated in the middle of the head.
Snout pointed, prominent; on each side of its front a large
pore. Maxillary barbels much longer than eye, the rostral ones
slender and much shorter. Origin of dorsal opposite to about
8th scale of lateral line, separated by 10 — 1 1 scales from occiput.
Dorsal gradually increasing in height anteriorly, its anterior rays
somewhat shorter than head. Anal with the anterior rays
prolonged, somewhat shorter than dorsal, its origin opposite
to 2i§t scale of lateral line and to end of dorsal or somewhat
behind it. Ventrals and pectorals subequal ; ventrals ending at
some distance from anus, their axillary scale very long, their origin
opposite to nth scale of lateral line and third branched dorsal
ray, separated by 4 series of scales from lateral line. Pectorals
shorter than head. Caudal deeply incised, the lobes pointed,
nearly equal to height of body. Least height of caudal peduncle
1.8 in length of head, nearly i!/2 times in its own length, sur-
rounded by 1 6 scales. In preserved specimens colour of upper

surface dark brown, lower surface lighter. A blackish spot behind
upper end of gillopening; a large oval black blotch at end of
tail. Length 270 mm.

Nom. indig. : Palau Bujap (Bo).

Habitat: Sumatra (Lahat, Upper Langkat); Borneo (river
Kapuas : Putus Sibau !, river Kahajan, river Bo affluent of river
Mahakam, river Baram). — Malacca.

6. Osteochilus repang Popta.

Osteochilus repang Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV, 1902 — 1904, p. 196. —
Ibid. XXVII. 1906, p. 101.

H

D. 3.17 ; A. 3.6; P. 1.14; V. 1.8 ; L. 1. 35 ; L. tr.^.

7

Height 2.3, 3.1 in length with caudal. Head 4.3, 5.3 in length
with caudal. Eye 5.1, twice in snout, 3.2 in interorbital space.
Snout with a median great pore and a smaller one on each
side, all provided with a tubercle and arranged in a trans-
verse line. Maxillary barbels less than twice longer than eye,
rostral ones slightly longer than eye. Origin of dorsal opposite
to 8*h scale of lateral line, separated by 12 scales from occiput.
Dorsal slightly emarginate, its longest ray nearly 5/8 of height
of body. Origin of anal opposite to 23^ scale of lateral line
and opposite to end of dorsal. Anal reaching caudal. Ventrals
slightly longer than pectorals, not reaching anal, their origin
is opposite to the I2th scale of the lateral line and separated
from it by 5 series of scales. Pectorals 43/4 in the length of
the body. Caudal much longer than head. Caudal peduncle
surrounded by 16 scales. Reddish, a large round black spot
at base of caudal. Length of single specimen known 268 mm.
[Type of the species in the Leiden Museum seen by us].

Nom. indig.: Repang.

Habitat: Borneo (river Bo, affluent of river Mahakam].

7. Osteochilus vittatus (C.V.) [Blkr.].

Rohita vittata Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons, XVI. 1842, p. 267.
Rohita erythrura Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVI. 1842, p. 268.
Rohita enneaporos Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie III. 1852, p. 596.
Rohita (Rohita) vittata Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II, Cyprini 1860,

p. 178. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 68.
Rohita (Rohita) enneaporos Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860,

p. 184. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 70.
Osteochilus vittatus Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. -VII. iS68, p. 44.

132

Osteochilus vittatus Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXVII. 1906, p. 88.
Osteochilus vittatoides Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. 1902 — 1904, p. 195. —
Ibid. XXVII. 1906, p. 94.

D. 3.10—13; A. 3.5; P. 1.13—16; V. 1.8; L. 1. 33—34;

54-6

L. tr. ~T~.
6£

Height 3 — 3.7, 4 — 4.8 in length with caudal. Head 4.1 — 4.5,
5.2 to nearly 6 in length with caudal. Eye 3 — 4, shorter, even
!/3 shorter than snout, twice or less than twice in interorbital
space, somewhat behind middle of length of head. Snout bluntly
rounded, prominent, in front with a large median pore or
tubercle and a lateral smaller one on each side, the three
being placed in a more or less horizontal series; there may
be besides other smaller pores or they may be absent, espe-
cially so in small specimens. Maxillary barbels about as long
as the eye, the rostral ones smaller. Origin of dorsal opposite
to 8th or Qth scale of lateral line, separated by 10 — 12 scales
from occiput. Anterior rays of dorsal more or less prolonged,
their height equal to or more than length of head. Anal with
the anterior rays prolonged, shorter than head, opposite to
2ist to 23r<l scale of lateral line and about 2 scales behind end
of dorsal. Ventrals slightly longer than pectorals, reaching anus
or not so far, or even to anal. Their origin opposite to IIth
or 12th scale of lateral line and to 2nd Or 3^ branched dorsal
ray, separated by 4 to 4!/2 scales from lateral line. Pectorals
somewhat shorter than head. Caudal deeply emarginate, the
lobes pointed, their length about equal to or much more than
height of body. Least height of caudal peduncle 1.7 or some-
what more in length of head, 1.2 — 1.4 in its own length,
surrounded by 16 scales. Colour of preserved specimens
yellowish, back darker. Generally a black band along the
lateral line, which may run to the end of the middle caudal
rays. In young specimens there may be dark spots on the
scales, sometimes forming rows. Sometimes one or two series
of dark spots on the dorsal. Length 260 mm.

Nom. in dig. : Millem (Malay. Batavia); Nillem (Sundan.),
Ikan kadjong (Palembang); Palau (B6); Penjopa (Howong);
MSpa (Kajan).

Habitat: Sumatra (Pangabuang, Padang, Solok!, Lahat,
Lake Manindjau, Lake Singkarah!, Si-Djundjung!, Gunung
Sahilan !, river Selapian, Upper Langkat, Djambi !, Palembang !) ;

133

Java (Batavia, Lebak, Buitenzorg, Tjikao, Parongkalong, Sura-
baya, Gempol) ; Borneo (river Kapuas: Pontianak, Bunut!, Putus
Sibau!, Putus Genting!, Sebruang, Danau Sriang, Raun, river
Bongan, river Kajan, river Mendalam, river Barito : Banjer-
massin, Pengaron, on one of its affluents, river Bo, Bluu and
Howong, affluents of the upper Mahakam, Baram River,
Sarawak and other rivers in North Borneo [British Museum]). —
Malacca; Tonkin.

The above description is in accordance with that of BLEEKER
given for Rohita vittata ; the description of CuviER & VALEN-
CIENNES is too superficial to be sure that it is the same as
BLEEKER'S species.

BLEEKER distinguishes from this species as R. triporus
specimens, which have one scale less beneath the lateral line,

5i

thus: j^ and by having a black spot anteriorly on the base

5*

of the dorsal. In our material we find two specimens with the
same characteristics and besides characterized by having only
3!/2 series of scales between lateral line and origin of ventrals,
but otherwise identical with vittatus. If this form from Borneo
and Sumatra is really a good species, its synonymy would be :

fa. Osteochilus triporus (Blkr.).

Rohita triporos Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie III. 1852, p. 598.

Rohita (Rohita) triporos Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 182.

Rohita (Rohita) triporus Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 70.

Osteochilus triporus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 44.

Osteochilus triporus Vaillant, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (3) V. 1893, p. 75.

In our material of 29 specimens from Djambi, 20 are quite
in accordance with the description of 0. vittatus. Nine others
differ in having a less number of scales between lateral line

4^-5

and dorsal, for their linea transversalis is i . Besides they

6^

are characterized by a black band on the outer upper and
lower margin of the caudal and by a black spot anteriorly on
the base of the dorsal as is also described for 0. triporus.
Two specimens from Putus Sibau on the river Kapuas, Borneo,
are identical with the lastnamed 9 specimens. We propose
to call them provisionally :

134

jb. Osteochilus intermedius n. sp.
The species described by Miss POPTA as:
yc. Osteochilus bellus Popta.

Osteochilus bellus Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. 1902—1904, p. 197. -
Ibid. XXVII. 1906, p. 104.

forms a transition between 0. triportts and 0. intermedius, as

4i_
their linea transversalis is: j^ and as they have 31/a — 4 series

54

of scales between ventrals and lateral line. Moreover 0. bellus
has a black spot at the end of the lateral line. The 8 series of
small spots, described by Miss POPTA, may sometimes also be
found in small specimens of 0. vittatus. 0. bellus Popta attains
200 mm. and is found in Borneo (river Bo), where it is
called Piit.

8. Osteochilus brachynotopterus (Blkr.).

Rohita brachynotopterus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IX. 1855, p. 266.
Rohlta (Rohita) brachynotopterus Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini

1860, p. 122. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 67.

Osteochihis brachynotopterus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1 868, p. 43.
Osteochilus brachynotopterus M. Weber & de Beaufort, inMaass: nDurch Zentral-

Sumatra", II. 1912, Fische, p. 523.

_5i
D. 3.10— n; A. 3.5; P. 1.13—14; V. 1.8; L.I. 33— 34; L. tr.j_.

6|

Height about 3.5, 4.5 — 5 in length with caudal. Head 4 to
4.5, about 5.5 — 6 in length with caudal. Eye 3 — 3.4, shorter
than snout, 1.5 — 1.7 in interorbital space, situated somewhat
nearer to end of operculum than to tip of snout. Snout rounded,
blunt, without pores. Maxillary barbels about equal to eye,
rostral ones shorter. Origin of dorsal opposite to 8th or 9th
scale of lateral line, separated by about 10 scales from occiput.
Anterior rays may be prolonged, in that case 2/5 longer than
head, in others about equal to length of head. Anal concave,
the first ray somewhat prolonged, shorter than head, its
origin opposite to 2Oth or 2ist scale of lateral line, behind end
of dorsal. Ventrals equal to or somewhat longer than pectorals,
on account of the outer prolonged rays, which reach on anal.
Origin of ventrals opposite to 3rd branched dorsal ray and sepa-
rated by 4 — 4]/2 scales from the I ith scale of lateral line. Pectorals
about equal to head or shorter. Caudal deeply emarginate,

135

the lobes pointed, much longer than head. Least height of
caudal peduncle 1.7 — 1.9 in length of head, and 1.2 — 1.6 in
its own length, surrounded by 16 scales. Silvery, back darkish
brown, a black band running from snout along the lateral line
to base of caudal. Series of black, more or less confluent spots
along the back and the base of the dorsal. Length 150 mm.
Habitat: Sumatra (Benkulen, Lahat, Taluk!, Si-Djun-
djung!, Benakat, Palembang).

9. Osteochilus hasselti (C.V.) [Fig. 57 and 58, p. 124].

Rohita Hdsseltii Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVI. 1842, p. 274.
Rohita microcephalus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVI. 1842, p. 275.
Rohita leiorhynchos Bleeker, Verb. Batav. Gen. XXIII, 1850, Ichth. Midden- &

Cost-Java, p. 19.

Rohita Artedii Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie II. 1851, p. 434.
Rohita Waandcrsii Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XV. 1858, p. 427 [nee

Bleeker 1852].
Rohita (Rohita} Hasseltii Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860,

p. 171. — All. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 65.
Rohita (Rohita) microcephalus Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1 860,

p. 173. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 66.
Rohita (Rohita) Kuhli Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini 1860,

p. 177. -- Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 68.

Osteochilus hasseltii Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1 868, p. 41.
Osteochilus kuhlii Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII." 1868, p. 42.
Osteochilus microcephalus Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 43.
Rohita (Rohita) Hasseltii Vinciguerra, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva XIV. 1879^.388.
Osteochilus hasselti Steindachner, Ai>h. Senckenb. Nat. Ges. XXV. 1901, p. 454.
Osteochilus microcephalus Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXVII. 1906, p. 91.
Osteochilus Hasseltii Jordan & Scale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXXIII. 1908, p. 539.

D. 3.12—18; A. 3.5; P. 1.13—15; V. 1.8; L. 1. 33—36;

44—6

L. tr. i .

Height 2.5 — 3, 3.5 to more than 4 in length with caudal.
Head 4 — 4.5, 5 — 5.8 in length with caudal. Eye more than
3 to 4.5, shorter than snout, 1.7 — 2.5 in interorbital space.
Eye about in the middle of the head. Snout bluntly rounded,
somewhat prominent, without pores. Maxillary barbels equal
to or longer than eye, the rostral ones shorter. Origin of dorsal
opposite to 8th — iQth scale of lateral line, separated by 10 — n
scales from occiput. Dorsal gradually increasing in height
anteriorly, the longest rays about equal to length of head.
End of dorsal before or somewhat behind origin of anal. Anal
more or less truncate, its height shorter than length of head,

1 36

its origin opposite to 22nd or 23rd scale of lateral line, behind
last dorsal ray, opposite to it or even to the second last ray
in case the dorsal is many-rayed. Ventrals and pectorals sub-
equal. Origin of ventrals separated by 4 — 4!/2 scales from
!Oth — i2th scale of lateral line and opposite to ist — 4th branched
ray of dorsal. Ventrals not reaching anus. Pectorals somewhat
shorter than head. Caudal deeply incised, the lobes more or
less pointed, longer or much longer than head. Least height
of caudal peduncle i!/2 to nearly 2 times in length of head,
about equal to its own length and surrounded by 16 scales.
Young and half grown specimens with 6 — 8 longitudinal series
of brown spots, especially on the tail, one spot being on every
scale, disappearing in old examples even as a round black spot
near base of caudal; other examples (colour-variety microcephalns
Blkr.) with a darkish band along the lateral line. Length 320 mm.

N o m. in dig.: Millem (Malay. Batavia) ; Lehat, Mangut,
Regis, Nillem (Sundan.); Nillem (Purwakarta) ; Monto, Areng
areng? (Kediri) ; Palong (Lampong) ; Palouw (Benkulen) ; Pawas
[young specimens], Pawas Korbao [old specimens] (Padang
Pandjang); Assang (Manindjau, Singkarah), Penopa (Bongan).

Habitat: Sumatra (Serdang!, Padang, Pati Bubur !, Solok !,
Kalung (Tilatang) in Padangsche Bovenlanden !, Padang Pan-
djang, Fort de Kock!, Ringat!, Lake Singkarah !, Pajakomboh!,
Lake Manindjau!, Telok Betong, Lahat, Pangabuang, Palembang,
Djambi!, Deli!, Indrapura!, river Kampar: Gunung Sahilan !,
river Kwantan : Taluk!, river Mahe, Lake Tador, Lake Sialong
lotong, Upper Langkat, Kota radja!); Java (Sunter !, Bekassi !,
Sumenap!, Batavia!, Perdana, Krawang!, Buitenzorg, Tjikao,
Tjampea, Kuningan, Bandung!, Garut!, Lelles, Lake Wanajasa
near Purwakarta!, Ngawi, Kediri!, Tulung Agung!, Surabaya,
river Brantas!, Gempol, Djember!, Palabuan) ; Borneo (river
Baram, Pontianak on river Kapuas and its affluents Raun and
Bongan, Bankajang, river Sambas, river Barito : Banjermassin
and Pengarong on one of its affluents, river Mahakam: Batu
Pangal !). — Malacca, Siam.

10. Osteochilus waandersi (Blkr.).

Rohita Waandersii Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie III. 1852, p. 733. — Ichth.
Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 166. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 63.
Osteochilus ivaandersii Gtinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 43.
Osteochilus waandersii Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1890, p. 39.

D. 3.i2; A. 3.5; P. 1.14; V. 1.8; L.I. 35— 36; L.tr._£_.

7
Height 31/-, about 4 in length with caudal. Head 42/5, 53/4 in

length with caudal. Eye 33/4, shorter than snout, nearly twice
in interorbital space. Snout scarcely prominent, without pores;
maxillary barbel about as long as eye, the rostral one much
shorter. Origin of dorsal separated by 12 scales from occiput,
situated before ventrals; dorsal gradually increasing, ending
conspicuously before origin of anal, its height i2/5 in height of
body. Anal not emarginate, much lower than dorsal. Ventrals
not reaching anal, separated by 4!/2 longitudinal series of scales
from lateral line, shorter than pectorals, which do not reach
ventrals and go 6!/2 times in total length. Caudal deeply incised,
lobes pointed, longer than head. Silvery, back greenish; a black
band, about as broad as a scale, anteriorly narrower than
posteriorly, runs along the lateral line to the end of the middle
caudal rays. Length of the single specimen described 198 mm.
[After BLEEKER and GUNTHER; not seen by us].
Habitat: Banka; Sumatra (Deli).

ii. Osteochilus kappeni (Blkr.).

Rohita Kappenii Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sclent. Ind." Neerl. II. 1857, Tiende Bijdrage

Ichth. Borneo, p. 19.
Rohtia (Rohita) Kappenii Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860,

p. !6;. — All. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 64.

Osteochilus kappenii Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 42.
Osteochilus Kappenii Vaillant, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (3) V. 1893, p. 75.
\ Osteochilus Kappenii Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia (2) LVII.

1905, p. 480.

6f

0.3.15; A. 3.5; P. 1.13; V. 1.8; L.I. 32; L.tr.j_.

6^

Height 2.5, 3.3 in length with caudal. Head 4.2, 5.6 in
length with caudal. Height of head about equal to its length.
Eye about 3, slightly shorter than snout, situated about in
the middle of the length of the head, 1.6 in convex inter-
orbital space. Snout blunt, scarcely prominent, without pores.
Lower jaw obliquely ascending from chin. Maxillary barbels
about equal to eye and much longer than the rostral ones.
Origin of dorsal opposite to Qth scale of lateral line, separated
by 10 scales from occiput. Dorsal with the anterior rays scarcely
prolonged, somewhat longer than head. End of dorsal above
anal. Anal somewhat concave, the anterior rays prolonged,

138

nearly reaching caudal, its height nearly equal to head.
Origin of anal opposite to 2i»t scale of lateral line and to
1 3th branched dorsal ray. Ventrals and pectorals subequal.
Ventrals surpassing anus, their origin separated by 4'/2 scales
from nth scale of lateral line and opposite to 2nd branched
ray of dorsal. Pectorals somewhat shorter than head. Caudal
deeply emarginate, the lobes pointed, longer than head. Least
height of caudal peduncle i!/2 times in length of head and
equal to its own length, surrounded by 16 scales. Colour of
preserved specimens brownish, darker above. A large black
blotch nearly encircling the end of the caudal peduncle. Lower
half of dorsal more or less blackish. Length 175 mm.

No men indig. : Ikan mas (Djambi).

Habitat: Sumatra (Djambi!); Borneo (river Kapuas, river
Sambas, river Baram ?).

12. Osteochilus brevicauda n. sp.

D. 3.16—17; A. 3.5; P. 1.13—14; V. 1.8; L. 1. 33—34;

6—6^

L. tr. ~T~.
71

Height 2.3 — 2.8, 3 — 4 in length with caudal. Head 3.5 — 4.3,
5 — 5.4 in length with caudal. Eye 3 to more than 4, more
than once to 1.8 in snout and more than twice in the flat
interorbital space. Snout without pores. Maxillary barbels longer
than eye, the rostral ones shorter. Origin of dorsal opposite
to 8th scale of lateral line, separated by 10 scales from occiput.
Anterior rays of dorsal slightly prolonged, conspicuously longer
than head. Origin of anal opposite to 23rd or 24th scale of
lateral line and behind end of dorsal or opposite to ultimate
or penultimate branched ray. Ventrals slightly shorter than
pectorals, not reaching anus in adult specimens, their origin
separated by 5 or 5!/2 scales from nth Or I2th scale of lateral
line and opposite to 4th branched ray of dorsal. Pectorals
slightly shorter than head. Caudal deeply bifurcate, much longer
than head. Least height of caudal peduncle I !/2 times or more
in length of head, more than length of caudal peduncle, sur-
rounded by 1 6 scales, A large round black blotch somewhat
before the end of the lateral line. Base of scales with a dark
brown streak. In young specimens an indication of an incomplete
brown vertical band above and below the lateral line, opposite
the middle of the length of the pectoral. Length 230 mm.

139

[Type of the species in the zoological Museum of Amsterdam].
Habitat: Borneo (river Kapuas: Putus Sibau!, Putus Genting!);
collected by Dr. H. A. LORENTZ.

13. Osteochilus spilurus (Blkr.).

Dangila spirtihis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie I. 1850, p. 272.
Rohita oligolepis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie V, 1853, p. 191.
Rohita {Rohita) oligolepis Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1 860,

p. 185. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 71.
Dangila spilurus Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 206. —

Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 48.

Osteochilus oligolepis Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 45.
Osteochilus spilurus Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 45.

4j
D. 3.11; A. 3.5; P. 1. 12; V. 1.8; L.I. 29— 30; L.tr.j[.

51

Height 3.5, 4.5 in length with caudal. Head 4, 5.2 in length
with caudal. Eye somewhat more than 3, shorter than snout
and about 1.7 in interorbital space. Snout somewhat pointed,
prominent with numerous small pores, without larger central
one. Maxillary barbels much longer than eye, the rostral ones
shorter. Origin of dorsal opposite to yth or 8th scale of lateral
line, separated by 10 — n scales from occiput. Dorsal gradually
increasing in height anteriorly, the longest rays about equal
to length of head. Anal slightly rounded, shorter than head,
its origin opposite to 2Oth scale of lateral line and behind end
of dorsal. Ventrals and pectorals equal. Ventrals not reaching
anus, their origin separated by 4 scales from nth scale of lateral
line and opposite to 3r<l branched dorsal ray. Pectorals some-
what shorter than head. Caudal deeply emarginate, the lobes
bluntly pointed, longer than head. Least height of caudal
peduncle 1.9 in head, 1.2 in its own length, surrounded by
1 6 scales. Colour of preserved specimens brownish, scales with
a more or less distinct dark base. A large black spot near the
end of the caudal peduncle. Dorsal with two series of black
spots. Length more than 100 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (river Kwantan : Taluk!, Ringat!, and
its affluents; river Kampar Kiri, an affluent of river Kampar:
Gunung Sahilan !, river Si Russu, Indragiri) ; Banka ; British
North Borneo [British Museum].

14. Osteochilus harrisoni Fowl.

Osteochilus harrisoni Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia (2) LVII.
1905, p. 480.

140

,Head 33/4; depth 24/5; D. 2.16; A. 3, 5.1; P. 1.15; V. 1.8;
scales 33 in lateral line to base of caudal, and 2 more on
latter; 6 scales between origin of dorsal and lateral line obli-
quely back, uppermost scale very small; 5 scales between
lateral line and origin of ventral, lowest scale very small; 10
scales before dorsal; width of head i!/2 in its length; depth
of head i'/3; snout 22/5 ; eye 4^; width of mouth 41/2; inter-
orbital space 2; second simple dorsal ray I'/ioJ second simple
anal ray i'/3; pectoral i1^; ventral I'/oJ least depth of caudal
peduncle i3/4; lower caudal lobe 3^,0 in head and trunk;
base of dorsal 27/8.

Body elongate, compressed though robust, greatest depth
at origin of dorsal, and profiles more or less similarly convex.
Back but little elevated and its profile convex from occiput
to dorsal. Caudal peduncle robust, compressed, and its least
depth about equal to its length. Head rather small, compressed,
broad, robust, and both upper and lower profiles inclined
similarly, also nearly straight. Snout long, broad, convex, obtuse
above, and somewhat declivous in front. Eye rather small, a little
posterior to middle of length of head, circular, and not much
above middle of depth of head. Pupil large and circular. Mouth
inferiorly terminal, broad, the gape not extending far laterally.
Lips rather thick, fleshy and plicate. Jaws horny and with a
rather sharp edge. Premaxillaries protractile. Four upper mental
barbels, upper lateral near edge of snout, and lower at corner
of mouth, also much longer or about reaching opposite middle
of orbit. Nostrils adjoining anterior in a short cutaneous tube,
lateral, much nearer eye than tip of snout and level with
upper margin of eye. Preorbital not distinct, and together with
cheek covered with skin. Interorbital space elevated a little
convexly and flattened medianly. Gill-opening lateral, extending
forward about opposite posterior margin of preopercle. Rakers
in form of a low fringe of fine or minute filaments. Filaments
long, about equal to orbit. No pseudobranchiae. Width of
isthmus where gillmembranes join about equal to orbit.

Scales large, cycloid, and well exposed, also of more or
less even size. Scales on breast small, especially anteriorly.
Small scales along bases of dorsal and anal. A pointed scaly
ventral flap in axil of fin about 2/5 its length. Head and fins
naked, except base of caudal. Lateral line of short exposed
single tubes, and continuous even on base of caudal.

Origin of dorsal about opposite tip of depressed pectoral
or a little, before origin of ventral, second simple ray highest,
next three graduated down, after which they are all more or
less of one size. Anal beginning a trifle before base of last
dorsal ray, and second simple ray also longest. Caudal forked,
lobes rather pointed. Pectoral small, and inserted low. Ventral
not quite reaching vent or about 2/3 of space to anal.

Color in alcohol dull olivaceous-brown, paler below and on
sides of head. Fins pale brownish, dorsal and caudal scarcely
darker. Each series of scales marked by a bar, making about
ten longitudinal dark lines or bands less in width than pupil
of eye, and dusky or most distinct above lateral line. Iris
olivaceous, pupil slaty. Peritoneum silvery". Length 225 mm.

Habitat: Borneo (Baram river).

wThis species is close to Osteochilus kahajanensis (Bleeker),
which has been reported from the Baram river by Dr. STEIN-
DACHNER, but differs apparently in the distinct longitudinal
narrow brown stripes. My examples also have no blue spot
on the shoulder-girdle, though in alcohol the other color
markings are fairly distinct." [After FOWLER, not seen by us].

We are not sure about the position of this fish, as FOWLER
does not say anything about the presence or absence of pores
on the snout.

13. Cosmochilus Sauvage.

(SAUVAGE, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (2) IV. 1881, p. 179).

Fig. 59. Cosmochilus faldfer T. Regan. Upper figure: mouth (m\ a rostral,
b maxillary barbel, // horny sheath on lower jaw, pg postlabial groove.

142

Oblong, snout obtuse, without pores and tubercles. Mouth
small, transverse, inferior, the lips thick, continuous, pendulous,
provided with barbel-like fringes and with a postlabial groove,
interrupted in the middle. Rostral and maxillary barbels
present. Mandible with a horny sheath, without median tubercle.
Dorsal opposite to ventrals, with the 4th simple ray ossified
and strongly denticulated and with 8 branched rays. Anal
short, with 5 to 6 branched rays. Scales moderate, lateral
line running in the middle of the tail. Sensory tubes undivided,
no sensory folds on head. Pharyngeal teeth 5.3.2 or I — I or
2.3.5, the teeth of the outer series compressed.

Distribution: The type is from Camboja and one species
is known from fresh water of Borneo.

i. Cosmochilus falcifer Regan.

Tate Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)

0.4.8; A. 3.6; P.I.I;; V. 1.9; L.I. 36— 39;

Cosmochilus falcifer Tate Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XVIII. 1906, p. 66.

6

7—8

Somewhat elongate, dorsal profile from snout to dorsal
strongly ascending in a straight line. Height 2.4 — 2.7, 3.4 — 3.6
in length with caudal. Head 4 — 4.4, 5.2 — 5.6 in length with
caudal. Eye 3.6 to more than 4, 1.3 to 1.4 in snout, about
i!/2 times in flattened interorbital space. Rostral barbel the
longest, longer than eye. Origin of dorsal opposite to 1 1 & scale
of lateral line; separated by about 14 scales from occiput.
Dorsal concave, the 4^ spine articulated throughout, very
elongate, when laid back reaching the caudal or nearly so, its
hindborder denticulated. Anal concave. Dorsal and anal scaly
at the base. Ventrals extending to vent, opposite to ioth scale
of lateral line, from which they are separated by 5 scales;
subequal to pectorals, which are shorter than or equal to length
of head, and reach the ventrals or nearly so. Caudal deeply
forked, longer than head. Least height of caudal peduncle
about i *J2 times in length of head and somewhat shorter than
its own length, surrounded by 16 scales, 7 of which above
lateral lines. Scales with fine, undulate, longitudinal lints. Oli-
vaceous, scales with dark diffuse spots on their posterior half.
Length 480 mm. [Type of the species in the British Museum
seen by us].

Habitat: Borneo (Baram river, Kapit on river Redjang,
Sarawak !).

H3

14- Ham pal a Bleeker.

(BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie, XX, 1859—60, p. 430).
Elongate, compressed. Snout pointed. Mouth terminal, wide,
oblique, extending beyond the vertical from the frontmargin
of the orbit. Jaws equal in length, the upper not much pro-
tractile. The upper lip broadened anteriorly, the lower one
laterally; postlabial groove (furrow) running parallel with lips,
interrupted in the middle of the lower lip. A barbel behind corner
of mouth. Dorsal with 8 branched rays and a low basal scaly
sheath, its origin opposite to that of ventrals, its last osseous

Fig. 60. Hampala macrolepidota (C.V.). X 2/9-

ray feeble and finely serrated. Anal with 5 branched rays.
Scales large, radially striated or granulated, some with reticu-
lated lines. Lateral line complete, somewhat curved towards belly,
sensory tubes undivided. No sensory folds on head and no
tubercles on snout. Gillmembranes united to isthmus, opposite to
hindpart of eye. Pharyngeal teeth spoon-shaped, 5.3.1 — 1.3.5.
Distribution: Fresh water of indo-australian Archipelago
(Sumatra, Java, Borneo); Malacca, Tenasserim, Siam, Indo-China.

Key to the indo-australian species.

A. Linea lat. 28 — 29.

1. A more or less distinct oblong vertical blotch

between dorsal and ventral H. macrolepidota p. 143.

2. Two large black blotches in lateral line H. ampalong p. 145.

B. Linea lat. 25 — 27.

I. Two large vertical blotches on the side H. bimaculata p. 146.

i. Kampala macrolepidota (C.V.).

Capoeta macrolepidota Cuvier& Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVI. 1842, p. 280.
Capoeta macrolepidota Bleeker, Verh. Batav. Gen. XXIII. (1849) 1850, Ichthyol.

Midden- & Oost-Java, p. 20.
Capoeta macrolepidota Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XVIII. 1850, p. 1249.

144

Hampala macrolepidota Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini 1860, p. 308. —

Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 112.

Bar bus hatnpal Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 139.
Barbus macrolepidota Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878—1888, p. 571.
Hampala macrolepidota Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (2) LVII.

1905, p. 486.
Barbus hampal C. V. var. bifasciata Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXV. 1904 — 1905,

p. 173. — Ibid. XXVII. 1906, p. 147.
Barbus hampal Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXVII. 1906, p. 145.

_5_
0.3.8; A. 3.5; P. 1.15— 16; V. 2.8; L.I. 28— 29; L. tr.^.

3i
Elongate, profile of back slightly elevated and arched, that

of head slowly descending with a shallow concavity above
and behind eyes. Height decreasing with age, 3 — 3.7, 3.7 — 4.6
in length with caudal. Head about 3, about 3.8 to more than

4 in length with caudal. Eye 3 — 5, nearly twice in snout in
fullgrown specimens, about i!/2 m interorbital space. Snout
pointed. Jaws nearly equal in length. Mouth wide, extending
backwards slightly beyond vertical through frontborder of eye.
Lips broadened: the upper one anteriorly, the lower lip late-
rally. A barbel behind corner of mouth, nearly as long as
eye. Origin of dorsal opposite to 8th Or Qth lateral scale and
to origin of ventrals, slightly before or, in young specimens,
behind middle of a line connecting end of snout and base
of caudal, separated by 10 scales from occiput. Dorsal concave,
the third osseous ray feeble and finely serrated, with its
flexible part nearly as long as head without snout. Anal concave,
its third spine equal to the dorsal one, but ]/s shorter. Ven-
trals separated by 2 — 2*/2 scales from lateral line, shorter than
pectorals, far distant from anus. Pectorals more than half
head, not reaching ventrals. Caudal deeply forked, shorter
than head. Least height of caudal peduncle much less than its
length, about 2!/2 in head. Twelve scales round caudal peduncle,

5 of which above the lateral lines. Scales finely punctuated,
in fullgrown specimens with some radiating lines. Silvery,
back darker, a more or less distinct vertical blotch between
dorsal and ventrals. Upper and lower margin of caudal black.
Length 700 mm.

Nomen indig. : Ampalong (Malay. Batavia) ; Hampal, Ham-
bal, Hampalong (Sundan.); Wader, Sutjo (Javan.); Polittah
(small specimens), Palung (older specimens) (Kediri); Sabaju
(Lampong); Kabarouw (Benkulen); Barauw and Gadi (Sing-
karah) ; Dungan (Bo, Borneo, Mahakam).

145

Habitat: Sumatra (Padang, Solok !, Lake Singkarah !, Lake
Manindjau !, Pati Bubur!, river Ular: Serdang!, river Kampar:
Gunung Sahilan!, river Kwantan, Upper and lower Langkat,
Danau Sialong lotong, Palembang!, Lahat, river Pengabuang,
Djambi!, Deli!); Java (Batavia!, Tjibiliong, Tjampea, Buiten-
zorg !, Pondok gedeh, Lake Kamodjing near Tjikampeh !, Garut !,
Lake Bagendit!, Serogal, Parongkalong, Pandjallu, Ngawi,
Surabaya, Grati, Lesti, Kediri !) ; Borneo (river Kapuas !, Seminis,
Danau Sriang, Baram river, and other rivers in Sarawak [British
Museum], Sambas, river Barito : Banjermassin, river Mahakam
and river Bo). - - Malacca; Tenasserim; Siam; Indo-China.

Miss POPTA described a specimen of 189 mm. from the
river Bo, Borneo, as Barbus hampal var. bifasciata, distinguished
by a second dark band running in the middle of the caudal
peduncle. She observes, that this variety grows to a length of
500 mm. according to the collector Prof. A. W. NlEUWENHUlS.
We suppose that this is the partial retention of an infantile
coloration, for we have a specimen of 36 mm. from Djambi,
Sumatra, which has a very distinct black vertical band between
origin of dorsal and ventrals, a much less distinct one in the
middle of the caudal peduncle, a curved band behind the
opercle, a black band through the eye, a faint one at the base
of the caudal and a faint blotch at the origin of the anal.

2. Hampala ampalong (Blkr.).

Capoeta ampalong Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie III. 1852, p. 594.
Hampala ampalong Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 310. —

Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 113.
Barbus ampalong Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 139.

_5_

0.3.8; A. 3.5; P. 1.15; V. 2.8; L.I. 28— 29; L.tr._i_-

3l
Height about 3.3, 4.2 in length with caudal. Head about 3,

4 in length with caudal. Eye 4.8, !/3 shorter than snout, which
is slightly more than the interorbital space. Origin of dorsal
behind middle of a line connecting end of snout and base of
caudal, above 9* lateral scale, separated by 10 scales from
occiput. Dorsal spine distinctly serrated. Silvery, back darker.
Two large black blotches in the lateral line, one below origin
of dorsal, the other above end of anal. Anterior margin of
dorsal and upper and lower margin of caudal with a faint
narrow black streak. Length 155 mm.
INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES III. 10

146

Differs from specimens of H. macrolepidota (C.V.) of equal
size only by the colour and by having the dorsal spine more
strongly denticulated.

Nomen indig. : Sebaro Lalas (Djambi).

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang, Djambi!); Borneo (Ponti-
anak).

3. Kampala bimaculata (Popta).

Barbus hampal C.V. var. bimaculata Popta, Notes Ley den Mus. XXV. 1904 — 1905,
p. 173. — Ibid. XXVII. 1906, p. 147.

il

D. 3.8; A. 3.5; P. 1.14— 16; V. 2.7— 8;L. 1. 25— 27; L. tr._i_.

4?

Elongate, profile of back slightly elevated and arched, that
of head slowly descending with a shallow concavity behind
eyes. Height 3.5 — 4.1 in length without caudal, 4.5 — 5.4 in
length with caudal. Head 3 — 3.6 in length without caudal,
3.0, — 4.6 in length with caudal. Eye 3.8 — 4.9 in length of head,
I>2 — 1.6 in snout, i.i — 1.3 in interorbital space. Snout pointed.
The upper jaw a little longer than the lower one. Cleft of
mouth wide, maxillaries extending backwards to the vertical
through frontborder of eye. Lips broadened: the upper one
anteriorly, the lower laterally. A barbel at corner of mouth,
a little longer than eye. Origin of dorsal opposite to 8th Or
Qth lateral scale and to origin of ventrals, in the middle of a
line connecting end of snout and base of caudal, in the largest
specimens a little behind that middle, separated by 10 scales
from occiput. Dorsal concave, the third osseous ray feeble, and
finely serrated behind, with its flexible part longer than the
head without snout. Anal concave, its third spine simple, !/4 or
!/5 shorter than the third dorsal one. Ventrals separated by
2*/2 — 3 scales from lateral line, shorter than pectorals, distant
from anus, in the larger specimens more distant than in the smaller
ones, where they reach nearly anus. Pectorals more than half
head, not reaching or reaching ventrals. Caudal deeply forked,
shorter than head, as long as head or somewhat longer. Least
height of caudal peduncle much less than its length, about
2!/2 in head; 12 scales round caudal peduncle, 5 of which above
the lateral lines. Most of the scales finely punctuated and with
radiating lines. The upper side of the fish is brownish violet,
on the sides of the body passing in yellow or yellowish red,
the under side is yellow or yellowish red. The anterior margin

147

of the dorsal fin, and the upper and lower margins of the
caudal fin, are black. Two large vertical blotches on the sides,
one under the posterior half of the basis of the dorsal fin
and somewhat behind it, the other on the two anterior thirds of
the free part of the caudal peduncle. Is said to reach ± 500 mm.
[This description was kindly made for us by Miss POPTA].

Nom. indig. : Dungan (Borneo).

Habitat: Borneo (rivers Howong, Bo, Kajan).

15. Labeobarbus Riippell.

(RUPPELL, Mus. Senckenberg. II. 1837, p. 14).

Elongate, moderately compressed. Snout more or less pro-

Fig. 6l. Labeobarbus tambra (C.V.) X Vs-

minent; mouth inferior or subinferior, horseshoe-shaped; upper
jaw strongly protractile. Lips
more or less thick, continuous,
the lower with an uninterrupted
transverse fold, the median part
of which may be developed
into a lobe. Four barbels: an
anterior rostral pair, the other
pair behind corner of mouth.
Suborbital bones narrow. Dor-
sal with 8 — 9 branched rays
and a scaly sheath at its base;

its origin somewhat before Or Fig. 62. Lower surface of head of

Opposite to Origin ofventrals; Labeobarbus tambra (C.V.).

! j 1 i j a rostral, b maxillary barbel : // lower lip

last osseous dorsal ray enlarged ' *

* ° with its median lobe ml\ ul upper lip.

and smooth. Anal with 5

branched rays. Scales large, with fine, longitudinal or converging,

148

more or less undulated lines; in Indian species 3!/2 longitu-
dinal series of scales between lateral line and dorsal. Lateral
line running in the middle of the tail, complete, with 21 — 28
scales, the tubes of which are undivided. No sensory folds on
head. Gillmembranes united to isthmus, opposite to hindborder
of praeoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth spoon-shaped, in three
series 5.3.2 — 2.3.5.

Distribution: Fresh water of indo-australian Archipelago
(Sumatra, Java, Borneo;, of Asia and Africa.

Artificial key to the indo-australian species.

I. Lips without any lobe.

1. Anal less high than dorsal L. soro p. 148.

2. Anal much higher than dorsal L. longipinnis p. 149.

II. Lower lip with a median lobe.

1. Median lobe reaching a line connecting corners

of mouth L. tambroides p. 150.

2. Median lobe not reaching a line connecting
corners of mouth.

a. Stiff portion of osseous dorsal ray about as

long as head without snout L. doiironensis p. 150.

b. Stiff portion of osseous dorsal ray not quite

half as long as the head L. tambra p. 152.

i. Labeobarbus soro (C.V.)

Barbus soro Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVI. 1842, p. 191.

Barbus soro Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie VII. 1854, p. 90.

Labeobarbus soro Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini 1860, p. 390. —

All. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 79.

Barbus soro Gunther, Cat- Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 130.
Labeobarbus soro Vinciguerra, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva XIV. 1879, p. 388.
Barbus soro Volz, Revue Suisse Zool. XII. 1904, p. 475.

D. 3.8—9; A. 3.5(6); P. 1.14—16; V. 2.8; L.I. 24— 28;

_3i

L. tr. _i_.

31

Height 3.4 — 3.8, 4.3 — 4.6 in length with caudal. Head about
4.3, 5.4 in length with caudal. Eye about 4, about i!/3 in
somewhat prominent snout and nearly twice in interorbital
space. Mouth inferior. Lips moderately thick, median part of
lower lip without lobe, but fixed to the skin. Rostral barbels
about as long as eye or longer, shorter than maxillary ones.
Length of operculum ij/2 — 13/4 in its height. Origin of dorsal

H9

nearer to snout than to base of caudal, opposite to 7*h or 8th
scale of lateral line, somewhat before origin of ventrals, separated
by 8 or 9- scales from occiput. Dorsal concave, its third spine
ossified, strong, somewhat shorter than head, without its
flexible part shorter than head without snout. Anal oblique,
not reaching caudal when depressed, its longest ray somewhat
less than dorsal spine. Ventrals conspicuously shorter than
pectorals and much shorter than height of dorsal, far distant
from anus, separated by 2 scales from lateral line. Pectorals
somewhat shorter than height of dorsal, far distant from ventrals.
Caudal deeply incised, the lobes pointed, much longer than
head. Least height of caudal peduncle i1^ in its length, sur-
rounded by 12 scales. Silvery, back olivaceous. Scales on upper
surface with a darkish base, fins hyaline. Reaching nearly
1000 mm. according to BLEEKER.

Nomen in dig. : Soro (Sundan.j; Wader (Javan.); Gadis
(Manindjau); Garin or Kelen gadis (Padang Pandjang).

Habitat: Sumatra (Padang, Solok, Padang Pandjang,
Manindjau!, Fort de Kock!, Lake Toba!, Deli!, Benkulen);
Java (Sading wetan, Darma, Garut, Surakarta, Banju biru).

This fish is kept in ponds and is in many places in Java
considered to be sacred.

2. Labeobarbus longipinnis n.sp.

3i
D. 3.9; A. 3.5; P. 1.14; V. 2.8; L.I. 24— 25; L. tr. j_.

3*

Differs from L. soro by a slightly longer head, which goes

3.5 — 4 in length, by a lower dorsal, which goes 1.3 — 1.6 in
head and by its third spine, which is very weak and scarcely
ossified. The anal is much higher than the dorsal and reaches
the caudal, when depressed. Ventrals only slightly shorter
than height of dorsal. Pectorals conspicuously longer than the
height of dorsal. The median fixed part of lower lip is broader
than in L. soro. [Type of the species in the zoological Museum
of Amsterdam].

Nomen in dig. : Pidjen (Javan.).

Habitat: One specimen of 475 mm. from Lake Kawar!
(Laut Kawar) Deli, Sumatra, Dr. L. Ph. de Bussy leg., and two
specimens of 218 and 226 mm. from river Pangus on Mount
Ungarang, Java!, E. Jacobson leg.

150
3- Labeobarbus tambroides Blkr.

Labeobarbus tambroides Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie VII. 1854, p. 92. —
Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini 1 860, p. 386. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 77.
Barbus tambroides Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1 868, p. 133.
Barbus tambroides Volz, Revue Suisse Zool. XII. 1904, p. 476.
Barbus tambra Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXVII. 1906, p. 141 (nee C.V.).
Barbus tambroides Popta, ibid. p. 144.

ii
D. 3.9(10); A. 3.5; P. 1.15—16; V. 2.8; L. 1. 23—24; L. tr. _i_.

4|

Height 3 to more than 3, 4 or somewhat more in length
with caudal. Head about 3.6 — 3.8, 4.6 — 5 in length with caudal.
Eye 4 — 5, i!/2 or more in snout, i!/2 to 2 in interorbital
space. Lips broad, swollen, thick, continuous, the upper one
generally with an anterior lobe, the lower one with a long
free median lobe, which reaches to a line connecting the corners
of the mouth. Maxillary barbels somewhat longer than the
rostral ones, slightly or much longer than eye. Origin of dorsal
about in the middle between end of snout and root of caudal,
separated by 8 or 9 scales from occiput, opposite to 7th scale
of lateral line and slightly before origin of ventrals. Dorsal
concave, third spine strong, osseous, about ilj5 in head, its
stiff portion as long as the head without snout. Anal truncate,
depressed not reaching caudal, its height somewhat less than
that of the dorsal. Ventrals as long as height of anal, not
reaching anus, separated by 2 scales from lateral line. Pectorals
slightly shorter than height of dorsal. Caudal deeply forked,
its lobes pointed, the lower one the longer, equal to or longer
than head. Least height of caudal peduncle about i'/2 times
in its length, surrounded by 12 scales. Silvery, back dark, as
also the fins. Length to 700 mm.

Nom. indig. : Tambra and Hampal (Sundan.); Njarem and
Tekla (Bo) ; Garing or Gadji (Singkarah).

Habitat: Sumatra (Padang, Solok, Lake Singkarah!, Lake
Manindjau, Pajakombo, Si-Djundjung!, Benkulen, Lahat, Upper
and Lower Langkat); Java (Tjampea, Buitenzorg, Tjipanas,
Banjubiru, Ngantang); Borneo (river Kapuas, river Bo, affluent
of river Mahakam; Sarawak [British Museum].

4. Labeobarbus douronensis (C.V.).

Barbus douronensis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVI. 1842, p. 187.
Barbus douronensis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie VII. 1854, p. 91.

Labeobarbus douronensis Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860,

p. 392. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 79.

Bar bus doiwonensis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 132.
Barbus douronensis Vaillant, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. 1902, p. loo.
Labeobarbtis douronensis Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Science Philadelphia (2)

LVII. 1905, p. 483.

Bar bus douronensis Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXVII. 1906, p. 142.

-i

D. 3.9; A. 3.5; P. 1.16; V. 2.8; L.I. 21— 24; L. tr. T.

4^

Height 3.2 — 3.3, 4.1 in length with caudal. Head 4 — 4.2,
5 — 5.3 in length with caudal. Eye 4!/2 — 5, i'/2 or more in
snout, twice or somewhat more in interorbital space. Rostral
barbels about i]/2 times, maxillary barbels about twice in eye.
Lips thick, continuous, the lower one with a median, more
or less developed square lobe, the hindborder of which does
not reach the line connecting the corners of the mouth. The
blunt snout somewhat prominent, mouth inferior. Origin of
dorsal opposite to 6th or /th scale of lateral line and slightly
before that of ventrals, separated by 8 scales from occiput,
somewhat nearer to end of snout than to base of caudal.
Dorsal concave, its third spine osseous, rather strong, slightly
shorter than head, its stiff part about equal to head without
snout. Anal truncate, slightly less high than dorsal, depressed
not reaching caudal. Ventrals separated by 2 scales from lateral
line, their length about equal to height of anal, distant from
anus. Pectorals slightly shorter than height of dorsal. Caudal
deeply forked, its lobes pointed, about equal to head. Least
height of caudal peduncle i1^ or more in its length, surrounded
by 12 scales. Silvery, back darkish. Base of scales of back
and sides darkish. Fins hyaline. Length 350 mm.

Nom. in dig.: Garing (Manindjau); Semah (Benkulen);
Kantjera (Tjisaat and Tjandjur); Anak Sengkareng (Djember);
Soro (Sundan.) ; Wader (Javan.); Silap (Bongan, Howong); Padak
(Kajan); Njapau (Bluu).

Habitat: Sumatra (Solok !, Singkarah !, Fort de Kock!,
Manindjau!, Benkulen, Telokbetong); Java (Buitenzorg, Kra-
wang, Tjitjurup, Tjitarik, Tjandjur!, Tjisaat!, Djember!);
Borneo (river Kapuas : Sintang, Raun, its affluent Howong and
river Bongan, one of its sources; river Kajan, upper course
of Bulongan river; river Bluu (upper Mahakam); river Baram,
Sarawak).

152
5. Labeobarbus tambra (C.V.). Fig. 61, Fig. 62, p. 147].

Barbus tambra Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVI. 1842, p. 190.
Labeobarbus tambra Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XIII, 1857, p. 476. -

Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 389. — Atl. Ichth. III.

1863, p. 78.
Barbus tambra Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 132.

0.4.8—9; A. 3.5(6); P. 1.14—16; V. 1.7—8; L.I. 22— 24;

3i

L. tr. _i_.

3*

Height 3!/3 — 4, 4— 5!/s in length with caudal. Head pointed,
3.3 — 4.2, 4.1 — 5.3 in length with caudal. Eye 5 — 6.6, i3/4 to
more than twice in snout and about twice in slightly convex
interorbital space. Maxillary barbels generally somewhat longer
than the rostral ones and about equal to length of snout.
Snout prominent, mouth inferior, lips thick, continuous, the
lower one with a median well developed free lobe, the hind-
border of which is convex or truncate, but does not reach the
line connecting the corners of the mouth. Origin of dorsal
opposite to /th scale of lateral line and slightly before that of
ventrals, separated by 8 or 9 scales from occiput, nearer to
end of snout than to base of caudal. Dorsal concave, its fourth
ossified spine rather feeble, with its flexible portion equal to
head without snout, its stiff portion less than half length of
head. Anal truncate, its height somewhat more than that of
dorsal, depressed reaching base of caudal or not so far. Ventrals
separated by 2 scales from lateral line, their length equal to
height of anal or somewhat less, distant from anus. Pectorals
much longer than height of dorsal, somewhat less than length
of head. Caudal deeply forked, its lobes pointed, shorter than
head. Least height of caudal peduncle i!/2 in its length, more
or less than twice in length of head, surrounded by 12 scales.
Silvery, fins darkish. Length 650 mm., but is said to reach
nearly 1000 mm.

Nom. in dig. : Tambra (Sundan.) ; Sengkareng (Dj ember);
Gegareng (Gaju); Keureuteng (Atjeh).

Habitat: Sumatra (Benkulen, Solok, Padang, Lake Tawar !);
Java (Darma, Garut !, Djember!, Surakarta, Banjubiru); Borneo
(River Sedalit, affluent of river Sambakung, North east Bor-
neo!). -- Malacca; Penang Island.

153
16. Cyclocheilichthys Bleeker.

(BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XX. 1859—1860, p. 431).

Oblong, compressed. Snout conical, prominent. Mouth gene-
rally small, subinferior, nearly horizontal, horseshoe-shaped,

Fig. 63. Cyclocheilichthys eitoplos (Blkr.). X 1/3-
Three scales of lateral line to show the bifid sensory tubes.

not reaching eye. Upper and lower jaw equal or the upper
one overlapping the lower. The upper strongly protractile. Lips
more or less swollen, sometimes rugose, continuous as also

Fig. 64. Side view of head of Cyclocheilichthys repasson (Blkr.)
to show the numerous parallel sensory folds of the skin. Nat. size.

the postlabial groove, which runs parallel with the lips. A pair
of rostral and maxillary barbels; the rostral ones or all may

154

be wanting. Praeorbital triangular, with its point directed
forward. Suborbital bones narrow. Eye by exception with a
gelatinous eyelid. Dor- ^

•> ••***^ A

ul.

sal with 8 branched
rays and a basal scaly
sheath, its origin above
or behind that of ven-
trals, its fourth spine
strong and strongly den-
ticulated. Anal with 5
branched rays. Scales
large or moderate, longi-
tudinally or radially
striated. Lateral line
complete, running in the
middle of the tail, sen-
sory tubes simple or
bifid. Numerous fine pa- FiS-65- Antfior Part ofhe*d of Cydocheilichthys

repasson (Blkr.) a rostral, b maxillary barbel,

rallel sensory folds on

snout, extending on

interorbital space and

on cheeks even to operculum, skin underneath gelatinous !).

Gillmembranes united to isthmus, opposite about hindborder of

// lower lip, m mouthopening, n nostril, pg post-
labial groove, which is continued to the other
side behind the lower lip, rf rostral fold.

Fig. 66. Pharyngeal teeth of Cyclocheilichthys repasson (Blkr.) X 3-

praeoperculum. Pharyngeal teeth more or less spoon-shaped,
5.3.2-2.3.5.

Distribution: Fresh water of indo-australian Archipelago
(Sumatra, Java, Borneo), Malacca, Tenasserim, Burma, Yunnan,
Siam, Indo-China, China.

i) In alcohol specimens less distinct.

155
Artificial key to the indo-australian species.

I. Barbels fringed. (Subgenus Oxybarbus] C. heteronema p. 156.

II. Barbels, 'nf present, not fringed.

A. No barbels (Subgenus Anematichthys}.

1. Height less than three, scales generally with a

dark basal spot, dark spot at base of caudal. C. apogon p. 156.

2. Height more than three, a narrow blackish band
along lateral line, dorsal and caudal with

blackish margins C. janthochir p. 157.

B. Two or four barbels. (Subgenus Cyclocheilichthys
s. str.).

1. End of tubes on scales of lateral line bifid . . C. enoplos p. 158.

2. End of tubes on scales of lateral line simple.
a. 4 barbels.

1) Eye 4 or more, 1.5 or more in postorbital
part of head. Pectorals not reaching

ventrals C. de Zwaani p. 159.

2) Eye less than 4, equal to or V3 shorter
than postorbital part of head. Pectorals
reaching ventrals.

a. Origin of dorsal in the middle of a

line connecting snout and end of shortest

caudal rays. Least height of caudal

peduncle twice in length of head, sur-
rounded by 20 scales ; 4 scales between

ventrals and L. 1 C. repasson p. 160.

ft. Origin of dorsal in the middle of a

line connecting snout and base of caudal.

Least height of caudal peduncle more

than twice in head, surrounded by 16

scales; ^/2 scales between ventrals

and L. 1. . . C. lineatus p. 162.

b. A pair of maxillary barbels only; there may be
in one case a pair of rudimentary rostral ones.

1) 5Ya scales below lateral line; P. 1.12;

L. 1. 34 C. deventeri p. 162.

2) 6y2 scales below lateral line; P. 1.15 — 18;
L. 1. 35—37-

a. Least height of caudal peduncle less

than twice in head ; P. reaching ventrals. C. armatus p. 163.
/3. Least height of caudal peduncle more

than twice in head; P. not reaching

ventrals C. siaja p. 165.

(C. megalops p. 166).

I56
i. Cyclocheilichthys heteronema (Blkr.)

Barbus heteronema Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie V. 1853, p. 446.
Cyclocheilichthys (Siaja) heteronema Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini,

1860, p. 377. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 87.

Oxybarbus heteronema Vaillant, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (3) V. 1893, P- 83.
Barbus heteronema Duncker, Mitth. Naturh. Mus. Hamburg XXI. 1904, p. 179.

51(6)

D.4.8; A. 3.5; P. 1.16; V. 1.9; L.I. 35; L. tr. i .

6|

Dorsal profile, especially from nape, strongly ascending. Height
2.8, 3.6 in length with caudal. Head about 31/2> 4J/2 in length
with caudal. Eye 2J/2 or somewhat more, longer than snout
and interorbital space and equal to postorbital space. Snout
obtuse. The upper jaw overlapping the lower. A maxil-
lary barbel above corner of mouth, divided into fringes, the
longest of which are longer than the eye. Origin of dorsal
opposite to nth scale of lateral line, separated by 13 or 14
scales from occiput, slightly behind origin of ventrals, about
in the middle of a line connecting end of snout and root of
caudal. Dorsal concave. Fourth spine osseous, of moderate
strength, strongly serrated, its stiff part nearly equal to head.
Anal emarginate, depressed, far distant from caudal, its height
about equal to head without snout. Ventrals subequal to pec-
torals, their base separated by 5 scales from 9^ scale of lateral
line, nearly reaching anal. Pectorals somewhat shorter than
head, nearly 6 times in total length with caudal. Least height of
caudal peduncle more than i!/2 in its length, somewhat more
than twice in length of head, surrounded by 16 scales. Silvery,
back darkish. Length 1 14 mm.

Habitat: Borneo (river Kapuas, river Mendalam!). —
Malacca.

2. Cyclocheilichthys apogon (C.V.).

Barbus apogon Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVI. 1842, p. 392.
Systomus apogon Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie III. 1852, p. 428.
Systomus apogonoides Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IX. 1855, p. 410.
Cyclocheilichthys (Anematichthys) apogon Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II.

Cyprini, 1860, p. 378. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 88.
Cyclocheilichthys (Anematichthys) apogonides Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II.

Cyprini, 1860, p. 379. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 89.
Barbus apogon Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 150.
Anematichthys apogon Jordan & Scale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXXIII. 1908,

P- 539-

157

D.4.8; A. 3.5(6); P. 1.16—17; V. 2.9; L.I. 34— 35 ;L.tr. T.

6J

Upper profile ascending and slightly arched from eye to
dorsal. Upper profile of head concave. Height about 2.5, 3.2 — 3.3
in length with caudal. Head 3.2 — 3.7, 4.4 — 4.7 in length with
caudal. Eye about 3^2, less than concave interorbital space
and somewhat less than snout. Skin of head gelatinous, with
a multitude of parallel more or less wavy sensory lines. Lips
swollen, both evenly curved. No barbels, but folds of the skin
above upper lip conspicuous. Origin of dorsal opposite to 13th
scale of lateral line and nearly in the middle of a line, con-
necting the end of the snout and the end of the shortest
caudal rays, nearer to snout in young specimens, far behind
origin of ventrals. Dorsal deeply concave. Total length of 4^
spine somewhat shorter than head, its hindborder strongly
denticulated. Anal concave, its third spine rather weak and
longer than half head. Ventrals about equal to pectorals, reaching
or surpassing anus, their origin separated by 4 or 4!/2 scales
from the Qth lateral scale. Pectorals reaching ventrals, about
3/4 length of head. Caudal deeply incised, the lobes rounded,
somewhat longer than head. Least height of caudal peduncle
more or less than twice in length - of head ; surrounded by
1 6 scales. Scales with radiating and partly parallel lines. Yellow-
ish brown, upper parts dark brown, each scale with a dark
spot at the base. A large black spot at the end of the lateral
line. Vertical fins darkish, the others more or less hyaline.
Length over 200 mm.

N o m. i n d i g. : Bebras (Palembang) ; Ikan bambahan (Indra-
giri); Lawak or Lalawak (Malay. Batavia); Genggehe (Situ
Kamodjing); Redang, Bunghut punduk (Sundan.).

Habitat: Sumatra (Solok, brook near Singkarah !, Lake
Tador, Sungei Mahe, river Kwantang, Djambi !, Deli !, Palem-
bang !, Lahat) ; Java (Batavia !, Bekassi !, Buitenzorg, Sading-
wetan, Lake Kamodjing near Tjihampeh!, Pandgallu, Ngawi,
Surabaya, Passeruan) ; Borneo (Prabukarta, Sambas, Singkawang,
Bengkayang, Seminis, Mandhor, river Kapuas, river Baram,
Sarawak, Sandakan); Bunguran Islands; Banka. - - Malacca,
Tenasserim, Burma and Siani;

3. Cyclocheilichthys janthochir (Blkr.)

Systomus janthochir Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie V. 1853, p. 448.

153

Cyclocheilichthys (Anematicthys) janthochir Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II.

Cyprini 1860, p. 381. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 89.
Barbus janthochir Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 151.

D. 4-8—9; A. 3.5; P. 1.16—17; v- 2-9; L- 1- 34— 35; L- tr. i

Height 3!/2, 4!/3 in length with caudal. Head 32/3— 34/5> its
upper profile straight, almost 5 in length with caudal. Eye
about 3!/3» about equal to interorbital space, and to somewhat
pointed snout. Lower jaw received within the upper. No barbels.
Origin of dorsal a little behind that of ventrals, separated by
15 scales from occiput. Dorsal emarginate, the 4th osseous ray
rather slender, finely serrated and not longer than the head.
Anal emarginate, its height much more than half height of
dorsal. Pectorals and ventrals subequal, more than 6 — 6J/3 in
length with caudal. Pectorals reaching to or nearly to ventrals.
Ventrals not reaching anal, 4 series of scales between lateral
line and root of ventrals. Caudal forked, its lobes pointed,
longer than head. Least height of caudal peduncle 2!/4 — 2!/3
in length of head. A narrow blackish band runs along the
lateral line. Dorsal and caudal with blackish margins; dorsal
blackish in its lower anterior part. Length over 200 mm.
[A specimen from the collection of BLEEKER in the Leiden
Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Borneo (river Kapuas: Pontianak!).

4. Cyclocheilichthys enoplos (Blkr.) [Fig. 63, p. 153].

Barbus enoplos Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIII. (1849) 1850. Ichth. Midden-

en Oost-Java, p. 16.

Barbus macracanthus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie V. 1853, p. 516.
Cyclocheilichthys (Cyclocheilichthys) enoplos Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II.

Cyprini 1860, p. 366. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 82.
Cyclocheilichthys (Cyclocheilichthys) macracanthus Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind.

Prodr. II. Cyprini 1860, p. 367. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 83.
Barbus enoplus Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. no.

D. 4-8—9; A. 3.5; P. 1.16—17; V. 2.9; L. 1.38—40; L. tr.
5

Oblong, compressed, profile of back arched. Height 3.2—3.6,
4-5 — 4-8 in length with caudal. Head pointed, about 3.5 — 4.2,
4-5 — 5-5 *n length with caudal. Eye with a gelatinous membrane,
which is anteriorly broader than behind, 3!/4 to more than 4,
shorter than snout and than interorbital space, more so in

159

older specimens. Maxillary barbels somewhat longer than the
rostral ones, about equal to half diameter of eye. Origin of
dorsal in the middle between end of snout and root of caudal,
about above hindborder of nth scale of lateral line and oppo-
site to origin of ventrals or slightly behind it, separated by
10 scales from occiput. Dorsal concave, the anterior rays elon-
gated, its fourth spine very strongly ossified and strongly
serrated, its stiff portion longer than the head. Anal concave,
its height about equal to head without snout, its simple rays
rather weak. Ventrals separated by 4 scales from lateral line,
somewhat longer than height of anal, slightly shorter than
pectorals which reach ventrals. Caudal deeply forked, its lobes
pointed, about equal to head. Least height of caudal peduncle
more than twice in head, surrounded by 1 6 scales. Silvery, back
darkish. Distal part of dorsal and caudal dark. Length 450 mm.
[Specimens of Barbus enoplos from BLEEKER's collection in
the Leiden Museum seen by us].

Nomen indig: Badjang (Djambi); Djolli (Palembang) ;
Tjakkul, Wader (Javan.).

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang, Djambi!); Java (Surabaya,
Ngawi on Solo river). — Siam.

5. Cyclocheilichthys de Zwaani (M. Web. & de Bfrt.).

Barbus repasson Max Weber, Zool. Ergeb. Reise Niederl. Ost-Indien, Hft. 2, 1894,

p. 421 (nee Bleeker).
Barbus de Zwaani Max Weber & de Beaufort, In : Alfred Maass : Durch Zentral-

Sumatra, II, 1912, p. 525.

D. 3.8; A. 3.5; P. 1.15—16; V. 2.9; L.I. 36— 37; L.tr.T.

6*

Compressed, dorsal profile ascending from snout to dorsal,
with a slight convexity behind nape. Height 3 or somewhat
more, 3.7 — 3.9 in length with caudal. Head 3.1 — 3.4, 3.7 — 4.3
in length with caudal. Snout slightly prominent. Eye 4 — 4.4,
1.2 — 1.5 in snout and shorter than interorbital space, 1.5 — 1.8
in postorbital part of head. A very short barbel behind
corner of mouth and a pair of minute rostral ones. Origin
of dorsal opposite to 13^ scale of lateral line, in the middle
of a line connecting end of snout and end of shortest caudal
rays, separated by 15 scales from occiput. Dorsal concave,
third spine strongly ossified and strongly denticulated, with
its flexible portion 1.2 — 1.3 in head, 1.3 — 1.5 in height of body,

i6o

its stiff part about as long as head without snout. Anal slightly
emarginate, about equal to head without snout or less. Origin
of ventrals separated by 4 scales from ioth scale of lateral
line, their length about equal to that of pectorals. Ventrals
not reaching anus. Pectorals short, more than i!/2 in length
of head, not reaching ventrals. Caudal deeply forked, the lobes
pointed, somewhat shorter than head. Least height of caudal

Fig. 67. Cydochelllchthys de Zwaani (M. Web. & de Bfrt.) X 3/4-

peduncle nearly 2!/2 in length of head and more than i!/2 in
its length, surrounded by 16 scales. Silvery, back reddish
brown, 6 to 8 longitudinal bands corresponding to the series
of scales, the hindborder of which shows besides an oblong
blackish or brownish patch. A faint blackish round patch at
the end of the lateral line. Length about 210 mm. [Type of
the species in the zoological Museum of Amsterdam].

Nomen in dig. : Turiq (Singkarah).

Habitat: Sumatra (Solok!; Lake of Singkarah!).

6. Cyclocheilichthys repasson (Blkr.).
[Fig. 64, 65, 66, p. 153 and 154].

Barbus repasson Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IV. 1853, p. 295.
Cyclocheilichthys (Cyclocheilichthys) repasson Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr.

II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 370. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 84.
Barbus repasson Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. in.
Barbus CCyclocheilichthys) repasson Steindachner, Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ge-

sellsch. XXV. 1901, p. 453.
Barbus repasson Popta, Notes Ley den Mus. XXVII. 1906, p. 128.

0.4.8; A, 3.5; P. 1.17— 18; V. 2.9; L.I. 37; L.tr. 7.

Compressed. Dorsal profile strongly ascending and curved
from behind eyes. Height about 2.6, about 3.3 in length with

caudal. Head about 3.5, 4.1 — 4.4 in length with caudal. Eye
3 — 3]/2, shorter than flat interorbital space and shorter than
snout, nearly equal to but always less than 1J9 shorter than
postorbital part of head. Skin of head gelatinous, with a
multitude of parallel, more or less wavy sensory lines. Snout
blunt, prominent. Lips swollen, the lower one mesially with a
posterior curve, its frontpart with longitudinal folds. The
lower jaw received within the upper. Barbels 4, small, much
shorter than half eye, the posterior pair near the corner of
the mouth, longer than the anterior ones ; the base of both is
hidden in a fold of the skin, running before upper lip to
behind corner of mouth. Mouth subinferior, strongly arched.
Origin of dorsal about in the middle of a line connecting end
of snout with end of shortest caudal rays, opposite to I Ith lateral
scale, separated by 13 — 14 scales from occiput, situated behind
origin of ventrals. Dorsal concave, total length of its fourth
osseous very strong spine, the hindborder of which is roughly
denticulated, together with its flexible portion about equal to
head, and about i!/2 in height of body. Anal concave, its
third strong spine about equal to length of head without snout.
Origin of ventrals separated by 4 scales from the Qth scale of
the lateral line. Ventrals about 2/3 of length of head, surpassing
anus. Pectorals reaching ventrals, about 3/4 length of head.
Caudal deeply incised, its lobes broadly rounded, shorter than
head. Scales rather thin, finely longitudinally striated with
parallel lines. Least height of caudal peduncle twice in length
of head and less than length of caudal peduncle, surrounded
by 20 scales. Yellowish, back dark, 9 longitudinal dark bands,
formed by corresponding series of black spots on the scales,
the upper and lower of which are the faintest. A large black
patch in the lateral line somewhat before origin of caudal.
Dorsal, anal and caudal darkish, at least in their outer part,
other fins hyaline or with a dark hue. Length 280 mm.

Nomen indig. : Repasson (Lampong, Sumatra); P6J6
(Samarinda).

Habitat: Sumatra (river Pangabuang (Lampong), Muarah
Kompeh on river Kompeh, rivers Selapian and Ruan, river
Kwantang: Taluk!, river Kampar: Gunung Sahilan !, Djambi!);
Java (Sunter!); Borneo (river Kapuas: Putus Sibau !, Sebruang,
river Mahakam : Samarinda !, Bunut ! and its affluent Bo, rivers
Mendalam !, Knapei and Baram). - - Siam.
INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES III. n

162

7. Cyclocheilichthys lineatus (Popta).

Barbus lineatus Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXV. 1904 — 1905, p. 171. — Ibid.

XXVII. 1906, p. 129 (nee Duncker),
Barbus Fowlerii Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXVII. 1906, p. 218.

_6_

D. 3.8; A. 3.5; P.I.I;; V. 1.9; L.I. 36— 37; L. tr. T.

5*

Compressed. Dorsal profile slightly ascending from snout to
dorsal. Height equal to length of head, 3c/n — 37/10 in length
without caudal. Eye 3!/3 — 32/3, equal to or !/o less tnan slightly
convex interorbital space, and slightly shorter than bluntly
pointed snout and postorbital part of head. Maxillary barbels
longer than rostral ones, equal to or longer than half eye. Origin of
dorsal opposite to I2*h scale of lateral line, midway between
end of snout and root of caudal, separated by 1 3 scales from
the occiput. Dorsal emarginate, its height about equal to height
of body, its third spine denticulated behind. Anal emarginate,
beginning below 23rd scale of lateral line, its height equal to
length of pectorals. Origin of ventrals separated by 3!/2 scales
from nth scale of lateral line, their length equal to that of
the pectorals; they dont reach to the anal. Pectorals 5 times
in length of body, reaching ventrals. Caudal deeply forked, its
lobes pointed, somewhat longer than head. Least height of
caudal peduncle equal to 3/7 of length of head, surrounded by
16 scales. Pale yellow, a broad brown longitudinal band on
the sides, ending in a triangular spot at the base of the caudal.
Two dark brown lines in this band, two others below it and

4 above it, a narrow dorsal median brown band from head
to caudal. Dorsal and caudal with a brown hue. Length 106 mm.
[Type of the species in the Leiden Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Borneo (river Bo, affluent of river Mahakam).

8. Cyclocheilichthys deventeri (Blkr.).

Capoeta Deventeri Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IX. 1855, p. 413.
Cyclocheilichthys (SiajaJ Deventeri Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini,

1860, p. 375. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 87.
Barbus deventeri Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 138.

6(51)

0.4.8; A. 3.5; P. 1.12—14; V. 2.9; L.I. 34; L.tr._j__.

51
Height 3, 3% in length with caudal; head 33/4, more than

5 in length with caudal. Eye about 3, about equal to interor-
bital space, about equal to snout. Mouth rather small, with the

i63

upper jaw overlapping the lower. Maxillary barbels a little
shorter than eye. Origin of dorsal opposite to I2th scale of
lateral line, somewhat behind that of ventrals, separated by
about 12 scales from occiput. Dorsal emarginate, the fourth
osseous spine is of moderate strength and finely serrated, with
its flexible portion somewhat longer than head. Anal emarginate,
its height conspicuously less than that of dorsal. Pectorals
about equal to ventrals, longer than head without snout. Four
series of scales between root of ventrals and lateral line. Pec-
torals reaching ventrals; ventrals not reaching anal. Caudal
forked, its lobes pointed, longer than head. Least height of
caudal peduncle twice in length of head, 1.6 in its own length,
surrounded by 12 — 14 scales. Colour according to BLEEKER:
base of most scales of back, sides and tail with a transverse
narrow brownish patch. A round blackish spot on the end
of the lateral line. Length 113 mm.

N o m. i n d i g. : Lelawah.

Habitat: Java (Lake Kamodjing near Tjihampeh!, Lake
Grati).

Of this species exists one specimen of 113 mm. in a very
bad state in the British Museum, described by BLEEKER and
GtJNTHER, and young specimens of about 50 mm. seen by us.

9. Cyclocheilichthys armatus (C.V.).

Bar bus armatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVI. 1842, p. 163.
Barbus Valenciennesi Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen. XXIII. (1849) 1850, Ichth.

Midden & Oost Java, p. 17.
Cyclocheilichthys (Cyclocheilichthys) armatus Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr.

II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 368. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 84.
Barbus armatus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. in.
Barbus armatus Popta, Notes Ley den Mus. XXVII. 1906, p. 126.

6|

D.4.8— 9; A. 3.5; P. 1.15— 16; ¥.2.9; L. 1. 35— 36; L. tr. j_.

6^

Dorsal profile of head strongly descending to the very blunt
snout, that of back strongly arched. Height about 2.4, 3 in
length with caudal. Head 3.4, about 4.5 in length with caudal.
Eye 3.4 — 3.6, about equal to snout and slightly shorter than
flat interorbital space, about J/3 shorter than postorbital part
of head. A pair of very short barbels near corner of mouth
and sometimes a rudimentary pair of rostral barbels. Origin
of dorsal opposite to ioth or nth scale of lateral line, some-

164

what behind the middle of a line, connecting end of snout
and base of caudal, separated by 14 — 15 scales from occiput.
Dorsal concave, 4^ spine strongly ossified and strongly denti-
culated, with its flexible portion somewhat shorter than head
and about i1^ in height of body. Anal concave, its third spine
rather strong, the length of which equals the head without snout
or nearly so. Origin of ventrals separated by 4 to 4]/2 scales from
9*h scale of lateral line. Length of ventrals about equal to that
of pectorals, equal to distance from hindborder of operculum
to nostril. Ventrals reaching anus, pectorals reaching on base
of ventrals. Caudal deeply forked, longer than head. Least
height of caudal peduncle less than twice in length of head,
somewhat less than 4/5 of length of caudal peduncle, surrounded
by 1 6 scales. Silvery, upper surface reddish brown, 7 or 8 rows
of small brown spots, corresponding to the rows of scales, the
upper and lower most incomplete. A large round blackish
blotch at the base of the caudal. Fins more or less darkish.
Length 230 mm.

Nomen in dig. : Pojo (Samarinda); Puhing (Bo); Lawak,
Lalawak (Malay. Batavia); Wader (Javan.); Seren, Sakka
(Sundan.).

Habitat: Sumatra (Lahat); ponds on Island Singkep !; Java
(Batavia, Perdana, Parongkalong, river Brantas near Surabaya !) ;
Borneo (river Kapuas : Sintang, river Mahakam : Samarinda !
and river B6). - - Siam.

We made this description after two specimens from the Island
Singkep and after one specimen from Samarinda, Borneo. We
are not sure that this is the Barbus armatus of C.V. and of
BLEEKER, as our specimens are higher. The differences in the
number of scales of the 1.1 is of no importance, as we would
find a higher number when counting the two small scales perfo-
rated by the 1.1, which runs upwards along the hindborder of
the operculum. Moreover BLEEKER gives for the 1.1 35 in his des-
cription of B. valenciennesi, which he himself afterwards con-
sidered to be the same as B. armatus. Principally on account
of the high and short caudal peduncle of our specimens, through
which characteristic they differ from B. repasson, we bring
them to B. armatus. Moreover there is a difference in the
relative length of eye and postorbital part of head. We find
only 2 barbels in the two specimens from Singkep, but we do not

i65

think this of great importance, as GuNTHER (1. c.) says that
one of the typical specimens of BLEEKER had also only 2 barbels.

10. Cyclocheilichthys siaja Blkr.

Capoeta enoplos Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie II. 1851, p. 431 (nee Bleeker,

see p. 159).
Cyclocheilichthys (Siaja) siaja Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sclent. Indo-neerl. VIII. 1860,

Achtste bijdrage vischf. Sumatra, p. 52. — Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II.

Cyprini 1 860, p. 374. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 86.
Cyclocheilichthys (Siaja) macropus Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini

1860, p. 373. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 86 i).
Barbus siaja Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 137.

6J

D.4.8; A. 3.5; P. 1.16— 18; V. 2.9; L.I. 37; L. tr. jt_.

6*

Compressed, dorsal profile slightly arched. Height 3%, 4!/3
in length with caudal; head about 32/3, about 4!/2 in length
with caudal. Eye about 3, equal to snout and interorbital space
and about equal to postorbital part of head. Upper jaw slightly
overlapping the lower. A pair of very small barbels, about
half eye in length, near the corner of the mouth. Origin of
dorsal opposite nth scale of lateral line, midway between end
of snout and root of caudal and slightly behind origin of
ventrals, separated by about 13 scales from occiput. Dorsal
emarginate, fourth dorsal spine very strong, denticulated behind,
its stiff portion equal to head. Anal slightly emarginate, third
spine shorter than head. Pectorals and ventrals subequal, 6x/4 — 7
in total length, not reaching ventrals. Ventrals not reaching
anal, separated by 4 — 4!/2 scales from ioth scale of lateral line.
Caudal deeply forked, lobes pointed, somewhat longer than
head. Least height of caudal peduncle less than its length,
more than twice in length of head, surrounded by 16 scales.
Silvery, upper surface darkish. Generally a roundish blackish
spot at the end of the lateral line and a humeral one. Length
about 200 mm.

N o m. i n d i g. : Siaja (Malay. Sumatra).

Habitat: Sumatra (Padang, Solok, Lakes Manindjau and
Singkarah, Gunung Sahilan !); Borneo (river Kapuas: Pontianak,
Sambas, Smitau). - - Malacca.

i) In the Atl. Ichth. III. plate CXXXVI. (Cypr. XXXV) the figures of
Puntius schwanefeldi and C. macropus are interchanged 5 this explains the mistake
of Vinciguerra (Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova XIV. 1879, P- 3^9)i w^o wrongly iden-
tified specimens of P. schwanefeldi as C. macropus.

1 66

ii. Cyclocheilichthys megalops Fowl.

Cyclocheilichthys megalops Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia (2) LVII,
1905, p. 483-

,,Head 3; depth 3; 0.3, 1.8; A. 3.6; P. i.iS; V. 1.9; scales
32 in lateral line to base of caudal, and 3 more on latter;
12 scales before dorsal; 7 scales obliquely back from origin
of spinous dorsal to lateral line; 5 scales obliquely forward
from origin of spinous anal to lateral line; width of head 2!/8
in its length; depth of head, over middle of orbit, i4/7; snout
23/4; eye 3; maxillary 3!/2; interorbital space 3!/2; length of
depressed spinous dorsal a trifle more than head; of anal i1^;
of pectoral T!/3; of ventral i*/4; least depth of caudal peduncle 21/2-

Body moderately elongate, well compressed, and greatest
depth about origin of dorsal, so that back is a little elevated.
Upper profile nearly straight from tip of snout to origin of
dorsal. Caudal peduncle compressed, its least depth about iljB
in its length.

Head compressed, moderately long, and upper profile hori-
zontally oblique and straight. Snout rather long and obtuse.
Eye large, longer than deep, a little anterior and high. Pupil
large, vertical. Mouth inferior and terminal, upper jaw about
even with tip of snout. Lips rather thin and transversely plicate.
Tongue little free or distinct. Mandible inferior, not extending
forward opposite tip of upper jaw. Upper jaw protractile. A
small pointed maxillary barbel at corner of mouth. Nostrils
adjoining, close in front of upper orbital rim. Preorbital long,
about 7/8 of length of horizontal orbital diameter. Interorbital
space flattened, a trifle concave medianly.

Gill-opening lateral, not extending quite as far forward as
posterior margin of orbit. Rakers 3+5, soft fleshy slender
processes, much shorter than filaments, which are about equal
to horizontal diameter of pupil. Isthmus broad. Scales large,
arranged in parallel horizontal series, and cycloid. A row of
scales along base of dorsal and anal, each forming an adnate
sheath. Base of caudal scaly. A scaly pointed flap at inner
base of pectoral. Head and fins with these exceptions naked.
Skin of head with numerous parallel striae or plications, trans-
verse above and vertical laterally. Lateral line of single tubes
continuous, a little decurved at first till horizontal.

Origin of dorsal about opposite that of ventral, nearer base

i67

of caudal than tip of snout, fourth ray spine-like with posterior
edge becoming coarsely serrated above, and when depressed
first branched ray reaches well beyond others or about 2/3 of
distance to base of caudal. Anal inserted about midway between
origin of dorsal and base of caudal, third ray enlarged but
with flexible tip, and depressed fin reaching opposite base of
caudal. Caudal damaged. Pectoral low, small, and reaching
back for about first fifth of length of ventral. Ventral with
first branched ray longest and reaching anal.

Color in alcohol brown, lower surface paler and with traces
of silvery. Each scale on back with a dusky-brown spot,
regular in disposition, so that longitudinal series are formed,
and several persisting even below lateral line, but lowest much
paler than those above. Lower surface of head pale like
abdomen. Fins same color, dorsal more or less tinted with
dusky, and caudal and anal with brownish. Iris pale brassy-
brown". Length 85 mm. [After FOWLER, not seen by us].

Habitat: Borneo (Baram river).

We think it probable that this species is only a young
specimen of C. siaja. When FOWLER writes: "it agrees with
BLEEKER's description of Capoeta enoplos, but his figure (Atlas
Ichth. III. 1863, p. 82, PL (27) 128 fig. 2), agrees with Sumatran
examples of Cyclocheilichthys siaja, which may be distinguished
by the smaller eye, always less than a third of the length of
the head", he overlooked that the quoted figure refers to
Barbus enoplos Bleeker, which is a quite different species.

17. Lissochilus n. g.
Oblong, compressed. Snout convex, bluntly rounded, slightly

Fig. 68. Lissochilus sumatranus n. sp. X 2/3-

prominent, laterally to below eye with series of tubercles on

1 68

pores. No lateral lobe. Anterior border of snout pendulous, entire,

forming a rostral fold. Mouth moderate, semicircular, protractile ;

lips continuous, entire, the upper one rather thick, the lower one

rather thin, mesially connected with

the isthmus so that the postlabial

groove is restricted to the lateral

parts of the lower lip; it is distinc-

tly separated from the lower jaw,

which is covered by a horny sub-

stance, forming a sharp edge !). A

pair of rostral and maxillary barbels.

Eye with a free orbital rim. Dorsal

with 9 branched rays, its last un-

divided ray OSSeOUS and entire, Origi- ^axillary barbel; c. horny covering
,. i A i t ._ of lower iaw: //. lower lip; n.

natmg before ventrals. Anal short nostril . A,. postlabial groove? in.
with 5 branched rays. Scales large, terrupted in the middle ; r/. rostral
longitudinally striated. Lateral line fold; «/. upper lip.
running in the middle of the tail.

Sensory tubes undivided. No sensory folds on head. Gillmem-
branes united with the isthmus. Gillrakers very short, few in
number. Pharyngeal teeth in 3 series, uncinate, 5.3.2 — 2.3.5.

Distribution: Mountain streams of Sumatra, Malacca,
the Southern Shan States and the Himalaya range.

Key to the species.

L.I. 26 — 29 L. dukai p. 168.

L.I. 24 — 25 L. sumatranus p. 169.

i. Lissochilus dukai (Day).

Barbus Dukai Day, Fishes of India 40. 1878—1888, p. 564.

Bar bus soro'ides Duncker, Mitt. a. d. Naturhist. Museum Hamburg XXI. 1904, p. 178.

M

D. 3.9; A. 8; P. 1.14; V. 1.8; L.I. 26—29; L. tr.j^.

4l
Height 3.4 — 3.6, about 4.5 in length with caudal. Head

about 4, less than 5 in length with caudal. Eye 3!/2 to about
4, about i!/2 times in snout, which is shorter than the inter-
orbital space. Snout somewhat prominent, barbels longer than eye.
Even in young specimens the prae- and suborbital are crowded
with tubercles on pores. Origin of dorsal opposite to 7* scale

i) This horny covering is not visible in formol specimens.

169

of lateral line, separated by 8 — 9 scales from occiput. Dorsal
emarginate, its height equal to the distance from hindborder
of operculum to nostrils, its third simple ray weakly ossified
and articulated. Anal truncate, its height about equal to length
of head without snout. Origin of ventrals separated by 2'/2
scales from 8th scale of lateral line. Ventrals shorter than
pectorals. Pectorals not quite as long as distance from hind-
border of operculum to nostrils. Caudal forked, about equal
to head. Least height of caudal peduncle about i]/2 times in
its length, surrounded by 12 scales. Uniform grayish, yellowish
white below, when young with a black patch at the base of
the caudal. Length at least 160 mm. [After 2 specimens from
Balassang river near Kurseong, British India].

Habitat: Sumatra [after Duncker]. - • Malay Peninsula,
North Eastern Bengal, Southern Shan States, rivers of Hima-
laya range.

2. Lissochilus sumatranus n.sp. [Fig. 68, 69, p. 167, 168].

3_i

0.3—4.9; A. 3.5; P. 1.15; V. 1.8; L.I. 24— 25; L.tr.j^.

3*

Height 3.1 — 3.2, 4 — 4.2 in length with caudal. Head 3.4 — 3.7,
4.5 — 4.6 in length with caudal. Eye 4 — 4.2, nearly i1^ in snout,
which is slightly longer than interorbital space. Snout bluntly
convex, prominent. Upper lip rather thick. Rostral barbel about
equal to eye, maxillary one longer. Below the eye and reaching
to base of rostral barbel, a rather long patch of pores, arranged
in 4 irregular horizontal rows ; each pore carries a horny tubercle
in the centre. Origin of dorsal much nearer to snout than
to end of caudal, separated by 7 — 8 scales from occiput and
opposite to the 6th scale of lateral line. Dorsal concave, its
last simple ray not strongly ossified, its height equal to the
distance from hindborder of operculum to nostrils. Anal truncate,
its height somewhat more than head without snout, when
depressed not reaching caudal. Ventrals slightly longer than
height of anal, reaching anus or not so far; their origin
separated by 2 scales from the 7th scale of lateral line. Pectorals
longer than height of dorsal, reaching ventrals or nearly so.
Caudal nearly equal to head. Least height of caudal peduncle
more than i!/2 times in its length, surrounded by 12 scales.
Colour uniform, back darker; lobes of tail generally black.

1 70

Length 148 mm. [Type of the species in the zoological Museum
of Amsterdam].

Habitat: Sumatra (Bandar Baru !) ; collected by Dr. L.
PH. DE BUSSY.

1 8. Puntius Hamilton Buchanan.
(HAMILTON BUCHANAN, Fishes Ganges 1822, p. 310).

Oblong, more or less compressed. Snout generally short and
obtuse, without pores or tubercles in indo-australian species.
Mouth terminal or subinferior. Upper jaw more or less pro-

Fig. 70. Puntius brevis (Blkr.) X 2-

tractile. Lips generally thin, continuous. The postlabial groove
which runs parallel with the lips, is interrupted in the middle
of the lower jaw. Lower lip sometimes separated by a super-

Fig. 71. Puntius belinka (Blkr.) Pharyngeal teeth. X 4-
ficial furrow from the lower jaw, which has no bony covering.
Eyes sometimes with a narrow circular gelatinous membrane.
Suborbital bones narrow. A rostral and a maxillary pair of

I/I

barbels, the rostral ones or all barbels may be wanting. Dorsal
with 7 — 9 branched rays, with a scaly sheath at its base; its
origin is opposite to that of ventrals or slightly behind it or
before it. Last simple ray of dorsal generally enlarged, ossified
and serrated. Anal with 5 — 7 branched rays, its simple rays
generally ossified. Scales large or moderate, smooth or with
longitudinal radiating lines of different character. Lateral line
complete or incomplete, running in or nearly in the middle
of the tail, with 17 — 38 scales. Sensory tubes undivided. No
sensory folds on head. Gillmembranes united to isthmus,
opposite to hindborder of eye or praeoperculum. Pharyngeal
teeth 5 or 4. 4 or 3. 3,2 or I — 3, 2 or I. 4 or 3. 5 or 4.

Distribution: Indo-australian Archipelago (from Sumatra
to Borneo and Lombok). Philippines. Temperate and tropical
parts of Asia and Africa.

Artificial key to the indo-au strait an species
of Puntius.

I. Linea lateralis incomplete, no rostral barbels.

a. Linea lateralis with 17 (19) scales. Caudal peduncle

surrounded by 8 scales P. oligolepis p. 173.

b. Linea lateralis with 23 scales. Caudal peduncle sur-
rounded by 12 scales P. sumatranus p. 191.

II. Linea lateralis complete.

a. Last simple dorsal ray not ossified P. aphya p. 175.

b. Last simple dorsal ray osseous.

1. Osseous dorsal ray smooth P. brevis p. 176.

2. Osseous dorsal ray denticulated behind.

A. Four barbels. Anal spines rather weak.

1.8 — 9 scales between L.I. and dorsal 5 L.I. 35 — 36.
a. 9 scales between L. 1. and dorsal. Origin of dorsal
opposite to 1 3th scale and separated by 16 scales

from occiput P. belinka p. 177.

£.8 scales between L.I. and dorsal. Origin of dorsal
opposite to nth scale and separated by 13 scales

from occiput P. schwanefeldi p. 178.

2. 7 or less scales between L. 1. and dorsal. L. 1. by ex-
ception 34, generally less.
A. 12 scales round caudal peduncle.

(a). With more or less complete transverse dark bands.

1. 2 — 2>/2 scales between L.I. and ventrals.

4V.2

a. L. tr. I . Two anterior transverse and a poste-

3Vi
rior longitudinal band P. lateristriga p. 179.

3V2

b. L. tr. i . A transverse bar across nape, an

4V~2

anterior longitudinal band and 5 spots on

each side P. everetti p. 180.

2. 3 — 3'/2 scales between L.I. and ventrals.

a. 6 transverse bands, the first through eye.

5>/2 scales between L.I. and dorsal P. hexazona p. 181.

b. 5 transverse bands on body only. 5'/2 (6)

scales between lateral line and dorsal ..../*. pentazona p. 182.

c. 4 transverse bands on body only; 41/2scales

between L. 1. and dorsal P. tetrazona p. 183.

(£). With longitudinal bands ; 3 — 4 scales between L.I.

and ventrals P. fasciatus p. 184.

(c). No transverse bands, a single lateral band may

be present, there may be spots.

a. Height of caudal peduncle 2'/2 times in head;

iV2 times in its length; eye 5 P. tawarensis p. 185.

b. Height of caudal peduncle ± 2 times in head,

more than i'/2 times in its length; eye 4.6 — 5. P. microps p. 186.

c. Height of caudal peduncle I'/g — 2 times in
head, equal to its own length or */s shorter ;

eye 3.3 — 4.5 P. binotatus p. 186.

?. 1 4 — 1 8 scales round caudal peduncle.

(a). Height i3/4 in length P. platysoma p. 189.

(b). Height more than 2 in length.

1. L.I. 23 P. anchisporus p. 190.

2. L. 1. 27—34.

a. 4 lateral black blotches P. elongatus p. 191.

b. Without lateral blotches.
a. Anal rays 3.5.

a). Caudal peduncle surrounded by 14
scales.

6_

a. L. tr. i. Seven blackish longitudinal

4
streaks on the body P. strigatus p. 192.

SVi-6

b. L.tr. i . No longitudinal streaks. P. huguenini p. 193.

^S^
If). Caudal peduncle surrounded by 16

scales.

173

a. Dorsal spine with its flexible part
somewhat shorter than head, finely

serrated, with about 30 serratures. P. orphoides p. 193.

b. Dorsal spine with its flexible part
equal to but usually longer than
head, coarsely serrated; with about
20 serratures.

1. Least height of caudal peduncle
i!/3 — i*/2 in length of head. Ven-
trals separated by 3Y2 scales

from L. 1 P. bramoides p. 195.

2. Least height of caudal peduncle
1.7 — 2 in head. Ventrals separated

by 2V2 scales from L.I P. collingivoodi p. 196.

/3. Anal rays 3.6.

a. Barbels minute; 5 1/2 scales below lateral

line, 3 — 3'/a between it and origin of

ventrals P. javanicus p. 197.

b. Barbels longer than eye; 4^/2 scales

below lateral line, 2y2 between it and

origin of ventrals P. sunieri p. 199.

B. No barbels. Anal spines strongly ossified.

1. Anal 3.5.

a. Caudal peduncle surrounded by 16 scales, 7 scales

between L. 1. and D., 4'/2 between V. and L. 1. P. bulu p. 199.

b. Caudal peduncle surrounded by 18 — 20 scales, 9

scales between L. 1. and D., 5 — 6 between V. and L.I. P. waandersi p. 200.

2. Anal 3.6. Caudal peduncle surrounded by 20 scales,

9 scales between L.I. andD., 5 — 5^2 between V. and L.I. P. nini p. 202.

3. Anal 3.7. Caudal peduncle surrounded by 16 scales;

8 scales between L.I. and D., 4 between L.I. and V. P. lawak p. 203.

Doubtful species.

P. amblyrhynchus p. 204.
P. bunter p. 204.
P. carassioides p. 204.
P. vittatus p. 205.

i. Puntius oligolepis (Blkr.).

Capoeta oligolepis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IV. 1853, p. 296.
Systomus (Capoeta) oligolepis Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini,
i860, p. 357.

174

Puntius (Capoeta) oligolepis Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 109.

Barbus oligolepis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1 868, p. 147.

Puntius (Capoeta) oligolepis Vinciguerra, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva XIV. 1879, p. 396.

Barbus oligolepis Max Weber, Zool. Ergebn. Reise Niederl. Ost-Ind., 1894, p. 423.

D. 4.8; A. 3.5; P. 1. 12; V. 1.7—8; L. 1. 17 (and 2—4 on

3i
caudal) ; L. tr. j_.

3*
Oblong, dorsal profile slightly arched. Height 2.7 — 2.9,

3.4 — 3.7 in length with caudal. Head 3.2, 4 — 4.2 in length
with caudal. Eye 2.6 — 2.8, about equal to snout and inter-
orbital space. Snout blunt, slightly prominent above semicir-
cular mouth. Lips continuous. A barbel at the corner of the
mouth, shorter than eye. Origin of dorsal opposite to 7th or
8th scale of lateral line and about opposite to ventrals; in the
middle between end of snout and root of caudal; separated
by 8 scales from occiput. Dorsal truncate, none of the rays
osseous, about 3/4 length of head. Anal truncate, its height

Fig. 72. Puntius oligolepis (Blkr.) X 3-

about half length of head. Ventrals and pectorals subequal,
ventrals reaching anus. Pectorals 3/4 length of head. Caudal bifur-
cate, shorter than or equal to head. Least height of caudal
peduncle twice in head, i]/2 in its own length, surrounded by
8 scales. Scales with radiating longitudinal lines. Linea lateralis
incomplete, only the 6 or / first scales being perforated. Silvery,
upper surface brownish, base of scale-pouches dark brown,
giving the fish a reticulate appearance. There may be a
black patch at base of caudal. Fins powdered with brown,
anterior and upper margin of dorsal and anal and greater part
of ventrals and pectorals deep brown. Length 47 mm.

175

Habitat: Sumatra (Priaman, Lake Manindjau, Kaju Tanam !,
Ajer Mantjur, Pajakombo!). — In brooks, lakes and rivers.

2. Puntius aphya (Gthr.).

Gnathopogon javanicus Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 117. Ned. Tijdschr.

Dierk. II. 1865, p. 137.
Bar bus aphya Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 137.

4l

D. 2.7; A. 2.6; P. i.is1); V. 2.6; L. 1. 35 ; L. tr. T.

4'i

Elongate, compressed. Dorsal profile from snout to dorsal
somewhat convex. Height 4l/2. Head 33/4in length without caudal.
Eye less than 4, with a circular membrane, slightly longer than
snout. Interorbital space convex, a little more than diameter
of eye. Snout acutely convex. Praeorbital pentagon, anterior
inferior and lower posterior border straight, upper borders
strongly concave, longer than the inferior borders, both united
in an acute angle, looking towards the nostrils. Jaws even
anteriorly, maxillary reaching to the vertical from the orbit.
Lips slender. Two maxillary barbels, shorter than eye. Origin
of dorsal somewhat in advance of the ventrals and nearly
midway between the end of the snout and the root of the
caudal. Dorsal scarcely emarginate, its height not much less
than that of the body. Second simple ray slender, not osseous,
flexible. Anal scarcely emarginate, lower than dorsal. Simple
rays not osseous and very slender. Ventrals and pectorals
subequal, about ?l/2 times in length, slightly longer than post-
orbital part of head. Ventrals not reaching anal, separated by
2y2 series of scales from lateral line. Pectorals ending at some
distance from the ventrals. Caudal deeply incised, its lobes
acute, about 42/3 in length [after BLEEKER] 2). Least height of
caudal peduncle a little more than twice in head and 1.4 in its own
length. Free part of scales longitudinally and somewhat radially
striated. Lateral line straight, the tubes simple, reaching the
free border of the scales or nearly so. Colour in spirits brown
with a distinct silvery band from head to caudal, broadest
posteriorly. Length of single specimen known 6 1 mm.
Habitat: Java!

1) In the description of BLEEKER in Atlas Ichthyologique 1. c. the number of
the pectoral rays is erroneously given as 1.17.

2) In the only available specimen the caudal is wanting.

1/6

As there is some discrepancy in the description of BLEEKER
and GCNTHER of the single known specimen, preserved in
the British Museum, we draw attention to the fact that the
above description is made after reexamination of the type by us.

3. Puntius brevis (Blkr.) [Fig. 70, pag. 171].

Capoeta brevis Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen. XXIII. (1849) l%$°-> Ichth. Midden-
en Oost-Java, p. 21.

Capoeta javanica Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IX. 1855, p. 412.

Systomus (Capoeta) brevis Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 355.

Systomus (Capoeta) leiacanthtts Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Podr. II. Cyprini,
1860, p. 356.

Puntius (Capoeta) brevis Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 108.

Puntius (Capoeta) leiacanthus Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 109.

Barbus liacanthus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 141 (pro parte).

Bar bus brevis Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 145.

4H5)

D. 3.8; A. 3.5; P. 1.11 — 14; V. 1.8—9; L-1- 23— 26; L. tr. i .

4l(5)
Compressed, dorsal profile from snout to dorsal ascending,

slightly convex, with a concavity above the nape. Height
2.7 — 2.8, head 3.6 to about 4. Eye more or less than 3, about
!/3 longer than snout and slightly less than the somewhat
flattened interorbital space. Mouth nearly terminal, strongly
arched, jaws equal. A maxillary barbel at the corner of the
mouth, shorter than the eye. Origin of dorsal opposite to 8th
scale of lateral line and to that of ventrals, before the middle
of a line connecting end of snout and base of caudal, sepa-
rated by 9 scales from occiput. Dorsal concave, the third
osseous ray of moderate strength and smooth behind, with its
flexible portion about equal to length of head. Anal emarginate,
the third simple ray only osseous at the base, its height equal
to about half head. Ventrals and pectorals subequal, about
equal to head without snout. Ventrals separated by 2!/2 — 3
scales from lateral line; their end far distant from anus or
reaching it. Pectorals nearly reaching ventrals or not so far.
Caudal deeply incised, its lobes pointed. Least height of caudal
peduncle more than iJ/2 times in length of head, somewhat
shorter than its own length, surrounded by 12 scales. Scales
with 2 to 4 radiating lines, in some scales more numerous
and anastomising. Silvery, back darkish. With or without a
more or less distinct black spot at the end of the lateral line

1/7

(P. leiacanthus Blkr.), if it is wanting there may be a silvery
band along the sides. Length 90 mm.

N o m. i n d i g. : Tjahul (Tulung Agung); Lukas, Wader (Javan.).

Habitat: Java (Buitenzorg, Tulung Agung !, Pasuruan, Grati,
Surabaya, Gombong, Palabuan). - - Siam.

In rivers, lakes and marshes.

4. Puntius belinka (Blkr.) [Fig. 71, p. 171].

Systomus (Barbodes) belinka Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1 860,

p. 321.

Puntius (Barbodes) belinka Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 93.
Barbus schwanefeldi Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 112 (p. p.)-
Barbiis (Puntius) belinka Max Weber & de Beaufort, In Maass : "Durch Zentral

Sumatra" II. 1912, Fische p. 526.

0.4.8; A. 3. 5(6); P.I.I4— 16; V.2.8; L.I. 36; L.tr.T.

6V

Profile strongly arched from snout to dorsal. Height 2.3 — 2.4,
3.1 in length with caudal. Head 4.1 — 4.3, 5.4 — 5.8 in length
with caudal. Eye 3.6, about equal to snout and somewhat more
in postorbital part of head. Mouth terminal; four barbels, equal to
or somewhat longer than eye. Origin of dorsal opposite to
13th scale of lateral line and slightly before middle of line con-
necting end of snout and last scales on tail, separated by 16
scales from occiput. Dorsal deeply emarginate, the last ray
prolonged. Fourth dorsal spine rather strong, coarsely denti-
culated behind, with its stiff portion somewhat shorter than
head, nearly twice in height. Anal emarginate, height of third
spine more than i\/2 in head. Origin of ventrals separated by
4 scales from IIth scale of lateral line, somewhat shorter than
pectorals, not reaching anus. Pectorals equal to distance from
hindborder of operculum to nostrils, far distant from base of
ventrals. Caudal deeply forked, its lobes pointed, much longer
than head. Least height of caudal peduncle 1.2 — 1.3 in its
length, about i2/3 in head, surrounded by 16 scales. Scales
without longitudinal lines. Silvery, back dark, in formol specimens
with faint longitudinal lines, corresponding to the rows of
scales. Posterior part of dorsal darkish. Caudal lobes with an
intramarginal black band. Length 235 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Padang, Solok!, lake Singkarah). —
Malacca.

INDO AUSTRALIAN FISHES III. 12

'78
5. Puntius schwanefeldi (Blkr.).

Barbus Schwanefeldii Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie, V, 1853, P- 5*7-
Systomus (Barbodes) Schwanefeldi Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini,

1860, p. 323.

Pun fins (Barbodes) Schwanefeldi Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 94.
Barbus schwanefeldi Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1 868, p. 112 (pro parte).
Cyclocheilichthys (Siaja) macropus Vinciguerra, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva XIV.

*879, p. 389 (nee Bleeker).
Barbus schwanefeldii Max Weber, Zool. Ergebn. Reise Niederl. Ost Indien,

Heft 2, 1894, p. 421.
Barbus (Barbodes) schwanefeldi Steindachner, Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Gesellsch.

XXV. 1901, p. 453.

Barbiis Schwanefeldi Vaillant, Notes Leyden Museum XXIV. 1902, p. 94.
Barbus Schwanefeldi, var. rubra Vaillant, 1. c. p. 95.
Barbus schwanefeldi Volz, Revue Suisse Zool. XII. 1904, p. 474.
Ptintius Schwanefeldii Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Science Philadelphia (2) LVII.

1905, p. 485.

£

D. 3.8; A. 3.5(6); P. 1.14— 15; V. 2.8; L.I. 35-^36; L.tr.^.

6

Profile strongly arched from snout to dorsal. Compressed.
Height 2.3 — 2.4, 3 or less in length with caudal. Head 3.5 — 4,
5 in length with caudal. Eye 3 — 3.7, somewhat shorter than
snout, longer than snout in smaller specimens. Snout bluntly
pointed, upper jaw slightly prominent. Lips rather thin. Four
barbels, the rostral ones shorter than those at the corner of
the mouth, which are much longer than eye. Origin of dorsal
about opposite to IIth scale of lateral line and to middle of line
connecting end of snout and root of caudal, separated by 13
scales from occiput. Dorsal concave, third dorsal spine very
strong, with strong teeth posteriorly, nearly equal to head or
somewhat shorter (with its flexible part). Anal deeply concave,
its strong smooth third spine shorter than the dorsal one.
Ventrals about equal to pectorals, their origin separated by
3 or 3*/2 (4) scales from Qth scale of lateral line, surpassing
anus. Pectorals somewhat shorter than head, reaching to or
surpassing base of ventrals, in old specimens as long as head
and not reaching ventrals. Caudal deeply forked, its lobes
pointed, much longer than head. Least height of caudal peduncle
equal to its length, about i2/3in head, or less in old specimens,
surrounded by 16 scales. Scales with more or less parallel
conspicuous longitudinal lines. Silvery, upper surface greyish
brown in alcohol specimens, sides and lower surface whitish.
Fins hyaline. Upper part of dorsal blackish, pectorals dark.

179

A blackish longitudinal intramarginal band runs along each
lobe of the caudal. Length 340 mm.

N o m. i n d i g. : Lampan (Lampong, Sumatra) ; Kepiat (Djambi);
Tenadak mera, Lempem or Lampam (Mahakam).

Habitat: Sumatra (Padang, Solok, Lake Singkarah !, Padang
Pandjang, Pajakombo, Lake Manindjau, river Kwantan or
Indragiri: Si-Djungdjung!, Taluk!, Ringat!, river Kampar:
Gunung Sahilan !, river Lamatang ilir : Benekat, Upper Langkat,
Djambi !, river Musi: Palembang, river Kompeh: Muara Kompeh,
river Pangabuang (Lampong), river Uler, Serdang) ; Borneo
(river Kapuas: Pontianak, Kota Bangun !, Bunut! and its upper
course, river Baram, Lake Danau Sriang, river Mahakam : Sama-
rinda!, Batu Pangal !). — Malacca, Siam.

6. Puntius lateristriga (C. V.).

Barbtis lateristriga Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons, XVI. 1842, p. 161.
Barbm lateristriga Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie III. (1851) 1852, p. 95.
Systonms (Barbodes) lateristriga Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini

1860, p. 342. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 102.
Barbus lateristriga Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 125.
Bar bus lateristriga Steindachner, Ichth. Notizen, Sitzber. Akad. Wien, LXI.

I. Abth. 1870, p. 632.

Barbus lateristriga Volz, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. System. XIX. 1903, p. 399.

4|

D.4.8; A. 3.5; P. 1.14— 15; V. 1.8; L.I. 23; L. tr.T.

34

Oblong, compressed, somewhat elevated. Dorsal profile
ascending with a slight convexity behind the nape. Height
2.4 — 2.5, 3 — 3.1 in length with caudal. Head 3.7, 4.5 — 4.8 in
length with caudal. Eye about 4, situated close to the upper
profile of the head, much shorter than obtuse snout, i!/2 in
flat interorbital space. Snout obtuse, mouth nearly terminal.
Rostral barbels nearly equal to eye, maxillary ones conspicuously
longer. Origin of dorsal opposite to that of ventrals, opposite
to 7th or 8th scale of lateral line, separated by 8 scales from
occiput, about in the middle between end of snout and base
of caudal. Dorsal nearly truncate, the fourth osseous spine
rather strong, with fine and crowded serrae; in adult specimens
more than half as long as head, in younger ones longer than
head without snout. Anal slightly emarginate, longest rays
equal to half head, longer in young specimens. Ventrals and
pectorals subequal. Ventrals separated by 2 — 2!/2 scales from
lateral line, not reaching anus. Pectorals about 2/3 of head,

i8o

not reaching ventrals. Caudal emarginate, lobes rounded, shorter
than or about equal to head. Least height of caudal peduncle
1.8 to nearly twice in head, much less than its own length, sur-
rounded by 12 scales. Scales with longitudinally radiating striae.
Silvery, upper surface brownish, a triangular black blotch on the
top of the head. A broad band descending from back to pectorals,
a second tapering one descending from base of dorsal to
ventrals; a longitudinal black band along the middle of the
tail. There may be an anterior longitudinal band between the
two crossbands. Often a black spot above base of anal.
Length 180 mm.

Nomen indig. : Dokkum (Sundan.).

Habitat: Sumatra (Sungei Putih near Serdang!, Air Runding
in Padangsche Benedenlanden !, Ravin of Arau !, Si-Djundjung!,
Solok, Lahat, Benkulen, Telok Betong, river Semangus, affluent
of river Musi, Sungei Sunkaka, Sungei Mahe, Upper Langkat,
Deli); Singapore; Java (Batavia, Buitenzorg, Tjampea, Sading-
wetan, Tjipanas) ; Borneo (Bangkajang, Seminis, Lumar, Danau
Sriang, Senah); Banka; Biliton; Singkep !. — Malacca.

7. Puntius everetti (Blgr.).

Barbus Everetti Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) XIII. 1894, p. 248.

3i
D.4.8; A. 3.5; P. 1.13; V. 1.7; L.I. 22— 25; L. tr. j_.

4*

Height 2.1, 3.7 in length with caudal; head 3.7, 4.7 in length

with caudal. Eye 4.2, 1.6 in interorbital space, 1.4 in snout,
which is rounded and not prominent. Rostral barbels i2/3 to
twice as long as diameter of eye, a little shorter than maxil-
lary barbels. Origin of dorsal opposite to that of ventrals
and to 8th scale of lateral line, separated by 9 scales from
occiput. Fourth dorsal spine rather feeble, with 17 — 22 serrae,
its stiff portion about half length of head, with its flexible
portion about equal to head without snout. Height of anal a
little more than half length of head. Ventrals slightly shorter
than pectorals ; separated by 2 scales from 8th scale of lateral
line. Pectorals longer than head without snout. Caudal forked,
about equal to length of head. Least height of caudal peduncle
1.7 in head, 1.2 in its own length, surrounded by 12 scales.
Brown above, yellowish beneath ; a black bar across the nape,
a short longitudinal black streak on each side of the anterior

part of the body. Five round black spots on each side, two
above the lateral line and two below it above the ventral and
anal, which may be united to not well marked crossbars. The
fifth spot on the lateral line a little in front of the base of
the caudal; dorsal and anal tipped with blackish. Total length
100 mm. [Type of the species in the British Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Singapore; Poeh, Sarawak (Borneo); Bunguran
Island.

Note. This species is near to Puntius tetrazona (Blkr.), from
which it chiefly differs by the number of scales of the linea
transversalis and by only 2 scales instead of 3 between origin
of ventrals and lateral line. It has also some affinity to P. late-
ristriga (C.V.). It may be possible that it is a hybrid between
the lastnamed species and P. tetrazona (Blkr.).

8. Puntius hexazona (M. Web. & de Bfrt.).

Bdrbus (Barbodes) hexazona Max Weber & de Beaufort, In Alfr. Maass: Durch
Zentral-Sumatra, II. 1912, Fische, p. 527.

51

D. 4.8; A. 3.5; P. 1.14; V. 1.8; L.I. 23— 25; L. tr. j_.

4l

Oblong, dorsal profile strongly arched, with a slight conca-
vity above the nape. Height 2.3 — 2.4, 3 or somewhat more
in length with caudal. Head 3.2 — 3.4, 4.3 — 4.4 in length with

Fig- 73- Puntius hexazona (M. Web. & de Bfrt.) X IV-2-

caudal. Eye about 3, about equal to snout and interorbital
space. Barbels longer than eye. Origin of dorsal opposite to
8th or Qth scale of lateral line, somewhat behind origin of
ventrals, in the middle of a line connecting end of snout and
base of caudal, separated by 9 scales from occiput. Dorsal

182

truncate, fourth osseous spine rather strong, with about 20 serrae,
with its flexible part somewhat longer than head without snout.
Anal truncate, its height shorter than head without snout.
Ventrals and pectorals subequal. Ventrals reaching anus, sepa-
rated by 3 — 31/2 scales from lateral line. Pectorals nearly equal
to head without snout. Caudal deeply emarginate, the lobes
rounded, about equal to length of head. Least height of caudal
peduncle about i !/2 in head, somewhat shorter than its own
length, surrounded by 12 scales. Scales faintly striated. Colour
of formol specimens dark red, lighter towards belly. Six black
light-margined transverse bands, the first through eye, bent
backwards and uniting on the nape with that of the other
side, the second behind pectorals from back to belly, the third
from origin of dorsal to ventrals, the fourth behind dorsal to
beginning of anal, the fifth in the middle of the caudal peduncle,
the sixth at the base of caudal. Ventrals with traces of orange-
red. Length 55 mm. [Type of the species in the zoological
Museum of Amsterdam].

N o m. in dig.: Ikan kadis (Djambi).

Habitat: Sumatra (Djambi!, Bagan api api !, Taluk !, Lalak
on river Indragiri !).

Note: This species may be only a colour-variety of
P. pentazona (Blgr.).

9. Puntius pentazona (Blgr.).

Barbus pentazona Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) XIII. 1894, p. 248.
Barbus (Barbodes) pentazona Steindachner, Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Gesellsch.
XXV. 1901, p. 454.

5K6)

D. 3.8; A. 3.5; L.I. 22— 25; L.tr. i .

4*

Height 22/5— 3. Head 32/5— 3%, 4lj3— 5 in length with caudal.
Eye 3, shorter than rounded not prominent snout and nearly
equal to interorbital width. Rostral barbels 3/4, maxillary barbels
il/2 diameter of eye. Third dorsal spine strong, 2/3 length of
head with 18 to 20 strong serrae, the spine opposite to inner
ventral ray and equally distant from end of snout and caudal
fin. Longest ray of anal 2/3 length of head. Three scales between
lateral line and base of ventrals. Brown above, yellowish
beneath, with 5 black bands completely encircling the body,
the first behind the pectorals, the second from the anterior
dorsal rays to behind the ventrals, the third above the anal,

i §3

the fourth and fifth on the caudal peduncle. These bands may
have a brownish-yellow margin. Base of dorsal or part of it
blackish. Length 51 mm. [After BOULENGER and STEINDACHNER,
not seen by us].

Habitat: Singapore [British Museum] ; Borneo (Baram river,
Akar river [British Museum]). — Malay Peninsula [British
Museum].

10. Puntius tetrazona (Blkr.).

Barbus tetrazona Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sclent. Indo-Neerl. II. 1857. Tiende Bijdr.

Ichth. Borneo p. 14.
Systotnus (Barbodes) tetrazona Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860,

P- 341-

Puntius (Barbodes) tetrazona Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 102.
Barbus tetrazona Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 124.

4|

D.4.8; A. 3.5; P. 1.14; V. 1.8; L.I. 24— 25; L.tr. _i_-

4}

Compressed, dorsal profile arched from snout to dorsal.
Height 2.8, 3.1 in length with caudal. Head 3.5, 4.7 in length
with caudal. Eye 3.8, slightly shorter than snout and inter-
orbital space. Snout obtuse, slightly prominent, rostral barbels
shorter than maxillary ones, which are nearly twice eye. Origin
of dorsal opposite to 8th scale of lateral line and to origin of
ventrals, nearly opposite to the middle of a line connecting
end of snout and base of caudal, separated by 9 scales from
occiput. Dorsal nearly truncate, fourth osseous spine of moderate
strength and finely serrated behind, with its flexible portion
equal to head without snout. Anal truncate, its longest rays
half length of dorsal. Pectorals and ventrals equal, slightly
shorter than head. Ventrals reaching anus, outer prolonged ray
reaching anal; separated by 3 scales from lateral line. Outer
ray of pectorals prolonged, reaching on ventrals. Caudal deeply
emarginate, lobes somewhat pointed, shorter than head. Least
height of caudal peduncle nearly half length of head, i'/2 in
its own length, surrounded by 12 scales. Scales with longitudinal
striae. Colour of specimen examined probably faded. Silvery,
with brownisch upper surface. A dark broad band from back
behind nape to above pectorals, a second broad band from
base of dorsal to ventrals, a third band across the tail to base
of anal but not continued below lateral line, a fourth band
nearly reduced to a large patch at end of caudal peduncle.
An indication of a longitudinal band immediately above the

1 84

lateral line, beginning somewhat before second band and nearly
reaching to the third. After BLEEKER and GONTHER the four
crossbands of their specimens blackish violet, edged with yellow.
Length 88 mm.

Habitat: Singapore!; Borneo (river Kahajan and river
Kapuas).

ii. Puntius fasciatus (Blkr.).

Barbus fasciatus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie V. 1853, p. 190.

Systomus (Barbodes) fasciatus Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini,

1860, p. 344.

Puntius (Barbodes) fasciatus Bleeker. Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 103.
Barbus fasciatus Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 122.
Barbus fasciatus Vaillant, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (3) V. 1893, p. 78.
Barbus fasciatus Volz, Revue suisse de Zool. XII. 1904, p. 475.

5 (4j)

0.4.8; A. 3.5; P. 1.14—16; V. 2.8; L.I. 27; L. tr. i .

4*

Compressed, oblong, dorsal profile nearly straight. Height
2.8 — 2.9, 3.7 in length with caudal. Head 3.5 — 3.6, 4.5 — 4.9
in length with caudal. Eye somewhat more than 3, nearly equal
to snout, slightly less than interorbital space. Snout somewhat
pointed, mouth terminal. Rostral barbels shorter than maxil-
lary ones, which are somewhat longer or more than twice longer
than eye. Origin of dorsal opposite to 9th or ioth scale of
lateral line and opposite to origin of ventrals, separated by
10 — ii scales from occiput, about in the middle of a line con-
necting end of snout and base of caudal. Dorsal nearly truncate,
its fourth osseous spine very feeble and finely serrated behind,
somewhat shorter than head. Anal emarginate, much shorter
than head without snout. Ventrals separated by 3 to 4 scales
from lateral line, equal to pectorals, reaching anus. Pectorals
about equal to head without snout. Caudal forked, the lobes
pointed, somewhat longer than head. Least height of caudal
peduncle twice in head or nearly so, i]/2 or less in its own
length, surrounded by 12 scales. Colour yellowish brown. Body
with dark brown longitudinal bands, one in the lateral line,
3 above it and one or two below it and a median one on the
back. Length 120 mm.

Nom. in dig.: Seluang maram (Djambi).

Habitat: Sumatra (Muara kompeh, Djambi !, Lahat, Taluk !,
Gunung Sahilan!, affluent of river Kwantan, Upper Langkat);

Banka; Borneo (Mandhor, river Kapuas, river Kahajan, river
Akar ').

In swamps, brooks and rivers.

12. Puntius tawarensis n. sp.

5(4l)

0.4.7—8; A. 3.5; P. 1.16; V. 1.8— 9; L.I. 25; L. tr. i .

4l

Oblong, dorsal profile of head slightly ascending in a straight
line, behind nape slightly arched or slowly ascending, often
with a sudden elevation behind the nape. Height 3.3 — 3.4,
4.1 — 4.2 in length with caudal. Head 3.2 — 3.3, 4 — 4.1 in length
with caudal. Eye 5, 1.6 — 1.8 in pointed snout, which is some-
what longer than interorbital space. Mouth nearly terminal,
the upper lip overlapping the lower one. Maxillary barbels more
than i!/2 to 2 times as long as eye, the rostral ones shorter.
Origin of dorsal opposite to 8th Or 9th scale of lateral line, and
opposite to or slightly before origin of ventrals, separated by
9 — 10 scales from occiput, opposite to the middle of a line
connecting end of snout and base of caudal or somewhat before
or behind it. Dorsal slightly emarginate, the fourth ossified
spine very strong, with numerous strong teeth behind, its stiff
part equal to head without snout or shorter. Anal nearly straight,
its height equal to about half length of head. Ventrals and
pectorals subequal, ventrals not reaching anus and separated
by 3 scales from lateral line. Pectorals not reaching base of
ventrals, equal to head without snout or shorter. Caudal bifur-
cate, its lobes pointed, shorter than head. Caudal peduncle
slender, its least height about i!/2 in its length and about 2^J2
in length of head, surrounded by 12 scales. Scales without
radiating lines. Colour of formol specimens greyish, brown above
and with a faint dark lateral band above the lateral line.
Length 137 mm. [Type of the species in the zoological Museum
of Amsterdam].

Nomen in dig. : Keperas (Gaju). The Gaju people call the
specimens with a gibbosity behind the nape Kawan, the Atjeh
people Kaduan, and pretend that the scales of the Kawan
are soft, those of the Keperas hard.

Habitat: Sumatra (Atjeh ; Lake Laut Tawar !) ; collected
by Mr. V. D. WERFF.

i) We had occasion to examine a specimen of this species labeled to be
from Ceylon, belonging to the Zoological Museum of Basel.

1 86

13. Puntius microps (Gthr.).

Bar bus microps Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 124.

ii

D.4.8; A. 3.5; P. 1.15— 16; V. 1.8; L.I. 26; L. tr. j_.

4.V

Oblong. Dorsal profile evenly convex from snout to dorsal,
or with a slight elevation behind nape. Height 3.4—37, 4.2—4.6
in length with caudal. Head 37—3.8, 4.6 in length with caudal,
its upper profile strongly ascending. Eye 4.6 to nearly 5,
about i!/2 in snout, which is pointed and somewhat prominent
and equal to interorbital space. The upper lip overlapping the
lower one. Lips rather thin, continuous. Barbels subequal, the
maxillary ones about twice as long as the eye. Origin of
dorsal opposite to 8th scale of lateral line and to origin of
ventrals, separated by 9 — 10 scales from occiput, conspicuously
before the middle of a line connecting end of snout and base
of caudal. Dorsal truncate, its fourth osseous spine denticulated
behind, with its flexible portion longer than head without
snout. Anal truncate, its height about twice in length of head.
Ventrals shorter than pectorals, not reaching anus, separated
by 2]/2 to 3 scales from lateral line. Pectorals not reaching
ventrals, about equal to distance between nostrils and hind-
border of operculum. Caudal bifurcate, the lobes somewhat
rounded, shorter than head. Least height of caudal peduncle
somewhat more or less than twice in length of head, more
than i!/2 in its own length, surrounded by 12 scales. Scales
with faint longitudinal lines, often anastomising near their base.
Colour silvery, upper surface brownish. Length 125 mm. [Type
of the species in the British Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Java (subterraneous river in cave Djomblang near
Gunung Sewu in Djocja!). GtiNTHER gives as locality for the
types: Java?".

Some of the specimens from the above named cave, col-
lected by Mr. E. JACOBSON, have lost one or both eyes, pro-
bably through mutilation by Crustacea.

14. Puntius binotatus (C.V.)

Barbus maculatus van Hasselt, Algem. Konst- en Letterbode 1823, II. p. 132

(no description).

Barbus binotatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVI. 1842, p. 168.
Barbus maculatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVI. 1842, p. 195.
Barbus oresigenes Sleeker, Verb. Batav. Gen. XXIII. (1849) 1850, Bijdr. Ichth.

Midden- en Oost Java, p. 17.

i87

Barbus blitonensis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie III. (1851) 1852, p. 96.
Barbus kusanensis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie III. 1852, p. 429.
Barbus polyspilos Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XIII. 1857, p. 351.
Systomus (Barbodes) maculatus Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini 1860,

P. 347-
Systomus (Barbodes') goniosoma Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini

1860, p. 349.

Puntius (Barbodes) maculatus Bleeker, All. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 104.
Puntius {Barbodes) goniosoma Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 105.
Puntius (Barbodes) maculatus Kner, Novara Exp. I. Fische, 1865 — 1867^.346.
Barbus maculatus Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 123.
Barbus goniosoma Gunther, Ibid. p. 124.
Puntius {Barbodes) maculatus Vinciguerra, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva XIV. 1879,

P- 391.
Puntitis (Barbodes) goniosoma Vinciguerra, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva XIV. 1879,

p. 396.

Bar bus maculatus var. Gunther, Challenger Exp. Report Shore Fishes 1880, p. 53.
BarbTis goniosoma Vaillant, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (3) V. 1893, p. 81.
Barbiis (Puntius) maculatus Perugia, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva (2) XIII. 1893,

p. 245.

Barbus palavanensis Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) XV. 1895, p. 186.
Barbus {Barbodes) maculattis Steindachner, Abh. Senckenb. Nat. Ges. XXV.

1901, p. 453.

Barbus maculatus Volz, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. Syst. XIX. 1903, p. 398.
Barbus maculatus Volz, Revue Suisse Zool. XII. 1904, p. 475.
Barbus macidatus Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXVII. 1906, p. 138.
Barbodes binotatus Jordan & Scale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXXIII. 1908, p. 538

(salve syn.).

? Barbus ivis Scale, Philipp. Journ. of Science 1909, p. 494.
Barbus maculatus v. hagenii Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXXIV. 1911, p. 9.
Barbodes maculatus Bean & Weed, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XLII. 1912, p. 593.

D. 4.8; A. 3.5 ; P. 1.15-17; V. 1.8—9; L- 1- 23—27; L.tr. i

i?

A very variable species, also in form of body of large specimens
of equal size. Height 2.5 — 3.4, 3.3 — 4.1 in length with caudal.
Head 3.6 — 3.9; 4.5 — 5 in length with caudal. Eye 3.3 — 4.5 in
head, I to 1.7 in snout, 1.3 to nearly 2 in interorbital space.
Snout pointed or more or less blunt. Mouth terminal or nearly
so. Lips rather thin, continuous. Rostral barbels longer than
eye, maxillary ones longer even to more than twice diameter
of eye. Origin of dorsal opposite to 8th or 9th scale of lateral line,
behind origin of ventrals or opposite to it, nearer to caudal
or opposite to the middle of a line connecting end of snout
and base of caudal; separated by 9 — 10 scales from occiput.
Dorsal truncate or nearly so. Fourth osseous spine more or
less strong, conspicuously serrated behind, its height somewhat

1 88

less than length of head, its stiff portion about equal to head
without snout. Anal truncate or nearly so, its height equal to
half head or somewhat longer or shorter. Ventrals shorter than
pectorals, not reaching anus, separated by (2!/2) 3 scales from
lateral line. Pectorals 1.2 — 1.4 in head, equal to head without
snout or longer. Caudal bifurcate, the lobes more or less rounded,
equal to head or somewhat longer or shorter. Least height of
caudal peduncle 1.5 — 2 times in length of head, equal to its
own length or '/3 shorter, surrounded by 12 scales. Scales
with longitudinal lines. In smaller specimens generally a larger
or smaller blackish spot at the base of the anterior dorsal rays

Fig. 74. Puntius binotatus (C.V.). Four stages of growth to show the change
of the markings according to size. X I-3-

and with an other less distinct one in the middle of the root
of the caudal, preceded by a faint dark longitudinal band.
This band develops out of a series of more or less confluent
black spots. In still younger specimens this series is represented
by four or three widely separate black spots, they have besides
a black spot at the base of the anal, which disappears later
on. Large specimens often show no markings at all, they may
also show nuptial epidermoidal pearls or violet spots in the
centre of each scale. Length about 170 mm.

Nomen indig. : Bunter and Benter (Sundan.) ; Wader tjakul
(Javan.) ; Tanah and Sepadak (Benkulen) ; Tewaring (River Bo) ;
Sunow (Kajan); Pujan (Bandjermassin),

1 89

Habitat: In brooks, rivers, ponds all over Sumatra, Nias,
Java, Bali, Lombok, Borneo, Banka, Biliton, Singapore. —
Malacca, Philippines. — Numerous specimens seen by us from
Sumatra, Nias, Java, Borneo.

GliNTHER mentions I.e. among the localities of Barbus bino-
tatus "i young Amboyna. From the collection of Mad. Ida
Pfeiffer." This is without question erroneous, as no Cyprinid
occurs in Ambon.

Note: We have included Barbus palavanensis Blgr., the
type of which we have seen in the British Museum, in the
above list of synonyms of Puntius binotatus (C.V.), as we consider
it to be a colour-variety of that species, where the markings
of the immature (see our figure 74, p. 189) have been retained.

15. Puntius platysoma (Blkr.).

Barbus platysoma Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IX. 1855, p. 404.
Systomus {Barbodes) platysoma Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. . Prodr. II. Cyprini,

1860, p. 336.

Pimtius (Barbodes} platysoma Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 100.
Barbus platysoma Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 122.

7_

0.4.8; A. 3.5; P. 1.12—13; V. 2.8; L.I. 26; L. tr. j_.

5

Strongly compressed, much elevated, dorsal profile much
arched. Height i3/4, almost 2!/2 in length with caudal ; head 3.6,
52/3 in length with caudal !). Eye about 3, longer than the short,
obtuse snout, 1.4 in interorbital space. Barbels subequal, not much
longer than eye. Origin of dorsal behind that of the ventrals,
separated by about 10 scales from occiput and nearer to root
of caudal than to end of snout. Dorsal emarginate, its fourth
osseous spine strong, coarsely serrated, its stiff portion being
as long as head without snout, with its flexible portion longer
than head. Anal emarginate, much lower than dorsal. Ventrals
and pectorals subequal, 52/3 in length, slightly shorter than
head, separated by 3!/2 series of scales from lateral line, nearly
reaching anal; the pectorals nearly reaching ventrals. Caudal
deeply incised, the lobes pointed, longer than head. Caudal
peduncle short, twice as high as long, its height i2/5 in length
of head, surrounded by about 18 scales 1). Coloration uniform.

i) The single specimen known, preserved in the British Museum and studied
by us, is much damaged; the measures including the caudal are taken from
BLEEKER'S description.

Length of the single specimen known 180 mm. [The single
specimen known, in the British Museum, seen by us].

Nomen in dig. : Wader (Javan.).

Habitat: Only one specimen known from Java, Surakarta

1 6. Puntius anchisporus (Vaill.).

Barbus anchisporus Vaillant, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. 1902, p. 96.

IT

D. 4-8; A. 3.5; P. 1.13—14; V. 1.8; L.I. 23; L.tr.j_.

5*

Oblong, elevated. Dorsal profile strongly arched, with a
concavity from snout to nape. Height 2 or somewhat more,
about 23/4 in length with caudal. Head 3.2 — 3.3, 4.2 — 4.3 in
length with caudal. Eye 2.6 — 3, not much longer than snout
and about equal to interorbital space. Snout somewhat pointed,
mouth nearly terminal. Four barbels, shorter than eye, the rostral
ones the shortest. Origin of dorsal opposite to Qth scale of lateral
line, separated by 10 scales from occiput, about in the middle 01
a line connecting frontmargin of eye and caudal. Dorsal nearly
truncate. Fourth dorsal spine strongly ossified and strongly
denticulated, with its flexible portion about equal to head without
snout, its stiff portion equal to half head. Anal nearly truncate,
its height more than half head. Ventrals and pectorals equal,
as long as head without snout. Ventrals reaching anus, sepa-
rated by 4 scales from /th scale of lateral line. Caudal deeply
emarginate, slightly longer than head. Least height of caudal
peduncle about 1.8 in head, and somewhat shorter than its
own length, surrounded by 14 scales, 7 of which are above
the lateral line. Scales longitudinally striated. Colour of formol
specimens pale yellowish, with four transverse dark brown bands,
the first through the eye to lower border of praeoperculum,
bent backwards above the eye and meeting that of the other
side, the second one before dorsal to base of ventrals, dimi-
nishing in size from above to below, occupying 3 — 4 scales in
its broadest part, the third immediately behind dorsal to base
of anal and continued on base of dorsal and anal, or the band
on the dorsal is an intramarginal one (VAILLANT), fourth one
at the end of the caudal peduncle. Traces of red on the fins
and of a red patch behind operculum. Base of scales with a
light brown transverse band. Length 60 mm.

Habitat: Borneo (river Mahakam, Kapuas!).

17. Puntius sumatranus (Blkr.).

Capocta tetrazona Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IX. 1855, p. 262.
Systomus (Capoeta) sumatranus Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini,

1860, p. 354.

Puntitis (Capoeta) sumatranus Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 108.
Bar bus sumatranus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII, 1868, p. 140.
Bar bus sumatranus Vaillant, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (3) V. 1893, p. 82.

Differs from the preceding species only in the absence of
the rostral barbels, in having only 12 scales round the caudal
peduncle and in having only the anterior 8 or 9 scales of the
lateral line perforated. The second transverse band is narrower.
Length 70 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Lahat, Taluk!, Ringat!, Deli); Borneo
(Bengkayang, Mandhor, Danau Sriang, river Kapuas). — Siam
[British Museum].

DUNCKER (Mitth. Naturh. Mus. Hamb. XXI. 1904, p. 180)
describes a colour variety from Malacca in which the third
transverse band is dorsally bent backwards, and not confluent
with a black patch at the base of the dorsal, which is continued
on the base of its rays.

1 8. Puntius elongatus (Scale).

Bar bus mactilatus Vaillant, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (3) V. 1893, p. 79.

(nee C.V.).
Barbus elongatus Scale, Philippine Journ. Sci. V. n°. 4, 1910, p. 265.

4j

0.3.8; A. 3.5; P. 16; V. 1.8; L.I. 28— 29; L. tr.j_.

3

Oblong, dorsal profile rather gibbous, that of head straight,

declivous. Height 3.4 — 3.6, 4.3 — 4.4 in length with caudal.
Head more or less than 4, more or less than 5 in length with
caudal. Eye 4.5 — 4.8, conspicuously shorter than snout and
about twice in flattened interorbital space, situated in the
anterior half of the head. Snout convex, slightly prominent,
mouth arched, its angles reaching below frontborder of eyes.
Four about equal barbels, half as long as head or somewhat
longer. Origin of dorsal opposite to 9th scale of lateral line,
separated by 9 — 10 scales from occiput and conspicuously
before the middle of a line connecting end of snout and root
of caudal. Third dorsal ray weakly ossified, serrated behind ;
its total length about !/4 shorter than length of head. Dorsal

I92

nearly truncate. Origin of anal opposite to i^ scale of lateral
line, its height less than that of dorsal. Outer ray of pectorals
and ventrals with a thread-like prolongation. Pectorals with
that prolongation, somewhat longer than head; reaching on
ventrals. Ventrals much shorter than pectorals, their origin
separated by 21/2 scales from the ioth scale of the lateral line.
Ventrals not reaching anus. Caudal deeply forked, equal to
head. Least height of caudal peduncle 1.5 — 1.6 in its own length,
1.7 in head, surrounded by 16 scales. Colour silvery with a
slight shade of yellowish ; four round black spots on middle
line of sides, one at base of caudal, one at origin of lateral
line, two on the lateral line near the middle. A black spot at
base of dorsal and at origin of anal. In young specimens
a black spot at the end of first anal rays. Length more than
100 mm.

Habitat: Borneo (Tidung on river Sebuku, North East
Borneo!, Sandakan, Kina Balu?).

19. Puntius strigatus (Blgr.).

Barbiis strigatus Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) XIII. 1894, p. 247.

6^

D. 3.8; A. 3.5; L.I. 29; L. tr. j_.

4

Height almost 2J/2, about 3!/3 in length with caudal; head
4.1, 5.6 in length with caudal. Eye 3, nearly equal to snout,
somewhat shorter than interorbital space. Rostral barbel slightly
longer than eye, 3/4 length of maxillary barbel. Origin of dorsal
opposite to ioth scale of lateral line, separated by n scales
from occiput; dorsal concave, its height equal to length of
head ; its third spine strong and serrated, 4/s length of head.
Origin of anal below 17^ scale of lateral line. Its height 5/6
length of head, its spines weak. Origin of ventrals separated
by 3 scales from 9th scale of lateral line. Ventrals shorter than
pectorals, which are about equal to length of head. Caudal
much longer than head. Least height of caudal peduncle i2/3
in length of head and about i!/4 in its own length, surrounded
by 14 scales. Grey above, silvery beneath, with seven blackish
longitudinal streaks running between two series of scales;
pectorals blackish above. Total length 168 mm. [Type of the
species in the British Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Borneo (Bongon).

193
2O. Puntius huguenini (Blkr.).

Bar bus huguenini Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IV. 1853. p. 294.
Systonms (Barbodes} Huguenini Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini,

1860, p. 332.

Puntius (Bar bodes} Huguenini Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 98.
Bar bus huguenini Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 120.

51-6

D. 4.8; A. 3.5; P. 1.14—15; V. 2.7—8; L.I. 30—32; L. tr. i .

5-54
Strongly compressed, back convex, profile of neck and head

sloping downward nearly in a straight line. Height 2.5 — 2.7,
3.3 — 3.6 in length with caudal. Head rather small, 4.3 — 4.7, about
5.7 — 6.3 in length with caudal. Eye 3.2 — 4.6, equal to or conspi-
cuously shorter than snout, 1.2 to more than twice in interorbital
space. Rostral and maxillary barbels subequal and about equal to
or longer than diameter of eye. The origin of the dorsal is a
little behind the vertical from that of the ventrals, midway
between the end of the snout and the root of the caudal and
separated by 10 scales from occiput. Dorsal acute, its height
somewhat more or equal to length of head ; its osseous ray is
strong with the serrature very conspicuous and rather coarse, the
denticulations being numerous and closely set, and with the stiff
portion being longer than the head without snout. Anal acute,
emarginate, its height not much less than that of dorsal. Pectorals
and ventrals subequal; in the large specimen the outer ventral
rays prolonged and reaching anus ; pectorals slightly shorter
than head. There are two and a half to three longitudinal
series of scales between the lateral line and the root of the
ventral fin. Caudal deeply incised, its lobes acute, much longer
than head. Least height of caudal peduncle about equal to
its own length, 1.4 — 1.7 in length of head, surrounded by 14
scales. Silvery, back darker, base of scales with a transverse
narrow band. Length 460 mm. [The type of the species of
176 mm. length as also a specimen of 460 mm. length from
lake Korintji, both in the British Museum, have been seen by us].
Habitat: Sumatra (river Ombilin ! and lake Korintji!).

21. Puntius orphoides (C. V.).

Barbus rubripinna van Hasselt, Algem. Konst- en Letterbode 1823, II. p. 132

(no description).
Barbus gardonides Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVI. 1842, p. 157

(p.p. spec, javan. tantum).
INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES III. 13

194

Barbus orphoides Cuvier & Valenciennes, ibid. p. 193.

Barbus rubripinnis Cuvier & Valenciennes, ibid. p. 194.

Barbus sarananella Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIII (1849) 1850, Ichth. Midden-
en Oost-Java p. 16.

Barbtis rubripinnis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IX. 1855, p. 406.

Systomus (Barbodes') rubripinna Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini,
i860, p. 337.

Puntius (Barbodes} rubripinna Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. IOO.

Barbus rubripinnis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 116.

Barbodes rubripinnis Jordan & Scale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXXIII. 1908, p. 538.

5—51

D.4.8; A. 3. 5; P. 1.14—16; V. 1.8; L. 1.31— 34; L.tr. i .

51

Body compressed, somewhat elevated. Dorsal profile from
snout to dorsal arched. Height about 2!/2 to almost 3, more
than 3 — 3!/2 in length with caudal. Head 3.2 to nearly 4, 4.2
to nearly 5 in length with caudal. Eye 4 — 6 in adult specimens,
shorter than snout, situated far below the upper profile of
the head, the interorbital space being very convex and nearly
twice the diameter of the eye. Snout obtuse. Barbels subequal,
equal to or longer than eye. Origin of dorsal opposite to 9th
scale of lateral line, slightly behind that of ventrals, separated
by 10 or ii scales from occiput, before the middle of a line
connecting end of snout and base of caudal. Dorsal emarginate,
fourth spine strongly ossified, finely serrated behind by about
30 serratures; with its flexible part somewhat shorter than
head; its stiff portion somewhat more than postorbital part
of head. Anal nearly truncate, its height shorter than head
without snout. Ventrals shorter than pectorals, not reaching
anus, separated by 3 — 3!/2 scales from lateral line. Pectorals
about equal to head without snout. Caudal bifurcate, the lobes
somewhat pointed, as long as or slightly longer than head.
Least height of caudal peduncle 1.6 in head, 1.2 — 1.3 in its
own length, surrounded by 16 scales. Scales with radiating
longitudinal lines, they may have nuptial, pearly tubercles.
Silvery, upper surface brownish, in young specimens a black
blotch near end of lateral line. Caudal with a broad blackish
marginal band above and below. Length 250 mm.

Nomen indig.: Marotja, Marotjotja, Wadonon (Malay.
Batavia); Sisik-milik, Ampa (Sundan.); Brek, Pekkiseh, Lundjar,
Wader (Javan.).

Habitat: Java (Batavia, Sunter !, Tjibitong, Bekassi !, Serang,
Rankasbetong, Tjampea, Buitenzorg, Banjumas, Purwuredjo,

195

Pasuruan, Grati, Ngantang); Madura (Sumenep!); Borneo
(Danau Sriang, according to von Martens, Sandakan! [British
Museum]). — Siam.

22. Puntius bramoides (C.V.).

Barbus bramoides Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVI. 1842, p. 160.

^.Barbus hypselonotus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Ibid. p. 168.

Barbus wadon Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen. XXIII. (1849) 1850, Ichth. Midden- en

Oost-Java, p. 14.

Barbus erythropterus Bleeker, Ibid. p. 15.

Barbus amblycephalus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie VIII, 1855, p. 166.
Barbus macrophthalmus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IX. 1855, p. 404.
^.Barbus hypselonotus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XIII. 1857, p. 349.
Barbus bramoides Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XVI. 1858 — 1859, p. 357.
Systomus (Barbodts) amblycephalus Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini,

i860, p. 324.

Systomus (Barbodes} erythropterus Bleeker, Ibid. p. 325.
Systomus (Barbodes) bramoides Bleeker, Ibid. p. 327.
Systomtis (Barbodes) hypselonotus Bleeker, Ibid. p. 334.
Systomus (Barbodes) macrophthalmus Bleeker, Ibid. p. 335.
Puntius (Barbodes) amblycephalus Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 94.
Puntius (Barbodes) erythropterus Bleeker, Ibid. p. 95.
Puntius {Bar bodes] bramoides Bleeker, Ibid. p. 95.
Puntius {Barbodes) hypselonotus Bleeker, Ibid. p. 98.
Puntius {Barbodes) macrophthalmus Bleeker, Ibid. p. 99.
Barbus bramoides Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 117.
Barbus bramoides Popta, Notes Leyden Museum XXVII. 1906, p. 138.

6*

D. 4.8; A. 3.5; P. 1.14— 16; V. 2.8; L.I. 28— 31; L. tr.j_.

5*

Strongly compressed, elevated, dorsal profile arched. Height
2'/2, 3— 3'/4 ^ ^ngth with caudal. Head 33/4— 43/4, 5i/2_63/5in
length with caudal. Eye 2]/2 — 3'/4, much longer than snout and
equal to or nearly ]/2 shorter than interorbital space. Snout very
short and obtuse; four subequal barbels, shorter than or equal to
eye. Origin of dorsal above or slightly behind origin of ventrals
and a little before the middle of a line connecting the root of
the caudal and the end of the snout, situated above the ioth
to iith scale of lateral line, separated by n — 13 scales from
occiput. Dorsal emarginate. Fourth osseous ray strong, coarsely
serrated by about 20 serratures; its stiff portion about equal
to distance between nostril and hindborder of operculum ; with
its flexible portion equal to or longer than head. Anal emar-
ginate, its height more or less shorter than that of dorsal.
Ventrals and pectorals subequal, not much shorter than head,

196

6 — 63/4 in total length. Ventrals separated by $l/2 series of
scales from lateral line. In large specimens the ventrals do not
reach the anal, the pectorals not the ventrals. Caudal deeply
incised, the lobes pointed, longer than head. Caudal peduncle
surrounded by 16 scales; its height i!/3 — i1/? in length of head.
Length nearly 300 mm.

N o m. i n d i g. : Lawak, lalawak, wadon (Malay.) ; Gengehek,
Turap-hawu, Regis (Sundan.); Wader, Wader merah, Lukas
(Javan.); Halap, Halap dua (river Bo); Iblab, Bihee (river Bluu).

Habitat: Java (Batavia, Tjibitong, Tandjong Oost, Buiten-
zorg, Tjampea, Tjikao, Parongkalong, Kuningan, Banjumas,
Ngawi, Surabaya, Kediri) ; Borneo (Pengaron on an affluent of
river Barito; river Bo, affluent of river Mahakam ; river Bluu,
affluent of upper Mahakam, Baram river). — Siam.

23. Puntius collingwoodi (Gthr.).

Barbus collingwoodii Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 483.
Barbus strigatus Vaillant, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. 1902, p. 98 (nee Boulenger).
Barbus boulengeri Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXV. 1904 — 1905, p. 172. — Ibid.
XXVII. 1906, p. 132.

D.4.8; A. 3.5; P. 1.14—15; V. i. 8; L.I. 32— 34;L.tr. i .

4f-5l

Compressed, oval. Height 2.6 — 3.2 !), 3.6 — 4.4 in length with
caudal. Head 4 — 4.5, 5.4 — 5.5 in length with caudal. Eye more
than 3, slightly longer than or equal to snout and somewhat
shorter than interorbital space, which is nearly flat. Snout
rounded. Four barbels of about equal size, longer than eye.
Origin of dorsal opposite to I2*h scale of lateral line and to
middle of length, separated by 12 — 14 scales from occiput.
Dorsal emarginate. The fourth spine coarsely serrated behind
by about 20 serratures ; its stiff portion 2/3 of length of head,
with its flexible part somewhat longer than head. Height of
dorsal equal to length of head. Anal emarginate, its height
about equal to head without snout. Origin of ventrals sepa-
rated by 2!/2 scales from lo^h — nth scale of lateral line,
shorter than pectorals, not reaching anal. Pectorals slightly
shorter than head, nearly or not reaching ventrals. Caudal
deeply incised, lobes pointed, much longer than head. Least
height of caudal peduncle 1.7 — 2 in head, 1.3 — 1.7 in length

i) GUNTHER says: "its depth is one-fourth of the total length (without caudal)".
This must be a misprint.

of caudal peduncle, surrounded by 16 scales. Yellowish, dor-
sally brown or yellowish brown. Base of dorsal and lateral
scales with a transverse brown line. Upper part of dorsal brown,
a blackish intermarginal band on the upper and lower caudal
lobe. Length 215 mm. [Type of the species in the British
Museum seen by us, as also of B. strigatus Vaillant (nee Blgr.)
and of B. boulengeri Popta in the Leyden Museum].

Nom. in dig.: Hanja (Bongan and Howong).

Habitat: Borneo (rivers Raun, Bongan and Howong,
affluents of river Kapuas, river Bo, affluent of river Mahakam,
Baram river! [Brit. Mus.], Senah !, Sarawak!, Tinjar river!,
[Brit. Mus.].

This species is closely related to P. orphoides, from which
it differs by having one scale less between lateral line and
ventrals and by having some scales more between dorsal and
occiput. Moreover the dorsal is higher and the pectorals are
somewhat longer in P. collingwoodi than in P. orphoides.

24. Puntius javanicus (Blkr.).

Barbus gonionotiis Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXIII. (1849) 1850, Ichth. Midden-
en Oost-Java, p. 15.

Barbus javanicus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IX. 1855, p. 403.

Barbus koilometopon Bleeker, Ibid. XIII. 1857, p. 347.

Systomus (Barbodes} javanicus Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini,
1860, p. 328.

Systomus (Barbodes) koilometopon Bleeker, Ibid. p. 330.

Systomus {Barbodes) gonionotus Bleeker, Ibid. p. 331.

Puntius (Bar bodes) javanicus Bleeker, All. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 96.

Puntius (Barbodes] gonionotus Bleeker, Ibid. p. 97.

Ptintius (Bar bodes] koilometopon Bleeker, Ibid. p. 97.

Barbus javanictis Gkinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 118.

Barbus gonionotus Giinther, Ibid. p. 119.

j6^

D. 4.8; A. 3.6; P. 1.14— 15; V. 1.8; L.I. 29— 31; L.tr.X-

Si
Strongly compressed, elevated, dorsal profile arched, often

concave above the occiput. Height about 2.4 — 2.6, more than
3 in length with caudal. Head 4 — 4.3, about 5.5 in length with
caudal. Eye somewhat more or less than 4, somewhat shorter
than snout and about twice in interorbital space. Snout pointed,
mouth terminal. Barbels very minute or rudimentary, especially
the upper ones, which sometimes disappear entirely. Origin
of dorsal opposite to ioth scale of lateral line, behind origin

198

of ventrals, somewhat before or behind middle of a line con-
necting end of snout and base of caudal, separated by n
scales from occiput. Dorsal emarginate, its fourth osseous spine
very strong, strongly dentated behind, somewhat longer than
head, its stiff portion not much shorter than head. Anal emar-
ginate, its first prolonged rays about equal to head without
snout and opposite to 19th scale of lateral line. Pectorals and
ventrals subequal, the ventrals not reaching anus, separated
by 3 — 3!/2 scales from lateral line; pectorals not much shorter
than head. Caudal deeply emarginate, the lobes somewhat
rounded, longer than head. Least height of caudal peduncle
about 1.5 in head, about equal to the length of the caudal
peduncle, surrounded by 16 scales. Scales with numerous un-
dulated longitudinal lines, tubes of lateral line very short. Silvery,
base of scales brownish. Length 330 mm.

N o m. i n d i g. : Lawak, Lalawak (Malay.) ; Turu behaw, Turub
hawu (Sundan.); Tawes, Badir (Javan.).

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang); Java (Batavia!, Krawang,
Bekassi, Buitenzorg!, Tjandjur, Lake Kamodjing near Tjiham-
peh !, Garut !, Parongkalong, Kudus !, Fishpond near Tasik-
malaja!, Ngawi, Gempol, river Brantas!, Tulung Agung!). — Siam.

Note. BLEEKER has founded his Puntius (Barbodes] koilo-
metopon on two specimens of 153 and 164 mm. which, according
to him, differ from Puntius javanicus in having a more slender
operculum, the length of which is contained twice in its height,
whereas it is contained i2/3 — 13/4 times m javanicus. Moreover
the body is higher (height about 3 in length with caudal) and
the dorsal profile very much concave at nape. GtJNTHER
(Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 119), who had the two typical
specimens at his disposition, says: "I do not think that B.koi-
lometopon is specifically different from B. javanicus. The specimen
figured by BLEEKER has the body conspicuously elevated,
the pectoral extending beyond the base of the ventrals; but
this is much less the case in the second specimen, so that it
is even doubtful whether this form can be considered a con-
stantly distinct variety." After reexamination of the two above
named specimens, we agree with GtJNTHER that they do not
differ specifically from P. javanicus Blkr. The difference in the
operculum, named by BLEEKER, does not exist. The height
of one of the specimens is nearly 2.2 and of the other 2.3,
whereas we find the height of P. javanicus as 2.4 — 2.6.

199

25. Puntius sunieri n.sp.

6
0.3.8; A. 3.6; P.I.I;; V. 1.8; L.I. 29— 30; L.tr.jT.

4l
Strongly compressed, elevated. Dorsal profile arched from

snout to dorsal. Height 2.6, 3.3 in length with caudal. Head 4,
5.2 in length with caudal. Eye 3.6, about equal to snout and
nearly twice in somewhat flattened interorbital space. Snout
bluntly rounded, mouth terminal. Barbels 4, long, the maxillary
ones more than i]/2 diameter of eye, the rostral ones some-
what shorter. Origin of dorsal opposite to ioth scale of lateral
line, about 2 scales behind that of ventrals, somewhat before
middle of a line connecting end of snout and base of caudal,
separated by 1 1 scales from occiput. Dorsal deeply emarginate;
the third osseous spine very strong, strongly denticulated behind
and somewhat shorter than head, its stiff portion about equal
to head without snout. Anal emarginate, its third, weak spine
equal to head without snout. Origin of anal below 17^ scale
of lateral line. Ventrals shorter than pectorals, nearly reaching
anus, separated by 2!/2 scales from lateral line. Pectorals with
the outer rays prolonged, longer than head, reaching ventrals.
Caudal deeply forked, lobes pointed, much longer than head.
Least height of caudal peduncle somewhat more than once in
its own length, 1.6 in that of head, surrounded by 16 scales.
Silvery, upper surface darker, base of scales of upper half of
body darkish. Dorsal, caudal and pectorals with a dark hue.
A rather broad black band behind operculum. Length of single
specimen 287 mm. [Type of the species in the zoological
Museum of Amsterdam].

Habitat: North East Borneo (river Sedalit, affluent of
river Sambakung!). Named in honour of Dr. A. L. J. SUNIER.

26. Puntius bulu (Blkr.).

Systomus bulu Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie II. 1851, p. 207.

Systomus (Systomtis} bulu Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860, p. 360.

Puntius (Puntius} bulu Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. Ill, 1863, p. no.

Barbus bulu Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 149.

D.4.8; A. 3.5; P. 1.16—18; V. 1.9; L.I. 37; L.tr.^T.

61

Compressed, elevated, dorsal profile from nape to dorsal
strongly ascending and slightly arched, from nape to end of

200

snout convex. Height 2.3, 3.3 in length with caudal. Head 3.3,
4.7 in length with caudal. Eye 3, somewhat longer than snout,
surrounded by a gelatinous membrane, situated somewhat below
the dorsal profile, shorter than the flat interorbital space. Snout
convex, obtuse. Mouth strongly arched, nearly reaching front-
border of eye. No barbels. Origin of dorsal opposite to iotn
scale of lateral line, above the middle of a line connecting
end of snout and root of caudal, and about opposite to origin
of ventrals, separated by 13 scales from occiput. Dorsal with
a high scaly sheath, deeply concave, the anterior rays prolonged.
Fourth osseous spine strongly serrated and much longer than
head. Anal with a scaly sheath, deeply concave, third osseous
spine strong, somewhat shorter than head. Pectorals and ven-
trals subequal. Ventrals separated by 4x/2 scales from lateral
line, just reaching anal. Pectorals longer than head without
snout, reaching on ventrals. Caudal deeply forked, its lobes
pointed, much longer than head. Least height of caudal peduncle
twice in head, somewhat shorter than its own length. Most scales
with numerous very fine undulating longitudinal lines. Silvery,
back darkish. Fins with a blackish hue. Length over 350 mm.

Nomen indig. : Bulu-bulu (Malay. Banjermassin) ; Sanggan
(Samarinda) ; Ikan Bangalan (Malay, Sumatra).

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang, Lahat, Ringat!, Danau
Sialong Lotong); Borneo (river Kapuas: Pontianak, Sintang,
Smitau, Selimbouw, Danau Sriang, river Barito: Banjermassin,
river Kahajan, river Mahakam : Samarinda!, and its affluent
Bo, river Baram).

27. Puntius waandersi (Blkr.).

Systomus Waandersi Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XVI. 1858— 1859, p. 358.
Systomus (Systomus] Waandersi Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini,

1860, p. 359.

Puntius (Puntius) Waandersi Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. no.
Barbus waandersi Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 149.
Barbus Waandersi Vaillant, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (3) V. 1893, p. 83.
Barbus proctozysron Volz, Revue Suisse Zool. XII. 1904, p. 477 (nee Bleeker) >).

I) This species is mentioned by VOLZ (Revue suisse de Zool. XII. 1904, p. 477)
from river Kwantan, Sumatra. Fortunately he gives an ample description of his
single example. This description shows, that he had not a specimen of B. proc-
tozysron Blkr. but of Puntius waandersi Blkr. at his disposition. VOLZ states in
his description: «Lange der Brustflosse gleich der grossten Korperhohe oder
gleich der Ventralflosse." This is an impossibility and probably a misprint for

201

__
D.4.8; A. 3.5; P. 1.15— 16; V.2.8— 9; L.I. 37; L.tr._i_.

71
Compressed, elevated, dorsal profile strongly ascending in a

straight line from snout to dorsal with a slight concavity at
the nape. Height 2.1 — 2.2, 2.7 — 3 in length with caudal. Head
3.2 — 3.6, 4.5 — 4.6 in length with caudal. Eye 2.8 to more than
3, longer than snout, surrounded by a gelatinous membrane,
situated near the upper profile of the head, about equal to
the flat or slightly excavated interorbital space. Snout very
blunt. Mouth inferior, strongly arched, rather narrow. Maxil-
lary reaching to below frontborder of eye or somewhat
farther. No barbels. Praeorbital triangular, with the anterior
and lower posterior corner rounded. Suborbital narrow. Origin
of dorsal opposite to iitn or 12* scale of lateral line, conspi-
cuously behind origin of ventrals, separated from the occiput
by about 13 scales and a median plate corresponding to 2 or
3 scales, immediately before the dorsal spines; opposite to the
middle of a line connecting frontborder of eye or middle of
pupil and base of caudal. Dorsal concave, with a scaly sheath,
the fourth spine and first rays being prolonged and longer
than head. Fourth osseous spine strong and strongly serrated.
Anal deeply concave, with a scaly sheath, the third osseous
spine very strong and equal to head without snout or longer.
Ventrals and pectorals equal. The ventrals separated by 5 or
6 scales from lateral line, the outer rays elongated, reaching
on anal. Pectorals equal to head without snout or longer,
reaching on ventrals. Caudal deeply forked, lobes pointed, much
longer than head. Least height of caudal peduncle about twice
or somewhat more in length of head, slightly shorter than
its own length and surrounded by 18 — 20 scales. Scales partly
with longitudinal irregular lines. Tubes of lateral line rather
short. Silvery, back brownish. Fins with a more or less distinct
blackish margin. Length over 300 mm.

wgrosste Kopfhohe", which is in accordance with the length of pectorals and
ventrals of Puntius waandersi.

B. proctozysron Blkr. is also mentioned by v. MARTENS (Preuss. Exped. Ost-
Asien I. Zoologie, 1876, p. 402), from Sintang, Borneo. He puts a query with the
specific name. Now B. proctozysron Blkr. is very easy to recognise by its strongly
dentated anal spine, a character unique among Barbini^ as BLEEKER has shown.
We suppose, that the definition of v. MARTENS, which he doubted himself, was
erroneous. B, proctozysron is therefore till now only known from Siam.

202

Nom. in dig. : Kepiat (Djambi); Tjipo (Palembang).
Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang !, Djambi!, Indragiri); Java
(Ngawi) ; Borneo (river Kapuas ; river Mahakam, Kota Bangun !).

28. Puntius nini n. sp.

D. 4.8; A. 3.6; P. 1.17; V. 1.9; L. 1. 36 + i or 2 on caudal;

_9
L. tr. i .

7l

Strongly compressed, oblong, very elevated. Dorsal profile
ascending nearly in a straight line from nape to dorsal, head
above eyes convex/Height 2, 2.6 in length with caudal. Head
3.5, about 4.5 in length with caudal. Eye large, 3.1 — 3.3 in
head, situated for its greater part in the anterior half of the

Fig. 75. Puntius nini n. sp. X Va-

head, rather near to the upper profile, surrounded by a gela-
tinous membrane, somewhat longer than snout, but shorter
than somewhat convex interorbital space. Snout bluntly rounded,
mouth somewhat inferior. No barbels. Origin of dorsal oppo-
site to ioth or nth scale of lateral line, slightly behind origin
of ventrals, nearly opposite to the middle of a line connecting
end of snout and base of caudal and separated by about 13
scales from occiput. Base of dorsal in a scaly sheath. Dorsal
deeply emarginate, the fourth osseous spine strong, strongly
denticulated behind, with its flexible part much longer than
head. Base of anal in a scaly sheath. Anal deeply concave,

203

third spine strongly ossified, nearly as long as head. Pectorals
and ventrals subequal. Ventrals separated by 5 or 5^ scales
from lateral line, the outer rays prolonged, reaching on anal.
Pectorals slightly longer than head without snout, reaching on
ventrals or nearly so. Caudal deeply emarginate, the lobes
strongly diverging, about equal to head. Least height of caudal
peduncle 1.8 in head, somewhat shorter than its length, sur-
rounded by 20 scales. Most scales only with growth-lines, some
of them with fine undulating lines at the hindborder. Tubes
of lateral line short, mostly directed downwards. Silvery,
upper half brown. A blackish band behind operculum, beginning
at the nape. Vertical fins blackish. Length 277 mm. [Type of
the species in the zoological Museum of Amsterdam].

Habitat: Borneo (Bunut !) ; collected by Dr. H. A. LORENTZ
and named after his son.

29. Puntius lawak (Blkr.).

Systomus lawak Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IX. 1855, p. 411.
Systomus (Systomus] lawak Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini 1860,

p. 361. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. in.
Bar bits lawak Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 149.

J5_

D.4.8; A. 3.7; P. 1.17; V. 1.9; L.I. 34+2; L. tr. _i_.

6J
Compressed, very elevated, dorsal profile strongly ascending

from front to dorsal and somewhat arched. Height 2,6, 3.3 in
length with caudal. Head 3.9, 5 in length with caudal. Eye 4.3,
surrounded by a gelatinous membrane, situated for its greater
part in the anterior half of the head, slightly below the upper
profile, about 2/3 of length of snout and nearly twice in flat
interorbital space. Mouth nearly terminal; no barbels. Origin
of dorsal opposite to nth scale of lateral line and to that of
ventrals and to the middle of a line, connecting end of snout
and base of caudal; separated by about 13 scales from occiput.
Dorsal with a scaly sheath, deeply emarginate, the fourth
spine, which is strongly ossified and strongly denticulated and
the first divided ray are much prolonged and J/4 longer than the
head. Anal with a scaly sheath, deeply emarginate, the first
divided ray and the ossified third spine, which is very strong,
prolonged, about 4/5 length of head. Ventrals somewhat longer
than pectorals, nearly reaching anal, separated by 4 scales
from lateral line. Pectorals about 3/4 length of head. Caudal

204

deeply emarginate, the lobes rounded and widely diverging,
longer than head. Least height of caudal peduncle 1.8 in head,
somewhat less than its own length, surrounded by 16 scales.
Some of the scales with numerous short longitudinal striae at
their hindborder. Tubes of lateral line short and partly directed
downward. Silvery, upper surface dark. Dorsal and caudal
darkish. Length 500 mm.

Nom. in dig. : Lawak or Lalawak (Malay. Batavia).

Habitat: Sumatra (Djambi!); Java (Batavia, Surabaya);
Riouw !.

Doubtful species.

30. Puntius amblyrhynchus (Blkr.).

Barbus obtusirostris Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XIII. 1857, p. 355 (nee C.V.).
Systomus (Bar bodes] obtusirostris Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini,

i860, p. 345.

Puntius (Barbodes) amblyrhynchus Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 104.
Barbus amblyrhynchus Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 126.

Founded on one specimen of 49 mm. length from Java
(Tjampea). After having seen the type of the species in the
British Museum, we are convinced that it is a young, monstruous
"example, with shortened snout, perhaps of Puntius binotatus(C. V.).

31. Puntius bunter (Blkr.) ').

Barbus bunter Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XIII. 1857, p. 150.
Systomus (Barbodei) bunter Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini,

1860, p. 340.
Puntius (Barbodes) bunter Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 101.

As the only specimen of 115 mm. length was lost, after a
drawing of it was made, BLEEKER could dispose for his des-
cription only of this drawing, which, according to his own
opinion, was not correct in every point.

32. Puntius carassioides (Heckel).

Barbus carassioides Heckel, Fische Syriens 1843, p. 29.

Systomus* (Barberies') carassioides Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini,
1860, p. 352.

HECKEL'S description of a species, said to be from Borneo,
characterized by nradio osseo in pinna dorsali et anali ; margine
postico serrato", is too short to make any definition possible.

i) By GUNTHER: Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 83, erroneously called "punter";
Bunter is the sundanese name for some species of Puntius.

205

33- Puntius vittatus (Day).

Barbus vittatus Day, Fishes of India 4°, 1878 — 1888, p. 582.

This species is mentioned by Karoli (Termeszetrajzi Fiizetek
V. 1882, p. 34) from "Palabuan, Java." This is probably erro-
neous, as this species is otherwise known only from the
Indian Peninsula and Ceylon.

19. Balantiocheilus Bleeker.

(BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XX. 1859 — 1860, p. 430).

Oblong, compressed. Snout prominent. Mouth slightly inferior,
horseshoe-shaped, upper jaw strongly protractile. Upper lip
swollen and crenulated, its anterior part partly covered by an
overhanging square fold of the snout, followed on each side
by a lower fold. Lower lip formed by a broad, smooth fold
of the skin, forming a pouch opening hindwards (Fig. 76 /).

Fig. 76. Balantiocheilus melanopterus (Blkr.) X
Left figure : mouth from below 5 right figure : snout, with the mouth protracted,
/ lower lip, o mouthopening, m maxillary.

No barbels. Suborbital bones narrow. Dorsal with 8 — 9 branched
rays, with a scaly sheath at its base, its origin slightly behind
that of ventrals; its fourth osseous spine strong and strongly
denticulated behind. Anal with 5 branched rays. Scales moderate,
with fine, converging longitudinal lines; lateral line complete,
running in the middle of the tail, the tubes undivided. No
sensory folds on head. Gillmembranes united to isthmus oppo-
site middle of operculum. Pharyngeal teeth hooked and spoon-
shaped 5.3.2 — 2.3.5.

206

Distribution: Indo-australian Archipelago (Sumatra and
Borneo); Siam.

i. Balantiocheilus melanopterus (Blkr.).

Bar bus melanopterus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie' I. 1850, p. n.
Systomus melanopterus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie II. 1851, p. 420.
Balantiocheilos melanoptems Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860,

p> 301. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 80.
Barbus melanoptertis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 150.

D. 4.8—9 ; A. 3.5 ; P. I.I5 ; V. 2.8— 9 ; L. 1. 34—35 ; L. tr. i

51

Elongate. Profile of back ascending, slightly arched, that of
the head descending in a straight line. Height nearly 3, 3.7 — 3.8
in length with caudal. Head 3.7 — 3.8, 4.7 — 5.1 in length with
caudal. Eye 3!/2 — 4, less than snout and about i!/2 i*1 convex
interorbital space. Mouth protractile, slightly inferior, snout
prominent. Upper lip swollen and crenulated, its anterior part
partly covered by an overhanging square fold of the snout,
followed on each side by a lower fold. Lower lip formed by
a broad smooth fold of the skin, forming a pouch opening
hindwards. No barbels. Origin of the dorsal slightly before the
middle of a line connecting end of snout and base of caudal,
above the 10^ scale of the lateral line and i scale behind the
origin of the ventrals, 12 — 13 scales before dorsal. Dorsal con-
cave, its fourth spine slightly longer than head, strongly denti-
culated behind. Anal concave, its third spine somewhat thickened,
longer than half head. Ventrals longer than pectorals, far distant
from anus, separated by 3*/2 scales from the 9^ scale of lateral
line. Pectorals small, 3/4 length of head, not reaching ventrals.
Caudal deeply forked, about J/5 longer than head. Least height
of caudal peduncle more than its length, about twice in length
of head, 16 scales round caudal peduncle, 7 of which above
the lateral lines. Silvery, upper parts darker. Distal part of
vertical and ventral fins deep black. Length 350 mm.

Nomen in dig. : Pontong kanjot, Aru pendijem, Batang
buro (Palembang); Ridi, Teridi angus (Djambi); Gatata
(Mahakam).

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang!, Djambi!, river Kwantan);
Borneo (river Kapuas: Pontianak, Sintang; Lake Danau Sriang;
river Barito: Banjermassin, river Kahajan; middle course of
Mahakam river; Pengaron). — Siam.

207

2o. Barbichthys Bleeker.

(BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XX. 1859—1860, p. 424).

Somewhat elongate and compressed. Back arched. Snout
projecting beyond the angular mouth; with a free rostral fold.
Upper lip thin but broadly pendulous and continuous with
the lower lip, which is antero-posteriorly broad and reflected
and laterally papillated. Laterally a triangular postlabial groove,

Fg. 77. Barbichthys laevis (C. V.) X

behind the corner of the mouth, where the maxillary barbel ori-
ginates. Upper jaw with a rather sharpe edge. Lower jaw blunt
with a small symphysial knob. Behind it on each side a rather
prominent high fold vertically projecting into the mouthopening.
Opposite to it, on the palate, a series of parallel longitudinal

Fig. 78. Lateral view of anterior Fig. 79. Inferior view of opened

part of snout of mouth of

Barbichthys laevis (C. V.). Barbichthys laevis (C. V.).

a rostral, b maxillary barbels; flower jaw; //lower lip; ;;/ mouthopening, with
the longitudinal folds on the palate; rf rostral fold; uj upper jaw; ul upper lip.

folds. Four subequal small barbels, a rostral pair and one
behind the corner of the mouth. Eye lateral, high, in the middle
of the length of the head, with a free orbital margin. Prae-
orbital triangular, with an upward prolongation towards the

208

eye. Suborbitals broad, covering nearly the entire cheek. Dorsal
short, without osseous ray and with 8 branched rays, its
origin before that of ventrals. Anal short, with 5 branched
rays. Ventrals and pectorals nearly equal in length, shorter
than head. Caudal bifurcate. Scales of moderate size, lateral line
running in the middle of the tail. Pharyngeal teeth 5.4.2 — 2.4.5.
Branchial openings rather narrow, gillmembranes broadly united
to isthmus.

Distribution: Fresh water of Indo-australian Archipelago
(Sumatra, Java, Borneo). — Malacca, Indo-China.

i. Barbichthys laevis (C.V.)

Bar bus laevis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVI. 1842, p. 192.
Dangila lipocheilus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVI. 1842^.232

(according to Bleeker).
Bar bus brachynemus Bleeker, Verb. Batav. Gen. XXIII. (1849) ^50, Ichth.

Midden en Oost-Java, p. 18.

Barbus gobioides Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie III. 1852, p. 592.
Barbus laevis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie V. 1853, p. 447.
Barbus taeniopterus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XIV. 1857, p. 475

(mutatio nominis specific!).
Barbichthys laevis Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini 1860, p. 209. —

Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 49.

Barbichthys laevis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 158.
Barbichthys laevis var. sumatranusVolz, Revue Suisse de Zoologie XII. 1904, p. 478.

6J

0.3.8; A. 3.5; P. 1.15 ; V. 1.8; L.I. 37— 39; L.tr.jtJ.

6^

Height about 3!/2 in length, 4.7 — 5 in length with caudal.
Head 3.4 — 3.5, 4.7 — 4.8 in length with caudal. Eye 4, some-
what more than half snout and half interorbital space. Barbels
subequal, about half eye. Origin of dorsal much nearer to snout
than to root of caudal, separated by 12 scales from occiput,
opposite to 8th scale of lateral line. Dorsal concave, its height
less than length of head. Anal truncate, about equal to head
without snout. Ventrals slightly shorter than pectorals, their
origin separated by 4 scales from nth Or I2th scale of lateral
line. Pectorals about */3 shorter than head. Caudal bifurcate,
the lobes pointed, longer than head. Least height of caudal
peduncle less than its length, more than twice in head, sur-
rounded by 1 6 scales. Silvery, back dark. A blackish intra-
marginal band on each caudal lobe, in young specimens a
black band across the middle of the dorsal. Length 340 mm.

209

Nom. in dig.: Ikan mendulah (Indragiri); Bentulu and
Mentulu (Djambi); Battu-ulu (Lampong); Bokong or Borokong
(river Bo); Wadon gunung (Malay. Batavia); Santran (Sundan.);
Wader (Javan.).

Habitat: Sumatra (Lampong, Pangabuang, Lahat, Palem-
bang!, river Kwantan: Ringat! — river Kampar: Gunung
Sahilan !, Danau Sialong lotong in Indragiri, Djambi !) ; Java
(Batavia, Tangerang, Rankasbetong, Lebak, Buitenzorg,
Parongkalong, river Brantas, Surabaya, Gempol); Borneo
(river Kapuas: Sintang!, Sebruang, Smitau, Knapei, Putus
Sibau ! - - river Mahakam : Bunut ! and its affluent river Bo,
river Pengarong, affluent of river Barito. — Malacca, Siam,
Indo-China.

21. Labeo Cuvier.

(CuviER, Regne animal II. 1817, p. 194).

Oblong, more or less compressed. Snout broadly rounded
or obtusely pointed, prominent, mostly covered with tubercles
on pores and sometimes having a lateral lobe or projection,
its anterior pendulous border forming an entire or superficially
incised rostral fold. Mouth moderate or large, protractile,
inferior. Lips thick, continuous, the upper and the lower one
fringed, lobed or not. The lower lip is distinctly separated by a
deep groove from isthmus or this postlabial groove is divided
by a broad or narrow connection between isthmus and lip
and therefore restricted to behind the lateral part of the lower
lip or even to the corner of the mouth. Lower lip with an
inner transverse fold. Jaws with a fleshy covering carrying a
deciduous horny sheath. A pair of rostral and maxillary barbels,
one of them may be absent. Eye with a free circular rim.
Dorsal elongate, without osseous rays, commencing before ven-
trals and ending before or above anal, with more than 9
branched rays. Anal short, with 5 branched rays. Scales moderate
or small. Lateral line running in the middle of the tail,
sensory tubes undivided. No sensory folds on head. Gill-
membranes broadly united with isthmus. Gillrakers usually short.
Pharyngeal teeth in three series, hooked, 5.4.2 — 2.4.5.

Distribution: Freshwater of Indo-australian Archipelago
(Sumatra, Java and Borneo); Southern Asia and Africa.

INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES III. 14

210

Synopsis of the subgenera.

1. Lower lip separated by a deep postlabial groove from isthmus. Morulius p. 210.

2. Lower lip connected by a broad or narrow bridge with

the isthmus Labeo s.str. p. 2 1 1 .

I. Subgenus Morulius Bleeker.

Fig. 80. Labeo (Morulius) chrysophekadion (Blkr.) X V*

Upper figure: Mouth from below, flower jaw; // lower lip \ pg postlabial groove ;
rf rostral fold; uj upper jaw; ul upper lip.

i. Labeo (Morulius) chrysophekadion (Blkr.)

Rohita chrysophekadion Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen. XXIII. (1849) 1850, Bijdr.

Ichth. Midden- en Oost-Java p. 20.

Rohita cyanomelas Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie III. 1852, p. 597.
Rohita polyporos Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie V. 1853, P« 5I9-
Rohita koilo-geneion Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XIII. 1857, p. 359.
Chrysophekadion polyporos Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XX. 1859—1860,

p. 102.

Morulius chrysophekadion Bleeker, Ichth. Arch, Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini 1860,

p. 188. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 72.

Labeo chrysophekadion Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 52.
Labeo chrysophekadion Volz, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. Syst. XIX. 1903, p. 396.

D. 3.15—18; A. 3.5; P. 1.15—17; V. 1.8; L. 1. 41—43;
8

Height 2.6 — 3.5, 3.2 — 4.3 in length with caudal. Head 4.2 — 4.5,
5.4 — 5.7 in length with caudal. Eye 4.5 — 5, about in the

211

middle of the length of the head, twice in snout and 2.5 to
more than 3 times in interorbital space. Snout obtusely pointed,
prominent, with groups of larger and smaller pores from its
tip to frontborder of eye. Mouth inferior, of moderate width.
Lips moderately thick, fringed, with a very distinct inner fold
above and below. Rostral barbels longer or shorter than maxil-
lary barbels, not much shorter or longer than eye. Origin of
dorsal opposite to 9th scale of lateral line, separated by about
25 scales from occiput. Dorsal concave, the anterior rays much
longer than head. Anal with the anterior rays strongly prolonged,
reaching on caudal, its height less than that of dorsal, but
longer than head, its origin opposite to 27^ — 28th scale of
lateral line and behind dorsal. Ventrals and pectorals subequal
or the ventrals much longer and reaching with the outer
prolonged rays far on anal. Origin of ventrals opposite to 14^
scale of lateral line and the 4th branched dorsal ray, separated
by 6 scales from lateral line. Pectorals longer than head.
Caudal deeply emarginate, lobes pointed or rounded, much
longer than head. Least height of caudal peduncle 1.6 — 1.7
in length of head, about equal to length of the peduncle, sur-
rounded by 21 or 22 scales. Dark violet, each scale with a
round golden spot, more or less -conspicuous in preserved
specimens. Fins black. Length 600 mm.

Nom. in dig. : Millem (Malay, Batavia); Arenjan (Sundan.);
Sihitam or ikan itam (Sumatra).

Habitat: Sumatra (Muarah-Kompeh, Palembang!, river
Lematang ilir: Benakat, river Kwantan, river Batang Hari:
Djambi!); Java (Batavia, Bekassi, Krawang, Tjampea, Parong-
kalong, Tjikao, Surabaya, Gempol); Borneo (river Kapuas). —
Siam.

2. Subgenus Labeo Cuv. s. str.
Key to the indo-australian species.

1. Linea lateralis 40 or more.

a. Snout with a lateral lobe; 4 barbels . . . . L. (L.) erythropterus p. 212.

b. Snout without lateral lobe, 2 rostral barbels

only L. (L.) molitorella p. 213.

2. Linea lateralis less than 40.

a. Snout with a lateral lobe L. (L.) rohitoides p. 214.

b. Snout without a lateral lobe L. (L.) pleurotaenid p. 215.

212

I. Labeo (Labeo) erythropterus C.V.

Labeo erythropterus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVI. 1842, p. 354.
Labeo erythropterus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XIII. 1857, p. 360.
Lobocheilos lucas Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XIII. 1857, p. 362.
Labeo (Diplocheilos} erythropterus Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini,

1860, p. 135. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 52.
Labeo (Diplocheilos) lucas Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1860,

p. 137. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 53.
Labeo erythropterus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 56.

Fig. 81. Labeo rohiloides (Blkr.). X %•

Fig. 82. Ventral surface of head of Fig. 83. Scheme of median section

Labeo rohitoides (Blkr.). through region of mouth of Labeo.

a rostral barbel; af transverse fold of lower lip ; b maxillary barbel ; Ib lateral lobe of
rostral fold ; // lower lip ; m mouth ; md mandible ; pg postlabial groove ; px inter-
maxillary with horny covering; rf rostral fold; ul upper lip; v vestibulum oris.

D. 3.10—12; A. 3.5; P. 1.14—15; V. 1.8; L. 1. 41—43;

74-8
L. tr. ~T~.

7

Height 3^0, 4 — 5 in length with caudal ; head 33/4 — 4^, 43/4 — 6
in length with caudal. Eye 3 — 4, after GtfNTHER not so large as a

2I3

scale, situated in or (in adult examples) behind the middle of the
length of the head, shorter or much shorter than snout, I '/3 — 2!/3
times in interorbital space. Snout obtuse, much projecting
beyond the lower jaw, with a very distinct lateral lobe; a deep
groove on each side of the snout, which is provided above
and on the sides with numerous conspicuous pores. Maxillary
and rostral barbels subequal, small, the latter often rudimentary.
Mouth broad ; lips thick, continuous, not fringed, with an inner
fold in their entire circumference, equally developed on the
lower and upper lips. Dorsal emarginate, its height I — 1!/4 in
height of body, its origin separated by 16 scales from occiput.
Anal somewhat or slightly emarginate, not much lower than
dorsal. Ventrals and pectorals subequal, 5!/3 to more than 6
in total length; ventrals not reaching anal. Caudal deeply
incised, the lobes pointed, longer than head. Least height of
caudal peduncle, measured by us in a small specimen, 1.8 in
head, somewhat shorter than length of peduncle, surrounded
by 1 8 scales. Coloration uniform, in youth there seems to be
a diffuse black blotch on the base of caudal. [After BLEEKER
and GiiNTHER. Only a small example in bad state seen by us].
Length 275 mm. and more.

Nom. indig. : Arengan (Sundan;); Lucas or Wadon Gunung
(Malay. Batavia).

Habitat: Java (Batavia, Lebak, Parongkalong).

2. Labeo (Labeo) molitorella (C.V.).

Lenciscus molitorella Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVII. 1844, p. 359.
Leuciscus molitorella Richardson, Report I5th meeting British Association, 1846,
p. 296.

1

D. 3.13 ; A. 3.5 ; P. 16 ; V. 1.8 ; L. 1. 41 ; L. tr. i_.

8

Oval, compressed, dorsal profile arched. Height 2.8, 3.8 in
length with caudal. Head 5.2, 6.9 in length with caudal. Eye
4, much shorter than snout, which is not much shorter than
the postorbital part of the head, somewhat more than twice
in the flattened interorbital space. Snout blunt, mouthopening
transverse, inferior. Upper lip lobate; postlabial groove restricted
to a short space beyond the corner of the mouth. Only a
pair of rostral barbels developed, their length about equal to
half diameter of eye. Origin of dorsal opposite to ioth or nth
scale of lateral line and to the end of the second !/s of a line

214

connecting end of snout and base of caudal, separated by 14
scales from occiput. Dorsal somewhat emarginate, but with
the last ray prolonged. Third spine rather weak, its total length
nearly !/3 more than length of head. Anal emarginate, the
anterior rays prolonged, nearly equal to length of head and
reaching outer rays of caudal; its origin opposite to 28th or
2gth scale of lateral line. Ventrals */4 longer than head, the
outer rays prolonged, nearly reaching anus; their origin opposite
to the 15th or i6tn scale of lateral line, from which they are
separated by 5!/2 scales and opposite to the 6*h branched ray
of dorsal or nearly to the middle of that fin. Pectorals falciform,
longer than head. Caudal deeply bifurcate, the lobes pointed,
much longer than head. Least height of caudal peduncle nearly
equal to its own length, i!/2 times in that of head, surrounded
by about 19 scales. Silvery, back darker. Twelve to fifteen
scales above the pectoral, arranged in 2 — 3 vertical rows, with
a more or less extensive brown blotch. Length of specimen
described 432 mm.

Nom. indig. : Tiam.

Habitat: Sumatra (Kota Radja, Chinese fishpond !). — China.

We suppose that our specimen is identical with the species
scantily described by VALENCIENNES and by RICHARDSON
after drawings only. It has probably been introduced by Chinese.

3. Labeo (Labeo) rohitoides (Blkr.) [Fig. 81, 82, p. 212].

Lobocheilos rohitoides Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XIII. 1857, p. 363.
Labeo (Diplocheilos) rohitoides Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini 1860,

p. 139. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 53.
Osteochilus Jentinkii Popta, Notes Ley den Mus. XXIV. 1902 — 1904, p. 194. —

Ibid. XXVII. 1906, p. 91.
Labto (Diplocheilus} rohitoides Max Weber & de Beaufort, in: Maass "Durch

Zentral-Sumatra" II. 1912, Fische p. 524.

D.3.IO— II; A. 3.5; P. 1.14— 15; V. 1.8; L. 1. 33 ; L.tr.j[.

61

Height 3.5, 4.5 in length with caudal; head 4.5, 5.8 in length
with caudal. Eye 4, twice in snout, 2.4 in interorbital space. Snout
very blunt, rounded and prominent, with numerous pores of
different size; its pendulous part with a lateral lobe, covering
upper lip, which has a series of superficial indentations and
which is continuous with the very thick, swollen and broadly
fringed lower lip. A deep groove on each side of the snout,

215

containing the hindwards prolonged commissure of the lips.
Rostral and maxillary barbels smaller than eye. Origin of dorsal
opposite to 8th scale of lateral line and separated by 10 scales
from occiput. Dorsal emarginate, the anterior prolonged rays
longer than head. Anal with the anterior rays prolonged,
reaching base of caudal and equalling the height of dorsal;
its origin opposite to 22^ scale of lateral line, far behind dorsal.
Ventrals and pectorals subequal; ventrals reaching anus, their
origin separated by 3!/2 series of scales from the nth scale of
lateral line and opposite to y& branched ray of dorsal. Pectorals
equal to head. Caudal deeply emarginate, longer than head.
Least height of caudal peduncle 1.7 in length of head, and
1.3 in length of peduncle; surrounded by 16 scales. After
BLEEKER a diffuse brownish band from head to caudal. [Des-
cription made after our specimen of about 260 mm., the largest
specimen known; the type of Osteochilus Jentinkii Popta in
the Leiden Museum, seen by us].

N o m. i n d i g. : Lucas (Malay. Batavia) ; Tebulit (Bongan).

Habitat: Sumatra (Sidjungdjung !) ; Java (Batavia) ; Borneo
(river Bongan, one of the tributaries of the river Kapuas!).

4. Labeo (Labeo) pleurotaenia (Blkr.).

Lobocheilos pleurotaenia Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IX. 1855, p. 267.
Diplocheilichthys pleurotaenia Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini 1860,

p. 143. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 55.
Labeo plairotaenia Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 58 (sine synon.).

5f-6

D. 3.10— II; A. 3.5; P. 1.14—15; V. 1.8; L. 1. 34;L. tr. i .

6

Height about 3.8, about 5 in length with caudal; head
33/5 — 43/4, nearly 5 — 6 in length with caudal. Eye about 3 — 4,
in adult specimens much shorter than snout, i!/4 — 2 in inter-
orbital space. Snout much swollen, prominent, anteriorly with
numerous conspicuous pores. Its pendulous part, without a
lateral lobe, covering the smooth upper lip, which is continuous
with the thick lower lip, provided with only one series of
very small papillae !). Maxillary barbels much longer than rostral
ones, about equal to eye. Dorsal emarginate, about equal to

i) This is according to BLEEKER'S description of this species; in his "Prodromus"
he says of the genus Diplocheilichthys^ which is made for the present species :
"labium inferius crenulatum" but, on the contrary in his "Atlas Ichth." "labia
nee papillata nee fimbriata".

216

or less than height of body, separated by u — 12 scales from
occiput ; its origin opposite to 8th scale of lateral line. Anal
slightly or much emarginate, much lower than dorsal or equal
to it. Pectorals and ventrals subequal, about equal to length
of head. Ventrals nearly reaching anal or not so far. Caudal
deeply incised, the lobes acute, longer than head. A diffuse
brownish band from head to caudal; young examples with the
band inconspicuous but with a round brownish blotch at the
end of the lateral line. [Specimens of BLEEKER'S collection
and of the Dutch Borneo expedition in the Leiden Museum seen
by us]. Length 216 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Lahat, Upper Langkat (Volz) ) ; Borneo
(middle and upper part of river Kapuas!). — Malacca.

22. Schismatorhynchus Bleeker.

(BLEEKER, Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IX. 1855, p. 258 and 269).

Elongate, compressed. Snout divided by a horizontal groove
in a thick prominent upper and a much longer and more
prominent lower part, both provided with large pores and
tubercles. Mouth inferior, large and crescentic. The pendulous

Fig. 84. Schismatorhynchus heterorhynchus (Blkr.) X

rostral fold entire, the upper lip adnate to and slightly pen-
dulous from the upper jaw, and prolonged hindwards. Lower
jaw very deep from outwards to inwards and covered with
a horny sheath; exteriorly truncate, interiorly deeply emarginate
in the middle, so that on each side a conical process protrudes
into the cavity of the mouth. Corner of mouth prolonged as
a kind of gutter, anteriorly formed by a prolongation of the

upper lip, posteriorly by a prolongation of the soft covering
of the jaw. Lower lip reflected, not continuous with the upper
lip and separated from the last named prolongation by a longi-
tudinal postlabial groove, which is divided by a longitudinal
fleshy frenulum in a median and a lateral part, the last of
which contains the maxillary barbel and the gutter-like pro-
longation. A pair of rostral barbels. Eye with a free orbital
margin. Dorsal without osseous ray and with 8 branched rays.

Fig. 85. Lateral *view of head of Fig. 86. Lower surface of head of

Schismatorhynchus heterorhynchus (Blkr.) X IV-2* Schismatorhynchus hetcrorhynclms (Blkr.) X ll/2>
a rostral barbel; b maxillary barbel, in fig. 85 exposed, in fig. 86 in natural position;
/frenulum; hlj horny layer of lower jaw; // lower lip; p prolongation of the lip;

rf rostral fold; ul upper lip.

Its origin in advance of that of the ventrals. Anal short,
with 5 branched rays. Caudal bifurcate. Pectorals subhori-
zontal. Scales large; lateral line straight, running in the middle
of the tail. Branchial openings rather wide. Gillmembranes
united with isthmus. Pharyngeal teeth 5.4.2 — 2.4.5, obliquely
truncate.

Distribution: Fresh water of Indo-australian Archipelago
(Sumatra and Borneo); perhaps also represented on the Indian
continent.

218

i. Schismatorhynchus heterorhynchus (Blkr.).

Lobocheilos heterorhynchos Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie V. 1853, p. 524.
Schismatorhynchus lobocheilioides Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IX. 1855, p. 260.
Schismatorhynchos heterorhynchos Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini,

1860, p. 131.

Schismatorhynchus heterorhynchus Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 50.
Tylognathus heterorhynchus Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 67.
Tylognathus heterorhynchus Vaillant, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. 1902, p. 90.
Tylognathus heterorhynchus Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXVII. 1906, p. 112.

D. 3.8; A. 3.5; P. 1.16—17; V. 1.8; L.I. 33; L.tr. j:.

51
Height 3.3, 4.3 in length with caudal. Head 4, 5.3 in length

with caudal. Eye 5.3, nearly thrice in snout and nearly twice
in interorbital space. Rostral barbels shorter than eye, maxillary
ones somewhat longer. Origin of dorsal opposite to 9th scale
of lateral line, separated by 1 1 scales from occiput. Dorsal
deeply emarginate, the height of the anterior prolonged rays
about equal to height of body. Anal with the anterior rays
prolonged, much shorter than head; its origin opposite to 2ist
scale of lateral line. Ventrals and pectorals subequal. Origin
of ventrals opposite to 3^ branched ray of dorsal and sepa-
rated by about 3!/2 scales from nth scale of the lateral line.
Pectorals shorter than head. Caudal deeply forked, the upper
lobe produced, about equal to height of body. Least height
of caudal peduncle more than 1.7 in length of head, somewhat
less than its own length, surrounded by 1 6 scales. An indistinct
broad dark band running along the lateral line. Fin-membranes
dark violet. Length 283 mm. [After a specimen of 283 mm.].

N o m. i n d i g. : Pasa (river Bongan).

Habitat: Sumatra (Solok, Lahat); Borneo (river Kapuas:
Sintang, mouth of Raun, river Sibau !, river Bongan).

23. Tylognathus Heckel p.p.

(HECKEL, Fische Syriens, 1843, p. 37. in Russeggers Reisen Bd. I. Th. 2, p. 1027).
(Lobocheilus BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XX. 1859 — 1860, p. 424).

Elongate, compressed. Dorsal and ventral profile slightly
convex. Snout obtusely rounded, prominent, with or without
pores and tubercles and without a free movable lobe. Mouth
inferior, crescentic; the pendulous rostral fold entire. Upper lip
entire, adnate to the upper jaw, which has a soft inner fold
covered with a deciduous horny layer. The upper lip is con-

2I9

tinued round the corner of the mouth. Postlabial groove
represented laterally only by a deep longitudinal groove, which

Fig. 87. Tylognathus falcifer (C. V.) X 2/3

divides the lower lip into a thick, fleshy superficial part and
a narrow deeper part, which is continued round the corner
of the mouth into the
upper lip. Lower jaw
with a thick fleshy co-
vering, carrying a deci-
duous horny sheath. A
pair of rostral barbels
present or absent. The
pair of maxillary bar-
bels hidden in a deep
groove behind the
angle of the mouth.
Eye with a free orbital
margin. Dorsal without
osseous ray, with 8 — 9
branched rays; its

origin somewhat in Fig. 88. Lower surface of head of Tylognathus
advance of the Ventrals. falcifer (C.V.) X 3V2- a rostral, £ maxillary barbel;

Anal short, with 5 bran- ''lower Jaw with ^ sheat*' ^deep;^ super-

T> 1 ficial Part of l°wer hP5 fV postlabial groove;

Cned rays. rectoralS uj Upper jaw with horny layer; ul upper lip.

short, subhorizontal.

Caudal forked. Scales rather large. Lateral line straight, running

in the middle of the tail. Pharyngeal teeth 5.4.2 — 2.4.5, uncinate.

Branchial opening rather ample, gillmembranes united with

isthmus.

Distribution: Fresh water of Indo-australian Archipelago
(Sumatra, Java, Borneo) and Continental Asia.

22O

Key to the indo-australian species o f Tylognathus.

I. Two barbels only.

1. Least height of caudal peduncle surrounded by

12 scales T. hispidus p. 220.

2. Least height of caudal peduncle surrounded by
1 6 scales.

a. Pectorals equal to or longer than head, linea

lateralis 34 — 35 T. bo p. 221.

6. Pectorals shorter than head, linea lateralis

37 — 38 T. kajanensis p. 221.

II. Four barbels.

1. 4!/2 scales above lateral line T. lehat p. 222.

2. 5'/2 scales above lateral line.

a. Length of head less than height of body. . . T. falcifer p. 222.

b. Length of head equal to height of body . . . T. schwanefeldi p. 223.
Doubtful species T. hasselti p. 224.

i. Tylognathus hispidus (C. V.).

Labeo hispidus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVI. 1842, p. 356.
Chondrostoma lipocheilos Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVII. 1844,

p. 400.

Gobio javanicus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XIII. 1857, p. 358.
Lobocheilus (Gobionichthys) javanicus Bleeker, Acta Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. VI. 1859,

Enumeratio pise. p. 145.
Lobocheilus (Gobionichthys) lipocheilus Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini,

1860, p. 154. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 59.
Tylognathus hispidus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 66.
Lobocheilos hispidus Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia (2) LVII. 1905, p. 483.
Tylognathus hispidus Popta, Notes Ley den Mus. XXVII. 1906, p. 108.

M.

D.4.8— 9; A. 3.5; P. 1.14—15; V.2.8; L.I. 35— 36;L.tr.j_.

51

Height 33/4 — 45/7, 5 to more than 6 in length with caudal.
Head 4 — 5^3, more than 5 — 71/* in length with caudal. Eye
more than 3 to more than 4, its centre situated somewhat
behind the middle of the length of the head. Structure of mouth
and of snout as in Fig. 88, but having two maxillary barbels
only. Origin of dorsal in advance of that of the ventrals, op-
posite to the loth scale of the lateral line. Anterior dorsal
rays more or less prolonged in adult examples. Anal more or
less emarginate, its height less than that of dorsal. Pectorals
and ventrals subequal, 6 — 6lj3 in total length. Caudal deeply
forked. There are 3 — 4 longitudinal rows of scales between

221

the lateral line and the root of the ventral fin. Colour silvery,
dark above. The young ones with a black longitudinal lateral
band and a dorsal one, which disappears in old specimens.
Length 300 mm.

Nom. in dig.: Wadong gunung (Malay. Batavia) ; Lehat,
Millang (Sundan.); Ahang, Modjok (Bongan).

Habitat: Java (Batavia, Buitenzorg); Borneo (river Kapuas :
Sintang, mouth of Raun, Upper-Sibau and river Bongan ; river
Mahakam : river Bo and river Bluu ; river Baram).

2. Tylognathus bo Popta.

Tylognathus bo Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. 1902 — 1904, p. 199. —
Ibid. XXVII. 1906, p. 1 1 6.

Si.
D. 3.8; A, 3.5; P. 1.14—16; V. 1.8; L.I. 34— 35; L. tr. _i_.

51

Height 32/3 — 4, almost 5 to 5!/2 in length with caudal. Head
42/5-48/9> 6— 6>/2 in length with caudal. Eye 4%— 52/7, i3/5— 22/5
in snout, 2 — 3]/G in interorbital space. Two maxillary barbels,
4/5 of the length of the eye. No rostral barbels. Origin of
dorsal opposite to ioth scale of lateral line, separated by n
scales from occiput. Dorsal emarginate, its height equal to
that of the body or a little less. Origin of anal opposite to 2ist or
22nd scale of lateral line. Height of anal more or less than
that of ventrals, which are somewhat shorter than pectorals.
Origin of ventrals separated by 3 scales from nth or I2*h scale
of lateral line. Pectorals 4 — 4!/2 in length, equal to or longer
than head. Caudal bifurcate and much longer than height of
body. Least height of caudal peduncle i2/5 — 14/5 in length of
head, surrounded by 16 scales. Brownish above, lighter below.
Length 294 mm. [Type seen by us in the Leiden Museum].
Habitat: Borneo (river Bo!).

3. Tylognathus kajanensis Popta.

Tylognathus kajanensis Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. 1902 — 1904, p. 198. —
Ibid. XXVII. 1906, p. 112.

__

D. 3.8; A. 3.5; P. 1.13— IS; V. 1.8; L.I. 37— 38; L. tr. i .

5—51

Height equal to head, 4!/3 — 45/7, 53/5 — 6 in length with caudal.
Eye 5, slightly more than twice in snout, and 2!/9 — 25/n in
interorbital space. Only a pair of maxillary barbels present,

222

5/7 length of eye. Origin of dorsal opposite to IIth scale of
lateral line, separated by 1 1 scales from occiput. Dorsal slightly
emarginate, as high as body. Anal beginning opposite to 24^
scale of lateral line, its height is equal to the length of pectorals
and ventrals. Origin of ventrals separated by 2!/a — 3 scales
from the 13th scale of lateral line. Pectorals 5 — 52/7 in length.
Caudal bifurcate, much longer than head. Caudal peduncle
surrounded by 16 scales. Brown above, lighter below. There
is a dark brown spot on the caudal peduncle. Length 192 mm.

Nom. in dig.: Modjok (Kajan); Seluang (Djambi).

Habitat: Sumatra (Djambi!); Borneo (river Kajan).

4. Tylognathus lehat (Blkr.).

Lobocheilos (Lobocheilos) lehat Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini, 1 860,

p. 152. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 58.
Tylognathus lehat Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 66.

4i

0.3.8—9; A. 3.5; P. 1. 15; V. 1.8; L.I. 32— 34; L. tr. j_.

4$
Height 33/4 — 4. Head more than 4 to 5. Eye more than 3

to 4!/2, situated somewhat behind the middle of the length of
the head, twice in snout. Barbels 4, very small. Origin of
dorsal in advance of that of ventrals, opposite to 9th or ioth
scale of lateral line and separated by 9 scales from occiput.
Anterior rays scarcely prolonged in adult examples. Pectorals
and ventrals subequal, 53/5 to more than six times in total
length, somewhat shorter than head. Ventrals reaching anus,
their origin separated by 2!/2 scales from IIth scale of lateral
line. Pectorals not reaching ventrals. Caudal forked. Least
height of caudal peduncle 1.6 in its own length; surrounded
by 1 2 scales. Length 225 mm. [After specimens in the British
Museum seen by us].

Nom. in dig.: Lehat, Millang (Sundan.).

Habitat: Java (Parongkalong).

5. Tylognathus falcifer (C.V.). [Fig. 87 and 88, pag. 219].

Labeo falcifer Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVI. 1842, p. 358.
Lobocheilos falcifer Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie V. 1853, p. 522.
Gobio microcephalus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XIII. 1857, p. 357.
Lobocheilos (Lobocheilos) falcifer Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini 1860,

p. 148. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 56.
Lobocheilos (Gobionichthys) microcephalus Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II.

Cyprini, 1860, p. 156. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 60.
Tylognathus falcifer Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1 868, p. 65.

223

Jt_

D. 3.8— 9; A. 3.5; P. 1.14— 15; V. 1.8; L.I. 33— 35; L. tr._JL_.

5-51

Height 3.3 — 3.9, 4.3 to more than 5 in length with caudal; head
42/3 — 5J/5, nearly 6 — 7 in length with caudal. Eye 3 — 4x/2, its
centre situated somewhat behind the middle of the length of the
head, i2/- — 2J/2 in interorbital space, in young specimens not,
in older ones much shorter than snout. Snout obtusely pointed,
projecting beyond the lower jaw, porous. Barbels four, very
small. Origin of dorsal in advance of that of ventrals, opposite
to ioth or nth scale of lateral line, separated by n — 12 scales
from occiput. Dorsal deeply emarginate, anterior dorsal rays
more or less prolonged in adult examples. Origin of anal opposite
to 22&d or 23rd scale of lateral line. Anal more or less emar-
ginate, much lower than dorsal. Ventrals and pectorals sub-
equal, shorter than head. Ventrals opposite to I2*h scale of
lateral line and to third branched ray of dorsal. There are
three rows of scales between the lateral line and the root of
the ventral fin. Caudal deeply forked. Colour uniform, an indi-
cation of a faint lateral brown band in young specimens. Length
335 mm.

Nom. in dig.: Lehat, Millang (Malay. Batavia, Sundan.);
Udjah (Sundan.).

Habitat: Sumatra (lake Manindjau !) ; Java (Batavia, Rankas-
betong, Lebak, Tjampea, Buitenzorg, Sadjira, Sading, Tjandjur,
Parongkalong, Kuningan, Ngantang); Borneo (river Kapuas).

6. Tylognathus schwanefeldi (Blkr.).

Lobocheilos Schwanefeldii Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie V, 1853, p. 523.
Lobocheilos (Lobocheilos) Schwanefeldi Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini,

1860, p. 150. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 57.
Tylognathus schwanefeldii Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 66.

If this is really a distinct species, it differs, according to
BLEEKER and GUNTHER, from T.falcifer by having the height
of the body equal to the length of the head. According to
BLEEKER the height of the head goes i2/5 — 13/7 in its length
in T. schwanefeldi, and i!/4 to scarcely more than once in
T. falcifer. Moreover T. schwanefeldi is said to have a light
yellowich narrow lateral band running above the lateral line.

Specimens of both species of BLEEKER's collection in our
possession, are in too bad state to controle the above statements.

Nom. i n d i g. : Lahat, Millang (Sundan.).

224

Habitat: Sumatra (Solok, Lahat); Java (Lebak, Parong-
kalong).

Doubtful species.
7. Tylognathus hasselti (Blkr.)

Barbus Hasseltii Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XIII. 1857, p. 355.
Lobocheilos (LobocheilosT) Hasseltii Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini
1860, p. 153.

This species was founded on a bad drawing only. Afterwards
(Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 56) the author says about it: "11 m'a
paru que mon Lobocheilos? Hasselti est d'un genre different."

24. Gyrinocheilus Vaillant.

(VAILLANT, Comptes rendus Acad. sc. Paris 1902, p. 1702).

Elongate. Head and body ventrally flattened. Head conical,

Fig. 89. Gyrinocheihis pustulosus Vaill. X 3/4-

laterally with several irregular rows of cutaneous pores. Snout

prominent, pointed, anteriorly
superiorly with a furrow, which
is continued along its lower
surface round the corner of
the mouth to the postlabial
groove. No rostral fold. Upper-
lip thick, mesially emarginate,
its outer surface with low soft
papillae, its inner surface with
regular transverse series of
Fig. 90. Gyrinocheilus pustulosus small papillae with a horny

Vaill. X 3; fr lateral furrow including covering giying the H a ras
the parts of the mouth; ip involuted part .., , , ,f

of upper and lower lip; // lower lip; llke appearance. Median part

Ip lateral, m median part of postlabial of lower lip thick, triangular

groove ; ul upper lip, on one side partly
reflected, to show the horny rasp.

and provided with similar pa-
pillae as the inside of the lower

lip; laterally it forms together with the upperlip, with which

225

it is connected, an involuted prolongation, situated in the lateral
part of the postlabial groove; this groove is divided in a
median and two lateral parts by two fleshy prolongations,
broadly originating from the isthmus and tapering towards the
lower lip. No barbels. Eye with a free orbital margin. Simple
rays of dorsal totally or partly ossified, with 9 branched rays
and originating far in advance of the ventrals. Anal short,
with 5 branched rays. Caudal emarginate. Ventrals and pec-
torals horizontal. Scales rather small. Lateral line straight,
running in the middle of the tail. Branchial openings rather
narrow, their superior part not covered by the opercular flap,
but forming a vertical oval opening, closed at the inside by a
moveable velum. Gillmembranes broadly united with the isthmus.
No pharyngeal teeth.

Distribution: One species from Borneo and one from
Siam, in mountain streams.

»

i. Gyrinocheilus pustulosus Vaillant.

Gyrinocheilus pustulosus Vaillant, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. 1902, p. in.
Gyrinocheilus pustulosus Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXVII. 1906, p. 180.

_8

0.3.9; A-3-5; P. 1-14; V. 1.8; L. 1.40— 41; L. tr. T.

about 12

Height 4 — 5.2, 5 — 6.4 in length with caudal. Head 3.6 — 3.8,
4.6 — 4.7 in length with caudal. Eye 6.7 — 10, 3.7 — 6 in snout,
2.5 — 3.8 in interorbital space. Origin of dorsal opposite to iith
scale of lateral line. Dorsal nearly truncate, shorter than head.
Origin of anal opposite to 3ist scale of lateral line. Height of
anal equal to that of dorsal. Origin of ventrals separated by
4 scales from i8*n scale of lateral line, opposite to 5th branched
ray of dorsal. Ventrals shorter than pectorals, which are some-
what shorter than head. Caudal emarginate, the lobes rounded,
about equal to length of head. Least height of caudal peduncle
62/3 in length of head, about equal to length of caudal peduncle,
surrounded by 16 scales. In immature specimens irregular
series of black blotches on the back and on the flanks, in
adult specimens a broad darkish longitudinal band along the
sides. Length 355 mm.

Norn, in dig.: Telure (Bo).

Habitat: Borneo (river Kapuas: mouth of river Raun and
Upper Sibau, river Bo! affluent of river Mahakam).

INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES III. 15

226

25. Paracrossochilus Popta.

(POPTA, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. 1902 — 04, p. 200).

Elongate. Head conical. Dorsal outline somewhat convex.
Head and body ventrally flattened. Mouth inferior. Snout
prominent, rounded, anteriorly on each side with (males?) or
without a strong horny tubercle. Upper lip forms a broad fold,
covered by numerous round soft papillae, arranged in longi-
tudinal series towards its border, which is superficially crenu-
lated and overhangs a wide vestibulum of the mouth. The
lower lip forms a median prominent broad body, emarginated
anteriorly, rounded laterally, not separated from the isthmus
and covered with the same papillae as the upper lip. It has
on each side a lateral part, forming a soft, curved prolongation
connected with the upper lip, situated in a deep groove repre-

Fig. 91. Paracrossochifas vittatus (Blgr.) X l1/2-

Separate figure: view of ventral surface of head, a rostral, b maxillary barbel;
/ lateral, m median part of lower lip (//); ul upper lip.

senting the lateral part of a postlabial groove, where it is
folded. The upper lip carries a barbel, where it is connected
with the forward prolongation of the lower lip. A pair of rostral
barbels at the inner side of a lateral furrow, which is a forward
continuation of the postlabial groove. Jaws with sharp edges,
bordering the transverse gape of mouth, the lower one with a
symphysial tubercle. Eye with a free orbital margin. Dorsal
with 8 branched rays, simple rays not ossified, originating far
in advance of origin of ventrals. Anal short, with 5 branched
rays. Caudal bifurcate. Ventrals and pectorals horizontal. Scales
large. Lateral line straight, running in the middle of the tail.
Pharyngeal teeth 6.3—3.6. Branchial openings narrow. Gillmem-
branes broadly united to the isthmus.

Distribution: The single known species from Borneo, in
mountain streams.

227

i. Paracrossochilus vittatus (Blgr.).

Crossochilus vittatus Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) XIII. 1894, p. 247.
Paracrossochilus bicornis Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. 1902 — 04, p. 201. —
Ibid. XXVII, 1906, p. 122.

3*

D. 2.8; A. 2.5; P. 1.14 --15; V. I./— 8; L. 1. 28— 2Q; L. tr. I .

3=4

Height about 5 to 5.2, about 6 to 6.5 in length with caudal.

Head 4.5 to about 5, 5.6 to 6 in length with caudal. Eye 4 — 4!/2,
1.7 to almost 2 in interorbital space and twice in snout. In
some specimens (males?) on each side of the snout, near its
extremity, a conical pointed horny tubercle. Rostral barbels
somewhat smaller than eye, maxillary barbels still shorter.
Origin of dorsal opposite to ioth scale of lateral line, separated
by 10 scales from occiput. Dorsal slightly emarginate, its height
equal to length of head. Origin of anal opposite to 2ist scale
of lateral line. Ventrals and pectorals subequal. Ventrals not
reaching anal, their origin separated by 2 series of scales from
the nth scale of lateral line. Pectorals nearly equal to head.
Caudal bifurcate, its lobes slightly pointed, equal to or slightly
longer than head. Least height of caudal peduncle about twice
in head and more than i!/2 times in its own length, surrounded
by 8 — 9 scales. Brown above, yellowish below. A broad lateral
longitudinal brown band. Fins hyaline, with a dark hue. Each
lobe of caudal with an intramarginal dark band. Length 74 mm.
[Type of Cr. vittatus Blgr. and P. bicornis Popta in the British
and Leiden Museum seen by us].

Nom in dig.: Seluwang howong, Tuliim (Howong).

Habitat: Borneo (river Howong, one of the tributaries of
river Mahakam !, Upper Kapuas, Sarawak in rivers Senah,
Poeh and Tagora).

26. Discognathus Heckel.

(HECKEL, Russegger's Reise I. 2. Theil, 1843, p. 1027).

Oblong, dorsal surface slightly convex. Ventral surface of
head and body flattened. Snout prominent, obtusely rounded,
more or less depressed, with horny tubercles and a superficial
or deep horizontal furrow. Upper lip broad, covered by soft
round papillae, its free border crenulated, carrying a barbel,
where it passes over in the lower lip; it overhangs a vestibulum
of the mouth. Lower lip modified into a suctorial disk, with
a narrow anterior and a broad rounded posterior margin, both

228

margins are free and covered with soft round papillae. These
are missing in the centre of the lip, which forms an oval fleshy
cushion. Postlabial groove continued forward and laterally to near
rostral barbel, which may be absent. Jaws covered with a horny
sharp edge, bordering the slightly crescent-shaped transverse
opening of mouth. Dorsal with 7 or 9 branched rays, the simple
rays may be partly ossified. Dorsal originating somewhat in
advance of origin of ventrals. Anal short, with 5 branched rays.

Fig. 92. Discognathus borneensis Vaill. (After VAILLANT).

Caudal emarginate. Pectorals and ventrals horizontal. Scales large
or of moderate size. Lateral line straight, running in the middle
of the tail. Branchial openings rather narrow. Gillmembranes
broadly united to isthmus. Pharyngeal teeth 5.4.2 — 2.4.5.

Distribution: Rivers, especially mountain rivers, of North-
East Africa, Southern Asia, Ceylon and Borneo.

i. Discognathus borneensis Vaill.

Discognathus borneensis Vaillant, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. 1902, p. 91.
Garra borneensis Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia (2) LVII. 1905, p. 482.

D. 2.8; A. 2.5; V. 1.8; L. 1. 28 ; L.tr.f.

5

Height more than 5, 6.4 in length with caudal. Head 4.2,
5.3 in length with caudal. Eye more than 5, more than thrice
in snout and about twice in interorbital space. Snout obtuse,
prominent, with a horizontal furrow and with numerous horny
small papillae, 3 or 4 of which are more conspicuous. Four
barbels. Origin of dorsal before middle of length. Height of

229

dorsal equal to height of body. Ventrals surpassing anus, their
origin opposite to the first third of the dorsal. A broad deep
slaty-dusky band enclosing lateral line from eye to base of
caudal. A brownish streak on upper and lower caudal rays.
Fins more or less dusky. Length about 100 mm. [After VAILLANT
and his type specimen in the Leiden Museum, seen by us].

N o m. i n d i g. : Ukau (Bluu).

Habitat: Borneo (river Bluu!, tributary of river Mahakam,
Baram river).

27. Epalzeorhynchus Bleeker.

(BI.EEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IX. 1855, P- 27°)-
Elongate, cylindrical. Dorsal and ventral profile slightly

Fig. 93. Epalzeorhynchus kallopterus (Blkr.) X 9/io-

convex. Snout obtusely rounded, prominent, with a free moveable

ut,

Fig. 94. Anterior part of head of Epalzeorhynchtis kallopterus (Blkr.)

partly seen from below, a maxillary, b rostral barbel ; c moveable lateral lobe ;

d demarcation between snout and upper lip; / frenulum between lips;

Ij lower jaw ; // lower lip ; ul fringed upper lip.

lateral lobe, the base of which is formed by bone. No pen-

230

dulous rostral fold. Upper lip fringed, covering the square
inferior gape of mouth when closed. Lateral part of lower lip
connected by a frenulum with the lateral part of the upper lip.
Upper jaw with a sharp edge, its broadened lateral parts
introverted and embracing the lateral parts of the lower jaw,
which has a sharp bony edge. Postlabial groove only repre-
sented by a shallow longitudinal groove near corner of mouth.
Two pairs of barbels. A rostral one below the moveable lobe,
the hinder one behind the corner of the mouth. Eye with a
rather broad free orbital margin. Short dorsal without osseous
ray, with 8 branched rays, situated in the anterior half of the
total length, opposite to ventrals. Anal short, with 5 branched
rays. Pectorals short, rounded. Caudal incised. Scales rather
large. Lateral line straight, running in the middle of the tail.
Pharyngeal teeth 5.4.2 — 2.4.5. Branchial openings rather narrow,
subvertical. Gillmembranes broadly united with isthmus.

Distribution: The single known species in fresh water
in Sumatra and Borneo.

i. Epalzeorhynchus kallopterus (Blkr.).

Barbus kalopterus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie I. 1850, p. 13.
Epalzeorhynchus kalopterus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IX. 1855, p. 270.
Epalzeorhynchus kallopterus Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini 1860,

p. 118. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 38.

Epalzeorhynchus calloptcrus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 76.
Epalzeorhynchus kallopterus Vaillant, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (3) V. 1893, p. 77.

51
D. 3.8; A. 2.5; P. 1.15; V. 1.8; L.I. 34— 36; L. tr. ^ (below

6^
origin of D.).

Height about 4.6, more than 5!/2 in length with caudal.
Head 4.2 — 4.8, 5.3 to almost 6 in length with caudal. Eye 4,
about twice in snout and in interorbital space. Barbels equal,
somewhat shorter than eye. Origin of dorsal opposite to ioth
scale of lateral line, much nearer to end of snout than to root
of caudal, separated by 10 — 11 scales from occiput. Dorsal
concave, its height slightly more than length of head; with its
median part opposite to origin of ventrals. Origin of anal
opposite to 23^ scale of lateral line. Anal concave, its height
about 4/5 of length of head. Ventrals rounded, nearly equal
to pectorals, scarcely reaching anus, which is remote from anal;
their origin separated by 4 or 4'/2 scales from 13* scale of

231

lateral line. Pectorals rounded, somewhat shorter than head.
Caudal incised, the lobes pointed, about equal to head. A broad
brown band runs from the snout to the end of the middle
caudal rays, including the lateral line, separated from the dark
back by a light streak of the same colour as the ventral
surface. Dorsal and anal with a broad oblique black band,
ventrals with a large black patch. Length 160 mm.

Nom in dig.: Selimang and Selessur (Djambi).

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang, Lahat, river Batang Hari :
Djambi!, river Kwantan: Taluk!); Borneo (river Kapuas: Ponti-
anak, Sintang, Sebruang, Sibau, river Kahajan, Banjermassin).

28. Crossochilus (v. Hasselt) Bleeker.

(BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie V. 1853, p. 525).

Elongate, compressed. Dorsal and ventral profile slightly
convex. Snout obtusely rounded, prominent, without a lateral
lobe, with larger or smaller pores and horny tubercles. No
pendulous rostral fold. Upper lips generally fringed, covering
the square inferior gape of mouth when closed, and sending
from its lateral part a cutaneous frenulum to the lateral
part of the lower jaw, but not continued to the lower lip.

Fig. 95- Crossochilus gimthopogon n. sp. X 5/6-

Lower lip rather fleshy, without postlabial groove, not con-
nected with the upper lip. Upper jaw with a sharp edge, its
broadened lateral parts introverted and embracing the lateral
part of the lower jaw, which has a sharp bony edge and a
symphysial ridge. A pair of rostral and of maxillary barbels,
one pair or the other may be absent. Eye with a free orbital
margin. Short dorsal without osseous ray and with 8 branched

232

rays, situated in the anterior half of the total length and
originating before ventrals. Anal short, with 5 branched rays.
Pectorals short, rounded, subhorizontal. Caudal forked. Scales
rather large. Lateral line straight, running in the middle of

'U

Fig. 96. Opened mouth of Crossochilus gnathopogon n. sp. X 4-

b maxillary barbel; d line of demarcation between skin of rostrum and upper lip;

/ frenulum; Ij lower jaw; // lower lip; uj upper jaw; ul fringed upper lip.

the tail. Pharyngeal teeth 5.4.2 — 2.4.5, obliquely truncate.
Branchial openings rather narrow, gillmembranes broadly united
to isthmus.

Distribution: Fresh water of Indo-australian Archipelago
(Sumatra, Java, Borneo) and East-Indian Continent.

Key to the indo-australian species.

I. Two barbels only.

a. Only a pair of rostral barbels C. oblongus p. 232.

b. Only a pair of maxillary barbels C. gnathopogon p. 233.

II. Four barbels.

1. 5'/2 scales below lateral line, 3 scales between

origin of ventrals and lateral line C. cobitis p. 234.

2. 4Y-2 scales below lateral line, 2 scales between

origin of ventrals and lateral line C. langci p. 234.

i. Crossochilus oblongus (C.V.)

Labeo oblongus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVI. 1842, p. 357.
Crossocheilos oblongus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie V. 1853, p. 525.
Crossocheilos (Crossocheilos) oblongus Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini

1860, p. 124. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 40.
Crossochilus oblongus Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 73.
Crossochilus oblongus var. nigriloba Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXVII. I9o6,p. 1 20.

233

4

D. 3.8; A. 3.5; P. 1.14— 15; V. 1.8; L.I. 33— 34; L. tr. _i_.

5

Height 4!/2 — 5> 5'/2 to more than 6!/2 in length with caudal.
Head 43/4— 52/5, 6—7 in length with caudal. Eye 3—4, i!/2
in snout, i!/3 — 2 m interorbital space. A pair of rostral barbels,
shorter than the eye. No maxillary barbels. Origin of dorsal
opposite to ioth scale of lateral line, separated by about 9
scales from occiput. Dorsal slightly emarginate, its height
somewhat more than length of head. Anal opposite to 2y&
scale of lateral line, its anterior rays somewhat prolonged, shorter
than head. Pectorals and ventrals subequal. Ventrals reaching
anus, their origin separated by 3 series of scales from the
12th scale of the lateral line. Pectorals about equal to head
or longer. Caudal deeply forked, much longer than head. Least
height of caudal peduncle about i4/5 in length of head and
in its own length, surrounded by 16 scales. A dark band along
the middle of the body. In the var. nigriloba the lower lobe
of the caudal has a large black patch. Length 160 mm.

Nom. indig. : Lukas (Malay. Batavia); Djedjet (Sundan.);
Tulum (Bongan); Ale Ong (Bo).

Habitat: Sumatra (Padang, Lahat-Enim, Palembang, Taluk!,
Upper Langkat, Deli) ; Java (Bantam [British Museum], Batavia,
Buitenzorg!, Tjampea, Lebak, Tjandjur, Parongkalong, Sura-
baya, Ngantang); Borneo (river Kapuas: Sintang, Sebruang,
river Sibau, Raun, Mandai, Bongan, river Bo affluent of river
Mahakam). — Malacca.

2. Crossochilus gnathopogon n.sp. [Fig. 95, 96, pag. 231, 232].

Tylognathus hispidus Max Weber, Zool. Ergebn. Reise Niederl. Ost-Indien III.
1894, p. 421 (nee C.V.).

4-51
D. 3.8; A. 3.5; P. 1.14; V. 1.8; L.I. 34— 35; L. tr. i .

5
Height 3.6 — 4, 4.8 — 5.3 in length with caudal. Head 5,6.5 — 6.7

in length with caudal. Eye 3.1 — 3.6, shorter than snout, 1.5
or less in the interorbital space. A minute barbel behind
the corner of the mouth. Origin of dorsal opposite to ioth
scale of lateral line, separated by 9 or 10 scales from occiput.
Dorsal with the anterior rays prolonged, their height somewhat
less than height of body. Anal slightly concave, the anterior
rays somewhat shorter than head, its origin opposite to 22«d
scale of lateral line. Pectorals and ventrals subequal; ventrals

234

nearly reaching anus, their origin opposite to I2tn or 13^1 scale
of lateral line and to 3rd branched ray of dorsal, separated
by 3*/2 scales from lateral line. Pectorals equal to head. Least
height of caudal peduncle about I !/2 in length of head and in
length of caudal peduncle, surrounded by 12 scales. Caudal
forked, much longer than head. Silvery, back brownish, a faint
silvery band above lateral line. Length 128 mm. [Type of the
species in the zoological Museum of Amsterdam].
Habitat: Sumatra (Fort de Kock!).

3. Crossochilus cobitis (Blkr.).

Lobocheilos cobitis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie V, 1853, p. 523.
Crossocheilos (Crossocheilichthys} cobitis Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II.

Cyprini, 1860, p. 125. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 40.
Crossochilus cobitis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 73.
Crossochilus cobitis Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXVII. 1906, p. 120.

4^

0.3.8; A. 3.5; P. 1.14; V. 1.8; L.I. 32— 34; L.tr._f.

5^

Height nearly equal to length of head. Head 4!/4, 5!/2 — 53/4
in length with caudal. Eye 3 or somewhat more, 3/4 of the
length of the snout and i!/4 — 1'/3 in the interorbital space.
A pair of rostral and maxillary barbels, the rostral ones the
longer, but much smaller than the eye. Dorsal emarginate, about
as high as the body, separated by 8 — 9 scales from occiput.
Anal emarginate, much lower than dorsal. Ventrals slightly
shorter than pectorals, not reaching anal, their origin separated
by 3 scales from lateral line. Pectorals 53/4 — 6 in length, not
reaching ventrals. Caudal deeply incised, 4 in length, much
longer than head. Margaritaceous, dark above. A silvery band
runs along the side, in the middle of which sometimes runs a
dark streak. A round blackish spot on the end of the lateral
line. Length 148 mm.

N o m. i n d i g. : Lukas (Malay. Batavia) ; Pedang Laran (Bulit).

Habitat: Sumatra (Padang) ; Java (Batavia, Surabaya);
Borneo (river Kapuas: river Bongan, Bulit, river Bo affluent
of. river Mahakam).

4. Crossochilus langei Blkr.

Crossocheilos (Crossocheilichthvs} Langei Bleeker, Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II.

Cyprini, 1860, p. 127. — Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 41.
Crossochilus langii Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 74.

235

4|

D. 3.8; A. 3.5;. P. 1.14; V. 1.8; L.I. 34; L. tr. i.

4z

Height 4.8, 6.1 in length with caudal. Head about 4.2, 5.3
in length with caudal. Eye about 3.1, 3/4 length of snout and
about i.i in interorbital space. Four barbels, the rostral ones
longer than the maxillary ones, but shorter than the eye. Dorsal
emarginate, slightly higher than the body, separated by 9 scales
from occiput, its origin opposite to ii*h scale of lateral line.
Anal emarginate, much lower than dorsal. Pectorals and ventrals
subequal; ventrals not reaching anal, their origin separated
by 2 series of scales from lateral line. Pectorals about 63/4 in
total length, slightly shorter than head. Caudal deeply incised,
4lj5 in length. Least height of caudal peduncle somewhat more
than twice in head and nearly 1.7 in its own length; surrounded
by 1 6 scales. A brownish band runs along the lateral line and
terminates in a black spot on the middle of the base of the
caudal fin. A blackish spot between vent and anal. Length
of single specimen known 77 mm. [Type of species in the
British Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Sumatra (Palembang).

Species of Cyprinoidea doubtful
as to their systematic position and habitat.

Pachystomus gobioformis Kner.

Pachystomus^} gobioformis Kner, Sitzber. Akad. Wien Bd. LIII. 1 866, p. 548. —

Novara-Exp. Fische I. 1865—1867, p. 353.

Barbtis gobioformis Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 129.

6_

D. 10; A. 8; P. 1 3; V. 8; L. 1. 36—38; L. tr. _i_ (between D. and V.).

4

Height nearly equal to length of head, which goes 4'/3 — 4]/2
in total length. Eye 41/3-— 4'/2> more than one eyediameter
from end of snout and i'/2 in interorbital space. Snout arched,
the somewhat oblique mouthopening not reaching to below
nostrils. Lower jaw shorter than the upper one, both with
trenchant, thin border. Anterior barbels reaching eye, the pos-
terior ones nearly to praeoperculum. Lower lip forming a simple
reversed fold. Symphysis with a tubercular prominence. Skin
behind jaws folded and papillar as if provided with fine teeth.

236

Branchial openings reaching to below eye. A small pseudo-
branchia. Humerus forms above pectorals a triangle, with the
point directed backwards. Praeoperculum situated slightly before
occiput. Origin of dorsal behind half length of body and some-
what behind origin of ventrals. Height of dorsal anteriorly
equal to that of body, strongly descending backwards and
rounded. Anal in height and form equal to dorsal. Ventrals
reaching anus, pectorals shorter, not reaching ventrals. Caudal
semilunary incised. Scales weak, showing radii only in their
sessile part, on their free part strong concentric lines, in the
middle a retiform structure, they are smallest on back and
anterior part of belly. Pointed scale above ventrals absent.
Lateral line nearly straight, with simple tubes. Back and sides
brown. Abdomen silvery white, along the lateral line anteriorly
a diffuse dark band, dissolving on the tail in three to four
subsequent large black blotches. Dark brown clouds on back
and base of dorsal and caudal. Lower half of dorsal with an
oblique brown band, a longitudinal one in the middle of the
caudal. Length about 90 mm. [After KNER, not seen by us].

This species was placed by KNER with a query in the
genus Pachystomus. GliNTHER mentions it as a Bar bus and
says: ^said to be from Java, but evidently allied to the east-
asiatic types of Barbus" KNER himself gives as habitat: wvon
Java?" It is therefore very doubtful if this is really a Javanese
species, as the localities given by KNER are often erroneous.

Ellopostoma Vaillant.

(VAILLANT, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. 1902, p. 145, note).

Elongate, anteriorly and posteriorly compressed, head depres-
sed and flattened above. Snout bluntly rounded, very prominent.
Mouth inferior, very small and extremely protractile, provided
with a pair of barbels at its corner. Dorsal long, with 16
branched rays, its origin before that of ventrals. Anal short,
far behind end of dorsal. Ventrals and pectorals horizontal ;
only one of the outer pectoral rays simple. Caudal deeply
emarginate. Scales small, multiradiate ; lateral line present.
Branchial openings ending below base of pectorals. Gillmembrane
broadly united to isthmus. Pharyngeal teeth unknown.

Distribution: The single known species from freshwater
in Borneo.

237
Ellopostoma megalomycter (Vaillant).

Aperiopttis megalomycter Vaillant, Notes Leyden Mus. XXIV. 1902, p. 145.

_9
D. 3.16; A. 3.5 ; P. I.I I ; V. I./ ; L. 1. 65 ; L. tr. _i_.

14(0

Height 5, equal to head, 6.3 in length with caudal. Eye 3.2,

slightly longer than snout and equal to interorbital space.
Dorsal nearly half higher than length of head ; its origin before
that of ventrals, separated by about 20 scales from occiput.

Fig. 97. Ellopostoma megalomycter (Vaill.). (After VAILLANT).

Height of anal slightly less than length of head. Ventrals equal
to head, separated by 8 scales from lateral line, surpassing
anus. Pectorals somewhat longer than head, not reaching ventrals.
Caudal much longer than head. Least height of caudal peduncle
somewhat less than its own length and more than twice in
head, surrounded by 24 scales. Silvery, with about 2 irregular
series of dark patches of different size and form on the upper
half of the body. Length 5 1 mm. [Type of the species in the
Leiden Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Borneo (river Kapuas!).

Note: VAILLANT places this species in the enigmatic genus
Aperioptus Rich, (see p. 238). We think there is no reason to
do so. We therefore use for it the name Ellopostoma, which
VAILLANT proposed in case his fish should appear not to be
an Aperioptus.

In the second place VAILLANT brings Aperioptus and there-
fore also Ellopostoma in the family Cobitidae. We doubt the
correctness of this view, although we are not able to say, to
which family of Cyprinidae these probably young fish belong.

Cirrhina breviceps C.V.

Cirrhina breviceps Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poissons XVI. 1842^.293.

VALENCIENNES mentions this species from "la riviere de
Bantam."

Already BLEEKER (Ichth. Arch. Ind. Prodr. II. Cyprini 1860,
p. 140 and Atl. Ichth. III. 1863, p. 54) has doubted the cor-
rectness of the definition of VALENCIENNES. The description
was made after a dried specimen, which VALENCIENNES saw
in the Leiden Museum but which does not exist there any
more. Probably it was a species of Labeo.

Opsariichthys temmincki (Schleg.).

Leuciscus temminckii Schlegel, Fauna japonica Poiss. 1847, p. 210.
Opsariichthys temminckii Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 205.

J. KAROLI (Termeszetrajzi Fiizetek V. 1882, p. 43) mentions
in his list of collected fishes Opsariichthys temmincki (Schleg.).
from Borneo, Sarawak. We suppose that this habitat is erro-
neous as the quoted species is only known from Japan.

APPENDIX.
Aperioptus pictorius Richardson.

Aperioptus pictorius Richardson, Voy. Samarang, Fishes 1848, p. 27.

RICHARDSON saysabout this species:

^Radii. -- D. 13; A. II; C. 18^; P. 1 1 ; V. 9.

,,Of this fish I can give no details. There were two speci-
,,mens which I unfortunately placed in the hands of the artist

Fig. 98. Aperioptus pictorius Rich. nat. size. (After RICHARDSON).

„ before I had examined them, except very cursorily. While
,,he was employed in sketching, he put them into a plateful
wof water for the purpose of expanding their fins more per-

239

,,fectly, and forgetting that he had not returned them into the
,,spirits, they were thrown out and lost. The general aspect
,,of the fish is that of a slender Galaxias, but there are no
,,teeth on the jaws. The orifice of the mouth is a narrow
„ vertical oval, which is restricted on the sides by membranous
,,processes. The figure is of the natural size.
^Habitat: Borneo."

We reproduce his figure.

GUNTHER (Cat. Brit. Mus. VII. 1868, p. 371) says about
this species: "Unfortunately the specimens were lost, so that
no description could be given of them. The fish has the form
of a Lepidocephalus, the dorsal being placed far backwards,
nearly opposite to the ventrals. But the mouth is represented
as transverse, curiously lobed, and without barbels."

Its position is doubtful. Certainly it has nothing to do with
Aperioptus megalomycter Vaillant described by us as Ellopostoma
megalomycter (Vaillant) on pag. 237.

Order APODES Linne.

Physostome. Body anguilliform or bandshaped. Scales absent,
vestigial or small. Lateral line present or absent. Skull long,
the supraoccipital separated from the frontals by the parietals,
which are meeting. Upper jaw formed by the dentigerous
maxillaries, the intermaxillaries not developed as distinct bones
but represented by a dentigerous bony plate (intermaxillary
plate), ankylosed with the mesethmoid and generally also with
the vomer. This plate completes the upper jaw anteriorly.
Palato-pterygoids small or reduced, without teeth. Opercular
bones small; the membrane covering the large branchial
chambers chiefly supported by the long branchiostegals. Anterior
vertebrae not modified, no Weberian ossicles. Pectoral arch
not attached to the skull ; pectorals present or absent ; ventrals
absent. Caudal if present united with dorsal and anal, the
rays of which are never spinous. A single pair of dentigerous
upper pharyngeals opposed to the separate lower pharyngeals.
The branchial openings in the pharynx are wide or narrow
slits. When young ribbon-shaped, translucent, pelagic or
bathypelagic, passing through a s-eries of stages known as
Leptocephaliy which are treated at the end of the Apodes.

Artificial key to the indo-australian families

of Apodes.

I. Gillopenings ventral, united into an oval groove
(see fig. 163, p. 335). Body and postorbital parts
of head scaly. Branchial openings in pharynx

wide slits Synaphobranchidac p. 334.

II. Gillopenings separate, mostly lateral.

A. Distance of anus from gillopenings much more
than length of head. Jaws not exceedingly
slender and not much produced.

24 1

1. Body scaly. Anterior nostrils on top of snout, poste-
rior in front of eye. Tongue free. Pectorals present.
Dorsal, anal and caudal well developed. Origin of
dorsal far behind gillopenings. Branchial openings

in pharynx wide slits Angulllidae p. 242.

2. Body scaleless. End of tail not free but with the
caudal confluent with dorsal and anal, which both
may be rudimentary.

a. Nostrils lateral or superior.

1. Pectorals present. Dorsal, anal and caudal
well developed. Anus in anterior half of length.
Tongue free or not. Teeth in narrow bands
or at least partly in 2 or more series.

Branchial openings in pharynx wide slits. Congridae p. 251.

2. Pectorals present. Dorsal, anal and caudal
well developed. Anus in anterior half of length.
Tongue not free. Teeth acute, uniserial. Bran-
chial openings in pharynx narrow slits . . . Neenchelidae p. 268.

3. Pectorals absent. Dorsal, anal and caudal well
developed. Tail ending in a slender tip or
filament. Anus in anterior half of length.
Tongue not free. Teeth cardiform bands.
Branchial openings in pharynx wide slits.

Bathypelagic Nettastomidae p. 269.

4. Pectorals absent. Dorsal, anal and caudal
well developed. Anus in anterior half of

length. Tongue free. Acicular teeth in bands. Heterocongridae^.^i,

5. Pectorals absent. Dorsal, anal and caudal
more or less developed, covered by thick skin ;
if dorsal and anal are rudimentary or absent,
the teeth are bi- or triserial. Anus before or
behind middle of length. Tongue not free.
Teeth in one or more series. Branchial

openings in pharynx narrow slits M^^raenidae p. 343.

6. Pectorals small, vestigial or absent. Dorsal
and anal confined to the tail; they may be
reduced to a low fold. Anus far behind middle
of length. Tongue not free. Teeth uniserial.
First branchial opening in pharynx wide, fol-
lowing narrow slits Moringuidae p. 336.

b. Posterior nostrils generally near eye in the upper
lip in a valve or protruding flap ; anterior nostrils
in a short tube at the margin of the upper lip.

INDO- AUSTRALIAN FISHES III. 1 6

242

Pectorals present or absent. Anus in anterior
half of length. Tongue not free. Teeth in one
or more series or in bands. Branchial openings

in pharynx wide slits Myridae p. 272.

3. Body scaleless. Dorsal and anal if present, not
reaching end of tail, which is free, the caudal being
absent. Anterior nostrils on the border of the upper
lip or on ventral surface of snout. Pectorals present
or absent. Anus before or behind middle of length.
Tongue not free. Teeth in one or more series or

in bands. Branchial openings in pharynx wide slits. Ophichthyidae p. 280.
/?. Anus near gillopenings or its distance from them less
than length of head. Jaws exceedingly slender and
much produced, covered as also the vomer with close
set, recurved teeth. Pectorals present. Bathypelagic.
Branchial openings in pharynx wide slits Nemichthyidae p. 326.

i. Fam. ANGUILLIDAE.

Scales small, more or less linear, embedded in the skin in small
groups, which are placed obliquely at right angles to those of the
neighbouring groups. Very elongate, anteriorly subcylindrical,
posteriorly compressed. Anus in the anterior half of the length;
the origin of the dorsal above, somewhat behind or before it,
but always inserted at some distance from the head. Dorsal,
caudal and anal confluent. Pectorals well developed, with the rays
unbranched. Head moderate, conical. Eyes covered by skin,
without free orbital margin. Posterior nostrils in front of eye,
anterior nostrils tubular and near anterior margin of snout. Cleft
of mouth slightly oblique, extending below or behind the eyes.
Lips laterally thick. Tongue anteriorly and laterally free. Ethmoid
with intermaxillary plate not projecting at end of snout beyond
the end of maxillaries. Teeth conical, small, in cardiform bands
on jaws and vomer. Lateral line distinct. Gillopenings vertical
slits in front and below base of pectorals and separated by a
broad interspace. Branchial openings in pharynx are wide slits.

i. Anguilla Shaw.

(SHAW, Gen. Zool. IV. 1803, p. 15).

For characters of the single genus see those of the family.

Catadromeus fishes, passing their egg- and larval stage

(Leptocephalus] in sea (see at the end of the Apodes], entering

243

as small, still unpigmented eels (montee) the mouth of rivers,
changing here in small pigmented eels and ascending the rivers.

Fig. 99. Anguilla celebesensis Kaup.

Distribution: Widely distributed over the world, but not
extending into the arctic and antarctic regions and wanting
on the west-coast of Africa, on the Pacific coast of America
and on the Atlantic coast of South-America.

Fig. 100. Dentition of Anguilla mauritiana Benn.

a upper jaw with vomerine and maxillary teeth, b lower jaw; the mandibulary
and maxillary teeth with a longitudinal edentulous groove, nat. size.

Key to the indo-australian species of Anguilla.

I. Distance between origin of dorsal and anal more than
half length of head.

A. Maxillary and mandibulary band of teeth longi-
tudinally divided by an edentulous groove.

1. Origin of dorsal nearer to anus than to gill-
opening A. elphinstonei p. 244.

2. Origin of dorsal nearer to gillopening than

to anus A. mauritiana p. 245.

B. Maxillary and mandibulary band of teeth without
an edentulous groove.

1. Mouthopening reaches in the young the hind-
border of eye, when fullgrown to about I eye-
diameter behind eye A. cdcbcsensis p. 247.

2. Mouthopening reaches even in the adult the

hindborder of the pupil only A. malgumora p. 248.

244

II. Origin of dorsal above or a little before anus. Bands
of teeth without an edentulous groove.

A. Mouthopening reaches hindborder of pupil or not

so far; eye 6 — 7 times in length of head . . . . A. spengeli p. 249.

B. Mouthopening reaches to hindborder of eye or

farther; eye 8 — 12 times in length of head. . . A. australis p. 249.

b a

°o° •

°°a° o'oo00o0o°Q

SoSXo"/"

^°o° e.tfi&,

°o^o>00°0^°
So0°°o o^° o°0

Ws&

> O 0 1 o O O 0

"V'o0^"0
^o.0^00^

*oS>ov:«

°0°|o00°0

Vfe%

Fig. 101. Dentition of Anguiila celebesensis Kaup.
a vomerine and maxillary teeth, b mandibulary teeth. X 2-5-

i. Anguiila elphinstonei Sykes.

? Muraena maculata Hamilton Buchanan, in: Fishes Ganges, 1822, p. 23 (nee

Lacepede).
1 Muraena bengalensis Gray, Hardwick lllustr. Ind. Zoology, 1830 — 1832, PI. 95,

%• 5-

Anguiila elphinstonei Sykes, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. II. 1841, p. 377.
Anguiila brevirostris McClelland, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. vol. V. 1845, p. 177.
Anguiila aracana McClelland, Ibid. p. 178.
Anguiila nebulosa McClelland, Ibid. p. 178.
Anguiila variegata McClelland, Ibid. p. 179.
Anguiila nebulosa Bleeker, Nalez. Ichth. Fauna v. Bengalen, Verh. Batav. Genootsch.

XXV. 1853, p. 153.

Muraena maculata Day, Fishes of Malabar, 1865, p. 244 (p.p.)-
Anguiila bengalensis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. vol. VIII. 1870, p. 27.
Anguiila bengalensis Day, Fishes of India, 1878 — 1888, p. 659 (p.p.). — Fauna

of British India, Fishes, vol. I. 1889, p. 86.

Anguiila elphinstonei Max Weber, Zoolog. Jahrb. Suppl. XV. Bd. I, 1912, p. 578.
Anguiila bengalensis Boulenger, Cat. Fresh-water fishes Africa. III. 1915, p. 7 (p.p.).

According to length, height 17 — 20, head 7 — 83/5. Eye 1 1 — 12,
i3/4 — 2 in interorbital space and a little more than twice in
snout, which goes 5 times in head. Gape of mouth 3!/5 — 32/3

245

times in head, reaching somewhat behind hindborder of eye.
Length of head less than its distance from dorsal (ljlo — ljs of
length of head), somewhat more or less than half its distance
from anus, equal to or somewhat less than the distance between
dorsal and anal. Pectorals a little more than thrice in head.
Length of snout scarcely more than the breadth at its base.
Tail '/s °f its length, longer than head and trunk. Vomerine
teeth in an elongate quadratic patch with somewhat concave
sides anteriorly, tapering rather abruptly posteriorly into a
lancet-shaped peduncle, which ends before the maxillary band
of teeth. This last tapers posteriorly and is formed by one row
of larger teeth, with on its outer side a row of smaller teeth
and on its inner side an edentulous groove, which is bordered
by an incomplete row of smaller teeth. The same occurs in
the lower jaw. Colour of alcohol specimens light below, other-
wise dark green with more or less distinct darker marmorations.
Vertical fins often with a light border. Is said to attain 1200 mm.
Habitat: Sumatra (Serdang !), Java ! ]), Celebes (Menado !) —
Burma and British India.

2. Anguilla mauritiana Benn. [Fig. 100, 102, p. 243, 246].

Anguilla mauritiana Bennett, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. London, 1831, p. 128.
Anguilla labrosa Richardson, Zool. Voy. Erebus & Terror, vol. III. 1844, p. 113.
Anguilla labiata Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1852, p. 684.
Angiiilla dphinstonei Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie, vol. IV, 1853, P- 5°4

(nee Sykes).

Muraena maculata Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. vol. IV. 1864, p. 9 (nee Ham. Buchanan).
Anguilla johannae Giinther, in: Playfair & Gunther, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 124.
Anguilla labiata Gunther, Ibid. p. 124.
Muraena marmorata Kner, Novara-Reise, Fische 1865 — 1867, p. 369 (nee Q. £ G.,

nee Kaup).

Anguilla labiata Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, Flussfische, 1868, p. 94.
Anguilla mauritiana Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. vol. VIII. 1870, p. 25 (nee Synon.). —

Fische d. Stidsee, Vol. III. 1910, p. 390.
Anguilla fidjiensis Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. vol. VIII. 1870, p. 26. — Fische

d. Sudsee, vol. III. 1910, p. 390.
Muraena mauritiana Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. vol. IV. 1873, p. 123. -

Arch. need. sc. nat. vol. XIII. 1878, p. 38, 56.
Anguilla labiata Pfeffer, Ostafrikanische Fische, gesamm. von Stuhlmann, Jahrb.

Hamburg. Anst. vol. X. 1893, p. 41.

i) Two stuffed specimens in the Leiden Museum, the measurements of which
Miss C. POPTA was kind enough to take for us (see F. SARASIN and J. Roux.
Nova Caledonia. Zoologie II. Poissons par M. WEBER & DE BEAUFORT 1915, p. 23).

246

Anguilla labiata Pfeffer, in: Die Fische Ost-Afrikas, 1896, p. 71.

Anguilla mauritiana Jordan & Everman, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vol. XXV,

1902, p. 325.

Anguilla mauritiana Steindachner, Sitzber. Akad. Wien, 1906, p. 1420.
Anguilla mauritiana Jordan & Scale, Bull. Bur. Fish. XXV. 1906, p. 192.
Anguilla mauritiana Max Weber, Zoolog. Jahrb. Suppl. XV. Bd. I, 1912, p. 582.
Anguilla bengalensis Boulenger, Cat. Fresh-water fishes Africa. III. 1915, p. 7. (p.p.).

According to the length, the height is 14 — 21, the head
7 — 73/4; the eye 9 — 15, 2 — 3 times in the interorbital space
and 2 — 3 times in the snout, the length of which goes about
4l/2 times in the head. Mouthopening thrice in head and reaches

Fig. 1 02. Anguiha mauritiana Benn.

hindborder of eye or somewhat farther. The length of head
is equal to its distance from dorsal and equal to or shorter
than the distance between dorsal and anal. Pectorals have 16 — 18
(after BLEEKER 22 — 24) rays and go 2'/2 — 3 times in the length
of head. Snout broader at its base than its length. Tail longer
than head and trunk. Intermaxillary and vomerine teeth forming
a rhombic band with slightly concave sideborders; posteriorly
rapidly tapering into a point, which does not reach so far as
the maxillary teeth. The maxillary teeth arranged in two outer
series, the inner one of which carries the longest teeth, which
border an edentulous longitudinal groove. Inward of this groove
there are about 3 series of teeth opposite to the vomerine
band but separated from it by a groove. These 3 series are
posteriorly gradually reduced to one series. Mandibulary teeth
outside the edentulous groove anteriorly in 2 — 3 series, of
which the inner one has the largest teeth, which are continued
posteriorly. Inside of the groove there are anteriorly several
series of teeth, tapering posteriorly into one series. In alcohol-
specimens ventral surface light, dorsal surface dark, especially the
last with different large spots. Length more than 1600 mm.

247

Nom. in dig.: Mowa (Malay. Batavia); Lubang (Sundan.);
Ikan denong (Laut Tawar).

Habitat: Sumatra (Laut Tawar! [Atjeh]; Lake of Manindjau!,
Padang); Simalur!; Nias!; Java (Batavia, Buitenzorg, Tjibulus,
Perdana, Tjibiliong, Kowawang, Tjitjurup, Tjitarik, Kuningan,
Djember!); Borneo; Bali; Lombok; Sumbawa; Flores!; Timor
up to 700 and 900 M. !; Wetter; Babber!; Celebes (Makassar,
lake of Tempe!, Dongala!, Lake of Posso!, Menado, Tondano,
Klabat di Atas) ; Saleyer!; Togian Islands; Buru!; Ambon!;
Ceram!; Nusa Laut!; Batjan; Ternate; Halmahera; Rawak;
New Guinea (rivers Mamapiri!, Klipong!, Tawarin!, near Hum-
boldt Bay!, German New Guinea). — Westpacific Islands; River
Mary in South Australia; Honkong; Philippines; Formosa;
Andaman Islands; Ceylon; Mauritius; Johanna Island; Natal;
Mossambique; Zanzibar; German East-Africa J).

3. Anguilla celebesensis Kp. [Fig. 99, 101 on p. 243, 244].

? Anguilla aucklandi Richardson, Voy. Erebus & Terror, vol. II. 1844, p. 1 1 2.

Anguilla celebesensis Kaup, Cat. Apodal Fish, 1856, p. 42.

Anguilla megastoma Kaup, Ibid. p. 50.

Anguilla otaheitensis Kaup, Neue Aalahnl. Fische, Hamburg 1859, p. 17.

Muraena celebesensis Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. vol. IV. 1864, p. 115.

Anguilla amboinensis Peters, Monatsber. Akad. .Berlin, 1866, p. 523.

Anguilla aneitensis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. vol. VIII. 1870, p. 34.

Anguilla obscura Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, p. 673.

Anguilla amboinensis Klunzinger, Sitzber. math.-naturw. Cl. Akad. Wien, vol. XXX.

1879, p. 419.
Anguilla amboinensis A. B. Meyer, Anal. Soc. Espan. Hist. nat. vol. XIV.

1885, p. 43.

Anguilla delalandi Sauvage, Poissons de Madagascar, 1891, p. 493.
Anguilla latirostris Popta, Notes Leyden Mus. XXVII. 1905 (1906) p. 210

(nee Risso).

Anguilla megastoma Jordan & Scale, Bull. Bur. Fish, XXV. 1906, p. 192.
Anguilla megastoma Scale, Occ. Papers Bishop Museum, vol. IV. 1906, p. 5.
Anguilla otaheitensis Giinther, Fische d. Siidsee, vol. III. 1910, p. 390.
Anguilla aneitensis Giinther, Ibid. p. 391.
Anguilla obscura Giinther, Ibid. p. 392.

Anguilla aneitensis M. Weber, Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. vol. XXXIV. 1911, p. 22.
Anguilla otaheitensis Kendall & Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard

College vol. XXVI. 1907, p. 244.
Anguilla celebesensis Max Weber, Zoolog. Jahrb. Suppl. XV. Bd. I, 1912, p. 585.

According to the length, height 14 — 19, head 7.4 — 8.6. Eye
6.6 (in young) — 13.5, 1.3 — 2.3 in interorbital space, i.i — 2.5

i) GUNTHER cites also Almorak in the mountainous part of British India,
but as this statement is based on a dried skin, doubt is not excluded.

248

in snout, which goes 4 — 5.7 in length of head. Gape of mouth
2.4 — 4 in head, reaching in young specimens nearly to hind-
border of eye, in older ones to the hindborder of the eye or half
diameter of eye behind it. Head shorter than its distance from
dorsal, shorter than or equal to half its distance from anus and a
little longer or shorter than the distance between origin of
dorsal and anal. Pectorals 2.7 — 4 in head. Breadth of snout at
base equal to or a little more than its length. Tail longer than
head and trunk. The intermaxillary and vomerine teeth forming
a band, which — so far as it is in reach of the maxillary teeth —
gradually tapers posteriorly from 17 — 18 rows of teeth ante-
riorly to about 7 rows posteriorly. There upon it often tapers
abruptly and ends lancet-shaped, at a distance of J/G of its
length or less from the level of the end of the maxillary band
of teeth. These teeth form a band of 10 — 16 rows anteriorly,
which only slightly tapers posteriorly. It is narrower than the
vomerine band and separated from it by a groove. The mandi-
bulary band of teeth is alike. Colour of alcohol specimens light
below, back and flanks dark brown, clouded with darker. Length
1500 mm.

N o m. i n d i g. : Mengaling (Bo) ; Roar (Isl. Roon).

Habitat: Simalur!; Nias!; Borneo (river Bo); Celebes;
Ambon; Buru; Ceram; Salibabu!; Nusa Laut!; Timor!; Kei-
Islands!; Island Roon in Geelvink Bay!; New Guinea! [Brit.
Mus.]. - - Pacific Islands, Philippines, Port Philip (Australia).

4. Anguilla malgumora Kaup.

Anguilla malgumora Kaup, Cat. Apodal Fish, 1856, p. 42 (nee Schlegel, Mus.

Lugd. Batav.).
Anguilla malgumora Max Weber, Zoolog. Jahrb. Suppl. XV. Bd. I, 1912^.588.

Height 14.7, head 7.8. Eye 6.6, nearly once in interorbital
space and 1.3 in snout, which goes 5.2 times in head. Mouth-
opening 3.5 in head and reaches vertical through hindborder
of pupil. Head shorter than its distance from dorsal and some-
what shorter than half its distance from anal and only slightly
longer than the distance of the origin of the dorsal from that
of the anal. Pectoral goes 2.6 times in length of head. Tail
about */3 °f its °wn length longer than body.

According to KAUP'S figure the pointed vomerine band of
teeth reaches farther posteriorly as the maxillary band of teeth,
which ends also pointed; the maxillary and mandibulary band

249

of teeth are both without an edentulous longitudinal groove.
Olive green above, sides silvery, ventral surface yellowish white.
Length of single known specimen 575 mm. [After KAUP and
kind information of Dr. PELLEGRIN of the Paris Museum].

Habitat: Borneo (the single known specimen in the
Paris Museum).

5. Anguilla spengeli M. Web.

Anguilla malgumora Schlegel, (Museum Lugd. Batav.).

Angttilla mowa Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen. vol. XXV. 1853, Muraenoiden, p. 16 (p.p.).
Muraena malgumora Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. vol. IV. 1864, p. II (nee Kaup).
Anguilla {Muraena) malgumora Kner, Novara Exp. I. Fische 1865 — 1867^.367

(nee Kaup).
Anguilla spengeli Max Weber, Zoolog. Jahrb. Suppl. XV. Bd. I, 1912, p. 591.

Height about 17—18, head 64/5— 8. Eye 54/5— 7> ^\*— 1!/2
in interorbital space, touches the maxillary, only slightly shorter
than the snout, which goes 5 — 5l/2 times in head. Gape ot
mouth 3'/3 — 4 in head, reaching to middle of eye or to hinder-
half of pupil. Length of head about twice in its distance from
anus ; origin of dorsal is situated at a very short distance before
it !). Pectorals about 21/* — 22/, in head. Snout shorter than broad

/ / o / o

at its base. Tail only !/4 or '/5 of its length longer than head
and trunk. Teeth equal, those in the upper jaw in two broad
bands, which do not much taper posteriorly. They are scarcely
separated by an indistinct interspace from the broad vomerine
band of teeth, which scarcely tapers posteriorly and reaches
as far as the maxillary bands. Bands in the upper jaw also
broad, not much tapering posteriorly. Any trace of a longi-
tudinal edentulous groove is missing. Light below, dark above.
Length about 600 mm.

Habitat: Simalur!; Nias!; Java (Batavia, Tjikandi); Borneo
(Balik Papan!). -- Australia, according to KNER, without nearer
specification of habitat.

6. Anguilla australis Rich.

Anguilla australis Richardson, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1841, p. 22. — Trans. Zool.
Soc. London, vol. III. 1849, p. 157. — Voy. Erebus & Terror, Prt. 2, Fishes,
1844, p. 112.

i) We have a specimen of 320 mm. length from the Island Simalur, collected
by Mr. E. JACOBSON, in which the origin of the dorsal is 8 mm. behind the
anus. This is also the case in Anguilla dussumieri Kaup, but in that species
the eye is much smaller and far before the corner of the mouth.

250

Anguilla australis Jenyns, Zoology Voyage "Beagle", vol. IV. Fish, 1842, p. 142.

* Anguilla bicolor McClelland, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. vol. V. 1845, P- 178.
Anguilla macrocephala Rapp, Jahreshefte Ver. Vaterl. Nat. Wiirttemberg, vol. IV.

• 1849, P- 142.

Anguilla moa Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. vol. XXIII. 1850, p. 22 (p.p.).

Anguilla virescens Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1852, p. 684.

Anguilla sidat Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. vol. XXV. 1853, p. 17.

Anguilla marmorata Kaup, Cat. Apodal Fish, 1856, p. 43 (nee Quoy & Gaimard).

Anguilla mowa Kaup, Ibid. p. 51.

Anguilla bleekeri Kaup, Ibid. p. 52.

Anguilla cantori Kaup, Ibid. p. 52.

Angttilla malabarica Kaup, Ibid. p. 52.

Anguilla australis Kaup, Ibid. p. 53.

Anguilla australis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie, vol. XIII. 1857, p. 389.

Muraena halmaherensis Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. vol. I. 1863, p. 159.

Muraena sidat Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. vol. IV. 1864, p. 10.

Muraena moa Bleeker, Ibid. p. II.

Muraena australis Bleeker, Ibid. p. 12.

Muraena halmaherensis Bleeker, Ibid. p. 12.

Anguilla sidat Kner, Novara-Reise, Fische, 1865 — 1867, p. 368.

Anguilla moa Kner, Ibid. p. 369.

Anguilla virescens Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, Flussfische, 1868, p. IOI.

Anguilla bicolor Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. vol. VIII, 1870, p. 35.

Angttilla virescens Gunther, Ibid. p. 35.

Anguilla sidat Gunther, Ibid. p. 36.

Anguilla australis Gunther, Ibid. p. 36.

Anguilla bicolor Day, Fishes of India, 1878 — 1888, p. 660.

Angttilla australis Douglas Ogilby, Cat. Fish. N.S.Wales, 1886, p. 58.

Anguilla bicolor, Vinciguerra, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva (2), vol. IX. 1890^.358.

Anguilla virescens Pfeffer, Ostafrikan. Fische, gesamm. von Stuhlmann, Jahrb.

Hamb. Anst. vol. X. 1893, p. 41.

Anguilla virescens Pfeffer, Die Fische Ost-Afrikas, 1896, p. 71.
Angttilla sidat Jordan & Scale, Bull. Bur. Fish. XXV. 1906, p. 192.
Anguilla australis Jordan & Scale, Ibid. p. 192.
Anguilla australis Max Weber, Abh. Senckenberg. Nat. Ges. vol. XXXIV. 1911,

p. 21. — Zoolog. Jahrb. Suppl. XV. Bd. I, 1912, p. 594.
Anguilla australis Boulenger, Cat. Fresh-water fishes Africa. III. 191 5, P' 9-

According to length, height 16 — 17, head 7.3 — 8.5. Eye
8 — 10, 1.5 — 2.8 in interorbital space and 1.2 — 2.1 in snout,
which goes 6 — 8 times in length of head. Gape of mouth 3.5 — 4
times in length of head, reaching to hindborder of eye or
somewhat farther. Head 2 — 22/3 in its distance from anus (or
from dorsal). Pectorals 22/3 — 3!/2 in length of head. Snout shorter
than broad at its base. Tail longer than head and body. The
intermaxillary and maxillary teeth form a continuous band of
many rows of small, nearly equal teeth, tapering posteriorly. The
maxillary teeth are without limit but in close connection with

251

the similar vomerine teeth, which form an elongate pearshaped
band, the point of which reaches in young specimens as far
as, in old ones somewhat farther backwards than the maxillary
band. Mandibulary band with equal teeth, anteriorly broad,
tapering posteriorly. Alcohol specimens with the belly, pectorals
and anal light, otherwise more or less dark and not spotted.
Length to about 1000 mm.

N o m. i n d i g. : Mowa (Malay. Batavia); Sidat (Javan.); Oiling
(Sundanese name for young specimens), Lara (Sundanese for
fullgrown specimens), Sawali Luntjah (Simalur).

Habitat: Pulu Weh (Sabang)!; Sumatra (Siboga, Padang,
Priaman, Benkulen, Batu Sangkar, Deli !, Sungi Mahe (Upper
Langkat); Kota radja (Oleleh, Atjeh!); Simalur!; Nias!; Java
(Batavia, Tjampea, Buitenzorg!, Bekassi!, Tjikandi, Bantam,
Perdana, Tjibiliong, Leles, Banjumas, Ambarawa, Palabuan Batu,
Dirk de Vries Bay); Bali; Lombok!; Sumbawa; Flores!; Timor!;
Aru Islands!; Borneo; Celebes (North Celebes, Menado, South
eastern Celebes); Batjan!; Halmahera; South New Guinea
(Lorentz river !, Rigo in British New Guinea). — Samoa, Tahiti,
Auckland Island, New Zealand, Tasmania, South Australia,
New South Wales, Burma, Malabar, Andamans, Bombay, Ceylon,
German East Africa, Mossambique, Natal.

2. Fam. CONGRIDAE.

Elongate, more or less^ compressed. Anus far behind gill-
openings, in anterior half of length. Scaleless; lateral line present.
Dorsal, anal and caudal confluent. In indo-australian genera
the origin of the dorsal is above or somewhat before or behind
the gillopenings and the pectorals are well developed. Snout
produced, the ethmoid with intermaxillary plate being prominent
in different degrees beyond the articulation with the maxillaries.
Cleft of mouth reaching behind eye. Tongue free or not. Eye
moderate or large. Posterior nostrils close to or near eye, the
anterior nostrils tubulate or not, close to tip of snout and
lateral. Teeth on vomer and jaws in one or more series or
bands, differing in size and form. Gillopenings narrow or wide,
more or less ventrally, separated by an isthmus to which the
gillmembranes are attached. Branchial openings in pharynx
are wide slits.

252

Distribution: Marine, in brackish or fresh water; costal,
in aestuaries or bathypelagic, all over the world in warm and
temperate seas.

Artificial key to the indo-australian genera
of Congridae.

I. Canine teeth in frontpart of jaws and on vomer . . . Muracnesox p. 252.
II. No canine teeth.

1. Anterior nostrils in a tube.

a. Teeth equal, outer series of teeth so closely set

as to form a cutting edge Conger p. 257.

b. Teeth unequal 5 not so closely set as to form a

cutting edge Congrellus p. 260.

2. Anterior nostrils not tubulate.

a. Dorsal beginning above base of pectorals or farther

behind. Tail strongly tapering. Colour uniform. Uroconger p. 264.

b. Dorsal beginning at some distance before gill-
openings. Tail normal. Body banded, head with

dark blotches Poeciloconger p. 266.

i. Muraenesox McClelland.

(MCCLELLAND, Calcutta Journal Natural History IV. 1843, P- 408).

Elongate, anteriorly subcylindrical, posteriorly compressed.
Anus in the anterior half of the length. The origin of the
dorsal before or above the gillopenings. Dorsal, anal and caudal
confluent. Pectorals well developed. Head elongate. Snout
produced. Upper jaw prominent, conical, its tip rounded,
somewhat broadened and somewhat separated by a notch from
the rest of the snout. Eye large, oval, covered by skin, without
a free orbital margin. Posterior nostrils opposite to middle
of eye but distant from it and separated by about the same
distance from the anterior nostrils, which are shortly tubulated
and situated behind the notch of the snout. Mouth wide,
extending far behind the eye. Tongue not free. Maxillary teeth
conical, in several rows, partly separated by an edentulous
interspace. Mandibulary teeth conical, in several rows, the outer
of which may be pointing outwards, the anterior teeth are
caniniform. Teeth of intermaxillary plate more or less caniniform,
followed by several long series of teeth on the vomer, the
middle of which is formed by large conical or compressed

253

teeth. No scales. Lateral line present. Gillopenings rather wide,
beginning opposite to the upper margin of the base of the

Fig. 103. Muraenesox talabon (Cantor). X 5/8-

pectorals and separated from each other by a narrow interspace.
Distribution: Found in all warm seas.

Key to the indo-australian species
of Muraenesox.

1. Outer row of the teeth in the mandibles not directed
outwards. Median canines of vomer with distinct ante-
rior and posterior basal lobes M. cinereus p. 253.

2. Outer row of teeth in the mandibles directed outwards.
Median canines of vomer at most with an indication
only of basal lobes.

a. Pectorals about 3 in head M, talabon p. 255.

l>. Pectorals 4 or more in head M. talabonoides p. 256.

i. Muraenesox cinereus (Forsk.).

Muraena cinerea Forskal, Descript. animal. 1775, pp. X, 22.

Muraena arabica Bloch, Schneider, Syst. Ichth. 1801, p. 488.

Muraena bagio Hamilton Buchanan, Fish. Ganges 1822, p. 364.

Conger longirostris Bennett, Life of Raffles, 1830, p. 692.

? Conger oxyrhynchus Eydoux & Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, 1841, I. p. 203.

Muraenesox tricuspidata McClelland, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. IV. 1844, p. 409.

Muraenesox hamiltoni McClelland, Ibid. V. 1845, p. 182.

Mitraenesox bengalensis McClelland, Ibid. V. 1845, p. 182, 210.

254

Ophisurus rostratus Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. Uranie, 1846, p. 242.

Congrus tricuspidatus Richardson, Voy. Sulphur, Fish. 1846, p. 105.

Conger hamo Schlegel, Fauna Japon. Poiss. 1846, p. 262.

Conger bagio Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie, III. 1852, p. 777.

Conger singapurensis Bleeker, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. XXV. 1855, Muraenoiden,

p. 21.

Murdenesox bagio Kaup, Catal. Apodal fish. 1856, p. 116.
Muraenesox bagio Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 24.
Muraenesox singapurensis Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 25.
Muraenesox singapurensis Kner, Fische Novara-Exp. 1865 — 1867, p. 371.
Muraenesox bagio Kner, Ibid., p. 373.

Muraenesox cinereus Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 46.
Muraenesox cinereus Klunzinger, Verh. Zool. botan. Gesellsch. Wien, XXI.

1871, p. 608.

Muraenesox cinereus Day, Fish. India 4°. 1878 — 1888, p. 662.
Muraenesox cinereus Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XXIII. 1901^3.857.
Muraenesox cinereus Gunther, Fische d. Siidsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 395.
Muraenesox cinereus Scale, Philippine Journ. of Sc. V. No. 4, 1910, p. 265.

Height more or less than 20 ; head 6 — 7. Anus about in
the beginning of the third fifth of the length. Eye 8 — 10 in
head and about 4 times in
snout. Teeth in upper jaw in
three series, the inner one
curved and separated by an
edentulous interspace from
the 2 other series of which
the inner one has by far the
largest teeth, which are com-
pressed. In the lower jaw 3
series of teeth, an inner
shorter, irregular one with
small teeth, a middle one with
large compressed and an outer
one with small teeth. The
middle one of each side ending
near the symphysis with a
large canine, round which the
outer series is produced with
six or seven large teeth.

Fig. 104. Opened mouth of Muraenesox

T , .,, , . ... cinereus (Forsk.). Outer series of m maxil-

Intermaxillary plate with a , , ^ f ,., . ., ,

* r lary, md of mandibulary teeth. — a single

group of about 8—10 canines, tooth of vomer. x l3/4.

followed on the vomer by a

median row of about 10 — 15 compressed teeth, the posterior
ones of large size, with a basal lobe in front and behind. At

255

each side of the median row a lateral row of smaller teeth.
Dorsal commencing above gillopenings, its height about half
height of body. Pectorals about 3 times in length of head.
Colour of alcohol specimens gray, sides silvery, median fins with
a broad black margin. Length more than 800 mm.

Nomen indig. : Putje-Kanipa (Malay. Batavia); Manglong
(Upper Riko, East Borneo); Majong (Bagan Api Api).

Habitat: Sumatra (Telok Betong, Priaman, Bagan Api Api !);
Singapore; Bintang; Java (Batavia> Pasuruan); Borneo (Sing-
kawang, Kota Baru!; Upper Riko near Balik Papan!, Sandakan,
Sarawak); Celebes (Makassar!, Badjoa, North Celebes); Flores!,
Waigeu; Aru-Islands! ; South New Guinea. — Pinang, Philip-
pines, China, Japan, Australia, West Pacific Islands, Indian Ocean,
Red Sea, East Coast of Africa. In sea, brackish and fresh water.

2. Muraenesox talabon (Cantor) [Fig. 103, 105 on p. 253, 256].

t (Ophidiuni) Tala Bon Russell, Fishes of Vizagapatam I. 1803, p. 27.

Conger (Muraena) talabou Cuvier, Regne animal. 2. edit. p. 350 (name only

after Russell).

? Muraenesox lanceolata McClelland, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. IV. 1844^.409.
? Muraenesox exodon McClelland, Ibid. p. 409.

t Muraenesox serradentata McClelland, Ibid. p. 409 and V. 1845, p. 2IO.
^.Muraenesox exodentata McClelland, Ibid. V. 1845, p. 180 & p. 210.
Conger talabon Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XVIII. 1850, p. 1294.
Conger talabon Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie III. 1852, p. 78 (p. p.). -

Ibid. V. 1853, p. 456. — Verb. Batav. Genootsch. XXV. 1853, Muraenoiden, p 18.
Muraenesox pristis Kaup, Cat. Apodal fish. 1856, p. 116.
Muraenesox talabon Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 22.
Muraenesox talabon Kner, Novara-Exped., Fische, 1865 — 1867, p. 372.
Muraenesox talabon Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 45.

Height 17 — 25 ; head more or less than 6. Anus about in
the beginning of the third fifth of the length. Eye 9 — II in
head and about thrice in snout. Teeth in the upper jaw in
three series, the inner one curved and separated by an eden-
tulous interspace from the two outer ones, of which the inner
one has by far the larger teeth. Teeth in the mandibles in
three rows, the outer row separated by an edentulous inter-
space from the others, those of the inner row very small, the
middle row close set and ending at the symphysis in about
5 strong canines; those of the outer row close set behind, but
apart, pointed and directed outward in the first half of the jaw.
Intermaxillary plate with about 8 canines, followed on the

256

vomer by a row of about 12 strong conical canines, the poste-
rior of which may have an
indication of basal lobes. At
each side of this median row a
row of small compressed teeth.
Dorsal beginning a little before
the gillopenings, its height less
than half height of body. Pec-
torals about thrice in head.
Colour of preserved specimens
grayish brown above, white
below, fins light, the vertical
ones with a black border. Length
1500 mm.

Nom. in dig. : Putje-kanipa
(Malay. Batavia); Remang (Java-
nese);Tilan Laut (Bagan Api Api).

Habitat: Sumatra (Bagan FiS- I05- Dentition of Muraemsox

Api Api!); Nias; Singapore; Java talab™ (Cantor> a intermaxillary, m
/•n * ' • T> i r* o maxillary, md mandibulary, v vomerine

(Batavia, legal, Samarang, Sura- . ., . ' ,., , . ., ..,

teeth; the mandibulary teeth with an

baya, Pasuruan); Madura; Borneo outer series of horizontal ones. X ^k-
(Pamangkat,Balik Papan!); Cele-
bes (Makassar). — Malacca, Andamans, British India, Cochin
and China.

3. Muraenesox talabonoi'des (Blkr.).

Conger talabono'ides Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXV. 1853, Muraenoiden, p. 20.
Muraenesox talabonoides Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 23.
Muraenesox talabonoides Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 46.
Muraenesox telabonoides Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878 — 1888, p. 662.

Height about 20. Head about 6. Anus about in the beginning
of the third fifth of the body. Eye 10, 3.5 in snout. Maxillary
teeth in three rows, the inner one curved and irregular, sepa-
rated by an edentulous interspace from the two other rows,
the inner of which has by far the longer teeth. Teeth in the
mandibles in four rows: an inner row of very small ones
followed by a second row of longer pointed ones ; this row is
bordered at the outer side by a third shorter irregular row of
small teeth; an outermost row consists of long pointed distant
teeth, directed outwards. At the symphysis the second row
ends in a strong canine, round which the fourth row is conti-

nued with about 6 canines on each side. Intermaxillary plate
with about 10 canines, followed on the vomer by a median
row of about 18 teeth, the first eight of which are small, the
others being large, conical pointed canines. On each side of

Fig. 1 06. Muraenesox talabonoides (Blkr). X Va- ° outer series of horizontal teeth.

the median row a row of short compressed teeth. Dorsal begin-
ning above the gillopenings. Pectorals 4 times or more in head.
Bluish gray above, light below. Vertical fins with a black
border. Length more than 1000 mm.

Nom. in dig.: Putje kanipa (Malay. Batavia).

Habitat: Java (Batavia); Borneo (Balik Papan!). — British
India.

2. Conger Cuvier.

(CuviER, Regne animal, 2. ed. II. 1829, p. 350).

Very elongate, anteriorly subcylindrical, posteriorly com-
pressed. Anus in anterior half of the length. The origin of the

Fig. 107. Conger cinereus Riipp. X 4/3-

dorsal situated shortly behind the root of the pectorals. Dorsal,
anal and caudal confluent. Pectorals well developed. Head
moderate, conical, somewhat depressed. Eyes large, covered
INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES III. 17

by skin, without free orbital margin. Posterior nostrils opposite
to the upper or middle part of the eye, the anterior in a tube
close to the tip of the snout. Mouth wide, extending at least
to below middle of eye. Lips large, membranaceous. Tongue
free. Anterior teeth in jaws over a short distance irregularly,
in the upper jaw in 2 to 3, in the lower jaw in 3 to 4 series;
posteriorly in upper and lower jaw in one or two series: the

Fig. 1 08. Dentition of Conger cinereus Rtipp.
a intermaxillary, m maxillary, md mandibulary, v vomerine teeth. X 3-

inner series, which may be incomplete or even absent, with
small, conical teeth, in the outer series the equal teeth are
compressed and so closely set as to form a cutting edge. Vomerine
teeth arranged in a short conical group, the point of which
is directed backward; those on the intermaxillary plate in a
roundish group. No scales. Lateral line present. Gillopenings
large, situated nearly vertically below base of pectorals.
Distribution: Seas of temperate and tropical regions.

Key to the indo-australian species of Conger.

I. Origin of dorsal conspicuously in advance of the extre-
mity of the pectorals C. cinereus p. 258.

II. Origin of dorsal about opposite to the extremity of

the pectorals C. conger p. 259.

i. Conger cinereus Riipp.

Conger cinereus RUppell, Atlas Reise nordl. Afrika, Fische des Rothen Meeres,
1828, p. 115.

253

Conger marginal-its Valenciennes in Eydoux & Soul. Voyage Bonite, Zoologie,

1841, p. 201.
Conger altipinnis Kaup, Archiv fur Naturgeschichte XXII. 1856, p. 72. — Cat.

Apodal Fish 1856, p. 114.
Conger Noordzieki Bleeker, Act. Soc. Scient. Ind. Neerl. II. 1857. Achtste Bijdr.

vischfauna Ambon, p. 86. — Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 26.
Conger marginatus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 38.
Conger cinereus Klunzinger, Verhandl. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien XXI. 1871, p. 607.
Leptocephalus nystromi Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXIII. 1901, p. 853.
Leptocephalus marginatus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm. XXIII

(1903) 1905, p. 76.

Conger marginatus Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, 1910, p. 393.
Conger cinereus Max Weber, Siboga-Exp. Fische, 1913, p. 43.

Subcylindrical, posteriorly compressed. Head somewhat de-
pressed, its profile nearly straight. Height about 20, head
about 9. Tail less than twice length of head and trunk. Eye
5!/2, longer than high, nearly i1/^ in snout and nearly !/3 longer
than interorbital space. Jaws equal or the upper one slightly
prominent. Mouthopening reaching conspicuously behind middle
of eye. Posterior nostrils slightly before eye, somewhat below
the level of its upper border. Dorsal commencing above or
somewhat behind the middle of the pectorals. Pectorals 2!/2 — 3
in length of head. Grayish, lower surface lighter. Vertical fins
edged with black. Pectoral fins in adult specimens frequently
with a black spot (perhaps in males). Young specimens in life
with an indication of crossbands. Length nearly 1000 mm.

Nom. in dig.: Navia (New Guinea, Hood bay).

Habitat: Sumatra (Benkulen) ; Java (Prigi, Patjitan) ; Celebes
(Badjoa); Flores; Pulu Serbete!; Timor; Ambon; NusaLaut!;
Batjan; Ternate!; New Guinea (Humboldt bay!, Hood bay). —
New Caledonia, Lord Howe Island, Samoa islands, Sandwich
islands, Japan, Red Sea, East Coast of Africa, Mauritius, Bourbon.

2. Conger conger (L.).

Muraena conger Linne, Syst. nat. ed. X. 1758, p. 245.

Conger vulgaris Cuvier, Regne anim. 2. ed. II. 1829, p. 350.

Conger vulgaris Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 26.

Conger vulgaris Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 29 (s. syn.).

Subcylindrical, posteriorly compressed. Height 17 to 22, head
7 — 9. Tail less than twice length of head and trunk. Eye 5'/2 — 9>
about twice in snout. Jaws nearly equal, the upper jaw some-
what longer. Posterior nostrils on a level with the antero-
superior angle of the orbit. Mouthopening reaching conspicu-

260

ously behind middle of eye. Origin of dorsal opposite to or slightly
behind extremity of pectorals. Pectorals 2!/2 — 3 in length of
head. Ashy gray or blackish, vertical fins with a black margin.
Length of measured specimens from the Archipelago to 662 mm.
[Specimen of BLEEKER's collection in the Leiden Museum
seen by us].

Habitat: Batu-Islands; Java (Karangbollong, Patjitan);
Celebes (Menado, Tanawangko); Solor; Letti. — Almost cos-
mopolitan, but not found in the Eastern Pacific.

3. Congrellus Ogilby.

(OciLBY, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1898, p. 286. — Conger muraena
Kaup, Cat. Apodal fish 1856, p. 108, (p. p.). — Congromuraena Gunther,
Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 40, (p.p.). — Ophisoma (Swainson) Bleeker, Atl.
Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 27 (p.p.))-

Very elongate, anteriorly subcylindrical, posteriorly com-
pressed. Anus more or less before middle of length; origin of
dorsal before, above or somewhat behind the base of the pectorals.

Fig. 109. Congrellus anago (Schlegel). X. I'/4*

Dorsal, caudal and anal confluent. Pectorals well developed.
Head moderate, conical, much shorter or longer than or equal
to trunk; in its front part the bones with large muciferous
cavities. The snout may be prominent. Eyes large, covered
by skin, without free orbital margin. Posterior nostrils opposite

261

to middle of eye, anterior ones tubulate, close to the tip of the
snout. Mouth wide, ending below posterior part of the eye or
not so far. Lips rather thin or greatly developed. Teeth acute,
in jaws in bands or in a few series, gaining in size posteriorly,
not so closely set as in Conger and not forming a cutting edge.
These series are increasing anteriorly into a band. On the
vomer a short patch of larger teeth or a patch of small teeth,

0 CL

V

If! ! \

x "•£ :?{ i £

i % / \ / ; V ' f ^ .1

Fig. no. Dentition of Fig. in. Dentition ot

Congrellus roosendaali n. sp. X^ 2'/2« Congrellus anago (Schlegel). X 3-

a teeth on intermaxillary plate, m maxillary, md mandibulary, z/ vomerine teeth.

tapering into a rather long series of teeth, increasing in size.
Teeth on the intermaxillary plate small or forming a patch
of large teeth situated outside the mouth J). No scales. Lateral
line present. Gillopenings ventrally far distant from each other,
vertical, beginning below upper margin of base of pectorals,
smaller than diameter of eye.

Distribution: Mediterranean, Western tropical and
Southern Atlantic; Tropical Indie; Pacific from Japan to Hawaii
and Fidji Islands.

Key to the indo-australian species of Congrellus.

1. Teeth on the intermaxillary plate enlarged, in a patch

situated outside the mouth (Bathycongrus Ogilby) . . C. roosendaali p. 261.

2. Teeth on the intermaxillary plate not enlarged and

situated inside the mouth (Congrellus Ogilby) . . . . C. anago p. 262.

C. neogttinaicus p. 263.

i. Congrellus roosendaali n.sp. [Fig. no, 112, p. 261,262].

Height 14.6, head 6, 1.2 in trunk, head and trunk 1.5 in tail.
Eye 5.8, half length of snout. Snout bluntly pointed, very

i) Perhaps it is possible to separate the species with the teeth on the inter-
maxillary plate extending forwards beyond the mandibles and lying outside the
mouth as Bathycongrus Ogilby.

262

prominent, thrice in length of head. Cleft of mouth 3.4 in
length of head, reaching to hindborder of pupil. Dorsal beginning
shortly behind base of pectorals, its distance from the gill-
openings more than twice in eye. Pectorals thrice in head.
Teeth in jaws acicular, in rather broad bands of about three
to four irregular series, the outer series somewhat enlarged,
not forming a cutting edge. On the intermaxillary plate a
rather broad patch of large teeth, situated outside the mouth,

t

Fig. 112. Congrellus roosendaali n. sp. nat. size.

behind them and separated by an edentulous interspace, a
small group of strong teeth anteriorly on the vomer. Colour
in spirit light reddish brown, in a young specimen the dorsal
and anal have a narrow black border, more conspicuous ante-
riorly. Length 250 mm. [Type of the species in the Zoological
Museum of Amsterdam].

Habitat: Off Northeast point of Java. 270 M. depth. Col-
lected by the Government Fisheries Investigation ship aGier"
September 6, 1909. Named after its commander A. M. VAN

ROOSENDAAL.

2. Congrellus anago (Schlegel). Fig. 109, in on p. 260,261],

Conger anago Schlegel, Fauna Japon. 1846, p. 259.

Conger anagoides Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen. XXV. 1853, Bijdr. Muraenoid. p. 76. —

Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. VI. 1854, p. 112.
Ophisoma anagoides Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 27.
Congromuraena anagoides Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, Plate V. fig. 3.
Ophisoma anagoides Kner, Fische Novara-Exp. 1865 — 1867, p. 375.

263

Congromuraend anago Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 42.

Congronmraena anago Day, Fish. India 4°. 1878 — 1888, p. 660.

Congrellus anago Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XXIII. 1901, p. 855.

Height 1 6 — 18; head 6 — 6!/5, i4/s m trunk; tail but little longer
than head and trunk. Eye large, 4 — 5, about as long as snout.
Upper jaw somewhat prominent. Cleft of mouth reaching about
middle of eye. Teeth acicular, not forming a cutting edge, the
maxillary band anteriorly in 2 or 3, posteriorly in one or two
series; teeth on intermaxillary plate arranged in a semilunar
patch, completing anteriorly the maxillary bands but separated
from them by a narrow interspace. Vomerine teeth forming a
conical patch, beginning anteriorly with an oval group of small
teeth, followed by a few bigger ones, forming a tapering band,
ending in a single series and not reaching farther than the
anterior half of the maxillary band. Mandibulary band ante-
riorly with several, posteriorly with one or two series. Pectorals
about thrice in head. Dorsal beginning above base of pectorals
or somewhat behind. Light or dark brownish. Vertical fins in
specimens seen by us, without a broad black margin. Length
more than 300 mm.

Nom. in dig. : Ladu (Menado); Totodi (Batjan).

Habitat: Pulu Weh near Sumatra!; Singapore; Celebes
(Menado); Ambon; Batjan; Banda; Moluccos in general!. —
From coast of Coromandel to Malay Archipelago [Day]; Japan.

3. Congrellus neoguinaicus (Blkr.).

Conger neoguinaicus Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-neerl. VI. 1859, Bijdr. vischfauna

N. Guinea p. 22.

Ophisoma neoguinaicum Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 28.
Conger neoguinaiczts Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 43.
Conger neoguinaicus Bleeker, Arch, neerl. Haarlem XIII. 1878, p. 56.
Congermuraena neoguinaica J. D. Ogilby, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales 1898, p. 286.

Only one specimen known, which when BLEEKER received
it, was in a very bad state and is now preserved in the British
Museum. According to BLEEKER it is distinguished from C. anago
(Schlegel) by the jaws, which are of equal length, and having
the vomerine teeth only in 2 rows and having a diffuse silvery
longitudinal lateral band. G0NTHER says I.e. p. 43: "Conger
neoguinaicus Bleeker (Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. VI. Nieuw
Guinea, p. 22), or Ophisoma neoguinaicum Blkr. (Atl. Ichth.
Mur. p. 28), is founded on an example so badly preserved that

264

no really distinctive characters can be pointed out. It is possible
that it is identical with C. habenata" But OGILBY rightly
remarked I.e. p. 286: "Dr. GtJNTHER's suggestion that this
species ""may be identical with C. Jiabenata"" cannot be ac-
cepted if BLEEKER is correct in describing the jaws as of equal
length, the snout as 4x/2 in the length of the head, and the
vomerine teeth as biserial and " "bluntly conical""; indeed,
in view of the latter character, I am not fully satisfied that
the species properly belongs to the present group."

4. Uroconger Kaup.

(KAUP, Cat. Apod. Fish 1856, p. no).

Elongate, anteriorly subcylindrical, posteriorly compressed.
Tail strongly tapering; anus in anterior half of the length.
Origin of the dorsal beginning about above the base of the
pectorals. Dorsal, caudal and anal confluent. Pectorals well
developed. Head conical, depressed. Eyes rather large, covered
by skin, without free orbital margin. Posterior nostrils a slit,
situated near eye, below the level of its upper margin, the
anterior ones near apex of snout, not tubular. Cleft of mouth
of moderate width, extending to middle of eye or beyond it.
Jaws unequal; lips moderate, membraneous, the upper one with

Fig. 113. Uroconger lepturus (Rich.). (After DAY, modified).

a row of short, slit-like pores. Tongue free. Teeth acicular,
unequal, the maxillary ones in two distant series; the mandi-
bulary teeth in two series, anteriorly with a short third inner
row. The vomer with some large teeth in front, which may
be followed by a series of smaller ones. On the intermaxillary
plate the unequal teeth in 2 irregular series, an outer tooth
may be enlarged. No scales. Lateral line present. Gillopenings
large, situated vertically before and below base of pectorals.
Distribution: Uroconger lepturus inhabits the shallow seas

265

and coasts of the Indo-australian Archipelago, the Philippines,
China Sea, Sea of Oman. There are also deep-sea forms known
from Atlantic, Pacific and Indie.

Key to the indo-australian species of Uroconger.

Ventral distance of gillopenings equal to their width.
Height 20 — 23 in length. Pectorals with 9 — II rays. . . . U. lepturus p. 265.

Ventral distance of gillopenings greater than their width.
Height 12 — 13 in length. Pectorals with 17 rays U. brauerl p. 266.

Fig. 114. Open mouth of Uroconger lepturus (Rich.). In the specimen drawn
the duplification of the end of the single vomerine series was nor clearly visible.

I. Uroconger lepturus (Rich.).

Conger lepturus Richardson, Zoology Voyage Sulphur, 1844 — 1845, p. 106. -

Voyage Erebus & Terror, Prt. II. Fishes 1844, p. 108.
Uroconger Icpttirus Kaup, Cat. Apodal Fish 1856, p. no.
Conger leptnrus Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. III. 1858, Bijdr. Vischfauna

Sumatra, p. 49.

Uroconger lepturus Bleeker. Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 29.
Uroconger lepturus Kner, Fische Novara 1865 — 1867, p. 373.
Uroconger lepturus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 44.
Uroconger lepturus Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878 — 1888, p. 66 1.

Height about 20 — 23 '/2; head between 7 and 9, about 1.5
in length of trunk; tail twice to twice and a half as long as
trunk, much tapering. Eye 5!/2 — 6!/2- Snout produced, depressed,
4 times in head. Cleft of mouth extending somewhat beyond
the middle of the eye. Dorsal beginning above the base of

266

the pectorals ; anteriorly half as high as height of body or less,
posteriorly somewhat higher. Pectorals 3.5 — about 4 in length
of head, with 9 — 11 rays. F*or the teeth in the jaws see genus.
On the intermaxillary plate an irregular group of 8 — 10,
behind which about 2 pairs of teeth, followed on the vomer
by a series of very small teeth, which is anteriorly a single,
posteriorly a double one, reaching as far as about the inner
series of the maxillary teeth. Ventral distance of gillopenings
from each other equal to their width. Bluish-gray above, vertical
fins edged with black. Length more than 300 mm. [A specimen
from DAY'S collection in the Leiden Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Sumatra (Siboga) ; Java; Celebes!. — Philippines,
China Sea, Seas of India, Sea of Oman.

In shallow, costal water.

2. Uroconger braueri nov. nomen.

? Uroconger vicinus Alcock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. X. 1892, p. 363. — Descript.

Cat. of Ind. Deep-sea fish 1899, p. 200 (nee Vaillant).
Uroconger leptiirus Brauer, Deutsche Tiefsee-Exp. Tiefseefische 1906, p. 124

(nee Richardson).

Height 12 — 16; head 7 — 7.5. Trunk more than 2]/2 times
in length of tail. Eye 6.2 — 7, in snout 1.7 — 1.9, 1.6 in inter-
orbital space. Cleft of mouth extending to below middle of
eye. Dorsal beginning nearly above base of pectorals. Pectorals
less than half length of head, with 17 rays. For the teeth in
the jaws see the genus. Teeth on intermaxillary plate in 2
series, the posterior series large; behind them on the vomer
one or two large ones, at some distance followed by a- small
one, sometimes behind that an other small one on each side.
Ventral distance of gillopenings from each other greater than
their width. Lateral line very conspicuous, above it on nape and
trunk short, black threads. Colour of alcohol specimens brownish,
head and ventral surface bluish-black, somewhat viridescent.

Habitat: West coast of Sumatra in depths from 660 — 903
metres. — East coast of Africa in depths from 977 — 1019
metres. - • [U. vicinus Alcock, Bay of Bengal (869 metres);
Arabian Sea (786, 1063 metres)].

5. Poeciloconger Giinther.

(GiiNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, p. 673).

Scaleless. Head pointed, without muciferous cavities. Cleft

267

of the mouth of moderate width, extending to below the eye.
All the teeth villiform, forming bands. Pectoral and vertical
fins well developed, the dorsal commencing in advance of the
gillopenings. Nostrils small, the anterior without tube. Eyes
large, without orbital fold. Gillopenings rather wide, close
together. [After GUNTHER].

Distribution of the single species known: Celebes and
Tahiti.

i. Poeciloconger fasciatus Gthr.

Poeciloconger fasciatus Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, p. 673. —
Fische d. Siidsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 393.

Tail longer than the body, which is compressed; the length
of the head is contained once and two thirds or one and
three fourths in that of the trunk. Head narrow, snout pointed,
one half longer than the eye. Anterior nostrils rather distant
from point of snout. Lips thin; angle of mouth below the
middle of the eye. Teeth in narrow bands, the vomerine band
only half as long as the maxillary ones. The dorsal rays are not
quite so high as the body, but much higher than the anal

Fig. 115. Poeciloconger fasciatus Gthr. XiV2-r(After GUNTHER).

rays; the length of the pectorals two sevenths of that of the
head. Gillopenings as wide as the orbit, rather close together,
not extending upwards above the pectorals. Purplish brown;
head with large, round brown spots; trunk with five to six,
tail with 6 to 8 brown cross bands, broader than the inter-
spaces and the middle ones the broadest; they extend on the
dorsal fin. Dorsal fin with longitudinal lines, anal with a darker
margin. In the specimen of Tahiti, some of the crossbands
of the tail are broken up into irregular great patches. Length
500 mm. [After GUNTHER; not seen by us].

Habitat: Only two specimens known: one from Celebes
(Menado), the other from Tahiti.

268

3. Fam. NEENCHELIDAE.

Body scaleless, elongate, anteriorly subcylindrical, posteriorly
somewhat compressed. Anus far behind gillopenings, in anterior
half of length. Lateral line present. Origin of dorsal at some
distance behind gillopenings. Dorsal, anal and caudal confluent.
Pectorals present. Snout conical, somewhat prominent by the
prominence of the ethmoid together with the intermaxillary plate
beyond the articulation with the maxillaries. Cleft of mouth
reaching beyond eye. Eye small. Posterior nostrils a long narrow
slit in front of eye, anterior nostrils in a short tube near tip of
snout, immediately above border of upper lip. Tongue not free.
Teeth acute, few, spaced, uniserial in jaws and on vomer.
Gillopenings small or medium, lateral, separated by a broad
interspace. Branchial openings in pharynx are narrow slits.

Distribution: that of the single genus known.

i. Neenchelys Bamber.

(RUTH C. BAMBER, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, Zoology, XXXI. 1915, p. 479).

For characters of the genus see those of the family.
Distribution: Two species known, one from the western

Fig. 1 1 6. Neenchelys buitendijki n. sp. nat. size.

coast of the Red Sea, and one from the Indo-australian
Archipelago.

i. Neenchelys buitendijki n. sp.

Subcylindrical, posteriorly compressed. Height 19 — 21; 2.4 — 2.6
in length of head. Head 8, about 2 in trunk. Head and body
1.5 — 1»6 in tail. Eye nearly 18 ; about 3 times in snout, which goes
5-3 — 6.7 times in length of head. Cleft of mouth 4.5 times in length
of head, extending behind eye for a distance about equal to

269

diameter of eye. Dorsal and anal low; distance of origin of
dorsal from gillopenings about half the distance of gillopenings
from corner of mouth. Pectorals 4 — 4.5 times in length of head,
with ii — 12 rays. Teeth acute, rather long, uniserial, on jaws and
vomer few in number, widely set ; on vomer about three, on
intermaxillary plate four (or more?) depressible teeth, somewhat

Fig. 117. Neenchelys buitendijki n. sp. X 2V-2- n anterior, n' posterior nostril.
The radii branchiostegi are shining through the skin.

longer than the others. Gillopenings vertical, somewhat cres-
centic, slightly shorter than snout; about 25 branchiostegal rays
shining through the skin (see figure). Coloration uniform yellowish
gray with a silvery hue. Length 218 mm. [Type of the species
in the zoological Museum of Amsterdam].

Habitat: Java (Bay of Batavia), a specimen of 129 mm.
collected by Mr. P. BuiTENDljK. We found an other specimen
of 218 mm. in an old collection made by Mr. V. D. HUGT,
formerly secretary of the Government of Ambon and presented
by him to the Royal Zoological Society of Amsterdam. The
specimen is therefore most probably from the Moluccos.

4. Fam. NETTASTOMIDAE.

Body scaleless, elongate, more or less compressed. Tail ending
in a slender tip or filament. Anus far behind gillopenings, in
anterior half of length. Lateral line present. Dorsal, anal and
caudal confluent. Pectorals absent. Snout elongate, pointed,
the upper jaw the longer. Nostrils superior or lateral, the poste-
rior slit-like, above or just in front of eye, the anterior tubular
or not, not far behind tip of snout. Tongue not free. Cardiform
bands of recurved teeth in jaws and on vomer; the lastnamed
not separated from those on the intermaxillary plate. Gill-
openings small or of moderate size, subinferior and separate.
Branchial openings in pharynx are wide slits.

Distribution: Bathypelagic (90 — 2200 M.). Tropical and
warm seas; in northern hemisphere northerly to North Caro-
lina and Japan.

I. Venefica Jordan & Davis.

(JORDAN & DAVIS, Rep. U.S. fish Comm. (1888) 1891, p. 651).

Very elongate, compressed. Anus far behind gillopenings in
the anterior half of the body. Origin of dorsal above or some-
what before the gillopenings. Dorsal, anal and caudal confluent.
Pectorals wanting. Head moderate, conical, somewhat depressed.
Snout prolonged into a slender fleshy flap. Eyes covered by

Fig. 1 1 8. Venefica procera (Goode & Bean).
(After GOODE & BEAN). Origin of dorsal above the gillopenings. X V-2-

skin, without free orbital margin. Posterior nostrils wide openings
at the upper part of the frontborder of the eye, anterior
nostrils in tubes at the top of the snout, behind the base of
the flap. No lips. Tongue not free. Bands of cardiform teeth

• n

Fig. 119. Venefica procera (Goode & Bean), n n nostrils. X %• Specimen of
the indo-australian archipelago, with the origin of the dorsal before gillopenings.

in jaws and vomer. Lateral line well developed with numerous
pores in a single row. Pores in the course of the sensory
canals of the head well developed. Gillopenings small, sub-
inferior, separated by a rather broad interspace.

Distribution: Bathypelagic (325 — 2200 M.). Tropical and
warm seas.

i. Venefica procera (Goode & Bean.).

Nettastoma procerum Goode & Bean, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. X. 1883, p. 224.
Venefica procera Jordan & Davis, Rep. U.S. fish Comm. (1888) 1891, p. 651.
Venefica procera Goode & Bean, Oceanic Ichth. 1895, p. 149.
Venefica procera Jordan & Evermann, Fish. North America I. 1896, p. 365.
Venefica procera Max Weber, Siboga-Exped. Fische, 1913, p. 45.

Head about 3.6 in length of head and trunk, tail twice as
long as rest of body. Eye situated about in the middle of the
head, nearly $*jz times in snout, without the fleshy flap, which
is longer than the eye. Snout projecting beyond lower jaw
by the intermaxillary plate, which is strongly denticulated.
Points of teeth directed backward, somewhat stronger on vomer
and partly on lower jaw. • Cleft of mouth reaching one eye-
diameter behind eye. Origin of dorsal before gillopenings (Siboga-
specimens), according to GOODE & BEAN above gillopening.
Length 750 mm.

Habitat: Celebes Sea (fine gray mud 1301 M.)!. — East
Coast of North America (33° to 34° N. 76° W. 325—1993 M.);
off San Pedro, California.

5. Fam. HETEROCONGRIDAE.

Exceedingly elongate, subcylindrical, scaleless. Anus far
behind gillopenings. Tail compressed and nearly twice or more

Fig. 1 20. Heteroconger polyzona Blkr. (After BLEEKER).

than twice in head and trunk. Lateral line present. Dorsal,
anal and caudal confluent. Pectorals absent. Snout obtuse, very
short, cleft of the small mouth obliquely ascending upwards,

extending to below the frontmargin of the eye; the lower
jaw projecting beyond the upper. Posterior nostrils a slit near
eye; anterior nostrils very small, concealed ]). Tongue free. Teeth
in the jaws and on vomer small, acicular, in narrow bands 2);
and not separated from those of the intermaxillary plate. Gill-
openings lateral narrow slits.

Distribution: that of the single genus known.

i. Heteroconger Bleeker.

(BLEEKER, Versl. Med. Akad. Amsterdam (2) II. 1868, p. 331).

For characters of the single genus see those of the family.
Distribution: Ambon. -- Canary Islands.

i. Heteroconger polyzona Blkr.

Heteroconger polyzona Bleeker, Versl. Med. Akademie Amsterdam, (2) II. 1868,

P- 332.
Heteroconger polyzona Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 44.

Height about 48. Head about 17. Eye 5, conspicuously longer
than snout. Height of dorsal less than half height of body,
the distance between its origin and the gillopenings is about
equal to the length of the cleft of the mouth. Teeth in the
upper jaw small, acute, conical, subequal, numerous, in three
or four rows. Vomerine teeth acicular, pluriseriate, in an elon-
gate band, which is anteriorly much broader than posteriorly.
Bluish-green above, margaritaceous below, with about 80 black
transverse bands, 12 of which on the head, not reaching the
throat, those on body and tail encircling the body and con-
tinued on the fins, which are yellowish hyaline. Length 275 mm.
[One of the typical specimens of BLEEKER's collection in the
Leiden Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Ambon, in sea.

6. Fam. MYRIDAE.

(Echelidae).

Body scaleless, elongate, vermiform, or slightly compressed,
or (Chilorhinus) short and much compressed. Anus far behind

1) The specimen of BLEEKER in the Leiden Museum is in a bad state and its
snout damaged, where from its anterior nostrils are not visible.

2) BLEEKER calls the vomerine teeth of H. polyzona Blkr. "granular". In the
specimen of BLEEKER in the Leiden Museum this is certainly not the case; they
are acicular as also GUNTHER calls them in his diagnosis of the genus.

273

gillopenings, in anterior half of length. Origin of dorsal above
or far behind gillopenings, before, above or behind anus.
Dorsal, caudal and anal confluent. Pectorals well developed,
vestigial or absent. Snout rather short, more or less prominent
by the prominence of the ethmoid with the intermaxillary
plate beyond the articulation with the maxillaries. Cleft of
mouth reaching beyond eye. Eye small or large. Posterior
nostrils generally near eye in the upper lip in a valve or pro-
truding flap; anterior nostrils in a short tube at the margin
of the upper lip. Tongue not free. Teeth in jaws in one or
more series or in bands, differing in form and size; on vomer
present or absent, on the intermaxillary in a group or in rows,
generally larger or even caniniform. Gillopenings small or very
small, separated by an interspace of different breadth. Bran-
chial openings in pharynx are wide slits.

Distribution: Eels usually of small size and plain colours,
inhabiting coral reefs, sandy coasts or the surface near them
in tropical seas.

Key to the ind o-australian genera of Myridae.

1. Pectorals present Paramyrus p. 273.

2. Pectorals absent "..... Mnraenichthys p. 274.

i. Paramyrus Giinther.

(GtJNTHER, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 51).

Very elongate, cylindrical, posteriorly compressed. Anus
near beginning of second third of length. Origin of dorsal above
pectorals. Dorsal, caudal and anal confluent. Pectorals present.
Snout projecting beyond the lower jaw, cleft of mouth reaching
hindborder of eye or somewhat behind it. Nostrils on the margin
of the upper lip: the posterior one slightly before the vertical
through the eye in a pendulous valve, the anterior one near
apex of snout in a broad tube. Teeth on vomer and jaws,
those on jaws mostly biserial. No scales, lateral line present.
Gillopenings small, separated by a broad isthmus.

Distribution: Celebes and Brazil, in sea.

i. Paramyrus microchir (Blkr.).

Echelus microchir Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. II. (1864) 1865, p. 40. — Atl.

Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 30.

Paramyrus microchir Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 51.
INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES III. 18

274

D. ca. 310 + C. ca. 10 + A. ca. 214; P. 9.

Height about 40; head 9.3 times in length. Eye 12 ; snout

Fig. 121. Paramyrus microchir (Blkr.). (After BLEEKER) nat. size.

4.8 times in length of head. Dorsal commencing above the
extremity of the pectorals. Pectorals about 4.8
times in head. Teeth conical, small, on the
vomer and the sides of the jaws uniserial; ante-
riorly in the jaws larger and biserial, on the
intermaxillary plate also larger and triserial.
Grayish above, lighter below, hinder part of

Fig.i22. Dentition anai fjn wjth a black margin. Length of the

of Paranivrus . , . , r»V« '- /• *.i

microchir (Blkr.). sin§le specimen known 224 mm. [Type of the
(After BLEEKER). species in the British Museum, seen by us].
Habitat: Celebes (Makassar!).

2. Muraenichthys Bleeker.

(BLEEKER, Verb. Batav. Gen. XXV. 1853, Muraenoiden p. 71).

Very elongate, cylindrical, even vermiform. Anus before
middle of length. Origin of dorsal far behind gillopenings; before,
above or slightly behind anus. Dorsal, caudal and anal con-
fluent, generally low. Pectorals absent. Snout somewhat pro-
jecting beyond the lower jaw; cleft of mouth extending more
or less behind eye. Nostrils on the margin of the upper lip;
the anterior in a tube, the posterior at the base of a pendulous
flap. Teeth on vomer and jaws. No scales, lateral line
present. Gillopenings very small, lateral, separated by a broad
isthmus.

Distribution: Indo-australian Archipelago; from Red Sea
to Westpacific Islands and Japan. In sea: on reefs, on sandy
bottom and pelagic, near shore.

2/5

Key to the in do-australian species
of Muraenichthys.

I. Dorsal much in advance of the vent.

1. Origin of dorsal nearer to gillopenings than to

vent M. macropterus p. 275.

2. Origin of dorsal nearer to vent than to gill-
openings M. gymnoptews p. 276.

II. Origin of dorsal above or slightly behind or
before vent.

1. Head and body twice in tail M. sibogae p. 276.

2. Head and body i1/^ times or less in tail.

A. Head more than 10 times in length; cleft

of mouth extending slightly behind eye . . M. gymnotus p. 277.
/?. Head 7 to more than 9 times in length ; cleft

of mouth reaching far behind eye.

a. Height 20 — 30, head 7 — 8 in length.

a. Eye situated behind middle of cleft of

mouth. Teeth in jaws in bands . . . . M. schnitzel p. 277.
/3. Eye situated before middle of cleft of

mouth. Teeth in the jaws in a single

series M. macrostomus p. 278.

b. Height 38, head 8 times in length, head
and body 1.2 in tail. Snout very pointed.
Eye behind middle of cleft of mouth, cleft

4 times in head M. huysmani p. 278.

c. Height 40 — 48, head somewhat more than
9, head and body 1.6 in tail. Snout very
pointed. Eye slightly before middle of
cleft of mouth, cleft somewhat less than

3 times in head M. acutirostris p. 279.

i. Muraenichthys macropterus Blkr.

Muraenichthys macropterus Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-neerl. II. 1857, Achtste
Bijdr. Vischfauna Ambon, p. 91. — All. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 31.

Muraenichthys macropterus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 52. — Fische
d. Siidsee Heft IX. 1910, p. 396.

Height 27.5 — 40; head about 7.5, 2 to 2.2 in trunk. Head
and trunk about 1.3 to 1.5 times in tail. Eye 8 — 12, twice
in snout. Cleft of mouth reaching behind eye. Origin of dorsal
nearer to the gillopenings than to anus; its distance from
vertical through anus nearly 1.2 — 1.5 longer than head. Man-
dibulary and maxillary teeth small, subconical, in 2 series.

Those on the vomer larger and more granular, in two close
set series, on the intermaxillary plate in a semicircular row
of similar teeth. Colour of alcohol specimens brownish. Length
247 mm.

Habitat: Singapore; Ternate; Ambon; Banda!; Flores!;
Solor; Samau !. — Philippines; New Caledonia; Marshall Islands;
Tongatabu; Australia1).

2. Muraenichthys gymnopterus (Blkr.).

Muracna gymnopterus Bleeker, Verb. Batav. Gen. XXV. 1853, Muraenoiden p. 52.
Muraenichthys gymnopterus Bleeker, Ibid. p. 71. — All. Ichth. IV. 1864^.32.
Muraenichthys micros to mus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. II. 1864 — 65^.39.—

Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 32.

Muraenichthys gymnopterus Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 52.
Muraenichthys gymnopierus Rutter, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia 1897, p. 61,

Height more or less than 30; head 7^2 to §1/25 head and
trunk about i'/2 times in tail. Eye about 12 — 15, about twice
in snout. Cleft of mouth reaching more than 3 eyediameters
behind eye. Origin of dorsal nearer to anus than to gillopenings,
its distance from vertical through anus somewhat less than
length of head. Teeth conical, more or less obtuse, the man-
dibulary ones anteriorly in about 3, posteriorly in I to 2 series,
the maxillary ones in a narrow band; the other teeth larger,
those on the intermaxillary plate in a small group, the vomerine
teeth anteriorly in 2 — 3 rows, posteriorly in I — 2 rows. Colour
in alcohol specimens brownish. Length 266 mm.

Habitat: Java (Batavia); Celebes (Makassar!); Batu
Islands. — Philippines; China; Kandavu.

3. Muraenichthys sibogae n.sp.

Muraenichthys gymnotus Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische 1913, p. 46
(nee Blkr.).

Height more or less than 30, head 10 — 12, head and body
twice in length of tail. Eye about 10 — 12, twice in snout,
situated behind middle of cleft of mouth, which reaches slightly
behind eye. Origin of dorsal slightly before that of anal; dorsal
much lower than anal. Teeth small, acicular, in the jaws in
narrow bands, in the vomer in 2 series, anteriorly conspicu-

i) McCuLLOCH (Zool. Results "Endeavour" I. 1911, p. 21) supposes, that the
fish cited by KLUNZINGER as M. macropteius Blkr. from Australia belongs to
Muraenichthys breviceps Gunther.

277

ously longer. Colour of alcohol specimens yellowish brown.
Length 135 mm. [Type of the species in the Zoological Museum
of Amsterdam].

Habitat: Obi major!; South coast of Timor!. (On reefs
and pelagic).

A female specimen of 103 mm. length was already ripe.

4. Muraenichthys gymnotus Blkr.

Muraenichthys gymnotus Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-neerl. II. 1857, Achtste

Bijdr. vischfauna Ambon, p. 90. — Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 33.
Muraenichthys gymnotus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 53.
Muraenichthys gymnotus Klunzinger, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien XXI. 1871, p. 608.

Height 32 — 44; head 10.5 — n. Head and trunk somewhat
less than tail. Eye 12 — 13, more than twice in snout. Cleft of
mouth extending slightly behind eye. Dorsal very low, be-
ginning above or even somewhat behind anus. Teeth conical,
those of the jaws posteriorly uni-, anteriorly pluriserial. Vome-
rine teeth uniserial, about ten; on the intermaxillary plate 6 — 7
somewhat larger ones forming a circle or semi-circle. Colour
yellowish gray. Length 170 mm. [After BLEEKER and KLUN-
ZINGER, not seen by us].

Habitat: Ambon. — Red Sea1).

5. Muraenichthys schultzei Blkr.

Muraenichthys Sclmltzei Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XIII. 1857, p. 366. —

Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 33.

Muraenichthys schultzii Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 52.
Muraenichthys Schultzei Day, Fish. India 4°. 1878 — 1888, p. 663.
Muraenichthys Schultzei Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische 1913, p. 45.

Height 20 — 26; head somewhat more than 7; head and trunk

Fig. 123. Muraenichthys schiiltzei Blkr. X 4-

i!/2 times in length of tail. Eye about 12, one and a half times
in snout; situated behind middle of cleft of mouth, which

i) McCuLLOCH (Zool. Results "Endeavour" I. 1911, p. 21) says: "It is very
probable that the specimen from Port Jackson which GUNTHER (CHALLENGER
Report 1880, p. 30) doubtfully identified as M. gymnotus Blkr., is not that
species but is M. australis" .

reaches one eyediameter behind eye. Origin of dorsal some-
what behind that of anal. Teeth

'ojo a „•$•?& small, acicular, of equal size on jaws

<£o°>f°>°° 3$ °0°°°v. anc* vomer> where they form rather

\?° °§l °°$J £?' °°d broad, equally long bands; those on

Ov>* ^o °0«S ij °\ intermaxillary plate somewhat larger,

In, §1 m, •" °* *n a circular group. Colour of alcohol

'v nzof' specimens yellowish brown. Length

Fig. 124. Dentition of Murae- j -Q mm

rickthy, «**uui Blkr. . teeth Habi'tat. Java (Karangbollong) ;

of intermaxillary plate, m maxil-

lary, ^mandibulary, z-vome- Amb°n!; S°Uth COaSt of Timor!

rine teeth. (pelagic). — Funafuti; Andaman Is-

lands, Red Sea.
On coralreefs and near shore.

6. Muraenichthys macrostomus Blkr.

Muraenichthys macrostomus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. II. 1864 — 65, p. 38. —

Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 33.

Mnraenichthys macrostomtis Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 53.
Muraenichthys macrostomus Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische 1913, p. 46.

Height 27 — 30; head about 8; head and trunk less than iV2
times in length of tail. Eye small, less than twice in snout,
situated before middle of cleft of mouth. Origin of dorsal

opposite to that of anal !).
Teeth conical, recurved, in the
jaws in a single series, on the
intermaxillary plate forming a

Fig. ,25. MuraeniMkys macr<,s«,mu, grOUP' On thfi VOmCr rather

Blkr. x 4- ^ew *n numDer> in 2 series.

Colour of alcohol specimens
yellowish brown. Length 225 mm.

Habitat: Ambon! (on sandy bottom); Bay of Noimini,
South coast of Timor! (pelagic).

7. Muraenichthys huysmani (M. Web.).

Sphagebranchus Huysmani Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische 1913, p. 48.

Height 38; head 8, 2!/2 times in trunk; head and trunk nearly
2/lo shorter than tail. Eyes about 15, 2/!2 times in snout, which

i) In our specimens the dorsal is less high than the anal but otherwise well
developed even at its origin and not rudimentary as in the single specimen
described by BLEEKER and GUNTHER.

279

is pointed and flattened laterally; they are situated behind
middle of cleft of mouth, which is wide and goes 4 times in
head. Posterior nostrils somewhat inflated and situated below
anterior third of eye; anterior nostrils in a tube opposite to
the tip of the lower jaw. Anal low, commencing immediately
behind anus; dorsal rudimentary, therefore its origin indistinct

k

Fig. 126. Mtiraenichthys huysmani (M. Web.).
a lateral, b ventral view, v anterior, h posterior nostril, k gillopening.

but probably opposite to anus, dorsal and anal posteriorly
produced as a keel. Gillopenings principally situated ventrally,
only slightly converging anteriorly. Teeth in the jaws in 2
series. Dark above, light below. Length 115 mm. [Type of
the species in the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam].
Habitat: Flores: Strait Molo, sandy bottom, 69 — 91 M. depth!.

8. Muraenichthys acutirostris n.sp.

Height about 40 — 48; head 9.2; 2.5 in trunk; head and
trunk 1.6 in tail. Eye situated in the anterior fifth of the head;

Fig. 127. Muraenichthys acutirostris n.sp. X IO-

slightly before the middle of the cleft of the mouth. Snout
very pointed and prominent. Cleft of mouth somewhat less
than 3 times in length of head, reaching nearly as far behind

280

eye as length of snout. Origin of dorsal above anus. Teeth
conical, in narrow bands on jaws and vomer. Colour of alcohol
specimens yellowish white. Length 92 mm. [Type of the
species in the zoological Museum of Amsterdam].

Habitat: Ambon, on sandy bottom (2 specimens)!.

This species is allied to Muraenichthys aoki Jordan & Snyder,
(Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XXIII. 1901, p. 863).

7. Fam. OPHICHTHYIDAE.

Body scaleless, elongate, vermiform or slightly compressed.
Anus far behind gillopenings, before or behind middle of length.
Caudal wanting. Dorsal and anal fins not confluent, leaving
free the tip of the tail, which ends in a more or less sharp point.
They are well developed, very low, rudimentary or absent.
Pectorals well developed, vistigial or absent. Snout short or
long, pointed and projecting beyond lower jaw. Cleft of mouth
reaching to below or behind hindborder of eye. Eye small.
Posterior nostrils a slit in the border of the upper lip looking
downward, only in H enter or hinus and Ophisurus above border
of upper lip. Anterior nostrils in a tube or papilla on the
border of the upper lip or on the ventral surface of the pro-
jecting part of the snout. Tongue not free. Teeth pointed,
conical or granular, in bands or in uni- or biserial rows, equal
or unequal in size. Gillopenings large or small, lateral or ventral,
vertical, oblique or longitudinal. Branchial openings in pharynx
are wide slits.

Distribution: In temperate and tropical seas, inhabiting
shallow water, coral reefs and sandy shores, where many forms
have a burrowing habit. Some species enter the fresh water
of rivers and brooks.

Artificial key to the i nd o-australian genera
of Ophichthyidae.

I. Posterior nostrils a slit below and behind eye, at

some distance above the border of the upper lip. Hemer or hinus p. 281.
II. Posterior nostrils in the upper lip, looking downwards.
A. Origin of dorsal before gillopenings.

a. Pectorals short, broad rudiments Myrichthys p. 283.

b. Pectorals wanting or a filament only Callechelys p. 286.

281

B. Origin of dorsal (if present) above or behind
gillopenings.
a. Caniniform teeth on vomer and mandibles in

a single series. There may be a fringe of

barbels on upper lip Brachysomophis p. 313.

Teeth conical or granular, not caniniform, in

jaws in bands or series, on vomer generally

present.

a. A conspicuous fringe of barbels on upper lip. Cirrhimuracna p. 290.

b. Lips without barbels.

1. No teeth on vomer Leiuranus p. 293.

2. Teeth on vomer present.
a'. Pectorals well developed.

a. Teeth granular, in bands Pisoodonophis p. 295.

/3. Teeth conical, acute, subequal . . Ophichthys p. 300.
b'. Pectorals wanting Sphagebranchus p. 317.

i. Hemerorhinus n.g.

Much elongate, cylindrical. Anus behind middle of length.
Origin of dorsal somewhat behind that of anal. Dorsal and
anal not confluent, ending at a short distance from end of tail.
Pectorals wanting. Head short, snout pointed, projecting beyond
mouth, the cleft of which reaches far behind eye. Lips without

Fig. 128. Hemerorhinus heyningl (M. Web.), a lateral, b ventral view;
v anterior, h posterior nostril, k gillopenings, in fig. b connected by a furrow.

filaments. Eye small, situated in anterior fourth of head.
Anterior nostrils a short tube directed backward at the edge
of the upper lip below frontborder of eye ; posterior nostrils a
long slit, below and behind eye, at some distance above the

282

border of upper lip '). Teeth pointed, recurved, uniserial. Gill-
openings small, ventral, vertical, transversally connected by
a furrow.

Distribution of the single specimen known: Indo-austra-
lian Archipelago.

Note: This genus differs from Sphagebranchus by the posterior
nostrils, situated above the upper lip, below and behind the
eye; it is by this arrangement that this genus is distinguished
in the family of the Ophichthyidae, as there is only in Ophi-
surus serpens (L.) a comparable arrangement. In this species
the anterior nostrils are situated in the middle between eye
and tip of snout, at some distance above the upper lip; the
posterior nostrils are oblique slits before the vertical through
the frontborder of the eye, slightly above the border of the
upper lip.

i. Hemerorhinus heyningi (M. Web.). [Fig. 128, p. 281].

Sphagebranchus Heyningi Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische 1913, p. 46.

Height about 55; head 13; 6 times in trunk; tail 1.3 times
in head and trunk. Eye about 13, more than twice in snout,
situated above the second third of cleft of mouth. Posterior
nostrils a long slit, longer than eye and situated below its
hindmost third and behind it; anterior nostrils a short tube
directed backward, at the edge of the upper lip, below front-
border of eye. Snout pointed, its conical part projecting beyond
the lower jaw by more than one eyediameter. Cleft of mouth
thrice in length of head, reaching far behind eye. Origin of dorsal
somewhat behind that of anal. Dorsal and especially anal very
low. Gillopenings longer than eye, situated ventrally, and trans-
versally connected by a furrow. Head and neighbouring parts
of back with light and dark marmorations, otherwise back
with dark points continued downward as dark patches between
the light round blotches along the lateral line. Length of single
specimen known 167 mm. [Type of the species in the Zoological
Museum of Amsterdam].

Habitat: Flores : Strait Molo, sandy bottom, 69—9 1 M. depth!.

i) This is at least our interpretation of the rather long slit. We are not able
to make out in the single small specimen at our disposition, that this slit is
really in communication with the nasal cavity, but as there is no other posterior
nostril, we take this slit for the posterior nostril.

283

2. Myrichthys Girard.

(GiRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia 1859, p. 58).

Much elongate. Anus in the anterior half of the length.
Dorsal beginning on the nape, far before gillopenings. Dorsal
and anal ending at a long or short distance before end of tail.
Pectorals short but broad rudiments. Head small, conical. Snout
short, pointed, convex, much projecting beyond the mouth,
which is small; its cleft extending to the vertical from hind-
border of eye or behind it. Eye small. Anterior nostrils in

Fig. 129. Myrichthys (Myrichthys) maculosus (Cuv.) Richards, nat. size.

tubes on the flattened lower surface of the snout; posterior
nostrils wide, in the upper lip, looking downward, anteriorly with
a flap. Tongue not free. Teeth obtusely conical or granular, in
2 series in the jaws, on the vomer and intermaxillary plate.
Gillopenings rather small, oblique, lateral slits, separated by
an interspace of moderate extent.
Distribution: Tropical seas.

Key to the subgenera.

1. Dorsal and anal ending at short distance from tip of tail. Myrichthys p. 283.

2. Anal ending before end of dorsal, which is situated far

from tip of tail Chlevastes p. 285.

I. Subgenus Myrichthys Girard (s.str.).

(GiRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia 1859, p. 58. — Jordan & Davis,
U. S. Comm. fish. (1888) 1892, p. 616).

Dorsal and anal ending at a short distance from tip of tail.

284

Teeth obtusely conical or granular in 2 series in the jaws, on
the vomer and intermaxillary plate; on the lastnamed (at least
in M. mactdosus] in a group of 6 teeth.
Distribution: Tropical seas.

i. Myrichthys (Myrichthys) maculosus (Cuv.) Richards.
[Fig. 129, p. 283].

Ophisurus ophis Lacepede II. 1800, plate 6, Fig. 2 (nee Muraena ophis Bloch) ').
Muraena maculosa Cuvier, Regne animal II. 1817, p. 232, note 3.
Muraena tigrina Ruppell, At). Reise Afrika, Fische 1826, p. 118 (fide Klunzinger) ').
Ophisurus maculostis Richardson, Zoology Voy. Erebus & Terror 1844, p. 102.
Ophisurus macttlosus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie II. 1851, p. 258. —

Verb. Batav. Gen. XXV. 1852, Muraenoid. p. 29.
Pisoodonophis maculosus Kaup, Cat. Apodal fish 1856, p. 21.
Pisoodonophis magnified Abbott, Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad. 1860, p. 476.
Ophisurus ophis Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 65.
Ophichthys maculosus Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 81.
Ophichthys maculosus Klunzinger, Abh. zoolog. botan. Gesellsch. XXI. 1871, p. 611.
Ophichthys styptims Smith & Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, p. 120.
Myrichthys magnificus Fowler, Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad. 1900, p. 494. — Jordan

& Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. XXIII. (1903) 1905, p. 84.
Myrichthys stypurus Jordan & Evermann, Ibid. p. 84.
Ophichthys maculosus Gunther, Fische d. Siidsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 401.
Myrichthys magnificus Fowler, Proc. Acad. N. S. Philadelphia 1912, p. 16.

Height 38 — 47 (according to KLUNZINGER 58—60); head
14.5 — 17, 5 — 6 times in trunk; head and trunk three fourths
or two thirds of the length of the tail. Eye 8 — 9, i'/2 — 2!/2
times in snout. Snout short, broad, very convex. Cleft of mouth
extending to the vertical from the hindmargin of the orbit,
3 to 4 times in head. Origin of dorsal on the nape, dorsal and
anal of moderate height, ending at a short distance from end
of tail. Pectorals very short, 6]/2 — 10 times in head. Teeth in
jaws and vomer obtusely conical, in two series; 6 on the inter-
maxillary plate. White or yellowish white, with 3 series of
alternating round, brown spots, the middle series the largest, the
upper and lower series partly extending on the fins. Length
1000 mm. [A specimen of BLEEKER'S collection in the Leiden
Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Java (Patjitan); Buru; Ceram ; Banda; German
New Guinea!. - - From Red Sea and Madagascar to Sandwich
Islands.

In sea on reefs.

i) Cfr. Klunzinger, Abhandl. Zoolog. botan. Gesellsch. Wien XXI. 1871, p. 61 1.

285

2. Subgenus Chlevastes Jordan & Snyder.
(JORDAN & SNYDER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XXIII. 1901, p. 867).
Dorsal ending one heads length before tip of tail. Anal

Fig. 130. Myrichthys (Chlevastes) colubrinus (Bodd.). X 2/3-
-\ — (- end of anal and dorsal.

ending two heads length or more before tip of tail. Teeth
obtusely conical or granular, in 2 <&

O° " ° O fi

series; those of the intermaxillary £/ °c&0 °o

plate in a group of about 8 teeth,
separated from the others by an
interspace and situated in a furrow °° rn ^ °°°
between the nostrils. »

Distribution: From Red Sea, Fig ^ Dentition

the East Coast of Africa, Mauritius colubrinus (Bodd.). a teeth on inter-
through the Illdo-australian Archi- maxillary plate, m maxillary, md
pelagO to Japan and the West pacific ™andibulary, * vomerine teeth

Islands. < 2i/1<

2. Myrichthys (Chlevastes) colubrinus (Bodd.).

Muraena colulrina Boddaert in Pallas, Neue Nord. Beitriige II. 1781, p. 56.
Muraena annulata Ahl, De Muraena et Ophichtho 1789, p. 6.
Miiraena fascia ta Ibid. p. 7.

286

Ophisurus alternans Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. Uranie I. 1824, p. 243.

Ophisurus fasdatus Richardson, Zoology of the Voy. Erebus & Terror, 1844, p. 100.

Ophisurus colubrinus Richardson, Ibid. p. 100.

Ophisurus colubrinus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XI. 1856, p. 106.

Pisoodonophis fasdatus Kaup, Cat. Apodal Fish, 1856, p. 23.

Ophisuriis fasdatus Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 64.

Ophisurus fasdatus Kner, Novara Exp. I. Fische 1865 — 1867, p. 379.

Ophichthys colubrinus Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 81.

Ophichthys colubrinus Klunzinger, Abhandl. zool. bot. Ges.Wien XXI. 1871, p. 6l I.

Ophichthys colubrinus Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878 — 1888, p. 665.

Ophichthys naja de Vis, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales 1884, p. 455.

Chlcvastes colubrimis Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXIII. 1901, p. 867.

Ophichthus colubrinus Scale, Occas. Papers Bernice Tanahi Bishop Mus. I. no. 3,

1901, p. 62.

Chlevastes colubrinus Jordan & Scale, Bull. Bur. Fish. XXV. 1906, p. 195.
Chlevastes fasdatus Jordan & Scale, Ibid. p. 195.

Ophichthys colubrinus Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 401.
Chlevastes claps Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia LXIV. 1912, p. 13.

Height 52 — 66; head about 18 — 20, 7*/2 — 9 times in trunk.
Eye 10 — 14; 2!/2 times in snout. Brownish white, with 26 to
more than 30 black or brown rings, about as . wide as the
interspaces and extending on the fins. Tip of snout and tip of
tail whitish. Length over 900 mm.

In the variety semicincta Bleeker the rings are ventrally
not closed.

In the variety oculata Bleeker or fasciata Gunther the rings
are much narrower than the interspaces, which contain a pair
of brown ocellated spots, one above the other.

In the variety elaps Fowler, the broad interspaces contain
i to 5 brown spots or blotches.

Distribution: Sumatra (Priaman); Nias !; Borneo; Celebes
(Menado); Flores; Savu !; Timor; Buru; Ambon; Nusa Laut!;
Banda; Ceram ; Gisser!; Batjan; Ternate; Schouten Islands
(Mysore); New Guinea (Humboldt Bay!, West-New Guinea!);
Cocos (Keeling) Islands. — Red Sea; Zanzibar; Mauritius;
Andaman Islands; Philippines; Japan; Riu-Kiu Islands; West
Pacific Islands to Tahiti; New Zealand (Auckland).

In sea, on coralreefs and near shore.

3. Callechelys Kaup.

(KAUP, Cat. Apodal fish 1856, p. 28).

Much elongate, cylindrical. Anus behind or much behind
middle of length. Origin of dorsal above angle of mouth or

somewhat behind it. Dorsal and anal not confluent, ending at a
short distance from end of tail. Pectorals wanting or only a
filament. Head short; snout convex, more or less depressed
and pointed, projecting beyond mouth, the cleft of which
reaches below or behind hindborder of eye. Edge of upper
lip without or only with few filaments. Eye small, situated in
the anterior fifth or sixth of the head. Posterior nostrils a slit

Fig. 132. Callechelys marmoratus (Blkr.). (After BLEEKER) ca, X 3/5-

or short tube in the upper lip, below the frontborder of the
eye or in advance of it ; anterior nostrils a short tube on the
edge of the snout. Teeth few in number, acute, recurved,
subequal, no canines, uniserial, partly biserial or on all bones
biserial. No scales, lateral line present. Gillopenings small, lateral.
Distribution: Tropical waters of Indie and Pacific and
Gulf of Mexico.

Key to the i nd o-australian species
of Callechelys.

I. No pectorals.

I. Border of upper lip with 3 filaments. Coloration

uniform. . . . C. sibpgae p. 288.

288

2. No filaments on upper lip.

a. Marbled with brown and yellow ; head and body

i3/4 times the length of the tail ........ C. marmoratus p. 288.

b. A broad black band along the upper part of
the sides; head and body 21/3 — 3 times the

length of the tail ................ C. melanotaenia p. 289.

II. Pectorals reduced to a minute filament ........ C. filaria p. 290.

i. Callechelys sibogae M. Web.

Callechelys Sibogae Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische 1913, p. 49.

Height 79; head 18, 10 times in trunk; tail more than i'/2
times in length of head and trunk. Eye about 20, more than
twice in snout. Anterior nostril a tube, separated by a filament
from the posterior nostril, which forms a kind of tube, directed

backwards, behind
which there are two
other small filaments.
Snout convex, some-
what depressed, pro-
minent.Cleft of mouth
reaching one eye-
diameter behind eye,
equal to five times
the length of head.
Origin of dorsal short-
ly behind vertical

Fig. 133- (MUcMy, M°ga, M. Web. thrQ fa k of

a lateral, b ventral view : v anterior, h posterior nostril. _ .

k gillopening. m°uth* DorSal and

anal low, ending at

some distance from tip of tail. Pectorals none. Teeth pointed, in
2 series, about 3 pairs on the intermaxillary plate, which are
separated from the other teeth. Colour of alcohol specimen
yellowish, branchial region blackish. Length of the single
specimen known 237 mm. [Type of the species in the zoological
Museum of Amsterdam].

Habitat: South-coast of Timor (Bay of Noimini !), pelagic.

2. Callechelys marmoratus (Blkr.) [Fig. 132 on p. 287].

Dalophis marmorata Bleeker, Verh. Batav. Gen. XXV. 1852, Muraenoid. p. 37. —

Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie VII. 1854, p. 100.
Sphagebranchus marmoratus Kaup, Cat. Apodal fish. 1856, p. 26.
Callechelys marmoratus Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 66.

289

Ophichthys marmoratus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 88.
Callechelys luteus Snyder, Bull. U.S. fish Comm. XXII. 1904, p. 517. —Jordan

& Evermann, Bull. U. S. fish Comm. XXIII (1903) 1905, p. 86. .
Ophichthys marmoratus Gtinther, Fische d. Siidsee Heft IX. 1910, p. 404.

Height 38; head 15 to more than 16, S1^— 9]/2 in trunk,
head and trunk i3/4 times the length of the tail. Eye about 16,
twice in snout. Snout pointed, convex. Cleft of mouth narrow,
reaching behind eye, 3.4 — 4 times in length of head. Origin
of dorsal above angle of mouth, dorsal and anal of moderate
height, ending at a short distance from end of tail. Pectorals
none. Teeth pointed, recurved, uniserial ; biserial on vomer and
intermaxillary plate, the latter separated from the other teeth.
White with more or less crowded black spots or irregularly
marbled with brown and yellow. Length 868 mm. [Type of
the species in the British Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Sumatra (Siboga !). — Mauritius !, Pelew !, Molokai,
Sandwich Islands.

In sea.

3. Callechelys melanotaenia Blkr.

Callechelys melanotaenia Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 66.
Ophichthys melanotaenia Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 87.
Ophichthys melanotaenia Klunzinger, Abh. zool. botan. Ges. Wien XXI. 1871, p. 612.
Callechelys melanotaenia Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXIII. 1901, p. 865.
Ophichthys melanotaenia Giinther, Fische d. Siidsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 403.

Height 63 — 75; head i6!/2 — 20, 10 — 123/4 in trunk; head and
trunk 2!/3 — 3 times the length of the tail. Eye 12 — 13; about
iJ/2 times in snout. Posterior nostrils below frontborder of eye,
anterior nostrils in a tube about equal to eye. Snout pointed,
convex. Cleft of mouth extending behind eye, 3 — 3 !/3 in length
of head. Dorsal rather high, commencing above angle of mouth,
ending opposite to end of anal, at a distance from tip of tail
equal to cleft of mouth. Pectorals none. Teeth few in number,
pointed, recurved, uniserial, those on intermaxillary plate stouter
and biserial. Colour whitish, with a broad black band along
the upper part of the sides; head whitish marbled with dusky.
Dorsal with a black margin. Length 530 mm. [After BLEEKER,
GUNTHER, KLUNZINGER, JORDAN & SNYDER and a specimen
in the Leiden Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Ambon; Sangir Islands. - - Red Sea, Mauritius,
Riu Kiu Islands, Lord Howe and Gilbert Islands.

In sea.

I NDO- AUSTRALIAN FISHES III. 19

2QO

4. Callechelys filaria (Gthr.).

Ophichthys filaria Giinther, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. X. 1872, p. 425. -
Brenchley's Cruise of the "Curagoa" 1873, p. 428. — - Fische d. SUdsee, Heft
IX. 1910, p. 404.

Extremely elongate, height about 120, 41/2 times in head;
head 21 times in length, one-ninth or one-tenth of trunk, head
and trunk somewhat longer than tail. Eye small, more than
twice in snout, nearer to angle of mouth than to point of snout.
Snout pointed, projecting beyond mouth. Anterior nostrils with
a small tube, posterior nostrils on the inner side of the lip
below the frontmargin of the eye. Cleft of mouth of moderate
width, extending to some distance behind the eye. Dorsal
commencing midway between the gillopenings and the eye;
dorsal and anal about half as high as the body. Pectorals
reduced to a minute filament, about as long as the eye. Teeth
acute, uniserial, the hindermost in the maxillaries biserial, on
the intermaxillary plate 3 teeth in a triangle, widely separated
from the other teeth. Coloration uniform. Length over 600 mm.
[Type of the species in the British Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Misol Island!. — Samoa!.

4. Cirrhimuraena Kaup.

(KAUP, Cat. Apodal Fish 1856, p. 27).

Fig. 134. Cirrhimuraena chinensis Kaup. Upper figure and end of tail X 2<
Lower figure : anterior part of head to show the labial cirrhi X 4-

29 1

I

Much elongate, cylindrical. Anus in the anterior half of the
length. Origin of dorsal above or slightly behind gillopenings.
Dorsal and anal not confluent, ending at a short distance from
point of tail. Pectorals well deve- ,J; ^

loped. Head rather small, pointed.
Snout pointed, somewhat projecting
beyond the mouth, which is large,
its cleft extending far beyond eye.
Edge of the upper lip with a fringe
of barbels. Eye small. Anterior
nostrils short tubes on the edge of
the snout; posterior nostrils a slit on
the inner side of the upper lip.
Tongue not free. Teeth equally small,
in bands on jaws and vomer, those
of the intermaxillary plate in a group,
distant from the other teeth. No
scales, lateral line present. Gill- Fig. 135. Dentition otdrrhi-
openings rather small, before and muraena chinensis Kaup.

a teeth on intermaxillary plate,
Somewhat below base of pectorals. m maxillary, md mandibulary,

Distribution: Red Sea , Zan- v vomerine teeth. X 4-

zibar, Madagascar, Indo-australian Archipelago, Philippines,
China.

Key to the indo-australian species of
Cirrhimuraena.

1. Cleft of mouth thrice in length of head. Vomerine

band of teeth narrow, consisting of 2 series C. tapeinopterus p. 291,

2. Cleft of mouth less than thrice in length of head.
Vomerine band of teeth broader, consisting of 3 to 4
series.

a. Origin of dorsal above gillopenings C. chinensis p. 292.

l>. Origin of dorsal behind base of pectorals C. chilopogon p. 293.

i. Cirrhimuraena tapeinopterus Blkr.

Cirrhimuraena tapeinopteriis Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. I. 1863, p. 183. —

Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 41.

? Cirrhimuraena tapeinoptera Kner, Fische Novara-Exp. 1865 — 1867, p. 376.
Ophichthys tapeinopterus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 75.
Ophichthus tapeinopterus Jordan & Scale, Bull. Bureau fish. Washington XXVI.

(1906) 1907, p. 6.

292

Height 26 — 30; head about 10, about 2!/3 in trunk; head
and trunk nearly twice in tail. Eye less than 1 5 ; more than
one and a half times in snout. Cleft of mouth reaching far

behind eye, thrice in length of head.

Origin of dorsal above or somewhat

j-jfe behind gillopenings. Pectorals twice

/ \ £•::§ or somewhat more in length of head.

j: v. 3j j: '$. Teeth small, with the points directed

:/ ;• ijl-; :; jg. backward, of equal size, forming in

:V I- >;£ '< £;£: the maxillaries a broadish band,

• * .*•••*"? "** •*•**•"£

•; 3 ;:$ \ '£:!. broadening posteriorly; in the man-

| v i£? v *yjff dibles a narrower band; that of

the vomer narrow and of 2 series
Fig. 136. Dentition of Cirrhi- of teeth; on the intermaxillary plate

muraena tapeinopterus. a teeth on , . , . , . A

.„ .„ about six teeth in 2 series, distant

intermaxillary plate, m maxillary,

md mandibulary, v vomerine teeth. fr°m tne Others. Brown, darker

X 3.5. above, lighter below. Length about

300 mm.

Habitat: Java, Celebes (Makassar!); Flores !. — Philippines.
In sea.

2. Cirrhimuraena chinensis Kaup
[Fig. 134, 135, p. 290,291].

Cirrhimuraena chinensis Kaup, Cat. Apod, fish 1856, p. 27.

Ophisurus polyodon Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-neerl. VIII. 1 860, Achtste Bijdr.

Vischfauna Sumatra p. 86.

Cirrhimuraena polyodon Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 41.
Ophichthys chinensis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 75.
Cirrhimuraena chinensis Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische 1913, p. 50.

Height 32 — 35 ; head 8.5 to more than 9, more than twice
in trunk. Head and trunk 1.7 to nearly twice in tail. Eye 16 — 18,
somewhat more than twice in snout. Cleft of mouth reaching
far behind eye, 2.5 to 2.7 in length of head. Origin of dorsal
above gillopenings. Pectorals narrow and long, conspicuously
more than twice in length of head. Teeth small, with the points
directed backward, of equal size, forming in the maxillaries a
broad band; that in the mandibles is narrower and poste-
riorly reduced, that of vomer broad with about 4 series
of teeth; on the intermaxillary plate an irregular group of
about 10 teeth, distant from the others. Brown, darker above,
lighter below. Length more than 350 mm.

293

Habitat: Sumatra (Padang, Priaman); Celebes (Makassar !).—
Philippines, China; Madagascar.

In sea, on coralreefs and near shore.

3. Cirrhimuraena chilopogon (Blkr.).

Ophisurus cheilopogon Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-neerl. VIII. 1860, 13. Bijdr.

Celebes p. 59.

Cirrhinmraena chilopogon Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 42.
Ophichthys chilopogon Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 76.
Cirrhimuraena cheilopogon Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische 1913, p. 51.

Height about 35; head about 92/3 ; twice and two thirds in
the length of the trunk. Head and trunk is contained once
and two-thirds in that of the tail. Eye 16 — 17 ; more than twice
in snout. Cleft of mouth reaching far behind eye, 2.5 in length
of head. Origin of dorsal the length of the snout behind gill-
openings; dorsal rather high. Pectorals about 2!/2 in head ').
Teeth small, acute, forming bands; those of the maxillaries
much broader posteriorly than anteriorly; those of the mandibles
not much narrower. The band on the vomer broad, not shorter
than those of the maxillaries, consisting of 3 to 4 rows of teeth.
On the intermaxillary plate a semioval patch of about 20 teeth.
Dark above, light below. Length 475 mm.

Habitat: Celebes (Badjoa); South coast of Timor (pelagic)!.

Note. We are not sure that this species, of which only 2
specimens from Badjoa and a small specimen of 80 mm. from
the Siboga Expedition, are known, is not identical with
C. chinensis.

5. Leiuranus Bleeker.

(BLEEKER, Verb. Bat. Gen. XXV. 1852, Muraenoiden, p. 36).
(Stethopterus Bleeker).

Elongate, cylindrical. Anus in the posterior half of length, less
than length of head behind middle of length. Origin of dorsal at a
short distance behind gillopenings. Dorsal and anal not con-
fluent, the caudal wanting. Pectorals small. Head small; snout
pointed, much projecting beyond the mouth, which is small,

i) In the small specimen of 80 mm. from the Siboga expedition, the only one
seen by us, the pectorals goes 4^.2 in head.

294

its cleft extending beyond eye. Eye small. Anterior nostrils
in tubes on the flattened lower surface of the snout ; posterior
nostrils rather wide, in the upper lip, looking downward, ante-
riorly with a flap. Tongue not free. Teeth pointed, of moderate
size, about ten in one series on each side of the maxillaries
and mandibles; none on vomer; four on intermaxillary
plate, far distant from the maxillary series, situated in the

Fig. 137. Leiuranus semicinctus (Lay & Benn.).

furrow between the nostrils. No scales, lateral line present.
Gillopenings lateral, small, vertical slits, separated by a broad
interspace.

Distribution: From Indo-australian Archipelago to Japan
and in the Pacific the to Sandwich Islands.

i. Leiuranus semicinctus (Lay & Benn.).

Ophisurus semicinctus Lay & Bennett, Fishes in Beechey's Voyage 1839, p. 66.
Ophisurust (Sphagebranchust) vimineus Richardson, Fishes Voy. Sulphur

1843—1845, p. 107.

Stethopterus vimineus Bleeker Verh. Batav. Gen. XXV. 1852, Muraenoiden p. 24.
Leiuranus Lacepedii Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Genootsch. XXV. 1852, Muraenoiden, p. 36.
Leiuranus colubrinus Kaup, Cat. Apod. fish. 1856, p. 2 (Syn. p.p.).
Leiuranus colubrinus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. II. 1864 — 1865, p. 126.
Leiuranus colubrinus Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 42.
Leiuranus colubrinus Kner, Fische Novara-Exp. 1865 — 1867, p. 378.
Liuranus semicinctus Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 54.
tOphichthys cobra de Vis, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1884, p. 455.

295

Lehiranus senricinctus Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXIII. 1901, p. 866.
Leiuramis scmicinctus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U.S. fish. Comm. XXIII (1903)

1905, p. 81.
Liuramis semicinctus Giinther, Fische Siidsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 396.

Height 46 — 55; head 12 — 15, more than 6 times in trunk;
head and trunk one-seventh longer than tail. Eye 10 — 12 ; twice
in snout. Pectorals about equal to length of snout. Alcohol
specimens are cream-coloured with 24 - -- exceptionally 21 -
to 35 broad blackish bands, much wider than the interspaces,
but narrower ventrally, where in many specimens they do not
meet. Tip of snout and tail cream-coloured ; the 2 first bands
on head narrow, sometimes connected with each other and
with the following broad band. Black bands continued on fins.
Length to 500 mm.

Habitat: Java; Sumatra (Siboga) ; Batu; Flores ; Ambon;
Nusa Laut!; Saonek near Waigeu!; Schouten Islands (Mysore);
Cocos (Keeling) Island. — Japan; China; Queensland; Hawaii;
Samoa; Fidji.

In sea, on reefs and near shore.

6. Pisoodonophis Kaup (emend. Bleeker).

(KAUP, Cat. Apodal fish 1856, p. 15; BLEEKER, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 58).

Much elongate, cylindrical. Anus in or behind the middle
of the length. Origin of dorsal above or somewhat behind pecto-
rals. Dorsal and anal not confluent, ending at a short distance from
end of tail. Pectorals well developed. Head moderate, pointed.
Snout more or less pointed, projecting beyond the mouth,
the cleft of which reaches below hindborder of eye or beyond
it. Edge of upper lip without a fringe of barbels. Eyes small,
situated in the anterior third or fourth of the head. Posterior
nostrils a slit on the inner side of the upper lip, below the
frontborder of the eye or in advance of it; anterior nostrils a
short tube on the edge of the snout. Teeth granular, subequal,
in several series forming bands; those on the intermaxillary
plate in a group contiguous with or separated from the other
teeth. No scales, lateral line present. Gillopenings moderate
or small, before and somewhat below base of pectorals.

Distribution: Indo-pacific region from Gulf of Oman
and Madagascar to Samoa, Japan and Australia.

296

Artificial key to the indo-australian species
of Pisoodonophis.

A. Origin of dorsal behind end of pectorals.

1. Dorsal and anal very elevated, height of latter
equal to that of body; head and trunk nearly

twice in length of tail P. hypselopterus p. 296.

2. Dorsal and anal very low, head and trunk one
and a half times or less in tail.

a. Head 3.2 — 3.6 times in trunk P. boro p. 297.

b. Head 4 times in trunk P. micropterus p. 298.

B. Origin of dorsal above middle of pectorals.

1. Head and trunk equal to length of tail P. ho event p. 299.

2. Head and trunk i1/^ times in tail P. cancrivorus p. 300.

Fig. 138. Pisoodonophis boro (Ham. Buch.). X Va-

i. Pisoodonophis hypselopterus (Blkr.).

Ophisurus hypselopterus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie II. 1851, p. 69. —

Verh. Batav. Gen. XXV. 1852, Muraenoid. p. 34.
Pisoodonophis hypselopterus Kaup, Cat. Apod, fish 1856, p. 19.
Pisoodonophis hypselopterus Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 63.
Ophichthys hypselopterus Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 79. — Fische

d. Siidsee Heft IX. 1910, p. 400.

297

Height 49; head about 12, 3.8 times in trunk; head and
trunk one and a half times in length of tail. Eye about 15,
twice or more in snout. Snout depressed, somewhat pointed.
Posterior nostrils slightly before eye, anterior nostrils in a tube
nearly equal to length of eye.
Cleft of mouth reaching far

'00

behind eye, about thrice in Oooo 0«0 -O0o
length of head. Dorsal com- foj <&*$•••

0°<?o °° ° °°°°<>

mencing about half length of o«y o00o°o° 'SSsl
head behind gillopenings. fg$ Ofe$ "{"So
Dorsal and especially the anal Slf °%£& 0«J?
elevated, the latter being as ?^ s*j°& *•*-

O oo o

deep as the body, ending at $&•/

a short distance from end of SS°

tail. Pectorals 4 times in head. Fig. 139. Dentition of Pisoodonophis
Teeth granular, in Several hP^pterus.a teeth on intermaxillary plate,

r . m maxillary, md mandibulary, v vomerine

series, forming broadish bands. teeth ^

The vomerine band much

longer than the maxillary bands. On the intermaxillary plate
an oval group of about 12 teeth, contiguous with the maxil-
lary and the vomerine band of teeth. Greenish, fins yellowish.
Length more than 750 mm. [Type of-the species in the British
Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Borneo (Banjermassin!); — Ponape.

Ascending rivers.

2. Pisoodonophis boro (Ham. Buch.) [Fig. 138, on p. 296].

Ophisurus boro Hamilton Buchanan, Fish. Ganges 1822, p. 20, 363.
Ophisurus harancha Hamilton Buchanan, Ibid. p. 21, 363.
Ophisurus caudatus McClelland, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 1844, p. 21 1.
Ophisuriis boro Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XVIII. 1850, p. 1304.
Ophisurus boro Bleeker, Verh. Batav. Gen. XXV. 1853, Bengalen p. 156.
Ophisurtis potamophilus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie V. 1853, p. 458. -

Verh. Batav. Gen. XXV. 1852, Muraenoid. p. 68.
Pisoodonophis boro Kaup, Cat. Apod, fish 1856, p. 17.
Pisoodonophis potamophilus Kaup, Ibid. p. 20.
Pisoodonophis boro Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 62.
Pisoodonophis potamophilus Bleeker, Ibid. p. 63.
Ophichthys boro Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 77.
Ophichthys boro Day, Fish. India 4°. 1878—88, p. 664.
Ophichthys boro Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische, 1913, p. 51.

Height 32 — 36; head 9 — 12.5, 3.2 — 3.6 in trunk, head and
trunk more or less than i!/2 times in tail. Eye 12 — 17 (13.3 in

298

a specimen of 929 mm.), about twice in snout, v/hich is some-
what depressed, prominent but obtuse, more pointed in young.
Posterior nostrils somewhat in advance of eye, anterior nostrils
in a short tube. Cleft of mouth about 4 times in length of
head, extending far behind eye. Dorsal beginning behind gill-
openings at a distance equal to or longer than half length of
head; dorsal and especially anal very low, both ending at a
very short distance from tip of tail. Pectorals 4 times in length
of head. Teeth granular, in several series, forming bands, broader
in adult examples; on vomer 3 to 4 series; those on inter-

Q Q'

o o o oa

oo

00 O
OQO
000

OQO

_°00
°00

OOQ

000

0Q

o°S°

777-

°ofo

°^0°o

°o
GO

777^ O

Fig. 140. Dentition of Pisoodonophis boro
(Ham. Buch.) adult. X 2*1-2-

Fig. 141. Dentition of
Pisoodonophis boro (Ham. Buch.)juv.

a teeth on intermaxillary plate, m maxillary, md mandibulary, v vomerine

teeth. X 2 Va.

maxillary plate stouter, not separated from vomerine teeth,
in old examples forming an oval group. Blackish brown above,
lighter below. Length 930 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Lower Langkat) ; Singapore; Java (Prigi) ;
Celebes (Makassar!, Menado); Rusa Linguette, north coast of
Flores!; Ambon; Halmaheira; Goram; New Guinea (Doreh). —
Formosa; Cochin; Macao; Swatow; British India.

In sea, estuaries, brackish and fresh water, ascending rivers.

3. Pisoodonophis micropterus Blkr. !).

Pisoodonophis micropterus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. I. 1863, p. 182. —
Ibid. II. 1864/65, p. 129. — Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 59.

Height about 40; head about 13; 4 times in trunk; head
and trunk shorter than tail. Eye 14, about twice in snout.
Posterior nostrils below anterior margin of eye, anterior nostrils

i) This species has been overlooked by GUNTHER in his Catalogue Brit. Mus.
VIII, 1870.

299

in a tube about equal to length of eye. Snout acute, convex;
cleft of mouth reaching behind eye, 4]/2 times in length of
head. Dorsal commencing behind gillopenings at a distance more
than half length of head. Dorsal and anal very low, ending
at a short distance from end of tail. Pectorals rounded, 5 times
in length of head. Teeth conical and granular, forming bands
of 3 — 4 series, the maxillary band is in the middle, the man-
dibulary band anteriorly broadest. The teeth on the maxillary
plate and on vomer are contiguous; the firstnamed and the
anterior mandibulary teeth are the stoutest. Brownish above,
lighter below. Length of the single specimen known 545 mm.
[Description made after the type of BLEEKER, preserved in
the Leiden Museum].

Habitat: Celebes (Makassar!), in sea.

4. Pisoodonophis hoeveni (Blkr.).

Ophisurus Hoevenii Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie V. 1853, p. 172. —

Verb. Batav. Gen. XXV. 1852, Muraenoid. p. 67.
Pisoodonophis Hoeveni Kaup, Cat. Apod, fish 1856, p. 20.
Pisoodonophis Hoevenii Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 59.
Ophichthys hoevenii Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 79.

Height about 26; head about 7!/2, 22/3 times in trunk; head
and trunk nearly equal to tail. Eye about 14, two-fifths of
the length of the snout. Snout acutely pointed ; cleft of mouth
reaching behind eye, some- 0 0°*

what less than one-third of the

length of the head. Dorsal ^l\0o °°° . 'v°

commencing above the middle $/§?$?<& £s° \s-

of the pectorals. Dorsal and anal :?/ 0°|0 \;&, °£j»

well developed, about twice jjjf || °% & ^^ ,%

lower than body, ending very £? $& X*.

near tip of tail. Pectorals about "'^ °o° ^

3*/2 times in head. Teeth i\ v '

granular, forming rather narrow Fig. I42. Dentition of Pisoodonophis

bands of 3 series ; the VOme- hoeveni (Blkr.) a teeth on intermaxillary
rine band the longest. On the Platei m maxillary, md mandibulary,

intermaxillary plate are about v vomerine teeth" X 3"

7 stouter teeth, forming an oval group, nearly reaching the
band of vomerine teeth. Greenish above, yellowish below. Length
of the single specimen known 316 mm. [Type of the species
in the British Museum seen by us].
Habitat: Celebes (Makassar!), in sea.

3°°
5. Pisoodonophis cancrivorus (Rich.).

Ophisurtis cancrivorus Richardson, Voy. Erebus & Terror, fishes 1844, p. 97.
Ophisurtis sinensis Richardson, Ibid. p. 98.

Ophisurus baccidens Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XVIII. 1850, p. 1302.
Ophisurus schaapi Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie III. 1852, p. 735. —

Verb. Batav. Gen. XXV. 1852, Muraenoid. p. 53.
Ophisurus brachysoma Bleeker, Ibid. p. 776. — Ibid. p. 55.
Pisoodonophis cancrivorus Kaup, Cat. Apodal fish 1856, p. 15.
Pisoodonophis brachysoma Kaup, Ibid. p. 19.
Pisoodonophis Schaapi Kaup, Ibid. p. 19.

Pisoodonophis brachysoma Bleeker, Atl. Ichlh. IV. 1864, p. 60.
Pisoodonophis Schaapi Bleeker, Ibid. p. 61.
Pisoodonophis moluccensis Bleeker, Ibid. p. 72.

Pisoodonophis cancrivorus Kner, Novara-Exped., Fische 1865-— 67. p. 379.
Ophichthys cancrivorus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 78.
? Pisoodonophis zophistius]or&a.n. & Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXIII. 1901, p. 868.
Pisoodonophis cancrivorus Jordan & Richardson, Bull. Bureau fisheries Washington

XXVII. (1907) 1908, p. 238.

Pisoodonophis cancrivorus Franz, Abh. Akademie Munchen Suppl. IV. 1910, p. 13.
Ophichthys cancrivorus Giinther, Fische d. Siidsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 400.

Height 22 — 33; head S1^ — 10, 2!/3 to more than 3 times in
trunk; head and trunk more or less than i'/2 times in tail.
Eye more than 9 to 12; nearly i]/2 to 2 times in snout. Posterior
nostrils nearly below frontborder of eye, anterior nostrils in a
short tube. Snout convex, somewhat depressed; cleft of mouth
reaching to below hindborder of eye or farther; 3 — 4 times
in length of head. Dorsal commencing above the middle of
the pectorals. Dorsal and anal about half height of body, ending
at some distance from point of tail. Pectorals 3 — 4 times in
head. Teeth granular, subequal, in rather narrow bands of several
series. A group of rather numerous teeth on the intermaxillary
plate, more or less separated from the other teeth. Brownish,
lighter below, dorsal with a more or less distinct blackish spot
anteriorly. Length 760 mm.

Habitat: Singapore; Banka; Celebes (Makassar!); Solor;
Ambon. — Pinang; Philippines; China; Japan; Australia; Samoa;
Muscat; Mauritius (?); Madagascar.

In sea and estuaries.

7. Ophichthys Ahl.

(AHL, De Muraena et Ophichtho 1789, p. 3).

Much elongate, cylindrical. Anus somewhat before or much
behind middle of length. Origin of dorsal above gillopenings

30i

or slightly behind extremity of pectorals. Dorsal and anal not
confluent, ending at a short distance from point of tail. Pectorals
well developed. Head moderate, pointed. Snout pointed, gene-
rally projecting beyond the mouth, the cleft of which reaches
below hindborder of eye or beyond it. Edge of upper lip
without a fringe of barbels. Eye small, situated in the anterior
third [or fourth of the head. Posterior nostrils a slit on the
innerside of the upper lip, below the frontborder of the eye

Fig. 143. Ophichthys cephalozona (Blkr.). nat. size.

or in advance of it ; anterior nostrils a short tube on the edge
of the snout. Teeth conical, acute, subequal but no canines,
in one or more series in jaws and vomer; those of the inter-
maxillary plate in a group or in pairs separated from the
other teeth. No scales, lateral line present. Gillopenings moderate
or small, before and somewhat below base of pectorals.
Distribution: Tropical seas.

Artificial key to the indo-australian species
of Ophichthys.

I. Maxillary teeth uniserial.

A. Origin of dorsal behind root of pectorals.
a. Head and trunk somewhat longer or shorter
than tail.

I. 1 8 — 23 dark brown rings extending
on base of dorsal and anal. Pectorals
7 times in head. Jaws nearly equal. O. bonaparti p. 303.

302

2. Nape with a broad black cross band
broadly edged with white in front and
behind. Pectorals more than twice to

four times in head. Snout prominent. O. cephalozona p. 303.

3. Coloration uniform. Pectorals more than

thrice in head. Snout prominent. . . . O. bernsteini p. 304.

b. Head and trunk 1.5 — 1.6 in tail.

1. Vomerine teeth in a double series.

Head about 2^/.2 times in trunk. . . . O. apicalis p. 305.

2. Vomerine teeth in a triple series
anteriorly. Head nearly four times in

trunk 0. singapurensis p. 306.

c. Head and body more or less than twice
in tail. Vomerine teeth more or less irre-
gularly biserial. Head about four times

in trunk O. macrochir p. 306.

B. Origin of dorsal above gillopenings.

a. Head and trunk longer than tail. Pectorals

5'/2 times in head O. polyophthalmus p. 307.

b. Head and trunk shorter than tail. Pectorals
2^2 times in head.

1. Teeth uniserial in jaws and vomerjon

intermaxillary plate 5 stouter teeth

arranged in a A 0. melanochir p. 308.

2. Teeth uniserial in jaws and vomer;

only anteriorly in the mandibles they
are irregularly triseriate and stouter as
also the 6 serially arranged pairs on

the intermaxillary plate 0. altipinnis p. 308.

II. Maxillary teeth in a double series, the inner
of which may be incomplete.
A. Mandibulary teeth in a double series.
a. Head and trunk about twice in tail.
i. Vomerine teeth in 2 series.

a. Head 53/5 times in trunk O. rhytidoderma p. 309.

b. Head 4 — 4^2 times in trunk.

a. Height 46. Teeth in the maxil-
laries biserial, except the fore-
most 0. rhytidodermatoides p. 309.

& Height about 68. Teeth in the
maxillaries only biserial in the
middle O. lumbricoides p. 310.

303

2. Vomerine teeth in 3, on the middle of
the bone in 4 series. Head nearly

4 times in trunk O. macclellandi p. 311

b. Head and body i*/3 times in tail. Head

2'/3 to 23/4 times in trunk 0. celebicus p. 311.

B. Mandibulary teeth in a single series as also
the vomerine teeth. Head and body slightly
shorter than tail O. versicolor p. 312.

I. Ophichthys bonaparti (Kaup).

Foecilocephalus Bonaparti Kaup, Arch. f. Naturgesch. XXII. 1856, p. 43. —

Cat. Apodal fish 1856, p. 5.
Ophisurus chrysospilos Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-neerl. II. 1857, Achtste Bijdr.

Vischfauna Ambon p. 8, 27, 88 (name only).
Opkisurus Bonapartei Bleeker, 1. c. p. 88.

Poecilocephalus Markworti Kaup, Aale des Hamburger Mus. 1859, p. 10.
Ophichthys Bonapartei Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 47.
Ophichthys bonapartii Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 69.

Height 33 — 37; head 12 — 13, 6!/2 — 7 times in trunk. Anus
in posterior part of third fifth of length. Eye 8 — 9, rather
more than half the length of the snout, situated in the anterior
fourth of the length of the head. Cleft of mouth rather wide,
two-fifths of the length of the head. Jaws nearly equal. Origin
of dorsal above or slightly behind extremity of the pectorals.
End of dorsal and anal at a short distance from end of tail.
Pectorals small, shorter than snout, about 7 times in length
of head. Teeth conical, pointed, curved, subequal, uniserial in
all the bones; on the intermaxillary plate in an oval group.
Light brownish, with from 1 8 to 23 dark brown rings, extending
on the basal part of the dorsal and anal; anterior half of head
brown, with yellowish, black-edged reticulated lines, throat
with reniform, brown, dark-edged spots. Margin of dorsal with
irregularly placed dark spots. Length 750 mm. [After BLEEKER
and GUNTHER, and a specimen in the Leiden Museum seen
by us].

Habitat: Ambon!. -- Mauritius.

2. Ophichthys cephalozona (Blkr.) [Fig. 143, p. 301].

Centrtirophis spadiceus Kaup, Cat. Apod, fish 1856, p. 2 (p.p. et nee Richardson).
Muraenopsis marginatus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. I. 1863, p. 179 (nee

Ophichthys marginatus Peters).

Ophichthys cephalozona Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 49.
Ophichthys cephalozona Kner, Novara-Exped. Fische 1865 — 1867, p. 377.

Ophichthys cephalozona Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 69.

Ophichthus cephalozona Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXIII. 1901, p. 872.

Ophichthys cephalozona Giinther, Fische d. Siidsee Heft IX. 1910, p. 398.

Height about 28 — 29; head 10 — 1 1, 3.5 — 4.5 in trunk, head and
trunk somewhat shorter than tail (or somewhat longer, GUNTHER).
Eye 10 — 11, twice in snout, situated in anterior third of head.
Snout bluntly pointed, much projecting. Cleft of mouth 3 — 3.5
in head, reaching behind eye. Posterior nostrils in advance of

the eye, anterior ones in a broad tube,
shorter than the eye. Origin of dorsal
about above end of pectorals. End of
dorsal and anal ending shortly before
end of tail. Pectorals more than thrice
to four times in length of head. Teeth
rather large, pointed, curved, unisenal m

Fig. 144. Dentition of . , .. . ,••,

/on >> jaws and vomer, the anterior mandibu-

Ophtchth vs cephalozona(\$kr.} J

a teeth on intermaxillary jary ones stronger, as also those on the
plate, m maxillary, ;;z<^man- intermaxillary plate, which form a sepa-

dibulary, v vomerine teeth, rated group of about 4 — 6 Stout teeth.

^ 4* Gillopenings moderate. Brown, nape with

a very broad blackish cross band, broadly edged with white in
front and behind. Dorsal and anal blackish with a white
margin. Length 830 mm.

Habitat: Singapore; Ambon; Ceram; Kei Islands!; West
New Guinea !; Mysore (Schouten Islands). — Philippines; China;
Formosa; Japan; North Australia; Pelew Islands; Ovalau;
Tonga-Tabu.

3. Ophichthys bernsteini (Blkr.).

Muraenopsis Bernsteini Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. I. 1863, p. 157.
Ophichthys Bernsteini Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 48.

Height about 42; head about n2/5, 5 to 5*/2 in trunk; head
and body longer than tail. Eye 8'/2, more than one half the
length of the snout, situated in the anterior third. Cleft of
mouth nearly 4 times in head, ending below hindborder of eye.
Snout conspicuously prominent. Posterior nostrils in advance of
the eye, anterior ones in a broad tube, shorter than the eye. Dorsal
commences at a distance equal to the cleft of mouth, behind
the gillopenings. Dorsal and anal increasing in height near their
end, which is at a short distance before the end of the tail.
Pectorals more than thrice in head. Teeth conical, acute, sub-

305

equal, slightly curved; uniserial in the jaws, those of the vomer
anteriorly biserial; on the intermaxillary plate 4 or 5 sub-
biserial teeth, far remote from the others. Brownish above, lighter
below. Length of the single specimen known 600 mm. [After
BLEEKER, not seen by us, as the type is neither in the Leiden
nor in the British Museum].
Habitat: Halmahera, in sea.

4. Ophichthys apicalis (Benn).

Ophisums apicalis Bennett, Cat. Zool. Specim. in Memoir Life of Raffles 1830, p. 692.
Ophisuriis spadicens Richardson, Ichth. China & Japan, British Assoc. (1845)

1846, p. 313. — Zoology Voy. Erebus & Terror 1844—48, p. 103.
Ophisurus compar Richardson, Zoology Voy. Erebus & Terror, 1844 — 48, p. 105.
Ophisurus bangko Bleeker, Verh. Batav. Gen. XXV 1852, Muraenoid. p. 67.
Centrurophis spadiceus Kaup, Cat. Apod, fish 1856, p. 2.
Centrurophis bangko Kaup, Ibid. p. 3.
Coecilophis compar Kaup, Ibid. p. 6.
Ophisurus Diepenhorsti Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-neerl. VIII. 1860, Achtste

Bijdr. Sumatra, p. 85.

Ophichthys banko Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 51.
Ophichthys diepenhorsti Bleeker, Ibid. p. 52.
Ophichthys apicalis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 70.
Ophichthys apicalis Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. IV. (1871) 1872, p. 123.

Height 27—35; head 8.5 to more than 9, about 2.5 times
in trunk, head and body about 1.5 to 1.6 times in tail. Eye

o oo

o

°0

o
o

00

oo

o

o °

Fig. 145. Dentition of Ophichthys apicalis (Benn.). a teeth on intermaxillary plate,
m maxillary, md mandibulary, v vomerine teeth. X 4-

9 — ii, nearly twice in snout, which is bluntly acute and promi-
nent. Posterior nostrils in advance of the eye, anterior ones in a
broad tube, shorter than eye. Dorsal about twice lower than
height of body, commencing somewhat before or behind end
INUO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES III. 20

306

of pectorals. Dorsal and anal ending near point of tail. Pectorals
2*/2 to 3 *n length °f head. Teeth pointed, conical, in the
jaws in a single series, but they may form anteriorly or near
the middle an irregular double series. Vomerine teeth stouter
and in a double series, the posterior uniserial, On the inter-
maxillary plate 5 stout teeth form a V, the point directed
forward. Uniform brown, lighter beneath, dorsal and anal black
or with a black margin. Length 430 mm.

Nomen indig: Banko (Malay. Batavia).

Habitat: Singapore; Sumatra (Priaman, Benkulen); Nias!;
Java (Batavia!, Surabaya!); Madura!, Celebes (Makassar). -
Philippines, China, Madagascar.

In sea.

5. Ophichthys singapurensis Blkr.

Ophichthys singapurensis Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 52.
Ophichthys singapurensis Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 71.

Height about 37; head about 13, nearly four times in trunk;
head and trunk 2/3 of the length of the tail. Eye about 10,
about one half of the length of the snout. Posterior nostrils in
advance of the eye, anterior nostrils in a tube, much shorter
than eye. Snout very acute and prominent, cleft of mouth
about 33/5 in the length of the head, reaching below hindmargin
of eye. Dorsal twice lower than height of body, commencing
above the end of the pectorals, ending above end of anal at a
short distance from point of tail. Pectorals nearly one-third of
the length of the head. Teeth conical, acute, curved, subequal,
uniserial in the jaws, on vomer anteriorly in a triple, poste-
riorly in a double series; on intermaxillary plate 9 teeth in a
double series. Olivaceous above, yellowish below. Length of
single specimen known 535 mm. [Type of the species in the
British Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Singapore!

6. Ophichthys macrochir (Blkr.).

Ophisurus macrochir Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXV. 1852, Muraenoid. p. 26.
Centrurophis macrochir Kaup, Cat. Apodal Fish 1856, p. 5.
Ophichthys macrochir Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 55.
Ophichthys macrochir Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 72.

Height 42 — 48; head 14.5 — 17.7, about one fourth of the
trunk; head and trunk twice or less than twice in tail. Eye
ii — 13; twice or somewhat more in snout, situated in the

307

anterior fourth of the head. Posterior nostrils nearly below front-
border of eye, anterior nostrils in a tube, somewhat shorter than
eye. Snout convex, bluntly pointed; cleft of mouth 3!/2 times
or more in length of head, extending somewhat behind eye.
Dorsal rather low, more than twice lower than height of body,
commencing nearly opposite to the extremity of the pectorals
or farther behind. Length of pectorals thrice or somewhat more
in head. Teeth small, acute, equal, uniserial in the jaws, on
the vomer irregularly biserial, on the intermaxillary plate about
6 in 2 rows. Olivaceous above, lighter below. Length 506 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Deli, in brackish water!, Bagan Api
Api!); Java (Batavia!, Surabaya!).

In sea and brackish water.

7. Ophichthys polyophthalmus Blkr.

Ophichthys polyophthalmus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. II. 1864/65, p. 43.—

Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 47.

Ophichthys polyophthalmus Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 73.
Ophichthys bleekeri Volz, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. Syst. XIX. 1903, p. 418.
Microdonophis polyophthalmus Jordan & Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. XXVI.

(1906) 1907, p. 207.

Height about 28; head more than 10, 4.9 times in trunk.
Head and trunk 1.2 in length of tail. Eye more than 8, situated
in the anterior third of the length of the head, two thirds of
the length of the snout. Cleft of mouth of moderate width,
reaching slightly behind eye, one third of the length of the head.
Snout conspicuously projecting. Posterior nostrils in advance
of the eye; anterior ones with a truncated tube, about as long as
the eye. Origin of dorsal about opposite to the base of the
pectorals. Dorsal and anal ending somewhat before point of tail.
Length of pectorals equal to snout, about 5J/2 times in head.
Teeth of moderate size, subequal, pointed, curved, uniserial
in all the bones; those on the intermaxillary plate in form of
a V, the point directed forward. Brownish, on each side with
3 series of large rounded brownish-black spots arranged alter-
nately, each spot of [the dorsal series with a whitish centre.
Head with numerous white, dark-edged ocelli. On the back a
series of brown spots, each with a whitish centre ; margin of
dorsal black, a series of elongate blackish spots along its middle;
anal nearly immaculate. Length 525 mm. [Type of the species
in the British Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Ambon!. — Riu Kiu Islands; Hawaii.

308

8. Ophichthys melanochir Blkr.

Ophichthys melanochir Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. II. 1864—1865, p. 44. -

Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 51.
Ophichthys altipinnis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 74 (nee Kaup).

Height 34.5; head about 13, 2.4 in trunk; head and trunk
twice in tail. Eye more than 8, nearly equal to half the length
of the snout, situated in the anterior half of the head. Posterior
nostrils in advance of the eye, anterior nostrils in a tube, shorter
than eye. Snout pointed, much projecting. Cleft of mouth
about thrice in length of head, reaching scarcely beyond eye.
Origin of dorsal above gillopenings. Dorsal much elevated, about
as high as height of body. Anal not much lower, ending
opposite to end of dorsal, not far from point of tail. Pectorals
about 2!/2 times in length of head. Teeth conical, pointed,
curved, uniserial, subequal in jaws and vomer; on intermaxillary
plate 5 stouter teeth arranged in a A, the point directed for-
ward. Brownish above, yellowish below, outer border of dorsal
and anal and greater part of pectorals black; pores on head
surrounded by black borders, giving the head the appearance
of being spotted. Length more than 700 mm. [Type of the
species in the British Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Ambon!. — Maldives.

9. Ophichthys altipinnis (Kaup).

Microdonophis altipinnis Kaup, Cat. Apod, fish 1856, p. 6.
Ophisurus altipinnis Bleeker, Enumeratio spec. pise. 1859, p. 174.
Muraenopsis altipinnis Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. I. 1863, p. 180.
Ophichthys altipinnis Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 50.

Height about 33; head about 9.3, nearly
4 times in trunk; head and trunk 1.4
times in tail. Eyes about 19, nearly
4 times in snout. Posterior nostrils in
advance of the eye, anterior nostrils in a
tube, shorter than eye. Snout acutely con-
vex, very much projecting. Cleft of mouth
reaching behind eye, about 22/3 in length
of head. Origin of dorsal slightly before
gillopenings. Dorsal very elevated, about

Fig. 146. Dentition of 1-1 ri_ i A

Ophichthys altipinnis (^^. as hlgh as height of body. Anal lower,

(After BLEEKER). a teeth on ending opposite end of dorsal, not far
!^±l3fifer.±: fr°"> P^nt of tail. Pectorals somewhat

rine teeth. more than 2'/2 times in length of head.

309

Teeth conical, pointed, uniserial in jaws and vomer, only
anteriorly in the mandibles they are irregularly triseriate and
stouter, as also those on the intermaxillary plate, which are
serially arranged in 6 pairs. Brownish above, yellowish below,
point of tail yellowish. Pectorals blackish; anal with a dark
margin, dorsal brownish with a lighter base. Length of the
single specimen described 940 mm. [Type of the species seen
by us in the Leiden Museum].
Habitat: Celebes (Makassar!).

10. Ophichthys rhytidoderma (Blkr.).

Ophisurus rutidoderma Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen. XXV. 1852, Muraen. p. 30.
Pisoodonophis rutidoderma Kaup, Cat. Apod, fish 1856, p. 18.
Ophichthys rtttidoderma Bleaker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 55.
Ophichthys rhytidoderma Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 63.

Height about 46; head about 21.2, about 5.8 in trunk; head
and trunk about twice in tail. Eye about 15, about twice in
snout, situated in the anterior fourth of the length of the head.
Posterior nostrils scarcely in advance of the eye, anterior nostrils
in a tube, shorter than the eye. Snout pointed, cleft of mouth
nearly 4*/2 times in length of head, extending scarcely behind eye.
Dorsal lower than anal, about thrice lower than body, com-
mencing at a short distance behind the extremity of the pecto-
rals. Length of pectorals one third of that of the head. Teeth
conical, pointed, fixed, subequal, biserial, except the foremost
of the maxillaries; on the intermaxillary plate five or six in
two rows. Olivaceous above, lighter below. Length of single
specimen known 940 mm. [Type of the species in the British
Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Java (Batavia!).

ii. Ophichthys rhytidodermatoides (Blkr.).

Ophiurus breviceps Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XVIII. 1850, p. 1308

(nee Richardson).

Ophisurus rutidodermatoides Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXV. 1852, Muraen. p. 31.
Pisoodonophis rutidodermatoides Kaup, Cat. Apod. Fish 1856, p. 18.
Ophichthys rutidodermatoides Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 55.
Ophichthys rhytidodermatoides Gunther. Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 62 (p.p.).

Height 46; head 15, four times in trunk; head and trunk
about twice in tail. Eye less than 20, about thrice in snout,
situated in the anterior third of the head. Posterior nostrils

3io

scarcely in advance of the eye, anterior nostrils in a tube, shorter
than eye. Snout pointed; cleft of mouth 3]/2 times in length

of head, extending far behind
eye. Dorsal low, more than
,»o !% twice lower than height, com-

/f 0°°l\ mencing nearly opposite to
o\ /f °*s\ the extremity of the pectorals.

"^ /i Vs Dorsal and anal ending not

o\ // o| far from point of tail. Length

\°° •• n oi *°° °^ Pectora^s three times in
| length of head. Teeth pointed,

Fig. 147. Dentition of Ophichthys rhyti- fixed> a11 biserial **<*& the
dodermatoides (Blkr.). a teeth of inter- foremost of the maxillaries
maxillary plate, m maxillary, *w</mandibu- and the hindermost of the

lary, v vomerine teeth. X 3V2- vomer, which are uniserial;
on the intermaxillary plate a series of 2 pairs '). Olivaceous
above, lighter below. Length 682 mm. [Type of the species
in the British Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Java (Batavia!). — Pinang; Ceylon (after Karoli).

12. Ophichthys lumbricoides (Blkr.).

Ophisurus lumbricoides Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXV. 1852, Muraen. p. 32.
Pisoodonophis lumbricoides Kaup, Cat. Apod. Fish 1856, p. 21.
Ophichthys lumbricoides Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 56.

Height 68.8; head 16.5, 4.2 times in trunk; head and trunk
about twice in tail. Eye minute, about twice in snout, situated
in the anterior third of head. Posterior nostrils scarcely in
advance of the eye, anterior nostrils in a tube, shorter than eye.
Snout pointed; cleft of mouth three times in length of head,
extending far behind eye. Dorsal low, more than half height
of body, commencing nearly opposite to the extremity of the
pectorals. Dorsal and anal ending not far from point of tail.
Length of pectorals about three times in length of head. Teeth
pointed, fixed; those of the mandibles in two series, in the
maxillaries an outer complete series, at the inner side of the
middle of which is a short inner series; on the vomer a double
series of equal teeth; those on the intermaxillary plate in two

i) We agree with GUNTHER, that BLEEKER'S figure (Plate Muraenid. XVI
figure i) of the dentition of Ophichthys rhytidodermatoides is totally erroneous.

3"

pairs. Dark above, lighter below. Length 410 mm. [Type of
the species in the British Museum seen by usj.
Habitat: Java (Batavia!).

Note: GUNTHER has united this species with the preceding
one. We think it safer to separate them, as they differ in the
height and in the dentition, which differences however may
be due to difference in age.

13. Ophichthys macclellandi (Blkr.).

Ophisurus Mac Clellandi Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen. XXV. 1852, Muraen. p. 33.
Pisoodonophis macclellandi Kaup, Cat. Apod, fish 1856, p. 19.
Ophichthys Mac Clellandi Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 57.
Ophichthys macclellandi Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 63.

Height about 41; head about 16, a little less than one
fourth of the trunk; head and trunk twice in length of tail.
Eye about n, about 2 times in snout, situated in the anterior
fourth of the length of the head. Snout pointed; cleft of mouth
about 3'/2 times in length of head, extending behind eye. Poste-
rior nostrils scarcely before eye, anterior ones in a tube, shorter
than eye. Dorsal low, thrice lower than body, commencing
opposite to the extremity of the pectorals. Dorsal and anal
ending shortly before tip of tail. The length of the pectorals
is one third of the length of the head. Teeth pointed, fixed,
biserial except the anterior maxillary ones, which are uniserial
and those on the vomer, which are arranged in three, and on
the middle of the bone in four series. On the intermaxillary
plate a group of 5 or 6 teeth arranged in two rows. Olivaceous
above, lighter below. Length of the single specimen known
580 mm. [Type of the species in the British Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Java (Batavia!).

14. Ophichthys celebicus (Blkr.).

Ophisurus celebicus Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-neerl. I. 1856, Visschen Menado p. 70.

Ophisurus broekmeyeri Bleeker, Ibid. p. 71.

Ophichthys amboinensis Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. II. 1864 — 1865, p. 45. -

Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 54.

Ophichthys broekmeyeri Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 53.
Ophichthys celebicus Bleeker, Ibid. p. 54.

Ophichthys broekmeyeri GUnther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 6 1.
Ophichthys broekmeyeri Perugia, Ann. Mus. Civic. Geneva (2) VII. 1889^.277.

Height 33 — 36; head 9 — 92/5; 2!/3 — 23/4 in trunk, head and

312

trunk about three fourths of the tail. Eye 1 1 — 12, about twice in
the length of the snout, situated about in the anterior fourth
of the head. Posterior nostrils slightly in advance of the eye,
anterior nostrils in a tube, shorter than eye. Dorsal about twice
lower than height of body, commencing above the posterior
third of the pectorals ]). Vertical fins ending near point of tail.
Length of pectorals more or less than thrice in length of
head. Teeth conical, fixed; anterior maxillary teeth irregularly
uni-, posterior biserial, in the lower jaw irregularly biserial.
Vomerine teeth bi- or triserial, those on intermaxillary plate
stoutest, forming a group. Brownish above, somewhat lighter
below, dorsal and anal fin darker. Length 486 mm. [Types of
the three species of BLEEKER in the British Museum seen by us].
Habitat: Nias; Celebes (Makassar!, Badjoa, Menado!);
Ambon!.

15. Ophichthys versicolor (Rich.).

Ophisurus versicolor Richardson, Ereb. & Terror, Zoology 1844, p. 103.
Elapsopsis versicolor Kaup, Cat. Apod. Fish 1856, p. 10.
Ophichthys versicolor Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 68.

Height 46. Head about 13, one-fifth of the length of the
trunk; head and trunk slightly shorter than tail. Eye n, more
than twice in the length of the snout, situated in the anterior
third of the head. Anterior nostrils a short tube, shorter than
eye, wider at its extremity than at its commencement. Posterior
nostrils opposite to frontborder of eye. Upper jaw much pro-
jecting beyond the lower; cleft of mouth extending somewhat
behind eye. Dorsal low, its origin above the middle of the
pectorals. Pectorals small, shorter than snout. Teeth pointed,
immovable. Vomerine and mandibulary teeth in a single series,
those on the vomer in the middle with indication of an irre-
gular second series. Maxillary teeth in a single series, in the
middle irregularly biserial; on the intermaxillary plate there
are 9 teeth, 8 of which in a double row. Body encircled by

i) In the type of O. celebicus (Blkr.) in the British Museum, which is a young
specimen of 200 mm. length, the distance of the origin of the dorsal from the
gillopenings is much shorter than in O. broekmeyeriWikr. and 0. amboinensis Blkr.
This distance measured in the length of the head is for O, amboinensis Blkr.
[486 mm. total length] and for O. broekmeyeri Blkr. [327 mm. total length] 3.4
in length of head and for 0. celebicus Blkr. = 7 times in length of head.

We agree with the observation of GUNTHER about the teeth of O. celebicus Blkr.

27 brown rings, twice as broad as the interspaces between
them; each ring divided into two by a narrow circular white
line; dorsal fin coloured as the body underneath. Length
520 mm. [Type of the species in the British Museum seen by us].
Habitat: Moluccos. - - Lord Howe Island (Waite).

8. Brachysomophis Kaup.

(KAUP, Cat. Apod. Fish 1856, p. 9)
(Brachysomophides Bleeker: All. Tchth. IV. 1864, p. 38).

Elongate, more or less cylindrical. Anus somewhat before or be-
hind the middle of length. Dorsal commencing shortly or at some
distance behind gillopenings. Dorsal and anal ending at a short
distance before end of tail. Pectorals small or wanting. Head
moderate. Snout pointed; jaws equal or the lower jaw some-
what prominent. Cleft of mouth very wide. Eyes small, situated
very anteriorly and looking somewhat upward. Anterior nostrils
in a tube or surrounded by a prominent wall, posterior nostrils
in the upper lip, looking downward, before vertical through
frontborder of eye. Tongue not free. Teeth of unequal size;
caniniform on vomer and in mandibles; in the maxillaries
smaller, in a double or single series. Gillopenings lateral,
rather wide.

Distribution: Tropical and warm seas of Atlantic, Indie
and Pacific.

Key to the indo-australian subgenera.

Pectorals present Brachysomophis Kaup (s. str.) p. 313.

No pectorals Achirophichthys Bleeker p. 315.

I. Subgenus Brachysomophis Kaup (s. str.).

(Kaup, Cat. Apodal fish 1856, p. 9).

Fig. 148. Brachysomophis cirrhochilus (Blkr.) (After BLEEKER). X Vs-

Lips fringed. Maxillary teeth in a double series. Pectorals
present. Anus in or before middle of length.

Distribution: Indo-australian Archipelago, Indie and
Pacific.

Key to the indo-au stralian species of
subgenus Brachysomophis.

1. Pectorals 10 — II times in head. Colour uniform. . . . B. crocodilinus p. 314.

2. Pectorals 4—5 times in head. Large black spots and

bands B. cirrhochilus p. 315.

i. Brachysomophis (Brachysomophis) crocodilinus (Benn.).

Ophisurus crocodilinus Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1833, p. 32.

Brachysomophis horridus Kaup, Cat. Apodal fish 1856, p. 9.

Brachysomophis horridus Bleeker, Versl. Akad. Amsterdam (2) .II. (1867) 1868,

P- 303.

Ophichthys crocodilinus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 64.
Brachysomophis crocodilinus Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XXIII. 1901,

P- 875-
Ophichthys crocodilinus Giinther, Fische d. Sttdsee Heft IX. 1910, p. 398.

Height about 21; head fl/s — 75/G, 2.8 — 3 times in trunk;
head and trunk somewhat shorter or longer than tail. Eye 15,
situated about in the anterior ninth of the length of the head.
Snout extremely short, rather flattened, broader than long, as
long as or longer than eye; lower jaw somewhat prominent.
Cleft of mouth somewhat less than 3 times in length of head.
Lips fringed by a single series of papillae. Vertical fins more
than twice lower than height of body; dorsal commencing
about 2/5 of the length of the head behind the gillopenings.
Dorsal and anal ending about half length of cleft of mouth
before point of tail. Pectorals small, 10 — II times in head.
Maxillary teeth in a double series, those of the inner series
stronger and less numerous than the outer one. Mandibulary teeth
caniniform, widely set in one series; as also those of the vomer.
On the intermaxillary plate about 4 or 5 teeth in a transverse
series; the lateral ones the largest. Gillopenings wide. Brow-
nish above, lighter below. A series of black pores along the
lateral line; occiput with a transverse series of yellowish spots.
Length 1375 mm. [After BLEEKER and GUNTHER, and a
specimen of 330 mm. seen by us in the Leiden Museum].

Habitat: Sangir-Islands. — South Arabia; Mauritius; Japan ;
Tahiti; Savai; Galapagos Islands.

315

m

2. Brachysomophis (Brachysomophis) cirrhochilus (Blkr.).
[Fig. 148, p. 313].

Ophisurus cirrhocheilos Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-neerland. II. 1859, 8. Bijdr.

vischfauna Ambon, p. 89.

Brachysomophis cirrhochilus Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 38.
Ophichthys cirrochilus Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 65.

Height 26; head 82/3 — 93/5, thrice to three and a half in trunk.
Head and body about equal to tail or tail somewhat longer.
Eye about 14 — 31, i!/2 — 3J/3 in snout, situated in the anterior
fifth of the length of the head. Snout-short and rather flattened;
the lower jaw slightly prominent. Cleft of mouth 2!/5 — 21
length of head. Lips fringed with
numerous, generally bifid filaments.
Vertical fins well developed, more
than thrice lower than height of
body, ending at a distance from tip
of tail somewhat more or less than
length of pectorals. Dorsal beginning
behind the gillopenings at a distance
equal to two thirds or less of the
length of the head. Pectorals about
4 — 5 times in head. Maxillary teeth
in a double, mandibulary teeth in Fig> ,49> Dentition of Brachyso-
a single series; teeth widely set, mophis cirrhochilus (Blkr.).

Caniniform, the hindermOSt Smaller, a intermaxillary, m maxillary,
The VOmerine teeth Still larger, in a md mandibulary, V vomerine teeth.

, * (After BLEEKER).

single series; those of the inter-
maxillary plate anteriorly smaller and in a semicircle, followed
by 2 large canines, one behind the other, which are continuous
with the vomerine series. Gillopenings wide. Brownish, with
large, irregular, dark, transverse spots and bands; fins yellowish,
edged with brown. Length 1240 mm. [After BLEEKER and a
specimen of 550 mm. length in the Leiden Museum].
Habitat: Ambon!. - - Formosa; Muscat (Arabia).

2. Subgenus Achirophichthys Bleeker.

(BLEEKER, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. II. 1864, p. 41).

Lips not fringed or only with one row of minute tubercular
papillae. Maxillary teeth in a single or double series. No
pectorals. Anus behind the middle of the length.
Distribution: Indo-australian Archipelago.

moL

Key to the species of Achirophichthys.

1. Maxillary teeth in a single series, lips not papillated. />. (A.) kampeni p. 316.

2. Maxillary teeth in a double series; lips papillated. . . B. (A.} typus p. 317.

Fig. 1 50. Brachysomophis (Achirophichthys) kampeni n. sp. Nat. size.

i. Brachysomophis (Achirophichthys) kampeni n. sp.

Height 29; head 8, 3 times in trunk. Head and trunk some-
what longer than tail. Eye somewhat prominent, about 20, about
i'/2 times in length of snout. Cleft of mouth wide, thrice in

head. Snout pointed. Lips
not fringed. Origin of dor-
sal at a distance behind
the gillopenings equal
to about 2/9 length of
head. Dorsal and anal
rather low, ending at some
distance before the point
of the tail. In the jaws
a single series of com-
pressed, recurved teeth,
situated close together, in the mandibles a few canine teeth
besides. On the intermaxillary plate a curved series of about
5 canine teeth, on the vomer a single series of 5 rather widely
set teeth, of which the posterior 4 are large canines, a single

Fig. 151. Brachysomophis (Achirophichthys)
kampeni n. sp. X 3-

317

smaller one between them. Dark brownish above, lighter
below, fins yellowish. Length of the single specimen known
323 mm. [Type of the species in the zoological Museum of
Amsterdam].

Habitat: New Guinea (Humboldt Bay near mouth of Mbai
river!); collected by Dr. P. N. VAN KAMPEN.

2. Brachysomophis (Achirophichthys) typus Blkr.

Achirophichthys typus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. II. 1864 — 1865, p. 42.

Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 39.
Achirophichthys typus Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 65. — Fische

der Siidsee Heft IX. 1910, p. 398.

Height 26; head about ;3/4. more than 2!/2 times in trunk.
Head and trunk somewhat longer than tail. Eye 16, less than
twice in snout. Cleft of mouth wide, 23/4 in head. Snout pointed.
Lips with one row of very minute tubercular papillae. Origin
of dorsal at a distance behind the

O O &. n rt

gillopenings equal to !/3 length of 0

head. Dorsal and anal rather low, / °<>o o 9

ending at some distance before the °o ° 9\ Q

point of the tail. In the upper jaw oS o o°» g

a double series of conical teeth; the «0° \\ J «

outer series situated close together, *° v °«°° i \

the inner series shorter, situated at 7TL • ^^ *

some distance from the outer series, Fig. 152. Dentition of Brachy-

the teeth more widely set. In the som°Phis (Achirophichthys} typus

, . , , . , Blkr. a intermaxillary, m maxillary,

mandibles a single series, the ante- ,

& _ ma mandibulary, v vomerme teeth.

rior teeth caniniform, widely set, the ^ -,\i

posterior teeth small and close

together. On the intermaxillary plate 2 large teeth, on the
vomer a series of 4 widely set caniniform teeth. Dark brownish
above, lighter below. Length of the single specimen known
210 mm. [Type of the species in the British Museum seen by us].
Habitat: Celebes!.

9. Sphagebranchus Bloch.

(BLOCH, Ausland. Fische IX. 1795, p. 88).

Much elongate, cylindrical. Anus somewhat before or behind
middle of length. Origin of dorsal above or generally more
or less behind gillopenings. Dorsal and anal sometimes wanting
or very low, not confluent, ending at a short distance from

end of tail. Pectorals wanting. Head short or moderate; snout
pointed, projecting beyond mouth, the. cleft of which reaches
behind or far behind eye. Lips without filaments. Eyes small,

Fig. 153. Sphagebranchus polyophthalmus (Blkr.) nat. size.

Small figure: anterior part of head magnified: a anterior nostril,

/ labial papilla outside of slit of posterior nostril.

situated before or above the middle of the cleft of the mouth.

Posterior nostrils a slit in the border of the upper lip, looking

a downward; anterior nostrils

in a tube at the border of
the upper lip or at the ventral
surface of the prominent part
of the snout or they are slits
in a low papilla on the last-
Fig. 154. Ventral view of gillopenings named place. Teeth pointed,

Cg) with the anterior and superior dupli- uniserial, those of the VOmer
cature d of the gillmembranes of a. Sflhage- , , . . , ...

branchus polyophthalmus (^^bJphage- maV be *&***! e^ual in S1ZG

bronchus orientalis (Me Clell.). or the vomerme ones are

stouter. No scales, lateral line

present. Gillopenings small, close together, ventral, longitudinal,
oblique or vertical; the gillmembrane may form anteriorly a
duplicature (see figure 154).

Distribution: Temperate and tropical seas. They burrow
in sand. Some species entering fresh water.

Key to the indo-australian species
Sphagebranchus.

I. Gillopenings ventral, oblique or longitudinal
slits, anteriorly (superiorly) provided with a dupli-
cature of the gillmembrane (see figure 154).

Of

319

1. No vertical fins; head and trunk i1/, times

in tail Sph. v^^lt^lr^s p 319.

2. Vertical fins present but low.

a. Distance of origin of dorsal from gillopenings

2.3 — 4 times in head Sph. polyophthalmus p. 320.

b. Distance of origin of dorsal from gillopenings

7 times in head Sph. orientalis p. 321.

II. Gillopenings more or less ventral, vertical, oblique
or longitudinal slits, their gillmembrane without
duplicature.
A. Vertical fins forming a rudiment only quite

near end of tail Sph, klazingai p. 321.

/?. Dorsal very low or well developed.

1. Origin of dorsal above or shortly behind
gillopenings.

a. Vomerine teeth much stouter than teeth
of jaws.
a.. Head 2.6 — 2.8 times in trunk. Eye

above anterior third of cleft of mouth. Sph. mindora p. 322.
/3. Head 3 — 31/, times in trunk. Eye

above middle of cleft of mouth. . . Sph. macrodon p. 323.
b. All teeth equally small.

en. Head 4.7 times in trunk 5 teeth uni-

serial; cleft of mouth 3'/2 times in

head Sph. bicolor p. 323.

/3. Head 6 times in trunk ; vomerine

teeth biserial 5 cleft of mouth 3 times

in head * Sph. lumbricoides p. 324.

y. Head 6.6 times in trunk; teeth uni-

serial; cleft of mouth more than 5

times in head Sph. misolensis p. 324.

2. Origin of dorsal more than half length of
head behind gillopenings.

a. Head 6.3 times in trunk ; teeth uniserial. Sph. kaupi p. 325.

b. Head 5 times in trunk ; vomerine teeth

biserial Sph. moluccensis p. 325.

c. Head 4.1 times in trunk ; teeth uniserial. Sph. gjellerupi p. 326.

i. Sphagebranchus vulturis ]) n.sp.

Height about 48; head 10.4 (measured from posterior end
of gillopenings), 3 times in trunk; head and trunk 1.5 times in

i) Named after the Government Fisheries Investigation Ship "Gier" = vultur.

320

tail. Eye very small, about 20, more than twice in snout,
situated above anterior third of cleft of mouth. Posterior nostrils
a long slit in the upper lip, looking downward, below eye;
anterior nostrils curved, denticulated slits in a low papilla near
tip of the ventral surface of the snout. Snout pointed, 5.7 in
head, its conical part surpassing lower jaw with about 3 eye-
diameters. Cleft of mouth 4.6 in head, reaching far behind eye.
Dorsal and anal wanting. Teeth pointed, uniserial, those in
vomer and mandibles stouter, on intermaxillary plate 5 stouter
teeth in a A, the point directed forward. Gillopenings ventrally
situated longitudinal slits, converging anteriorly and separated
here by a distance of nearly a third of their length, which is
about equal to 3 eyediameters. Anterior (upper) fold of gill-
membranes forms a duplicature. Colour of single alcohol specimen
reddish blue. Length of single specimen known 240 mm. [Type
of the species in the zoological Museum of Amsterdam].

Habitat: Island Nasi besar, near West point of Sumatra;
collected by the Government Fisheries Investigation Ship "Gier".

Note. This species seems to be closely allied to Ichthyapus
acutirostris (Brisout de Barneville).

2. Sphagebranchus polyophthalmus (Blkr.). [Fig. 153, 154, p. 318].

Dalophis polyophthalmus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IV. 1853, p. 299.
Anguisuriis punctulatus Kaup, Cat. Apodal Fish 1856, p. 24.
Sphagebranchus polyophthalmus Kaup, Ibid. p. 26.
Sphagebranchus polyophthalmus Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 70.
Ophichthys polyophthalrmts Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 85.
Ophichthys polyophthalmus Volz, Zool. Jahrb. System. XIX. 1903, p. 416.
Ophichthys punctulatus Gunther, Fische d. Siidsee IX. 1910, p. 403.

Height 28 — 35; head 8 to more than 9, more than thrice
to 4J/2 times in trunk; head and trunk somewhat longer than
tail. Eye about 13 — 18, more than twice in snout. Posterior
nostrils a slit in the upper lip, before the eye, provided with
a conspicuous pendulous papilla, anterior nostrils a rather long
slit in a broad, low papilla at some distance from the tip of
the snout. Snout pointed, convex, prominent. Cleft of mouth
more than 2!/2 times in length of head, extending far behind
eye. Dorsal very low, somewhat higher on tail, the distance
of its origin from gillopenings 2.3 to 4 times in length of head.
Anal very low. Dorsal and anal reaching nearly to end of tail.
Teeth pointed, recurved, uniserial, on the intermaxillary plate

32I

5 teeth in a A, the point directed forward. Gillopenings strongly
oblique, small, rather close together, their distance about equal
to their length. Superiorly and anteriorly before them is a
duplicature of their anterior membrane. Colour of upper half
brownish, lower half yellowish. Upper surface of head and neck
with a double row of yellow round spots or ocelli, vertex
with a yellow transverse streak; pores of lateral line in a
yellow spot. Length more than 325 mm.

Nom. in dig.: Tindjankassik (Priaman).

Habitat: Sumatra (Priaman); Nias!; Island Nako!; Java
(South coast); Madura-strait!; Batjan. — Samoa, Tahiti,
Viti Levu.

This eel burrows in sandy shores. The Javanese fishermen dig
for it and use it as a bait.

3. Sphagebranchus orientalis (Me Clell.) [Fig. 154, p. 318].

Dalophis orientalis McClelland, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 1845, p. 213.

Lamnostoma pic turn Kaup, Cat. Apod, fish 1856, p. 23.

Sphagebranchus orientalis Kner, Novara Fische, 1865 — 1867, p. 380.

Ophichthys orientalis Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 87.

Ophichthys orientalis Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878—1888, p. 665.

Ophichthys orientalis Sauvage, Hist. nat. de Madagascar XVI. Poissons 1891, p. 501.

Head 8, 3.1 times in trunk; head and trunk slightly longer
than tail. Eye about 20, about 5 times in snout. Snout pointed,
strongly prominent, with the anterior nostrils on its lower
surface. Cleft of mouth one fourth of length of head. Distance
of origin of dorsal from gillopenings one seventh of length of
head. Dorsal and anal low, ending somewhat before tip of
tail. Teeth acute, equal, uniserial. Gillopenings on the ventral
side forming oblique slits, which are anteriorly converging with
their curved anterior part. Their anterior membrane forms a
double fold. Brownish above, yellowish below. Length over
300 mm. [Description made after a specimen of 196 mm. in
the British Museum from British New Guinea, the only specimen
known from our faunistic province].

Habitat: British New Guinea!. — Southern India; Ceylon;
Madagascar.

4. Sphagebranchus klazingai M. Web.

Sphagebranchus Klazingai Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische 1913, p. 47-

Height 51; head 12.7, 5 times in trunk; head and trunk
INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES III. 21

322

about equal to length of tail. Eye about 10, about twice in
snout, situated above tip of lower jaw. Posterior nostrils a slit
in upper lip, below eye; anterior nostrils in a short tube situated
near point of cone of snout. Snout conical, very strongly
prominent. Cleft of mouth 4 times in head and extending about
wo eye-diameters behind eye. Dorsal and anal visible near

Fig' 155- Sphagebranchiis klazingai M. Web.
a lateral, 1) ventral view ; v anterior, h posterior nostril, k gillopening.

tip of tail only. Gillopenings longer than eye, situated ventrally
and converging anteriorly. Yellowish with indication of small,
dark patches, head with light marmorations. Length 127 mm.
[Type of the species in the zoological Museum of Amsterdam].
Habitat: Banda, sandy bottom between 9 and 45 M. depth!

5. Sphagebranchus mindora (Jord. & Rich.)

Coecula mindora Jordan & Richardson, Bull. Bur. fisheries XXVII. (1907)

1908, p. 239.
Sphagebranchus mindora de Beaufort, Bijdr. Dierk. Amsterdam, afl. 19. 1913, p. 99.

Height 25 — 30; head 7.7, 2.6 — 2.8 in trunk, head and trunk
slightly shorter than tail. Eye about 17 — 25, somewhat more
than twice in snout, situated above end of anterior third of
cleft of mouth. Snout pointed, its tip rounded, prominent; cleft
of mouth 2.5 times in length of head, reaching far behind eye.
The distance of the origin of dorsal from gillopenings 4 — 4.6
in length of head. Dorsal and anal well developed, low; height
of dorsal about ]/G of height of body; anal, at least its anterior
part, as also posterior part of dorsal, twice as high. Both fins
ending opposite to each other shortly before end of tail. Teeth
acute, recurved, uniserial, those of the vomer much larger
and stouter, about 6 — 10, separated from each other. On the

323

intermaxillary plate 3 — 5 stout teeth in a curved series. Gill-
openings nearly vertical, separated by an interspace of their
own length. Upper half greyish brown, lower half yellow; the
pores of the lateral line in a yellow round spot; those of head
in smaller spots, forming a transverse band on the vertex.
Length nearly 400 mm.

Habitat: Waigeu (in river Waiho, above mouth in fresh
water!). - - Mindora Island, Philippines.

6. Sphagebranchus macrodon Blkr.

Sphagebranchus macrodon Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. I. 1863, p. 184. —

All. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 69.
Ophichthys macrodon Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 85. — Fische d.

Siidsee Heft IX. 1910, p. 402.

Height about 35; head 8!/2 or somewhat more, 3 — 3 1/2 times
in trunk ; head and trunk equal to or somewhat shorter than
tail. Eye about 12 — 17, less than twice in snout, situated above
middle of cleft of mouth. Snout pointed, cleft of mouth one
third of length of head or somewhat more. Origin of dorsal
shortly behind branchial openings. Dorsal more than thrice
lower than body, somewhat lower than anal. Both ending
opposite to each other, shortly before end of tail. Teeth acute,
recurved, unequal, uniserial, only the 4 on the intermaxillary
plate in two series, and stouter, as also the single series of
about 8 teeth or less on the vomer. Dark-olivaceous above,
light below. Length 500 mm. [After BLEEKER and GUNTHER
and a specimen in the Leiden Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Borneo; Roti Island. — Viti-Levu.

In sea.

7. Sphagebranchus tricolor (Kaup).

Lanmostonia bicolor Kaup, Cat. Apod, fish 1856, p. 24.

Sphagebranchus bicolor Kaup, Abh. Nat. Verein. Hamburg, IV. 2, 1860, p. 15

(emendatio).
Sphagebranchus bicolor Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. I. 1863, p. 185. — Atl.

Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 69.

Height about 45; head nearly 12, 4.7 times in trunk; head
and trunk somewhat shorter than tail. Eye 16, more than
twice in snout. Posterior nostrils a slit in the upper lip, situated
below eye, anterior nostrils in a short tube on lower surface
of snout. Snout pointed, somewhat convex, much prominent.

Cleft of mouth 3.5 times in head, extending far behind eye.
Dorsal about thrice lower than body, commencing immediately
behind gillopenings; anal somewhat higher than dorsal, ending
opposite to end of dorsal. Teeth acute, recurved, uniserial,
those on the intermaxillary plate in a V, the point directed
forward. Dark above, light below. Length of the single specimen
known 425 mm. [Type of the species in the Leiden Museum
seen by usj.

Habitat: Borneo!.

8. Sphagebranchus lumbricoides Blkr.

Sphagebranchus lumbricoides Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr.Dierk.il. 1864 — 65, p. 46. —

Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 71.

Ophichthys timorensis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 86.
Ophichthys timorensis Johnstone, Pearl Oyster Rep. II. Fishes 1904, p. 205,

Height about 60 ; head 17, about six times in the trunk;
head and trunk a little shorter than tail. Eye 14, more than
twice in snout. Snout pointed; cleft of mouth about thrice in
length of head, reaching far behind eye. Dorsal and anal very
low, almost absent, the dorsal commencing above the gill-
openings; the anal begins to be distinct at some distance behind
the anus. Teeth pointed, uniserial, those on the intermaxillary
plate and on the anterior part of the vomer, biserial. Length
about 230 mm. [After BLEEKER, GUNTHER and JOHNSTONE
and the damaged type of the species in the British Museum
seen by us].

Habitat: Timor!. — Ceylon (Cheval Paar).

9. Sphagebranchus misolensis (Gthr.).

Ophichthys misolensis Gunther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. X. 1872, p. 425. —

Brenchley's Cruise of the "Curagao". 1873, p. 430.
Dalophis misolensis Jordan & Scale, Bull. Bur. of fish. Washington XXV. (1905)

1906, p. 194.

Height 56.5; head 15, 6.6 in trunk; tail as long as head and
trunk. Eye small, about 15, above the middle of the cleft of the
mouth, which is of moderate width and goes 5.7 times in head.
Snout pointed, more than twice as long as the eye, projecting
beyond the mouth. Anterior nostrils in a very short tube,
posterior on the inner side of the lip, below the front margin
of the eye. Dorsal and anal fins low, the former commencing
at a very short distance behind the gillopenings, the latter

325

immediately behind the vent. Teeth equally small, pointed,
uniserial. Gillopenings somewhat oblique, lateral, separated
by about their own length. Coloration uniform. Length 283 mm.
[Type of the species in the British Museum seen by us].
Habitat: Misol Island!.

10. Sphagebranchus kaupi Blkr.

Sphagebranchus Kaupi Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-neerl. V. 1858— 59, Twaalfde

Bijdr. Celebes p. 3. — Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 70.
Ophichthys kaupi Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 86.

Height about 59; head 15.9, 6.3 times in trunk; head and
trunk 1.2 times in tail. Eye n — 12, about twice in snout.
Posterior nostrils a slit in the upper lip, below front margin
of eye, anterior nostrils in a tube, shorter than eye. Snout
pointed, convex, very prominent. Cleft of mouth about 4 times
in head, extending a little behind eye. Dorsal more than twice
as low as height of body, commencing more than half length
of head behind gillopenings; anal as high as dorsal, both ending
opposite. Teeth pointed, recurved, uniserial, those on the
intermaxillary plate in a V, the point directed forward. Gill-
openings moderate, semilunar. Olivaceous above, lighter below.
Length of single specimen known 350 mm. [Type of species
in the British Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Celebes (Klabat di atas) in a river!.

1 1 . Sphagebranchus moluccensis (Blkr.)

Dalophis moluccensis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie, V. 1853, P- 24^. —

Verh. Batav. Gen. XXV. 1853, Muraenoid. p. 70.
Sphagebranchus moluccensis Kaup, Cat. Apod, fish 1856, p. 26.
Sphagebranchus moluccensis Bleeker. Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 68.
Ophichthys moluccensis Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 85.

Height about 35; head 13, 5 in trunk; head and trunk a
little shorter than tail. Eye about 13, less than twice in snout.
Posterior nostrils a slit in upper lip situated scarcely before
eye, anterior nostrils in a tube, shorter than eye. Cleft of mouth
extending behind eye, 3'/2 times in head. Dorsal well developed
and commencing more than half length of head behind gill-
openings; anal higher than dorsal, ending opposite to end of
dorsal. Teeth pointed, uniserial, biserial on intermaxillary plate
and on vomer. Gillopenings large, semilunar. Brownish above,

326

yellowish below. Length 404 mm. [Type of the species in
the Leiden Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Batjan; Ceram!. -- PHongkong (Jouan).

In sea.

12. Sphagebranchus gjellerupi n. sp.

Height more than 40; head 11.7, 4.1 times in trunk; head
and trunk 1.2 times in tail. Eye small, about 12, nearly twice
in snout, situated above middle of cleft of mouth. Posterior
nostrils a slit in the border of the upper lip, looking downward,
below front border of eye; anterior nostrils in short tubes on
the ventral surface of the prominent part of the snout. Snout
pointed, about 6 times in head, its prominent part surpassing
the lower jaw with about one eye-diameter. Cleft of mouth
4.3 times in head, reaching behind eye. Dorsal and anal low,
increasing in height posteriorly on tail, where they end oppo-
site to each other near end of tail. Teeth pointed, uniserial,
a group of about 3 on the intermaxillary plate. Gillopenings
small, vertical slits, slightly longer than eye; the distance of
their ventral ends more than their own length. Colour of the
single alcohol specimen yellowish brown, powdered with dark,
fine points. Length of the single specimen known 152 mm.
[Type of the species in the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam].

Habitat: Dutch North New Guinea, Tanah Merah in a
brook near shore; collected by Dr. K. GjELLERUP.

8. Fam. NEMICHTHYIDAE.

Slender, more or less compressed, very elongate, tapering
to the end of the tail, which may be filamentous. Anus near
gillopenings or farther behind. Scaleless, lateral line with or
without pores. Dorsal and anal long and confluent with the
reduced caudal or extending to the end of the filamentous
tail. Pectorals well developed but small. Snout produced, but
extremely slender, more or less recurved upward l), formed

i) It is possible that the curve upward formed by the snout and downward
by the lower jaw is only a consequence of the manner in which the specimens
died or were preserved. We offer this opinion with regard to the specimen of
Nemichlhys scolopaceus, which was taken alive and has been described and figured
by ROULE (Ann. Inst. oc&mogr. I. fasc. 6, 1910). In this specimen the jaws
are straight (see p. 329).

327

by the long vomero-ethmoid and at its base by the much
shorter maxillaries; lower jaws equally produced, slender and
recurved !). Cleft of mouth reaching behind eye. Eyes moderate.
Nostrils close together near frontborder of eye. Tongue not
free. Vomer and jaws with close set teeth, the point of which
may be directed backward. Gillopenings wide, separated by
a small interspace, where the gillmembranes are united to the
isthmus. Branchial openings in pharynx are wide slits.

Distribution: Bathypelagic fishes of the warm and
temperate seas.

Key to the i nd o-australian genera of
Nemichthyidae.

1. Anus immediately behind pectorals. Origin of dorsal before
that of pectorals. Jaws equal in length.

a. L. 1. without pores Cercomilus p. 327.

b. L. 1. with 3 series of pores Nemichthys p. 328.

2. Anus far distant from pectorals. Origin of dorsal behind
that of pectorals. Jaws unequal in length.

a. Origin of dorsal behind that of anal Serrivomer p. 331.

b. Origin of dorsal immediately behind base of pectorals. Avocettina p. 333.

i. Cercomitus M. Weber.
(MAX WEBER, Siboga-Exp. Fische 1913, p. 54).

Very slender and elongate, compressed, tapering from the
middle of the length to pectorals and strongly to the end of
the tail, which is transformed into a very thin flagellum. Anus
at a short distance from base of pectorals. Origin of dorsal
at some distance before that of pectorals. Anal originating
immediately behind anus, its membrane reaching the point of the
flagellum. Headbones very thin and transparent. Head of
moderate size, tapering into the long, exceedingly narrow jaws,
which are of equal size, strongly diverging ') and somewhat
swollen at their end; the upper jaw strongly curved upwards.
Nostrils close together, somewhat before eye, rounded. Eyes
situated high, their upper border in the dorsal profile. Jaws and
vomer closely set with small teeth, the point of which is
directed backwards. No scales. Lateral line without pores.
Gillopenings narrow, situated before and below pectorals.

i) See note on page 326.

328

Distribution: Bathypelagic; Indo-australian Archipelago
(959—2060 M.).

i. Cercomitus flagellifer
M. Web.

Cercomitus flagellifer Max Weber,
Siboga-Exp. Fische, 1913, p. 55.

Height 73 — 113; head about
IO; eye 9.7 — 1 1. 8, 2.1 — 2.4 in
postorbital part of head, more
than twice as long as concave
interorbital space. Snout about
3/4 of length of head. Origin
of dorsal somewhat before
middle between occiput and
base of pectorals. Rays and
membrane of dorsal weaker
than those of anal. Pectorals
6.4 — 7 in length of head. Colour
of alcohol specimens yellowish,
with scattered dark spots,
which are more crowded to-
wards the ventral surface. These
pigment spots are also present
below the eye. End of tail
blackish. Length 550 mm.

Habitat: Flores sea (2o6oM.
mud)!; Savu-sea (959 M. globi-
gerine ooze)!.

2. Nemichthys Richardson.

(RICHARDSON, Zoology Voy. Samarang,
Fishes 1848, p. 25).

Exceedingly elongate and
slender, tapering towards tail.
Anus below base of pec-
torals. Pectorals and vertical

Fig. 156. Cercomitus flagellifer M. Web. fins well developed. Origin of

dorsal above gillopenings; that

of anal immediately behind anus. Head comparatively stout.

Jaws produced into a long, slender bill, straight, recurved

329

only in preserved specimens '), not expanded at the tip. Nostrils
close together near eye. Eyes large. Jaws and vomer with

Fig. 157. Nemichthys scolopacetis Rich. (After ROULE) X. Va-

small close-set teeth, their point directed backward. Tongue

i) See note on pag. 326.

330

not free. No scales; lateral line distinct, with 3 series of pores.
Gillopenings wide, running downward and forward, nearly
confluent.

Distribution: Bathypelagic (334— 4330 M.). Atlantic, Indie
and Pacific, between about 30° N.— 50° S.

i. Nemichthys scolopaceus Rich. [Fig. 157, p. 329].

Ncnrichthys scolopaceus Richardson, Zool. Voy. Samarang Fishes 1848, p. 25.
Lcptorhyncus Leuchtenbcrgii Lowe, Mem. Acad. St. Petersbourg, Mem. Sav.

etrang. 1854, p. 171.

Bclonopsis Leuchtenbergii Lowe, Ibid. p. 174.

Nemichthys scolopacea GUnther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 21.
Nemichthys scolopaceus Peters, Sitzber. Akad. Berlin (1876) 1877, p. 849.
Nemichthys scolopaceus Brauer, Deutsche Tiefsee-Exped. Tiefseefische 1906, p. 126

(see syn.).
Nemichthys scolopaceus Roule, Ann. Inst. Oceanogr. I. fasc. 6, 1910, p. i.

Fig. 158. Nemichthys scolopaceus Richardson (After A. BRAUER).

D. more than 300 rays; P. n.

Height 57 — 72; head 10 — 11. Eye about '/s of postorbital
part of head, 7 times in snout (in large specimens). Rays in
the second third of the length of the dorsal after BRAUER !),
destitute of membrane, spinelike and much shorter than
the rays in the first and last third, which are much

i) L. ROULE (1. s. c. p. 3) says: "La nageoire dorsale est fine et delicate. Sa
membrane est tres mince; aussi parait-elle manquer, ou se reduire a quelques
tractus basilaires, dans la majeure partie de la region denticulee; son bord depasse
les rayons. Cette nageoire se differencie en trois regions: deux filamenteuses et
terminales, Tune ant6rieure, 1'autre posterieurc ; une denticulee et intermediaire.

longer but shorter than the anal rays. Pectorals nearly
equal to height of head. Cleft of mouth reaching behind eye.
Ventral surface blackish, back lighter. Length 1445 mm. [Not
seen by us].

Distribution: North of New Guinea (Gazelle). - - Medi-
terranean. Southern Atlantic: Madeira, West Coast of Northern
Africa (888 M.), Cape Verde Islands (1694 M.); East coast of
North America between 31° and 42° N. Lat. in 395 to
4332 M. depth.

3. Serrivomer Gill & Ryder.
(GiLL & RYDER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. VI. (1883) 1884, p. 260).

Slender, elongate, moderately compressed, tapering from the
body to the snout and to the end of the tail. Anus at the
end of the first or in the beginning of the second fourth of
the length. Origin of dorsal behind that of anal; origin of anal
about in the middle* between pectorals and origin of dorsal.
Vertical fins confluent. Pectorals small, situated rather high.
Head rather long, pointed. Eyes situated high. Nostrils conti-

Fig. 159. Serrivomer sector Carman. (After BRAUER). X 0.8.

guous, small, near the eye on the level of its upper margin,
the anterior a short tube. Snout pointed, somewhat curved
upwards, the jaws diverging *), the lower slightly longer, cleft
of mouth reaching behind posterior border of eye. Teeth in
the anterior third of the jaws small, compressed and in several
rows, in the second third larger, lancet-shaped, depressible and
in a single row, in the last third small, less compressed. Vomerine

Les deux premieres n'ont que des rayons filamenteux, etroits et fragiles ; la
derniere possede, outre les rayons filamenteux, des rayons gros et courts, en acicules."

This is not in accordance with his figures I (reproduced by us on p. 329)
and 6, where the finmembrane is not interrupted in the denticulated part of
the dorsal.

i) See note on page 326.

332

teeth much larger, bladelike, alternating, but so crowded that
they appear as a compressed serrate row. No scales. Gill-
openings wide, low on the side, descending forward. Gillmem-

Fig. 1 60. Serrivomer sector Garm.
Skull, to show the dentition. (After CARMAN).

branes united, joined to a thin partion attaching them to
the isthmus.

Distribution: Bathypelagic from 568 to 3240 M. Pacific,
Indie and Atlantic.

i. Serrivomer sector Garman.

Serrivomer sector Garman, Reports on explorat. off the West Coast of Mexico

XXVI. Fishes, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. XXIV. 1899, p. 320.
Serrivomer sector Brauer, Deutsche Tiefsee-Exp. Tiefseefische, I. 1906, p. 132.
Serrivomer sector Lloyd, Mem. Indian Mus. II. No. 3, 1909, p. 152.

D. 159 — 165; A. 161 — 1 60 (after GARMAN); P. 6 — /; C. 6.

Height 51; head 5.5 — 6; eye 18 — 20; snout 2.7 in head.
Rays of dorsal shorter than those of anal. Pectorals very small,
equal to eye. The distance of anus from vertical through
pectoral is 5/c of the postorbital part of the head. Colour silvery
with small black spots. Length 560 mm. [After BRAUER and
GARMAN, not seen by us].

Habitat: Near West coast of Sumatra (1280 M. Valdivia
Expedition). -- Indie (1213 — 2400 M.); Pacific.

Note: GILBERT (Bull. U.S. Fish Comm. XXIII (1903) 1905,
part II. p. 586), BRAUER (1. s. c.) and LLOYD (1. s. c.) suppose,
that this species is identical with Serrivomer beani Gill & Ryder,
(Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. VI. (1883) 1884, p. 260). But 6". beani
has only 138 rays in the anal and its height is only 29.7 in
the length according to GlLL & RYDER. If this difference
from S. sector is constant, we are of opinion that both species
are valid. Otherwise the name beani has preference as being
the older.

333
4. Avocettina Jordan 8: Davis.

(JORDAN & DAVIS, Report for 1888 U.S. Fish Comm. 1892, p. 655).

Exceedingly elongate, band-shaped, tail tapering into a point.
Height of body in its anterior third much less than in its
second third. Anus far behind pectorals. Origin of dorsal imme-
diately behind the origin of the pectorals, that of anal imme-
diately behind vent. Head nearly as deep as broad. Posterior

Fig. 161. Avocettina infans (Gthr). X 4/5-

nostrils near upper border of eye and close to anterior nostrils,
which are tubulate. Eye moderate, without orbital margin.
Snout produced into a long, slender bill, which is curved
upwards !) and longer than the lower jaw, which is curved
downwards ') and even as the snout at its top provided with a
knoblike, denticulated intumescens. Teeth on jaws and vomer

Fig. 162. Avocettina infans (Gthr.). X 2-

close set, with the point directed backward. Tongue not free.
No scales; lateral line formed by one series of pores. Gill-
openings rather wide, with a narrow interspace where the
gillmembrane is fastened to isthmus.

Distribution: Bathypelagic (600 — 4573 M.). Atlantic,
Indie and Pacific.

i) See note on page 326.

334
i. Avocettina infans (Gthr).

Nemichthys infans Giinther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. II. 1878, p. 252. — Challenger-
Report Deepsea Fishes 1887, p. 264.

}Labichthys elongatus Gill & Ryder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. VI. (1883) 1884, p. 262.

^.Labichthys Gilli Bean, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XIII. 1890, p. 45.

Avocettina infans Jordan & Davis, Report for 1888 U. S. fish Comm. 1892^.655.

Labichthys infans Goode & Bean, Oceanic Ichth. 1895, p. 153.

? A-vocettina elongata Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North & Middle America III.
1898, p. 2802.

Avocettina infans Brauer, Deutsche Tiefsee-Exped. Tiefseefische 1906, p. 129.

Avocettina infans M. Weber, Siboga-Exp. Fische 1913, p. 53.

D- 325—353; A. 240—307; P. 14—15.

Height 40 — 48; head more or less than 9.5; snout 1.3 — 1.4
in length of head. Eye about 14, 2.3 — 2.6 times in postorbital
part of head and twice or somewhat less than twice in interorbital
space. Distance of origin of dorsal from base of pectorals less
than twice the diameter of the eye. Postorbital part of head
3.6 — 4 times in distance of anal from base of pectorals; length
of pectorals somewhat less or more than length of postorbital
part of head. Dark brown, lateral pores in a blackish line.
Length 600 mm.

Distribution: Flores Sea (1600 M. mud!); Molucco Passage
(1994 M. coarse sand!); Halmahera Sea (827 M. hard bottom!);
Banda Sea (2477 M. mud!); East coast of Sumatra (750 M.) —
Atlantic: West Indies, Sierra Leone, Gulf of Guinea; Indie:
Chagos Archipelago; East coast of Africa between Zanzibar
and Aden.

9. Fam. SYNAPHOBRANCHIDAE.

Body elongate, compressed, covered by rudimentary scales,
which are either lanceolate and placed at right angles or small and
rounded and imbedded- in the skin. Lateral line present. Anus
far behind gillopenings, but before middle of length. Dorsal
and anal confluent with caudal. Dorsal beginning close behind
pectorals (Histiobranchus] or behind anus (Synaphobranchus],
it is lower than anal. Pectorals present. Snout conical, pointed,
jaws about equal. Cleft of mouth reaching far behind eye,
closing completely. Nostrils large, the anterior in a short tube,
the posterior an opening shortly before eye. Tongue not free;
mucous membrane of mouth black. Teeth sharp, rather small,

335

in jaws in narrow bands, at the inner side with a series of
larger teeth; in young specimens they are less numerous. On
intermaxillary plate an oval patch of larger teeth, on vomer
a long narrow band, tapering posteriorly. Gillopenings ventral,

Fig. 163. Synaphobranchus brevidorsalis Gthr. X 2/5-

The small figure shows the united gillopenings at the ventral surface between
the bases of the pectorals /. X 3/5-

united into an oval groove between the base of the pectorals,
separated by a considerable isthmus within. Branchial openings
in pharynx are wide slits.

Distribution: Deep sea, from 195 — 3749 M. depth.

i. Synaphobranchus Johnson.

(JOHNSON, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1862, p. 169).

Dorsal beginning behind anus; pectorals well developed, less
than 3 times in length of head.

Distribution: Deep sea of Atlantic, Indie and Pacific.

i. Synaphobranchus brevidorsalis Gthr.

Synaphobranckvs brevidorsalis Giinther, Challenger Rep. Zool. XXII. 1887, p. 255.
Synaphobranchus jenkinsi Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXIII. 1901,

P- 845-
Synaphobranchus brevidorsalis Brauer, Deutsche TiefseeExp. Tiefsee-fische, 1906,

P- 134-
Synaphobranchus brevidorsalis M. Weber, Siboga-Expeditie Fische, 1913, p. 55*

336

Height ii to more than 22; head [measured to base of pecto-
rals] 7.1 — 7.9; 1.2 — 1.6 in trunk. Head and trunk 2 — 2.3 in
tail. Eye 6 to nearly 10, 1.8 — 2.3 in snout, situated nearer to
corner of mouth than to tip of snout. Cleft of mouth 2— 2J/4
in length of head. Origin of dorsal before or behind middle
of length, situated at a distance behind anus equal to or one
half longer than head. Its distance from head is more than
two to nearly three lengths of head [2.3 to 2.8]. Length of
pectorals 2.3 to 2.4 in length of head. Scales rudimentary,
rounded, imbedded in the skin, extending to hindborder of
eye. Dark brown. Length nearly 700 mm. [Description made
after 3 specimens at our disposal].

Habitat: Ceram Sea: 1914 M. depth, mud!; Banda-or
Celebes-Sea! (locality not quite sure); North of New Guinea:
1957 M. — Japan (Sagami Bay 63 1 M.) ; near coast of North East
Africa 693 M.

10. Fam. MORINGUIDAE.

Body scaleless, cylindrical. Anus far behind middle of length.
Dorsal and anal confined to the tail, confluent with the caudal.
Dorsal and anal rather low or reduced to a low fold, which

Fig. 164. Moringua javanica (Kaup). X 2/3-

contains visible rays only at its end. Pectorals short, vistigial
or absent. Snout rather short, the lower jaw may be prominent.
Cleft of mouth reaching to below or behind hindborder of
eye. Eye small or nearly hidden below skin. Posterior nostrils
a subtubulate opening near the middle of the frontborder of
the eye. Anterior nostrils in a tube near end of snout. Tongue

337

not free. Teeth pointed, conical, recurved, uniserial in the
jaws and on the vomer. Gillopenings narrow, inferior or sub-
inferior slits. Heart placed at some distance behind the gills.
The first branchial opening in pharynx is wide, the following
are narrow slits.

Living in salt and brackish water, buried in mud, sand or
gravel; near shore, on reefs or in the mouth of rivers.

Distribution: Eastern part of the indo-pacific region,
north to the Riu Kiu Islands, south to North Australia.

i. Moringua Gray.

(J. E. GRAY, The Zoological Miscellany 1831, p. 9).

For characters and distribution of the single genus see
those of the family.

Artificial key to the indo-australian species
of Moringua.

A. Dorsal and anal, at least anteriorly and posteriorly,
provided with visible rays, they are lower in the
middle. (Moringua Bleeker).

I. Distance of anal from anus more than length

of head M. bicolor p. 338.

II. Distance of anal from anus somewhat more or
much less than half length of head.

1. Distance of dorsal from anal more than half

length of head. Pectorals vistigial M. microchir p. 338.

2. Distance of dorsal from anal much less than
half length of head.

a. Distance of anal from anus half or some-
what more than half length of head. Pec-
torals 5 — 7 times in head M. macrochir p. 339.

b. Distance of anal from anus one fourth or
less of length of head. Pectorals 4 to more

than 5 times in head M. floresiana p. 340.

B. Dorsal and anal fins reduced to a low fold, with a
few feeble rays at the extreme tip of the tail only.
(Ap hi ha Imichthys K au p) .

1. Height 34 — 405 head 8.7 — 9.9 M. macrocephala p. 341.

2. Height 40 — 58; head 6.1 — 8.1 M. abbreviata p. 341.

3. Height 67 — 955 head 12 — 22 M. javanlca p. 342.

INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES III. 22

333
i. Moringua bicolor Kaup.

Moringua bicolor Kaup, Cat. Apod, fish 1856, p. 107.
Moringua bicolor Bleeker, All. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 15.

Moringua bicolor Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 91. — Fische d. Siidsee
Heft IX. 1910. p. 405.

Height 60 — 70 (90 in a specimen of 775 mm.); head 12.5 — 16,
7.6 times in trunk (in a specimen of 346 mm.). Tail 2 — 22/3
in length of head and trunk. Eye n — 14, much shorter than
snout. Cleft of mouth about 5 times in length of head, reaching
to hind border of eye. Lower jaw in young and old specimens
prominent. Dorsal and anal interrupted in their middle by an
interspace about equal in length to that of their anterior part.
The longest rays of this part are about equal to the height
of the body. The distance of the origin of the anal from the

f

Fig. 165. Moringua bicolor Kaup.

anus is somewhat more than the length of the head. The origin
of 'the dorsal is at a slight distance behind the vertical through
the origin of the anal. Caudal forming a prominent point
beyond the dorsal and anal with which it is confluent. Pectorals
6 — 6'/2 times in length of head, rounded. Teeth conical, pointed,
uniserial, 6 — 8 in each mandible, 5 — 6 in each maxillary, 3 on
the vomer and 3 pairs of stouter ones on the intermaxillary
plate. Blackish brown above, yellowish white below, both
colours sharply separated. Fins yellowish white, end of the
united dorsal, caudal and anal blackish. Length to 775 mm.
Habitat: East Flores !; Timor. — Kandavu and New Britain !.

2. Moringua microchir Blkr.

Moringua microchir Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IV. 1853, p. 124. —
All. Ichth. IV. 1864, P- 16.

339

Moringua himbricoidea. Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 91 (p. p.).
Moringua microchir Giinther, Fische d. Stidsee Heft IX. 1910, p. 405.

Height about 48; head io'2/3 — i2'/2> ?!/2 times m trunk. Tail
about twice in length of head and trunk. Eye 12, about twice
in snout. Cleft of mouth 4 times in length of head, reaching
behind hindborder of eye. Lower jaw prominent. Dorsal and
anal very low, only the anterior and posterior rays are visible.
The distance of the origin of the anal from anus is ]J3 of the
length of the head. The origin of the dorsal is one length
of head behind the vertical through the anus. The united
caudal, dorsal and anal are obtusely rounded. Pectorals a very
short but broad rudiment. Teeth conical, pointed, uniserial,
about 10 in each mandible, about 6 in each maxillary, 5 — 6
on the vomer, 3 pairs of stouter teeth on the intermaxillary
plate. Colour uniform. Length (of the known indo-australian
specimens) 240 mm. [Type of the species in the British Museum
seen by us].

Habitat: Sumatra (Kauer); Ambon!. — Marquesas Islands;
Ovalau.

3. Moringua macrochir Blkr.

Moringua macrochir Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IX. 1855, p. 71. -

All. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 15.

* Moringua macrochir Kner, Novara-Fische 1865 — 1867, p. 389.
Moringua raitaborua Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 90 (p.p.).
Moringua raitaborua M. Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische 1913, p. 52 (nee

Hamilton Buchanan).

Height 37 — 44; head Q2/3 to more than 11, 5.5 to 6.7 in
trunk. Tail twice or somewhat Q Q Q

more in length of head and trunk. ^ 0 o

Eye 9 — 12, shorter than snout. O O Q

Cleft of mouth about 4 times in Q Q Q o

length of head, reaching to below o 0 o o

posterior half of eye. Lower jaw o 0 o o o

prominent. Dorsal and anal rather ° o °o ° ^^
low, interrupted in the middle o v °

by an interspace longer than the rn-

anterior part of the fins. The Fig- l66- Dentition of

,. , r ,•, . . r ^i i macrochir Blkr. a intermaxillary,

distance of the origin of the anal

m maxillary, //^/mandibulary, e/ vome-

from the anus is about half or rine teeth \^ 9

somewhat more than half the

length of the head. The origin of the dorsal is somewhat behind

340

the vertical through the origin of the anal. The united caudal,
dorsal and anal form a slightly subtruncate fin, the corners
of which are rounded. Pectorals 5 to 7 times in length of
head. Teeth conical, pointed, uniserial, 8 in each mandible,
the 4 anterior stouter, 6 — 8 in each maxillary, 5 — 6 on the
vomer, 3 pairs of stouter teeth on the intermaxillary plate.
Colour uniform, back darker. Length 245 mm.

Habitat: Batu Islands; Java (Wijnkoops Bay !) ; Kei-Islands
(Elat! reef).

4. Moringua floresiana n. sp.

Height 24 — 30; head 7.8 — 10, 4.3 — 5.7 in trunk. Tail about

twice in head and trunk. Eye 8 — 10, somewhat shorter than

snout. Cleft of mouth more or less than 4 times in length of

head, reaching to hindborder of eye. Jaws nearly equal, upper

jaw somewhat prominent. Dorsal and anal much lower in

their middle, this lov/er part about equal in length to their

anterior part, the longest rays of which are longer than half

o°o 0 height of body. Ori-

o °^ o° °o gin of anal immedia-

o° Q °o o o tely behind anus, be-

O QO o^ 0 o ginning with a ridge;

o o o 0 o in a ripe female the

o o o o

o o o origin of the anal is

°0 o o one fourth of the

o v °Q o md & length of the head be-

hind the anus, and be-

Fig. 167. Dentition of Moringua floresiana n. sp. • without a rjdge>
a intermaxillary, ;// maxillary, md tnandibulary,

. vomerine teeth. X «• °&* °f d°rSal °"e

fourth of the length

of the head behind anus; in the ripe female more than one
third of that length. United rays of caudal, dorsal and anal
forming a spatulate fin. Pectorals 4 to more than 5 times in length
of head. Teeth conical, pointed, uniserial; on the intermaxillary
plate in a semioval series of 6 — 8 teeth, on the vomer in a
longer or shorter series. Dark brown above, yellowish below,
the two colours rather sharply defined. Anterior part of dorsal
and the united caudal, dorsal and anal dark brown, their
margin yellowish. Length 302 mm.

Habitat: South coast of Flores, on surface, not far from
shore!, collected by Dr. G. A. J. VAN DER SANDE.

5. Moringua macrocephala (Blkr.)

Aphthalmickthys macrocephalns Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. I. 1863, p. 165. —

Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 17.

Moringua macrocephala Gitnther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 92.
Moringua macrocephala Day, Fish. India 4°. 1878 — 1888, p. 166.
? Moringua abbreviata Volz, Zool. Jahrb. System. XIX. 1903, p. 410').
Moringua macrocephala Jordan & Scale, U.S. Bull. Bureau fisheries XXV. (1905)

1906, p. 195.
Moringua (Aphthalmichthys) macrocephala Steindachner, Sitzb. Akad. Wien CXV.

1906, p. 1422.

MoringTta macrocephala Giinther, Fische d. Siidsee Heft IX. 1910, p. 407.
Aphthalmichthys macrocephalus M. Weber, Fische Siboga-Exped. 1913, p. 52.

Height 34 — 40; head 8.7 — 9.9; 5.1 — 5.8 in trunk. Tail 1.7 — 2.3
in length of head and trunk. Eye very small, in a specimen
of 378 mm. about 20 times in head. Cleft of mouth more or
less than 6 times in head, reaching behind eye. Lower jaw
prominent. The distance of the origin of the anal from anus
about 2 to nearly 4 times in length of head. The origin of
the dorsal opposite to or at some distance behind origin of
anal. Dorsal and anal forming a very low ridge, somewhat
increasing in height at their end, where they are united with
the caudal, to form a short truncate fin. Pectorals rudimentary;
they may be better developed in large specimens f. i. in a
specimen of 378 mm. their length goes 15 times, in a specimen
of 481 mm. 10 times in that of the head. Teeth conical, pointed,
recurved, uniserial, the most anterior much stouter. Brown
above, yellowish below. Length 700 mm.

Nom. indig.: Siwali (Simalur).

Habitat: Simalur!; Sumatra (river Banju asin in brackish
water); Java (Dirk de Vries Bay!); Nusa laut!; Timor; New
Guinea. — Philippines, Kanathea, Vitu, Samoa, British India.

Lives on or near shore, buried in mud.

6. Moringua abbreviata (Blkr.).

Aphthalmichthys abbreviatus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. I. 1863, p. 163. -

Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 17.

Moringua abbreviata Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 92.
Moringua abbreviata Peters, Sitzb. Akad. Berlin 1877, p. 850.
Aphthalmichthys abbreviatus Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXIII.

1901, p. 877.
Moringua abbreviata Volz, Revue suisse Zoologie XII. 1904, p. 482.

i) We are not sure about the identity of this fish, as the description contains
an evident error about the length of the tail.

342

Moringua abbreviate, Jordan £ Scale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXVIII. 1905. p. 773.
? Aphthalmichthys intermedius J. D. Ogilby, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland XX.

(1906) 1907. p. 9.

Moringua abbreviata Gunther, Fische d. Sttdsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 406.
Aphthalmichthys abbreviates M. Weber, Fische Siboga-Exped. 1913, p. 52.

Height 40 — 58; head 10.5 (when young) — 13.3; 6.1—8.1 in
trunk. Tail 2 — 2.6 in length of head and trunk. Eye minute,
hidden below skin. Cleft of mouth 4.7 — 5.3 in length of head,
reaching behind eye. Lower jaw prominent. The distance of
the origin of the anal from anus goes I !/3 to 2 times in length
of head. The distance of the origin of the dorsal from that
of the anal goes 2 — 5 times in the length of the head. Teeth
conical, pointed, recurved, uniserial, the upper anterior and
those of the mandible stronger, fanglike. Brownish above,
lighter below. Length 392 mm.

Nom. in dig. : Ikan boulat (Upper Langkat, after Volz).

Habitat: Sumatra (Lake of river Wampu, Upper Langkat);
Java (Prigi); Batu Island; Celebes (Menado); Sangir Islands;
Island Serbete, North of Flores, reef!; Timor; Ambon, reef!;
Ceram; Ternate; Island Saonek near Waigeu, reef!; Kei Islands!;
Dutch North New Guinea on different localities at Humboldt
Bay!. -- Fidji Islands, Philippines, Riu Kiu Islands; (? North
Australia after Ogilby).

Living near shore and on reefs in mud, sand and gravels;
is also found in brackish water at the mouth of brooks and rivers.

7. Moringua javanica (Kaup). [Fig. 164, p. 336].

Aphthalmichthys javanicus Kaup, Cat. Apodal Fish, 1856, p. 105.
Aphthalmichthys javanicus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. I. 1863, p. 164. —

Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 1 6.

Moringua javanica Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 92.
Moringua hawaiiensis Snyder, Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. XXII. (1902) 1904, p. 517.
Moringua hawaiiensis Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. XXIII.

(1903) 1905, p. 86.
Moringua javanica Giinther, Fische der Sttdsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 405.

Height 67 — 95; head 12 (in very young) — 22; 7.5 — 13 in
trunk. Tail 2 — 3.1 times in length of head and trunk. Eye
minute, thickly covered by skin. Cleft of mouth 5 — 5.5 in
length of head, reaching far behind eye. Lower jaw prominent.
The distance of the anal from anus somewhat more or less
than length of head. The origin of the dorsal somewhat before
or behind or opposite to that of anal. Dorsal and anal a very

343

low ridge, slightly more elevated near small, pointed caudal,
with which they are united. Pectorals absent or only rudimen-
tary in very large specimens. Teeth conical, pointed, recurved,
uniserial, the anterior stouter and fanglike. Pearl coloured,
back darker. Length 950 mm.

Habitat: Java; Celebes (Menado); Ceram; Timor; Waigeu
(Saonek Island!); Dutch North New Guinea (different localities
at Humboldt Bay!). — Thursday Island!; Pacific Islands; Japan.

Lives on shore buried in sand, gravel and mud and prefers
localities near mouth of rivers and brooks.

ii. Fam. MURAENIDAE.

Body scaleless, elongate or very elongate, rounded or more
or less compressed. Anus far behind gillopenings, in, before
or behind middle of length. Dorsal and anal confluent with
caudal, generally covered by thick skin. They are well developed,
very low or even reduced to a rudiment near the caudal,
with which they are confluent. Pectorals absent. Snout short
and rounded or pointed, never much projecting beyond lower
jaw. Cleft of mouth reaching behind eye, generally conside-
rably so, often not closing completely. Anterior nostrils in a
tube near tip of snout. In the genus Rhinomuraena this tube
ends as a foliaceous appendage. Posterior nostrils a rounded
opening on top of head, before or above eye, sometimes
provided with an elevated rim or a tube. Tongue not free.
Teeth in one or more series in jaws, on intermaxillary plate and
on vomer. They are granular, molarlike, conical or compressed
and pointed, in the last case often fanglike and depressible.
Gillopenings small, more or less horizontal slits or rounded
openings, situated in the middle of the height of the body or
nearer to the ventral or dorsal profile, but always widely
separated from each other. Branchial openings in pharynx are
narrow slits.

Distribution: Marine, on reefs and near shore of tropical
and temperate seas.

Key to the indo-australian genera of Muraenidae.

I. At least some of the teeth granular or molarlike. . Echidna p. 344.
II. None of the teeth granular or molarlike.

344

A. Head and trunk i'/2 to more than twice in tail.

a. Tubes of anterior nostrils with a foliaceous
appendage. Tip of snout and of lower jaw

with barbel-like appendages Rhinomuracna p. 352.

b. Anterior nostrils in a simple tube. No barbel-
like appendages Thyrsoidea p. 354.

B. Head and body equal to., somewhat shorter or
longer than tail.

a. Dorsal and anal reduced to rudiments near

caudal, with which they are confluent .... Gymnomnracna p. 392.

b. Vertical fins not reduced to rudiments : dorsal
beginning before gillopenings, anal imme-
diately behind anus Muraena p. 356.

i. Echidna J. R. Forster.

(J. R. FORSTER, Enchiridion hist. nat. 1788, p. 81).

Elongate, compressed. Head compressed, its dorsal profile
strongly arched. Eye small, covered by skin. Anterior nostrils
in a tube on top of snout, posterior nostrils on upper surface
of head before or above eye. Cleft of mouth rather wide,

Fig. 168. Echidna zebra (Shaw.) X 3/5-

reaching behind eye. Pectorals absent. Dorsal beginning before,
above or somewhat behind gillopenings, confluent with caudal
and anal. Dorsal and anal covered by thick skin. Tail equal
to or somewhat longer or much shorter than head and trunk.
Teeth conical, granular or molarlike, often changing with age

34S

in form as well as in their number and arrangement. In jaws
in one or more series. On vomer in one to three series or in
a group; on intermaxillary plate in a semicircle, enclosing a
few larger central ones, or in a group. Gillopenings small,
horizontal, situated in the middle of the height of the body.
Distribution: Reefs and shores of tropical seas.

Artificial key to the in d o-au st ralian species
of Echidna.

A. Tail twice or more than twice in head and trunk.
Roundish group on intermaxillary plate and pear-
shaped group of vomerine teeth continuous. Blackish

brown with 30 to more than 100 narrow white rings. E. zebra p. 345-

B. Tail equal to, ]/3 longer or somewhat shorter than
head and trunk.

I. 24 — 29 narrow rings, exceptionally on tail only.
When young, teeth on intermaxillary plate in a
peripheral series enclosing 3 larger mesial ones,
on the vomer in 2 series; when old, on intermaxil-
lary plate and on vomer in a group E. polyzona p. 346.

II. Spotted. Origin of dorsal before gillopenings. Teeth
on intermaxillary plate in a semicircle with I or 2
central ones. Tail somewhat shorter than head
and trunk.

1. Brown with numerous round or oval patches.

Head less than thrice in trunk E. xanthospllus p. 348.

2. Numerous small spots or lines and 2 series of
large, more or less star-like patches. Head 3'/2

to more than 4 times in trunk E. ncbulosa p. 348.

III. Uniform with white spot near corner of mouth.

Origin of dorsal above or behind gillopenings. . . E. rhodochilus p. 350.

IV. Marbled or mottled with darker. Origin of dorsal
before gillopenings.

1. Origin of dorsal far before gillopenings. Teeth
on intermaxillary plate in a semicircle, enclosing

2 strong teeth in middle; on vomer in 2 series. E. delicaiula p. 350.

2. Origin of dorsal shortly before gillopenings. Teeth
on intermaxillary plate in a group; on vomer

in a single series E. amblyodon p. 351.

I. Echidna zebra (Shaw). [Fig. 168, p. 344].

Gymnothorax zebra Shaw, Natural. Miscell. IX. I797i P^« 322-
Gymnothorax zebra Bloch, Schneider, Syst. Ichih. 1801, p. 528.

346

Gymnomuraena doliata Lacepede, Hist. nat. Poissons V. 1803, p. 648, 649.

Muracna tnolendinaris Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, I. 1833, p. 32.

Gymnomuraena zebra Richardson, Voy. Erebus & Terror, Fishes 1844, P- 95-

Gymnonniraena fasdata Kaup, Cat. Apod, fish 1856, p. 103.

Gymnomuraena zebra Kaup. 1. c. p. 104.

Muraena zebra Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XIII. 1857, p. 80.

Echidna zebra Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 81.

Muraena zebra Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 128.

Muraena zebra Klunzinger, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien XXI. 1871, p. 620.

Muraena zebra Day, Fish. India 4°. 1878 — 1888, p. 673.

Echidna zebra Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. fish. Comm. XXIII (1903)

1905, p. 106.
Muraena zebra Gunther, Fische d. Siidsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 422.

Height 17 — 21; head 8.6 — 9.75, 4.8 to about 5.5 in trunk.
Tail nearly twice to more than twice in head and trunk. Eye
10 — 12.5, 1.6 to twice in snout. Snout more or less than 7 in
head. Cleft of mouth 2.7 to 3.5 in length of head, reaching
far behind eye. Dorsal beginning behind gillopenings, its height
about 4 times in height of body; not very distinct under the
thick skin. Teeth granular, the maxillary ones the smallest,
in two short series. Mandibulary teeth in 3 to 4 irregular series,
the inner series the largest. On the vomer a pear-shaped group
of large teeth, broadly connected with the roundish group of
similar teeth on the intermaxillary plate; the central teeth in
both groups the largest. Alcohol specimens blackish brown,
encircled by 30 to more than 100 white, black-edged narrow
rings. Some of the rings may be incomplete, they are less
regular the more numerous they are. Length 1250 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra; Banda!; Buru; Ambon; Waigeu; Flores!;
Timor. • From the Red Sea, East coast of Africa, Mada-
gascar, Mauritius, to the Pacific Islands (Samao) and Philippines.

On reefs and near shore.

2. Echidna polyzona (Rich.).

? Muraena helena Linne, Syst. nat. edit. Xa, 1758, p. 244 (according to Lonnberg,

Bihang Svenska Akad. XXII. N°. I, 1896, p. 24).
Muraena polyzona Richardson, Voyage Sulphur, Fishes, 1844, p. II 2. — Voyage

Erebus & Terror, Fishes, 1844, p. 95.
Muraena polyzona Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-neerl. I. 1856, Vissch. van Menado

P- 73-

Poecilophis polyzomis Kaup, Cat. Apod, fish 1856, p. 101.
Muraena dizona Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XXII. 1860, p. 260.
Echidna polyzona Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 81.
Poecilophis polyzona Kner, Fische d. Novara 1865 — 1867, p. 382.
Muracna polyzona Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 129.

347

Muracna polyzon'a Klunzinger, Verb. zool. bot. Ges. Wien XXI. 1871, p. 617.
Echidna tritor Vaillant & Sauvage, Revue & Mag. Zool. 1875, P- 2&7.
Muraena polyzona Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878 — 1888, p. 673.
Echidna zonata Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia 1900, p. 495.
Muraena polyzona Steindachner, Abh. Senckenb. nat. Ges. XXV. 1901, p. 457.
Echidna zonophaca Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comin. XXIT. (1902)

1904, p. 167.

Echidna leihala Jenkins, Ibid. p. 428.
Echidna vine fa Jenkins, Ibid. p. 429.
Echidna obscura Jenkins, Ibid. p. 430.
Echidna psalion Jenkins, Ibid. p. 431.
Echidna psalion^ obscura^ zonata, zonophaca^ leihala^ Jordan & Evermann, Ibid.

XXIII. (1903) 1905, p. 106 — 109.

Echidna tritor Jordan & Snyder, Ibid. XXVI. (1906) 1907, p. 208.
Muraena polyzona Gunther, Fische d. Sttdsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 422.
Echidna tritor Kendall & Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll.

XXVI. 1911, p. 248.
Echidna sativagei Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia LX1V. 1912, p. 30.

Height 15 — 18; head 7 — 7.4, 2.2—2.7 in trunk; head and
trunk somewhat longer or shorter than tail. Eye 8 — 10, some-
what less than half length of snout. Snout 5.5 — 6 in head;
cleft of mouth more or less than thrice in length of head,
reaching behind eye. Dorsal
beginning before gillopenings,
its height much less than half
height of body. Maxillary teeth
conical, in two series, much
smaller than the vomerine teeth.
On the intermaxillary plate ob-
tusely conical, when young in
an outer series enclosing a mesial
series of 3 larger teeth, in old
specimens more molarlike and FiS- 169- Dentition of Echidna polyzona
in an irregular group; on the ^Rich')- a intermaxillaT, "' maxillary,

ma mandibulary, v vomerine

vomer stout and granular, m teeth y

young specimens in 2 series,

increasing later on in number and forming a pear-shaped group
reaching much farther than the maxillary teeth and composed
posteriorly of about 5 series. Mandibulary teeth in 2 series,
increasing in old specimens posteriorly into 3 series, the outer
series conspicuously smaller. Mostly dark brown with 24 — 29
narrow white rings, produced on fins, or whitish with brown
rings according to prevalent colour. The rings may be inter-
rupted or may nearly vanish, except on the end of the tail,

348

in which case the colour is reticulated or marbled. Generally
a dark patch at corner of mouth. Length to 550 mm. [A specimen
of BLEEKER'S collection seen by us].

Habitat: Java; Celebes; Ambon!; Ternate; Buru; Ceram;
Waigeu!; Rotti!; Timor; Cocos Island. -- From Red Sea to
Pacific Islands, Formosa and the Riu Kiu Islands.

On reefs and near shore.

3. Echidna xanthospilus (Blkr.).

Muraena xanthospilos Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XIX. 1859, p. 348.
Poccilophis ornata Kaup, Aalahnl. Fische, Hamburg 1859, p. 28.
Echidna xanthospilus Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 79.

Muraena xanthospila Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 131. — Fische
d. Siidsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 423.

Height 13.5 — 14.5; head 7 — 7.6, 2.6 — 2.7 in trunk. Tail more
or less than 1.2 in head and trunk. Eye 10 — 15, twice or
thrice in length of snout. Snout 6 — 7 times in length of head.
Cleft of mouth 2.6 to 3.7 times in head, reaching far behind
eye. Dorsal begins in advance of the gillopenings, its height
rather low. Teeth obtuse, granular; in the maxillaries in one
series, when young in an outer series of about 10 and in an
shorter inner series of 2 — 5. Mandibulary teeth in 2 — 3 series,
the anterior inner teeth much stouter but conical. On the
vomer anteriorly in 3, posteriorly in 2 irregular series; on the
intermaxillary plate a horseshoe-shaped series of large conical
teeth, with a few central ones. In alcohol lighter or darker
brown with numerous yellowish round or oval patches and
irregular streaks, much larger than the eye, especially on the
lower surface. Length 750 mm. [A specimen of BLEEKER'S
collection in the Leiden Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Java; East Indies (Kaup). — Samoa.

4. Echidna nebulosa (Ahl).

Muraena nebulosa Ahl, Dissert, de Muraena et Ophichtho 1789, p. 5.
Gymnothorax echidna Bloch, Schneider, Syst. Ichth. 1801, p. 526.
Gymnothorax ncbulosus Bloch, Schneider, 1. c. p. 528.
Muraena op his Rttppell, Atl. Reise Nordl. Afrika, Fische, 1828, p. 116.
Echidna variegata J. R. Forster, Descr. anim. ed. Lichtenstein 1844, p. 181.
Thaerodontis ophis Me Clelland, Calcutta Journ. .Nat. hist. V. 1844, p. 217.
Muraena variegata Richardson, Voy. Erebus & Terror, Fish. 1844, p. 94.
Muraena variegata Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie III. 1852, p. 295. —
Verh. Batav. Gen. XXV. 1852, Muraenoid. p. 47.

349

Poecilophis variegata Kaup, Cat. Apodal fish 1856, p. 98.

Echidna variegata Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 80.

Poecilophis variegata Kner, Fische d. Novara 1865 — 1867, p. 381.

Muraena nebulosa Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 130.

Muraena nebulosa Klunzinger, Verh. Zool. hot. Ges. Wien XXI. 1871, p. 618.

Muraena nebulosa Day, Fish. India 4°. 1878 — 1888, p. 673.

Echidna nebulosa Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. fish Comm. XXIII. (1903)

1905, p. no.
Muraena nebulosa Giinther, Fische d. Siidsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 423.

Height 16— 21; head 9 — 10, 3.5 to more than 4 in trunk.
Tail somewhat shorter than head and trunk. Eye 9.5 — 12.5,
more or less than twice in snout. Snout 5.5 to nearly 6 times
in length of head. Cleft of mouth 3 — 3.5 in head, reaching
behind eye. Dorsal beginning before gillopenings, its height
about 4 times in height of body. Teeth in the upper jaw uni-
serial, small, bluntly conical, in young specimens pointed,
recurved and with a short inner series of 3 to 4 teeth. On
the intermaxillary plate two large QQ OQ Q

granular mesial teeth, inside of OQO §0 °o

a hemicircle of 10 — 12 similar * 5.--A.-S °O o?

but somewhat smaller teeth. On o ° °

vomer 2 parallel series of about - <? o° \ ° °

6—io teeth of different size, §° °o \ g o

mostly granular; in young speci- Oo o o \ o o

mens each series is anteriorly

° ^

curved outwards and reaches the Figl Dentition

border of the upper jaw. Teeth nebnlosa. a intermaxillary, m maxil-
ill the lower jaw of old specimens lary, md mandibulaiy, v vomerine

in two series, in younger ones teeth- X 5-

only anteriorly so; those in the inner row larger. Yellowish
or whitish with numerous fine vermiculated lines or small
spots, and two series of large, reticulated black spots, one
series along the back and a lower one along the lower half
of the body. They include one or more white spots and may
be reduced to star-like figures. A more or less regular series
of black bands may connect the large black spots on each side
of the lower half of the body. Length about 750 mm.

Nom. in dig.: BinTr (District Tapah, Island Simalur).

Habitat: Sumatra (Benkulen, West coast Atjeh); Simalur
Island!; Cocos Island; Java (Prigi, Karangbollong, Patjitan
and Penandjung Bay on south coast!); Celebes (Menado, Tom-
bariri); Muaras reef!; Sanguisiapo, Sulu Islands!; Karakelang

350

Islands (Beo!); Sula Besi!; Buru; Ambon!; Ceram; Goram;
Ternate; Waigeu (Saonek!); New Guinea; Schouten Island
(Mysore); Aru (Dobo!); Timor; Island Samau!; Solor; Flores!;
Sumba (North! and South coast!). • From Red Sea, East
coast of Africa, Madagascar to Australia, Pacific Islands, Philip-
pines and China.

On reefs and near shore.

5. Echidna rhodochilus Blkr.

Echidna rhodochilus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. I. 1863, p. 247. — Atl.

Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 79.

Mnr aena rhodochilus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 132.
Echidna rhodochilus Max Weber, Siboga-Exped. Fische 1913, p. 61.

Height 18 — 19; head 8 — 10, 3 — 3.6 in trunk. Head and trunk
equal to or somewhat shorter than tail. Eye 8 — 10, shorter
than snout. Snout about 6.5 in length of head. Cleft of mouth
more than 3 to 3.5 in length of head, reaching far behind eye.
Origin of dorsal above or slightly behind gillopenings, fleshy,
its height about thrice the height of the body. Teeth obtusely
conical, in the maxillaries in 2 series, the outer with about
14, the inner with 8 — 10 teeth, in the lower jaw posteriorly
a series of about 10 — 12 teeth, anteriorly two series of 5 — 7
pairs of teeth, the inner of which are stouter. On the vomer
one regular series or two incomplete or complete irregular
series of stronger teeth; on the intermaxillary plate a broad,
nearly oval group of teeth, in the outer series much smaller
than the 11 — 13 much stouter inner ones. Spirit specimens
dark reddish brown (after BLEEKER finely marbled with darker),
a white spot on upper and lower lip near corner of mouth.
Length 338 mm.

Nom. indig. : Utoi (Island Simalur, district Tapah).

Habitat: Island Simalur (Sinabang Bay!, Lugu!); Buru; Rotti;
Karakelang Island (Beo)!.

6. Echidna delicatula (Kaup).

Poecilophis delicatulus Kaup, Cat. Apod, fish 1856, p. 102.

Echidna delicatula Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 78.

Muraena amblyodon Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 132 (p.p.)-

Echidna Kishinouyei Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXIII. 1901, p. 885.

Echidna delicatula Jordan & Seale, Ibid. XXV11I. 1905, p. 772. — Bull. Bureau

fisheries XXV. (1905) 1906, p. 204.
Muraena amblyodon Gunther, Fische d. Siidsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 424.

35*

Echidna delicatitla de Beaufort, Bijdrage Dierkunde Amsterdam, afl. XIX.
1913, p. 100.

Height 14 — 17; head 7.4 to more than 9, 2.8 in trunk. Head
and trunk more than once to 1.5 in tail. Eye about 10, much
shorter than snout. Snout 6 to more than 6.5 in head. Cleft
of mouth more or less than 3 times in length of head. Dorsal
beginning far before gillopenings, immediately behind occiput,
rather high, 2.5 to about thrice in height of body. Anal lower,
but conspicuous. Teeth conical; in the maxillaries in 2 series,
the inner one shorter. On the intermaxillary plate a prolonged
semicircle of about 9 — 13 strong teeth, separated from the
maxillary teeth; besides 2 strong teeth in the middle, separated
from the teeth on the vomer. These form 2 series beginning
with 2 pairs of stronger teeth and ending far before the maxil-
lary series. Maxillary teeth in 2 series or only anteriorly in
2 series; the inner teeth the strongest. Colour light brown or
whitish, everywhere marbled or mottled with darker, or dark
brown marbled with whitish. The head may be largely dark
brown behind the eye. Length 440 mm. [Type of the species
of KAUP and a specimen of BLEEKER'S collection in the
Leiden Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Ambon; Buru; Saonek near Waigeu!; Timor. -
Philippines, Japan, Riu Kiu Islands, Samoa.

On reefs and near shore.

7. Echidna amblyodon (Blkr.).

Muraena amblyodon Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-neerl. I. 1856, Vissch. van

Menado p. 72.

Echidna amblyodon Bleeker, All. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 79.
M^^raena amblyodon Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 132 (p.p.). —

Fische d. Siidsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 424 (p.p.).

Height 10 — 13; head 7 — 7.5, about 2.6 in trunk. Tail slightly
shorter than head and trunk. Eye 6.5 — 8, somewhat shorter
than snout. Snout about 5.5 times in length of head. Cleft of
mouth 2.5 — 2.8 in length of head, reaching behind eye. Dorsal
beginning shortly before gillopenings, rather low, covered by
thick skin. Teeth conical; in the maxillaries in 2 series; in
the inner series about 6 — 7 teeth, somewhat stronger than
those in the outer series, which are continued as outer
series of the teeth of the intermaxillary plate. Inside of
them the plate carries 3 longitudinal series of strong teeth.

352

The teeth of the inner series are prolonged on the vomer,

o°o°o 0° o°0 where they form a single series of

^ °o°o°o °°o °o somewhat smaller teeth, reaching

:° o° behind the maxillary teeth. Mandi-
Oo '

?o° § «

oo o c
00 O

o°0

o

bulary teeth anteriorly in 2, posteri-
| o orly in one series, the inner ones the

| o longest. Nearly uniform brown, den-

«*? ° | / § sely marbled with darker. Length

• 205 mm. [Specimen of BLEEKER'S
collection of 120 mm. length seen in

Fig. 1 7* Dentition of Echidna the Leiden Museum ; the above des-
amblyodon (Blkr.) a intermaxil- cription ') of the dentition is made

lary, ;;/ maxillary, md mandibu- after this specimen].

lary, v vomerine teeth. X 7- Habitat: Bawean Island ; Celebes
(Menado); Ambon; Batjan; Buru; Timor. — Marquesas Islands
[Scale]; Samoa [British Museum].

2. Rhino muraena Garman.

(CARMAN, Bull. Essex Inst. (1888) 1889, p. 114).

Very slender and elongate, somewhat compressed. Head
compressed; the pointed snout at its apex with a barbel-like
filamentous appendage and 3 similar ones on the symphysis
of the lower jaw. Eye small, covered by skin. Anterior nostrils
produced into tubes ending with a foliaceous appendage, the
margin of which is slit; posterior nostrils a rounded opening
shortly before eye in the level of its upper border. Cleft of
mouth reaching far behind eye, closing completely. Pectorals
absent. Dorsal, anal and caudal confluent, well developed,
covered by thin skin only. Origin of dorsal on top of head
far before gillopenings. Tail extremely elongate, more than
twice longer than head and body. All teeth uniserial, conical,
pointed. The series of maxillary teeth is continued on the
intermaxillary plate, which carries besides mesially 3 depres-
sible and somewhat longer teeth. Gillopenings larger than eye,
situated in lower half of height, forming a kind of a tube.

Distribution: Only 2 species are known, Rh. quaesita

i) This description is not in accordance with that of BLEEKER, who says,
that in the maxillary the teeth are in 3 series and on the vomer anteriorly
in 2 and posteriorly in one series. His figure gives clear representation of this
statement.

353

Garm. from the Marshall Group and Rk. ambonensis Barbour
from Ambon and Banda.

Fig. 172. Rhinomuraena ambonensis Barb. X 4/5-

i. Rhinomuraena ambonensis Barb.

Rhinomuraena ambonensis Barbour, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington XXI. 1908,
p. 40.

Height 71 — 76; head 19 — 21, 4.7 — 5.2 in trunk. Head and
trunk about 2.3 in tail. Eye small, nearer to corner of mouth
than to tip of snout, which goes more than 6 times in length
of head. Cleft of mouth 2.5 times in length of head. Dorsal
increasing in height posteriorly, in middle of tail much higher than
body underneath. Anal increasing in height posteriorly, in poste-
rior part of tail equalling the height of the tail. Colour ante-
riorly bright blue, becoming lavender colour on the tail. Anal
deep black with a white margin. Dorsal, snout with anterior
INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES III. 23

354

nostrils, lower jaw, gillopenings cream coloured. Length more
than 1000 mm.

Habitat: Ambon; Banda!. On coral reefs.

Fig. 173. Rhinomuraena ambonensis Barb.

n posterior nostril; the barbel-like prolonged point of the snout between the
anterior nostrils, which are in tubes with a foliaceous appendage.

3. Thyrsoidea (Kaup p.p.) Bleeker ').
(BLEEKEK, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. no).

Evenchelys Jordan & Evermann.
Rhabdtira Ogilby.

Exceedingly elongate, slender and slightly compressed. Eye
small, covered by skin. Anterior nostrils tubular, situated on
the top of the snout, posterior nostrils on top of head above
frontborder of eye, their margin provided with a rim. Cleft
of mouth closing nearly completely, wide, reaching far behind
eye, the eye being situated much nearer to tip of snout than
to corner of mouth. Pectorals absent. Dorsal and anal con-
fluent with caudal, covered by thick skin, the dorsal beginning
far before gillopenings, which are small, oblique slits, their
margins prominent. Tail much longer than head and body.
Teeth acute, compressed, in the maxillaries biserial, in the
mandibles uniserial, near the symphysis in 2 series; on vomer

i) The reason for following BLEEKER in using the name Thyrsoidea Kaup
(Cat. Apod, fish 1856, p. 73) for this genus is based on "Rules of Zool. Nomen-
clature adopted by the V. Intern. Congress of Zoology 1901, V. § 2".

355

a single row of smaller ones, on the intermaxillary plate a
peripheral series and a mesial row of about 4 depressible teeth.

Fig. 174. Thyrsoidea macrurus (Blkr.). X Vc-

Distribution: That of the single species known,
i. Thyrsoidea macrurus (Blkr.).

Muraena macrurus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie VII. 1854, p. 324.
Thyrsoidea longissima Kaup, Cat. Apodal Fish 1856, p. 82.
Thyrsoidea macrurus Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. ill.
Thyrsoidea macrurus Kner, Fische Novara-Exped., 1865 — 67. p. 386.
Muraena macrurus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 127.
Muraena macrura Day, Fish. India 4°. 1878 — 88, p. 672.

Muraena macrurus Perugia, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geneva XIII. (XXXIII). 1893, p. 255.
Evenchelys macrurus Jordan & Evermann, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXV. 1902, p. 327.
Rhabdura macrura Douglas Ogilby, Proc. Royal Soc. Queensland XX. 1906, p. 13.
Muraena macrurus Max Weber, Nova Guinea V. Livr. 2, 1908, p. 227.
Muraena macrurus Giinther, Fische d. Siidsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 421.
Evenchelys macrurus Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Science Philad. LX1V. 1912, p. 2O.
Rhabdura macrura Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische 1913^ P- 5^-

Height 38 — 47, head 10 — 14, 3 — 4 in trunk. Head and trunk
1.5 — 2 in tail. Eye 20 — 27, more than twice in snout. Gill-
openings wider than eye. Gape of mouth 2.6 — -3.4 in head.
Maxillaries with 16 — 20 teeth in the outer row and about 10
longer teeth in the inner row. Peripheral series on intermaxil-
lary plate consisting of about 14 teeth, which are irregularly
placed; some of them are much smaller than the others;
mesially 3 or 4 large depressible fangs. Vomer with a single
series of 8 -or 9 small teeth. In the mandibles on each side
an outer series of 20 — 24 nearly equal teeth, anteriorly with

356

an inner row of 4 — 7 larger ones. Grayish brown, lighter below.
Length more than 3000 mm.

Norn, indig. : Pampan or Pompa (Bantam, Java).

Habitat: Sumatra (Padang); Island Engano; Java (Anjer,
Batavia) ; Flores!; New Guinea (mouth of Merauke river!). -
Natal, British India, Ceylon, Andamans, Formosa, Palew Islands,
Queensland (Pine River).

This eel is probably the largest apodal fish in existence, it
lives in shallow water of the seas but frequents also the mouth
of rivers and even ascends rivers.

4. Muraena Linne.

(LiNNE, Systema nat. edit. X", 1758, p. 244).

Elongate or very elongate, compressed. Head compressed.
Eye small, covered by skin. Anterior nostrils in a short tube
on top of snout, posterior nostrils a round or oval opening on
the top of the head before eye, sometimes provided with a
rim, or with a conspicuous tube. Cleft of mouth reaching behind
eye, often not closing completely. Pectorals absent. Origin of

9° °
o° W°<

n ° o

V o§

Oo
0 00

i l°

Fig- 175- Fig. 176. Dentition of Muraena

Dentition of Muraena (Gymnothorax) picta Ahl. (Gymnothorax) tile (Ham. Buch.).
a intermaxillary, m maxillary, md mandibulary, a intermaxillary, m maxillary, md
v vomerine teeth. X 5/4- mandibulary, v vomerine teeth. X 3V2*

dorsal (in Indian species) before gillopenings, which are small,
more or less horizontal slits. Dorsal and anal confluent with
caudal, covered by thick skin. Tail shorter or somewhat longer
than body. Teeth in the jaws in one or more series, on inter-
maxillary plate generally in one or two peripheral rows and
i — 3 mesial teeth. Teeth on vomer generally smaller than the
others, in one or more rows. Teeth conical, or compressed.

0vj0

0 O

°0°o cz.

O — o

°°° °o°

Oo 00

oo o o

o 0 00

°o O o°

0° 00

o o

n 0

oQ _ Co
0 O o

u v
0 0

•y * i\

/° It 3

0 0
0 0

o o
o o
o o

0 0 ° 0

0 °n

fl O 0

o o

0 0° 0

o o

o ft" O
77T, °0 -m, 0

0 0

oo
°OT,

0 f 0
0 77?^ o

357

Some of them are often long, depressible fangs. In the sub-
genus Priodonophis the compressed teeth have serrated edges
on both sides or posteriorly only.

Distribution: Warm water of Indie, Pacific, Atlantic and
Mediterranean; in shallow water, especially on reefs and in
crevices of rocks, some of them reaching a large size.

Synopsis of the indo-aus tralian Subgenera
of Muraena.

I. Posterior nostrils in a tube, longer than the

simple tubes of the anterior nostrils .... Subgenus Muraena p. 357.
II. Posterior nostrils without tube, or with a
tube much shorter than the simple tubes of
the anterior nostrils.

1. Height 40 — 51; head 12 — 17; none of

the teeth serrated Subgenus Strophidon p. 359.

2. Height less than 30; head less than 12;

none of the teeth serrated Subgenus Gymnothorax p. 360.

3. Height less than 30; head less than 9.
At least some of the teeth in upper and
lower jaw finely serrated on both edges

or posteriorly only Subgenus Priodonophis p. 387.

III. Anterior nostrils with a thickened rim, poste-
riorly prolonged in a bilobed flap; posterior
nostrils an oval opening, nearly equalling
the eye, surrounded by a broad, thin mem-
brane Subgenus Enchelynassa p. 390.

i. Subgenus Muraena Linne (s.str.).

(LiNNfe, Systema nat. edit. X". 1758, p. 244).

Anterior and posterior nostrils in a tube, the anterior situ-
ated on top of snout, the posterior on top of head before eye.

i. Muraena (Muraena) pardalis Schleg.

Muraena pardalis Schlegel, Fauna japonica, Poissons, 1847, p. 268.

Muraena pardalis Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-neerl. III. 1858, 4. Bijdr. Japan

p. 30. — Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XV. 1858, p. 461. — I.e. XVI. 1858—59,

p. 205.

Gymnothorax pardalis Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 86.
Muraena pardalis Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 99.
Muraena pardalis Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XXIII. 1901, p. 879.
Muraena kailuae Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U.S. fish Comm. XXII. (1902)1904,

p. 165.

353

Muraena lampra Jenkins, Bull. U.S. fish Comm. XXII (1902) 1904, p. 423.

Muraena kauila Jenkins, Ibid. p. 424.

Muraena kailuac Snyder, Ibid. p. 518. -- Jordan & Evermann, Ibid. XXIII.

(1903) 1905, p. 88.

Muraena kailuac Jordan & Scale, Bull. U. S. Bur. fish. XXV. (1905) 1906, p. 196.
Muraena pardalis Gunther, Fische d. Sttdsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 408.

Height 9—16; head about 6'/2 to 7'/2, twice to 2.4 in trunk.
Tail a little longer than head and trunk. Eye S'/2 to u,
2 — 21/., times in snout, situated slightly behind middle of cleft
of mouth, which goes about 2!/2 times or somewhat less in
length of head, is horizontal and not closing completely. Origin of

Fig. 177. Muraena (Muraena) pardalis Schleg. (After BLEEKER).

dorsal before gillopenings, which are horizontal and not much

wider than the eye. Teeth in maxillaries, mandibularies and

on intermaxillary plate in young specimens in two series, which

fuse into each other with age, constituting a single series of

0 large, caniniform teeth with

oo °o oO 0°e small intermediate teeth. Two to

f ° oi !p 6* three teeth on the centre of the

1° o S o° s intermaxillary plate are depres-

P sible fangs as also some of the

ob° £ °Q o° °» peripheral series. On vomer

0'° § oo 5 x- 7 — 10 rather small teeth in a

0 o °« s o single series, which may decrease

£ 8 °0 o° °0 in number with age. Dark brown,

o clouded with darker; every-

v m ™<l where covered with numerous

Fig. 178. Dentition of Muraena round, whitish or yellowish-dark

(Muraena) pardalis Schleg. a inter- ec}ged OCelli, partly confluent
maxillary: m maxillary; md mandibu- 1 , .-, i

and larger on the lower parts.

lary; v vomenne teeth, nat. size. ,11

Lower jaw with light and dark

crossbars. Length 760 mm. [Type of the species and a specimen
of BLEEKER'S collection in the Leiden Museum seen by us].

359

Habitat: Java; Cocos Island. - - Japan, Mauritius, Savaii,
Tahiti and Sandwich Islands.
On reefs and near shore.

2. Subgenus Strophidon McClelland.
(Me CLELLAND, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 1844, p. 187).

Posterior nostrils without tube. Height 40 — 5 I. Teeth without
serrature.

Fig. 179. Mttraena (Strophidon) brummeri Blkr. X 2/5-

i. Muraena (Strophidon) brummeri Blkr.

Muraena Kmmmcri Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XVII. 1858 — 59, 'p. 137.
Strophidon polyodon Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. II. 1864—65, p. 47.
Pseudechidna Brummeri Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. I. 1863, p. 272. —

Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, PI. XVIII. fig. i.

Strophidon Brummeri Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 109.
Strophidon polyodon Bleeker, Ibid. p. 109.

Muraena brummeri Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 128.
Muraena polyodon Giinther, Ibid. p. 128.
Muraena taenioides Gunther, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 674.

Strophidon Brummeri Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXIII. 1901, p. 855.
Muraena brummeri Gunther, Fische d. Siidsee, IX. 1910, p. 420.
Gymnothorax megapterus Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische, 1913, p. 57-

Exceedingly elongate, height 40 — 51; head 12 — 17, 4.6 — 7
in trunk. Head and trunk nearly equal to tail or nearly one third
shorter. Eye about 17 — 20, nearly in the middle of the cleft
of the mouth, which shuts completely and goes 4 or less in length
of head. Snout acutely rounded; more than twice as long as
eye and 7 times in length of head. Dorsal commencing about
at the end of the second third of the head, its height ante-
riorly more or less than half the height of the body; above the
anus higher than or about as high as the height of the body
underneath, farther behind it may even increase compared

360

with the tail underneath. Teeth conical, compressed, partly
depressible, in the maxillaries 8 — 12, mostly uniserial; they may
be biserial (polyodon] or only on one side so. On the inter-
maxillary plate a peripheral series of 9 to 20 and 2 to 3 mesial
ones; on vpmer a single series of about 4 — IO; in the mandibles
I2 — 24 in one row, the anterior ones may be irregularly
biserial. Brownish olive or sulphur yellow (when alive), anterior
part of head with small blackish dots, fins with a white margin.
Length 800 mm. [Type of G. megapterus in the Zoological
Museum of Amsterdam].

Habitat: Nias!; Bawean!; Savu!; Timor; Ambon!; Ceram;
New Guinea. - - Madagascar, Mauritius, Japan, Pacific Islands.

3. Subgenus Gymnothorax Bloch.

(BLOCH, Ausland. Fische IX. 1795, p. 83).

Posterior nostrils a round or oval opening on the top of

the head before eye, sometimes pro-
vided with a rim, but never with a
tube. Height less than 30. Teeth
without serrature.

in.

Fig. 1 80. Opened mouth of Muranea
(Gymnothorax) picta Ahl, to show the
mesial tooth immediately behind the
peripheral series of intermaxillary teeth
which it equals in size. Vomerine
teeth in a double series.

Fig. 181. Head of Muraena (Gymnothorax)

zonipectis Scale, with opened mouth to

show the mesial depressible fang (m) on the

intermaxillary plate. X 2-

Artificial key to the ind o-a ust ral ian species
of the Subgenus Gymnothorax.

A. Mesial teeth on intermaxillary plate conical, not longer than those of
the peripheral series, one or two in number (Fig. 180).

36 1

a. Maxillary teeth in one series1). . . . M. (£.) plcta p. 363.
/^.Maxillary teeth in two series M. (CP.) thyrsoidea p. 365.

B. Mesial teeth on intenna \illary plate depressible^ more or less
slender fangs (Fig. 181).

A. Posterior nostrils with an elevated tubi-

form rim. Snout long and narrow, gape

wide, twice in head. 35 — 40 teeth on

each side of mandibles. Colour uniform. M. (G*.) schismatorhynchtis p. 366.
£. Posterior nostrils without elevated rim.
I. Maxillary teeth in two or three series, the
inner one at least of 5 teeth, generally more.

1. Cleft of mouth twice to nearly thrice in
head. Head 1.7 — 2.9 in trunk. Peripheral

teeth of intermaxillary plate in two series. M. ((7.) meleagris p. 367.

2. Cleft of mouth about ^/.2 in head. Head
4 — 5 in trunk. Peripheral teeth of inter-
maxillary plate in two series M. (£.) polyuranodon p. 369.

3. Cleft of mouth 3.8 — 4.2 in head. Head
thrice or somewhat less in trunk. A single
peripheral series of teeth on intermaxillary

plate M. (£.) tile p. 370.

II. Maxillary teeth in one series, or with an -
anterior inner series of I — 4 fanglike ones,
which disappear with age.

1. Head, trunk and tail with distinct dark
crossbands 2).

a. About 30 irregular crossbands, partly
encircling the body, about as broad as
the interspaces, which are spotted in

their dorsal part M. (G^} punctatofasdata p. 371.

b. 17 — 24 crossbands, interrupted on the
belly, generally larger than the inter-
spaces. First band through snout . . . M. (£.) petelli p. 372.

c. 15 — 20 crossbands, encircling the body,
much narrower than the interspaces.

First band through eye M, (£.) ruppelli p. 372.

2. Gillopenings in a dark brown or black

patch. Head more than 3—3.5 in trunk. M. (£.) flavimarginata p. 374.

1) In very young specimens in 2 series. They can however easily be recognised on
account of their colour, which is yellowish with rows of dark spots or small circles.

2) In old specimens the bands are sometimes only distinct on head and
dorsal part of trunk and tail.

362

3. Head, trunk and tail with distinct dark
spots, more or less arranged in rows.
Gillopenings not in a dark patch.

a. Spots smaller than interspaces, those
on head much the smallest. Head
2.5 — 3.3 in trunk. Cleft of mouth

22/3 in head M. (6*.) melanospllus p. 375.

b. Spots smaller than interspaces, those
on the head smallest and sometimes
wanting. Head 2 — 23/5 in trunk. Cleft

of mouth 2 — 2'/2 iQ head M. (£.) undulata var. funbriata p. 376.

c. Spots larger than interspaces, those on
the head not smaller. Head 3 in trunk.

Cleft of mouth 2'/3 — 2'/2 in head. M. (G .} favaginea var. isingteena p. 378.

4. A dark brown streak behind corner of
mouth. More or less distinct white spots
on jaws. No large dark spot behind eye.

No white spots on body and tail . . . M. (£.) chilospilus p. 379.

5. A large dark brown spot behind eye,
bordered superiorly by a narrow white
line. White spots on jaws; body and tail

without white spots or stripes M. (£.) zonipectis p. 381.

6. A large oblong black patch on temporal
region. Body and tail with rows of white

spots or vertical stripes M. (£.) margaritophora p. 382.

7. Head, trunk and tail more or less dis-
tinctly marbled or reticulated. Gillope-
nings not in a dark patch. No dark
spot behind eye or at corner of mouth.
No distinct white spots on jaws.

a. Yellowish, marbled and reticulated
with dark brown, sometimes finely
mottled with dark and yellowish.
Vomerine teeth in 2 series, except in
old specimens, where they are uni-

serial M. (G.*) richardsoni p. 383.

b. Groundcolour dark, with a network
of white or yellowish lines. Vomerine
teeth uniserial.

a. Tail considerably shorter than head
and body. Lines on body and
tail very fine. Head 2.6 — 2.9 in
trunk M. (G.) pseudothyrsoidea p. 384.

363

/3. Tail longer than or nearly equal

to head and trunk. Lines on body

and tail rather coarse. Head 2 — 2.6

in trunk M. (£•) undulala v&t.iuidiilata\>. 37^.

y. Tail a little longer or shorter than

head and trunk. Lines on body and

tail rather coarse. Head 3 in trunk. M. (£.) favaginea vax.favuginea p. 378.
8. Head, trunk and tail uniform brown.

a. Dorsal high, above anus about equal

to height of body. Height 20—26 . M. (£.) hepatica p. 385.

b. Dorsal moderately developed, lower

than height above anus. Height 12 — 20 M. (G.) boschi p. 386.
Doubtful species M. (6*.) uiicropoecilus p. 387.

I. Muraena (Gymnothorax) picta Ahl

[Fig. 175, 1 80, p. 356, 360].

Muraena picla Ahl, De Muraena & Ophichtho, Dissert. Upsala 1789, p. 6.
Gymnolhorax pictus Bloch, Schneider, System. Ichth. 1801, p. 529.
Muraenophis pantherina Lacepede, Hist. nat. poissons, V. 1803^.628,641, 643.
Muraena variegata Quoy & Gaimard, Voyage Uranie, Zool. 1824, p. 246.
Muraena Ufa Richardson, Voy. Erebus & Terror, Fish. 1844, p. 84.
Muraena siderea Richardson, 1. c. p. 85.
Muraena lita Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie III. 1852, p. 294. — Verh.

Batav. Gen. XXV. 1853, Muraenoid. p. 47.
Muraena pfeifferi Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie V. 1853, p. 173. —Verh.

Batav. Gen. XXV. Aanhangsel 1853, Muraenoiden p. 73.
Sidera pfeifferi Kaup, Cat. Apod, fish 1856, p. 70.
Sidera pantherina Kaup, I.e. p. 71.
Muraena polyophthaluius Bleeker, Acta Soc. Sc. indo-neerl. III. loe Bijdr. Celebes,

1858, p. 15.

Gymnothorax pantherinus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. I. 1863, p. 152.
Gymnothorax pictus Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 87.
Gymnothorax polyophthaltnus Bleeker, Ibid. p. 96.
Mtiraena picta Giinther, Fish. Zanzibar, 1866, p. 126.
Gymnothorax picttts Kner, Fische Novara 1865 — 1867, p. 384.
Muraena polyophthalmus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 109.
Muraena picta Giinther, Ibid. p. 116.
Muraena picta Day, Fish. India 4° 1878—1888, p. 672.
Muraena picta Steindachner, Abh. Senckenb. nat. Ges. XXV. 1901, p. 457.
Gymnothorax pictiis Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. fish Comm. XXIII. (1903)

1905, p. 103.

Gymnothorax pictus, litus^ polyophthalmus Jordan £ Scale, 1. c. XXV. (1905)

1906, p. 198, 199.

Muraena picta Giinther, Fische d. Siidsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 419.
Gymnothorax pictus Kendall & Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard

Coll. XXVI. 1911, p. 246.

Gymnothorax pic his M. Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische 1913, p. 59.
Gymnothorax polyophthalmus M. Weber, Ibid. p. 59.

364

Height 15 to more than 2O; head about 6 — 8, more than
twice to 2.7 in trunk. Head and trunk somewhat longer than
tail. Eye 10 — 12, twice or less than twice in snout, situated
above middle of cleft of mouth, which goes 2.5 to 3 times in
length of head and is horizontal and closing completely. Snout
6 times or less in length of head, bluntly rounded. Origin of

Fig. 182. Muraena (Gymnothorax') picta Ahl
colour variety: G. polyophthalmus Blkr. nat size.

dorsal slightly before gillopenings. Teeth sharp, pointed ; those
in the maxillaries in a single series, in very young specimens
in 2 series, the inner of which disappears gradually. On the
intermaxillary plate a single series of 10 — 14 stouter teeth,
with a single central one, which is pointed-conical; in young
specimens there are 2 or 3 teeth, one behind the other as

fr*;*:p$^^^ *

Fig. 183. Three stages of Muraena (Gymno thorax] picta Ahl

with corresponding change of coloration. Specimen a of 165 mm.,

b of 255 mm., c of 734 mm length.

also an outer peripheral series of small teeth. On vomer in
young specimens one short series, which later on gets irregu-
larly and incompletely biserial; in old specimens 2 short series.
Mandibulary teeth in young biserial ; the outer series of small
teeth disappears with age and remains only anteriorly. Colour

365

changing strongly with age. The original colour is yellow,
ornamented with round, blackish spots, about of the size of
the eye, arranged in three irregular, longitudinal series. These
spots get a yellow centre (polyophthalmus see fig. 182). Later
on they are increasing in size as also their light centre, whilst
their periphery gets irregular; still later on they are broken
up and the fish is finally brownish gray above, whitish below,
covered by an infinite number of very small black spots,
whilst the abdomen is generally whitish or covered with a few
round or irregular spots. Length 750 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (West coast); Java (Batavia, Prigi, Pat-
jitan, Wijnkoops Bay!); Island Sailus ketjil!; Celebes (Makassar,
Tanawanko, Tombariri, Menado); Reef de Bril near Celebes!;
Muaras Reef!; Sanguisiapo (Sulu Archipelago)!; Karakelang
Islands (Beo!); Buru; Ambon!; Ceram; Batjan; Ternate; New
Guinea (Doreh, Humboldt Bay!); Schouten Island (Mysore);
Banda!; Island Roma!; Timor; Rotti!; Sumba!. - - East coast
of Africa to Natal, Madagascar, South Arabia to West Pacific
Islands, Australia, Philippines, Riu Kiu Islands.

On reefs and near shore.

2. Muraena (Gymnothorax) thyrsoidea Rich.

Muraena thyrsoidea Richardson, Voyage Sulphur Ichth. 1844, p. II I (nee figura I

tab. 49). — Voyage Erebus & Terror, Fish. 1844, p. 91.

Muraena griseo-badid Richardson, Voyage Erebus & Terror, Fish. 1844, p. 89.
Muraena thyrsoidea Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XVIII. 1850, p. 1312.
Muraena prosopeion Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IV. 1853, p. 300. -

Verb. Batav. Gen. XXV. 1853, Muraenoid. p. 73.
Thyrsoidea griseo-badia Kaup, Cat. Apodal fish, 1856, p. 74.
Thyrsoidea arena fa Kaup, Ibid. p. 85.

Gymnothorax prosopeion Bleeker, All. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 88.
Gymnothorax thyrsoideus Bleeker, Ibid. p. 103.
Muraena thyrsoidea Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 113.
Muraena thyrsoidea Day, Fish. India 4°. 1878 — 1888, p. 672.
Muraena tile Scale, Occ. Papers Bishop Mus. I. N°. 3, 1901, p. 62 (nee Hamilton

Buchanan) [cfr. citat. sequ.].

Gymnothorax thyrsoideus Jordan & Scale, Bull. Bur. fish. XXV. (1905) 1906, p. 198.
Muraena thyrsoidea Gunther, Fische d. Siidsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 419.

Height 17 — 21; head 9 to more than 10, thrice in trunk.
Head and body somewhat shorter than tail. Eye 10 — n, less
than twice shorter than snout, which is obtusely rounded and
goes nearly 7 times in length of head. Cleft of mouth reaching
far behind eye, horizontal, not closing completely in old

366

specimens, about thrice or somewhat more in length of head.
Fins low, origin of dorsal before gillopenings. Maxillary teeth
in 2 series, in the outer series 16 — 20 teeth, conical, compressed
and more numerous than the inner series. On intermaxillary
plate a peripheral series of 10 — 14 larger teeth and one or two
central conical ones. On vomer 2 series, anteriorly diverging
and approaching the series on the intermaxillary plate; the
anterior tooth in each series conspicuously larger. The mandi-
bulary teeth in an outer series of 18 — 25, anteriorly with an
inner series of 3 — 6 much stouter teeth. Brownish, all over
minutely dotted and speckled with darker brown and white,
less on head. Length 650 mm. [A specimen of G. prosopeion
of BLEEKER'S collection seen by us].

Habitat: Sumatra (Kauer, Priaman, Benkulen); Borneo;
Cocos-Island; Java (Patjitan, Karangbollong); Ambon; Ceram;
Batjan; Halmaheira; Timor. — Pinang, Burmah, Andaman
Islands, Muscat, Seychelles, Rodriguez, China, West-Australia,
Pacific Islands.

On coral reefs and near shore.

3. Muraena (Gymnothorax) schismatorhynchus Blkr.

Muraena schismatorhynchus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie, IV. 1853, p. 301.

Eurymyctera crudelis Kaup, Cat. Apodal Fish 1856, p. 73.

Muraena congeroides Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sclent. Indo-Neerl. VIII. 1860, Achtste

Bijdr. Vischfauna Sumatra, p. 87.

Gymnothorax crudelis Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. I. 1863, p. 168.
Gymnothorax schismatorhynchus Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 106.
Muraena schismatorhynchus Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 127.
Rhinaimiraena eritima Jordan & Scale, Bull. Bur. Fish. Washington XXV. (1905)

1906, p. 196.

Rhinechidna eritima Barbour, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington XXI. 1908, p. 41.
Muraena schismatorhynchus Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 410.

Height 14 — 22.5, head 62/3 — 8, 2.6 — 3 in trunk. Head and
trunk Yio — Y.i longer than tail. Eye 8'/2 — 11, situated above
the middle of the cleft of the mouth, which is wide and goes
about twice in the head. The mouth can not be shut com-
pletely. Snout long and narrow, twice or thrice the diameter of
eye. Tube of anterior nostril wider at its top than at its base,
almost half as long as eye. Posterior nostrils with an elevated
rim forming a short tube. Dorsal and anal rather well developed,
the former beginning before gillopenings. Maxillaries with a
series of 25 — 30 rather small teeth, and anteriorly with an

inner row of 3 — 6 longer ones, which are wanting in old speci-
mens. Intermaxillary plate with a peripheral series of 12 — 20
teeth, most of them very long canines, and with a mesial
series of 3 — 4 canines. Vomer with about 10 conical teeth in
one series. Mandibles with a row of 35 — 40 rather small teeth,
near the symphysis however some of them are large canines;

HI! mmmm
mmmf^^

Fig. 184. Muraena (Gymnothorax'} schisniatorhynchus Blkr.
(After the type of KAUP).

in young specimens there is near the symphysis an inner row
of 2 or 3 canines. Grayish brown, lighter below, fins with a
diffuse submarginal dark band and a white margin. Length
more than 800 mm. [Specimens quoted by BLEEKER from the
Leiden Museum and the type of KAUP seen by us].
Habitat: Sumatra (Benkulen); Java!; Timor!. — Samoa Islands.

4. Muraena (Gymnothorax) meleagris Shaw.

Muraena meleagris Shaw, Natur. Miscell. 1809, pi. 220.

Muraena meleagris Richardson, Voy. Erebus & Terror, Fish. 1844, P- 93«

Muraena. griseo-badia Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie, VIII. 1855, p. 325

[nee Richardson].

Muraena Duivenbodei Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie, X, 1856, p. 385.
Thyrsoidea chlorostigma Kaup, Cat. Apod, fish 1856, p. 89.
Thyrsoidea meleagris Kaup, Ibid. p. 91.

Muraena buroensis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XIII. 1857, p. 79.
Muraena chlorostigma Bleeker, Ibid. XV. 1858, p. 160.

Thyrsoidea euros td Abbott, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia 1860, p. 478.
Gymnothorax Duivenbodei Bleeker, All. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 89.
Gymnothorax buroensis Bleeker, Ibid. p. 90.
Gymnothorax chlorostigma Bleeker, Ibid. p. 97.
Gymnothorax griseo-badius Bleeker, Ibid. p. 105 [nee Richardson].
Muraena meleagris Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 100.
Muraena buroensis Gunther, Ibid. p. 114.
Muraena duivenbodii Giinther, Ibid. p. 114.
Muraena meleagris Day, Fish. India 4°. 1878—1888, p. 668.
Muraena afra Max Weber, In Semon Zoolog. Forschungsreisen V. 1895. P- 275

[nee Bloch, nee Gunther].

Lycodontis euros/a Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia 1900, p. 494.
Lycodontis parvibranchialis Fowler, Ibid. p. 494.
Muraena laysana Steindachner, Denkschr. Akad. Wien LXX. 1900, p. 515.

368

Gymnothorax leucostictus Jenkins, Bull. U.S. fish. Comm. XXII. (1902) 1904,

p. 425. — Jordan & Evermann, Ibid. XXIII. (1903) 1905, p. 96.
Gymnothorax ercodes Jenkins Ibid. XXII. (1902) 1904, p. 428. — Jordan &

Everman, Ibid. XXIII. (1903) 1905, p. 95.

Gymnothorax chalazius Waite, Rec. Austral. Mus. V. 1904, p. 145.
Gvmnothorax eurostns Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. fish. Comm. XXIII. (1903)

1905, p. 92.

Gymnothorax laysamis Jordan & Evermann, Ibid. XXIII. (1903) 1905, p. 93 (s. syn.).
Gymnothorax meleagrls Jordan & Everman, Ibid. XXIII. (1903) 1905, p. 94.
Muraena melcagris Giinther, Fische d. Su'dsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 410.
Gymnothorax euros tus Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia 1912, p. 21.
Gymnothorax laysanus Fowler, Ibid. p. 21.

Gymnothorax monochrons Max Weber, Siboga Exp. Fische 1913, p. 59 [nee Blkr].
Gymnothorax monochrousl de Beaufort, Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde. Afl. 19,

1913, p. 100 (nee Blkr.).

Height 12 — 18; head 6 to 83/4, 1.7 — 2.9 in trunk. Tail equal
to or slightly longer than head and trunk. Eye 7 — 10, about
i '/2 times in snout, which goes 51/.;, to more than 6 times in
head. Cleft of mouth horizontal, at least in adults not closing
completely, reaching far behind eye, twice to nearly three
times in head. Origin of dorsal before gillopenings, which are
rather wider than eye. Maxillary teeth in 2 series, an outer
one of about 13 to more than 20 small, subequal, compressed
teeth inclined backwards, and an inner series of 8 or more,
stouter, conical teeth. There may be in young specimens a
third outer series of small, soon disappearing teeth. Intermaxillary
plate with an outer series similar to the outer maxillary ones,
inside of them a group of caniniform teeth of which 2 — 3
median ones are the strongest. On vomer a single or an incom-
pletely biserial series. In each mandible a series of about 20
to 30 compressed, subequal teeth, inside of them anteriorly
about 6 canines. These teeth as also the inner maxillary ones
and those on intermaxillary plate are depressible. The colo-
ration shows many varieties of which the following have been
observed in our region.

a. Brown with numerous white or yellow spots; gillopenings
may be black (meleagris, chlorostigmd],

b. Brown with numerous more or less distinct and more or
less distant small or irregularly ovate or transverse black
spots (buroensis, griseo-badius BLKR., duivenbodi), sometimes
almost uniformly brown.

Outside our region the most distinct varieties are:

369

c. Brown with black and white spots, irregularly distributed
or arranged in longitudinal series (laysanus).

d. On a whitish groundcolour the brown is arranged in a some-
what regular network, giving the appearance of indistinct
whitish spots surrounded by polygonal brownish interspaces,
which are most distinct on the tail (ercodes).

Length approaching 1000 mm. [Specimens of G. buroensis,
griseobadius and chlorostigma of BLEEKER'S collection seen by us].

Habitat: Sumatra (Trussan, Siboga); Singapore; Batu
Islands; Nias, Simalur!; Cocos Island; Java (Anjer, Prigi, Patjitan);
Paternoster Islands!; Bali; Beo, Karakelang- Islands!; Sangir
Islands; Ternate; Burn; Ambon!; Ceram; Solor!; New Guinea. —
Indo-pacific region from east coast of Africa and Mauritius to
Sandwich Islands, Australia and Japan.

On reefs and near shore.

5. Muraena (Gymnothorax) polyuranodon Blkr.

Muraena polyuranodon Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie V. 1853, p. 248. —

Verb. Bat. Gen. XXV. 1853, Muraenoid. p. 70.
Polyuranodon Kuhlii Kaup, Cat. Apod, fish 1856, p. 96.
Muraeno-blenna tigrina Kaup, Ibid. p. 98 (p.p.).
Gymnothorax polyuranodon Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 89.
Muraena polyuranodon Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. vol. VIII, 1870, p. 114. —

Fische d. Siidsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 421.

Height 19 to 28; head 9 to more than n, 4 to 5 times in
trunk. Tail somewhat shorter than head and trunk. Eye 10 — 12,
more than 1.5 in snout, situ- Oo o »S00o

ated above middle of cleft a °°° °\ o°o0o°°°o0o

r *.! o° ooo cop °0°

of mouth, which goes more go Oo •<> °

or less than 3]/a times in f* °°o°0 J>

00

length of head, is horizontal ° 0° % °0 °

and closes completely. Origin S°o °0 \°0 £ o

of dorsal slightly before gill- JX °°o° / ,\
openings, which are a little

0 m v in ma

wider than the eye. Teeth

Conical, with the sharp point FiS- l85- Dentition of Muraena (Gym-

directed backwards, in the noth^ **9»™** Blkr- * inter'

maxillary, m maxillary, ma mandibulary,

maxillanes in 2 or 3 series, v vomerine teeth.

on the intermaxillary plate in

2 peripheral series, the teeth of the inner series stouter, in the

centre I or 2 compressed, recurved, moveable teeth; on vomer a

INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES III. 24

370

single series of 5 to 10 teeth. Mandibulary teeth posteriorly uni-
to triserial, anteriorly stouter and bi- to quadriserial. Yellowish
brown, with irregular rounded, more or less confluent black
spots. On the head the spots coalesce into more or less complete
longitudinal bands, separated by light longitudinal streaks.
Length 700 mm.

Habitat: Sumatra (Priaman, Rindu Lati above Benkulen);
Java; Borneo; Palawan; Celebes (Sawatan, Klabat di atas,
Menado); Buru; Ambon!; Ceram; Waigeu; North New Guinea
(rivers running in Humboldt Bay!). — Fidji Islands.

In fresh water of rivers and in the mouth of rivers.

6. Muraena (Gymnothorax) tile (Ham. Buch.) [Fig. 176, p. 356].

Muraenophis tile Hamilton Buchanan, Fish. Ganges 1822, p. 18, 363.

Muraena vermiculata Richardson, Voy. Erebus & Terror, Fish. 1844, p. 92.

Muraena gracilis Richardson, I.e. p. 92.

Lycodontis literata McClelland, Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 1845, p. 186.

Lycodontls punctata Me Clelland, Ibid. p. 187.

Strop hidon literata McClelland, Ibid. p. 203, 215.

Strop hidon punctata McClelland, Ibid. p. 203, 215.

Strophidon maculata Me Clelland, Ibid. p. 203.

Muraena punctata Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXV. 1853, Muraenoid. p. 42.

Muraena literata Bleeker, 1. c. p. 42.

Muraena tile Bleeker, Verh. Batav. Gen. XXV. 1853, Ichth. Bengalen, p. 159. —

Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IX. 1855, p. 427.
Thyrsoidea tile Kaup, Cat. Apodal Fish 1856, p. 93.
Gymnothorax tile Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 97.
Gymnothorax tile Kner, Fische Novara-Exped., 1865 — 1867, p. 385.
Muraena tile Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 112.
Muraena tile Day, Fish. India 4°. 1878—1888, p. 668.

Height 1 6 — 23; head 7.4 to nearly 8, thrice or somewhat
less in trunk. Tail somewhat shorter than or equal to head
and trunk. Eye 12 — 14, half as long or less than snout, situated
nearer to angle of mouth than to end of snout, which is prominent.
Cleft of mouth, measured from mandibulary symphysis, 3.8 — 4.2
in head. Origin of dorsal slightly before gillopenings, which are
about as wide as the eye. Teeth conical. In the maxillaries
in an outer series of 14 or more and an inner series of 5 — 8,
these and the last of the outer series are larger. This is still
more the case with the single peripheral series of about 12 — 14
on the intermaxillary plate, which may be mingled with a
few small ones and enclose a mesial series of 3 still larger
teeth. In the vomer 20 or more obtusely conical teeth in 2

series or at least irregularly biserial. Each mandible with about
24 teeth, only anteriorly biserial. Brown or brownish black,
with numerous irregular, very small specks, unequal in size,
disappearing more or less with age on the anterior part of the
body. Length about 600 mm. [Some specimens of BLEEKER'S
collection seen by us].

Habitat: Sumatra (Priaman, Palembang, Deli, Lower
Langkat); Singapore; Banka; Borneo (Bandjermassin, Singka-
wang); Ceram. - - Philippines, Bourbon, Andamans, seas and
estuaries of Bengal.

Seas and estuaries, entering fresh water.

7. Muraena (Gymnothorax) punctatofasciata (Blkr.).

Muraena catenata Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-neerl. I. 1856, Beschr. vischsoorten

Ambon p. 66 (nee Richardson).
Gymnothorax punctatofasciatus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. I. 1863, p. 167. -

Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 99.

Muraena punctatofasciata Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 106.
Muraena punctatofasciata Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878 — 1888, p. 669.

Height 21 — 27, head 8.3 — 9; 2.7 to more than 3 in trunk.
Head and trunk about 1.2 in tail. Eye 8!/2 — 10, situated some-
what nearer to end of snout than. to corner of mouth. Snout
not very much longer than eye, pointed. Cleft of mouth three
times or somewhat more in length of head. The mouth can
be shut completely. Dorsal rather low, beginning before gill-
openings, which are rather wider than the eye. In the maxil-
laries on each side a series of 16 — 18 rather short pointed
equal teeth. In young specimens there is anteriorly an inner
row of three long and slender teeth. Intermaxillary plate with
a peripheral series of 10 — 12 teeth and a median row of three
long fang-like ones. A single series of 8 — n short teeth on
the vomer. In the mandibles 16 — 18 moderately pointed teeth
in a single row on each side, those near the symphysis much
larger and less regularly arranged. Yellowish brown above,
lighter below, back and dorsal with small brown spots. Body
with about 30 irregular crossbands, about as broad as the
interspaces between them. Some of them encircle the body,
others are only incompletely developed. Length more than
470 mm. [A specimen of unknown locality in the zoological
Museum of Amsterdam examined by us],

Habitat: Burn; Ambon; Ceram. — Zanzibar, British India,
Philippines.

372

Note. This species has been recorded by WAITE (Rec.
Australian Mus. VI. 1905, p. 58) from Western Australia, but
Me CULLOCH (Rec. Western Austr. Mus. I. (2) 1912, p. 80)
identified the specimen in question as his G. ivoodwardi.

8. Muraena (Gymnothorax) petelli Blkr.

Mtiraena Petelli Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XI. 1856, p. 84.

Muraena interrupta Kaup, Cat. Apodal Fish 1856, p. 67.

Gymnothorax Petelli Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 99.

Muraena petelli Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 105.

Gymnothorax leucacme Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm. XXII. (1902) 1904, p. 427.

Gymnothorax waiahtae Snyder, Ibid. p. 52°-

Gymnothorax petelli Jordan & Richardson, Bull. Bureau Fish. XXVII. (1907)

1908, p. 240.
Mnraena petelli Gunther, Fische der Sudsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 412.

Height 1 8 — 20, head 8 — 9%, 22/5 — 3 times in trunk. Tail
longer than head and trunk. Eye 9 — 10, situated somewhat
nearer to the end of the snout than to the corner of the mouth.
Snout rather pointed, not twice as long as eye. Cleft of mouth
about 2*/4 times in head. Mouth not shutting completely in
old specimens. Dorsal rather low, beginning before gillopenings,
which are about as wide as eyes. Maxillaries with a series ot
12 — 14 conical, somewhat compressed teeth, anteriorly with
an inner series of three long depressible teeth, which disappear
with age. On intermaxillary plate a peripheral series of about
12 rather long depressible teeth, mesially with 2 or 3 larger
fang-like ones. Vomer with a single series of 3 conical teeth.
Mandibles with 18 — 25 teeth on each side in a single series.
Brown, with 17 — 24 dark crossbands, which are generally larger
than the interspaces between them. They are interrupted on
the belly. The first band on the snout, the third through origin
of dorsal. In old examples most of the bands are broken into
spots, but the anterior dorsal bands remain distinct. Length
1 100 mm. [Specimens of BLEEKER'S collection in the Leiden
Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Java (Ora Malang); Ambon. — Mauritius, Red
Sea, Indian Ocean, Philippines, Riu-Kiu Islands, Pacific to
Sandwich Islands.

9. Muraena (Gymnothorax) rtippelli Me Clell.

Muraena colubrina Lace"pede, Hist. nat. Poiss. V. 1803, p. 627, 641, 642
(nee Boddaert).

373

Muraena reticulata Riippell, All. Reise Nordl. Afrika, Fische d. Roth. Meer.

1828, p. 117 (nee Bloch).
Muraena colubrina Richardson, Voyage Erebus & Terror, Fish. 1844, p. 88

(nee Boddaert).

Dalophis rtipelliae Me Clelland, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 1845, p. 213.
Muraena colubrina Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie VI. 1854, p. 335.
Tkyrscidca colubrina Kaup, Cat. Apodal Fish, 1856, p. 84.
Gymnothorax rcticularis Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 98 (nee Bloch).
Muraena ruppellii Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 104.
Muraena Ruppellii Klunzinger, Abh. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien XXI. 1871, p. 615.
Muraena Ruppelli Day, Fish. India 4°. 1878—1888, p. 669.
Muraena ruppelli Steindachner, Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. XXV. 1901, p. 458.
Muraena ruppellii Giinther, Fische d. Siidsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 412.

Height 16 — 25; head about 8 to 9, 2!/3 to 23/4 in trunk.
Head and trunk nearly 1.2 to 1.4 in tail. Eye 7 to more than
9, situated nearer to corner of mouth than to end of snout,
which is pointed, not prominent; less than half the length of
the eye and more or less than 5'/a times in length of head.
Cleft of mouth rather wide, shutting completely, 2.5 to 2.9 in
length of head. Tubes of anterior nostrils shorter than vertical
diameter of eye. Dorsal rather low, commencing before gill-
openings, which are about as wide as eyes. Maxillaries with
an outer series of about 15 or less conical, somewhat com-
pressed teeth, anteriorly with an inner series of 2 — 4, disappe-
aring with age. On intermaxillary plate a peripheral series of
about 10 — 12 partly strong teeth, mesially 2 fang-like, somewhat
compressed depressible teeth. Vomer with a series of about 6
or more conical teeth. 15 to more than 20 mandibulary teeth,
anteriorly partly with moderately developed canines, irregu-
larly disposed in two series. Head, body and fins encircled by
15 — 20 complete, black rings, considerably narrower than the
yellowish or reddish brown interspaces. With age the dorsal
part of the rings becomes somewhat diffuse and the upper
half of the interspaces are reticulated with dark. The first ring
through the eye, the second behind corner of mouth, the third
in front or across gillopenings; end of snout and mostly tip of
tail free. Length 550 mm. [Some specimens of BLEEKER'S
collection seen by us].

Habitat: Sumatra; Batu Islands; Java (Prigi); Cocos Islands;
Borneo; Celebes (Menado); Sangir Islands; Buru; Ambon;
Ceram; Ternate; New Guinea (Humboldt Bay!, German New
Guinea!); Flores; Rotti!; Timor. — Red Sea, Andamans, Ceylon,
Pacific Islands (Ponape, Samoa, Kandavu, Paumotu Islands).

374
10. Muraena (Gymnothorax) navimarginata Riipp.

Muraena flavimarginata Riippell, Atl. Reise nordl. Afrika, Fische des Rothen

Meeres, 1828, p. 119.

Muraena pratbernon Richardson, Zool. Voy. Erebus & Terror, 1844, p. 84 (nee Q.G.).
Muraena batttensis Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XII. 1856 — 1857, p. 241.
Muraena javanica Blacker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XIX. 1859, p. 347.
Gymnothorax rhodocephalus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. II. (1864) 1865,

p. 50. — Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 93.
Gymnothorax formosus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. II. (1864) 1865, p. 50. —

Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 94.

Gymnothorax javanicus Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 95.
Gymnothorax flavimarginatus Bleeker, I.e. p« 95.
Muraena formosa Gunther. Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. in.
Muraena flavomarginata Gunther, I.e. p. 119.
Muraena flavimarginata Klunzinger, Verhandl. zool. bot. Ges. Wien XXI. 1871,

p. 615.

Muraena javanica Klunzinger, I.e. p. 616.

Muraena flavimarginata Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878 — 1 888, p. 671.
Gymnothorax thalassopterus Jenkins, Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. XXII. (1902)

1904, p. 427.
Gymnothorax flavimarginatus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm. XXIII.

(1903) 1905, p. 99.
Gymnothorax flavomarginattis Scale, Occas. Papers Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus.

IV. N°. i, 1906, p. 9.
Gymnothorax flavomarginatus Jordan & Richardson, Bull. Bureau Fish. XXVII.

(1907) 1908, p. 240.

Muraena flavimarginata Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 417.
Gymnothorax flavimarginatus Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Science Philadelphia

LXIV. 1912, p. 22.
Gymnothorax batuensis Fowler, 1. c. p. 22.

Height 15 — 22; head 8 — 9, more than 3 to 3.5 in trunk.
Head and trunk equal to or about one tenth shorter than tail.
Eye 8 — n, about in the middle above the cleft of the mouth.
Snout rather short, less than twice diameter of eye. Anterior
nostrils in a very short tube. Cleft of mouth 2.3 — 2.5 in length
of head. The mouth can be shut completely. Dorsal mode-
rately developed, beginning before gillopenings, which are about
equal to diameter of eye. In the maxillaries on each side a
row of about u — 15 compressed conical teeth, in young
specimens there is anteriorly an inner row of 3 long and slender
teeth. On the intermaxillary plate a peripheral series of 8 — 10
long teeth, with some smaller teeth between them, and a
median series of 3 or 2 fang-like ones. Vomer with two series
of small conical teeth, diverging anteriorly and forming one
irregular series posteriorly; the teeth on the forked part often
seem to be wanting, in which case the vomerine teeth are

375

irregularly biserial or uniserial. Mandibles with 15 — 20 teeth
on each side, the foremost longer than the others, which are
compressed and conical. Near the symphysis there are generally
some larger teeth, placed at the inner side of the toothrow.
Yellowish, densely covered with dark brown spots; these spots
may fuse into larger irregular patches, in which case only a
yellowish network from the groundcolour is left. Dorsal and
anal often with a light border, that of the anal broader than
that of the dorsal. Corner of mouth sometimes with a dark
patch. Gillopenings always in a dark brown or black patch.
Length 1500 mm. [Types of G.formosus, javanicus and rhodo-
cepJialus in the British Museum seen by us. A specimen of
G. flavimarginatus of BLEEKER'S collection in the Zoological
Museum of Amsterdam seen by us].

Habitat: Sumatra (Priaman, Padang); Batu Islands; Java
(Prigi, Patjitan!); Ambon!; Ceram!; Misol; Timor-Laut; New
Guinea (Humboldt Bay!). — East coast of Africa, Madagascar,
Bourbon, Mauritius, Seychelles, Red Sea, seas of India, Philip-
pines, Formosa, Pelew Islands, Pacific Islands to Sandwich
Islands.

This species is characterized by its short head and rather
short snout and may moreover easily be identified by the
dark patch, in which the gillopenings are placed.

ii. Muraena (Gymnothorax) melanospilus Blkr.

Muraena mdanospila Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie IX. 1855, p. 279.

Gymnothorax melanospilus Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 90.

Muraena melanospila Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 109.

Mttraena melanospila Alley ne & Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. I. 1877, p. 353.

Muraena melanospila Macleay, Descript. Cat. Fishes of Australia 1881, p. 219.

Gymnothorax pescadoris Jordan & Evermann, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXV. 1902,

p. 326.
Gymnothorax melanospilos Jordan & Richardson, Mem. Carnegie Mus. IV. 1909,

p. 174-

Height 14—18; head about 7 — 9, 2!/2 — 3-3 in trunk. Tail
equal to or a little longer than body. Eye 10 — 12; one half
of the length of the snout, situated above the middle of the
cleft of the mouth, the length of which is contained about
twice and two thirds in that of the head. Cleft of mouth not
closing. Snout short and compressed. Origin of dorsal before
gillopenings which are wider than the eye. Teeth uniserial; in
the maxillaries about 14 conical, somewhat compressed ones, the

3/6

2 anterior small, the 2 or 3 following stouter than the rest.
On intermaxillary plate a peripheral series of about 8 teeth,
caniniform and much stronger than the maxillary ones, mixed
with a few small ones, enclosing 2 stout mesial teeth. About
9 conical teeth on vomer. In each lower jaw about 15 teeth,
the anterior much stronger and caniniform. The caniniform
teeth are depressible. Brown, with round or oval black spots,
generally larger than the eye, and longitudinally arranged. Spots
on head much the smallest. Fins with or without a narrow
white edge. Length 1000 mm. [The type of the species in
the British Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Sumatra (Siboga); Buru. - Darnley Island; For-
mosa; Pescadores Islands.

12. Muraena (Gymnothorax) undulata (Lac.).

? Mnraenophis stellata Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poissons V. 1803, p. 629 & 644.
Muraenophis undulata Lacepede, 1. c. p. 629 & 644.
Muraena fimbriata Bennett, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. i. 1831, p. 168.
Muraena Valenciennii Eydoux & Souleyet, Voyage autour du Monde sur la

Bonite, Zoologie, 1841, p. 207.

Muraena bullata Richardson, Zool. Voyage Erebus £ Terror, 1844, p. 86.
Muraena cancellata Richardson, Ibid. p. 87.

Muraena isingleeno'ides Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen. XXV. 1853, Muraenoid. p. 48.
? Muraena Blochii Bleeker, Ibid. p. 49.

Muraena Agassizi Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie VIII. 1855, p. 458.
Muraena isingteena Bleeker, Ibid. IX. 1855, p. 277 (nee Richardson).
Thyrsoidea isingleenoides Kaup, Cat. Apod. Fish 1856, p. 74.
Thyrsoidea cancellata Kaup, Ibid. p. 76.
Thyrsoidea bullata Kaup, Ibid. p. 8r.

1 Muraena acutirostris Abbott, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia 1860, p. 476.
Thyrsoidea Kaupi Abbott, Ibid. p. 477.

Gymnothorax isingleenoides Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 91.
Gymnothorax bullatus Bleeker, Ibid. p. 91.
Gymnothorax cancellatus Bleeker, Ibid. p. 93.
Gymnothorax Agassizi Bleeker, Ibid. p. 95.
? Gymnothorax Blochi Bleeker, Ibid. p. 102.

Gymnothorax cancellatus Kner, Fische Novara Exp. 1865 — 1867, p. 384.
Muraena fimbriata Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 108.
Muraena microspila Gunther, Ibid. p. 109.
Muraena undulata Giinther, Ibid. p. no.

Muraena imdulata Klunzinger, Verhandl. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien, XXI. 1871, p. 615.
Gymnothorax fimbriatus Bleeker, Versl. Akad. Amsterdam (2) VII. 1873, P- 37-
Muraena fimbriata Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878 — 1888, p. 670.
Muraena undulata Day, Ibid. p. 671.

^Lycodontis acutirostris Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia 1900, p. 494.
Lycodontis Kaupi Fowler, Ibid. p. 494.

377

Gymnothorax tin dn In Ins Jordan & Ever man n, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm. XXIII.

(1903) 1905, p. 98.

? Euryinyctera acutirostris Jordan & Evermann, Ibid. p. 105.
Gytnnothorax itndnlatus Scale, Occasional papers Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus.

IV, 1906, p. 9.

Muracna ujidulata Giinther, Fische d. Siidsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 413.
Gytnnothorax stellatiis Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia LXIV. 1912, p. 21.
Gymnotkorax undulalus Fowler, Ibid. p. 21.

Gymnothorax stcllatus Snyder, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XLII. 1912, p. 492.
Gytnnothorax favagincus Max Weber, Siboga-Exp. Fische 1913^ p- 5^ [nee

Bloch, Schneider].

Gymnothorax macassariensis Max Weber, Siboga-Exp. Fische 1913, p. 61 [nee Blkr.].
Gytnnothorax sagenodeta Max Weber, Ibid. p. 61 [nee Richardson].

Height 14 — 22; head 6'/2 — 8, 2 — 2.6 in trunk. Tail half length
of head longer than or nearly equal to head and trunk. Eye
8.5 to more than 10, situated about in the middle of the cleft
of the mouth, which goes 2 — 2]/2 times in head. Even in adult
specimens the mouth can nearly be closed completely. Snout
rather long, compressed, iJ/2 — l*U diameter of eye. Anterior
nasal tubes much shorter than diameter of eye. Dorsal and

Fig. 1 86. Muraena (Gymnot/ioraxJ ttndulata (Lac.) var. fitnbriata.
g gillopening. nat. size.

anal well developed, the former beginning before gillopenings.
In the maxillaries a row of 12 — 20 compressed teeth, the ante-
rior ones the largest. In young specimens anteriorly an inner
row of 3 — I large, depressible teeth. Intermaxillary plate with
a peripheral series of 10 — 16 teeth, which are larger than
those of the maxillaries and with a median series of 3 fang-
like teeth. Vomer with 10 or less small teeth in an irregular
series. Mandibulary teeth 18 — 30, compressed, pointed, the
anterior ones longer and more irregularly placed, the posterior
ones in a single row. In the variety fimbriata the colour is
reddish brown, with several irregular longitudinal rows of black
round or irregularly oval spots, which are generally hot much

378

larger than the eye; those on the head are smaller and may
be wanting. On the tail they are often also arranged in trans-
verse rows, giving a more or less striped appearance to this
part. Dorsal and anal often with a light border. These spots
may partly be confluent, in which case the fish is yellowish,
densely reticulated and marmorated with brown (M. agassizi).
In the variety undulata the spots have still more gained in
extension and the groundcolour is blackish, lighter on the
belly, with a wide network of more or less dendritic white
or yellowish lines, which are more numerous on the head,
giving to this part a mottled appearance. Length 1500 mm.
Habitat: Sumatra (Aru Bay!, Siboga, Priaman, Padang,
Benkulen, Kauer); Nias!; Batu-Islands; PuluWeh!; Singapore;
Java (Batavia, Prigi, Patjitan, Anjer, Karangbollong, Penand-
jung Bay!); Borneo (Balikpapan Bay!); Sangir Islands; Beo,
Karakelang Islands!; Saleyer!; Buru; Ambon!; Ceram; Ternate;
Waigeu; New Guinea (Kaimana!); Aru Islands!; Timor; Banda!;
Flores!; Pulu Serbete!. - - Madagascar, Mauritius, East coast
of Africa, Red Sea, coasts of British India, Philippines, Formosa,
China, Riu-Kiu Islands, Australia, Pacific Islands as far as the
Sandwich Islands.

13. Muraena (Gymnothorax) favaginea Bl. Schn.

Gymnothorax favagineus Bloch, Schneider, Systema Ichth. 1801, p. 525.
Muraena isingteena Richardson, Fishes Voyage Sulphur 1843 — J845, p. 108.
Muraena isingleena Richardson, Zool. Voyage Erebus & Terror, 1844, p. 86.
Muraena tesselata Richardson, Fishes Voyage Sulphur 1843 — 1%45-> P- IO9- —

Zool. Erebus & Terror, 1844, p. 88.

Muraena tesselata Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie V. 1853, p. 530.
Muraena python Kaup, Cat. Apod, fish 1856, p. 68.
Muraena favaginea Kaup, 1. c. p. 68.
Thyrsoidea isingleena Kaup, 1. c. p. 75.
Thyrsoidea tesselata Kaup, 1. c. p. 76.

Gymnothorax isingteena Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 92.
Gymnothorax tesselatus Bleeker, 1. c. p. 93.

Muraena tesselata Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 106.
Muraena tesselata Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878 — 1888, p. 671.

Height 151/2— 21 !/j. Head 71/^— 9, 3 times in trunk. Tail a
little longer or shorter than head and trunk. Eye 10 — 12, about
twice in snout, situated above the middle of the cleft of the
mouth, which goes 2]/3 — 2!/2 times in length of head. Tube
of anterior nostrils much shorter than diameter of eye. Dorsal
and anal moderately developed, the former beginning before

379

gillopenings. Maxilllary teeth rather small and pointed in one
row of about 15, anteriorly occasionally one or two canines
at the inner side of the maxillary row. On the intermaxillary
plate a peripheral series of unequal caniniform teeth, 10 — 15
in number, and a row of 2 or 3 larger canines mesially. Vomer
with a single row of 8 — 10 teeth, much shorter than the
others. Mandibles with a single row of 15 — 22 teeth on each
side, the three fore-
most of which are
much larger than the
others, which are
pointed and directed
backwards. Head,
body and fins with

large polygonal Or FiS- l87- Muraena (Gymnothorax) favaginea

rounded black spots
separated by narrow

white lines (favaginea] or by distinct interspaces of the ground-
colour, all or most of the spots being wider than the inter-
spaces (isingteena). Length over uoo mm. [A specimen of
G. tesselatus of BLEEKER'S collection seen by us].

Habitat: Sumatra (Kauer, Benkulen, Priaman, Siboga);
Batu Islands; Singapore; Duizend-Islands; Java (Prigi); Celebes
(Makassar); Halmaheira; Aru-Islands; New Guinea (Doreh). -
East coast of Africa, Mauritius, coast of South Arabia and
British India, New Hebrides, Samoa Islands, Paumotu Islands.

14. Muraena (Gymnothorax) chilospilus (Blkr.).

? Muraena Mulleri Kaup, Cat. Apod, fish 1856, p. 69.

Gymnothorax chilospilus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. II. 1864 (1865), p. 52. —

Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 103.

Gymnothorax sagenodeta Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 100 (nee Richardson).
? Gymnothorax Mulleri Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 103.
Miiraena nubila Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 117 (pro parte).
Muraena nubila von Martens, Preuss. Exp. nach Ost-Asien, Zool. I. 1876,

p. 406 (nee Richardson).
Gymnothorax detactus Jordan & Scale, Bull. Bureau Fisheries Washington XXV.

(1905) 1906, p. 201 (nee Bryan & Herre).

Gymnothorax lineatus Jordan & Scale, Ibid. p. 202 (nee Lesson, nee syn.).
Gymnothorax samalensis Scale, Philippine Journ. of Science IV. 1909, p. 492.
Muraena chilospihis Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 415.
Gymnothorax richardsoni Max Weber, Siboga-Exp. Fische 1913, p. 60 (pro parte).

380

Gymnothorax richardsonii de Beaufort, Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, Afl. 19,
1913, p. ioo (pro parle).

Height 15 — 22. Head 7.2—8.5, 2.2 — 2.8 in trunk. Tail excee-
ding head and trunk by half length of head or more. Eye 8 — 9,
situated above the middle of the cleft of the mouth, 1.5 in
snout, which is pointed and rather compressed. Anterior nostrils
less than half eye. Cleft of mouth 2.5 — 3 in length of head.
Gillopenings less wide than eye. Dorsal and anal rather feebly
developed, the former beginning before gillopenings. Maxillaries
with a series of 10 — 12 strong compressed teeth, anteriorly
with an inner row of I — 4 longer ones. Intermaxillary plate
with a peripheral series of about 14 teeth, and a mesial series
of i — <$ canines, which is sometimes wanting. Vomer with a
single series of 6 — n small teeth, which sometimes are irre-
gularly arranged. Man-
dibles with a row of
12 — 20 compressed
teeth on each side. Near
the symphysis there is
a short inner row of 2
or 3 longer ones. Colour
brown with dark brown
wavy, incomplete and
anastomosing cross-
bands, generally more conspicuous on tail and on dorsal and
anal fins and sometimes almost wanting, Anal often with a
white margin. Head brown, the pores on upper and lower jaw
in white spots, the hindermost of which on the lower jaw is
much larger and extends to the gape. A dark brown streak
behind corner of mouth and behind it sometimes an other
white spot. These spots are generally bright in young specimens,
but fade in older ones. In many preserved specimens the skin
appears distinctly folded, the folds crossing each other and
forming scale-pouches. Length 330 mm. [Types of G. sagenodeta
and G. chilospilus of BLEEKER in the British Museum seen by us].
Habitat: Sumatra (Benkulen, Atjeh!); Lumu-Lumu shoal on
Borneo Bank!; Beo, Karakelang Islands!; Sanguisiapo, Sulu
Archipelago!; Celebes (Makassar!); Saleyer!; Kabaena-Island!;
Buru; Ambon!; Ceram; Sumba!; Flores!; Savu!; Timor!; Kei-
Islands!; Damar-Island!; Waigeu!. Philippines, Salomon

Islands, Rarotonga, Tahiti and Samoa Islands.

Fig. 1 88. Muraena (Gymnothorax) chilospilus
(Blkr.). X I Vs-

Note. GONTHER (Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII, p. 117) united this
species with M. nubila Rich., but afterwards (Siidseefische, I.e.) he
separated it again, as no transitions between the typical colo-
ration of the head of M. chilospilus and that of M. nubila could
be found. He remarks, that all specimens known are of com-
parative small size and that therefore it may be the young
stage of an other species. In our material however we have a
specimen from Kei-Islands of 240 mm. in which the ovaria
contain well developed, although not quite ripe eggs. This
species is closely related to M. zonipectis (Scale), which has
however an other pattern of the spots on the head, and to
M. richardsoni. From lastnamed species it may be distinguished
by its more pointed snout, its longer tail, smaller gillopenings
and by having generally only one row of teeth on the vomer.

15. Muraena (Gymnothorax) zonipectis (Seale)
[Fig. 181, p. 360].

Gymnothorax zonipectis Seale, Occ. Papers Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus. IV.

1906, p. 7.

Gymnothorax indong Seale, Philippine Journ. of Science IV. 1909. p. 491.
Muraena zonipectus Giinther, Fische d. Sudsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 415.

Height about 17; head 6.7; 2 — 21/2 in trunk. Head and trunk
one length of head or less shorter than tail. Eye about 10,
nearly twice in snout, situated above posterior half of cleft of
mouth, which goes about 2.5 times, the snout about 5.5 times
in length of head. Tube of anterior nostrils nearly thrice in
length of snout. Dorsal rather low, commencing above gill-
openings. Teeth conical, acute, 14 — 16 small ones in maxillaries,
with 2 — 4 stouter ones anteriorly at inner side of them. On inter-
maxillary plate a peripheral series of about 12 caniniform, com-
pressed teeth; two mesial teeth, an anterior shorter and a
posterior very long one, in the level of the most posterior
teeth of the peripheral series of the intermaxillary plate, both
are depressible. A few teeth on vomer in a single series. In
each mandible about 25 or more compressed teeth in a single
series, the most anterior caniniform. Reddish brown with 2 — 5
longitudinal rows of darkbrown dendritic spots, which are more
or less transversely united into narrow crossbands, which are
most conspicuous on the fins. Head mottled with white and
brown. Behind eye a large darkbrown spot, bordered superiorly
by a narrow white line, inferiorly by a broad white band

382

extending to below eye and upperlip, lower jaw with white
round spots and bands. Length 450 mm.

Habitat: South coast of Java (Wijnkoops Bay!). — Philip-
pines; Tahiti; Rotuma.

1 6. Muraena (Gymnothorax) margaritophora Blkr.

t Muraena stellifera Richardson, Zool. Voyage Erebus & Terror, 1844, p. 86.
Gymnothorax margaritophorus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. II. (1864) 1865,

p. 53. — Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 97.

? Muraena stellifera Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 101.
Gymnothorax talofa Jordan & Scale, Bull. Bur. Fish. XXV. (1905) 1906, p. 201.
Lycodontis margaritophorus Douglas Ogilby, Mem. Queensland Mus. I. 1912, p. 34.

Height 16 — 20. Head 7 — 7.3, 2 — 2.3 in trunk. Head and
trunk 1.2 — 1.3 in tail. Eye about 8, less than twice in snout,
which is rather sharp. Cleft of mouth 2'/4 — 2J/2 in head. Jaws
not shutting completely. Dorsal beginning before gillopenings.
Dorsal and anal moderately developed. Maxillaries with an
outer series of about 1 5 rather small compressed teeth, and an
anterior inner row of about 5 longer ones. On the inter-
maxillary plate a peripheral series of about 15 teeth, most of
them much longer than those of the maxillaries and mesially
a series of 2 or 3 fang-like ones. A single series of 5 or more
small teeth on vomer. Mandibles with a series of closely set,
rather short compressed teeth, about 22 on each side; near
the symphysis 4 or 5 canines, irregularly biserial. Reddish
brown, lighter below. A large oblong black patch on the tem-
poral region, beginning immediately behind eye and sometimes
broken up in 3 or 4 smaller spots. Sometimes some smaller
spots on the cheek. Body and tail with 3 or 4 longitudinal
rows of white spots or vertical stripes. Dorsal posteriorly with
a white margin. Length over 200 mm. [Type of the species
in the British Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Ambon!. -- Queensland, Samoa.

Note. Only four specimens, all of small size, are known of
this strikingly coloured species. GONTHER (Fische der Siidsee,
Heft IX. 1910, p. 413) united it with M. undulata. It may
be possible that it is a young stage of this species, but as no
transitional stages are known, as far as we are aware, we think
it better to keep it as a distinct species for the present.

17. Muraena (Gymnothorax) richardsoni Blkr.

? Muraenophis flaveola Lesson, Voyage Coquille, Zool. 1830, p. 128.

Muraena grisea Cuv.? Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen. XXII. Bijdr. Ichth. Bali, (1848)

1849, p. ii.

Muraena Richardsonii Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie III, 1852, p. 296.
Muraena ceramensis Bleeker, Ibid. p. 297.

Muraena scoliodon Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen. XXV. 1853, Muraenoid. p. 43.
Muraena Troschelii Bleeker, Ibid. p. 45.

Muraena florisiana Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie VI. 1854, p. 334.
Muraena vermicularis Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1855, p. 459.
Muraena diplodon Peters, Ibid. p. 460.
Muraena venosa Kaup, Cat. Apodal Fish 1856, p. 68.
Thyrsoidea ceramensis Kaup, Ibid. p. 87.
Tkyrsoidea multifasciata Kaup, Ibid. p. 87.

Gymnothorax floresianus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. I. 1863, p. 252.
Gymnothorax venosus Bleeker, Ibid. p. 272.
Gymnothorax Richardsoni Bleeker, Atl. Icht. IV. 1864, p. 100.
Gymnothorax scoliodon Bleeker, Ibid. p. 101.
Gymnothorax ceramensis Bleeker, Ibid. p. 101.

Gymnothorax richardsonii Kner, Fische Novara-Exp. 1865 — 1867. p. 385.
Muraena richardsoni Gitnther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 118.
Gymnothorax richardsoni Jordan & Richardson, Bull. Bureau Fish. Washington

XXVII. (1907) 1908, p. 240.
Gymnothorax richardsonii Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 414.

Height 14 — 20. Head 6.5 — 7.5, 2.2 — 2.7 in trunk. Tail equal
to or a little longer than head and trunk. Eye 8 — 10, situated
above the middle of
the cleft of the mouth,
which goes 2.5 -3
times in length of
head. Snout conical,
slightly compressed,
about I !/2 times dia-
meter of eye. Ante- ^^___
rior nostrils about half

/^.11 Fig. 189. Muraena (Gymnothorax) richardsoni

as long as eye. Gill- Blkr g gillopeniDg. x ll/v

openings as wide as

the eye. Dorsal and anal moderately developed, the former
beginning somewhat before the gillopenings. Maxillaries with
a series of 8 — 12 strong, but rather short, compressed teeth,
in older specimens their number may decrease to 5. In young
specimens anteriorly an inner row of 3 — 4 more slender ones.
Intermaxillary plate with a peripheral series of 8 to 16 teeth,
not much stronger than those on the maxillaries and a mesial

384

series of I — 3 canines, which is sometimes wanting. Vomer in
old specimens with a single series, in younger ones generally with
two series of small teeth, 10 — 20 in number. Mandibulary
teeth in a single row, 10 — 20 on each side; the anterior ones
less regularly arranged and longer than the others. Yellowish
or brownish, marbled and reticulated with dark brown. On
the dorsal fin and on the tail the dark colour forms an incom-
plete network of wide mashes or irregular crossbands. Some
specimens, where the dark colour prevails, are finely mottled
with dark and yellowish. No black spots or stripes at corner
of mouth. Gillopenings without black spot. In most preserved
specimens the skin appears distinctly folded, the folds crossing
each other and forming scale-pouches. Length 900 mm. [Typical
specimens of G. ceramensis, scoliodon and troscheh of BLEEKER'S
collection in the Leiden Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Sumatra (Pulu Tikus near Benkulen, Padang,
Siboga); Java; Borneo; Bali; Celebes (Menado); Sanguisiapo in
the Sulu Archipelago!; Sangir Islands; Ternate; Halmahera;
Ceram; Goram; Ambon; Buru; Flores; Solor!; Sumba!; Timor!;
Aru-Islands!; Salawatti!; Waigeu!; Schouten Islands. — Zanzibar,
Sokotra, Cargados Carajas in the Indian Ocean, Philippines,
Australia, Pacific Islands to the Sandwich Islands.

1 8. Muraena (Gymnothorax) pseudothyrsoidea Blkr.

Muraena pseudothyrsoidea Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie III. 1852, p. 778. —

Verb. Bat. Gen. XXV. 1853, Muraenoid. p. 44.
Gymnothorax makassariensis Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierkunde I. 1863, p. 1 68. —

Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 104.

Gymnothorax pseudothyrsoideus Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 104.
Muraena macassariensis Gtinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. in (nee. syn.).
Muraena pseudothyrsoidea Giinther, 1. c. p. 112.

^.Muraena pseudothyrsoidea Day, Fishes of India, 4°. 1878 — 1888, p. 670.
\Gymnothorax philippinus Jordan & Scale, Bull. Bureau Fisheries Washington

XXVI (1906) 1907, p. 7-
Gymnothorax pseudothyrsoideus Jordan & Richardson, Memoirs Carnegie Mus. IV.

1909, p. 173.

Height 14—20; head 7 to nearly 8, 2.6—2.9 in trunk. Tail
shorter than head and trunk. Eye 8 — 12, twice (specimens of
563 mm.) or less in snout. Cleft of mouth 2.1 — 2.3 in length
of head. Gillopenings narrower than eye. Mouth not shutting
completely in large specimens. Dorsal and anal rather well
developed, the former beginning before gillopenings. Maxillaries

385

with one series of 12 — 13 compressed teeth and in young
specimens anteriorly with an inner row of I — 3 larger ones.
Intermaxillary plate with a peripheral series of about 10 — 12
teeth and a mesial series of 3 canines. Vomer with a single
row of 3 — 9 small teeth. Mandibles with a single row of about
19 teeth. In younger specimens the teeth near the symphysis
are irregularly biserial. Brownish with more or less conspicuous
very fine white or yellow lines, forming a network; sometimes
almost uniform dark brown. Length over 560 mm. [Type of
M. pseudothyrsoidea in the British Museum and of M. makas-
sariensis in the Leiden Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Celebes (Makassar!); Ambon. — Zanzibar, Muscat,
Seychelles, Chagos Archipelago, British India?, Philippines?,
China?, Riu-Kiu Islands?, Darnley Island.

19. Muraena (Gymnothorax) hepatica Riipp.

Muraena hepatica Riippell, Atl. Reise Nordl. Afrika Fische d. Roth. Meer. 1828,

p. 120.

Muraena albimarginata Schlegel, Fauna japon. Poissons II. 1847, p. 267.
Muraena albimarginata Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XIII. 1857, p. 77.
Gymnothorax albimarginatus Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 107.
Muraena hepatica Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 122.
Muraena hepatica Klunzinger, Abh. zool. hot. Ges. Wien XXI. 1871, p. 614.
Gymnothorax albimarginatus Snyder, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XLII. 1912, p. 492.
Gymnothorax hepaticus M. Weber, Siboga-7xped. Fische 1913, p. 57-

Height 20 — 26; head 8 — 9; 3 to more than 3.5 in trunk.
Tail equal to or a little longer or shorter than head and trunk.
Eye 8 — 10, situated above the middle of the cleft of the
mouth, 1.7 to twice in snout, which is bluntly rounded, not
prominent and goes about 5 to 6 times in length of head.
Cleft of mouth wide, can be shut completely, 2.3 to 3 in length of
head. Dorsal high, before anus about half height of body, above
anus about equal to height, on tail even higher than body
underneath, its origin in advance of gillopenings, which are
scarcely wider than eye. Anal much lower. Teeth acute, partly
somewhat compressed, a series of about 10 — 12 in maxillaries,
the anterior of which are stouter; anteriorly, inside of them
in young specimens about 4 teeth, which decrease in number
with age and finally disappear. On intermaxillary plate a peri-
pheral series of about 10 caniniform teeth and 2 large fang-like
depressible mesial ones. On vomer a series of 5 — 10 small
conical teeth, which may decrease to two. Mandibles with a
INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES III. 25

386

single series of more or less than 15 teeth, anteriorly with a
few depressible, caniniform teeth at their inner side. Uniform
brown, fins with a white margin. Length 966 mm.

Habitat: Java (Banjuwangi); Island Kanjungan Ketjil!;
Island Saleyer!; Buru; Ambon!. — Red Sea, Region of Mada-
gascar (Sauvage), Japan.

20. Muraena (Gymnothorax) boschi Blkr.

Muraena Boschi Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen. XXV. 1853, Muraenoid. p. 52.

Muraena monochrous Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie X. 1856, p. 384.

Gymnothorax Boschi Bleeker, All. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 105.

Gymnothorax monochrous Bleeker, 1. c. p. 106.

? Gymnothorax mactilaepinnis Steindachner, Sitzber. Akad. Wien LIII. 1866,

p. 473 [nee Blkr.].

Muraena afra Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 123 (pro parte).
? Muraena afra Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878—1888, p. 671.

Height 12 — 20, head 7.8 — 8, 2.7— 2.8 in trunk. Head and
trunk equal to tail or about J/4 of length of head shorter. Eye
9 — u, situated about above the middle of the cleft of the
mouth, which goes 2.2 — 2.6 in head. The mouth can be shut
completely. Gillopenings not much narrower than eye. Dorsal
and anal moderately developed, the former beginning before
gillopenings. Maxillaries with an outer row of 12 — 16 rather
pointed teeth, and anteriorly with an inner row of I — 4 larger
ones, which disappear with age. Intermaxillary plate with a
peripheral series of 12 — 20 teeth, which are longer than those
of the maxillaries, and with a mesial series of 2 or 3 long
canines. Teeth on vomer uni- or subbiserial, 7—9, smaller than
the other ones. In each mandible 18 — 24 teeth, the posterior
ones equal to those of the maxillaries, the anterior ones larger,
in young specimens an inner series near symphysis of about
4 large ones. Colour uniform brown, lighter below. Length
over 600 mm.

Nom. indig. : Ladu (Ternate).

Habitat: Simalur!; Sumatra (Siboga, Benkulen); Singapore;
Java; Celebes?; Ambon; Roti!; Ternate; Sangir Islands.

GtJNTHER united this species with Gymnothorax afer Bl.
from the Atlantic. Under this name several later authors
mention an eel from the Red Sea, the Indie and from Australia.
We have no material to decide if this species is the same as
G. dose hi.

Doubtful species,
i. Muraena (Gymnothorax) micropoecilus Blkr.

Mnraena micropoecilus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie VIII. 1855, p. 459.

Gyinnothorax micropoecilus Bleeker, All. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 105.

Mnraena micropoecilus Gtinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 94, foot-note.

Height 19, head 8.6, 2.8 in trunk. Tail one length of head
longer than head and body. Eye 7 — 8. Snout much less than
twice diameter of eye. Gape of mouth 2]/3 — 2!/2 in head.
Dorsal and anal moderately developed, the former beginning
before gillopenings, which are about as wide as eye. Maxil-
laries with an outer row of about 9 small teeth and anteriorly
with 3 fang-like ones in an inner row. A peripheral series of
about 1 6 teeth on intermaxillary plate !), and two mesial fangs.
A single series of 1 1 small teeth on vomer. Mandibles with
about 1 6 teeth on each side and one canine at their inner
side near symphysis. Brown, densely spotted with darker.
Length 216 mm. [Type of the species in bad state, seen by
us in the British Museum].

Habitat: Singapore; Cocos-Island; Java (Patjitan); Ambon;
Roti; Timor; Waigeu.

Note. We agree with GUNTHER when he says of this
species 1. s. c. : "Founded upon young examples in which the
specific characters are not yet developed." Neither in the
measurements, the dentition nor the colour there is anything
characteristic.

4. Subgenus Priodonophis Kaup.

(KAUP, Neue Aalahnl. Fische Hamburg 1859, p. 22).

Height less than 30, head less than 9. At least some of the
teeth in upper and lower jaw finely serrated on both edges
or posteriorly only.

Artificial key to the indo-australian species
of the Subgenus Priodonophis.

A. Body with crossbands, which are most distinct

on the belly. Tail longer than head and trunk. M. (P.) reticularis p. 388.

i) According to BLEEKER there is an inner pheripheral row of 3 to 4 teeth
on the intermaxillary plate. We were unable to find these.

388

B. Coloration uniform.

a. Tail tapering, longer than head and trunk. M. (P.) angusticauda p. 389.

b. Tail scarcely tapering, shorter than head

and trunk M. (P.) moluccensis p. 390.

Fig. 190. Two neighbouring teeth of Muraena (Priodonophis) angusticauda n. sp.

i. Muraena (Priodonophis) reticularis Bloch.

Gymnothorax reticularis Bloch, Ausl. Fische IX. 1795, P- 85-

Gymnothorax reticulatus Bloeh, Ibid. Tab. CCCCXVI.

Gymnothorax reticulatus Bloch, Schneider, System. Ichth. 1801, p. 528.

Muraenophis reticularis Lacepede, Hist. nat. Poiss. V. 1803, p. 628, 642, 643.

Muraena reticidata Richardson, Voyage Erebus & Terror, Fish. 1844, p. 82.

Muraena minor Schlegel, Fauna japon. Poissons II. 1847, P- 2^9-

Muraena reticulata Kaup, Cat. Apod. Fish. 1856, p. 60.

Muraena minor Bleeker, Verh. Batav. Gen. XXVI. 1854 — 57, Nieuwe Nalezingen

Ichth. Japan p. 123.

Priodonophis minor Kner, Fische Novara-Exp. 1865 — 1867, p. 382.
Muraena reticularis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 105.
Priodonophis reticularis Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. IV. (1871) 1872, p. 124. —

Verh. Akad. Amsterdam XVIII. (1877) 1878, Poiss. Japon p. 26.
Muraena reticularis Day, Fish. India 4°. 1878 — 1888, p. 669.
Gymnothorax rcticular!s]or&a.n. & Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXIII. 1901, p. 882.

Height 23, head 7 — 8.2, 2.2 — 2.6 in trunk. Tail about one
length of head longer than head and trunk. Eye more than
10, i '/3 — 1'/2 in snout, situated somewhat nearer to angle of
mouth than to end of snout. Snout scarcely compressed, rather
short. Tubes of anterior nostrils very short, about half eye.
Gape of mouth 3 — 3.5 in head. The mouth can be shut com-
pletely. Gillopenings as wide as eye. Dorsal rather high, beginning
before gillopenings. Maxillary teeth and those in the anterior

389

part of the lower jaw minutely serrated posteriorly and less
distinct anteriorly, provided with a basal lobe. Maxillary teeth
in a single series of about 10, compressed, curved backwards,
diminishing in size posteriorly. Intermaxillary plate with about
10 — 14 teeth and I — 3 mesial large depressible canines. Vomer
with about 7 — 10 small teeth in one row. Mandibulary teeth
in a single series, about 12 — 14 on each side. Yellowish or
whitish brown, with 15 — 22 dark crossbands, made up of dif-
ferent brown spots, these mostly turning into black on the
belly, where the bands are very distinct. Upper parts every-
where between the bands closely covered with dark brown
spots. Length over 550 mm. [Type of Muraena minor Schl.
in the Leiden Museum seen by us].

Habitat: "Sea of Borneo" (RICHARDSON). - Tranquebar
(BLOCK), Formosa, China, Japan.

2. Muraena (Priodonophis) angusticauda n. sp.
[Fig. 190, p. 388].

Height 22 behind gillopenings, 27 above anus and rapidly
diminishing posteriorly, the tail tapering considerably towards
its end. Head and trunk about half .length of head shorter than
tail. Head 8.4, 2.9 in trunk. Eye nearly 9, about i'/4 in snout,
situated about above the middle of the cleft of the mouth,
which goes 2.9 in head. Snout conical, rounded in front. Tube
of anterior nostrils much less than half eye, posterior nostrils a
longitudinal slit above frontborder of eye, provided with a low
rim. Gillopenings somewhat narrower than eye. Dorsal and
anal moderately developed, the former beginning before gill-
openings. Teeth compressed, with the fore edge and hinder edge
finely serrated, the serrations on the hinder edge are much more
distinct than those of the fore edge. About 10 teeth in the
maxillaries. A peripheral series of about 14 stronger ones on
the intermaxillary plate and two more anteriorly, inwards of
this row, but no mesial teeth in the single specimen known.
Two small teeth on vomer, compressed, but without serrature.
Mandibles with one row of about 15 teeth on each side, the
foremost much longer than the others and provided with a
posterior basal lobe. Colour in alcohol uniform yellowish, belly
and fins somewhat lighter. Length of single specimen 489 mm.
[Type of the species in the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam].

Habitat: Near Supiori, Schouten Islands!

390
3- Muraena (Priodonophis) moluccensis Blkr.

Priodonophis moluccensis Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. II. (1864)1865^.48.—

All. Ichlh. IV. 1864, p. 108.
Muraena moluccensis Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 126.

Height about 20, not much decreasing posteriorly, the tail
scarcely tapering towards its end. Head and trunk one length
of head longer than tail. Head 8.4, 3.7 in trunk. Eye nearly
12, about twice in snout. Gillopenings wider than eye. Cleft
of mouth 2.6 in head. Dorsal and anal rather low, the former
beginning somewhat before gillopenings. Teeth compressed,
with the hinder edge finely serrated. Maxillaries with a single
series of about 15 teeth, increasing in size anteriorly. A peri-
pheral series of about 9 stronger teeth on intermaxillary plate
and a single mesial one. Teeth on vomer small, without ser-
rations, anteriorly in a double, posteriorly in a single series.
Mandibles with about 25 teeth on each side, uniserial, but
less regularly arranged towards the symphysis. Uniform brown.
Length of single specimen known 395 mm. [Type of the
species in the British Museum seen by us].

Habitat: Ambon!.

5. Subgenus Enchelynassa Kaup.

(KAUP, Cat. Apodal Fish 1856, p. 72).

Anterior nostrils at some distance of end of snout, with a
low thickened rim and a posterior bilobed flap, posterior
nostrils situated midway between anterior nostrils and eye,
oval, not much smaller than eye, surrounded by a broad, thin
membrane. Height less than 30. Teeth without serrature.

i. Muraena (Enchelynassa) canina Q. G.

Muraena canina Quoy & Gaimard, Voyage de 1'Uranie et la Physicienne, Zoologie

1824, p. 247.

Enchelynassa Bleekeri Kaup, Cat. Apod, fish 1856, p. 72.
Gymnothorax caninus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. II. 1865, p. 136.
Gymnothorax Bleekeri Bleeker, Ibid. p. 136.

Enchelynassa bleekeri Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 136.
Gymnothorax vinolentus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. XXII.

(1902) 1904, p. 165.

Enchelynassa bleekeri Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm. XXIII.

(1903) 1905, p. 90.

Enchelynassa vinolentus Jordan & Evermann, Ibid. p. 91.

39 i

Kncliclynassa canina Jordan & Seale, Dull. Bur. Fisheries Washington XXV.

(1905) 1906, p. 197.
Muracna blcckcfi Giinther, Fischc der Siidsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 409.

Height 14; head swollen, 7.4, 2.9 in trunk. Tail one third
of length of head shorter than head and trunk. Eye more than
10, situated nearer to
end of snout than to
corner of mouth. Cleft
of mouth more than
twice in length of
head, not closing:
only the tips of the
jaws meet. Gillope-
nings funnel-shaped,
smaller than eye. Dor-
sal and anal rather
low, the former be-
ginning somewhat
before gillopenings.

Fig. 191. Muraena (Enchelynassa) canina Q. G.
(After the type of Enchelynassa bleekeri Kaup).

Maxillary teeth in
2 series, the outer series close set, compressed large teeth, the
most anterior small; the inner series -shorter, consisting of large
depressible fangs. On
the intermaxillary <f

6

o
oO

8°o

plate the outer maxil-
lary series is conti-
nued as a series of
very small teeth
mingled with large
ones, especially at
the frontborder; it <
carries besides two c
large median depres- 8
sible fangs and more

O

o

o

o

a

o°0 Oo

h

8

o

o
o
o
o

0
°o

m

o
o

0°

o

°0

md \

Fig. 192. Dentition of Muraena C Enchelynassa)
posteriorly on each canina Q> G< Xi'/4- * intermaxillary, m maxillary,
side a pair of similar md mandibulary, v vomerine teeth.

fangs. On the vomer (After the type of Enchelyncissa bleekeri Kaup).
two small conical teeth. In the mandibles an outer series of
numerous large teeth, getting small anteriorly and near sym-
physis a short inner series of large depressible fangs. Nearly
uniform darkish brown. Length 1300 mm. [Description made after
the type of Enchelynassa bleekeri Kaup in the Leiden Museum].

392

Habitat: Waigeu and Island Rawak [QUOY & GAIMARD]. -
Samoa, Tahiti, Raiatea, Hawaii.

Note: JORDAN &SEALE (l.s.c.) have united Muraena canina
of QUOY & GAIMARD (1. s. c.) with Enchelynassa Bleekeri Kaup.
Notwithstanding the description of QUOY & GAIMARD is insuf-
ficient, we follow JORDAN & SEALE in their interpretation,
because the french authors say about the nostrils: "narines
tubulees". It is clear that they mean by "narines" the poste-
rior nostrils, for from their descriptions of other species of
Muraena it appears, that they knew the tubes of the anterior
nostrils, but did not recnognise them as such. They use the
name "narines" only for the posterior nostrils. Moreover their
description of the dentition, of the head as "capite crasso",
of the colour as "uniformement noiratre" makes it plausible,
that the opinion of JORDAN & SEALE is right.

5. Gymnomuraena Lacepede.

(LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poissons V. 1803, p. 648).

Uropterygins Riippell; Scuticaria Jordan & Snyder;

Anarchias Jordan & Scale.

Elongate or very elongate, rounded or somewhat compressed.
Eye small, covered by skin. Anterior nostrils in a conspicuous

Fig- 193- Gymnomuraena marnwrata Lacep. X */5'

tube, posterior nostrils in a shorter or longer tube or with a
rim only. Cleft of mouth reaching behind eye, closing com-
pletely or nearly so. Pectorals absent. Dorsal and anal reduced

393

to a rudiment, which is confluent with the caudal; in some
individuals the dorsal may be represented by a more or less
conspicuous fold of the skin. Tail equal to, shorter or longer
than head and trunk.
Maxillary and man-
dibulary teeth in 2
or 3 series, an outer
series of numerous,
sessile, compressed,
smaller teeth, close
together and i or
2 inner series of
less numerous teeth,
which are longer
and depressible.
The outer maxillary
series is continued
on the intermaxil-

lary plate and en- Fig. 194- Dentition of Gy
closes numerous,

irregularly placed longer teeth, which are depressible. Vomer
with one or two series of pointed teeth. Gillopenings small
in the middle of the height of the body or above or below it.
Distribution: Tropical and subtropical parts of Indie
and Pacific. On coral reefs and near shore.

mnomuraena

Artificial key of the indo-australian species of
Gymnomuraena.

I. Tail i3/4 to more than twice in length of head and

trunk G. tigrina p. 393.

II. Tail equal to, somewhat shorter or somewhat longer
than head and trunk.
A. Colour uniform brown} tail equal to or longer

than head and trunk G. concolor p. 395.

/?. Colour marmorated or mottled.

a. Tail equal to or somewhat shorter than head

and trunk; head 7 — 7.5 in length G. macrocephalus p. 396-

b. Tail longer than head and trunk; head less

than 9 to II in length G. mannorata p. 397.

i. Gymnomuraena tigrina (Less.).

Ichthyophis tigrinus Lesson, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris IV. 1828, p. 399. -
Voyage Coquille Zool. II. 1830, p. 129.

394

Ichthyophis iigrinus Richardson, Zoology Voyage Erebus & Terror, 1844, p. 96.
Muraenoblenna tigrina Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. II. 1857, Achtste Bijdr.

vischf. Ambon p. 93 !).

Ichthyophis iigrinus Bleeker, Versl. Akad. Amsterdam XV. 1863, p. 463.
Gymnomuraena tigrina Bleeker, All. Icht. IV. 1864, p. 113.
Gymnomuraena tigrina Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 133.
Scuticaria tigrina Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm. XXIII (1903)

1905, p. 112.
Gymnonnir aena tigrina Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 424.

Height 27 — 30; head 12 — i3'/2, 6.4 — 7.8 in trunk. Tail i3/4
to more than twice in head and trunk. Eye more or less than
15, situated above the middle of the cleft of the mouth, which
goes 3 times or somewhat more in length of head, is horizontal
and shuts completely. Snout somewhat rounded, 7 times in
head and more than twice length of eye. Anterior nostrils in
a conspicuous tube, somewhat longer than the tube of the
posterior nostrils. Gillopenings smaller than eye, about in the
middle of the height. Maxillary teeth with an outer series of
smaller teeth and a much shorter inner series of longer and
depressible teeth; the outer series continued on the inter-
maxillary plate and enclosing some large, depressible teeth.
On vomer 2 or 3 large teeth in a single series. Mandibles
anteriorly with 2, posteriorly with I series of teeth. Reddish
brown with numerous larger and smaller black blotches. Length
about 1 200 mm. [A specimen of BLEEKER'S collection seen by us].

Habitat: Java (Prigi); Cocos Islands; Celebes; Ambon;
Timor. — From Red Sea, East coast of Africa and Mauritius
to Sandwich Islands.

Note. KNER (Novara-Exp. Fische, p. 387) gives a descrip-
tion of a fish from Tahiti, which he calls Gymnomuraena tigrina,
but which can not be the present species, as KNER states
that head and trunk are about equal to tail. DAY'S G. tigrina
(Fishes of India 4°. 1878 — 1888, p. 674) must also be an other
species, as he says: "Tail nearly twice as long as body". This
may however be a misprint. It may be noted here that BLEEKER
makes a similar mistake in his Atlas Ichthyologique, where
G. tigrina is characterized in the key by: "Queue beaucoup
plus longue que le tronc". In the "remarques" following on

i) BLEEKER has shown (Versl. Akad. Amsterdam XV. 1863, p. 462) that
KAUP has confounded Gymnomuraena marmorata and Gymnothorax polyuranodon
under this name.

395

the diagnosis he also says that this species is characterized by :
"la queue, qui est beaucoup plus longue que le tronc". In his
diagnosis however it is clear that the reverse is meant.

2. Gymnomuraena concolor (Riipp.).

Uropterygius concolor Riippell, Neue Wirbelth. Fische 1835, p. 83.
Gymnomuraena fusca Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin (1866) 1867, p. 524.
Gymnomuraena concolor Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 134.
Gymnomuraena fnsca Giinther, Ibid. p. 134.
Gymnomuraena concolor Klunzinger, Abh. Zool. botan. Ges. Wien XXI. 1871,

p. 620.
Uropterygius marmoratus Snyder, Bull. U. S. fish. Comm. XXII. (1902) 1904,

p. 521 (nee Lacepede).
Uropterygius concolor Jordan & Scale, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXV111. 1905, p. 772. —

Bull. Bureau fisheries Washington XXV. (1905) 1906, p. 206.
Anarchias allardicei Jordan & Scale, Bull. Bureau fisheries Washington XXV.

(1905) 1906, p. 205.

Muraena allardicei Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 421 (s. syn.).
Gymnomuraena concolor Giinther, Ibid. p. 426.
'Uropterygius concolor Kendall & Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Harvard College

XXVI. 1911, N«. 7, p. 250.

Gymnomuraena concolor Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische 1913, p. 63.
Anarchias allardicei de Beaufort, Bijdrage Dierkunde Aflev. 19, 1913, p. 101 (s. syn.).

Height 20 to about 33; head between 7.1 — 8.4, 2.4 to nearly
3 in trunk. Head and trunk equal to or shorter than tail, this
may be as much as half or more than half length of head ').
Eye 10 — 12, situated above about the middle of the cleft of
mouth, which goes 2.6 — 3.4 in length of head, is horizontal and
shuts completely or nearly so. Snout blunt, rounded, 5.8 to more
than 6 times in length of head. Anterior nostrils in a conspi-
cuous tube, posterior nostrils with an elevated rim at least in our

i) In our specimens the length of head, trunk and tail are as follows
13-5— 34-5— 50
13 —35 -- 50
13 —37 — 50

I5-5—38.5- 56

16 — 42 - - 58

15 —42 -- 59

15 —35 — 62

1 6 —43 -- 77

23 —72 — 95

24 — 70 — 101

23 — 63 — 112

32 —84 —145

gillopenings below middle of the height.

gillopenings in middle of the height.

396

largest specimen. Gillopenings somewhat smaller than eye, in
small specimens (see note on page 395) below middle of height,
later on in middle of height. Maxillary and mandibulary teeth in
2 series, an outer series of numerous sessile, compressed, smaller
teeth, close together, and an inner series of less numerous but
much longer teeth, which are depressible. The outer maxillary
series is continued on the intermaxillary plate, but these teeth are
smaller and enclose numerous, irregularly placed depressible
teeth, which are longer, especially the hinder ones. Vomer
with a short single series of about 6 pointed teeth. Preserved
specimens uniform brown. Rudimentary fins near point of tail
often yellowish. Length 500 mm. ]).

Habitat: Nias!; Kabala dua near East Borneo!; Ambon!;
Nusa Laut!; Island Kur!; Island Savu!; Island Solor!; New
Guinea: Humboldt Bay!; Mysore (Schouten-Islands). — Red
Sea; Mauritius; Philippines; Cape York; Australia; West Pacific
Islands to Sandwich and Society Islands.

Note. Our impression is that G. concolor is characterized
by its uniform brown colour and by its tail, which is equal
to or much longer than head and trunk. We have at our
disposal a specimen from the mouth of Mbai river, Humboldt Bay,
New Guinea, of 158 mm., which has the uniform brown colour
of G. concolor, but its tail is shorter than head and body; the
measurements are: head 19, trunk 63, tail 76. We are not
sure where to place this specimen, the dentition of which agrees
with that of G. concolor or of the young of G. marmorata.

3. Gymnomuraena macrocephalus Blkr.

Gymnomuraena macrocephalus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. IT. (1864) 1865,

p. 54. — All. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 114.

Gymnomuraena marmorata Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 133 (p. p.)-
Gymnomuraena macrocephalus Giinther, Fische d. Siidsee, Heft IX. 1910^.425.
Gymnomuraena tigrina M. Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische 1913, p. 63.

Height about 20; head 7 — 7.5, 2.8 — 3 in trunk. Head and
trunk equal to or somewhat longer than tail. Eye n — 15,
situated above about the middle of the cleft of the mouth,
which goes 2.5 to 3 times in length of head, is horizontal and
shuts completely. Snout bluntly rounded, about 7 times in

i) According to RUPPELL one of his specimens of 271 mm. "hatte im Monate
Marz seine Bauchhohle mit stark entwickelten Eiern gefiillt."

397

length of head. Anterior nostrils in a short tube; posterior nostrils
with an elevated rim. Gillopenings about as wide as the eye,
situated below middle of height. Maxillary and mandibulary
teeth in 2 series, an outer series of numerous sessile, com-
pressed, smaller teeth, close together, and an inner series of
less numerous but much longer teeth, which are depressible.
The outer maxillary series is continued on the intermaxillary
plate but the anterior of these teeth are somewhat smaller
and enclose numerous irregularly placed depressible teeth, which
are longer. Vomer with a short single series of rather long,
pointed teeth. Lighter or darker brown, mottled with yellowish
or with light points. Length 325 mm.

Habitat: Muaras Reef, east coast of Borneo!; Karakelang-
Islands!; Ambon. - - Marquesas Islands; Samoa.

4. Gymnomuraena marmorata Lac. [Fig. 193, 194, p. 392, 393].

Gymnomuraena marmorata Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poissons V. 1803, p. 648.
Ichthyophis pantherinus Lesson, Voyage Coquille Zool. II. 1830, p. 131.
Muraena micropterus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie III. 1852, p. 298. —

Verb. Bat. Gen. XXV. 1853, Muraenoiden p. 50.

Muraeno-blenna tigrina Kaup, Cat. Apodal Fish 1856, p. 98 (pro parte).
Uropterygius xant hop terns Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie XIX. 1859^.350.
Uropterygius micropterus Bleeker, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. I. 1863, p. 160.
Ichthyophis micropterus Bleeker, Ibid. p. 252.

Ichthyophis pantherinus Bleeker, Versl. Akad. Amsterdam XV. 1863, p. 464.
Gymnomuraena pantherina Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 113.
Gymnomuraena xanthopterus Bleeker, Ibid. p. 114.
Gymnomuraena micropterus Bleeker, Ibid. p. 114.

Gymnomuraena microptera Kner, Fische Novara-Exp. 1865 — 1867. p. 388.
Gymnomuracna, xanthoptcra Kner, Ibid. p. 388.

Gymnomuraena marmorata Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 133 (p.p.).
Gymnomuraena marmorata Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878 — 1 888, p. 675.
Uropterygius marmoratus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm. XXIII.

(1903) 1905, p. in.

Gymnomuraena marmorata Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, Heft IX. 1910, p. 425.
Uropterygius pantherinus Kendall & Goldsborough, Mem. Mus. Harvard Coll.

XXVI. N°. 7, 1911, p. 248.

Uropterygius marmoratus Kendall & Goldsborough, Ibid. p. 250.
Gymnomuraena marmorata Max Weber, Siboga-Exp. Fische 1913, p. 62.

Height 19 — 26; head less than 9 to about ii; 3 — 4 times
in trunk. Head and trunk 1.2 or somewhat more in tail; tail
in small specimens more than half length of head, in larger
specimens the length of head or even more, longer than head
and trunk. Eye 10 — 18, situated above about the middle of

398

the cleft of mouth, which goes 2l/2 to 3 times in the length
of head, is horizontal and shuts completely. Snout somewhat
rounded, about 7 times in length of head and nearly twice or more
than twice the length of eye. Anterior nostrils in a conspicuous
tube, posterior nostrils in youth with a rim, later on in a short
tube. Gillopenings smaller than eye, about in the middle of
the height. Maxillary and mandibulary teeth in 3 series: an
outer series of numerous sessile, compressed, smaller teeth, close
together, and 2 inner series of less numerous teeth, which are
longer and depressible; in young specimens there are only 2
series. The outer maxillary series is continued on the inter-
maxillary plate and encloses numerous, irregularly placed,
longer depressible teeth. Vomer with a short row of pointed
teeth, anteriorly biserial, posteriorly uniserial, in young ones in
one series. Yellowish, brownish or brownish gray, lighter below,
finely or coarsely marbled with darker. Length over 600 mm.
[A specimen of Gymnomuraena pantherina of BLEEKER'S col-
lection in the Leiden Museum seen by us],

N o m. i n d i g. : Sawali lasavun (Simalur).

Habitat: Sumatra (Benkulen); Nias!; Simalur!; Java (Bata-
via!, Patjitan, Wijnkoops Bay!); Paternoster Islands!; Flores;
Solor; Timor; Letti Islands!; Aru Islands; Celebes (Dongala!);
Muaras Reef!; Sangir Islands!; Buru; Sula Islands!; Ambon!;
Ceram; Ternate; Halmaheira; Morotai; Waigeu; New Guinea
(Tanah merah!). — Zanzibar; Aldabra Island; Madras; Anda-
mans; Philippines; Pacific Islands to Sandwich Islands.

LARVAL STAGES OF APODES.
LEPTOCEPHALI.

We know, at least of a number of genera of Apodes (Anguilla,
Conger, Congromuraena, Muraena, Chlopsis, Ophisurus, Ophicli-
thys, Nettastoma, Synaphobranchus), that they undergo during
their development a metamorphosis passing through different
larval stages known as Leptocephalus, Tilurns, Hyoprorns.

It is probable that, if not all, at least the majority of the
Apodes pass through such a metamorphosis, although this
metamorphosis may not be everywhere as complicated as f.i.
in the atlantic species of Anguilla.

The interesting development of these species, first made

399

known by GRASSI and CALANDRUCCIO, has further been studied
by ElGENMANN, PETERSEN, JOH. SCHMIDT, HjORT a. O.

We may presume that the indo-pacific species of Anguilla
have an equal life history, as during the Siboga-Expedition a
large number of Leptocepliali in different stages of development
were collected, some of which belong probably to the genus
Anguilla. The systematic position of others is still questionable.

These forms are here shortly described; for further details
we refer to the descriptions in : Max Weber, Siboga-Expedition,
Fische, 1913, p. 63 — 78.

Leptocephali possibly belonging to Anguilla.
i. Leptocephalus indicus M. Web.

Leptocephahis indicus Max Weber, Siboga-Exp. Fische 1913, p. 74.

Description of the single specimen known with 115 segments:
Length 115 mm.; height 14 mm.; head 5 mm.; distance of

anus from tip of tail 34 mm., eye 1.3 mm., snout 1.2 mm.,

posttemporal part of head 2.5 mm.

Height 8, head 23, tail 3.4 in total length. Eye 3.8, slightly

longer than snout and about twice in posttemporal part of

Fig. 195. Leptocephalus indicus M. Web. nearly nat. size.

head. Snout somewhat rounded. Gape of mouth reaching
behind middle of eye. Anus below 73rd segment, 21/3 times
farther from head than from tip of tail. No larval teeth. From
the definitive teeth, which are very small at any rate, only a
few at the frontborder of the upper jaw could be detected.
Pectorals rounded, small. Dorsal and anal with about 100, caudal
with 15 rays. In the last third of the length each myocomma
has 6 — 8 pigment spots on that part of the myocomma, which is
situated between its most ventral part and the chorda. Moreover
a pigment spot on the base of each dorsal, caudal and anal ray.
The single specimen was captured in the deep sea trawl,
hauled up from a depth of 1270 M., in the Sulu Sea, 6° 15' N.,

4OO

2. Leptocephalus peterseni M. Web.

Leptocephalus Peterseni Max Weber, Siboga-Exp. Fische,
1913, p. 72.

i . Stage with 112 segments.

Length 20 mm.

Height 6.5, head 13.5. The anus is i1^ length
of head nearer to tip of tail than to head. 60
praeanal, 52 postanal segments. Eye about ^\^
shorter than postorbital part of head and i'/2
in snout. In the upper jaw on each side ante-
riorly two long teeth and posteriorly 3 small
ones. In the lower jaw on each side 6 long

Fig. 197. Head of Leptocephalus peterseni M. Web.
of 20 mm. length. X 4°-

teeth, the hindermost of which alone is some-
what shorter. Cleft of mouth reaching some-
what behind the middle of the eye. A very
low, rayless finfold at the end of the tail. No
pectorals. A single specimen from the Savu
sea, between Timor and Lomblem, captured
with HENSEN'S "Horizontal cylinder", during
the night!

2. Stage with 140 segments.
Length 38 mm.

Fig. 196. Leptocephalus

peterseni M. Web. of Height about *j*\v head I572. Anus 3!/2
20 mm. length. X 8- lengths of head nearer to tip of tail than to

4Oi

head, 80 praeanal, 60 postanal segments. Eye about 4, i]/3 in
postorbital part of head and i3/4 in snout. Cleft of mouth
reaching somewhat behind the middle of the eye. Olfactory
pit with a smaller anterior and a larger posterior nostril imme-

Fig. 198. Leptocephahts peter sent M. Web. of 38 mm. length. X 3-

diately before the eye. Dentition as in the former stage. Pigment
spots without any segmental arrangement along the dorsal
and ventral border of the body, as also in a single row along

Fig. 199. Head of Leptocephalus peter seni M. Web. of 38 mm. length. X 24-

the ventral side of the spinal chord. Rays in the finfold at
the end of the tail present, but still too small to be counted.
A single specimen from the Halmahera sea, near the north-
coast of Island Salomakiee (Damar!). Surface plankton.

Leptocephalus possibly belonging to Muraenesox.
Leptocephalus schmidti M. Web.

Leptocephalus Schmidti Max Weber, Siboga-Exp. Fische, 1913, p. 74.

Description of the single specimen known, with 135 segments:
Length 83 mm. Height 10 mm.; head 5.5 mm.; distance of
INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES III. 26

402

anus from end of tail 38 mm., from point of
snout 45 mm. Eye I mm., postorbital part of head
2.5 mm., snout 2 mm.

Height 8.3, head 16 in length, eye telescopic,
5.5 in head, twice in snout, 2.5 in postorbital
part of head. Snout elongate, pointed, with an
elongate oval olfactory pit. Cleft of mouth rea-
ching far behind eye. In upper jaw on each
side about 11 pointed teeth, in the lower jaw
10, the six anterior ones of which are larger.
All teeth are directed forwards. Anus nearly in
the middle between tip of tail and gillopenings.

Fig. 200. Head of Leptocephalus schmidti M. Web.
of 83 mm. length. X 9-

The relatively high finfold begins at the anus
and runs round the end of the tail forward to
a vertical, which is situated behind the hind-
border of the pectorals, at a distance equal to
the breadth of the pectorals. Anal with 202,
caudal with 9, dorsal with 253 rays. Pectorals
with about 18 rays. Surface plankton, bay ofBirna!

Leptocephali, the adult stage of
which is unknown.

i. Leptocephalus hjorti M. Web.

Fig. 201. Leptocephalus

schmidti M. Web. of Leptocephalus Hjorti Max Weber, Siboga-Exp. Fische, 1913,
83mm. length. X2- P- 7'-

403

Description of the single specimen known with 144 segments:
Length 195 mm. Height 30 mm. Head 7 mm. Distance of
anus from end of tail 29 mm. Snout 2, eye 2, postorbital part
of head more than 3 mm. Dorsal with about 90, anal with
about 93, caudal with 14 rays; these three fins form a conti-
nuous low fold. Pectorals rounded, much shorter than eye,

Fig. 202. Leptocephalus hjorti M. Web. of 195 mm. length; nearly X IV-2-

with 12 — 15 rays. Head pointed. The gape of the mouth reaches
behind the middle of the eye. The larval teeth have already
been lost. In their place very tiny teeth, mixed with a few
somewhat larger ones, can be seen in the jaws. Nostrils rather
close together before the eye, the posterior ones the larger.

Fig. 203. Head ot Leptocephalus hjorti M. Web. of 195 mm. length. X I2-

The presence of pectorals, of sensory canals on the head,
the development of the olfactory pit and the loss of larval
teeth show that the specimen belongs to the last metamor-
phosing stage before becoming a glass-eel.

404

Habitat: The single specimen known was captured with
the deep-sea trawl, hauled up from a depth of 1944 M. Banda
sea, 5° 26' S., 121° 1 8' E. !

2. Leptocephalus taenia Less.

Lcptocephalus taenia Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zoologie II. 1830, p. 126.
Leptocephalus taenia Kaup, Cat. Apodal Fish 1856, p. 151.
Leptocephalus Scheeli Stromman, Leptocephalids of the University Zoolog.

Museum at Upsala. Dissertatio Upsala 1896, p. 21.
Leptocephalus taenia Max Weber, Siboga-Expeditie, Fische 1913, p. 67.

I. Stage with 106 segments. Length 19.5 mm.

Height 2 mm.; head 1.75 mm.; distance of anus from
end of tail about I mm., from head 16.75 mm.

Height 9.7; head II; tail 19.5 times in total length.
Snout pointed, part of head behind it convex. Eye more
than twice in snout, cleft of mouth reaching frontborder

Fig. 204. Head of Leptocephalus taenia Less,
of 19.5 mm. length. X 45-

of eye. Seven pointed larval teeth on each side in the
jaws, of which the 3 posterior ones in the upper jaw
are conspicuously smaller. End of tail surrounded by
very delicate fin rays. Absolutely without pigment, only
an incomplete black ring in the periphery of the
Fig. 205. Lepto- chorioidea.

cephalus taenia T>I i • /• •> • /•

Less, of 19.5 mm. 1 he Slngle specimen found in surface plankton near
length x 8. Island Sailus Ketjil, Paternoster Islands!

405

2. Stage with about 115 segments and
more than 7 teeth on each side of the

jaws. Length 56 — 124 mm.
Anus near end of tail; their distance being
Vis — 1lw °f total length. Elongate, height 8— IO;
head 22 — 32. Head somewhat pointed, with large
olfactory pit situated before the eye, which goes
about 4!/4 times in length of head, and is much
smaller than its postorbital part and about half
length of snout. Cleft of mouth reaching to middle
of eye or somewhat farther back. Upper jaw on
each side with 13 pointed teeth, the 7 anterior

Fig. 207. Head of Leptocephalus taenia Less,
of 102 mm. length. X I5-

ones being much longer than the 6 posterior ones,
which are decreasing in size posteriorly and become
more triangular. Lower jaw on each side with
1 1 teeth, the 7 anterior ones being conspicuously
longer than the 4 posterior ones, which are short,
triangular and very obliquely placed. Dorsal and
anal with about 50, caudal with 8 rays. These fins
form a continuous low fold. Pectorals still only
vestigial. The pigmentation is restricted to a series
of black points on part of the ventral half of the
myocommata, on the interspaces between neigh-
bouring finrays, on the ventral surface of the kidney, Fig. 206. Lepto-
in the connective tissue ventrally from the gut as cePhalus taenia

* Less, of 1 10 mm.

also along the dorsal _and anal. length, ca. X. i V2-

406

A specimen of 90 mm. from surface
plankton, Island Sebangkatan, Borneo Bank!.

20 specimens of 56 — 1 10 mm. from surface
plankton, 2° 30' S., 129° 28' E., Ceram Sea!.

One specimen of 77 mm. surface plankton,
2°22/S., I26°46/E. Ceram Sea!.

4 specimens of 98 — 102 mm, surface plank-
ton, Banda Sea near Lucipara Islands!.

7 specimens of 63 — 124 mm., surface plank-
ton, 4°i6/5//S., i30°i5/8//E. Banda Sea!.

One specimen caught in vertical net, hauled
up from 2000 M. depth, 3° 58' S.; 128° 20' E.
Banda Sea!.

For further details see MAX WEBER l.s.c.

3. Leptocephalus mirabilis Brauer.

Leptocephalus mirabilis Brauer, Deutsche Tiefsee Exp.

Tiefseefische I. 1906, p. 125.
Leptocephalus mirabilis Max Weber, Siboga-Exp. Fische,

1913, p. 76.

Description of a specimen with 293 seg-
ments:

Length 143 mm.; head 8 mm.; eye 1.5 mm.;
snout 4.5 mm.; height immediately behind
anus 20 mm.; in the region of the gut 23 mm.
Distance of anus from point of snout 49 mm.,
from end of tail 96 mm. In the upper jaw
on each side 12 anterior larger, and 8 poste-
rior smaller teeth; in the lower jaw 20 teeth,
the posterior ones of which gradually become
smaller, the most anterior one is nearly
horizontal, that in the upper jaw only slightly
oblique. Cleft of mouth reaching below
middle of eye. Only the posterior nostrils
are with certainty descernible as narrow
triangular clefts, the base of which is situated
superiorly near the frontborder of the eye.
Dorsal with more than 300 rays. Dorsal
and anal continuous with caudal. Pectorals
Fig. 208. Leptocephalus present. Dorsal part of anterior myomeres

hiSh> makinS the trunk anteriorly and

superiorly gibbous. This gibbosity is enlarged by the excessive
development of the extra-muscular gelatinous connective tissue,
which forms, immediately behind the head, a kind of strongly
compressed rounded lobe overhanging the posterior part of
the head. The gut is suspended like a frill on the under side
of the anterior third of the body. The small gillopenings are

Fig. 209. Head of Leptoceplialus mirabilis Brauer of 143 mm. length. K gillopening.

situated ventrally. Eight laterally situated dark patches, formed
by submuscular chromatophores; irregular pigment spots along
the gut, a diffuse pigment spot near the end of te upper and
lower jaw.

The single specimen was captured in the deep sea trawl,
hauled from a depth of 2477 M. in the Banda Sea, 6° 40' 6" S.,
I2i'f E.!

408

We suppose that this specimen is a further advanced stage
of the Leptoceplialus mirabilis described by BRAUER after a
specimen of 71.5 mm. from the Indian Ocean, east of Zanzibar.

Besides the above described forms the following Leptocephali
have been mentioned from the indo-australian Archipelago.

Their description is so short or insufficient, that we draw
the attention on them only for completness sake.

i. Leptocephalus dentex Cantor.

Leptocephahis dentex Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XVIII. (1849) 1850, p. 1315.

Described after a specimen of 41/, inches length from Pinang,
found in the stomach of Johnius diacanthus.

2. Helmichthys oculus Peters.

Helmlchthys ociilus Peters, Monatsber. Akad. d. Wissensch. Berlin, 1866, p. 525.
Helmichthys oculus Max Weber, Siboga-Exp. Fische, 1913, p. 65.

It follows from the description of PETERS that this Lepto-
cephalid of 157 mm. length from Ambon was in the regressive
metamorphosis to a glass-eel, the body of which was already
beginning to be rounded. It may be that it is a larval stage
of Congrellus Ogilby or Paramyrus Giinther.

3. Leptocephalus ceramensis Blkr.

Leptocephahis ceramensis Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 123.
Leptocephalus ceramensis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 143.

Described after a specimen of 212 mm. which was in a bad
state, from Wahai, Ceram.

4. Leptocephalus taenioides Blkr.

Leptocephalus taenioides Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 123.
Leptocephalus taenioides Giinther. Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 142.
Leptocephalus taenioides Max Weber, Siboga-Exp. Fische, 1913, p. 66.

Described after a specimen of 105 mm. from Ambon.
5. Leptocephalus hypselosoma (Blkr.).

Leptocephalichthys hypselosoma Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. I. 1856, Be-

schrijving vissch. Menado, p. 69.
Leptocephalus hypselosoma Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 124. — Giinther,

Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 140. -- Max Weber, Siboga-Exp. Fische,

1913, p. 66.

409

Described after a specimen of 84 mm. from Celebes (Menado);
from brackish water.

6. Leptocephalus javanicus Stromman.

I,eptocephalus javanicus Stromman, Leptocephalids in the University Zoolog.
Museum of Upsala. Dissertat. Upsala, 1896, p. 30 ').

"The body is strongly compressed, moderately elongate and
low; its greatest height, contained about eleven times in its
length is situated rather behind the middle. It gradually dimi-
nishes in height from that point towards both head and tail
in approximately equal degrees.

The head is elongate; its length is equal to the body's
greatest height. Its upper profile is in the form of a regular
shallow arch. The snout is pointed. The space from the snout-
extremity to the eye's anterior margin is about three times
as great as the diameter of the eye.

The eye has a circular contour; its upper margin does not
reach up to the upper profile of the head.

The posterior nostril is situated a little in front of the eye.
The anterior is distant from the snout-extremity four times as
far as from the posterior nostril. The cleft of the mouth is
horizontal, reaching back to the middle of the lower margin
of the eye.

The mandible projects a little beyond the upper jaw; its
lower profile is straight, retreating with a slightly prominent
angle. Teeth in both jaws. Pectoral fins none. The vertical
fins show but slight development; the dorsal fin has its origin
a little in front of the vent; the caudal fin is pointed.

The vent is in front ot the body's "middle, approximately
at one third of the length from the fore part.

There are some series of closely packed pigmentary spots
grouped along the sides of the body immediately above the
alimentary canal. There are moreover a few scattered ones on
the head in the region of the gillopenings and the snout-
extremity.

In the collection there is one example of this species, obtained
by CAPTAIN VON SCHEELE in 1885 in the Bali Straits. Its
measurements are als follows:

i) As STROMMAN'S publication is rather rare, we thought it convenient for
those who use our book, to reprint his description.

4io

Length of body 44 mm.

Greatest height of body 4 „

Distance from extremity of snout to dorsal fin ... 13 w

Distance from extremity of snout to vent .16 „

Length of head 4 B

Distance from extremity of snout to eye's anterior

margin 1.5 „

Eye's diameter 0.5 „

Order SYNBRANCHOIDEA.

Body anguilliform. Scales absent or minute, longitudinally
arranged. Lateral line present. Skull long, the supraoccipital
separated from the frontals by the parietals, which are meeting
[not in Alabes\ Mouth not protractile, bordered above mainly
by the intermaxillaries; the maxillaries lying behind and
parallel to them. Opercular bones normal. Anterior vertebrae
not modified, no Weberian ossicles. Pectorals absent, only the
membrane bones of their arch are developed. Ventrals absent,
only in Alabes Cuv. present as jugular rudiments. Dorsal and
anal rayless folds of the skin, united with the small caudal,
which has a few rays. Teeth in bands or in series on jaws
and generally on palatines and pterygoids. Gillmembranes con-
fluent, free from isthmus or united with it and accordingly
forming a single aperture pierced under the throat and common
to both sides or this aperture is only superficially a single one.

i. Fam. SYNBRANCHIDAE.

Elongate. No scales. Anus in posterior half of the length.
Ventrals absent. Gills on three or four branchial arches, well
developed or rudimentary.

Distribution: Indo-australian Archipelago, Dampier Archi-
pelago, Philippines, Japan, Asiatic continent from Indian
Peninsula to Northern China, tropical parts of West Africa
and Central and South America.

Key to the genera of Synbranchidae.

I. Gillmembranes confluent and attached to isthmus by a
median septum which divides the gillopening. Gills on
three arches, rudimentary. Teeth in bands Monopterus p. 412.

412

II. Gillmembranes confluent, free from isthmus; gillopening
undivided. Gills on four arches, well developed. Teeth
in single series, which are only pluriserial near their
anterior end.

1. Gillopening wide, extending up the sides to lateralline. Macrotrema p. 414.

2. Gillopening narrow, restricted to ventral surface . . Synbranchus p. 415.

i. Monopterus Lacepede.
(LAC£P£DE, Hist. nat. Poissons II. 1798, p. 139).

Body naked; elongate, cylindrical posteriorly compressed,
tail short, narrow, tapering into a point. Lateral line present.
Lips well developed, forming a rather broad fold, the lower
one reverted over the lower jaw. Posterior nostrils an oval
opening above anterior part of eye, anterior nostrils smaller
openings near end of snout in upper lip. Eye small, covered
by skin. Dorsal and anal low, rayless folds of the skin, con-

a

Fig. 210. Monopterus albus (Zuiew). X 2/5- a anus: S gillopening.

fluent with small caudal, which has a few rays. Pectorals and
ventrals absent. Teeth small, in bands on intermaxillaries, pala-
tines, pterygoids and mandibles. Gillmembranes confluent and
nearly entirely united with the isthmus; the gillopenings nearly
transverse ventral slits, only superficially confluent into a single
aperture. Four branchial arches, the three anterior with vestigial
gills ') and with three moderate slits between them.
Distribution: that of the single species.

i) For the mode of respiration of this fish see VOLZ, Zool. Jahrb. Abt.
Anatomic XXIII. 1906, p. 163.

413

Fig. 211. Lower surface of head of -Monoptcrus albus (Zuievv).

Right gillopening opened, showing the 3 rudimentary gills and the 3 gillslits.

a sound brought into the left gillopening, which is separated from the right

one by the septum s. X X indicates where the left part of the constrictor of

the gillmembranes is cut through. Nat. size.

i. Monopterus albus (Zuiew).

Muraena alba Zuiew, Nov. Act. Ac. Sc. Petropol. VII. 1793, p. 299.

Monopterus javanensis Lacepede, Hist. nat. Poissons II. 1798, p. 139.

Unibranchapcrtura laevis Lacepede, 1. c. V. 1803, p. 657, 659.

Monopteru'i javaniciis Shaw, General Zoology, Pisces IV. 1804, p. 33.

Mcnopterus laevis Richardson, Voy. Sulphur, Ichth. 1844, p. 116.

Monopterus cinereus Richardson, I.e. p. 117.

Monopterust vcl Synbranchust xanthogaster Richardson, I.e. p. 118.

Monopterus laevis Richardson, in Rep. I5th Meeting British Assoc. London,
1846, p. 315.

Monopterns cinereus Richardson, 1. c. p. 315.

Monopterus marmoratus Richardson, I.e. p. 315.

Monopterus javanicus Bleeker, Verh. Batav. Gen. XXIII. 1850, Ichth. Midden-
en Oost-Java, p. 22.

Monopterus javanicus Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XVIII. 1850, p. 1321.

Monopterus javanensis Bleeker, Verh. Batav. Gen. XXV. 1853, Muraenoid. p. 59 ').

i) BLEEKER cites as synonym Synbranchus ciirychasma Kuhl & van Hasselt,
after an unedited drawing of these naturalists without a description.

414

Monopterns javanicus Kaup, Cat. Apod, fish, 1856, p. 123.
Monopterus javanensis Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 118.
Monopterus javanensis Gunther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 14.
Monopterus javanensis Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878 — 1 888, p. 656.
Monopterus albus Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XXIII. 1901, p. 838.
Cryptophthalimts robustvs Franz, Abh. Bayer. Akad. Miinchen 4. Suppl. Bd.
1910, p. 15.

Height 17 — 26; head 10 — 13, 7'/2 or more in trunk. Tail 2 '/a
to nearly 3 times in head and trunk. Eye about 13 in large
specimens, about 2.5 in length of snout, situated above middle
of maxillary. Cleft of mouth 2.4 to 2.7 in length of head.
Origin of dorsal somewhat behind vent. Upper surface of
preserved specimens brownish or greyish above, yellowish or
whitish below. Length 875 mm.

Nomen in dig. : Belut (Sundan.); Welut (Javan.); Lindung
(Malay.).

Habitat: All over Sumatra, Borneo, Java in fresh water of
rivers, brooks, rice ditches, ponds, lakes. We have also speci-
mens from heights of 3000 feet (Mount Pangerango near Suka-
bumi, Java); Lombok (Ampenan, Lake Narmade); Sumbawa;
Banka; Bintang; Natuna Islands; Celebes (Lake Sidenreng!,
Pampanuwa, Makassar); Wahai (Ceram). — Asiatic continent
from Malacca, Burma and Siam to Northern China; Chinese
Islands; Formosa and Japan.

This fish is capable of living a considerable time out of water
and of burying itself in the mud when the water is drying up.

2. Macrotrema Regan.

(C. TATE REGAN, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) IX. 1912, p. 390).

Body naked, elongate, cylindrical; the tail greatly com-
pressed, short and tapering. Lateral line present. Lips well
developed, the lower one reverted over the lower jaw. Posterior
nostrils lanceolate openings, situated obliquely above the eye;
anterior nostrils, which are smaller and have a raised margin,
near tip of snout. Eye minute, covered by skin. Dorsal and
anal low, rayless folds of the skin, confluent with the small
caudal, which has 10 rays. Pectorals and ventrals absent. The
setaceous teeth, which form a single series on the intermaxil-
laries, become crowded and form a triangular figure near the
symphysis. The palatal teeth are obtusely conical and stronger
and placed in a single arched series. Those of the lower jaw

415

are still stronger, their single series is expanded near the
symphysis into a semilunar band of three or four series. Gill-
membranes united, free from isthmus. Gillopenings forming a

•n.'

Fig. 212. Head of Macro trema caligans (Cant.). (After CANTOR).
e eye ; g gillopening ; // linea lateralis ; n anterior, n' posterior nostril.

single aperture, which is very wide and extends up the sides
to the lateral line. Four branchial arches, all with well
developed gills.

Distribution: that of the single species.

i. Macrotrema caligans (Cant.).

Symbrancktts caligans Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XVIII. 1850, p. 1316.
Ophisternon caligans Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. VI. 1859, p. 180.
Synbranchus caligans Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 119.
Symbrancktu caligans Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 17.
Symbranchus caligans von Martens, Preussische Exp. nach Ost-Asien, Zool.

Theil I. 1876, p. 405.
Macrotrema caligans Tate Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) IX. 1912, p. 390.

Height at occiput 3!/2 times in length of head, at the anus
4!/2 times. Head 8!/2 to 83/4. Tail 4 to 5 in head and trunk.
Eye minute, nearly opposite to the middle of lip. The dorsal
commences opposite to anus, but is not distinct on the anterior
third of the tail. The anal resembles the dorsal. Head above
and back impure lake-coloured with livid reflections, lighter
on the sides and abdomen; throat pale livid; dorsal, anal and
caudal pale carmine. Length 200 mm. [After CANTOR; not
seen by us].

Nomen indig. : Balut (Malay.).

Habitat: Singapore. - - Pinang.

In sea.

3. Synbranchus Bloch.

(BLOCK, AuslSnd. Fische IX. 1795, p. 87).

Body naked, elongate, cylindrical; the tail greatly compressed,
short and tapering. Lateral line present. Lips well developed,
the lower one reverted over the lower jaw. Posterior nostrils

416

oval openings, situated above eye; anterior nostrils minute
openings on tip of snout. Eye small, covered by skin. Dorsal
and anal rayless folds of skin, confluent with the small caudal,

which has 8 — 10 rays. Pectorals and
ventrals absent. Intermaxillary teeth
small, in a single series, which is near
symphysis triangularly expanded into
about three series of somewhat stronger
teeth. Teeth on palatines and ptery-
goids stouter, conical, forming a single
arched series, anteriorly, near sym-
physis, expanded as the intermaxillary
teeth, which they equal in size. Man-
dibulary teeth still stronger, arranged
in a single series, which broadens near
symphysis into a pluriserial triangular
figure. Gillmembranes united, free from
isthmus. Gillopenings forming a single
Fig. 213. Lower surface of semi-oval, rather narrow opening, which
head of Synbranchus benga- • situated ventrally and does not

lensis (Me Clelland). The bran- *

chial chamber is opened, extend to the sides. Four branchial

showing the 4 branchial arches arches, all with Well developed gills.

with well developed gills;

p margin separating the ventral Distribution: Indo-australian

skin from the branchial cham- Archipelago, Dampier Archipelago;

ber. Nat. size. 01 A • T»I •«•••• i

South eastern Asia, Philippines, tropical
parts of West Africa and Central and South America.
In fresh and brackish water.

i. Synbranchus bengalensis (Me Clell.).

Synbranchus immaculaUis Bloch, Ausland. Fische IX. 1795, p. 87 (p. p.).
Symbranchus immaculatus J. Miiller, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1839, p. 245

(ex parte).

Ophisternon bengalensis McClelland, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 1845, P- J97-
Symbranchus gutturalis Richardson, Zoology Voyage Erebus & Terror, 1845, p. 49.
Symbranchus immaculatus Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XVIII. 1850, p. 1319.
Tetrabranchus microphthalmus Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Indie II. 1851^.69.
Symbranchus immaculatus Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen. XXV. 1853, Muraenoid.

p. 57 (nee Bloch).

Ophisternon bengalensis Kaup, Cat. Apodal Fish 1856, p. 121.
Ophisternon bengalensis Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. VI. 1859, Enum.

Pise. Arch. Ind. p. 179.

Synbranchus bengalensis Bleeker, All. Ichth. IV. 1864, p. 119.
Symbranchus bengalensis Giinther, Cat. Brit. Mus. VIII. 1870, p. 16.

4*7

Symbranchus bengalensis Day, Fishes of India 4°. 1878 — 1888, p. 657.
Symbranchus bengalensis Max Weber, Zool. Ergebn. Reise Niederl. Ost-Indien

Heft 2, 1894, p. 428.

Symbranchus bengalensis Volz, Revue Suisse Zool. XII. 1904, p. 481.
Symbranchus bengalensis Regan, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, XX. Prt. 6, 1914, p. 275.

Height 27 — 30; head 10.5 to more than ii; 8 times in trunk.
Tail nearly 4 times in head and trunk. Eye 20 or more,
situated above anterior third of cleft of mouth, which goes about
4 times in head. Origin of dorsal somewhat before anus. Dark
brown, somewhat lighter below. Length 530 mm.

Nomen indig. : Putjuk-Kirai (Bantam).

Habitat: Sumatra (Lake Tador, Upper Langkat); Java
(Batavia, Perdana); Borneo (Banjermasin); Celebes (Makassar,
Palima at mouth of river Tjinrana!); New Guinea (Mimika
river!). • Dampier Archipelago, Philippines, Cochin, Siam,
Peninsula of India.

In fresh and brackish water.

INDO-AUSTRAT.IAN FISHES III. 27

ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA.

p. 17. *Homaloptera beiineata" in Note must be read " Homa-

loptera bilineata" .
p. 27. "Eucirrhichtys doriae" Perugia must be read *Eucir-

rhichthys".
p. 31. * Acanthophtalmus pangia" must be read * Acanthoph-

thalmus" also in the ist and 10* line of synonymy,
p. 275. On this page is omitted the following figure:

Muraenichthys gymnopterus (Blkr.) X 2 Va-

in volume II:

p. 54. The key on top of page must be read:

A. Ventral fins present .... Pellona p. 84.

B. Ventral fins wanting.

1. Dorsal present Opisthopterus p. 95.

2. Dorsal wanting Raconda p. 97.

p. 8 1. The last word in last line on bottom is to be altered

in "indentated".
p. 158. Myctophum pterotum (Alcock). add: Fish market at

Pulu Weh!.
p. 1 66. Myctophum dumerili (Blkr.) add: Fish market at Pulu

Weh!.
p. 193. In the 10* and nth line from top: "nearly reaching

ventrals" must be read: "nearly reaching pectorals",
p. 194. The first line of the page must be cancelled.
p. 311. Line 18 and 19 from top must be read : "Eye 4 — 5!/3,

with a free orbital margin, 2!/5 or more in postorbital

part of head, about twice or thrice in the interorbital

space . . . ."

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

OF

VERNACULAR NAMES1).

Abang 54.

Ahang 221.

Ale Ong 233.

Ampa 194.

Ampalong 144.

Anak Sengkareng 151.

Aralim 130.

Aralin 130.

Arengan 213.

Areng areng 136.

Arenjan 211.

Aro 128.

Aru pendijem 206.

Assang 136.

Avemadjan 24.

Badir 198.

Badjang 159.

Bako no.

Balut 415.

Bamitoh 36.

Banko 306.

Barauw 144.

Batang buro 206.

Battu-ulu 209.

Bau tanduk 26.

Bebras 157.

Behau 98.
Belut 414.
Benter 188.
Bentulu 209.
Bettet 1 06.
Bidju bana 23.
Bihee 196.
Bmir 349.
Bokong 209.
Borokong 209.
Brek 194.
Buleng 24.
Bulu-bulu 200.
Bunghut punduk 157.
Bunter 188.
Dalang Ong 89.
Dehat 4.
Dgkat 36.
Dekbt ok 4.
Djadjuo 87.
Djedjet 233.
Djeladje 97.
Djelawat 97.
Djeledjer 97.
Djeler 30, 41.
Djeller 26.

i) As in Java the three languages: Javanese, sundanese and malay are spoken,
we have accordingly placed behind the indigenous names (Malay.), (Sundan.) or
(Javan.). In naming a fish the malay people use as a rule "ikan" = fish before
the special name. In most cases we have omitted "ikan".

420

Djohar 88.

Djolli 159.

Dokkum 180.

Dungan 144, 147.

Fidjan 17.

Gadi 144.

Gadis 149.

Gadji 150.

Gallengang 77.

Garin 149.

Gating 150, 151.

Gatata 206.

Gegareng 152.

Genggehe 157.

Genggehek, Genggehek 109, 196.

Getjuban 23.

Halap 196.

Halap dua 196.

Hambal 144.

Hampal 144, 150.

Hampalong 144.

Hanja 197.

Hwan (Chinese) 112.

Iblab 196.

Ikan arong arong 126.

Ikan bambahan 157.

Ikan bangalan 200.

Ikan boulat 342.

Ikan denong 247.

Ikan depeq 65.

Ikan ili 13.

Ikan itam 211.

Ikan kadis 182.

Ikan kadjong 132.

Ikan Tas 64.

Ikan lumoh 123.

Ikan lummu pakkoh lor.

Ikan mas 138.

Ikan mendulah 209.

Ikan mielim 113.

Ikan pingan 123.

Ikan relo 65.

Ikan skuoro 40.

Ikan teri 57.

Kabarouw 144.

Kaduan 185.

Kantjgra 151.

Kapas Kapas 101.

Kapyah 109.

Kawan 185.

Kgdukul 51.

Ke Kapas 101.

Kglabau 129.

Kelabo 129.

Kelen gadis 149.

Ke'pe'ras 185.

Kepiat 179, 202.

Kepras 116.

KStapang 17.

Ketipit 4.

Keureuteng 152.

Kili kili buaja 26.

Kudjem 116, 118.

Ladu 263, 386.

Lahat 223.

Lalang 47, 51.

Lalawak 109, 157, 164, 196, 198,

204.

Lamba 114.
Lambah passir 116.
Lambak 114, 123.
Lampam 179.
Lampan 179.
Langli 24.
Languli 23.
Lara 251.

Lawak 109, 157, 164, 196, 198,204.
Lehat 136, 221, 222, 223.
Leket 4.
Lelangli 24.
Lelawah 163.
Lemak 97.
Le'mpem 179.
Lindung 414.
Ling (Chinese) 102.
Lokas 1 1 6.
Lomopoko 123.
Lubang 247.
Lucas 213, 215.
Lukas 177, 196, 233, 234.

421

Lukui 88.

Luma 114.

Lumbut i or.

Lundjar 194.

Lundjor pari 51.

Luntjar andong 62.

Luntjar pareh 62.

Ma 115.

Majong 255.

Manglong 255.

Mangut 136.

Marotja 194.

Marotjotja 194.

Masik 115.

Mas kumpai 102.

Matjan 23.

Mengaling 248.

Mentulu 209.

Mepa 132.

Mera mato 130.

Millang 221, 222, 223.

Millem 116, 117, 132, 136, 211.

Modjok 221, 222.

Monto 136.

Movva 247, 251.

Navia 259.

Nilem 116.

Nillem, Nillem 132, 136.

Njapau 151.

Njarem 150.

Oiling 251.

Padak 151.

Palau 132.

Palau bujap 131.

Palong 136.

Palouw 136.

Palung 144.

Pampan 356.

Pantao 62.

Parai 62, 77.

Parang parang 54.

Pasa 218.

Pa was 136.

Pa was korbao 136.

Pedang Laran 234.

Pekkiseh 194.

Penjopa 132.

Penjuar 89.

Pgnopa 136.

Pgro 26.

Pidjen 149.

Piit 134.

Pojo 161, 164.

Polittah 144.

Pompa 356.

Pontong kanjot 206.

Puhing 164.

Pujan 1 88.

Putje-Kanipa 255, 256, 257.

Putjuk-Kirai 417.

Redang 157.

Regis 136, 196.

Remang 256.

Repang, Repang 51, 131.

Repasson 161.

Ridi 206.

Ringan 123.

Roar .248.

Sabaju 144.

Sakka 164.

Salusur 10, 15, 18.

Sanggan 200.

Santran 209.

Sawali lasavun 398.

Sawali luntjah 251.

Sebaro lalas 146.

Sgbetelo 67.

Sebrok 130.

Sekelut 5.

Sgkojok 26.

Seku 24.

Selessur 231.

Selimang 231.

Seluang 51, 62, 78, 222.

Seluang maram 184.

Seluwang 63, 67, 130.

Seluwang howong 67, 227.

Semah 151.

Semumul 106.

Sengkareng 152.

422

Sepadak 188.

Seren 164.

Sereni 30.

Serowot 26, 30, 32, 33.

Siaja 165.

Sidat 251.

Sihitam 211.

Silap 151.

Sisik-milik 194.

Sisi-samping 32.

Siwali 341.

Soro 149, 151.

Sunnow 1 88.

Sutjo 144.

Tambra 102, 150, 152.

Tambra mas 102, 103.

Tanah 188.

Tapat 4.

TawSs 198.

Teban galang 106.

TSbulit 215.

Tekla 150.

Telure 225.

Tenadak mera 179.

Teridi angus 206.

Tesiot 17.

Tewaring 188.

Tiam 214.

Tilan laut 256.

Timatima 54.

Tindjankassik 321.

Tiworo 1 1 6.

Tjahul 177.

Tjakkul 159.

Tjetjerreh 77.

Tjettjereh 62.

Tjipo 202.

Totodi 263.

Tulum 227.

Tulum 233.

Turap-hawu 196.

Turiq 160.

Turu behaw 198.

Turub hawu 198.

Udjah 223.

Ukau 229.

Umbu-Umbu 116.

Utjeng 41.

Utoi 350.

Wader 88, 116, 144, 149, 151, 159,

164, 177, 190, 194, 196, 209.
WadSr etjo 109.
Wader merah 196.
Wad£r padi 62.
Wader pari 51.
Wader tjakul 188.
Wadon 196.
Wadon gunung 116, 117, 209,

213, 221.
Wadonon 194.
Welut 414.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

OF

GENERA AND SPECIES.

abbreviata, Moringua 337, 341.
abbreviates, Aphthalmichthys 341.
Abramidinae 44.
Acanthophthalmus 22, 30.
Acanthophthalmus anguillaris, 31,

34, 35-
Acanthophthalmus borneensis 31,

34-

Acanthophthalmus fasciatus 33.
Acanthophthalmus javanicus 31.
Acanthophthalmus kuhli 31, 33.
Acanthophthalmus lorentzi 30,31,

32-

Acanthophthalmus pangia 31.
Acanthophthalmus shelfordi 31,32.
Acanthophthalmus vermicularis 31,

34-

Acanthopsis 21, 24.
Acanthopsis biaculeata 25.
Acanthopsis choerorhynchtis 26.
Acanthopsis choirorhynchus 25.
Acanthopsis dialyzona 25.
Acanthopsis macrorhynchus 26.
Achirophichthys 313, 315, 316.
Achirophichthys kampeni 316.
Achirophichthys typus 316, 317.
acutirostris, Eurymyctera 377.
acutirostris, Ichthyapus 320.
acutirostris, Lycodontis 376.
acutirostris, Muraena 376.
acutirostris, Muraenichthys 275,

279.

afer, Gymnothorax 386.
afra, Muraena 367, 386.
Agassizi, Gymnothorax 376.
Agassizi, Muraena 376.
Alabes 411.
alba, Muraena 413.
albimarginata, Muraena 385.
albimarginatus, Gymnothorax 385.
albolineata, Brachydanio 85.
albolineata, Danio 84, 85.
albolineata, Nuria 85.
Albulichthys 93, 106.
Albulichthys albuloides 106, 107.
albuloides, Albulichthys 106, 107.
albuloides, Systomus 107.
albus, Monopterus 412, 413.
allardicei, Anarchias 395.
allardicei, Muraena 395.
alternans, Ophisurus 286.
altior, Rasborichthys 55.
altipinnis, Conger 259.
altipinnis, Microdonophis 308.
altipinnis, Muraenopsis 308.
altipinnis, Ophichthys 302, 308.
altipinnis, Ophisurus 308.
altus, Amblyrhynchichthys 104,

105, 106.

amblycephalus, Barbodes 195.
amblycephalus, Barbus 195.
amblycephalus, Puntius 195.
amblycephalus, Systomus 195.
amblyodon, Echidna 345, 351.

424

amblyodon, Muraena 350, 351.
Amblyrhynchichthys, 93, 104.
Amblyrhynchichthys altus 104,

105, 106.

Amblyrhynchichthys truncatus 105.
amblyrhynchus, Barbodes 204.
amblyrhynchus, Barbus 204.
amblyrhynchus, Puntius 173, 204.
amboinensis, Anguilla 247.
amboinensis, Ophichthys 311, 312.
ambonensis, Rhinomuraena 353,

354-

ampalong, Barbus 145.
ampalong, Capoeta 145.
ampalong, Hampala 144, 145.
amphisquamata,Homaloptera8, 12.
anago, Conger 262.
anago, Congrellus 260, 261, 262.
anago, Congromuraena 263.
anagoides, Conger 262.
anagoides, Congromuraena 262.
anagoides, Ophisoma 262.
Anarchias 392.
Anarchias allardicei 395.
anchisporus, Barbus 190.
anchisponts, Puntius 172, 190.
aneitensis, Anguilla 247.
Anematichthys 155.
Anematichthys apogon 156.
Anematichthys apogonides 156.
Anematichthys janthochir 158.
Anguilla 242, 243, 398, 399.
Anguilla amboinensis 247.
Anguilla aneitensis 247.
Anguilla aracana 244.
Anguilla aucklandi 247.
Anguilla australis 244, 249.
Anguilla bengalensis 244, 246.
Anguilla bicolor 250.
Anguilla bleekeri 250.
Anguilla brevirostris 244.
Anguilla cantori 250.
Anguilla celebesensis 243, 244, 247.
Anguilla delalandi 247.
Anguilla dussumieri 249.

Anguilla elphinstonei 243, 244, 245.
Anguilla fidjiensis 245.
Anguilla johannae 245.
Anguilla labiata 245.
Anguilla labrosa 245.
Anguilla latirostris 247.
Anguilla macrocephala 250.
Anguilla malabarica 250.
Anguilla malgumora 243, 248, 249.
Anguilla marmorata 250.
Anguilla mauritiana 243, 245.
Anguilla megastoma 247.
Anguilla moa 250.
Anguilla mowa 249, 250.
Anguilla nebulosa 244.
Anguilla obscura 247.
Anguilla otaheitensis 247.
Anguilla sidat 250.
Anguilla spengeli 244, 249.
Anguilla variegata 244.
Anguilla virescens 250.
anguillaris, Acanthophthalmus 31,

34, 35-

Anguillidae 241, 242.
Anguisurus punctulatus 320.
angusticauda, Muraena 388, 399.
angusticauda, Priodonophis 388,

389-

annulata, Muraena 285.
anomalurus, Chela 52.
anomalurus, Oxygaster 52.
aoki, Muraenichthys 280.
Aperioptus megalomycter 237,

239-

Aperioptus pictorius 238.
Aphthalmichthys 337.
Aphthalmichthys abbreviatus 341.
Aphthalmichthys intermedius 342.
Aphthalmichthys javanicus 342.
Aphthalmichthys macrocephalus

34i.

aphya, Barbus 175.
aphya, Puntius 171, 175.
apicalis, Ophichthys 302, 305.
apicalis, Ophisurus 305.

425

Apodes 240, 398.
apogon, Anematichthys 156.
apogon, Barbus 156.
apogon, Cyclocheilichthys 155, 156.
apogon, Systomus 156.
apogonides, Anematichthys 156.
apogonoides, Systomus 156.
arabica, Muraena 253.
aracana, Anguilla 244.
arenata, Thyrsoidea 365.
argyrotaenia, Leuciscus 61.
argyrotaenia, Opsarius 61.
argyrotaenia, Rasbora 59, 61, 63.
armatus, Barbus 163, 164.
armatus, Cyclocheilichthys 155,

163-

Artedii, Rohita 135.
aucklandi, Anguilla 247.
auratus, Carassius 103.
auratus, Cyprinus 103.
australis, Anguilla 244, 249.
australis, Muraena 250.
australis, Muraenichthys 277.
Avocettina 327, 333.
Avocettina elongata 334.
Avocettina infans 333, 334.
baccidens, Ophisurus 300.
bagio, Conger 254.
bagio, Muraena 253.
bagio, Muraenesox 254.
Balantiocheilus 94, 205.
Balantiocheilus melanopterus 205,

206.

Balitora erythrorhina 17.
Balitora ocellata 10.
Balitora pavonina 18.
bangko, Centrurophis 305.
bangko, Ophisurus 305.
bankanensis, Leuciscus 69.
bankanensis, Rasbora 60, 69.
banko, Ophichthys 305.
barbatuloides, Cobitis 43.
barbatuloides, Misgurnus 43.
Barbichthys, 94, 207.
Barbichthys laevis 207, 208.

Barbichthys laevis var. sumatranus

208.

Barbini 201.

Barbodes amblycephalus 195.
Barbodes amblyrhynchus 204.
Barbodes belinka 177.
Barbodes binotatus 187.
Barbodes bramoides 195.
Barbodes bunter 204.
Barbodes carassioides 204.
Barbodes erythropterus 195.
Barbodes fasciatus 184.
Barbodes gonionotus 197.
Barbodes goniosoma 187.
Barbodes hexazona 181.
Barbodes Huguenini 193.
Barbodes hypselonotus 195.
Barbodes javanicus 197.
Barbodes koilometopon 197, 198.
Barbodes lateristriga 179.
Barbodes macrophthalmus 195.
Barbodes maculatus 187.
Barbodes marginatus 108.
Barbodes obtusirostris 109, 204.
Barbodes pentazona 182.
Barbodes platysoma 189.
Barbodes rubripinna, rubripinnis

194.

Barbodes Schvvanefeldi 178.
Barbodes tetrazona 183.
Barbus 120, 236.
Barbus amblycephalus 195.
Barbus amblyrhynchus 204.
Barbus ampalong 145.
Barbus anchisporus 190.
Barbus aphya 175.
Barbus apogon 156.
Barbus armatus 163, 164.
Barbus belinka 177.
Barbus binotatus 186, 189.
Barbus blitonensis 187.
Barbus boulengeri 196, 197.
Barbus brachynemus 208.
Barbus bramoides 195.
Barbus brevis 176.

426

Barbus bulu 199.

Barbus bunter 204.

Barbus carassioides 204.

Barbus collingwoodii 196.

Barbus deventeri 162.

Barbus de Zwaani 159.

Barbus douronensis 150.

Barbus Dukai 168.

Barbus elongatus 191.

Barbus enoplos 158, 167.

Barbus erythropterus 195.

Barbus Everetti 180.

Barbus fasciatus 184.

Barbus Fowlerii 162.

Barbus gardonides 193.

Barbus gobioformis 235.

Barbus gobioides 208.

Barbus gonionotus 197.

Barbus goniosoma 187.

Barbus hampal 144.

Barbus hampal var. bifasciata

i44, 145-

Barbus hampal var. bimaculata 146.
Barbus Hasseltii 224.
Barbus heteronema 156.
Barbus hexazona 181.
Barbus Hoevenii 96.
Barbus Hosii 98.
Barbus huguenini 193.
Barbus hypselonotus 195.
Barbus ivis 187.
Barbus janthochir 158.
Barbus javanicus 197, 198.
Barbus kalopterus 230.
Barbus koilometopon 197, 198.
Barbus kusanensis 187.
Barbus laevis 208.
Barbus lateristriga 179.
Barbus lawak 203.
Barbus liacanthus 176.
Barbus lineatus 162.
Barbus macracanthus 158.
Barbus macrolepidota 144.
Barbus macrophthalmus 195.
Barbus maculatus 186, 191.

Barbus maculatus v. hagenii 187.

Barbus marginatus 108.

Barbus melanopterus 206.

Barbus microlepis 100.

Barbus microps 186.

Barbus obtusirostris 108, 204.

Barbus oligolepis 174.

Barbus oresigenes 186.

Barbus orphoides 194.

Barbus palavanensis 187, 189.

Barbus pentazona 182.

Barbus platysoma 189.

Barbus podonemus 87.

Barbus polyspilos 187.

Barbus proctozysron 200.

Barbus repasson 159, 160, 164.

Barbus rubripinna 193.

Barbus rubripinnis 194.

Barbus sarananella 194.

Barbus schwanefeldi 177, 178.

Barbus Schwanefeldi var. rubra 178.

Barbus setigerus 87.

Barbus siaja 165.

Barbus soro 148.

Barbus soro'ides 168.

Barbus strigatus 192, 196, 197.

Barbus sumatranus 191.

Barbus taeniopterus 208.

Barbus tambra 150, 152.

Barbus tambroides 150.

Barbus tetrazona 183.

Barbus truncatus 105.

Barbus Valenciennesi 163, 164.

Barbus vittatus 205.

Barbus waandersi 200.

Barbus wadon 195.

Barynotus 93, 119.

Barynotus lagensis 119, 120.

Barynotus microlepis 120.

Bathycongrus 261.

batuensis, Gymnothorax 374.

batuensis, Muraena 374.

beam, Serrivomer 332.

belinka, Barbodes 177.

belinka, Barbus 177.

427

belinka, Puntius 170, 171, 177.
belinka, Systomus 177.
bellus, Osteochilus 125, 134.
Belonopsis Leuchtenbergii 330.
bengalensis, Anguilla 244, 246.
bengalensis, Muraena 244.
bengalensis, Muraenesox 253.
bengalensis, Ophisternon 416.
bengalensis, Symbranchus, Syn-

branchus 416.

Bernsteini, Muraenopsis 304.
bernsteini, Ophichthys 302, 304.
biaculeata, Acanthopsis 25.
bicolor, Anguilla 250.
bicolor, Lamnostoma 323.
bicolor, Moringua 337, 338.
bicolor, Sphagebranchus 319, 323.
bicornis, Paracrossochilus 227.
bifasciata var. of Barbus hampal

144.

bilineata, Homaloptera 15, 17.
bimaculata, Kampala 144, 146.
bimaculata var. of Barbus hampal

146.

binotatus, Barbodes 187.
binotatus, Barbus 186, 189.
binotatus, Puntius 172, 186, 188,

204.

bleekeri, Anguilla 250.
Bleekeri, Enchelynassa 390.
Bleekeri, Gymnothorax 390.
bleekeri, Muraena 391.
bleekeri, Ophichthys 307.
blitonensis, Barbus 187.
Blochi, Gymnothorax 376.
Blochii, Muraena 376.
bo, Tylognathus 220, 221.
Bonapartei, Ophisurus 303.
bonaparti, Ophichthys 301, 303.
Bonaparti, Poecilocephalus 303.
borneensis, Acanthophthahnus 31,

34-

borneensis, Discognathus 228.
borneensis, Garra 228.
borneensis, Gastromyzon 3.

borneensis, Osteochilus 125, 126.
borneensis, Rasbora 61.
borneensis, Rohita 126.
boro, Ophichthys 297.
boro, Ophisurus 297.
boro, Pisoodonophis 296, 297.
boschi, Gymnothorax 363, 386.
boschi, Muraena 363, 386.
Botia 21, 22.

Botia hymenophysa 22, 23, 24.
Botia macracanthus 23.
boulengeri, Barbus 196, 197.
Brachydanio 85.
Brachydanio albolineata 85.
brachynemus, Barbus 208.
brachynotopterus, Osteochilus 125,

134.

brachynotopterus, Rohita 134.
brachysoma, Ophisurus 300.
brachysoma, Pisoodonophis 300.
Brachysomophides 313.
Brachysomophis 281, 313, 314.
Brachysomophis cirrhochilus 313,

Brachysomophis crocodilinus 314.
Brachysomophis horridus 314.
Brachysomophis kampeni 316.
Brachysomophis typus 316, 317.
bramoides, Barbodes 195.
bramoides, Barbus 195.
bramoides, Puntius 173, 195.
bramoides, Systomus 195.
braueri, Uroconger 265, 266.
breitensteini, Parachela 57.
brevicauda, Osteochilus 126, 138.
breviceps, Cirrhina 238.
breviceps, Muraenichthys 276.
breviceps, Ophiurus 309.
brevidorsalis, Synaphobranchus

335-

brevirostris, Anguilla 244.
brevis, Barbus 176.
brevis, Capoeta 176.
brevis, Puntius 170, 171, 176.
brevis, Systomus 176.

428

broekmeyeri, Ophichthys 311, 312.
broekmeyeri, Ophisurus 311.
brummeri, Muraena 359.
Brummeri, Pseudechidna 359.
brummeri, Strophidon 359.
Buchanan!, Rasbora 61.
buitendijki, Neenchelys 268.
bullata, Muraena 376.
bullata, Thyrsoidea 376.
bullatus, Gymnothorax 376.
bulu, Barbus 199.
bulu, Puntius 173, 199.
bulu, Systomus 199.
bunter, Barbodes 204.
bunter, Barbus 204.
bunter, Puntius 173, 204.
bunter, Systomus 204.
buroensis, Gymnothorax 367.
buroensis, Muraena 367, 368.
caligans, Macrotrema 415.
caligans, Ophisternon 415.
caligans, Symbranchus, Synbran-

chus 415.

Callechelys 280, 286, 287.
Callechelys filaria 288, 290.
Callechelys luteus 289.
Callechelys marmoratus 287, 288.
Callechelys melanotaenia 288, 289.
Callechelys sibogae 287, 288.
calliura, Rasbora 67, 68.
callopterus, Epalzeorhynchus 230
cancellata, Muraena 376.
cancellata, Thyrsoidea 376.
cancellatus, Gymnothorax 376.
cancrivorus, Ophichthys 300.
cancrivorus, Ophisurus 300.
cancrivorus, Pisoodonophis 296,

300.

canina, Enchelynassa 390.
canina, Muraena 390.
caninus, Gymnothorax 390.
cantori, Anguilla 250.
Capoeta ampalong 145.
Capoeta brevis 176.
Capoeta Deventeri 162.

Capoeta enoplos 165, 167.
Capoeta javanica 176.
Capoeta leiacanthus 176.
Capoeta macrolepidota 143.
Capoeta microlepis 120.
Capoeta oligolepis 173.
Capoeta padangensis no.
Capoeta sumatranus 191.
Capoeta tetrazona 191.
carassioides, Barbodes 204.
carassioides, Barbus 204.
carassioides, Puntius 173, 204.
carassioides, Systomus 204.
Carassius 93, 102.
Carassius auratus 103.
carpio, Cyprinus 102.
Carpio flavipinna 102.
carpio var. flavipinnis, Cyprinus

101, 102.

catenata, Muraena 371.
caudatus, Ophisurus 297.
caudimaculata, Rasbora 67.
celebesensis, Anguilla 243, 244, 247.
celebesensis, Muraena 247.
celebicus, Ophichthys 303, 311,312.
celebicus, Ophisurus 311.
Centrurophis bangko 305.
Centrurophis macrochir 306.
Centrurophis spadiceus 303, 305.
cephalotaenia, Leuciscus 74.
cephalotaenia, Rasbora 59, 60, 74.
cephalozona, Ophichthys 302, 303.
ceramensis, Gymnothorax 383.
ceramensis, Leptocephalus 408.
ceramensis, Muraena 383.
ceramensis, Thyrsoidea 383.
Cercomitus 327.
Cercomitus flagellifer 328.
ceylonensis, Eustira 48.
chalazius, Gymnothorax 368.
cheilopogon, Ophisurus 293.
Chela 45, 50, 57.
Chela anomalurus 52.
Chela hypophthalmus 51, 52.
Chela laubuca 48.

429

Chela macrochir 54.
Chela megalolepis 51.
Chela oxygaster 51, 52.
Chela oxygastroides 51.
chilopogon, Cirrhimuraena 291,

293.

chilopogon, Ophichthys 293.
Chilorhinus 272.
chilospila,chilospilus,Gymnothorax

362, 379-
chilospila, chilospilus, Muraena

362, 379-
chinensis, Cirrhimuraena 290, 291,

292, 293.

chinensis, Ophichthys 292.
Chlevastes 283, 285.
Chlevastes colubrinus 285.
Chlevastes elaps 286.
Chlevastes fasciatus 286.
Chlopsis 398.

chlorostigma, Gymnothorax 367.
chlorostigma, Muraena 367.
chlorostigma, Thyrsoidea 367.
choerorhynchus, Acanthopsis 26.
choirorhynchus, Acanthopsis 25.
choirorhynchus, Cobitis 26.
Chondrostoma lipocheilos 220.
chrysolaimos, Cobitis 40.
chrysophekadion, Labeo 210.
chrysophekadion, Morulius 210.
Chrysophekadion polyporos 210.
chrysophekadion, Rohita 210.
chrysospilos, Ophisurus 303.
cinerea, Muraena 253.
cinereus, Conger 257, 258.
cinereus, Monopterus 413.
cinereus, Muraenesox 253.
Cirrhimuraena 281, 290, 291.
Cirrhimuraena chilopogon 291, 293.
Cirrhimuraena chinensis 290, 291,

292, 293.

Cirrhimuraena polyodon 292.
Cirrhimuraena tapeinopterus 291.
Cirrhina breviceps 238.
cirrhocheilos, Ophisurus 315.

cirrhochilus, Brachysomophis 313,

3H, 3i5-

cirrhochilus, Ophichthys 315.
Cobitichthys 43.
Cobitidae i, 21, 237.
Cobitis barbatuloides 43.
Cobitis choirorhynchus 26.
Cobitis chrysolaimos 40.
cobitis, Crossocheilichthys 234.
cobitis, Crossochilus 232, 234.
Cobitis fasciata 40.
Cobitis Hasselti 29.
Cobitis hymenophysa 24.
Cobitis Jaklesi 40.
Cobitis Kuhlii 33.
cobitis, Lobocheilos 234.
Cobitis macracanthus 23.
Cobitis macrochir 29.
Cobitis macrorhynchus 26.
Cobitis oblonga 31.
Cobitis octocirrhus 29.
Cobitis pangia 31.
Cobitis Pfeifferi 40.
Cobitis suborbitalis 40.
cobra, Ophichthys 294.
Coecilophis compar 305.
Coecula mindora 322.
collingwoodi, Barbus 196.
collingwoodi, Puntius 173, 196.
colubrina, Muraena 285, 372.
colubrina, Thyrsoidea 373.
colubrinus, Chlevastes 285.
colubrinus, Leiuranus 294.
colubrinus, Myrichthys 285.
colubrinus, Ophichthys 286.
colubrinus, Ophisurus 286.
compar, Coecilophis 305.
compar, Ophisurus 305.
concolor, Gymnomuraena 393, 395.
concolor, Uropterygius 395.
Conger 252, 257, 258, 398.
Conger altipinnis 259.
Conger anago 262.
Conger anagoides 262.
Conger bagio 254.

430

Conger cinereus 257, 258.
Conger conger 258, 259.
conger, Conger 258, 259.
Conger habenata 264.
Conger hamo 254.
Conger lepturus 265.
Conger longirostris 253.
Conger marginatus 259.
conger, Muraena 259.
Conger neoguinaicus 263.
Conger Noordzieki 259.
Conger oxyrhynchus 253.
Conger singapurensis 254.
Conger talabon 255.
Conger talabonoides 256.
Conger talabou 255.
Conger vulgaris 259.
Congermuraena 260.
Congermuraena neoguinaica 263.
congeroides, Muraena 366.
Congrellus 252, 260, 261, 408.
Congrellus anago 260, 261, 262.
Congrellus neoguinaicus 261, 263.
Congrellus roosendaali 261.
Congridae 241, 251.
Congromuraena 260, 398.
Congromuraena anago 263.
Congromuraena anagoides 262.
Congrus tricuspidatus 254.
Cosmochilus 93, 141.
Cosmochilus falcifer 141, 142.
crocodilinus, Brachysomophis 314.
crocodilinus, Ophichthys 314.
crocodilinus, Ophisurus 314.
Crossocheilichthys cobitis 234.
Crossocheilichthys Langei 234.
Crossochilus 95, 231.
Crossochilus cobitis 232, 234.
Crossochilus gnathopogon 91, 231,

232, 233.

Crossochilus langei 232, 234.
Crossochilus langii 234.
Crossochilus oblongus 232.
Crossochilus oblongus var. nigri-

loba 232.

Crossochilus vittatus 227.
crudelis, Eurymyctera 366.
crudelis, Gymnothorax 366.
Cryptophthalmus robustus 414.
Ctenopharyngodon 93, no.
Ctenopharyngodon idellus in.
Ctenopharyngodon laticeps in.
cuvieri, Dangila 113, 115, 117.
cyanomelas, Rohita 210.
cyanotaenia, Leuciscus 61.
Cyclocheilichthys 94, 153, 155.
Cyclocheilichthys apogon 155, 156.
Cyclocheilichthys armatus 155, 163.
Cyclocheilichthys deventeri 155,

162.
Cyclocheilichthys de Zwaani 155,

159-

Cyclocheilichthys enoplos 153, 155,

158.
Cyclocheilichthys heteronema 155,

i56.

Cyclocheilichthys janthochir 155,

157-

Cyclocheilichthys lineatus 155, 162.
Cyclocheilichthys macracanthus

is?-

Cyclocheilichthys macropus 165,

178.

Cyclocheilichthys megalops 155,

166.

Cyclocheilichthys microlepis 120.

Cyclocheilichthys repasson 153,

154, i55> l6°-
Cyclocheilichthys siaja 155, 165,

167.

Cyprinidae i, 43.
Cyprininae 44, 89.
Cyprinoidea i, 235.
Cyprinus 92, 101.
Cyprinus auratus 103.
Cyprinus carpio 102.
Cyprinus carpio var. flavipinnis

IOI, IO2.

Cyprinus danrica 83.
Cyprinus flavipinnis 102.

Cyprinus laubuca 48.
Gyrene festiva 118.
Gyrene ocellata 114.
Gyrene philippina 117.
Dalophis marmorata 288.
Dalophis misolensis 324.
Dalophis moluccensis 325.
Dalophis orientalis 321.
Dalophis polyophthalmus 320.
Dalophis rupelliae 373.
Dangila 92, 93, 112, 113.
Dangila cuvieri 113, 115, 117.
Dangila fasciata 113, 114.
Dangila festiva 113, 118.
Dangila festiva var. stercus-mus-

carum 118.
Dangila koedjem 116.
Dangila kuhli 113, 117.
Dangila leptocheila 115.
Dangila lipocheilus 118, 208.
Dangila microlepis 114.
Dangila ocellata 113, 114.
Dangila rosea 116.
Dangila spilurus 139.
Dangila sumatrana 113, 117.
Dangila taeniata 115.
Dangila urostigma 113.
daniconius, Rasbora 67, 72,

73, 75-

Danio 58, 84.
Danio albolineata 84, 85.
danrica, Cyprinus 83.
danrica, Esomus 83.
danrica, Nuria 83.
delalandi, Anguilla 247.
delicatula, Echidna 345, 350.
delicatulus, Poecilophis 350.
dentex, Leptocephalus 408.
detactus, Gymnothorax 379.
deventeri, Barbus 162.
Deventeri, Capoeta 162.
deventeri, Cyclocheilichthys 155,

162.

Deventeri, Siaja 162.
de Zwaani, Barbus 159.

de Zwaani, Cyclocheilichthys 155,

159-

dialyzona, Acanthopsis 25.

diepenhorsti, Ophichthys 305.

Diepenhorsti, Ophisurus 305.

Diplocheilichthys 215.

Diplocheilichthys pleurotaenia 215.

Diplocheilos erythropterus 212.

Diplocheilos lucas 212.

Diplocheilos rohitoides 214.

diplodon, Muraena 383.

Discognathus 95, 227,

Discognathus borneensis 228.

dizona, Muraena 346.

doliata, Gymnomuraena 346.

doriae, Eucirrhichthys 27.

dorsiocellata, Rasbora 60, 68.

douronensis, Barbus 150.

douronensis, Labeobarbus 148, 150.

Duivenbodei, Gymnothorax 367.

Duivenbodei, Duivenbodii, Mu-
raena 367.

Dukai, Barbus 168.

dukai, Lissochilus 168.

dusonensis, Leuciscus 61.

dusonensis, Rasbora 61.

dussumieri, Anguilla 249.

Echelidae 272.

Echelus microchir 273.

Echidna 343, 344, 345.

Echidna amblyodon 345, 351.

Echidna delicatula 345, 350.

echidna, Gymnothorax 348.

Echidna Kishinouyei 350.

Echidna leihala 347.

Echidna nebulosa 345, 348.

Echidna obscura 347.

Echidna polyzona 345, 346.

Echidna psalion 347.

Echidna rhodochilus 345, 350.

Echidna sauvagei 347.

Echidna tritor 347.

Echidna variegata 348.

Echidna vincta 347.

Echidna xanthospilus 345, 348.

432

Echidna zebra 344, 345.
Echidna zonata 347.
Echidna zonophaea 347.
Einthovenii, Leuciscus 72.
einthoveni, Rasbora 60, 72, 76.
elaps, Chlevastes 286.
Elapsopsis versicolor 312.
Elberti, Rasbora 76.
elegans, Rasbora 78.
Eleotris macrolepidota 73.
Ellopostoma 236.
Ellopostoma megalomycter 237,

239-

elongata, Avocettina 334.

elongatus, Barbus 191.
elongatus, Labichthys 334.
elongatus, Puntius 172, 191.
elphinstonei, Anguilla 243, 244,245.
Elxis 22, 35.
Elxis obesus 35, 36.
Enchelynassa 357, 390.
Enchelynassa Bleekeri 390.
Enchelynassa canina 390.
Enchelynassa vinolentus 390.
enneaporos, Rohita 131.
enoplos, Barbus 158, 167.
enoplos, Capoeta 165, 167.
enoplos, Cyclocheilichthys 153,

Epalzeorhynchus 95, 229.
Epalzeorhynchus callopterus 230.
Epalzeorhynchus kallopterus 229,

230.

ercodes, Gymnothorax 368.
eritima, Rhinamuraena 366.
eritima, Rhinechidna 366.
erythropterus, Barbodes 195.
erythropterus, Barbus 195.
erythropterus, Diplocheilos 212
erythropterus, Labeo 211, 212.
erythropterus, Puntius 195.
erythropterus, Systomus 195.
erythrorhina, Balitora 17.
erythorhina, Homaloptera 7, 8,

10, 17.

erythrura, Rohita 131.
Esomus, 58, 82.
Esomus danrica 83.
Esomus vittatus 83.
Eucirrhichthys 22, 26.
Eucirrhichthys doriae 27.
euepipterus, Nemacheilus 37.
euepipterus, Vaillantella 37.
eurosta, Lycodontis 367.
eurosta, Thyrsoidea 367.
eurostus, Gymnothorax 368.
eurychasma, Synbranchus 413.
Eurymyctera acutirostris 377.
Eurymyctera crudelis 366.
Eustira 47, 48.
Eustira ceylonensis 48.
Eustira Maassi 48, 49.
Evenchelys 354.
Evenchelys macrurus 355.
Eventognathi i.
Everetti, Barbus 180.
everetti, Nematabramis 46.
everetti, Puntius 172, 180.
everetti, Rasbora 61.
exodentata, Muraenesox 255.
exodon, Muraenesox 255.
falcifer, Cosmochilus 141, 142.
falcifer, Labeo 222.
falcifer, Lobocheilos 222.
falcifer, Tylognathus 219, 220, 222.
fasciata, Cobitis 40.
fasciata, Dangila 113, 114.
fasciata, Gymnomuraena 346.
fasciata, Homaloptera 9.
fasciata, Muraena 285.
fasciata var. of Rasbora volzi 66.
fasciatus, Acanthophthalmus 33.
fasciatus, Barbodes 184.
fasciatus, Barbus 184.
fasciatus, Chlevastes 286.
fasciatus, Nemachilus 39, 40, 42.
fasciatus, Ophisurus 286.
fasciatus, Pisoodonophis 286.
fasciatus, Poeciloconger 267.
fasciatus, Puntius 172, 184.

433

fasciatus, Systomus 184.
favaginea var. favaginea, Gymno-

thorax 363, 378.
favaginea var. favaginea, Muraena

363, 378.
favaginea var. isingteena, Gymno-

thorax 362, 378.
favaginea var. isingteena, Muraena

362, 379.

favagineus, Gymnothorax 377.
festiva, Cyrene nS.
festiva, Dangila 113, 118.
festiva var. stercus-muscarum,

Dangila 118.
fidjiensis, Anguilla 245.
filaria, Callechelys 288, 290.
filaria, Ophichthys 290.
nmbriata, Muraena 376.
nmbriata var. of Muraena undu-

lata 362, 377.

fimbriatus, Gymnothorax 376.
flagellifer, Cercomitus 328.
flaveola, Muraenophis 383.
flavimarginata, flavimarginatus,

Gymnothorax 361, 374.
flavimarginata, Muraena 361, 374.
flavipinna, Carpio 102.
flavipinnis, Cyprinus 102.
flavomarginata, Muraena 374.
flavomarginatus, Gymnothorax 374.
floresiana, Moringua 337, 340.
floresianus, Gymnothorax 383.
florisiana, Muraena 383.
formosa, Muraena 374.
formosus, Gymnothorax 374.
Fowlerii, Barbus 162.
fusca, Gymnomuraena 395.
Galaxias 239.
gardonides, Barbus 193.
Garra borneensis 228.
Gastromyzon 2.
Gastromyzon borneensis 3.
Gastromyzon monticola 3.
Gastromyzon nieuwenhuisi 3, 4.
Gilli, Labichthys 334.
INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES III.

gjellerupi,Sphagebranchus 319,326.
Glaniopsis 2, 5.
Glaniopsis hanitschi 5.
gnathopogon, Crossochilus 91, 231,

232, 233.

Gnathopogon javanicus 175.
Gobio javanicus 220.
Gobio microcephalus 222.
gobioformis, Barbus 235.
gobioformis, Pachystomus 235.
gobioides, Barbus 208.
Gobionichthys javanicus 220.
Gobionichthys lipocheilus 220.
Gobionichthys microcephalus 222.
gonionotus, Barbodes 197.
gonionotus, Barbus 197.
gonionotus, Puntius 197.
gonionotus, Systomus 197.
goniosoma, Barbodes 187.
goniosoma, Barbus 187.
goniosoma, Puntius 187.
goniosoma, Systomus 187.
gracilis, Muraena 370.
grisea, Muraena 383.
griseo-badia, Muraena 365, 367.
griseo-badia, Thyrsoidea 365.
griseo-badius, Gymnothorax 367.
guttatus, Perilampus 48.
gutturalis, Symbranchus 416.
gymnogaster, Homaloptera 8, n.
Gymnomuraena 344, 392, 393.
Gymnomuraena concolor 393, 395.
Gymnomuraena doliata 346.
Gymnomuraena fasciata 346.
Gymnomuraena fusca 395.
Gymnomuraena macrocephalus

393, 396-
Gymnomuraena marmorata 392,

393, 394, 396> 397-
Gymnomuraena microptera, mi-

cropterus 397.

Gymnomuraena pantherina 397.
Gymnomuraena tigrina 393, 396.
Gymnomuraena xanthoptera, xan-

thopterus 397.

28

434

Gymnomuraena zebra 346.
gymnopterus, Muraena 276.
gymnopterus, Muraenichthys 275,

276.

Gymnothorax 357, 360.
Gymnothorax afer 386.
Gymnothorax Agassizi 376.
Gymnothorax albimarginatus 385.
Gymnothorax batuensis 374.
Gymnothorax Bleekeri 390.
Gymnothorax Blochi 376.
Gymnothorax boschi 363, 386.
Gymnothorax bullatus 376.
Gymnothorax buroensis 367.
Gymnothorax cancellatus 376.
Gymnothorax caninus 390.
Gymnothorax ceramensis 383.
Gymnothorax chalazius 368.
Gymnothorax chilospila, chilospi-

lus 362, 379.

Gymnothorax chlorostigma 367.
Gymnothorax crudelis 366.
Gymnothorax detactus 379.
Gymnothorax Duivenbodei 367.
Gymnothorax echidna 348.
Gymnothorax ercodes 368.
Gymnothorax eurosttis 368.
Gymnothorax favaginea var. fava-

ginea 363, 378.
Gymnothorax favaginea var. ising-

teena 362, 378.
Gymnothorax favagineus 377.
Gymnothorax fimbriatus 376.
Gymnothorax flavimarginata, flavi-

marginatus 361, 374.
Gymnothorax flavomarginatus 374.
Gymnothorax floresianus 383.
Gymnothorax formosus 374.
Gymnothorax griseo-badius 367.
Gymnothorax hepatica, hepaticus

363, 385-

Gymnothorax indong 381.
Gymnothorax isingleenoides 376.
Gymnothorax isingteena 378.
Gymnothorax javanicus 374.

Gymnothorax laysanus 368.
Gymnothorax leucacme 372.
Gymnothorax leucostictus 368.
Gymnothorax lineatus 379.
Gymnothorax litus 363.
Gymnothorax macassariensis 377.
Gymnothorax maculaepinnis 386.
Gymnothorax makassariensis 384.
Gymnothorax margaritophora, mar-

garitophorus 362, 382.
Gymnothorax megapterus 359.
Gymnothorax melanospila, mela-

nospilos, melanospilus 362, 375.
Gymnothorax meleagris 361, 367.
Gymnothorax micropoecilus 363,

387.

Gymnothorax monochrous 368,386.
Gymnothorax Mullen 379.
Gymnothorax nebulosus 348.
Gymnothorax pantherinus 363.
Gymnothorax pardalis 357.
Gymnothorax pescadoris 375.
Gymnothorax petelli 361, 372.
Gymnothorax philippinus 384.
Gymnothorax picta, pictus 356,

360, 361, 363.
Gymnothorax polyophthalmus 363,

364-
Gymnothorax polyuranodon 361,

369, 394-

Gymnothorax prosopeion 365.
Gymnothorax pseudothyrsoidea,

^pseudothyrsoideus 362, 384.
Gymnothorax punctato-fasciata,

punctato-fasciatus 361, 371.
Gymnothorax reticularis 373, 388.
Gymnothorax reticulatus 388.
Gymnothorax rhodocephalus 374.
Gymnothorax richardsoni 362, 379,

383.

Gymnothorax ruppelli 361, 372.
Gymnothorax sagenodeta 377, 379.
Gymnothorax samalensis 379.
Gymnothorax schismatorhynchus

361, 366.

435

Gymnothorax scoliodon 383.
Gymnothorax stellatus 377.
Gymnothorax talofa 382.
Gymnothorax tesselatus 378.
Gymnothorax thalassopterus 374.
Gymnothorax thyrsoidea, thyrsoi-

deus 361, 365.

Gymnothorax tile 356, 361, 370.
Gymnothorax undulata var. fim-

briata 362, 377.

Gymnothorax undulata var. undu-
lata 363, 378.

Gymnothorax undulatus 377.
Gymnothorax venosus 383.
Gymnothorax vinolentus 390.
Gymnothorax waialuae 372.
Gymnothorax woodward! 372.
Gymnothorax zebra 345.
Gymnothorax zonipectis 360, 362,

381.
gymnotus, Muraenichthys 275,

276, 277.

Gyrinocheilus 44, 94, 224.
Gyrinocheilus pustulosus, 91, 224,

225.

habenata, Conger 264
hagenii var. of Barbus maculatus

188.

halmaherensis, Muraena 250.
hamiltoni, Muraenesox 253.
hamo, Conger 254.
hampal, Barbus 144.
hampal var. bifasciata, Barbus 144,

MS-

hampal var. bimaculata, Barbus 146.
Kampala 93, 143.
Kampala ampalong 144, 145.
Kampala bimaculata 144, 146.
Kampala macrolepidota 143, 146.
hanitschi, Glaniopsis 5.
harancha, Ophisurus 297.
harrisoni, Osteochilus 126, 139.
Hasseltii, Barbus 224.
Hasselti, Cobitis 29.
Hasseltii, Lepidocephalichthys 29.

hasselti, Lepidocephalus 28, 29.
Hasseltii, Lobocheilos 224.
hasselti, Osteochilus 124, 125, 135.
hasselti, Rohita 135.
hasselti, Tylognathus 220, 224.
hawaiiensis, Moringua 342.
helena, Muraena 346.
Helfrichii, Leuciscus 56.
helfrichi, Rasborichthys 55, 56.
Helgia modesta 9.
Helmichthys oculus 408.
Hemerorhinus 280, 281.
Hemerorhinus heyningi 281, 282.
hepatica, hepaticus, Gymnothorax

363, 385-

hepatica, Muraena 363, 385.
Heteroconger 272.
Heteroconger polyzona 271, 272.
Heterocongridae 241, 271.
heterolepis, Homaloptera 8, 12.
heteromorpha, Rasbora 61, 79.
heteronema, Barbus 156.
heteronema, Cyclocheilichthys 155,

156.

heteronema, Oxybarbus 156.
heteronema, Siaja 156.
heterorhynchos, Lobocheilos 218.
heterorhynchus, Schismatorhyn-

chus 216, 217, 218.
heterorhynchus, Tylognathus 218.
hexazona, Barbodes 181.
hexazona, Barbus 181.
hexazona, Puntius 172, 181.
heyningi, Hemerorhinus 281,282.
Heyningi, Sphagebranchus 282.
hispdius, Labeo 220.
hispidus, Lobocheilos 220.
hispidus, Tylognathus 220, 233.
Histiobranchus 334.
hjorti, Leptocephalus 402.
Hoevenii, Barbus 96.
hoeveni, Leptobarbus 96, 97.
hoevenii, Ophichthys 299.
Hoevenii, Ophisurus 299.
hoeveni, Pisoodonophis 296, 299.

436

Homaloptera, 2, 5, 6, 20.
Homaloptera amphisquamata, 8, 12.
Homaloptera bilineata 15, 17.
Homaloptera erythrorhina 7, 8,

10, 17.

Homaloptera fasciata 9.
Homaloptera gymnogaster 8, n.
Homaloptera heterolepis 8, 12.
Homaloptera javanica 14.
Homaloptera lepidogaster 8, 14.
Homaloptera microstoma 20.
Homaloptera modesta 9.
Homaloptera modiglianii 8, u.
Homaloptera ocellata 7, 10, 17.
Homaloptera ophiolepis 8, 15.
Homaloptera orthogoniata 8, 15.
Homaloptera pavonina 9, 17, 18.
Homaloptera polylepis 17.
Homaloptera salusur 17.
Homaloptera tate regani 9, 19.
Homaloptera Valenciennes! 10.
Homaloptera wassinki 7, 9, n.
Homaloptera whiteheadi 8, 13.
Homaloptera zollingeri 8, 14.
Homalopteridae i, 2.
Homalopteroides 7.
Homalopteroides wassinkii 9.
horridus, Brachysomophis 314,
Hosii, Barbus 98.
hosii, Leptobarbus 96, 98.
hosii, Rasbora 76.
Huguenini, Barbodes 193.
huguenini, Barbus 193.
huguenini, Puntius 172, 193.
Huguenini, Systomus 193.
huysmani, Muraenichthys 275, 278.
Huysmani, Sphagebranchus 278.
hymenophysa, Botia 22, 23, 24.
hymenophysa, Cobitis 24.
Hymenophysa MacClellandi 24.
Hymenophysa macracanthus 23.
Hyoprorus 398.
hypophthalmus, Chela 51, 52.
hypselonotus, Barbodes 195.
hypselonotus, Barbus 195.

hypselonotus, Puntius 195.
hypselonotus, Systomus 195.
hypselopterus, Ophichthys 296.
hypselopterus, Ophisurus 296.
hypselopterus, Pisoodonophis 296.
hypselosoma, Leptocephalichthys

408.

hypselosoma, Leptocephalus 408.
Ichthyapus acutirostris 320.
Ichthyophis micropterus 397,
Ichthyophis pantherinus 397.
Ichthyophis tigrinus 393.
idella, Leuciscus in.
idellus, Ctenopharyngodon in.
immaculatus, Symbranchus, Syn-

branchus 416.

indicus, Leptocephalus 399.
indong, Gymnothorax 381.
infans, Avocettina 333, 334.
infans, Labichthys 334.
infans, Nemichthys 334.
intermedius, Aphthalmichthys 342.
intermedius, Osteochilus 125, 134.
interrupta, Muraena 372.
isingleena, Muraena 378.
isingleena, Thyrsoidea 378.
isingleenoides, Gymnothorax 376.
isingleenoides, Muraena 376.
isingleenoides, Thyrsoidea 376.
isingteena, Gymnothorax 378.
isingteena, Muraena 376, 378.
isingteena var. of Muraena fava-

ginea 362, 379.
ivis, Barbus 187.
jacobsoni, Rasbora 60, 75.
Jaklesi, Cobitis 40.
Jaklesi, Nemacheilus 40.
janthochir, Anematichthys 158.
janthochir, Barbus 158.
janthochir, Cyclocheilichthys 155,

*57-

janthochir, Systomus 157
javanensis, Monopterus 413.
javanica, Capoeta 176.
javanica, Homaloptera 14.

437

javanica, Moringua 336, 337, 342.
javanica, Muraena 374.
javanicus, Acanthophthalmus 31.
javanicus, Aphthalmichthys 342.
javanicus, Barbodes 197.
javanicus, Barbus 197, 198.
javanicus, Gnathopogon 175.
javanicus, Gobio 220.
javanicus, Gobionichthys 220.
javanicus, Gymnothorax 374.
javanicus, Leptocephalus 409.
javanicus, Lobocheilus 220.
javanicus, Monopterus 413.
javanicus, Puntius 173, 197.
javanicus, Systomus 197.
jenkinsi, Synaphobranchus 335.
Jentinkii, Osteochilus 214.
johannae, Anguilla 245.
kahajanensis, Osteochilus 125, 130,

141.

kahajanensis, Rohita 130.
kailuae, Muraena 357.
kajanensis, Tylognathus 220, 221.
kallopterus, Epalzeorhynchus 229,

230.

kalochroma, Leuciscus 70.
kalochroma, Rasbora 60, 70.
kalopteruy, Barbus 230.
kampeni, Achirophichthys 316.
kampeni, Brachysomophis 316.
kappeni, Osteochilus 126, 137.
Kappenii, Rohita 137.
kauila, Muraena 358.
Kaupi, Lycodontis 376.
kaupi, Ophichthys 325.
kaupi, Sphagebranchus 319, 325.
Kaupi, Thyrsoidea 376.
kelabau, Osteochilus 125, 128.
Kishinouyei, Echidna 350.
klazingai, Sphagebranchus 3 1 9, 32 1 .
koedjem, Dangila 116.
koilo geneion, Rohita 210.
koilometopon, Barbodes 197, 198.
koilometopon, Barbus 197, 198.
koilometopon, Puntius 197, 198.

koilometopon, Systomus 197.
kuhli, Acanthophthalmus 31, 33.
kuhli, Dangila 113, 117.
Kuhli, Rohita 135.
Kuhlia marginata 73.
Kuhlii, Cobitis 33.
kuhlii, Osteochilus 135.
Kuhlii, Polyuranodon 369.
kusanensis, Barbus 187.
Labeo 90, 94, 209, 2 10, 2 1 1, 2 1 2, 238.
Labeo chrysophekadion 210.
Labeo erythropterus 211, 212.
Labeo falcifer 222.
Labeo hispidus 220.
Labeo lucas 212.
Labeo molitorella 211, 213.
Labeo oblongus 232.
Labeo pleurotaenia 211, 215.
Labeo rohitoides 90, 211, 21 2, 214.
Labeobarbus 94, 147.
Labeobarbus douronensis 148, 150.
Labeobarbus longipinnis 148, 149.
Labeobarbus soro 148, 149.
Labeobarbus tambra 147, 148, 152.
Labeobarbus tambroides 148, 150.
labiata, Anguilla 245.
Labichthys elongatus 334.
Labichthys Gilli 334.
Labichthys infans 334.
labrosa, Anguilla 245.
Lacepedii, Leiuranus 294.
laevis, Barbichthys 207, 208.
laevis var. sumatranus, Barbich-
thys 208.

laevis, Barbus 208.
laevis, Monopterus 413.
laevis, Unibranchapertura 413.
lagensis, Barynotus 119, 120.
Lamnostoma bicolor 323.
Lamnostoma pictum 321.
lampra, Muraena 358.
lanceolata, Muraenesox 255.
Langei, Crossocheilichthys 234.
langei, Crossochilus 232, 234.
langii, Crossochilus 234.

438

lateristriata, Rasbora 61.

lateristriata forma typica, Rasbora
60, 76.

lateristriata var. elegans, Rasbora
60, 78.

lateristriata var. sumatrana, Ras-
bora 60, 77.

lateristriata var. trifasciata, Rasbora
60, 78.

lateristriatus, Leuciscus 76.

lateristriga, Barbodes [79.

lateristriga, Barbus 179.

lateristriga, Puntius 172, 179, 181.

lateristriga, Systomus 179.

laticeps, Ctenopharyngodon in.

latirostris, Anguilla 247.

Laubuca 45, 47, 48.

laubuca, Chela 48.

laubuca, Cyprinus 48.

Laubuca laubuca 48.

laubuca, Laubuca 48.

laubuca, Leuciscus 48.

Laubuca maassi 49.

laubuca, Perilampus 48.

lawak, Barbus 203.

lawak, Puntius 173, 203.

lawak, Systomus 203.

laysana, Muraena 367.

laysanus, Gymnothorax 368.

lehat, Lobocheilos 222.

lehat, Tylognathus 220, 222.

leiacanthus, Capoeta 176.

leiacanthus, Puntius 176, 177.

leiacanthus, Systomus 176.

leihala, Echidna 347.

leiorhynchos, Rohita 135.

Leiuranus 281, 293.

Leiuranus colubrinus 294.

Leiuranus Lacepedii 294.

Leiuranus semicinctus 294.

Lepidocephalichthys 27.

Lepidocephalichthys Hasseltii 29.

Lepidocephalichthys pallens 28.

Lepidocephalus 22, 27, 239.

Lepidocephalus hasselti 28, 29.

Lepidocephalus macrochir 28, 29.
Lepidocephalus pallens 28.
lepidogaster, Homaloptera 8, 14.
Lepidoglanis 2.
Lepidoglanis monticola 3.
Leptobarbus, 92, 95.
Leptobarbus hoeveni 96, 97.
Leptobarbus hosii 96, 98.
Leptobarbus melanopterus 96, 97.
Leptobarbus melanotaenia 96, 97.
Leptocephali 240, 398, 399, 402,

408.
Leptocephalichthys hypselosoma

408.

Leptocephalus 242, 398, 401.
Leptocephalus ceramensis 408.
Leptocephalus dentex 408.
Leptocephalus hjorti 402.
Leptocephalus hypselosoma 408.
Leptocephalus indicus 399.
Leptocephalus javanicus 409.
Leptocephalus marginatus 259.
Leptocephalus mirabilis 406, 408.
Leptocephalus nystromi 259.
Leptocephalus peterseni 400, 401.
Leptocephalus Scheeli 404.
Leptocephalus schmidti 401.
Leptocephalus taenia 404.
Leptocephalus taenioides 408.
leptocheila, Dangila 115.
Leptorhyncus Leuchtenbergii 330.
leptosoma, Leuciscus 65.
leptosoma, Rasbora 59, 61,65,67.
lepturus, Conger 265.
lepturus, Uroconger 264, 265, 266.
leucacme, Gymnothorax 372.
Leuchtenbergii, Belonopsis 330.
Leuchtenbergii, Leptorhyncus 330.
Leuciscus argyrotaenia 61.
Leuciscus bankanensis 69.
Leuciscus cephalotaenia 74.
Leuciscus cyanotaenia 6r.
Leuciscus dusonensis 61.
Leuciscus Einthovenii 72.
Leuciscus Helfrichii 56.

439

Leuciscus idella in.
Leuciscus kalochroma 70.
Leuciscus lateristriatus 76.
Leuciscus laubuca 48.
Leuciscus leptosoma 65.
Leuciscus macrochirus 54.
Leuciscus molitorella 213.
Leuciscus oxygaster 52.
Leuciscus oxygastroides 51.
Leuciscus Schwenki 61.
Leuciscus sumatranus 77.
Leuciscus temminckii 238.
Leuciscus thynnoides 122.
Leuciscus trinema 86.
Leuciscus tschiliensis in.
Leuciscus uranoscopus 54.
leucostictus, Gymnothorax 368.
liacanthus, Barbus 176.
lineatus, Barbus 162.
lineatus, Cyclocheilichthys 155,162.
lineatus, Gymnothorax 379.
lipocheilos, Chondrostoma 220.
lipocheilus, Dangila 118, 208.
lipocheilus, Gobionichthys 220.
lipocheilus, Lobocheilus 220.
Lissochilus 94, 167.
Lissochilus dukai 168.
Lissochilus sumatranus 91, 167,

168, 169.

lita, Muraena 363.
literata, Lycodontis 370.
literata, Muraena 370.
literata, Strophidon 370.
litus, Gymnothorax 363.
Liuranus semicinctus 294.
lobocheilioides,Schismatorhynchus

218.

Lobocheilos cobitis 234.
Lobocheilos falcifer 222.
Lobocheilos Hasseltii 224.
Lobocheilos heterorhynchos 218.
Lobocheilos hispidus 220.
Lobocheilos lehat 222.
Lobocheilos lucas 212.
Lobocheilos microcephalus 222.

Lobocheilos pleurotaenia 215.
Lobocheilos rohitoides 214.
Lobocheilos Schwanefeldii 223.
Lobocheilus 218.
Lobocheilus javanicus 220.
Lobocheilus lipocheilus 220.
longipectoralis, Nemachilus 39.
longipinnis, Labeobarbus 148, 149.
longirostris, Conger 253.
longissima, Thyrsoidea 355.
lorentzi, Acanthophthalmus 30,

3', 32.

lucas, Diplocheilos 212.
lucas, Labeo 212.
lucas, Lobocheilos 212.
Luciosoma 58, 85.
Luciosoma Pellegrinii 89.
Luciosoma setigerum 86, 87.
Luciosoma spilopleura 86, 89.
Luciosoma trinema 86.
Luciosoma Weberii 88.
lumbricoidea, Moringua 339.
lumbricoides, Ophichthys 302, 310.
lumbricoides, Ophisurus 310.
lumbricoides, Pisoodonophis 310.
lumbricoides, Sphagebranchus 319,

324-

luteus, Callechelys 289.
Lycodontis acutirostris 376.
Lycodontis eurosta 367.
Lycodontis Kaupi 376.
Lycodontis literata 370.
Lycodontis margaritophorus 382.
Lycodontis parvibranchialis 367.
Lycodontis punctata 370.
Maassi, Eustira 48, 49.
maassi, Laubuca 49.
maassi, Vaillantella 37, 38.
macassariensis, Gymnothorax 377.
macassariensis, Muraena 384.
MacClellandi, Hymenophysa 24.
macclellandi, Ophichthys 303, 311.
MacClellandi, Ophisurus 311.
macclellandi, Pisoodonophis 311.
macracanthus, Barbus 158.

440

macracanthus, Botia 23.
macracanthus, Cobitis 23.
macracanthus, Cyclocheilichthys

158.

macracanthus, Hymenophysa 23.
macrocephala, Anguilla 250.
macrocephala, Moringua 337, 341.
macrocephalus, Aphthalmichthys

34i.
macrocephalus, Gymnomuraena

393, 396
macrocephalus, Rasbora 76, 77.

macrochir, Centrurophis 306.
macrochir, Chela 54.
macrochir, Cobitis 29.
macrochir, Lepidocephalus 28, 29.
macrochir, Moringua 337, 339.
macrochir, Ophichthys 302, 306.
macrochir, Ophisurus 306.
Macrochirichthys 45, 53.
Macrochirichthys macrochirus 54.
Macrochirichthys snyderi 54.
Macrochirichthys uranoscopus 54.
macrochirus, Leuciscus 54.
macrochirus, Macrochirichthys 54.
macrodon, Ophichthys 323.
macrodon, Sphagebranchus 319,

323-

macrolepidota, Barbus 144.
macrolepidota, Capoeta 143.
macrolepidota, Eleotris 73.
macrolepidota, Hampala 143, 146.
macrophthalmus, Barbodes 195.
macrophthalmus, Barbus 195.
macrophthalmus, Puntius 195.
macrophthalmus, Systomus 195.
macropterus, Muraenichthys 275,

276.
macropus, Cyclocheilichthys 165,

178.

macropus, Siaja 165, 178.
macrorhynchus, Acanthopsis 26.
macrorhynchus, Cobitis 26.
macrostomus, Muraenichthys 275,

278.

Macrotrema 412, 414.
Macrotrema caligans 415.
macrura, macrurus, Muraena 355.
macrura, Rhabdura 355.
macrurus, Evenchelys 355.
macrurus, Thyrsoidea 355.
maculaepinnis, Gymnothorax 386.
maculata, Muraena 244, 245.
maculata, Rasbora 70.
maculata, Strophidon 370.
maculatus, Barbodes 187.
rnaculatus, Barbus 186, 191.
maculatus v. hagenii, Barbus 187.
maculatus, Puntius 187.
maculatus, Systomus 187.
maculosa, Muraena 284.
maculosus, Myrichthys 283, 284.
maculosus, Ophichthys 284.
maculosus, Ophisurus 284.
maculosus, Pisoodonophis 284.
magnifica, Pisoodonophis 284.
magnificus, Myrichthys 284.
makassariensis, Gymnothorax 384.
malabarica, Anguilla 250.
malgumora, Anguilla 243, 248, 249.
malgumora, Muraena 249.
margaritophora, margaritophorus,

Gymnothorax 362, 382.
margaritophora, Muraena 362, 382.
margaritophorus, Lycodontis 382.
marginata, Kuhlia 73.
marginatus, Barbodes 108.
marginatus, Barbus 108.
marginatus, Conger 259.
marginatus, Leptocephalus 259.
marginatus, Muraenopsis 303.
marginatus, Mystacoleucus 108.
marginatus, Ophichthys 303.
marginatus, Systomus 108.
Markworti, Poecilocephalus 303.
marmorata, Anguilla 250.
marmorata, Dalophis 288.
marmorata, Gymnomuraena 392,

393, 394, 396, 397-
marmorata, Muraena 245.

marmoratus, Callechelys 287, 288.
marmoratus, Monopterus 413.
marmoratus, Ophichthys 289.
marmoratus, Sphagebranchus 288.
marmoratus, Uropterygius 395, 397.
mauritiana, Anguilla 243, 245.
mauritiana, Muraena 245.
Mearnsella 45.
megalolepis, Chela 51.
megalomycter, Aperioptus 237, 239.
megalomycter, Ellopostoma 237,

239-
megalops, Cyclocheilichthys 155,

166.

megapterus, Gymnothorax 359.
megastoma, Anguilla 247.
melanochir, Ophichthys 302, 308.
melanopleura,Osteochilus 125, 127.
melanopleura, Rohita 127.
melanopterus, Balantiocheilus 205,

206.

melanopterus, Barbus 206.
melanopterus, Leptobarbus 96, 97.
melanopterus, System us 206.
melanospila, melanospilos, mela-

nospilus, Gymnothorax 362, 375.
melanospila, melanospilus, Muraena

362, 375-

melanotaenia, Callechelys 288, 289.
melanotaenia, Leptobarbus 96, 97.
melanotaenia, Ophichthys 289.
meleagris, Gymnothorax 361, 367.
meleagris, Muraena 361, 367.
meleagris, Thyrsoidea 367.
microcephalus, Gobio 222.
microcephalus, Gobionichthys 222.
microcephalus, Lobocheilos 222.
microcephalus, Osteochilus 135.
microcephalus, Rohita 135.
microchir, Echelus 273.
microchir, Moringua 337, 338.
microchir, Paramyrus 273, 274.
Microdonophis altipinnis 308.
Microdonophispolyophthalmus307.
microlepis, Barbus 100.

microlepis, Barynotus 120.
microlepis, Capoeta 120.
microlepis, Cyclocheilichthys 120.
microlepis, Dangila 114.
microlepis, Rohtee 100.
microlepis, Rohteichthys 90, 99,1 oo.
microlepis, Siaja 120.
microlepis, Systomus 100.
microphthalmus, Tetrabranchus

416.
micropoecilus, Gymnothorax 363,

387.

micropoecilus, Muraena 363, 387.
microps, Barbus 186.
microps, Puntius 172, 186.
microptera, micropterus, Gymno-

muraena 397.

micropterus, Ichthyophis 397.
micropterus, Muraena 397.
micropterus, Pisoodonophis 296,

2.98.

micropterus, Uropterygius 397.
microspila, Muraena 376.
microstoma, Homaloptera 20.
microstoma, Parhomaloptera 20.
microstomus, Muraenichthys 276.
mindora, Coecula 322.
mindora, Sphagebranchus 319, 322.
minor, Muraena 388.
minor, Priodonophis 388.
mirabilis, Leptocephalus 406, 408.
Misgurnus' barbatuloides 43.
misolensis, Dalophis 324.
misolensis, Ophichthys 324.
misolensis, Sphagebranchus 319,

324,

moa, Anguilla 250.
moa, Muraena 250.
modesta, Helgia 9.
modesta, Homaloptera 9.
Modigliania papillosa 40, 41.
modiglianii, Homaloptera 8, n.
molendinaris, Muraena 346.
molitorella, Labeo 211, 213.
molitorella, Leuciscus 213.

442

moluccensis, Dalophis 325.
moluccensis, Muraena 388, 390.
moluccensis, Ophichthys 325.
moluccensis, Pisoodonophis 300.
moluccensis, Priodonophis 388, 390.
moluccensis, Sphagebranchus 319,

325-
monochrous, Gymnothorax 368,

386.

monochrous, Muraena 386.
Monopterus 411, 412.
Monopterus albus 412, 413.
Monopterus cinereus 413.
Monopterus javanensis 413.
Monopterus javanicus 413.
Monopterus laevis 413.
Monopterus marmoratus 413.
Monopterus? xanthogaster 413.
monticola, Gastromyzon 3.
monticola, Lepidoglanis 3.
Moringua 337.

Moringua abbreviata 337, 341.
Moringua bicolor 337, 338.
Moringua floresiana 337, 340.
Moringua hawaiiensis 342.
Moringua javanica 336, 337, 342.
Moringua lumbricoidea 339.
Moringua macrocephala 337, 341.
Moringua macrochir 337, 339.
Moringua microchir 337, 338.
Moringua raitaborua 339.
Moringuidae 241, 336.
Morulius 210.

Morulius chrysophekadion 210.
mowa, Anguilla 249, 250.
Mulleri, Gymnothorax 379.
Mulleri, Muraena 379.
multifasciata, Thyrsoidea 383.
Muraena 344, 356, 357, 398.
Muraena acutirostris 376.
Muraena afra 367, 386.
Muraena Agassizi 376.
Muraena alba 413.
Muraena albimarginata 385.
Muraena allardicei 395.

Muraena amblyodon 350, 351.
Muraena angusticauda 388, 389.
Muraena annulata 285.
Muraena arabica 253.
Muraena australis 250.
Muraena bagio 253.
Muraena batuensis 374.
Muraena bengalensis 244.
Muraena bleekeri 391.
Muraena Blochii 376.
Muraena boschi 363, 386.
Muraena brummeri 359.
Muraena bullata 376.
Muraena buroensis 367, 368.
Muraena cancellata 376.
Muraena canina 390.
Muraena catenata 371.
Muraena celebesensis 247.
Muraena ceramensis 383.
Muraena chilospila, chilospilus,

362, 379-

Muraena chlorostigma 367.
Muraena cinerea 253.
Muraena colubrina 285, 372.
Muraena conger 259.
Muraena congeroides 366.
Muraena diplodon 383.
Muraena dizona 346.
Muraena Duivenbodei, Duiven-

bodii 367.

Muraena fasciata 285.
Muraena favaginea var. favaginea

363, 378.

Muraena favaginea var. isingteena

362> 379-

Muraena fimbriata 376.
Muraena flavimarginata, 361, 374.
Muraena flavomarginata 374.
Muraena florisiana 383.
Muraena formosa 374.
Muraena gracilis 370.
Muraena grisea 383.
Muraena griseo-badia 365, 367.
Muraena gymnopterus 276.
Muraena halmaherensis 250.

443

Muraena Helena 346.
Muraena hepatica 363, 385.
Muraena interrupta 372.
Muraena isingleena 378.
Muraena isingleenoides 376.
Muraena isingteena 376, 378.
Muraena javanica 374.
Muraena kailuae 357.
Muraena kauila 358.
Muraena lampra 358.
Muraena laysana 367.
Muraena lita 363.
Muraena literata 370.
Muraena macassariensis 384.
Muraena macrura, macrurus 355.
Muraena maculata 244, 245.
Muraena maculosa 284.
Muraena malgumora 249.
Muraena margaritophora 362, 382.
Muraena marmorata 245.
Muraena mauritiana 245.
Muraena melanospila, melanospiltis

362, 375-

Muraena meleagris 361, 367.
Muraena micropoecilus 363, 387.
Muraena micropterus 397.
Muraena microspila 376.
Muraena minor 388.
Muraena moa 250.
Muraena molendinaris 346.
Muraena moluccensis 388, 390.
Muraena monochrous 386.
Muraena Mulleri 379.
Muraena nebulosa 348.
Muraena nubila 379.
Muraena ophis 348.
Muraena pardalis 357, 358.
Muraena petelli 361, 372.
Muraena pfeifferi 363.
Muraena picta 356, 360, 361,363.
Muraena polyodon 359.
Muraena polyophthalmus 363.
Muraena polyuranodon 361, 369.
Muraena polyzona 346.
Muraena pratbernon 374.

Muraena prosopeion 365.
Muraena pseuclothyrsoidea 362,

384.

Muraena punctata 370.
Muraena punctato-fasciata 361, 37 1.
Muraena python 378.
Muraena reticularis 387, 388.
Muraena reticulata 373, 388.
Muraena rhodochilus 350.
Muraena richardsoni 362, 383.
Muraena riippelli 361, 372.
Muraena schismatorhynchus 361,

366.

Muraena scolioclon 383.
Muraena sidat 250.
Muraena siderea 363.
Muraena stellifera 382.
Muraena taenioides 359.
Muraena talabou 255.
Muraena tesselata 378.
Muraena thyrsoidea 361, 365.
Muraena tigrina 284.
Muraena tile 356, 361, 365, 370.
Muraena Troschelii 383.
Muraena undulata 382.
Muraena undulata var. fimbriata

362, 377-

Muraena undulata var. undulata

363, 378.

Muraena Valenciennii 376.
Muraena variegata 348, 363.
Muraena venosa 383.
Muraena vermicularis 383.
Muraena vermiculata 370.
Muraena xanthospilos 348.
Muraena zebra 346.
Muraena zonipectis, zonipectus

360, 362, 381.
Muraenesox 252, 401.
Muraenesox bagio 254.
Muraenesox bengalensis 253.
Muraenesox cinereus 253.
Muraenesox exodentata 255.
Muraenesox exodon 255.
Muraenesox hamiltoni 253.

444

Mtiraenesox lanceolata 255.
Muraenesox pristis 255.
Muraenesox serradentata 255.
Muraenesox singapurensis 254.
Muraenesox talabon 253,255,256.
Muraenesox talabono'ides 253, 256,

257-

Muraenesox telabonoides 256.
Muraenesox tricuspidata 253.
Muraenichthys 273, 274, 275.
Muraenichthysacutirostris275,279.
Muraenichthys aoki 280.
Muraenichthys australis 277.
Muraenichthys breviceps 276.
Muraenichthys gymnopterus 275,

276.
Muraenichthys gymnotus 275, 276,

277.

Muraenichthys huysmani 275, 278.
Muraenichthys macropterus 275,

276.
Muraenichthys macrostomus 275,

278.

Muraenichthys microstomus 276
Muraenichthys schultzei 275, 277.
Muraenichthys sibogae 275, 276.
Muraenidae 241, 343.
Muraeno-blenna tigrina 369, 394,

397-

Muraenophis flaveola 383.
Muraenophis pantherina 363.
Muraenophis reticularis 388.
Muraenophis stellata 376.
Muraenophis tile 370.
Muraenophis undulata 376.
Muraenopsis altipinnis 308.
Muraenopsis Bernsteini 304.
Muraenopsis marginatus 303.
Myrichthys 280, 283.
Myrichthys colubrinus 285.
Myrichthys maculosus 283, 284.
Myrichthys magnincus 284.
Myrichthys stypurus 284.
Myridae 242, 272, 273.
Mystacoleucus 93, 107.

Mystacoleucus marginatus 108.
Mystacoleucus padangensis 108,

no.

naja, Ophichthys 286.
nebulosa, Anguilla 244.
nebulosa, Echidna 345, 348.
nebulosa, Muraena 348.
nebulosus, Gymnothorax 348.
Neenchelidae 241, 268.
Neenchelys 268.
Neenchelys buitendijki 268.
Nemacheilus euepipterus 37.
Nemacheiltis Jaklesi 40.
Nemacheilus obesus 36.
Nemachilus 22, 38.
Nemachilus fasciatus 39, 40, 42.
Nemachilus longipectoralis 39.
Nemachilus notostigma 39, 42.
Nemachilus olivaceus 39, 41.
Nemachilus rupicola 40, 41.
Nemachilus saravacensis 40, 41.
Nematabramis 45.
Nematabramis everetti 46.
Nematabramis steindachneri, 45,

46, 47-

Nemichthyidae 242, 326, 327.
Nemichthys 327, 328.
Nemichthys infans 334.
Nemichthys scolopacea 330.
Nemichthys scolopaceus 326, 329,

330.

Neogastromyzon 2.
Neogastromyzon Nieuwenhuisii 4.
neoguinaica, Congermuraena 263.
neoguinaicum, Ophisoma 263.
neoguinaicus, Conger 263.
neoguinaicus, Congrellus 261, 263.
Nettastoma 398.
Nettastoma procerum 271.
Nettastomidae 241, 269.
nieuwenhuisi, Gastromyzon 3, 4.
Nieuwenhuisii, Neogastromyzon 4.
nigra, Rohita 126.
nigriloba var. of Crossochilus

oblongus 232.

445

nini, Puntius 173, 202.

Noordzieki, Conger 259.

notostigma, Nemachilus 39, 42.

nubila, Muraena 379.

Nuria 82.

Nuria albolineata 85.

Nuria danrica 83.

nystromi, Leptocephalus 259.

obesus, Elxis 35, 36.

obesus, Nemacheilus 36.

oblonga, Cobitis 31.

oblongus, Crossochilus 232.

oblongus var. nigriloba, Crossochi-
lus 232.

oblongus, Labeo 232.

obscura, Anguilla 247.

obscura, Echidna 347.

obscura, Parhomaloptera 20.

obtusirostris, Barbodes 109, 204.

obtusirostris, Barbus 108, 204.

obtusirostris, Puntius 109.

obtusirostris, Systomus 204.

ocellata, Balitora 10.

ocellata, Cyrene 114.

ocellata, Dangila 113, 114.

ocellata, Homaloptera 7, 10, 17.

octocirrhus, Cobitis 29.

oculata var. of Myrichthys colu-
brinus 286.

oculus, Helmichthys 408.

oligolepis, Barbus 174.

oligolepis, Capoeta 173.

oligolepis, Osleochilus 139.

oligolepis, Puntius 171, 173.

oligolepis, Rohita 139.

oligolepis, Systomus 173.

olivaceus, Nemachilus 39, 41.

Ophichthus colubrinus 286.

Ophichthyidae 242, 280, 282.

Ophichthys 281, 300, 301, 398.

Ophichthys altipinnis 302, 308.

Ophichthys amboinensis 311,312.

Ophichthys apicalis 302, 305.

Ophichthys banko 305.

Ophichthys bernsteini 302, 304.

Ophichthys bleekeri 307.
Ophichthys bonaparti 301, 303.
Ophichthys boro 297.
Ophichthys broekmeyeri 311,312,
Ophichthys cancrivorus 300.
Ophichthys celebicus 303, 311,312,
Ophichthys cephalozona 302, 303.
Ophichthys chilopogon 293.
Ophichthys chinensis 292.
Ophichthys cirrhochilus 315.
Ophichthys cobra 294.
Ophichthys colubrinus 286.
Ophichthys crocodilinus 314.
Ophichthys diepenhorsti 305.
Ophichthys filaria 290.
Ophichthys hoevenii 299.
Ophichthys hypselopterus 296.
Ophichthys kaupi 325.
Ophichthys lumbricoides 302, 310.
Ophichthys macclellandi 303,311,
Ophichthys macrochir 302, 306.
Ophichthys macrodon 323.
Ophichthys maculosus 284.
Ophichthys marginatus 303.
Ophichthys marmoratus 289.
Ophichthys melanochir 302, 308.
Ophichthys melanotaenia 289.
Ophichthys misolensis 324.
Ophichthys moluccensis 325.
Ophichthys naja 286.
Ophichthys orientalis 321.
Ophichthys polyophthalmus 302,

307, 320.

Ophichthys punctulatus 320.
Ophichthys rhytidoderma 302, 309.
Ophichthys rhytidodermatoides

3°2, 3°9> 310-

Ophichthys rutidoderma 309.
Ophichthys rutidodermatoides 309.
Ophichthys singapurensis 302, 306.
Ophichthys stypurus 284.
Ophichthys tapeinopterus 291.
Ophichthys timorensis 324.
Ophichthys versicolor 303, 312.
Ophidium Tala Bon 255.

446

ophiolepis, Homaloptera 8, 15.
ophis, Muraena 348.
ophis, Ophisurus 284.
ophis, Thaerodontis 348.
Ophisoma 260.
Ophisoma anagoides 262.
Ophisoma neoguinaicum 263.
Ophisternon bengalensis 416.
Ophisternon caligans 415.
Ophisurus 280, 398.
Ophisurus alternans 286.
Ophisurus altipinnis 308.
Ophisurus apicalis 305.
Ophisurus baccidens 300.
Ophisurus bangko 305.
Ophisurus Bonapartei 303.
Ophisurus boro 297.
Ophisurus brachysoma 300.
Ophisurus broekmeyeri 311.
Ophisurus cancrivorus 300.
Ophisurus caudatus 297.
Ophisurus celebicus 311.
Ophisurus cheilopogon 293.
Ophisurus chrysospilos 303.
Ophisurus cirrhocheilos 315.
Ophisurus colubrinus 286.
Ophisurus compar 305.
Ophisurus crocodilinus 314.
Ophisurus Diepenhorsti 305.
Ophisurus fasciatus 286.
Ophisurus harancha 297.
Ophisurus Hoevenii 299.
Ophisurus hypselopterus 296.
Ophisurus lumbricoides 310.
Ophisurus Mac Clellandi 311.
Ophisurus macrochir 306.
Ophisurus maculosus 284.
Ophisurus ophis 284.
Ophisurus polyodon 292.
Ophisurus potamophilus 297.
Ophisurus rostratus 254.
Ophisurus rntidoderma 309.
Ophisurus rutidodermatoides 309.
Ophisurus schaapi 300.
Ophisurus semicinctus 294.

Ophisurus serpens 282.
Ophisurus sinensis 300.
Ophisurus spadiceus 305.
Ophisurus versicolor 312.
Ophisurus vimineus 294.
Ophiurus breviceps 309.
Opsariichthys temminckii 238.
Opsarius argyrotaenia 61.
oresigenes, Barbus 186.
orientalis, Dalophis 321.
orientalis, Ophichthys 321.
orientalis, Sphagebranchus 318,

3!9> 321-

ornata, Poecilophis 348.
orphoides, Barbus 194.
orphoides, Puntius 173, 193, 197.
orthogoniata, Homaloptera 8, 15.
Osteochilus 92, 93, 124.
Osteochilus bellus 125, 134.
Osteochilus borneensis 125, 126.
Osteochilus brachynotopterus 125,

134-

Osteochilus brevicauda 126, 138.
Osteochilus harrisoni 126, 139.
Osteochilus hasselti 124, 125, 135.
Osteochilus intermedius 125, 134.
Osteochilus Jentinkii 214.
Osteochilus kahajanensis 125, 130,

141.

Osteochilus kappeni 126, 137.
Osteochilus kelabau 125, 128.
Osteochilus kuhlii 135.
Osteochilus melanopleura 125, 127.
Osteochilus microcephalus 135.
Osteochilus oligolepis 139.
Osteochilus repang 125, 131.
Osteochilus schlegeli 125, 129.
Osteochilus spilurus 126, 139.
Osteochilus triporus 125, 133, 134.
Osteochilus vittatoides 132.
Osteochilus yittatus 125, 131, 134.
Osteochilus waandersi 126, 136.
otaheitensis, Anguilla 247.
Oxybarbus 155.
Oxybarbus heteronema 156.

447

Oxygaster 57.
Oxygaster anomalurus 52.
Oxygaster, Chela 51, 52.
oxygaster, Leuciscus 52.
oxygastroides, Chela 51.
oxygastroides, Leuciscus 51.
oxyrhynchus, Conger 253.
Pachystomus 236.
Pachystomus gobioformis 235.
padangensis, Capoeta no.
padangensis, Mystacoleucus 108,

no.

padangensis, Puntius no.
padangensis, Systomus no.
palavanensis, Barbus 187, 189.
pallens, Lepidocephalichthys 28.
pallens, Lepidocephalus 28.
pangia, Acanthophthalmus 31.
pangia, Cobitis 31.
Pangio 30.

pantherina, Gymnomuraena 397.
pantherina, Muraenophis 363.
pantherina, Sidera 363.
pantherinus, Gymnothorax 363.
pantherinus, Ichthyophis 397.
pantherinus, Uropterygius 397.
papillosa, Modigliania 40, 41.
Parachela 45, 57.
Parachela breitensteini 57.
Paracrossochilus 95, 226.
Paracrossochilus bicornis 227.
Paracrossochilus vittatus 226, 227.
Paramyrus 273, 408.
Paramyrus microchir 273, 274.
pardalis, Gymnothorax 357.
pardalis, Muraena 357, 358.
Parhomaloptera 2, 20.
Parhomaloptera microstoma 20.
Parhomaloptera obscura 20.
parvibranchialis, Lycodontis 367.
pauciperforata, Rasbora 60, 78.
pavonina, Palitora 18.
pavonina, Homaloptera 9, 17,18.
Pellegrinii, Luciosoma 89.
pentazona, Barbodes 182.

pentazona, Barbus 182.
pentazona, Puntius 172, 182.
Perilampus guttatus 48.
Perilampus laubuca 48.
pescadoris, Gymnothorax 375.
petelli, Gymnothorax 361, 372.
petelli, Muraena 361, 372.
peterseni, Leptocephalus 400,401.
Pfeifferi, Cobitis 40.
pfeifferi, Muraena 363.
pfeifferi, Sidera 363.
philippina, Cyrene 117.
philippinus, Gymnothorax 384.
picta, pictus, Gymnothorax 356,

360, 361, 363.

picta, Muraena 356> 3^0, 361, 363.
pictorius, Aperioptus 238.
pictum, Lamnostoma 321.
Pisoodonophis 281, 295, 296.
Pisoodonophis boro 296, 297.
Pisoodonophis brachysoma 300.
Pisoodonophis cancrivorus 296,

300.

Pisoodonophis fasciatus 286.
Pisoodonophis hoeveni 296, 299.
Pisoodonophis hypselopterus 296.
Pisoodonophis lumbricoides 310.
Pisoodonophis macclellandi 311.
Pisoodonophis maculosus 284.
Pisoodonophis magnifica 284.
Pisoodonophis micropterus 296,

298.

Pisoodonophis moluccensis 300.
Pisoodonophis potamophilus 297.
Pisoodonophis rutidoderma 309.
Pisoodonophis rutidodermatoides

309-

Pisoodonophis Schaapi 300.
Pisoodonophis zophistius 300.
platysoma, Barbodes 189.
platysoma, Barbus 189.
platysoma, Puntius 172, 189.
platysoma, Systomus 189.
pleurotaenia,Diplocheilichthys2i5.
pleurotaenia, Labeo 211, 215.

448

pleurotaenia, Lobbcheilos 215.
podonemus, Barbus 87.
Poecilocephalus Bonaparti 303.
Poecilocephalus Markworti 303.
Poeciloconger 252, 266.
Poeciloconger fasciatus 267.
Poecilophis delicatulus 350.
Poecilophis ornata 348.
Poecilophis polyzonus 346.
Poecilophis variegata 349.
polylepis, Homaloptera 17.
polylepis, Thynnichthys 122, 123.
polyodon, Cirrhimuraena 292.
polyodon, Muraena 359.
polyodon, Ophisurus 292.
polyodon, Strophidon 359.
polyophthalmus, Dalophis 320.
polyophthalmus, Gy mnothorax 363,

364-
polyophthalmus, Microdonophis

307.
polyophthalmus, Muraena 363.

polyophthalmus, Ophichthys 302,

307, 320.
polyophthalmus, Sphagebranchus

318, 319, 320.

polyporos, Chrysophekadion 210.
polyporos, Rohita 210.
polyspilos, Barbus 187.
polyuranodon, Gymnothorax 361,

369> 394-

Polyuranodon Kuhlii 369.
polyuranodon, Muraena 361, 369.
polyzona, Echidna 345, 346.
polyzona, Heteroconger 271, 272.
polyzona, Muraena 346.
polyzonus, Poecilophis 346.
potamophilus, Ophisurus 297.
potamophilus, Pisoodonophis 297.
pratbernon, Muraena 374.
Priodonophis 357, 387.
Priodonophis angusticauda 388,

389-

Priodonophis minor 388.
Priodonophis moluccensis388, 390.

Priodonophis reticuiaris 387, 388.
pristis, Muraenesox 255.
procera, Venefica 270, 271.
procerum, Nettastoma 271.
proctozysron, Barbus 200.
prosopeion, Gymnothorax 365.
prosopeion, Muraena 365.
psalion, Echidna 347.
Pseudechidna Brummeri 359.
pseudothyrsoidea, pseudothyrsoi-

deus, Gymnothorax 362, 384.
pseudothyrsoidea, Muraena 362,

384-

punctata, Lycodontis 370.
punctata, Muraena 370.
punctata. Strophidon 370.
punctato-fasciata, punctato-fascia-

tus, Gymnothorax 361, 371.
punctato-fasciata, Muraena 361,

371-

punctulatus, Anguisurus 320.
punctulatus, Ophichthys 320.
Puntius 94, 170, 171.
Puntius amblycephalus 195.
Puntius amblyrhynchus 173, 204.
Puntius anchisporus 172, 190.
Puntius aphya 171, 175.
Puntius belinka 170, 171, 177.
Puntius binotatus 172, 186, 188,

204.

Puntius bramoides 173, 195.
Puntius brevis 170, 171, 176.
Puntius bulu 173, 199.
Puntius bunter 173, 204.
Puntius carassioides 173, 204.
Puntius collingwoodi 173, 196.
Puntius elongatus 172, 191.
Puntius erythropterus 195.
Puntius everetti 172, 180.
Puntius fasciatus 172, 184.
Puntius gonionotus 197.
Puntius goniosoma 187.
Puntius hexazona 172, 181.
Puntius huguenini 172, 193.
Puntius hypselonotus 195.

449

Puntius javanicus 173, 197.
Puntius koilometopon 197, 198.
Puntius lateristriga 172, 179, 181.
Puntius lawak 173, 203.
Puntius leiacanthus 176, 177.
Puntius macrophthalmus 195.
Puntius maculatus 187.
Puntius microps 172, 186.
Puntius nini 173, 202.
Puntius obtusirostris 109.
Puntius oligolepis 171, 173.
Puntius orphoides 173, 193, 197.
Puntius padangensis no.
Puntius pentazona 172, 182.
Puntius platysoma 172, 189.
Puntius rubripinna 194.
Puntius schwanefeldi 165. 171, 178.
Puntius strigatus 172, 192.
Puntius sumatranus 171, 191.
Puntius simieri 173, 199.
Puntius tawarensis 172. 185.
Puntius tetrazona 172, 181, 183.
Puntius vittatus 173, 205.
Puntius waandersi 173, 200.
pustulosus, Gyrinocheilus 91, 224,

225.

python, Muraena 378.
quaesita, Rhinomuraena 352.
raitaborua, Moringua 339.
Rasbora 58.

Rasbora argyrotaenia 59, 61, 63.
Rasbora bankanensis 60, 69.
Rasbora borneensis 61.
Rasbora Buchanani 61.
Rasbora calliura 67, 68.
Rosbora caudimaculata 67.
Rasbora cephalotaenia 59, 60, 74.
Rasbora daniconius 67, 72, 73, 75.
Rasbora dorsiocellata 60, 68.
Rasbora dusonensis 61.
Rasbora einthoveni 60, 72, 76.
Rasbora Elberti 76.
Rasbora elegans 78.
Rasbora everetti 61.
Rasbora heteromorpha 61, 79.
INDO-AUSTRALIAN FISHES III.

Rasbora hosii 76.
Rasbora jacobsoni 60, 75.
Rasbora kalochroma 60, 70.
Rasbora lateristriata 61.
Rasbora lateristriata var. elegans,

60, 78.
Rasbora lateristriata var. suma-

trana 60, 77.
Rasbora lateristriata var. trifasci-

ata 60, 78.
Rasbora lateristriata forma typica,

60, 76.

Rasbora leptosoma 59, 61, 65,67.
Rasbora macrocephalus, 76, 77.
Rasbora maculata 70.
Rasbora pauciperforata 60, 78.
Rasbora reticulata 61, 81.
Rasbora rutteni 60, 68.
Rasbora semilineata 61, 80.
Rasbora sumatrana, sumatrensis 77.
Rasbora tawarensis 59, 63, 67.
Rasbora trifasciata 78.
Rasbora trilineata 59, 67, 73.
Rasbora vaillanti 59, 63.
Rasbora volzi 59, 66.
Rasbora Volzii var. fasciata 66.
Rasbora vulgaris 77.
Rasborichthys 45, 55.
Rasborichthys altior 55.
Rasborichthys helfrichi 55, 56.
Rasborinae 44, 58.
repang, Osteochilus 125, 131.
repasson, Barbus 159, 160, 164.
repasson, Cyclocheilichthys 153,

154, 155, 1 60.

reticularis, Gymnothorax 373, 388.
reticularis, Muraena 387, 388.
reticularis, Muraenophis 388.
reticularis, Priodonophis 387, 388.
reticulata, Muraena 373, 388.
reticulata, Rasbora 61, 81.
reticulatus, Gymnothorax 388.
Rhabdura 354.
Rhabdura macrura 355.
Rhinamuraena eritima 366.
29

450

Rhinechidna eritima 366.
Rhinomuraena 343, 344, 352.
Rhinomuraena ambonensis 353,

354-

Rhinomuraena quaesita 352.
rhodocephalus, Gymnothorax 374.
rhodochilus, Echidna 345, 350.
rhodochilus, Muraena 350.
rhytidoderma, Ophichthys 302, 309.
rhytidodermatoides, Ophichthys

302, 309, 310.
richardsoni, Gymnothorax 362,

379, 383-

richardsoni, Muraena 362, 383.
robustus, Cryptophthalmus 414.
Rohita 126.
Rohita Artedii 135.
Rohita borneensis 126.
Rohita brachynotopterus 134.
Rohita chrysophekadion 210.
Rohita cyanomelas 210.
Rohita enneaporos 131.
Rohita erythrura 131.
Rohita hasselti 135.
Rohita kahajanensis 130.
Rohita Kappenii 137.
Rohita koilo-geneion 210.
Rohita Kuhli 135.
Rohita leiorhynchos 135.
Rohita melanopleura 127.
Rohita microcephalus 135.
Rohita nigra 126.
Rohita oligolepis 139.
Rohita polyporos 210.
Rohita Schlegelii 129.
Rohita triporos 133.
Rohita vittata 131, 133.
Rohita Waandersii 135, 136.
rohitoides, Diplocheilos 214.
rohitoides, Labeo 90, 211, 212, 214.
rohitoides. Lobocheilos 214.
Rohtee microlepis 100.
Rohteichthys 92, 99.
Rohteichthys microlepis 90, 99, 100.
roosendaali, Congrellus 261.

rosea, Dangila 116.

rostratus, Ophisurus 254.

rubra var. of Barbus schwanefeldi

179.
rubripinna, rubripinnis, Barbodes

194.

rubripinna, Barbus 193.
rubripinna, Puntius 194.
rubripinna, Systomus 194.
rubripinnis, Barbus 194.
rupelliae, Dalophis 373.
rupicola, Nemachilus 40, 41.
riippelli, Gymnothorax 361, 372.
ruppelli, Muraena 361, 372.
rutidoderma, Ophichthys 309.
rutidoderma, Ophisurus 309.
rutidoderma, Pisoodonophis 309.
rutidodermatoides, Ophichthys 309.
rutidodermatoides, Ophisurus 309.
rutidodermatoides, Pisoodonophis

309-

rutteni, Rasbora 60, 68.
sagenodeta, Gymnothorax 377, 379.
salusur, Homaloptera 17.
samalensis, Gymnothorax 379.
sarananella, Barbus 194.
saravacensis, Nemachilus 40, 41.
sauvagei, Echidna 347.
schaapi, Ophisurus 300.
Schaapi, Pisoodonophis 300.
Scheeli, Leptocephalus 404.
Schismatorhynchus 94, 216.
schismatorhynchus, Gymnothorax

361, 366.
Schismatorhynchus heterorhynchus

216, 217, 218.
Schismatorhynchus lobocheilioides

218.
schismatorhynchus, Muraena 361,

366.

schlegeli, Osteochilus 125, 129.
Schlegelii, Rohita 129.
schmidti, Leptocephalus 401.
schultzei, Muraenichthys 275, 277.
Schwanefeldi, Barbodes 178.

schwanefeldi, Barbus 177, 178.
Schwanefeldi var. rubra, Barbus

178.

Schwanefeldii, Lobocheilos 223.
schwanefeldi, Puntius 165, 171,178.
Schwanefeldi, Systomus 178.
schwanefeldi,Tylognathus 220, 223.
Schwenki, Leuciscus 61.
scoliodon, Gymnothorax 383.
scoliodon, Muraena 383.
scolopacea, Nemichthys 330.
scolopaceus, Nemichthys 326, 329,

330.

Scuticaria 392.
Scuticaria tigrina 394.
sector, Serrivomer 331, 332.
semicincta var. of Myrichthys colu-

brinus 286.
semicinctus, Leiuranus, Liuranus,

294.

semicinctus, Ophisurus 294.
semilineata, Rasbora 61, 80.
serpens, Ophisurus 282.
serradentata, Muraenesox 255.
Serrivomer 327, 331.
Serrivomer beani 332.
Serrivomer sector 331, 332.
setigerum, Luciosoma 86, 87.
setigerus, Barbus 87.
shelfordi, Acanthophthalmus 31,32.
siaja, Barbus 165.
siaja, Cyclocheilichthys 155, 165,

i67.

Siaja Deventeri 162.

Siaja heteronema 156.

Siaja macropus 165, 178.

Siaja microlepis 120.

Siaja siaja 165.

siaja, Siaja 165.

sibogae, Callechelys 287, 288.

sibogae, Muraenichthys 275, 276.

sidat, Anguilla 250.

sidat, Muraena 250.

Sidera pantherina 363.

Sidera pfeirleri 363.

siderea, Muraena 363.
sinensis, Ophisurus 300.
singapurensis, Conger 254.
singapurensis, Muraenesox 254.
singapurensis, Ophichthys 302, 306.
snyderi, Macrochirichthys 54.
soro, Barbus 148.
soro, Labeobarbus 148, 149.
soroides, Barbus 168.
spadiceus, Centrurophis 303, 305.
spadiceus, Ophisurus 305.
spengeli, Anguilla 244, 249.
Sphagebranchus 281, 282,317,318.
Sphagebranchus bicolor 319, 323.
Sphagebranchusgjellerupi3i9,326.
Sphagebranchus Heyningi 282.
Sphagebranchus Huysmani 278.
Sphagebranchus kaupi 319, 325.
Sphagebranchus klazingai3i9, 321.
Sphagebranchus lumbricoides 319,

324.
Sphagebranchus macrodon 319,

323-

Sphagebranchus marmoratus 288.
Sphagebranchus mindora3i9, 322.
Sphagebranchus misolensis 319,

324-
Sphagebranchus moluccensis 319,

325-
Sphagebranchus orientalis 318,319,

321.

Sphagebranchus polyophthalmus

318, 319, 320.

Sphagebranchus vimineus 294.
Sphagebranchus vulturis 319.
spilopleura, Luciosoma 86, 89.
spilurus, Dangila 139.
spilurus, Osteochilus 126, 139.
steindachneri, Nematabramis 45,

46, 47.

stellata, Muraenophis 376.
stellatus, Gymnothorax 377.
stellifera, Muraena 382.
stercus-muscarum var. of Dangila

festiva 118.

452

Stethopterus 293.
Stethopterus vimineus 294.
strigatus, Barbus 192, 196, 197.
strigatus, Puntius 172, 192.
Strophidon 357, 359.
Strophidon brummeri 359.
Strophidon literata 370.
Strophidon maculata 370.
Strophidon polyodon 359.
Strophidon punctata 370.
stypurus, Myrichthys 284.
stypurus, Ophichthys 284.
suborbitalis, Cobitis 40.
sumatrana, Dangila 113, 117.
sumatrana, sumatrensis, Rasbora

77-
sumatranus var. of Barbichthys

laevis 208.

sumatranus, Barbus 191.
sumatranus, Capoeta 191.
sumatranus, Leuciscus 77.
sumatranus, Lissochilus 91, 167,

168, 169.

sumatranus, Puntius 171, 192.
sumatranus, Systomus 191.
sunieri, Puntius 173, 199.
Symbranchus, Synbranchus ben-

galensis 416.
Symbranchus, Synbranchus cali-

gans 415.

Symbranchus gutturalis 416.
Symbranchus, Synbranchus imma-

culatus 416.

Synaphobranchidae 240, 334.
Synaphobranchus 334, 335, 398.
Synaphobranchusbrevidorsalis335.
Synaphobranchus jenkinsi 335.
Synbranchidae 411.
Synbranchoidea 411.
Synbranchus 412, 415.
Synbranchus eurychasma 413.
Synbranchus? xanthogaster 413.
Systomus albuloides 107.
Systomus amblycephalus 195.
Systomus apogon 156.

Systomus apogonoides 156.
Systomus belinka 177.
Systomus bramoides 195
Systomus brevis 176.
Systomus bulu 199.
Systomus bunter 204.
Systomus carassioides 204.
Systomus erythropterus 195.
Systomus fasciatus 184.
Systomus gonionotus 197.
Systomus goniosoma 187.
Systomus Huguenini 193.
Systomus hypselonotus 195.
Systomus janthochir 157.
Systomus javanicus 197.
Systomus koilometopon 197.
Systomus lateristriga 179.
Systomus lawak 203.
Systomus leiacanthus 176.
Systomus macrophthalmus 195.
Systomus maculatus 187.
Systomus marginatus 108.
Systomus melanopterus 206.
Systomus microlepis 100.
Systomus obtusirostris 204.
Systomus oligolepis 173.
Systomus padangensis no.
Systomus platysoma 189.
Systomus rubripinna 194.
Systomus Schwanefeldi 178.
Systomus sumatranus 191.
Systomus tetrazona 183.
Systomus truncatus 105.
Systomus Waandersi 200.
taenia, Leptocephalus 404.
taeniata, Dangila 115.
taenioides, Leptocephalus 408.
taenioides, Muraena 359.
taeniopterus, Barbus 208.
talabon, Conger 255.
talabon, Muraenesox 253, 255, 256.
Tala Bon, Ophidium 255.
talabono'ides, Conger 256.
talabono'ides, Muraenesox 253, 256,
257.

453

talabou, Conger 255.

talabou, Muraena 255.

talofa, Gymnothorax 382.

tambra, Barbus 150, 152.

tambra, Labeobarbus 147, 148,
152.

tambroides, Barbus 150.

tambroides, Labeobarbus 148, 150.

tapeinopterus, Cirrhimuraena 291.

tapeinopterus, Ophichthys 291.

tate regani, Homaloptera 9, 19.

tawarensis, Puntius 172, 185.

tawarensis, Rasbora 59, 63, 67.

telabonoides, Muraenesox 256.

temminckii, Leuciscus 238.

temminckii, Opsariichthys 238.

tesselata, Muraena 378.

tesselata, Thyrsoidea 378.

tesselatus, Gymnothorax 378.

Tetrabranchus microphthalmus
416.

tetrazona, Barbodes 183.

tetrazona, Barbus 183.

tetrazona, Capoeta 191.

tetrazona, Puntius 172, 181, 183.

tetrazona, Systomus 183.

Thaerodontis ophis 348.

thalassopterus, Gymnothorax 374.

Thynnichthys 93, 121.

Thynnichthys polylepis 122, 123.

Thynnichthys thynnoides 122.

Thynnichthys vaillanti 121, 122.

thynnoides, Leuciscus 122.

thynnoides, Thynnichthys 122.

Thyrsoidea 344, 354.

Thyrsoidea arenata 365.

Thyrsoidea bullata 376.

Thyrsoidea cancellata 376.

Thyrsoidea ceramensis 383.

Thyrsoidea chlorostigma 367.

Thyrsoidea colubrina 373.

Thyrsoidea eurosta 367.

Thyrsoidea griseo-badia 365.

thyrsoidea, thyrsoideus, Gymno-
thorax 361, 365.

Thyrsoidea isingleena 378. •

Thyrsoidea isingleenoides 376.
Thyrsoidea Kaupi 376.
Thyrsoidea longissima 355.
Thyrsoidea macrurus 355.
Thyrsoidea meleagris 367.
Thyrsoidea multifasciata 383.
thyrsoidea, Muraena 361, 365.
Thyrsoidea tesselata 378.
Thyrsoidea tile 370.
thyrsoideus, Gymnothorax 365.
tigrina, Gymnomuraena 393, 396.
tigrina, Muraena 284.
tigrina, Muraeno-blenna 369, 394,

397-

tigrina, Scuticaria 394.
tigrinus, Ichthyophis 393.
tile, Gymnothorax 356, 361, 370.
tile, Muraena 356, 361, 365, 370.
tile, Muraenophis 370.
tile, Thyrsoidea 370.
Tilurus 398.

timorensis, Ophichthys 324.
tricuspidata, Muraenesox 253.
tricuspidatus, Congrus 254.
trifasciata, Rasbora 78.
trilineata, Rasbora 59, 67, 73.
trinema, Leuciscus 86.
trinema, Luciosoma 86.
trinema, Trinematichthys 86.
Trinematichthys trinema 86.
triporos, Rohita 133.
triporus, Osteochilus 125, 133, 134.
tritor, Echidna 347.
Troschelii, Muraena 383.
truncatus, Amblyrhynchichthys

105.

truncatus, Barbus 105.
truncatus, Systomus 105.
tschiliensis, Leuciscus nr.
Tylognathus 94, 218, 220.
Tylognathus bo 220, 221.
Tylognathus falcifer 219, 220, 222.
Tylognathus hasselti 220, 224.
Tylognathus heterorhynchus 218.

454

Tylognathus hispidus 220, 233.
Tylognathus kajanensis 220, 221.
Tylognathus lehat 220, 222.
Tylognathus schwanefeldi 220, 223.
typus, Achirophichthys 316, 317.
typus, Brachysomophis 316, 317.
undulata var. fimbriata, Gymno-

thorax 362, 377.
undulata var. undulata, Gymno-

thorax 363,. 3 78.
undulata, Muraena 382.
undulata var. fimbriata, Muraena

362> 377-
undulata var. undulata, Muraena

363, 378.

undulata, Muraenophis 376.
undulatus, Gymnothorax 377.
Unibranchapertura laevis 413.
uranoscopus, Leuciscus 54.
uranoscopus, Macrochirichthys 54.
Uroconger 252, 264, 265.'
Uroconger braueri 265, 266.
Uroconger lepturus 264, 265, 266.
Uroconger vicinus 266.
Uropterygius 392.
Uropterygius concolor 395.
Uropterygius marmoratus 395,397.
Uropterygius micropterus 397.
Uropterygius pantherinus 397.
Uropterygius xanthopterus 397.
urostigma, Dangila 113.
Vaillantella 22, 36.
Vaillantella euepipterus 37.
Vaillantella maassi 37, 38.
vaillanti, Rasbora 59, 63.
vaillariti, Thynnichthys 121, 122.
Valenciennesi, Barbus 163, 164.
Valenciennesi, Homaloptera 10.
Valenciennii, Muraena 376.
variegata, Anguilla 244.
variegata, Echidna 348.
variegata, Muraena 348, 363.
variegata, Poecilophis 349.
Venefica 270.
Venefica procera 270, 271.

venosa, Muraena 383.
venosus, Gymnothorax 383.
vermicularis, Acanthophthalmus

3i? 34-

vermicularis, Muraena 383.
vermiculata, Muraena 370.
versicolor, Elapsopsis 312.
versicolor, Ophichthys 303, 312.
versicolor, Ophisurus 312.
vicinus, Uroconger 266.
vimineus, Ophisurus 294.
vimineus, Sphagebranchus 294.
vimineus, Stethopterus 294.
vincta, Echidna 347.
vinolentus, Enchelynassa 390.
vinolentus, Gymnothorax 390.
virescens, Anguilla 250.
vittata, Rohita 131, 133.
vittatoides, Osteochilus 132.
vittatus, Barbus 205.
vittatus, Crossochilus 227.
vittatus, Esomus 83.
vittatus, Osteochilus 125, 131,

134-

vittatus, Paracrossochilus 226, 227.
vittatus, Puntius 173, 205.
volzi, Rasbora 59, 66.
Volzii var. fasciata, Rasbora 66.
vulgaris, Conger 259.
vulgaris, Rasbora 77.
vulturis, Sphagebranchus 319.
waandersi, Barbus 200.
waandersi, Osteochilus 126, 136.
waandersi, Puntius 173, 200.
Waandersi, Rohita 135, 136.
Waandersi, Systomus 200.
wadon, Barbus 195.
waialuae, Gymnothorax 372.
wassinki, Homaloptera 7, 9, ir.
wassinkii, Homalopteroides 9.
Weberii, Luciosoma 88.
whiteheadi, Homaloptera 8, 13.
woodwardi, Gymnothorax 372.
xanthogaster, Monopterus 413.
xanthogaster, Synbranchus 413.

455

xanthoptera, xanthopterus, Gym-

nomuraena 397.

xanthopterus, Uropterygius 397.
xanthospilos, Muraena 348.
xanthospilus, Echidna 345, 348.
zebra, Echidna 344, 345.
zebra, Gymnomuraena 346.
zebra, Gymnothorax 345.
zebra, Muraena 346.

zollingeri, Homaloptera 8, 14.

zonata, Echidna 347.

zonipectis, Gymnothorax 360, 362,

38i.

zonipectis, zonipectus, Muraena

360, 362, 381.
zonophaea, Echidna 347.
zophistius, Pisoodonophis 300.

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